akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

qarTuli
enis
istoria
profesor t. futkaraZis saerTo redaqciiT

saxelmZRvanelo
universitetis bakalavriatis studentTaTvis

quTaisi
2006
 Akaki Tsereteli State University

A History of
the Georgian Language

Under the General Editorship of

Professor Tariel Putkaradze

Course Book
for Undergraduate Students

Kutaisi
2006

- 2 -
 qarTvelobisTvis dRes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa
dedaenis (zogadad, mSobliuri kulturis) istoriisa da aw-
myoseuli problemebis mcodne momavali Taobebis aRzrda.
saqarTvelos axalaRorZinebuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa in-
teresebi da ganaTlebis evropul sivrcesTan koordinaciis
aucilebloba moiTxovs mecnierebisa da sainformacio teqno-
logiebis Tanamedrove donis Sesabamis saxelmZRvaneloebs
universitetis studentebisaTvis.
qarTuli enis istoriis avtorebi arian akaki wereTlis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis qar-
Tuli enisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis departamentis pro-
fesor-maswavleblebi: tariel futkaraZe, JuJuna feiqriS-
vili, manana miqaZe, marine qacarava, rusudan saRinaZe,
ekaterine dadiani, izolda rusaZe, Tamar lomTaZe, nino
fxakaZe.
warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos saxelwodeba garkveul-
wilad pirobiTia, vinaidan masSi zogadadaa mimoxiluli ara
mxolod qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria, aramed
qarTvelologiis Sesavali kursisa da qarTuli samwignobro
enis normirebis zogi sakiTxi.

recenzentebi:
prof. damana meliqiSvili
prof. manana tabiZe
prof. revaz Serozia

gamomcemloba ”quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti"

© t. futkaraZe
ISBN-99928-79-69-4

- 3 -
 sarCevi

winasityvaoba: qarTveli eris istoriuli gza (Ziri-

Tadi waxnagebi) 7

Tavi I - qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaro

1.1. qarTuli ena, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

ena, saqarTvelos saeklesio ena, saqarTvelos
10
samwignobro ena /t.futkaraZe/..............................

1.2. qarTuli enis adgili msoflios enaTa Soris

/m.qacarava/.................................................................. 21

1.3. saerToqarTveluri enis modelis sakiTxi da

qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli
mimarTebis sqema /t.futkaraZe/; saerToqar- 25
Tveluri enis daTariRebis problema /n.fxakaZe/

1.4. qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri

ena-kiloebis mimarTebis sakiTxi; Tanamedrove
32
qarTveluri dialeqtebi /t.futkaraZe/..............

1.5. Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis gavr-

celebis veli /e.dadiani/......................................... 45

Tavi II - qarTuli damwerloba da samwignobro

enis ganviTarebis gza
2 qarTuli damwerlobis saxeebi da Seqmnis dro
74
.1. /J.feiqriSvili/.....................................................

2 uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebi (epigrafikuli

.2. warwerebi, xelnawerebi, Zveli qarTuli Txzule-
85
bebi) /J.feiqriSvili/.............................................

2 Zveli qarTveli mwignobarni /m.miqaZe/ .................

95
.3.
2 Zveli qarTuli saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli

- 4 -
.4. kerebi saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi
/J.feiqriSvili/...................................................... 102

2 ucxoeTSi moRvawe qarTvelologebi

.5. /J.feiqriSvili/...................................................... 116

2 qarTuli enis mkvlevrebi /i.rusaZe/.......................

139
.6.
2 qarTuli samwignobro enis periodizaciis prob-
.7. lema /m.qacarava/........................................................ 149

Tavi III - qarTuli samwignobro enis Teoriuli

kursis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
3.1. sametyvelo bgerebi da satransliteracio sqema
/t.futkaraZe/............................................................... 156

3.2. saxelis paradigma /r.saRinaZe/...................................

162
3.3. zmnis paradigma /e.dadiani/.........................................
172
3.4. sityvaTSexameba /t.futkaraZe/...................................
184
3.5. martivi winadadeba /m.miqaZe/.......................................
188

Tavi IV - qarTuli enis leqsika da sityvawarmoeba

4.1. qarTuli leqsikisa da terminologiis Seswavlis is-
toriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi /T.lomTaZe/ .................. 193

4.2. saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri leqsika /e.dadiani/........

197
4.3. saerToqarTveluri leqsika /e.dadiani/.......................
200
4.4. qarTveluri dialeqturi leqsika - qarTuli samwig-
nobro enis ulevi wyaro /i.rusaZe/................................
204
4.5. sityvawarmoeba /T.lomTaZe/.............................................
211

- 5 -
 4.6. nasesxebi leqsika da barbarizmebi /e.dadiani/..............
215
4.7. leqsikonebi /i.rusaZe/...................................................
221

Tavi V - qarTuli enis normirebis sakiTxebi

5.1. normirebis istoria /r.saRinaZe/................................. 253

5.2. normirebis principebi /r.saRinaZe/.............................

262
5.3. Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi
/r.saRinaZe/....................................................................... 267

pirTa saZiebeli 279

danarTi 290

14 aprili
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
enis dRe

- 6 -
 winasityvaoba
qarTveli eris istoriuli gza
(ZiriTadi waxnagebi)

Zvel qarTvel mematianeTa warmodgeniT, sxva ZirZvel xalx-

Ta msgavsad, qarTvelTa winareistoria saTaves RvTaebrivi
kalTidan iRebs, kerZod, bibliur eTnarqTa sqema ase gamoiy-
ureba: noe - iafeti - iavani - TarSiSi - Targamosi (iberiel-
kavkasielTa eTnarqi). miTologiur siuJetebSic Cans iafeti -
promeTes mama; specialistTa didi nawili varaudobs, rom
promeTe iafetis Ze da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri Zveli RvTaeba
amirani erTi da imave personaJis saxelebia.
Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi
cxovrobdnen monaTesave winaaziur-kavkasiuri tomebi. pirve-
li didi gaerTianebebi Seqmnes: xuritebma - CrdiloeT Suam-
dinareTSi, xaTebma - centralur mcire aziaSi/anatoliaSi;
Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, anatoliasa da
kavkasiaSi (halisis, Woroxis, mtkvris, rionis, evfratis,
araqsis… xeobebSi) Canan: musxebi, qaSqebi, urartuelebi,
kolxebi, daianelebi... Tanamedrove kvlevebi safuZvels gvaZ-
levs, davaskvnaT, rom evraziis sxva xalxebis enebisgan
gansxvavebiT, winaaziur-kavkasiuri mosaxleobis enas hqonda
moTxrobiTi (ergatiuli) brunva, Sesabamisad, maT SeiZleba
vuwodoT "moTxrobiT brunviani enis mqone xalxebi".
logikuri Cans samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili
mosazreba: gviani eneoliTis amierkavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqme-
do cxovrebis wesis memkvidre mtkvar-araqsis kultura, ro-
melic Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan vrcel teritoriazea gan-
fenili, Seqmnilia ergatiuli konstruqciis enis/enebis mqo-
ne kavkasiur-xurituli modgmis xalxis mier. mecnierebis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze rTulia sabolood gadawyve-
tilad CaiTvalos axlo aRmosavleTis, samxreT evropisa (bal-
kaneTis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis
CrdiloeT sanapiros Zveli araindoevropeli xalxebis
(Sumerebis, xaTebis, pelazgebis, etruskebis...) qarTvelebTan

- 7 -
naTesaobis problema, Tumca saamisod bevri sayuradRebo ar-
gumenti arsebobs. samecniero wreebSi meti mxardamWeri hyavs
baskur-qarTveluri (kavkasiuri) naTesaobis Temas: n.maris,
arn.Ciqobavas, i.braunis, i.zicarisa da sxvaTa azriT, ergatiu-
li konstruqciis mqone baskuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri ene-
bis (xalxebis) naTesaobac "uTuod dadebiTad wydeba". bas-
kur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb faseuli msjelobebi aqvT,
agreTve: iv. javaxiSvils, k.ulenbeks, h.fogts, r.lafons, h.kin-
tanas, S.ZiZigurs, g.CantlaZes, n.sturuas, s.gabunias... (sa-
kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I,
quTaisi, 2005).
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan dRevandel qarT-
velTa winaprebi halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis,
enguris, liaxvis xeobebsa da Crdilo-kavkasiis nawilSi qmnian
did kolxur-yobanur kulturas, romelsac, pirobiTad, Se-
iZleba vuwodoT aia-kolxeTis eTnokultura.
kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifo ena, sa-
varaudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena, romlis uSualo
memkvidrea samwignobro qarTuli.
qarTveli mematianeni cnobil mefeTa cxovrebis aRweras
azos, farnavazisa da qujis istoriiT iwyeben; am droidan ber-
ZenTaTvis kargad cnobili "oqromravali aia-kolxeTi" isev
aRorZinebulia erTian saxelmwifod, oRond ufro mcire te-
ritoriaze da ZiriTadi centriT - mcxeTaSi (pirobiTad -
farnavazis saxelmwifo); Sdr.: qarTveluri saxelmwifos
dedaqalaqi sxvadasxva dros iyo: samxreT saqarTveloSi (Tor-
Tumi, SaSilu/sasire, artanuji), dasavleT saqarTveloSi (qu-
Taisi, noqalaqevi), aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ufliscixe,
mcxeTa, Tbilisi).
uZvelesi periodidan dRemde qarTveli eris savaraudo is-
toriuli jaWvi aseT saxes miiRebs:
• winareqarTveluri (iberiul-kavkasiur-axloaRmosav-
luri kulturis) epoqa - Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebi;
• kolxuri (saerToqarTveluri) kulturis epoqa - Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua pe-
riodamde;

- 8 -
• sruliad saqarTvelos aRorZineba azos, qujisa da farna-
vazisa qarTlad - Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari;
• gardamavali Jami - welTaRricxvaTa mijna;
• qristianobis Semosvlidan gorgasalis mkvlelobamde -
ax.w. IV-V saukuneebi;
• didi marcxidan qarTul mesianizmamde - VI-X saukuneebi;
• daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris epoqa - oqros xana;
• dro laSa-giorgidan giorgi brwyinvalemde;
• spars-Turqobis didi periodi - patar-patara saqarTve-
loebad daSla;
• rusobis periodi - mefe giorgi meTormetedan - prezident
zviad gamsaxurdiamde.

xangrZlivi istoriis mqone qarTveli eri dReniadag

qmnida did sulier kulturas; qarTvelTa yvelaze STambeW-
davi Semoqmedeba mravalsaukunovani mwignobruli kulturaa.

- 9 -
 Tavi I
qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaro
"ena aris eris suli da
eris suli aris misi ena"
vilhelm humboldti

1.1. qarTuli ena _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena,

saqarTvelos saeklesio ena,
saqarTvelos samwignobro ena

qarTuli ena mravalsaukunovani damwerlobis mqone da

mkacrad normalizebuli erT-erTi uZvelesi enaa. saukuneebis
manZilze qarTuli ena kulturis ena iyo ara mxolod qarT-
velTaTvis, aramed kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi bevri sxva eTnikuri
jgufisTvisac; mag., Crdilo kavkasiaSi dRemdea SemorCenili
qarTulwarwerebiani eklesia-monastrebi.
samyaroSi iSviaTia ena, romlis sametyvelo bgerebs (fone-
mebs) zustad asaxavs uZvelesi da Tanamedrove anbanis aso-
niSnebi; am mxrivac gamorCeulia qarTvelTa dedaena. swored
sametyvelo bgeraTa zusti kvalifikaciiTa da normirebuli
enis sayrdeni enobrivi bazisis simyariT unda aixsnas is faqti,
rom, sxva Zvel enaTagan gansxvavebiT, arqauli qarTuli
(qarTveluri) samwignobro ena da Tanamedrove qarTuli
erT mTlianobas qmnis...
qarTuli samwignobro enis uZvelesi kerebi iyo: tao-
klarjeTis, afxazeT-egrisis, lazeT-WaneTis, svaneT-Takveris,
qarTl-kaxeTis, guria-aWaris, mTiuleT-xevis, TuSeT-fSav-
xevsureTis, hereTis sasuliero centrebi; eklesia-
monastrebSi CamoZerwil qarTul samwignobro enas arsebiTi
cvlileba dRemde ar ganucdia - igi dResac gasagebia; amJamadac
saqarTvelos eklesiebSi, rogorc wesi, wirva-locva aRes-
ruleba saukuneebis win SemuSavebuli enobrivi normebis dac-
viT. am saintereso faqts axsna aqvs: samwignobro qarTulis
istoriis manZilze gancdili garkveuli cvlilebebi
evoluciuri xasiaTisaa da ara - radikaluri; Sdr.: samwigno-
bro enis arsebiT metamorfozas iwvevs radikaluri enobrivi

