Running Head: OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE & ANALYSIS

Occupational Profile and Analysis: Intermediate Care Unit Client

Sydney Carnevale
Touro University Nevada

Running Head: OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE & ANALYSIS

Occupational Profile
Client Information
The client is a 78 year old female living in Las Vegas, Nevada admitted to St. Rose
Dominican Hospital Siena Campus after being found unconscious at home by her youngest
daughter. Client has been in the hospital for twenty two days due to aspiration pneumonia,
altered mental status, dysphagia, hygromas and debility. The client has three daughters who all
visit her throughout the week. Her husband passed away five years ago, prompting the move to
Las Vegas from Rochester, NY. The client currently lives in a single story home with a part time
caregiver. There are many steps and thresholds in the house, especially in the doorways. The
client and her daughters both mentioned their concern with potential environmental fall risks.
The client has a history of knee pain which greatly reduces her mobility in both her home and her
community. Per the daughters, the caregiver is in the home five days a week to help with meal
preparation, medication management, and general home care. The client was previously
modified independent in most activities of daily living (ADLs) and safely utilized durable
medical equipment (DME) including a front wheel walker (FWW), shower chair, and long
handled dressing tools. The client lives on her own on the weekends and has no history of falls in
the home.
The client stated that she wishes to return home in order to see her dog, Coco, and get back to
her everyday schedule. She misses being able to take care of Coco by herself and wants to be
able to walk her dog when she returns home. She is also distressed about the nasogastric tube
and misses the taste of real food. The client is experiencing confusion regarding time and past
events leading to her hospitalization. Per the daughters, the client participates in a community
book club that is held at her house on Friday evenings, however these events have been

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occurring less due to the clients declining health status. The client wishes to return to hosting the
book club on Fridays and does want to be referred to a rehabilitation facility as it may interfere
with her social obligations.
Reasons for Occupational Therapy Services
Safety Considerations. One of the reasons that the client was referred to the
occupational therapy department was that, due to her altered mental status and confusion, she has
very poor safety awareness and judgement. Despite the bed alarms, the client tries to get out of
bed and walk on her own. The client is not safe to get out of bed on her own due to unawareness
of medical equipment that she is attached to and debility. The client has had one fall since her
admission to the hospital but was not injured during the fall. Fall prevention is an important
reason that the client was referred to occupational therapy services.
Cognitive Interventions. During the initial evaluation, the client presented with altered
mental status but was pleasant and cooperative throughout the entire interview. The client would
sometimes mention peoples names that did not exist and had significant difficulty with time
orientation. One of the reasons that the client was referred to occupational therapy was to help
develop memory and cognitive strategies in order to increase her independence. Currently, the
client is able to follow 3-4 step directions but often needs redirection to remain on task.
Restoration of Independence. The main focus of the occupational therapy intervention
will be on restoring ADL independence before the client is discharged. Before admission to the
hospital, the client was modified independent for ADLs including bathing, dressing and
grooming. The client was able to safely utilize DME and AE in order to complete these activities
without her caregivers help.

Running Head: OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE & ANALYSIS

Decrease Debility. The occupational therapy interventions, as well as interventions

implemented by the physical therapists, will aid in decreasing debility that has occurred since the
client has been in the hospital. After being in the intensive care unit for two weeks and then in
the intermediate medical care unit (IMC) for a week, the client is experiencing weakness,
decreased endurance, and decreased activity tolerance. The client is also experiencing quick
drops in oxygen saturation during activities. The completion of ADLs while standing will be a
main focus of the occupational therapy intervention in order to return the client to her previous
level of independence and functioning.
Skilled Use of DME/AE. The client was also referred to occupational therapy services as
she would benefit from further skilled instruction in the use of DME and AE to complete her
ADLs. Although the client safely utilizes some equipment at home, there are other techniques
and strategies that can be implemented in order to promote her independence. The introduction
of compensatory cognitive strategies can also be implemented if the client continues to
experience altered mental status as her treatment progresses.
Successes and Challenges in Occupational Performance
The client stated that it is very important that she remains as independent as possible in
self-care activities even if she has to use extra equipment. The client feels great success in being
able to live alone on the weekends, complete light housework, and take care of her dog. The
client is very eager to return walking her dog as she said it was the only exercise she participated
in and it helped with her joint stiffness. In regards to leisure activities, the client feels as though
her avid interest in reading and writing has really helped her remain engaged and has been a
strategy for coping with her changing health status. Another occupation in which the client feels
successful is her ability to remain in contact with friends through technology.

