1 2

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1 .

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:

Prediction Of Slamming Force On Flying-Boat

Abstract
Prediction of hydrodynamic loads during water impact is of great significance in the
structural design of flying vehicles. Also the importance of the slam force of waves on the
members of offshore structures cannot be overemphasized. No theoretical tool is available to
handle this complicated phenomenon exactly and the experimental procedures in the laboratory
are both time-consuming and expensive.
In this paper, a computer program based on the VOF method is applied to evaluate the water
impact outcome in a real situation. To asses the capabilities of the CFD code, two classical
problems including water impact of a wedge and a circular cylinder traveling at constant speeds
are studied. In a real situation the descend velocity is decreased by the impact loads known as
deceleration effect. This change in speed is taken into account in an iterative procedure and
the flow field around the base of a WIG craft is computed. All flow field computations in this
study include the effects of viscosity, turbulence, gravity and surface tension.
The comparison of results with experimental data shows the efficiency and correctness of this
straightforward iterative method.
Keywords : Deceleration effect, Hydrodynamic Impact, Slamming Force, Flying Boat

-Wedge

/ /5 1385

69
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- Ekranoplan
- Screen
4
- Ground Effect

702

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Von Karman 1929
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) (Sea Plane ] .[2



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7 .
Wagner 1932
].[3
[4] Fabula
1957 [5] Ferdinande 1966
.

.
1985
.


- Heaving
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7
- Added Mass

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q

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j :

= ) ( u i u j

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+
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i
j

xi

( u j ) +

P
u

+
x j
x i x

g j + F j

)(3
P g j
Fj j j.

10

3
Calculation
)(PLIC

- Piecewise Linear Interface

71

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)(4

r
.V = 0.

Quick
Piso
Body Force weighted .

-3






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Arai
] 7 [10
11 ) (250200
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VOF .
12
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C S0 = [3] Wagner
C S0 = 2 . C S0


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/ /5 1385

8.0
]Wagner [3

7.0

]Fabula [4
]Von Karman [2
]Arai (FDM) 1994 [10

6.0

]Campbell (Exp.) 1980 [11

Slamming Coefficient - Cs

Present Calc.

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.40

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.20
0.25
h/R
-2 h/R
) 10m/s ( 5/5 m

0.0
0.00

0.05

1.3E+6

6.0

1.0E+6

5.0E+5

)Static Pressure (Pa

7.5E+5

3.0

1.5
2.5E+5

0.0E+0
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

)Time (Sec

-3

/ /5 1385

0.0
0.36

0.33

0.30

0.27

0.24

0.21

0.18

0.15

0.12

0.09

0.06

)Time (Sec

-4

73

Slamming Coefficient - Cs

4.5

-2-3
14
.
5

6 m = 30 o
10m/s
.


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Wagner Ferdinande .
Wagner

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Arai .

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Arai .
) (6
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6

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3/1 m/s

].[12
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Mg 4
V = 0.61

M g
S .
0/72
4
2/82 m/s
.
8

) (320220 ).(7
1-3
].[1

14

/ /5 1385

10.0

7.5

]Wagner [3
]Ferdinande [5

Pressure Coefficient - Cp

5.0

2.5

]Arai (FDM) 1994 [10

Present Calc.

2.0

1.5

0.5

1.0
X/C

0.0
0.0

-5

) 10 m/s = 30

( Vt/(B/2) = 0.267

-6

-7

/ /5 1385

7
75

) (8
) (Step ) (9

F
0.5V 2 L

= CS

.
) (8 ) (9
0/6
) (2X/B
. ) (9




.
) (10

.

-4-3
) (Zhao
1996 .


] 13 [14
)
(
.

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768

.

0/5 m = 30 o
) (241 Kg ] [14

6/15

) (



) (Quasi-Steady
.

.

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:
)(6

= S mg

d2y
dt 2

:
)(7

= S mg

dv
dt

v m
.


) (S
) (mg .

/ /5 1385

) (8
.
)(8

S
g )dt + V0
m

( = V
0

) (User Define Function
) ) ( S (t

) (8



) (8


.



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) (11
.
0/6 )(2X/B
)(14


)(12

0/02


.
) (11


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/ /5 1385

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) (12 .


) (14

.