- 10 -
reforma an sabazo enobrivi erTeulis (koines, dialeqtis)
Secvla, rogorc es moxda berZnulis, somxurisa da sxva
SemTxvevebSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi,
yovel enaSi Cndeba axali leqsika da gramatikuli normebis
daxvewis aucilebloba, magram didi tradiciebis mqone ena
mainc inarCunebs sakuTar kalapots;
qarTuli enis istoriuli gzisa da perspeqtivis Sesaxeb
sainteresoa qarTvel klasikosTa Sexedulebebi:
vaJa-fSavela: "Cveni enis saTavea Zveli klasikuri qar-
Tuli literaturuli ena... mwerali unda ibrZodes saerTo-
erovnuli enis interesebisTvis, romelic aerTianebs enobriv
ganStoebebs, dialeqtebis saxeliT rom vicnobT... axali qar-
Tuli mwerlobis valia, saerToerovnul enaSi daamkvidros
Cveni enis arqauli formebi, Tanamedrove qarTvelebis
dialeqtebSi arsebuli gauryvneli formebi"...
konstantine gamsaxurdia: "qarTuli sityvieri inventaris
gamdidreba unda moxdes calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan,
calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa
qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gaxdes...
unda SemovuSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc me-
grul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli"...
"qarTvelTa erovnuli gadagvarebis mosurneT uwinares
enaze mihqondaT xolme ieriSi" (b.jorbenaZe). didi istoriis
manZilze imperiaTa Tu barbarosTa agresiebis dros qarTvel
ers, Sesabamisad, qarTul enas mravalgzis damuqrebia safrTxe:
momxduri cdilobda qarTvelobisaTvis daeviwyebina sakuTari
warsuli, kultura da enobriv-eTnikurad daeSala igi; saami-
sod eswrafoda, qarTveluri kiloebis bazaze Seeqmna axali
"samwignobro enebi" (dialeqtebze Targmnidnen saxarebis
calkeul epizodebs, locvebs da a.S.) da am kiloTa mflobel-
TaTvis gaeucxoebina winaprebis mier Seqmnili dedaena,
daeviwyebina dedakultura... XX saukuneSi bolo saSiSroeba
Seiqmna 70-ian wlebSi komunisturi imperiis mier:
1978 wels sabWoTa imperia Seecada daemcro isedac for-
malurad arsebuli konstituciuri statusi qarTuli enisa;
saqarTvelos sazogado moRvaweebma da studentobam (ganur-
Cevlad eTnikuri warmomavlobisa) ar dauSves sabWoTa kon-

- 11 -
stituciaSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, statu-
sis daknineba da 14 aprils grandiozuli aqcia gamarTes. im-
peria moerida viTarebis gamwvavebas da ukan daixia. am dRidan
saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi iwyeba: zviad
gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT arsebuli antiimperiuli disiden-
turi brZola farTo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZrao-
baSi gadaizarda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg erov-
nulma xelisuflebam 14 aprili gamoacxada saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifo enis dRed. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom XX-XXI saukuneTa
mijnaze saqarTvelos faqtobriv xelisuflebaSi myofi saoku-
pacio administracia am dRes dedaenis dRed an qarTuli enis
dRed moixseniebda, rac, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqeebs (gansakuTrebiT, araqarTuli warmomavlobisas)
xels uSlida, aReniSnaT da ezeimaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
enis dRe.
bolo periodis saqarTveloSi izrdeba ucxoenovani
skolebisa da universitetebis ricxvi. saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifo interesebi moiTxovs, kargad gaanalizdes arsebuli vi-
Tareba da ZiriTadad qarTuli kulturuli faseulobebis
Seswavla-propagandis mizniT daigegmos ganaTlebis reforma;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sabWouri rusifikacia enisa da eris
gadagvarebis axali saxeobiT Seicvleba.
bunebrivia, qarTvelma studentma kargad unda icodes
erTi ucxo ena mainc, magram aucilebelia saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqeobis mqone axalgazrdoba pirvel rigSi flobdes
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas da ganaTlebas iRebdes saxelm-
wifo enaze, ramdenadac, kulturis ena gansazRvravs pirovne-
bis cnobierebasa da samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistemas... ucxo
eniT - dedaenis gareSe gazrdili adamiani Sordeba sakuTar
fesvebs, kulturas, tradicias da verc sxvis kulturas
eziareba srulyofilad; Sedegad viRebT snobur, aras-
rulfasovan Taobas, romelic naklulovnad axdens TviTre-
alizebas da mwirad aRiqvams garesamyaros.
saxelmwifo enis statussa da moqmedebis ares gansaz-
Rvravs qveynis konstitucia (agreTve _ sxva kanonebi). saxelm-
wifo ena amTlianebs mosaxleobis saxelmwifoebriv interessa

- 12 -
da suliskveTebas. igi qveynis erTianobisa da Zlierebis safuZ-
velia; Sdr.: saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTiani saxelmwifos
ideis ganxorcielebis ori umniSvnelovanesi periodi arse-
bobs da orsave SemTxvevaSi enis rolis saxelmwifoebrivi
gageba wamoiwia wina planze: erTia farnavazis moRvaweobis pe-
riodi: ”arRara izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina sxua ena, Tvinier
qarTulisa” da meore - grigol xanZTelis epoqa, roca iTqva:
”qarTlad friadi queyana~ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qar-
TuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrulebis”.
mocemuli sazogadoebis mier Tavisi samwignobro enis
floba da am enis mixedviT TviTaRqma uSualodaa damokide-
buli akademiuri ganaTlebis xarisxze. mag.:
mravalwaxnagovani istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo,
lazebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi
uxdebaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sakuTari war-
sulis codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba
erovnul-enobrivi TviTaRqmis faqtorebze; kerZod: lazTa
erTi nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonio-axalsoflis
mkvidrni) ar mowyvetila qarTvelur kulturul-
saxelmwifoebriv vels; Sesabamisad, am mosaxleobam icis, rom
megrelTa, kaxelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa... msgavsad, isinic arian
erTiani qarTveluri kulturisa da saerToqarTvelur eno-
briv struqturaze dafuZnebuli mwignobrobis avtorebi;
maTTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos mefeebis didi
nawilis garda, lazur-Wanur-megruli warmoSobisani iyvnen
qarTveluri kulturis Semqmnelebi iovane lazi, ioane minCxi,
stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyon-
didlebi... dadianebi, Ciqovanebi, gamsaxurdiebi da mravali
sxva. lazTa meore nawili aRizarda TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi.
mas daviwyebuli aqvs Tavisi kilo da, Turquli ganaTlebis
sistemis Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqad miiCnevs. TurqeTsa da ev-
ropaSi moRvawe lazTa mesame nawilisaTvis ucnobia (bune-
brivia, ara yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarTveluri kulturis
qmnadobis procesSi laz-megrelTa monawileoba, magram maT
ician, rom lazebi enobriv-eTnikurad arsebiTad gansxvavde-
bian Turqebisagan. lazTa es jgufi sakuTari metyvelebis ba-

- 13 -
zaze cdilobs axla Seqmnas samwignobro ena da "gadaarCinos"
TavisTavadoba.
saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebis gareT mcxovreb
qarTvelebs xSirad ara aqvT informacia sakuTari isto-
riis/kulturis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pi-
robebSi Zneli araa samecniero codnis gansazogadoebrioba;
Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis keTilme-
zobluri urTierTobis pirobebSi unda Seiqmnas obieqturi
samecniero informaciis gacvlis veli, romelic yvela lazs
saSualebas miscems icodes:

1. kolxuri (kolxur-yobanuri) arqeologiuri kulturis

sazRvrebi cxadyofs, rom kolxuri saxelmwifo ocze met
qarTvelur Tems aerTianebda da Tavisi arsiT qarTveluri
(zogadqarTuli) xasiaTisaa.

2. qarTveluri samwignobro ena efuZneba saerTo qarTve-

lur enobriv models da ara qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva ro-
melime qarTvelur kilos; pirveli qarTuli asomTavruli
warwerebi SemorCenilia iovane lazis monasterSi, qarTuli
himnografiis fuZemdebelia aseve lazi/megreli ioane minCxi da
sxv.
3. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos ideologebi
da winamZRolebi metwilad iyvnen lazur-megruli warmoSobis
didgvarovnebi (bagrationebi, Wyondidlebi da sxva);

4. lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad imerxevelTa, taoelTa,

svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeulad pativsacemi adgili
uWiravs erTiani saqarTvelos did mefes - Tamars; qarTvelTa
saerTo istoriis amsaxveli es masala i.yifSiZis mier erTi
saukunis winaa Cawerili.
...am da sxva analogiuri faqtebis codna obieqtur vels
Seqmnis lazTa TviTaRqmisaTvis. yovel sazogadoebriv
jgufs/erTobas (bunebrivia, lazebsac) aqvs ufleba, icodes
TavianTi warmomavloba.
samwuxarod, dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi garkveuli
pirebic cdiloben eTnikur Tu enobriv umciresobad ga-

- 14 -
moacxadon da am gziT did istoriul samwignobro kulturas
moswyviton qarTvelTa erTi nawili. amgvari enobrivi diver-
sia zogs uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informa-
ciis verflobis gamo; mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT
2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul rukebdarTul wignSi
"Europe of the Peoples" da 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul at-
lasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas)
rukis sxvadasxva feriT, droSiTa da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT
arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWar-
lebi, svanebi da osebi...
saqarTveloSic dResac aris jgufi, romelic zog qarT-
velur kilos gaazrebulad uwodebs damoukidebel umwer-
lobo enas, maTTvis qmnis damwerlobas da evrosabWos do-
kumentebis arsis gayalbebiT eswrafvis qarTvelTa erTi
nawili saqarTveloSi enobriv an eTnikur umciresobad ga-
moacxados:
1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwi-
foebma strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri
da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Teber-
vals aqve xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umci-
resobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosab-
Wos wevrebisa da wevrobis msurvelTaTvis warmoadgens sax-
elmZRvanelo debulebebis krebuls erovnul da lingvistur
umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod, qartia da
konvencia iTxovs:
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli
avtoqToni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli sa-
zogadoebebisaTvis umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da sa-
Tanado uflebebiT aRWurvas.
konvenciisa da qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa ufle-
bebi STambeWdavia:
umciresobis enaze saqmiswarmoeba da swavleba baga-
baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi... ix., mag., qartiis
me-8 muxlis I.e. punqti:
saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisawvdomi
gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba
Sesabamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze".

- 15 -
 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom: konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 pun-
qtis Tanaxmad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazo-
gadoebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli organoebis
saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba, Tuki saxelmwifoSi tra-
diciulad mcxovrebi umciresobebi am regionSi dResac um-
ravlesobaSi arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da,
Tuki, amave dros, maT es surT (ix. agreTve 66-e ganmarteba).
ix., agreTve:
qartiis me-8 muxlis I.z. punqti:
saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi "raTa uzrunvelyo-
fil iqnes im istoriisa da kulturis swavleba, romlis ga-
moxatulebasac warmoadgens regionaluri an umciresobis
ena".
qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44 qveyana,
ratifikacia ki moaxdina ocdacxrametma: belgiis, saberZneTis,
islandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs jerjerobiT ar
daudasturebiaT mTavrobebis xelmowerebi. evrosabWos am do-
kumentebs ar uerTdeba safrangeTi.
saqarTvelos faqtobrivi mTavroba evropul dokumen-
tebs miuerTda 2000 wels; 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers "saqarT-
velos parlamentma" daamowma konvencia; uaxloes xanSi igeg-
meba qartiis ratifikaciac.
qartiisa da konvenciis eTnikur-lingvisturi cne-
bebis arakompetenturi ganmartebebiT, kerZod, terminebis:
erovnuli umciresoba, enobrivi umciresoba, ena, region-
aluri ena, umciresobis ena, dialeqti... ulogiko gaazrebiT,
2000 welsve gaCnda saSiSroeba, saqarTveloSi dakanonebuliyo
aTamde regionaluri saxelmwifo ena; avtoqTonad aRiare-
buliyo amdenive eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze
saSualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gaxsnis
garda, ufleba eqneboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
saqmiswarmoebac qarTulisgan gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina
da a.S. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amJamadac cdiloben, saqarT-
velo gamocxaddes mravalerovan da mravalenovan saxelmwi-
fod da saqarTvelos regionebSi SeizRudos saqarTvelos is-
toriuli saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba. arada, qarTuli
enisTvis amgvar safrTxes namdvilad ar qmnian saerTaSoriso