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When asked about the clients mental status, the daughters stated that their mother has
always been very sharp and it was only upon admittance to the hospital that they saw a change in
her cognition. The clients current cognitive status can be considered a barrier to her
participation in meaningful occupations as she needs significant redirection and many verbal and
physical cues. Another barrier is the clients poor activity tolerance and decreased endurance.
The client experiences significant drops in oxygen saturation when performing activities and
transfers as a result of aspiration pneumonia and debility. The client is also experiencing
dysphagia and has been fitted with a nasogastric tube until a further swallow assessments have
been completed.
Environmental Contexts
All three of the daughters live within close proximity to the client which allows them to
check in on her and assist her when necessary. Another environmental context that aids in the
successful participation in occupations is that the client has a single story home that is partially
modified for individuals with disabilities. There is a walk in shower with a built in shower chair,
grab bars in the bathroom, and the client owns long handled tools to complete ADLs. The
daughters removed all carpets throughout the house so that the client can safely utilize her
walker.
Despite the modifications, the client is still having difficulty with mobility due to general
weakness and knee pain. Her daughters mentioned their concern about the amount of steps and
thresholds their mother has to maneuver through in order to make it to the different rooms in her
house. There is a step to go from the front porch into the house and many high lips in doorways.
Another barrier expressed by client is her inability to utilize public transportation. Her daughters
do not feel as though it will be safe for their mother to use the RTC program. The client

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continues to express concern that her independence is limited as she has to rely on others to give
her rides.
Occupational History
Before the client and her husband settled in New York, they spent much of their time
traveling due to his participation in the military. The clients daughters stated that their mother
enjoyed the travel and was always engaging in new activities while abroad or in new states. The
client and her husband lived in Germany and Italy for multiple years and the client was an avid
explorer of both countries. The client stated that she had no recollection of physical pain or
disability that would keep her from engaging in activities that she found meaningful.
Once the clients husband was stationed in NY, she found a job teaching and lived in an
apartment with her husband and their dog. The client was a teacher for over 15 years and taught
math, history, and English. The client was previously engaged in leisure activities such as an
aquatic exercise program, a weekly game night, and a weekly dance lesson. As the client aged,
she found that she was experiencing more age related symptoms such as stiffness and pain from
over exertion. The client stated she would often ignore the pain in her knees and hips during her
activities however, over time, the pain became too intrusive during the activity. It was only after
her husband passed away that she discontinued her participation in game night and the exercise
program. The client moved to Las Vegas in order to be closer to her three daughters.
Values and Interests
This client highly values her independence and her ability to live in her own home
without her caregiver on the weekends. The daughters mentioned that their mother has always
been a proud woman and would always be the last person to ask for help. The client was unable

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to further explain her current interests and values due to confusion and altered mental status. The
client began speaking about interests that her daughters stated she never engaged in previously.
Daily Roles
The clients most significant role is as a mother to both her three daughters and her dog.
The client spends a lot of her time making sure that her dog is healthy and happy. The client is
very concerned about her ability to care for her dog once she is discharged. Although her three
daughters are grown and married, the client checks in on them daily and enjoys spending time at
their houses. Another role the client fulfills is as the meeting leader for her book club. Despite
hosting fewer meetings due to her health status changes, she still finds it important to remain in
touch with all the members and organize meetings as frequently as she can.
Patterns of Engagement
The clients engagement in meaningful occupations has drastically changed since her
move to Las Vegas. The client no longer engages in community based leisure activities and has
given up participating in exercise programs, except for walking her dog. The client spends a
significant amount of time in her home and has become less mobile in the past five years as a
result of pain and lack of motivation. The daughters stated that their mother was once very health
conscious and was a strict vegan for many years. As her health has declined she has become less
concerned with her eating habits. The client states that the chicken fries from Burger King are
now her new favorite food.
Some patterns of engagement that have remained constant are her engagement in social
activities as well as caring for her pet. The client efficiently utilizes multiple technological
platforms in order to remain in touch with friends and family members. The client also remains
an active reader despite changes in physical status. The client mentioned that she was never in