[15] FAR [16] IMO
.





.

.

Pentium IV 2800 MHz
168



.

77

3.0E+4

10.0
Laminar

2.5E+4

Turbalance

Static Pressure (Pa)

Slamming Coefficient - Cs

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

2.0E+4

1.5E+4

1.0E+4

5.0E+3

0.0E+0

0.0
1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.55

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.55

Time (Sec)

Time (Sec)

-9

Step -8

-10

7.0

35000

30000

6.0

Velocity (m/s)

Slamming Force (N)

25000

20000

15000

5.0
Constant Velocity
First Trial

Frist Trial

10000

4.0

Second Trial

5000

Second Trial

Thrid Trial

Third Trial

Fourth Trial

Fourth Trial

Experimental (1996)

Experiment (1996)

0
0.000

3.0
0.005

0.010

0.015

Time (sec)

0.020

0.025

-12

0.000

0.005

0.010
0.015
Time (sec)

0.020

0.025

-11

10

1385 /5 /

78

4.0

50000

40000

Slamming Force (N)

n=Force/Weight

3.0

2.0

30000

20000
Present Calculation

1.0

Constant Vel.

10000

Zhao Vel.

Standard FAR & IMO

Variable Vel.

Constant Velocity

Exp. (1996) [14]

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

X/(B/2)

-14

4-Fabula,
A.,
Ellips
Fitting
Approximation of Two Dimensional
Normal Symmetric Impact of Rigid
Bodies on Water, Fifth Midwestern
Conference on Fluid Mechanics,
University of Michigan Press, 1957.
5-Ferdinande,
V.,
Theoretical
Considerations on the Penetration of a
Wedge in to the Water, International
Shipbuilding Progress , Vol. 13 , No. 140,
1966.
6-Miyata, H., and Nishimura, S.,
Finite-Difference
Simulation
of
Nonlinear Ship Waves , Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, 157, PP 327-357, 1985.
7-Rozhdestvensky,
K.,
Nonlinear
Aerodynamics of Ekranoplan in Strong
Ground Effect, Third International
Conference on Fast Sea Transportation
(FAST
95),
Lubeck-travemunde,
Germany, 621 P, 1995.
8-Nikseresht, A.H., Alishahi, M.M., and
Emdad, H., Volume - of Fluid
Interface Tracking with Lagrangian
Propagation for Incompressible Free
Surface Flows , Vol.No.2, PP 131-140,
SCIENTIA IRANICA, 2005.
9-Gueyffier, D., Li, J., and Nadim, A.,
Scardovelli, R., and Zaleski, S. Volume
-of-Fluid
interface
tracking
with
79

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

Time (sec)

0.020

0.025

-13

-4

.


.



.

.

-5
" . . .. -1
" WIG
) (
.1383

2-Von Karman, T. The Impact on

Seaplane Float During Landing,
NACA, TN 321, 1929.
3-Wagner, H., Landing of Sea Planes ,
NACA TM622.1931.

1385 /5 /

12-Stintion, D., The Anatomy of the

Aeroplane, London, Foulis & Co Ltd. St
Albans,
Granada Publishing Ltd.
1980.

smoothed surface stress methods for

three-dimensional flows, Journal of
Computatioal Physics, 152, PP 423-456,
1999.

13- Zhao, R., and Faltinsen, O., Water

Entry of Two Dimensional Bodies
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 246,
593-612, 1993.

10-Arai, M., Inoue, Y., A Computing

Method for the Analysis of Water
Impact of Arbitrary Shaped Bodies,
Journal of the Society of Naval
Architects of Japan, Vol. 176, 1994.

14-Zhao, R., Faltinsen, O., and Aarsnes,

J.V., Water Entry of Arbitary Two
Dimensional Sections With and Without
Flow Seperation Proc. Of 21st
Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics,
118-138, 1996.
15-Federal Aviation Requirements,
(FAR), Part 23-473, 2001.

11-Campbell, I.M.C., Weynberg, P. A.,

Measurment of Parameters Affecting
Slamming , Wolfson unit for Marine
Technology
and
Industrial
Aerodynamics,
University
of
Southampton, Report No. 440, 1980

16-International Maritime Organization,

IMO, 2002.

1385 /5 /

80