- 16 -
mniSvnelobis dokumentebi, vinaidan evropul qartiasa da
konvenciaSi kargadaa Camoyalibebuli umciresobaTa ufle-
bebi, magram ganmartebuli ar aris teqstSi gamoyenebuli
cnebebi: erovnuli umciresoba, enobrivi umciresoba,
kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti, enis saxesxvaoba
da sxv.
strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri qveynebis
xelisuflebebis azriT, am cnebebis/terminebis gaazreba da eT-
nikuri umciresobebisa Tu umciresobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis
Seqmna konkretuli saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan das-
axelebul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi ver mox-
erxda SeTanxmeba mravalwliani dava-kamaTis Semdegac ki. am sa-
kiTxs sagangebod exeba konvenciis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis me-4
da me-12 nawilebi; mag., konvenciis me-12 ganmartebaSi vkiTxu-
lobT:
"konvencia ar iZleva erovnuli umciresobis cnebis
ganmartebas im praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo, rom mocemul
etapze SeuZlebeli iqneboda imgvari formulirebis SemoTa-
vazeba, romelsac evropis sabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifo dau-
Werda mxars".
msgavs azrs gadmoscems qartiis me-17 ganmartebac:
"qartia ar gansazRvravs enas arc socialur-politi-
kuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli so-
cialuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis komunikaciis saSualebas; amgva-
rad, qartia ar iZleva enobrivi umciresobis cnebis gansaz-
Rvrebas".
es azri ufro mkveTrad gamoTqmulia qartiis 32-e gan-
martebaSi: "qartia ar gansazRvravs Tu ra SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba CaiTvalos calke enad gamoxatvis esa Tu is
forma". aqve vityviT, rom ar arsebobs enisa da kilos gamijvnis
ukamaTo kriteriumebi; Sdr., mag., sayovelTaod miRebuli enis
ganmarteba: ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT ni-
SanTa - enobriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli
sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovne-
bis, codnis Senaxvis da komunikaciis saSualebas...
calke aRebuli dialeqtic bgeriT niSanTa bunebri-
vad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens samya-

- 17 -
ros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesaba-
misad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT
enasa da kilos (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).
qartiisa da konvenciis ganmartebebis mixedviT, es da
sxva msgavsi terminebi "yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos
SemTxvevaSi individualurad ganisazRvreba" (ix. qartiis
ganmartebebis me-18 nawili).
Sdr., agreTve, qartiis 21-e ganmarteba:
"qartiis avtorebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom ar iqne-
boda mizanSewonili qartiisTvis daerToT regionaluri da
umciresobaTa enebis siebi, vinaidan, lingvisturi Tu sxva
saxis argumentebis gamo, igi ueWvelad gaxdeboda cxare kama-
Tisa da uTanxmoebis sagani..."
aqvea dazustebac:
"qartia prerogativas aniWebs konkretuli qveynis
xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT
Tavad gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas mieniWeba
damoukidebeli enis statusi" (32-e ganmarteba).
miuxedavad warmodgenili gancxadebebisa, evrosabWos
dokumentebSi aris friad sayuradRebo aqcentebi; kerZod:
qartiis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis pirvelive punqtSi
vkiTxulobT: "evropis mravali saxelmwifos teritoriaze
cxovroben ama Tu im regionis mkvidri avtoqTonuri jgufebi,
romelTa mSobliuri ena gansxvavdeba qveynis mosaxleobis um-
ravlesobis enisgan".
e.i. evropuli saxelmwifoebi Tvlian (samarTlianadac -
t.f.), rom erovnul Tu enobriv umciresobad misaCnevi sa-
zogadoeba aborigeni, mocemuli teritoriis Tavdapir-
veli, ZvelisZveli binadari (avtoqToni) unda iyos; mag., da-
badebidan germaniis moqalaqe ramdenime milion Turqsac ki
germanelebi ar miiCneven erovnul umciresobad, vinaidan,
miuxedavad am diasporis sakmaod xangrZlivi istoriisa, isini
aq mainc migrantebad arian CaTvlili (Sdr.: avtoqToni - ama
Tu im qveynis ZvelisZveli mkvidri mosaxleoba).
migrant da avtoqTon jgufTa enebis gansxvavebis au-
cilebloba mkveTradaa gamoTqmuli qartiis sxva monakveTebSi:

- 18 -
 ganmartebiTi moxsenebis 31-e nawili: "qartiis de-
bulebebi moicavs mxolod istoriul enebs, anu im enebs,
romlebic didi xania gavrcelebulia mocemuli saxelmwifos
teritoriaze".
arsebiTia Semdegi debulebac (romelic Camoyalibebulia
qartiis pirveli muxlis a punqtis meore nawilsa da qartiis 32-e
ganmartebaSi):
"regionaluri/umciresobaTa enebi ar gulisxmobs (ar
moicavs) saxelmwifos oficialuri enis saxesxvaobebs,
dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs".
sazogadoebis erT nawilSi gansakuTrebiT araadekva-
turad iqna gaazrebuli terminebi regionaluri ena da umci-
resobis ena; arada, am terminebs naTlad ganmartavs qartia:
qartiis I muxliTa da qartiis me-18 ganmartebiT, region-
alur enad miCneulia saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi im avto-
qToni erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic um-
ravlesobaa mocemul regionSi, xolo umciresobis enad
CaTvlilia iseTi avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena, ro-
melic ricxvobriv umciresobaSia Tavissave regionSic
(vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005a).
kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos:
rogorc wesi, enobriv/eTnikur umciresobad miiCneva mo-
cemuli saxelmwifos avtoqtoni araZiriTadi (sxva kul-
turisa da warmomavlobis mqone) mosaxleoba, mag., baskebi espa-
neTSi). saqarTveloSi erTi romelime kuTxis qarTvelobis miC-
neva enobriv an eTnikur umciresobad da qarTveluri kiloe-
bis saxelmwifo enebad gamocxadeba (ix., agreTve, j.hiuitis,
v.foirStainisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba; masala vrclad ix.
T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi,
Tb., 2006) saqarTvelos enobrivi politikis "garedan"
dagegmvis mcdelobaa, rac verasodes Secvlis faqts:
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kultura Tvi-
sobrivad erTnairad iqmneboda samegreloSic, svaneTSic,
mesxeTSic da qarTl-kaxeTSic; am kuTxeTa mosaxleobisTvis
qarTuli istoriuli dedaenaa, adgilobrivi (saSinao)
zepiri metyveleba ki - erT-erTi qarTveluri dialeqti (da
ara umciresobis ena!).

- 19 -
 samwignobro enis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis Tval-
sazrisiT saqarTveloSi unikaluri viTareba gvaqvs:
a. berZnuli, germanuli, espanuri, franguli Tu sxva
saliteraturo enebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelTa samwigno-
bro ena ar efuZneba erT romelime dialeqts; Sdr.: es-
panuri, kataloniuri, provansuli (anu oqsitanuri) laTinu-
risgan momdinare erTgvarovani moZme ena-kiloebia, romlebzec
sxvadasxva dros Seiqmna damwerloba; maTgan zogi gamocxadda
saxelmwifo enad, zogi - ara; Sesabamisad, maT Soris dRemde
grZeldeba metoqeoba imis miuxedavad, rom zog maTgans enis
statusi aqvs miniWebuli, zogs - dialeqtisa (mag., dRemde saka-
maToa kataloniuri da provansuli erTi enis kiloebia Tu
ori damoukidebeli enaa). sul sxvagvaria qarTveluri eno-
brivi samyaros istoria: Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro
ena uSualo memkvidrea arqauli saeklesio enisa, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enobriv models da
ara qarTlur, kaxur, imerul, megrul, mesxur Tu svanur eno-
briv erTeulebs;
b. qarTuli samwignobro ena erTaderTia msoflioSi,
romelic, sul mcire, 15 saukunea uwyvetad funqcionirebs,
rogorc saxelmwifo, saeklesio da saliteraturo ena.
qarTuli samwignobro ena (/qarTveluri samwignobro ena;
r.Serozia) - qarTuli kulturis, cnobierebis CamomZerwavi
fenomeni da qarTvelTa TviTobis/identobis ganmsazRvreli
ZiriTadi, mravalsaukunovani faqtoria.

dedaena pirovnebis saxea;

xalxi qmnis enas da ena qmnis ers;
saxelmwifo ena qveynis Rirsebis sazomia.

literatura

T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb.,

2006.
g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000.

- 20 -
 m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis fun-
qcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005.
m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis aRmniSvneli terminebi da
frazebi qarTul istoriul-literaturul Txzulebebsa
da dokumentebSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XV, Tb., 2003.
m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi daviT aRmaSe-
neblis epoqaSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XV. Tb., 2003.
t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi da evropuli qartia
umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, quTaisi, 2005a.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.

1.2. qarTuli enis adgili msoflios enaTa Soris

dedamiwis mosaxleobis enaTa raodenoba zustad ar aris

dadgenili; asaxeleben 4000-dan 7000-mde enas. aseT did sxvao-
bas iwvevs ara enobriv erTeulTa ricxvis daudgenloba, ara-
med maTi statusis sxvadasxvagvari gansazRvra (mocemuli ling-
visturi monacemi enaa, dialeqti Tu kilokavi?). rTulia umwer-
lobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna. vfiqrobT, logikuria,
rom umwerlobo enad CaiTvalos im xalxis ena, visac dedaenaze
samwignobro kultura ara aqvs, xolo dialeqtia is mety-
veleba, romelic enaTesaveba saerToerovnul enas.
bunebrivia, adamians odiTganve ainteresebs Tavisi dedae-
nis monaTesave enebis dadgena, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, enaTa
naTesaobiT ganisazRvreba eTnosTa naTesaoba. mecnierebis gan-
viTarebis Tanamedrove etapze istoriul-SedarebiTi meTo-
dis saSualebiT ZiriTadad dadgenilia msgavsi struqturisa
da urTierTmonaTesave enaTa ojaxebi. gavrcelebuli Sexed-
ulebiT, msoflioSi gamoiyofa: indoevropul, semitur,
finur-ungrul, Turqul, iberiul-kavkasiur, samodiur, mon-
golur, tungusur-manjurul, Cinur-tibetur, dravidul,
munda, malaiur-polineziur, paleoaziur, avstraliis, papua,
afrikul, paleoafrikul, CrdiloeT amerikul, centralur
amerikul, samxreT amerikul enaTa ojaxebi; calkea: iaponuri,
koreuli, ainuuri da baskuri enebi (specialistTa erT nawils
baskuri ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Seaqvs).

- 21 -
 didi xnis istoria aqvs qarTuli enis Zireuli kavSirebis
Ziebas wina aziis uZveles enebTan - xuritulTan, xeTurTan,
SumerulTan. f.bopidan moyolebuli dRemde araerTxel
gamxdara kvlevis sagani qarTuli enisa da indoevropuli ene-
bis naTesaobis sakiTxic, magram am mimarTulebiT damajerebeli
argumentebi jerjerobiT ar Cans. T.gamyreliZis, v.ivanovisa da
sxvaTa mixedviT, indoevropul-qarTveluri tipologiuri
Sexvedrebi kvlevis saintereso sferoa. g.deetersis azriT,
qarTvelurSi Tanaarsebobs indoevropuli da iberiul-
kavkasiuri fenebi (am mosazrebas iziarebs g.maWavarianic).
yvelaze gavrcelebuli TeoriiT, qarTuli ena enaTesaveba
afxazur-Cerqezul, CeCnur-inguSur (naxur) da daRestnur
enebs. am Teoriis fuZemdeblebi arian iv. javaxiSvili da arn.
Ciqobava. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi arn.Ciqobavam
Camoayaliba iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis skola,
romlis warmomadgenlebi aTwleulebis manZilze warmatebiT
ikvleven qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis naTesaobas;
Sedegad gamovlenilia mravali msgavsi enobrivi movlena da
leqsikuri paraleli; kerZod, qarTvelursa da sxva iberiul-
kavkasiur enebs saerTo warmomavlobisa aqvT ZiriTadi leqsi-
kuri fondis Semdegi sityvebi (vasaxelebT erT nawils):
deda, mama, coli, oboli... Tve, dRe, mze, yinavs, ca, za-
fxuli, samxari... barkali, bayvi, guli, idayvi, marjvena, mkerdi,
mxari, piri, ZuZu, wamwami, wveri, Wipi, tvini, filtvi, fxa, xeli,
Zvali, muxli... guguli, mgeli, Rori, yvavi, Tagvi, ciyvi, qaTami,
matli, mweri, kalia, pepela, WianWvela, Zu, xvadi, berwi, RuRu-
ni, xvixvini... dika, maxa, seli, yana, vaSli, msxali, leRvi, kakali,
soko, WinWari, anwli, ZeZvi... vin, man, Seni, Tqueni... sami, xuTi,
aTi, asi, cali, tyupi... didi, mrgvali, rbili, TeTri, yviTeli,
Txeli, Zveli, msxvili... kedeli, yveli, Zmari, celi, jaWvi...
suni/suli, seli, seri (Rame), nemsi, sueli/Srati, sofeli,
nesto, asuli, usuari (vaJi), mze, SeSa, vaSli, uSveri, mSveni-
eri, sTueli, ZaRli, ZeZvi, Zuali, Zu, xuezi, cali, farcxi,
frCxili, cici(naTela), CxarTvi, berwi, wyali, nerwyvi, mwife,
wueTi, wodeba, wveva, wueri... Seazanzarebs, eSinia, wovs, wvavs,
Wams, svams, susxavs, ustvens, fuvdeba, dgas, icinis, lokavs, go-