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charge of finances or driving while her husband was alive. The client took care of housework but
she was never responsible for any home or car maintenance. Currently, the caregiver completes
the majority of the house cleaning, however the client still enjoys doing light laundry and
washing her dishes.
Although there has been the introduction of DME and adaptive equipment (AE) for
ADLs, the client has remained fairly independent in those areas. The client has always been
more of a private person and has never wanted her caregiver to help her with activities such as
toileting, bathing and dressing. The client has been able to learn adaptive and compensatory
techniques in order to remain independent in self-care activities.
Priorities and Targeted Outcomes
The client and her daughters mentioned multiple outcomes that they are hoping to
accomplish before discharge. The main priority of both parties is the restoration of the clients
ability to be mostly independent and safe in her own home. The client stated that she does not
want to have to go to a long term care facility and would like to remain in her own home as long
as possible. She also spoke candidly about her need to return to her prior level of functioning in
ADLs. She stated that she would feel like a nuisance if she had to rely on her daughters or
caregiver more than she already did. She mentioned that she wants to be able to shower rather
than have to take a sponge bath. Also, she is hoping to be able to use the toilet in the bathroom
rather than having to transfer to the 3:1 commode.
Occupational Analysis
Context of Occupational Therapy Services
The client is currently being treated at St. Rose Dominican Hospital Siena Campus in the
Intermediate Medical Care Unit.

Running Head: OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE & ANALYSIS

Observed Occupations & Performance

The first occupation that was observed during the evaluation was transferring to the 3:1
commode. The client was able to follow directions to sit at the edge of the bed and only needed
some assistance to move with all of the medical equipment. The client demonstrated good trunk
control by sitting edge of the bed without support. The fact the client was able to follow
directions and respond safely to movement was an indicator for good rehabilitation potential.
The client had difficult transferring from sit to stand and needed moderate assistance to stand
with a front wheel walker. After taking a few lateral steps, the client sat back down on the bed
citing buckling knees. The client was able to stand again with moderate assistance and transfer to
the 3:1. The client demonstrated some difficulties with toileting hygiene secondary to poor
balance. The client was able to complete the transfer back to bed with moderate assistance. There
were no more transfers performed as the clients oxygen saturation dropped almost ten percent.
The next occupation that was observed was self-care ADLs while seated edge of bed. The
client had some difficulty and needed significant prompting and redirection to remain on task.
The client was able to wash her face and brush her hair independently and was able to brush her
teeth with some assistance for sequencing and setup. Throughout these activities, the client
demonstrated the physical skills necessary but cognitive deficits were more evident. One of the
possible reasons is that after the transfer the client was fatigued which could have exacerbated
her altered mental status.
Throughout the entire evaluation, the clients cognitive status and performance were
being evaluated. The ability to follow directions, remain on task, and complete activities were
assessed. There were points within the evaluation that the client showed no cognitive deficits or
altered mental status, however as the evaluation continued the client became more confused and

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disoriented. Even when the client became disoriented, she continued to be cooperative and
agreeable to treatment. The major change noted was the frequency of verbal and physical
redirection that was necessary to complete the activities.
Domains of the OTPF that Impact Performance
The clients current health status impacts performance in domains outlined in the OTPF
such as ADLs, IADLs, client factors, performance skills and performance patterns. Decreased
physical strength and impacted body functions all affect the clients ability to activity engage in
meaningful occupations and is contrary to the clients core beliefs of independence. Due to the
clients current altered mental status, she is having difficulty with processing skills such as
attending, noticing and responding and sequencing. Due to the long term admission to the
hospital, the clients routine and established habits have all been disrupted. The client is also not
able to engage in those roles she finds meaningful.
Prioritized Problem List
1. Client requires multiple VCs re safety & positioning while performing ADLs & transfers 2
cognitive deficits.
Safety and fall prevention are both highly important points to focus on with the client in
order to prevent secondary injuries. Altered mental status is a concern as the client can be
unresponsive to direction. If the client was to get any of the medical equipment caught it may
injure the client. The clients altered mental status, if not remediated, becomes a safety
concern for discharge. The implementation of cognitive strategies will address safety
concerns.
2. Client requires Mod (A) for functional transfers c FWW 2 SOB + activity tolerance.