- 22 -
ravs, urtyams, abams, qsovs, Tesavs, Weds... stvena, wasma, mosva,
qsova, vseba...
enaTmecnieruli kvlevis am etapze meti argumentebi aqvs
saerToqarTveluri, saerTonaxur-daRestnuri da saerTo-
afxazur-adiReuri ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondisa da eno-
brivi struqturebis sistemuri erTgvarobis mtkicebas. sayu-
radReboa isic, rom musikaTmcodneTa daskvniT, qarTvelTa,
abaza-afxazTa, vainaxTa (CeCen-inguSTa) da daRestnelTa musi-
kaluri enebi momdinareoben saerTokavkasiur-winaaziuri mu-
sikaluri fuZeenidan.
Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa da dialeqtTa da-
jgufebis ramdenime sqema arsebobs; aq warmovadgenT
arn.Ciqobavasa (1952) da T.gvancelaZis variantebs:
arn.Ciqobava: iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi Sedgeba oTxi
jgufisgan:
I. qarTveluri anu iberiuli enebi: qarTuli, zanuri, sva-
nuri.
II. afxazur-adiReuri enebi: afxazuri ("enaTmecnierebis
SesavalSi" arn. Ciqobava afxazur enaSi aerTianebs abazur
dialeqtebs: tapanTursa da aSxaruls; "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaT-
mecnierebis SesavalSi" es ori kilo abazuri enis saxeliTaa war-
modgenili - red.), adiRuri anu Cerqezuli yabardouliTurT
(zemo adiReuri kilo anu yabardouli calke enadaa warmodgenili
"iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi" - red.), ubixuri
ena.
III. qistur-bacburi enebi: qisturi, bacburi anu wova-
TuSuri ("enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi" am jgufSi dasaxelebuli ar
aris CeCnuri da inguSuri, vinaidan 1952 wels CeCen-inguSebi gadas-
axlebulni iyvnen Sua aziaSi da sabWoTa cenzuris mier ikrZaleboda
maTi xsenebac ki; 1979 wels gamoqveynebul "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaT-
mecnierebis SesavalSi" III jgufis dasaxeleba da Semadgenloba ase
gamoiyureba: naxuri (CaCnuri, inguSuri, bacburi) - red.).
IV. daRestnuri enebi: xunZur-andiur-didouri qvejgufi
(xunZuri anu avariuli ena da andiuri xeobis ena-kiloTa
[arn.Ciqobavas terminia! - red.] wyeba: andiuri, boTlixuri,
karatauli, tindiuri, bagvaluri (tindiuri da bagvaluri erT
enadaa warmodgenili 1979 wels - red.) Wamaluri, axvaxuri, xvar-

- 23 -
Siuli, didouri da kapuWuri); lakur-darguuli qvejgufi (la-
kuri, darguuli); lezgiuri qvejgufi (lezgiuri, waxuruli,
ruTuluri, aRuluri, tabasaranuli, xinaluRuri, buduxuri, kri-
wuli, arCibuli, uduri).
T.gvancelaZe: iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi Sedgeba sami
jgufisgan:
I. samxreTis jgufi:
qarTveluri (qarTuli) samwignobro ena (zanuri, svanuri,
mesxuri, heruli... dialeqturi jgufebis CaTvliT).
II. Crdilo-dasavleTis jgufi:
1. afxazur-abazuri ena; 2. Cerqezuli (adiReur-yabardou-
li) ena; 3. ubixuri ena (aw ukve mkvdari).
III. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis jgufi:
a. vainaxuri qvejgufi: 1. vainaxuri (CeCnur-inguSuri, anu
iCqeriul-inguSuri) ena.
b. xunZuri qvejgufi: 1. xunZuri ena; 2. andiuri ena (boTli-
xuris, Rodoberiulis, axvaxuris, karataulis, bagvaluris,
tindiuris, Wamalaluris CaTvliT);
3. didouri ena (hinuxuris, xvarSiulis, kapuWur-hunzibu-
ris CaTvliT).
g. lakur-darguuli qvejgufi: 1. lakuri ena; 2. darguuli
ena.
d. lezgiuri qvejgufi: 1. lezgiuri ena (Tabasaranulisa da
aRuluris CaTvliT); 2. waxur-ruTuluri ena; 3. arCibuli ena;
4. kriwuli ena; 5. buduxuri ena; 6. xinaluRuri ena; 7. udiuri
ena.

literatura

T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarT-

velur enebSi, Tb., 1965.
T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe, i.Saduri, n.Sengelia, Teoriuli enaT-
mecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.
Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, В. В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индо-
европейцы, т. I-II, Тбилиси, 1984.
T.gvancelaZe, enaTa genealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi
kriteriumebi da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro, qarTve-
luri memkvidreoba, t. VII, quTaisi, 2003.

- 24 -
 T.gvancelaZe, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis SemadgenlobisaT-
vis, t. VIII, quTaisi, 2004.
gr. giorgaZe, uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosi da qarTvelTa
warmomavloba, Tb., 2002.
G. Deeters, Das khartvelische Verbatum. Verglichende Darstellung des Ver-
balbaus der sudkaukasischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1930.
enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi, g.axvledianis redaqciiT,
Tb., 1972.
q. lomTaTiZe, afxazuri da abazuri enebis istoriul-SedarebiTi
analizi, I, Tb., 1976.
d. losaberiZe, qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis; saqarT-
velos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe,#2, 1992.
n.maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da qarTvelTa eTnogenezi;
qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi, Tb., 2002.
g.maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tb.,
1965.
b.foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb.,
1979.
m.Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriul enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tb., 2006.
m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2003.
s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. III, Tb., 1959.

1.3. saerToqarTveluri enis modelis sakiTxi da

qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli mi-
marTebis sqema; saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRe-
bis problema

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi kargadaa da-

muSavebuli arsebul enaTa monacemebis SepirispirebiT winare
enebis saxis (modelis) aRdgenis meTodebi (ix., mag.,
T.gamyreliZe, 2003, gv. 558-589); kerZod, Sinagani rekonstru-
qciiT, SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiTa da leqsikur-
semantikuri rekonstruqciiT warmoidgineba monaTesave eno-
briv erTeulTa amosavali enobrivi modeli.

- 25 -
 qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari
miiCnevs, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloTa amosaval saerToqarTve-
lur models ZiriTadad mihyveba qarTuli samwignobro ena.
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mxolod saerToqarTvelurSi sonante-
bisa da nunismier TanxmovanTa raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT:
aRiarebulia, rom saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonema-
tur struqturaSi sami klasi gamoiyofa: Tanxmovnebi (Cqam-
ierebi, sonorebi), sonantebi da xmovnebi. fuZeenis xmovanTa
sistemaSi Tanamedrove qarTvelur ena-kiloTa mixedviT
aRdgeba a, e, o xmovnebi. i da u bgerebi xan marcvlovani, xanac
umarcvlo alofonebiT warmodgebian da, Sesabamisad, qmnian
sonantTa klass. i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac arsebobs
TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi (Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa
da g. maWavarianis mixedviT, Tanamedrove qarTvelur qvesiste-
mebSi sonantTa klasi gamoiricxeba).
T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa az-
riT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l
fonemebic. arn. Ciqobava, g.rogava, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gvancelaZe
da sxva cnobili mecnierebi samarTlianad Tvlian, rom saer-
ToqarTvelurSic da dResac m, n, r, l bgerebi sonorebia
da ara sonantebi.
specialistTa didi nawili saerToqarTvelurSi ZiriTa-
dad imave Tanxmovnebs aRadgens, rac gvaqvs arqaul samwigno-
bro qarTulSi:
xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; Z, c, w; j, C, W; g, q, k; B, y.
napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h.
sonorebi: m, n, r, l.
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani,
h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani) azriT, saerToqarTvelur
enaSi winanunismieri Z, c, w, z, s da ukananunismieri j, C, W, J, S
bgerebis gverdiT damatebiT savaraudoa Suanunismieri (Sua-
sibilanturi) Z&, c&, w&, z&, s& Tanxmovnebis arseboba.
qarTveluri fuZeenis morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da se-
mantikuri struqturebic arsebiTad arqauli samwignobro
qarTuli enis msgavsia.
specialistTa Soris didi kamaTis sagania qarTvelur
dialeqtTa divergenciis sqema (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.,

- 26 -
m.qurdiani, 1996); kerZod, mecnierTa erTi nawili varaudobs,
rom saerToqarTvelur enas jer gamoeyo svanuri da zanur-
qarTuli, Semdeg ki zanur-qarTuli daiSala qarTulad da me-
grul-lazurad; avtoris mixedviT, qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa daSlis am sqemas deetersis sqemas uwodeben:
g.deetersis sqema:
saerToqarTveluri

zanur-qarTuli

svanuri lazuri megruli qarTuli

gansxvavebuli da ufro argumentirebuli Sexeduleba

Camoayaliba akad. arn. Ciqobavam; misi azriT, saerToqarTve-
lurs jer gamoeyo zanur-svanuri dialeqturi jgufi, romelic
Semdeg daiSala zanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebad:
arn. Ciqobavas sqema:
svanuri

zanuri
zanur-svanuri

saerToqarTveluri qarTuli

Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevebis mixedviT naTelia, rom

saerToqarTveluri enis memkvidrea Zveli qarTuli
sasuliero mwerlobis (saeklesio) ena, romlis uSualo
gagrZelebaa Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTuli ena;
arqauli qarTulis met-naklebad Secvlil ganStoebebs ki
warmoadgens qarTveluri dialeqturi jgufebi: centraluri,
svanuri, zanuri, mesxuri, fxouri, raWuli, heruli... (diver-
genciis sqema ix. qvemoT: Tanamedrove qarTveluri
dialeqtebi).

saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro. saerToqarT-

veluri enis qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT samecniero lit-

- 27 -
eraturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswav-
las moiTxovs da daskvnebis sandoobasac istorikos-
arqeologTa, eTnografTa da lingvistTa erToblivi muSaoba
gansazRvravs.
mecnierTa erTi nawili saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis
drod Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebs asaxelebs (arn.Ciqobava,
k.bergslandi, h. fogti, t.futkaraZe...), meore nawili ki saer-
ToqarTveluri enis funqcionirebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs Zv.
w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, T.miqelaZe,
m.qurdiani...).
saerToqarTveluri enis istoriuli qronologiis
dadgena pirvelad scades e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis
gamoyenebiT. amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da
robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Seqmnili
glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTo-
diT monaTesave enaTa diferenciaciis dro ganisazRvreba
ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondidan aRebuli 100 an 200 sityvis
cvlilebis koeficientis mixedviT. es meTodi iTvaliswinebs
ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis cvalebadobis siCqaris
erTgvarobas yvela enaSi.
leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa diferenciaciis daTariReba scades g.klimovma,
T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma. erTi da imave meTodiT Ses-
rulebuli ori gamokvlevis Sedegebi 1000-wliani sxvaobis
mqone aRmoCnda, kerZod, g.klimovis azriT, saerToqarTve-
lurisagan svanuris gamoyofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo
zanurisa - I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (g.klimovi, 1952, gv. 119).
T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azriT ki, saerToqarTve-
lurisagan svanuris gamoyofa Zv. w. X saukuneSi moxda, xolo
qarTul-zanuris diferencireba - Zveli da axali welTaR-
ricxvis mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv. 17).
samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia glotoqro-
nologiuri meTodis naklze. igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs enis
cvlilebis gansxvavebul temps sxvadasxva epoqaSi da leqsikis
cvlis sixSiris xarisxis gansazRvrisas ver iTvaliswinebs in-
tensiuri gavlenis an sametyvelo kodTa Serevis rols; es me-
Todi naklebsandoa imitomac, rom saanalizo erTeulTa siaSi

- 28 -
erTi uzusto formis moxvedrac ki mkveTrad cvlis qronolo-
giur CarCoebs (ix. k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d. kristali,
1989, gv. 331; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv, 327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004...).
saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciis gansxvavebuli sqemaa
warmodgenili T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis SromaSi ”indoev-
ropuli ena da indoevropelebi”; kerZod, am naSromSi saerTo-
qarTveluri enis arsebobis drod miCneulia Zv. w. IV
aTaswleuli.
k.bergslandisa da h.fogtis azriT, "saerToqarTveluri
ena Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda
movaTavsoT” (k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972, gv.255).
arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, saerToqarTveluris arse-
boba Zv. w. I aTaswleulSia savaraudebeli. cnobili mecnieri
ase msjelobs:
"iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmo-
Soba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; sava-
raudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-
samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa
ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas
gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena war-
moqmnila Tu gamqrala, gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri
is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs “gasaocari
nairgvaroba axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-
sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi
SerCeniaT" (arn. Ciqobava,1979, gv. 253).
t.futkaraZis azriT, Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulSi saerToindo-
evropulis Tanadroulad arsebobda iberiul-kavkasiuri kon-
tinuumi (enobrivi ganfeniloba), romlisganac sakuTriv qar-
Tveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans kavkasi-
asa da anatoliaSi indoevropuli nakadis Semosvlis Semdeg
Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savara-
udoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa
da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros. qarTveluri
modgmis mier kolxur-yobanuri (yobani - sofeli Crdilo kavkasi-
aSi, kerZod, Tanamedrove oseTSi) kulturis Seqmnis dros, Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis Sua periodidan (Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I
naxevramde), Cans, uZveles qarTvelur tomTa dialeqtebidan

- 29 -
yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koine - Zvel qarT-
vel tomTa saerTo-sametyvelo ena. Sdr.: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis II
naxevarSi Canan Semdegi Temebi: muSqebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/ta-
oxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi, quTebi/kvi-
tebi, koraqsebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, makro-
nebi, fasianebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni, henioxebi, sanebi, sanige-
bi/sanikebi...
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb garkveu-
li informacia SeiZleba mogvces qarTvelur kiloebSi arse-
bulma im sityvebma, romelTa saerToqarTveluri forma nases-
xebia da SesaZlebelia sesxebis daTariRebac; mag., savaraudoa,
rom saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli sparsulidan nas-
esxebi zogi sityvaforma Zv.w. VI saukunes ver gaSordeba
(Sesabamisad, ufro adre naklebadaa savaraudo sakuTriv za-
nuri da svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis arseboba); aseTebi Cans:
zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiT-s...
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi arsebuli
msoflios yvela ena amJamad ukve mkvdaria; aRdgenili wi-
nareenebis (protoenebis) struqtura mniSvnelovnad (arsebi-
Tad!) gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove enebisgan; garda amisa, msofli-
oSi ar arsebobs didi samwerlobo tradiciis mqone erTi
enac ki, romelsac 30 saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebinos
Tavisi ZiriTadi saxe; miT umetes, aseTi ver iqneba umwerlobo
tomobrivi ena Tu kilo. 1000 wlis manZilzec ki mxolod did
samwerlobo tradicias SeuZlia, Seanelos enis mniSvnelovani
cvlilebis procesi; 4000-5000-wlian Tvisobriv ucvlelobaze
ki, vfiqrobT, laparakic zedmetia.
mezobel xalxTa enebSi qarTveluridan Sesuli onomastiku-
ri masalis, qarTveluri nasesxobisa da e.w. TariRian toponim-
Ta (quTaisi, faTisi...) analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom
Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebi (samwignobro qarTuli,
megrul-lazuri, svanuri, fxovuri, mesxuri da sxva kiloebi) sa-
Taves iReben welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan.
maSasadame, dRevandel qarTvelTa: lazTa, megrelTa, imer-
xevelTa, mesxTa, kaxTa, svanTa, herTa, fxovelTa da sxva qarT-
velTa amJamindeli saSinao metyveleba (kiloebi) saTaves iRebs
welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan; sayuradReboa, rom swored am dros

- 30 -
Cndeba maTi saxelebi istoriul wyaroebSic.
SegviZlia vTqvaT: qarTveluri modgmis TemTa didi winap-
rebi: miTebSi gadasuli aietic, mogvianebiT, azonic, qujic,
farnavazic, gorgasalic, Wyondidlebica da iovane petriwic
oficialurad saerToqarTvelur, an mis struqturulad
adekvatur, zogadqarTul samwignobro enaze metyvelebdnen,
werdnen da, rac mTavaria, erToblivad qmnidnen ramdenimeaTas-
wlovan qarTvelur samwignobro kulturas.

literatura

r. abaSia, dialeqturi poziciis principi da qarTvelur enobriv

erTeulTa urTierTmimarTebis zogierTi sakiTxi (sibi-
lantTa Sesatyvisobis mixedviT): qarTveluri memkvidreoba,
t. VII, quTaisi, 2003.
k. bergslandi, h. fogti, glotoqronologiis safuZvliano-
bisaTvis; mimomxilveli, 6/9, Tb., 1972.
T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa
uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb.,1959.
T. gamyreliZe, "oqros sawmisi" da Zveli kolxeTis mosaxleobis
eTnikuri vinaoba, anu ra enaze metyvelebda mefe aieti?
literaturuli saqarTvelo, 20-27 marti, 1998.
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti
qarTvelur enebSi, Tb.,1965.
T. Гамкрелидзе, В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы,
ТБилиси, 1984.
G. Deeters, Das khartvelische Verbatum. Verglichende Darstellung des Ver-
balbaus der sudkaukasischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1930.
Г. Климов, О Глотохронологическом методе датировки распада языка,
ВЯ, Москва, 1952, №2.
D. Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedial of Language, New York, 1989.
d. losaberiZe, qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis: saqarT-
velos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, #2, 1992.
g. maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri konsonanturi sistema,
Tb.,1965.
g. maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tb., 2002.

- 31 -
 T. miqelaZe, Ziebani kilxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT-
SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan,
Tb.,1974.
g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa fonetikis istoriul-SedarebiTi
Seswavlis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb.,1952.
g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb.,
1962.
T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb.,1976.
t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa sistema, sado-
qtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis
Tanamimdevrobis problema, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. I,
quTaisi, 1996.
m. qurdiani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli enobrivi kontaqtebi
da saerToqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis qronologiuri
sazRvrebis problema; saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XIV, Tb.,
2003.
m. Cuxua, istoriuli fonetikis zogierTi sakiTxis Taobaze
svanurSi; qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VIII,
Tb., 2003.
m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2003.

1.4. qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri

ena-kiloebis mimarTebis sakiTxi; Tanamedrove
qarTveluri dialeqtebi

msoflios xalxebisa da ena-kiloebis mimarTebebze da-

kvirveba aCvenebs, rom enobrivi variantebis statusi ZiriTa-
dad regulirdeba: eTnokulturuli (samwignobro enis isto-
riasTan mimarTebiT da sxv.), sociolingvisturi (sametyvelo
erTeulis funqcionirebis mixedviT) da saxelmwifoebriv-
religiuri midgomebiT... zogjer, werilobiTi tradiciis,
saerTokulturuli faseulobebis armqone monaTesave xalxe-
bis metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas, gamoyenebulia gage-
binebis "kriteriumic" (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t.futka-
raZe, 2005; T.gvancelaZe, 2006). aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom msof-

- 32 -
lioSi arsebuli mwignobrobis mqone arc erTi enobrivi
erTeuli enad saxeldebuli ar aris arc sakuTriv lingvis-
turi kriteriumebiT (fonetikis/bgeraTSesatyvisobis,
morfologiis Tu sintaqsis mixedviT) da arc "gagebinebis"
mixedviT... tradiciulad, samwignobro kulturisa da eTni-
kur-kulturuli istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, miiCneoda, rom
qarTvelebs erTi samSoblo ena da mravali Sinauri ("Temi-
uri") kilo gvaqvs. marTlac, sul mcire 15 saukunis manZilze
qarTveli eri - saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTveloba (me-
grelebi, lazebi, svanebi, kaxelebi, mesxebi, herebi, imerlebi, javaxebi,
TuSebi, aWarlebi, raWvelebi, taoelebi, qarTlelebi...) qmnis sam-
wignobro kulturas; Sesabamisad, igi yvela qarTvelis
dedaenaa. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ukiduresi feodaluri
daqucmacebulobis Jamsac ki wirva-locva qarTvelTa mTel
teritoriaze qarTuli samwignobro eniT aResruleboda (sani-
muSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrTa: qar-
Tuli himnografiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis, iovane minCxis, X sau-
kuneSi moRvawe himnografisa da mTargmnelis, stefane sananois Ze
Wyondidlisa da XVII saukuneSi moRvawe anton Wyondidlis
qmnilebebis ena).
qarTvelTa erTiani enobriv-eTnikuri cnobierebis war-
mosaCenad gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis
traqtati", romelsac 1790 wels moaweres xeli qarTl-kaxe-
Tis, samegrelos, imereTisa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma. isto-
riul dokumentSi mkafiodaa naTqvami:
"vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa
Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT
erT morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisa-
gan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobi-
Tica (=urTierTvaldebulebiTi) siyvaruli viTarca sis-
xliT naTesavTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa So-
ris".
istoriuli tradiciis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradRebo
faqtia is, rom saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (maT Soris, same-
grelosa da svaneTSic) lapidaruli da epigrafikuli Ze-
glebis, agreTve, piradi mimoweris ena yovelTvis iyo qarTuli
saliteraturo ena.

- 33 -
 Zveli droidanve qarTvelTa dialeqtebiT uwyvetad
mdidrdeboda saliteraturo ena; kerZod, megruli, svanuri,
mesxuri, fxovuri, qarTluri Tu imerxeuli Tvisobrivad erT-
nairad iyo masazrdoebeli xanmeti teqstebis, "vefxistyaos-
nis” Tu petriwis Sromebis enisTvis. sainteresoa arn.Ciqobavas
Tvalsazrisi: Zveli qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri
da svanuri dialeqtebis monawileobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948).
Sdr., agreTve, n.maris mosazreba: "qarTuli saliteraturo
enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi,
imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi da sxvani… saRvTo weri-
lis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur anu megrul, imerxeul
da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kulturul-istoriulis
SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteraturo ena imdenaTve svanuria
da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdenaTac qar-
Tluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos to-
misaTvis" (n.mari, 1905).
kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis gavlenis gaZlierebis Semdeg
carizmis moxeleebi Seecadnen, qarTvelTa nawilisTvis
gaeucxoebinaT winaparTa mier Seqmnili werilobiTi kultura
da saSinao kiloebi umwerlobo enebad gamoucxades; maT
(i.vostorgovma, q.patkanianma...) qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa statusis TiTqosda uwyinari Temis mZafri
politizeba moaxdines; imperiis mizani iyo enobrivad
"sxvadasxva" qarTveloba calkeul eTnosebad warmoedgina da
amgvarad dacalkevebuli qarTveli eris istoriuli miwa-
wyali iolad daepyro (dResac aris amgvari mcdelobani).
didi ilias meTaurobiT saqarTveloSi sapasuxo antiim-
periuli moZraoba daiwyo: qarTvelma saeklesio da saero moR-
vaweebma qarTuli ena erovnebis burjad gamoacxades da
"dauSreteli zrunvis sagnad aqcies" (b.jorbenaZe, 1987, gv. 17).
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia "wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis" wevrTa da sxva sasuliero pirTa Rvawli (ro-
melTa nawili saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebelma
eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa; Sdr.: ruseTis marTlmadide-
belma eklesiam 2000 wels wmindanad Seracxa i.vostorgovi...).
XX saukuneSic bevrma qarTvelma daicva Tavisi erovnuli enis
Rirseba da argumentirebulad ukuagdo qarTvelTa dama-