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The client wishes to still take showers and toilet by herself in order to remain
independent in her ADLs. In order for the client to return to her prior level of functioning, it
will be important to focus on safe, functional transfers with the use of DME that she
previously used at home.
3. Client requires Mod (A) to stand during self-care ADLs 2 standing tolerance + knee pain.
Independent engagement in self-care ADLs is imperative to the client and her family.
Once safety considerations have been addressed regarding cognition and transferring, reengagement in meaningful occupations will be of primary concern. Once the client returns
home she will be looking to perform her ADLs in her bathroom which will require increased
standing tolerance.
4. Client requires Mod (A) for lower body dressing 2 strength in LE + pain.
Before admission to the hospital, the client was able to complete lower body dressing
while standing or sometimes sitting in a chair while using long handled equipment.
Currently, the client is having a lot of difficulty with this activity because she does not have
the activity tolerance and experiences pain when trying to stand for long periods of time.
Once the above skills have been addressed, prior level of performance in dressing can be reestablished.
5. Client requires Mod (A) to complete bathing + showering 2 poor safety awareness +
activity tolerance.
Re-engagement in independent or modified independent bathing is important,
however currently not of highest priority. Due to the many wires, tubes and monitors that the
client has to monitor her health, she is currently receiving sponge baths in bed or sitting in a
chair. In order to increase her independence as much as possible, future interventions could

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include having the client complete parts of the bath such as on her arms and face. The client
could also explain what materials were required and explain where to find the items.
Intervention Plan & Outcomes
Long Term Goals and Corresponding Short Term Goals

LTG: Client will recall important medical & family information c Mod (I) 2 to time c no
more than 1 VC in two weeks.
o STG: Client will demonstrate understanding of use of nurse call button c no more
than 2 VC within two treatment sessions
o STG: Client will recall names & phone numbers of her daughters c Min (A)
using her cell phone in five treatment sessions

LTG: Client will transfer to toilet & perform toilet hygiene c (S) c FWW in two weeks.
o STG: Client will demonstrate safe use of FWW c Mod A using proper body
mechanics in five treatment sessions
o STG: Client will demonstrate proper toileting hygiene c Min A c FWW in five
treatment sessions

Intervention
Short Term Goal One Intervention. Client will demonstrate understanding of use of
nurse call button c no more than 2 VC within two treatment sessions. This goal focuses on a
more temporary solution to a long-term challenge. The client is having difficulties with memory
and safety therefore by developing the habit of calling for help while in the hospital, the client
can generalize this skill to living at home. This intervention utilizes a create approach as the call
light was not a part of the clients life prior to admission. The client can be given scenarios in
which she would be encouraged to call the nurse, such as needed to use the bathroom or wanting

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to transfer to a chair from her bed. Since the client is currently having problems with debility,
balance and safety awareness, the use of techniques such as scenarios, modeling, and role
playing can increase the clients awareness of safety as well as helping her develop the habit of
using the call light.
Although the client will not have a call button at home for a nurse to come help her, she
can be encouraged to call her daughters or caregiver when she needs help with certain activities.
The understanding of safety considerations can also be generalized so the client knows that when
there is an activity that is too taxing she can ask for help. This intervention will focus on
prevention of secondary and future injury by encouraging the client to self-advocate when she
needs assistance. Although the client may not be able to perform all the activities she once had,
she will be able to develop the necessary communication skills in order to receive the help she
needs. Role playing and simulated scenarios, although not as effective real life practice, can
provide a strong foundation for learning especially in regards to safety awareness (Andresen,
Boud, & Cohen, 2000).
Short Term Goal Two Intervention. Client will recall names & phone numbers of her
daughters c Min (A) using her cell phone in five treatment sessions. Since the client was
previously able to recall important names and phone numbers a memory aid, this intervention
will utilize a create approach in order to increase the clients occupational performance. The
client will be asked to scroll through her phone to find the names of each of her daughters and
asked to say the numbers aloud. It will be paramount that the daughters names and phone
numbers are correctly inputted into the phone before beginning this intervention. By completing
this activity, the client is working on skills such as sustained attention, divided attention, working
memory, short term memory, and long term memory. The client is also working on re-