- 34 -
qucmacebeli enobrivi "Teoria". davasaxelebT bolo ori sau-
kunis sasuliero da sazogado moRvaweTa erT nawils: ivane
kereseliZe, dimitri baqraZe, wminda ilia marTali, akaki were-
Teli, dimitri yifiani, guria-samegrelos episkoposi
aleqsandre, wminda kirion kaTalikosi, patriarqi leonide
oqropiriZe, wminda ambrosi xelaia, episkoposi grigol da-
diani, daviT giorgis Ze dadiani, nikoloz tarielis Ze da-
diani, petre Waraia, mose janaSvili, vaJa-fSavela, petre miri-
anaSvili, wminda aleqsi SuSania, iakob gogebaSvili, luarsab
lolua, sosiko merkvilaZe, valerian gunia, patriarqi kalis-
trate cincaZe, silovan xundaZe, ivane javaxiSvili, Tedo
saxokia, Tedo Jordania, pavle ingoroyva, giorgi wereTeli,
konstantine gamsaxurdia, zviad gamsaxurdia, oTar gigineiS-
vili, kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore, mitropoliti anania
jafariZe, nodar jalaRonia, nomadi barTaia, erekle saRliani,
iaSa Tandilava da sxv.
Sdr.: saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis gabatonebamde me-
grul-Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs qarTul kiloebad
acxadebdnen qarTvelTa sazogado moRvawenic da mecnierTa
didi nawilic; sanimuSod movixmobT ramdenime Tvalsazriss:
petre Waraia (mosazreba warmoadgina gamokvlevebSi: "qarTuli
saliteraturo ena da qarTuli marTlwera” da "megruli dialeqtis
naTesaobrivi damokidebuleba qarTulTan"): nacias aqvs ena, xolo
Tems (toms) - dialeqti. megrul-Wanur-svanuri Tanamedrove
qarTuli saliteraturo enis dialeqtebi ki ar aris, aramed im
enis, romlis nawilebicaa Tanamedrove saliteraturo "ena”,
misi dialeqtebi da istoriuli qarTuli saliteraturo
"ena”... qarTvelTaTvis istoriuli qarTuli saliteraturo
ena erTaderTia da TiToeuli qarTuli kilo ar unda ga-
vixadoT saliteraturo enad: germaniis TiToeul kuTxeSi,
olqSi da TiTqmis sofelSi sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, ma-
gram saliteraturo ena yvelgan aris erTi: mwignobrul enad
miaCniaT is ena, romelic SeumkiaT da ganumSvenierebiaT li-
uters, lessings, giotesa da sxv. Tu aseT mravalricxovan ers,
rogoric germanelebi arian, romlebic amasTanave sdganan ga-
naTlebis saTaveSi, erTi sayovelTao saliteraturo ena saWi-

- 35 -
rod ucvniaT, Cven raRani varT, rom TiToeuli kilo salit-
eraturo enad gavixadoT...” (p.Waraia, 1997, gv.203-204).
Sdr., agreTve, m.janaSvili da r.erkerti: samecniero
literaturaSi iberiuli (qarTveluri, qarTuli) enis arseb-
obis adreul saxeobad miCneulia Zveli qarTuli, romlis
ganStoebaa svanuri metyveleba. imave Zveli qarTulis gagrZe-
lebaa axali qarTuli, romlis ganStoebaa megruli, megrulis
ganayari ki lazuria (r.erkerti, 1895, gv.287).

i.gogebaSvili (statia "dabali Robe erTa Soris”; 1894):

“ ”sad Tqmula da gagonila, rom dabalma moxeleebma (igulisx-
meba ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi - t.f.) ers mohglijon RviZli,
mTeli mxare, gahyaron Sexorcebulni erTad RvTisa da bunebis
nebiT, gaswyviton aTasis wlis Zmuri kavSiri, oriv mxris
Sesasusteblad da Casaylapavad, da ubrZanon mTels mxaresa,
karga bloma nawils qveynisasa: aRar gaixseno Seni naTesauri
damokidebuleba da Zmuri urTi-erToba deda-qveyanasTana,
ilaparake mxolod Sens Sinaurs kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie
Sens mTavars deda-enasa, da daiviwye igi, gadaagde iqiT
mSobliuri anbani, Seni monawileobiT mogonili, uarhyav sam-
Soblo literatura, romlis salaroSi arc erTs Zmazed Sen
naklebi ar Segitania, gaauqme Seni saRmrTo metyveleba, ro-
melTanac Sexorcebulia Seni sarwmunoeba, daiviwye Seni aTa-
sis wlis istoriuli arseboba da gadaiqec velur xalxad, ro-
melmac yvelaferi Tavidan unda daiwyoso... megrelTaTvis imis
Tqma, rom isini qarTvelebi ar arian, rom maT ara aqvT arc an-
bani, arc damwerloba, arc literatura, rom yvelaferi es
amieridan unda Seiqmnas, gana es imas ar niSnavs, rom wavarTvaT
maT mTeli maTi saxelovani warsuli, mTeli istoriuli
monapovari, gamovacxadoT isini gonebriv Ratakebad da gver-
diT amovuyenoT iseT barbarosul tomebs, romelTac aravi-
Tari istoria ar gaaCniaT"...
Sdr., agreTve, silovan xundaZe (gaz. "saxalxo saqme", 1919,
#709): "...qarTuli enis formebis Seswavlis dros maTi Se-
dareba monaTesave kilo-kavebis formebTan interess aorke-
cebs. garda amisa, saWiroa, rom Cvenma mozardma Taobam icodes,
rom megruli da svanuri Stoebia qarTuli enisa da ara

- 36 -
gansxvavebuli enebi, rogorc amas ambobden da dResac amboben
mterni da orgulni Cveni qveynisa”.
carizmis dros vera, magram sabWoTa imperiaSi aSkarad
gabatonda qarTveluri "enebis" Teoria; sabWoTa periodis
qarTvel mecnierTa didi nawili iZulebuli iyo angariSi
gaewia i.stalinis mier "erTaderTad" aRiarebuli mosazre-
bisTvis. represiuli reJimis pirobebSi enaTmecnierTagan wi-
naaRmdegobis gaweva an gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis mtkiceba
TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi iyo. bolos saqme iqamde mivida, rom
sabWouri tradiciis gavleniT, zogma mravalsaukunovani sam-
wignobro qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi umTavresi Semo-
qmedi - lazeT-samegrelosa da svaneTis qarTveloba - iseT um-
wignobro tomebad gamoacxada, romlebsac sakuTari damwer-
loba ara aqvT da monaTesave xalxis (qarTvelebis) enaze weren.
Tumca, amgvar umarTebulo daskvnas didi polemika uZRoda
win; gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iv.javaxiSvilisa da n.maris,
a.SaniZisa da s.xundaZis diskusiebi; warmovadgenT oriode
epizods:
ivane javaxiSvili (1992, gv. 53-54): 1908 wels n. mari am-
bobda, rom iafetur enaTa Stos saukeTeso da damaxasiaTebel
warmomadgenlad "qarTulsa da masTan Zmurad dakavSirebul
cocxal kilokavebs garda, ese igi egreT wodebul qarTebisa
da iberTa jgufis (ukeT rom iTqvas qarTebisa, iberTa
[igulisxmeba megrul-Wanuri] da svanTa jgufebs) garda,
mkvdari enebic Sedian"-o (n. mari, 1908, gv.1). maSasadame, im
dros, rodesac Tavisi Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebani pirve-
lad gamoaqveyna, n. marisTvis megruli, Wanuri da svanuri
qarTuli enis "Zmurad dakavSirebuli cocxali kilo-
kavebi", dialeqtebi iyo mxolod... n. maris zemomoyvanili
debulebis Semdgom, mkiTxveli samarTlianad iqneba gaoce-
buli, radganac missave 1912 w. sajarod warmoTqmulsa da da-
beWdil sityvaSi "kavkasia da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi"
imave avtoris amgvar msjelobas Sexvdeba: "qarTvelTmcodneni,
qarTul nacionalur Sexedulebaze damynobilni, ugulebels
hyofdnen mTel rigs qarTulis, Tumca monaTesave, magram da-
moukidebel enebs, rogorc mag. svanurs, megruls, Wanurs da
maT qarTulis ”damaxinjebul" Tqmad anu dialeqtad sTvlid-
nen"-o... avtors daviwyebia, rom amgvarive ”nacionalisturi"

- 37 -
Sexeduleba masac hqonda 1905 da 1908 wlebSi "megruli,
Wanuri da svanuri masac qarTulis cocxal kilokavebad
miaCnda".
Sdr., i.stalini (marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi; pirvelad
gamoica v.leninis aqtiurobiT 1913 wels venaSi; Semdeg sagangebo
wesiT gamoqveynda 1920, 1934 da 1951 wlebSi; vimowmebT 1951
wlis Tbilisis gamocemis mixedviT): "ar arsebobs eri, romelic
erTsa da imave dros sxvadasxva enaze laparakobdes, magram es
kidev imas ar niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes erT enaze mo-
laparake ori eri (gv. 18)"... "kulturul-nacionaluri avtono-
mia gulisxmobs cotaT Tu bevrad ganviTarebul erovnebebs, gan-
viTarebuli kulturiT, literaturiT. uampirobod es avtono-
mia yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavs, uazrobad iqceva. magram
kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac primitiuli
kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSobliur litera-
turas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT aseT xalxebs: megrelebs,
afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva
enaze laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT?" (gv.
138-139)... "nacionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras
mxolod im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi
(megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi... xazgasma Cvenia - t.f.) umaRlesi
kulturis saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT"( gv. 142)...
s.xundaZe: "SaniZem unda icodes, rom qarTuli enis forme-
bis Seswavlis dros maTi Sedareba monaTesave kilo-kavebis
formebTan interess aorkecebs. garda amisa, saWiroa, rom
Cvenma mozardma Taobam icodes, rom megruli da svanuri enebi
Stoebia qarTuli enisa da ara gansxvavebuli enebi, rogorc
amas ambobden da dResac amboben mterni da orgulni Cveni
qveynisa" (gazeTi "saxalxo saqme", 1919w., #709, gv. 2-3).
SeniSvna: silovan xundaZis qarTul gramatikas, romelic 7-jer
iyo gamocemuli (V gamocema, 1917, quTaisi; VI gamocema, 1919,
quTaisi; VII Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema,
"merani",quTaisi, 1920) bolos darTuli aqvs "qarTuli enis
kilokavebis (megrulisa da svanuris) gramatikuli formebi".
s.xundaZe gardaicvala 1928 wels.
Sdr., zviad gamsaxurdia (fragmentebi werilidan "same-
grelos sakiTxi", Tb., 1989): "1928 wlis TebervalSi moskovi-
dan Camovida ck kp (b)-s instruqtori pSenicini, romelmac
moixila samegrelos soflebi da gamoitana "obieqturi" dask-
vna: "megrel glexs unda mivceT skola, sasamarTlo da popu-
laruli broSura mSobliur enaze“ ("mSobliuri ena“

- 38 -
pSenicinisa da ZmaTa misTa terminologiiT, megrulia" -
z.gamsaxurdia). 1928 wlis 25 dekembers saqarTvelos ck IV
plenumze moismines pSenicinis moxseneba, sadac daisva sakiTxi
"samegreloSi megrul enaze broSurebis gamocemis mizanSe-
wonilobis Sesaxeb". ck-s mdivani kaxiani waaxalisa pSenicinis
mxriT gamxnevebam da gamoitana axali dadgenileba 1929 wlis
marts megruli enis privilegiebis aRsadgenad skolaSi, sa-
samarTloSi saqmis warmoebisas, gazeTis gamocemis saqmeSi, am
dadgenilebaSi megruls ukve ena ewoda da ara enakavi..."
(z.gamsaxurdia, 1989)...
sabWoTa imperias win aRudga samegrelos mosaxleoba, gan-
sakuTrebiT am kuTxis Svili cnobili moRvaweebi; didma kon-
stantine gamsaxurdiam ki qarTuli samwignobro enis qmnadobis
ZvelqarTuli tradiciis safuZvelze dResac aqtualuri Te-
oriuli moZRvreba Camoayaliba:
"Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi
dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignob-
ro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi,
ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri ga-
uwia qarTul enas..." (konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1922; ix. aT-
tomeuli, 1983, t. VII, gv. 411); Sdr., agreTve: "XX saukunis
mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis,
vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi elementebis
sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri literaturuli qar-
Tuli" (konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1929; aTtomeuli, 1983,
t.VII, gv. 499)...
kiTxvaze: ratom miaCndaT did qarTvel moRvaweebs me-
gruli, svanuri, lazuri... qarTuli enis kiloebad, pasuxi er-
Tia: ori dedaena ar arsebobs; yvela qarTvelis istoriuli
dedaenaa qarTuli; Sdr., istoriuli dedaena da eri
urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia (da ara mxolod Cveni
winaprebisTvis):
grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces";
ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa, pirveli niSani eris
vinaobisa - enaa";
vaJa-fSavela: "eri dedaa enisa";
zviad gamsaxurdia: "qarTulSi, iseve rogorc sxva Zvel
enebSi, ena mxolod enas ki ar niSnavda, aramed xalxs, erov-
nebas, modgmas";