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establishing her familiarity and use of technology as she was previously very comfortable with
its use in her daily life. The activity can also be completed by having the client stand or sit edge
of bed depending on the clients strength. By having the client complete this list, she is not only
working on cognitive skills but also motor processing and strength skills.
The client stated that both her role as a mother and as the leader of book club were very
meaningful to her and gave her a sense of a purpose and identity. By developing new strategies
and memory aids, role competence can be restored. The client is very motivated to return to her
prior level of independence and wishes to be able to remain in contact with the meaningful
people in her life. The use of memory aids can not only address the clients memory and
attention challenges, but can lead to an overall sense of independence (Mynatt, & Rogers, 2001).
The effective use of memory aids can not only increase safety and role competence, but can
increase a clients overall sense of well-being and engagement. Since the client lives alone on the
weekends, it is important for her to develop a strategy so that she can call her daughters if she
needs help. By incorporating the cell phone into the intervention, the client will have easy access
to a mode of communication if something were to happen at home.
Short Term Goal Three Intervention. Client will demonstrate safe use of FWW c Mod
A using proper body mechanics in five treatment sessions. This short term goal will be addressed
through a restoration treatment approach. In order to reestablish the clients ability to safely and
independently complete self-care ADLs, the client will practice safe technique and body
mechanics and both static and dynamic balance needed for transferring through meaningful
occupation. The client mentioned that it is very important that she gets home to see her dog and
she missed taking care of him. In order to practice safe transfers with DME, the client will
perform animal care tasks such as taking a small bowl to the sink and filling it with water and

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returning it to the floor. The client will be asked to pick up a bowl placed on the floor utilizing a
long handled reacher and walk with the bowl to the sink. The client will then be asked to wash
out and clean the bowl while standing at the sink with her FWW. The client will be asked to
practice placing the bowl back on the ground using the reacher. Throughout this process the
client will be given 3-4 step verbal directions in order to increase sustained attention as well as
working and short term memory. The use of the reacher should be familiar to the client as she
often uses one at home, however further skilled training will be provided if necessary.
In order to reach the outcome of greater participation, the client will develop safe and
effective motor skills in order to complete ADLs and IADLs through the use of meaningful
occupation. The use of activities that are meaningful to the client not only increase the clients
intrinsic motivation but will more effectively aid the development of effective motor and
processing skills. The incorporation of meaningful and occupation based activities can enhance
the clients experience while creating a more permanent imprint of the learning experience
(Ferguson & Trombly, 1997). The clients desire to be able to take care of her dog without help
is very important to her and therefore can be used as a means to develop the skills needed to
safely transfer and utilize adaptive equipment.
Short Term Goal Four Intervention. Client will demonstrate proper toileting hygiene c
Min A c FWW in five treatment sessions. This short term goal utilizes a restoring approach as
the client will be utilizing DME and techniques that she previously utilized at home. In order to
work towards this goal, the intervention will focus on safe toileting transfers and increasing static
and dynamic balance so that the client can increase her independence when completing toileting
hygiene. The client will be asked to demonstrate a toilet transfer with the use of FWW. The
client will have to maneuver around the sink and toilet safely. The threshold of the bathroom will

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also be raised or will simulate a raised lip in order to address the clients ability to move herself
and her walker safely into the bathroom. The client will be asked to step up and over the
threshold. This intervention will not only increase the clients independence in self-care but will
address potential safety concerns that the client will be exposed to post discharge. The client and
the daughters both expressed concern about falls and the many thresholds in the house. A study
by Clemson, Roland, and Cumming (1992) found that falls and fractures are often due to falls
caused by home environmental hazards such as carpets and steps. Since the outcome of this goal
is to increase the clients participation in self-care ADLs, the focus on both function and safety
become a central focus on the intervention.
Precautions
Current precautions for this client include fall risk, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus (MRSA) precautions and droplet precautions for Clostridium Difficile colitis (C.Diff).
These precautions should all be taken into consideration when receiving occupational therapy
services. Therapist should adhere to universal precautions such as the use of personal protective
equipment, proper hand washing procedures, and proper cleaning of equipment used in the room.
Frequency and Duration
Client will be seen one time per day for approximately 45 minutes, four to five times a
week as long as there is no decline in health status. The clients nurse will be asked to clear the
patient before each treatment. If there is a change in health status, the occupational therapy
department will await orders from the treating physician.
Activity Grading
The focus on the development of safe transfer techniques through activities involving pet
care will be graded so that the client can safely and successfully complete the tasks. In order to

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grade the activity up, the client can fill the bowl with simulated kibble or with water and work on
placing the bowl back on the ground while it is filled. The bowl will not only be heavier, but the
client will have to be more deliberate in her movements when placing the bowl back on the floor.
In order to grade the activity down, the client can focus on cleaning while standing with the
FWW at a bedside table rather than at the sink. This grading will decrease the distance the client
will have to move in order to decrease fatigability while still focusing on the skills necessary to
reestablish safe transferring techniques. The client will then be able to focus on the task and
increase her standing tolerance without having to also move around the room.
Framework and Theory
The PEOP model will be utilized in order to formulate the intervention plan. The basic
premise of this model is that making adaptations to the environment and to the occupations in
order will help to increase the occupational engagement and performance of an individual. One
of the main reasons that the PEOP model is most appropriate for guiding the interventions
planned for this individual is that her current health status is not projected to be permanent and
the model is focused on the present condition of the client. There are certain functions and skills,
such as cognitive capacity, physical strength and safety awareness, which are predicted to return
once her health has stabilized.
The PEOP model also looks at the person as a dynamic and motivated component to
occupational engagement. This client has stated that she is very motivated to return home and
regain her independence. Motivation is a highly effective intrinsic factor that can promote
occupational performance and increase overall quality of life. The model, while focusing on the
present conditions of the situation, also takes into consideration that the person is an ever
changing entity and therefore their needs will change as they continue to develop their lifestyle

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and occupational preferences. This model is very client-centered as it takes into consideration
the transformative nature of people.
The PEOP model can also guide interventions that focus on adapting the activity demands of
the occupation and the components of the environment in order to increase client success. A
holistic and top-down approach is the most appropriate way to formulate meaningful goals for
this client in order to increase her independence. Information from the clients occupational
history can utilized to increase overall functioning and engagement in the therapeutic process.
The PEOP model will guide an in depth analysis of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that serve
as either barriers or supports to the clients occupational performance.
Client Education
The client will be given extensive education regarding safety and fall prevention
specifically in regarding to functional mobility and completion of ADLs. The client will be
given both verbal direction and visual demonstrations on how to safely utilize DME/AE during
ADL tasks. Since the client lives at home alone during the weekends, it will be important to
address strategies to be able to contact someone if there was an emergency. Education regarding
community resources will be given to the client in order to encourage safe community mobility
and increased engagement in meaningful leisure activities post-discharge. If the client is still
experiencing cognitive deficits, it will be important to teach the client how to utilize memory
aids in order to maintain her independence at home. If the client is open to the suggesting,
education can be given regarding healthy food options and low impact physical exercises that
can be done at home in order to address her overall health and wellness.
The family will receive education regarding their mothers medical status, including the
basics of universal precautions and how to properly don and doff personal protective equipment.

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It was noted that the daughters did not use gloves when interacting with their mother. The
daughters will be provided with education regarding the safe use and upkeep of their mothers
DME. It will be important for them to know what the pieces of DME are used for and pertinent
precautions. The clients daughters will also receive education regarding local resources that
could be used by their mother in order to increase her ability to engage in the community.
Response to Treatment
In order for the client to return home, there must be a marked changed in her current
ability to safely participate in ADLs. The clients response to treatment will be measured by
changes in her level of dependence and her adherence to safety. Response to treatment will also
be measured by examining the clients degree of safety awareness and orientation. It is predicted
that the client will return to full cognitive capacities so it will also be a central focus of treatment
measurements. The client is not medically stable at this time and there is no formal discharge
date, therefore it will also be important to track and monitor medical information during
activities such as oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, and overall strength and balance.

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References
Andresen, L., Boud, D., & Cohen, R. (2000). Experience-based learning. In G. Foley (Ed.).
Understanding adult education and training (225-239). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Brown, C. E. (2009). Ecological models in occupational therapy. In B. A. B. Schell, G. Gillen, &
M. E. Scaffa (Eds.). Willard and Spackmans occupational therapy (11th ed., pp. 435445). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Clemson, L., Roland, M., & Cumming, R. (1992). Occupational therapy assessment of potential
hazards in the homes of elderly people: An inter-rater reliability study. Australian
Occupational Therapy Journal, 39(3), 23-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.1992.tb01753.x
Ferguson, J. M., & Trombly, C. A. (1997). The effect of added-purpose and meaningful
occupation on motor learning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51(7), 508515. doi: 10.5014/ajot.51.7.508
Mynatt, E., & Rogers, W. (2001). Developing technology to support the functional independence
of older adults. Ageing International, 27(1), 24-41. doi: 10.1007/s12126-001-1014-5