- 39 -
 Sdr.: v.humboltis, l.vaisgerberis, g.ramiSvilisa da
mraval sxvaTa mixedviT, eri ganimarteba, rogorc enobrivi
erToba; Sdr., agreTve, g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "ena sxva
araferia, Tu ara eris msoflxedva" (vrclad ix.
t.futkaraZe, 2005)...
saerToqarTveluri enis modelirebis yvela akademiuri
cda da qarTuli samwignobro enis istoria cxadyofs, rom
Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTulis fonematuri, saxeluri,
zmnuri, sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebi
ZiriTadad saerToqarTveluri enis igiveobrivia; qarTvelTa
saSinao kiloebi ki Teoriulad aRdgenili am saerTo enis met-
naklebad Secvlili variantebi arian. Sesabamisad, logiku-
ria, rom istoriul saerToerovnul enasTan mimarTebiT
dialeqtebad ganvixiloT winareenisgan momdinare dRevandeli
saxesxvaobani; Sdr.: dialeqti berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs
saerTo-saxalxo enis ganStoebas, adgilobriv metyvelebas,
romelzec laparakobs mocemuli eris (eTnosis) erTi nawili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samwignobro qarTulsa da kiloebs Soris
sxvaoba matulobs dedaqalaqTan (sasuliero-kulturul da
mmarTvelobiT centrTan) kilos daSorebis proporciulad. sa-
mwignobro qarTulis gavlenis klebis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa
Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos
centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritori-
is gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira diale-
qtur jgufebs eqvs qvejgufad warmovadgenT:
centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri,
guruli.
ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWax-
luri, imerxeuli, taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri;
heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri;
fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxevu-
ri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve, "asocirebul" dialeqtad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT wovaTuSuric, romelic Seicavs rogorc CeCnur-
inguSuris, aseve, qarTulis msgavs fenebs;
raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli;
svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqvemo-
uri, balszemouri;
zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabuli,
aTinuri).
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli qar-

- 40 -
TvelTa kiloebi: fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-ine-
golSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizerSi gadasaxlebul qarT-
vel muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokur-plastunkuri qar-
Tuli.
qarTvelTa enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli sqema ase ga-
moiyureba:

Zv.w.VII-IV winaaziur-kavkasiuri enobrivi veli

aTasw.

Zv.w.III xaTuri qarTvelur- xurituli Sumeruli

aTasw. kavkasiuri … …

Zv.w.II s.Cerqezuli s.qarTvel. s.vainaxuri s.daRestnuri

aTasw. koine ena koine koine

welTaR- S i S i n a arqaul qarT. s i s i n a

ricxva- kilouri veli saxelmw. ena kilouri veli
Ta mijna
zanuri(lazur-megrul.)

saxelmw. da saero
qarTv. saeklesio-

Takverul-raWuli
mwelobis ena

centraluri

fxouri
svanuri

mesxuri

heruli
saukuneebi
ax.w. IV-X

lazuri:aTin.viw.xof.

samcxur-javaxuri...
balsqvemouri
balszemouri

fereidnuli
ax.w. XV-XVIII

lentexuri

qarTluri

maWaxluri
laSxuri...

livanuri

fSauri...
megruli

aWaruli
imeruli

kaxuri...
saukuneebi

taouri

- 41 -
 Tanamedrove samwignobro
ena
Sdr., sxvagvari dajgufebiT, qarTveluri enobrivi
samyaro warmodgenilia sam/oTx enad; kerZod, zogi mkvlevari
Tvlis, rom saliteraturi qarTulis paralelurad arsebobs
umwignobro svanuri da megrul-lazuri enebi; kerZod, "svanur
enaSi" aerTianeben svaneTis qarTvelTa 4/5 dialeqts: bal-
szemours, balsqvemours, lentexurs, laSxursa da Coluruls
(zogjer). meri azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa zanuri kiloebis kvalifi-
kaciisas: mkvlevarTa nawili (arn.Ciqobava, v.Tofuria...) me-
grulsa da Wanurs "zanuri enis" dialeqtebad miiCnevs, nawili
kidev (T.gamyreliZe, g.kartozia...) lazursac da megrulsac
damoukidebel enebad miiCnevs.
samecniero literaturaSi winaaRmdegobrivia sakuTriv
qarTuli (saliteraturo) enis dialeqtebad miCneul
erTeulTa klasifikaciac; kerZod: gasuli saukunis samec-
niero literaturaSi am kiloTa dajgufebis ramdenime
varianti arsebobs: 1920 wels a.SaniZem gamokvlevaSi
"subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi me-
same pirisa qarTul zmnebSi” qarTuli kiloebi or jgufad
dayo: aRmosavlurad da dasavlurad; aRmosavlur jgufi
gaaerTiana: qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, fSauri, mTiulur-
gudamayruli, xevsuruli, moxeuri da TuSuri, xolo dasavlurSi:
imeruli, guruli da raWuli (a.SaniZe, 1920, gv. 144). mogvianebiT
a.SaniZe dialeqtTa sxvagvar klasifikacias gvTavazobs, kerZod,
gamoyofs eqvs dialeqtur jgufs: 1. fxouri: xevsuruli, moxeuri,
TuSuri (maT Semonaxuli aqvT mravali arqauli movlena); 2. mTiu-
lur-fSauri (orives bevri saerTo aqvs fxour dialeqtebTan _
moxeurTan, fSaurTan, xevsurulTan); 3. qarTlur-kaxuri (orive ax-
los aris saliteraturo qarTulTan); 4. dasavluri jgufi: imeruli
(zemo-, Sua- da qvemoimeruli), guruli da raWuli; 5. samxreT-
dasavluri jgufi: aWaruli da imerxeuli; 6. ingilouri (a.SaniZe,
1957, gv. 828-832).

- 42 -
 S.ZiZiguri (1935) asaxelebs 5 dialeqtur jgufs: 1. in-
gilouri, fereidnuli; 2. TuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli, mTiuluri,
mTaraWuli; 3. kaxuri, qarTluri, mesxuri; 4. zemoimeruli, qve-
moraWuli, qvemoimeruli; 5. guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli.
arn. Ciqobava (1965, gv. 5-6) qarTul cocxal metyvelebas
mTisa da baris metyvelebad yofs; mTis kiloebia: xevsuruli,
TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri (gudamayruli), moxeuri, raWuli. mTisa
da nawilobriv baris kiloebs ukavSirdeba mozdokisa da yizlaris
qarTvelTa metyveleba; baris kiloebia: qarTluri (mesxur-
javaxuriT), kaxuri (qiziyuriT, ingilouriTa da fereidnuliT),
imeruli (leCxumuriTurT), guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli..
g.nebieriZe (1965, gv. 21) xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebis
xasiaTis mixedviT 6 dialeqtur jgufs gamoyofs: 1. gloluri,
mTaraWuli; 2. qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, Tianuri, z.aWaruli; 3.
xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli, fSauri, ingilouri,
fereidnuli; 4. zemo da Suaimeruli, leCxumuri, qvemoraWuli da
imerxeuli; 5. qvemo imeruli da TuSuri; 6. guruli da aWaruli.
b.jorbenaZis mier qarTuli enis kiloebi dayofilia aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebad.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dileqtebSi sami qvejgufi gamoiy-
ofa: a) mTis dialeqtebi: xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, moxeuri,
mTiulur-gudamayruli, b) baris dialeqtebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, in-
gilouri, fereidnuli, g) samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti _ mesxur-
javaxuri; dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi sam zonad iyofa: a)
zemo zonis dialeqti - raWuli, b) Sua zonis dialeqtebi -
imeruli da leCxumuri, g) qvemo zonis dialeqtebi - guruli da
aWaruli.

literatura

ambrosi (xelaia), ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb

afxazeTSi, gamosacemad moamzada n.papuaSvilma, Tb., 2005.
v. boederi, ena da kilo qarTvelologiaSi: enaTmecnierebis sa-
kiTxebi, Tb., 2005.
k. gabunia, qarTveluri enebis klasifikaciis sakuTriv lingvis-
turi da sociolingvisturi kriteriumebis gamijvnisaTvis:
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, Tb. 2004.
T. gvancelaZe, enaTa genealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi
kriteriumebi: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. VII, Tb., 2003.

- 43 -
T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, RvTismsaxure-
bisa da ganaTlebis ena, rogorc rusifikatoruli politi-
kis ganxorcielebis saSualeba: qarTveluri memkvidreoba,
t.V, quTaisi, 2001.
T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb.,
2006.
И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского языка, С.-Петербург, 1914.
n. mari, qarTvelTa erovneba, quTaisi, 1905.
g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, Tb.,1970.
Г. Небиеридзе, Фонологический анализ вокализма грузинского языка
(Автореферат канд диссертации) Тб.,1965.
a. oniani, ena da dialeqti (qarTveluri dialeqtebi Tu qarTve-
luri enebi?): enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, Tb., 2003.
g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000.
m.tabiZe, enobriv sakiTxebze gamarTul polemikaTa socio-
lingvisturi aspeqtebi (qarTul sinamdvileSi): quTai-
suri saubrebi, saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, VI, qu-
Taisi,1999.
m. tabiZe, enobrivi variantebis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTve-
luri memkvidreoba, t. VII, quTaisi, 2003.
m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis fun-
qcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dialeqtebis dajgufebisaTvis: arn.
Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi, XII, masalebi, Tb., 2001.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
m. qurdiani, saerTo-qarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis
Tanamimdevrobis problema: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. I,
quTaisi, 1996.
a.SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi pre-
fiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi, Tb., 1920.
А. Шанидзе, Принципы классификации грузинских диалектов, Труды
объединенной научной сессии Академии наук СССР и академии
наук Закавказских республик по общественным наукам (29 марта - 2
апреля 1954 г.), Стенографический отчет, Баку, 1957.
Ш. Дзидзигури, 1938 Опыт классификации диалектов грузинского
языка, (Тезисы на степень кандидата наук). 1935.
Арн. Чикобава, Картвельские языки, их исторический состав и древний
лингвистичесkий облик, ike, t. II, Tb.,1948.

- 44 -
 arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria, Tb.,
1965.
p. Waraia, megruli dialeqtis naTesaobrivi damokidebuleba qar-
TulTan (masala), wignSi: p.Waraia, megrul-qarTuli
leqsikoni, Tb., 1997.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb.,1992.
b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.

1.5. Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebis

gavrcelebis veli

saqarTvelos kulturul-administraciul centrTan

siSore-siaxlovis mixedviT gamoiyofa dialeqtTa 3 jgufi:
centraluri, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teri-
toriis gareT arsebuli kiloebi (ix. zemoT, 1.5.). am para-
grafSi zogadad warmovadgenT Tanamedrove qarTvelur
kiloTa gavrcelebis vels raionebisa da xeobebis mixedviT
(vrclad ix., t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, "qarTveluri
dialeqtologia", 2006).
centraluri kiloebi:
qarTluri dialeqti. qarTluri yvelaze msxvili
dialeqturi erTeulia. qarTlur kiloze metyveli qarT-
veloba saqarTvelos dRevandeli sazRvrebis mixedviT qveynis
centralur nawilSi - qarTlSi cxovrobs; qarTli ZiriTadad
moicavs mtkvris Sua welis xeobas, kaspis, qarelis, mcxeTis,
goris, cxinvalis, marneulis, bolnisis, dmanisis, axalgoris,
walkis, javis, TeTriwyarosa da xaSuris raionebs.
qarTluri kilo yvelaze axlos dgas samwignobro qar-
TulTan. sxva qarTvelur kiloTagan yvelaze met saerTos igi
poulobs kaxurTan. es bunebrivia maTi teritoriuli siax-
lovisa da politikur-ekonomikuri erTianobis gamo.
dialeqturi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTlur
kiloSi oTxi ZiriTadi kilokavi gamoiyofa: centraluri anu
Sida qarTluri (mcxeTis, kaspis, goris, qarelis raionebis
metyveleba), Crdilo anu zemo qarTluri (axalgoris,
agreTve, duSeTis raionSi Semavali soflebis metyveleba),

- 45 -
samxreTi anu qvemo qarTluri (gomaruli, weraqv-sionuri,
rexuli, algeTuri Tqmebi) da dasavluri qarTluri (bor-
jomis, xaSurisa da suramis metyveleba).
kaxuri dialeqti. kaxeTi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vrcel
teritoriazea gaSlili. moicavs mdinare ivris Sida da qvemo
dinebisa da mdinare alaznis auzs. dRevandeli adminis-
traciuli dayofiT kaxeTSi Sedis: axmetis, Telavis, yvarlis,
gurjaanis, siRnaRis, lagodexis, dedofliswyaros, sagarejos
raionebi da Tbilisis gareubani. kaxelebi sakmao raodenobiT
cxovroben TianeTis raionSi.
kaxeTi iyofa: garekaxeTad (md. ivris Sua weli), qiziyad
(md. ivris qvemo weli), SignikaxeTad (md. alaznis marjvena
sanapiro) da gaRmamxrad (md. alaznis marcxena sanapiro).
miuxedavad farTo gavrcelebulobisa, kaxuri metyveleba
ZiriTadad yvelgan erTnairia; gamoiyofa sami kilokavi: garek-
axuri, Signikaxuri da qiziyuri. qiziyuris saxelwodebiT
cnobilia siRnaRisa da nawilobriv dedofliswyaros raione-
bis mosaxleobis metyveleba. danarCeni kilokavebisagan
gansxvavebiT, qiziyuri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
arqauli movlenebi.
guruli dialeqti. guruli metyveleba gavrcelebulia
dasavleT saqarTvelos sam raionSi: ozurgeTSi, Coxataursa
da lanCxuTSi. gurias CrdiloeTiT samegrelo esazRvreba,
samxreTiT - aWara, aRmosavleTiT - imereTi, dasavleTiT - Savi
zRva. gurul dialeqtSi STambeWdavia megrul-Wanuri
dialeqturi fena.
guruli kilo iyofa or kilokavad: zemo da qvemo guru-
lad. zemo guruli moicavs ZiriTadad Coxataurisa da ozur-
geTis mTiani regionis mosaxleobis metyvelebas, qvemo guruli
- lanCxuTisa da ozurgeTis raionebis metyvelebas. guruli
kilos kilokavebad dayofas safuZvlad udevs, erTi mxriv,
leqsikuri da, meore mxriv ki, morfologiuri sxvaoba. zemo
guruli dialeqturi TaviseburebebiT ufro uaxlovdeba
qvemo imeruls, vidre qvemo guruls.
imeruli dialeqti. imereTi erT-erTi didi istoriul-
eTnografiuli mxarea dasavleT saqarTveloSi. saxelwodeba
dakavSirebulia am mxaris mdebareobasTan: imereTi, e.i. lixis

- 46 -
mTis gadaRma mxare (Sdr.: amereTi). mogvianebiT imereTi
kuTxis saxelwodebad, xolo "imereli" - am kuTxis qarTvelTa
saxelad (Temonimad) Camoyalibda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom vax-
uStis TxzulebaSi "imereTi" Zveli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba -
gulisxmobs mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos: "bagrationTa raJams
daipyres yoveli saqarTvelo, amaT uwodes qarTls amereTi da
afxazeTs imereTi, anu imerni da amerni, umetesad SeerTebisaTAs;
awca sazogadod uwodeben imereTs... cxeniswyals-zeiTs, aRmosav-
leTis kerZsa, vidre lixis mTamde..." (vaxuSti, 1941).
imereTi geografiulad or did regionad iyofa: zemo da
qvemo imereTad. zemo imereTi moicavs saCxeris, WiaTuris,
zestafonisa da xaragaulis raionebs, xolo qvemo imereTSi
moiazreba Terjolis, tyibulis, baRdaTis, wyaltubos, xonis,
samtrediisa da vanis raionebi, nawilobriv abaSis raioni
(sazRvrispira soflebi).
zemo imereTs aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba lixis anu suramis
qedi, samxreTiT - aWara-imereTis qedi, CrdiloeTiT - raWis
qedi, dasavleTiT - samegrelo. qvemo imereTs samxreTiT esaz-
Rvreba mesxeTi, CrdiloeTiT naqeralas qedi da xvamlis mTa,
aRmosavleTiT - WiaTuris, zestafonisa da xaragaulis
raionebi, samxreTiT - guria.
imeruli erT-erT msxvil dialeqtur erTeuls war-
moadgens. iyofa zemoimerul da qvemoimerul kilokavebad.
imerulis enobrivi erTeulebis statusis Sesaxeb samec-
niero wreebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa: mecnierTa nawili
(S.ZiZiguri, q.ZoweniZe...) imerul dialeqts or kilokavad
yofs, nawili (a.SaniZe) - samad (zemo-, Sua- da qvemoimeruli);
k.kublaSvili zemo- da qvemoimeruls damoukidebel
dialeqtur erTeulebad miiCnevs. amasTanave, gamoyofen
Suaimerul kilosac (v.fanCviZe). Suaimerulad miiCneva zemo
da qvemo imereTs Soris arsebuli gardamavali zolis mety-
veleba (Terjoluri, baRdaTuri, tyibuluri), romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc qvemoimerulis, ise zemoimerulis
enobrivi niSnebi.
leCxumuri dialeqti. leCxumuri dialeqti ZiriTadad
cageris raionSia gavrcelebuli, nawilobriv moicavs am-
brolaurisa da wyaltubos raionebis soflebs.

- 47 -
 leCxumi cxeniswylis, rionisa da lajanuris xeobebSia mo-
qceuli. leCxums aRmosavleTiT raWa (mdinare aski) esaz-
Rvreba, dasavleTiT - samegrelo (asxis mTa), CrdiloeTiT -
qvemo svaneTi (yvedreSis Rele), samxreTiT - imereTi.
leCxumi wyaroebSi pirvelad moixsenieba VI saukuneSi
(prokofi kesarieli) skvimniis saxeliT. savaraudoa, rom
skvim- fuZe igivea, rac le-Cxum- (le- daniSnulebis mawar-
moebeli saerToqarTveluri prefiqsia).
geografiulad leCxums or nawilad yofen: zemo leCxumad
(cxeniswylisa da lajanuris xeobaTa, agreTve, rionis xeobis
erTi nawilis soflebi) da qvemo leCxumad (rionis xeobis
soflebi tviSidan lexidris xeobis CaTvliT sofel Rve-
damde).
ganapira kiloebi:
fxouri kiloebi:
fxovelebi wyaroebSi pirvelad IV saukuneSi ixsenieba.
wminda ninom, sxva qarTvel mTielebTan erTad (WarTalelebi,
wilknelebi, gudamayrelebi), fxovelebsac uqadaga qristianoba.
maT qristianoba ar miuRiaT, ris gamoc "fxoelTa dauteves
queyana maTi da gardavides TuSeTs” (qarTlis cxovreba, 1995,
gv.125-126). termini "fxovi" Zvel istoriul wyaroebSi gamoi-
yeneboda ori istoriul-eTnografiuli regionis, kerZod,
fSavisa da xevsureTis aRsaniSnavad, Sesabamisad, "fxoelni"
gulisxmobda xevsurebsa da fSavlebs; amis Sesaxeb vaxuStic
aRniSnavs: "...aw uwodeben fSav-xevsureTs, romelTa pirvel
ewodaT fxoelni” (vaxuSti, 1941, gv.93). fSav-xevsurulTan
msgavsebis gamo gamarTlebuli Cans, amave jgufSi gaerTiandes
mTis sxva kiloebic: TuSuri, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli.
xevsuruli dialeqti. xevsureTi erT-erTi istoriul-
eTnografiuli kuTxea aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.
kavkasionis qedi xevsureTs or nawilad yofs: Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis mxare, anu piriqiTa xevsureTi da samxreT-
aRmosavleTis mxare, anu piraqeTa xevsureTi. piriqiTa
xevsureTi moicavs ardotisa da Satilis xeobebs (axlandeli
duSeTis raionis Satilis sasoflo sabWos teritoria), pi-
raqeTa xevsureTi - xevsureTis aragvis xeobas (duSeTis

- 48 -
raionis barisaxosa da gudanis sasoflo sabWoebis terito-
ria). piriqiTa da piraqeTa xevsureTi erTmaneTs arxotisa da
daTvisjvris uReltexiliT ukavSirdeba.
xevsureTi aRniSnuli kuTxis aRsaniSnavad XV saukunidan
Cndeba. saxeli darqmeulia mxaris mTiani, xevebiani adgilmde-
bareobis gamo.
xevsureTs CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba CaCneT-inguSeTi, aRmo-
savleTiT - TuSeTi, dasavleTiT - xevi da gudamayari,
samxreTiT - fSavi. xevsureTi dRevandeli administraciuli
dayofiT moicavs duSeTis raions. xevsurebi cxovroben,
agreTve, gudamayrisa (soflebi: bakurxevi da sakerpo) da xevis
(soflebi: juTa da arTxmo) teritoriaze da TianeTis
raionSi.
xevsurul dialeqtSi gamoiyofa ori kilokavi: Satilur-
miRmaxeuri da piraqeTul-arxotuli.
fSauri dialeqti. fSavi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi-
aneTSi mdebareobs. saxelwodeba "fSavi" XV saukunidan
gvxvdeba. Zveli istoriuli saxeli fxovi dRes mxolod erT
sofel - Suafxos SerCenia. fSavis mTavari mdinare aragvia,
romelic sami Senakadisagan Sedgeba: boTanas wyali, asisxevi da
bogoCaris xevi.
fSavis sazRvrebia: Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT - kavkasionis
mTavari qedi, romelic mas aRmosavleTiT yofs TuSeTisagan da
CrdiloeTiT ki - piriqiTi xevsureTisagan; dasavleTiT - pi-
raqeTi xevsureTi, mTiuleT-gudamayari, samxreTiT - duSeTis
raioni.
fSavlebi dRes gafantulni arian mdinare aragvis, ivris,
iltosa da alaznis saTaveebSi. didi raodenobiT cxovroben
agreTve gomborSi, erwo-TianeTsa da SiraqSi. erwo-TianeTs
xSirad fSavis saxeliTac moixsenieben. fSavlebi sakmao
raodenobiT cxovroben axmetis raionSi, pankisis xeobaSi; Te-
lavis raionis or sofelSi (luCuri da lafanyuri); yvarlis
raionis sofel gZelWalaSi. dRevandeli administraciuli
dayofiT, fSavi duSeTis raions miekuTvneba.
TuSuri dialeqti. TuSeTi saqarTvelos Crdilo-
aRmosavleT mTianeTs ekuTvnis; mdebareobs kavkasionis mTavari
qedis CrdiloeTiT. aRmosavleTiT TuSeTs daRestani esaz-

- 49 -
Rvreba, dasavleTiT - fSav-xevsureTi, CrdiloeTiT - CaCneT-
inguSeTi, samxreTiT - kaxeTi. TuSeTi SemozRudulia wyalga-
myofi maRali qedebiT. piriqiTa qedi TuSeTs orad yofs:
CrdiloeT mxarezea piriqiTa xeoba da samxreTiT - gomewris
xeoba. TuSeTSi ori mdinare miedineba: gomewrisa da
piriqiTis alazani.
wyaroebSi TuSebi II saukunidan Canan. TuSeTis qarTveloba
(TuSTa Temi) dRes oTx Temad iyofa: wovebi, gomewarani, CaR-
mebi da piriqiTni. TuSeTis administraciuli centria
sofeli omalo. TuSeTi axmetis raionSi Sedis.
gomewris, CaRmisa da piriqiTis TuSebi TuSur dialeqtze
metyveleben, wovaTas TuSebis saojaxo sametyvelo kodi ki
wovaTuSuria (samecniero literaturaSi es enobrivi
erTeuli bacburis saxeliTac moixsenieba), romelic vainaxur
enebsac enaTesaveba da qarTulsac. sxva qarTvelebTan wova-
TuSebi kaxuri dialeqtis msgavs gardamaval kiloze metyvele-
ben.
moxeuri dialeqti. xevi mdebareobs saqarTvelos teri-
toriis CrdiloeT nawilSi, romelzedac gadis saqarTvelos
samxedro gza. xevs, Tavisi mdebareobis gamo, saqarTvelos is-
toriaSi yovelTvis hqonda mniSvnelovani sakomunikacio da
strategiuli roli. xevis saSualebiT saqarTvelo ukavSirde-
boda CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb mezoblebs. am gzis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani punqtebia - jvris uReltexili da darialis
karibWe. jvris uReltexils moxeveebi eZaxian jorTvakes (jvarT-
vakes anu jors (jori//jvari). xevis teritoria moicavs, agreTve,
snos xeobas, romelsac literaturaSi RuduSauris xeobasac
uwodeben. Tergisa da snos xeobebTan erTad yazbegis raionis
farglebSi moqceulia TeTri aragvis (mTiuleTis aragvis) sa-
Taveebi da Trusos xeoba - istoriuli dvaleTis erTi nawili.
dRevandeli administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT,
xevi yazbegis raionSi Sedis. CrdiloeTidan xevs CrdiloeT
oseTi da inguSeTi esazRvreba, samxreTidan - mTiuleTisa da
gudamayris eTnografiuli erTeulebi, aRmosavleTidan -
xevsureTi, dasavleTidan xevs Tergisave xeobaSi mdebare mcire
eTnografiuli erTeuli, Truso esazRvreba, saidanac isto-
riul dvaleTSia gadasasvleli.

- 50 -
 mTiulur-gudamayruli dialeqti. mTiuleT-gudamayari
mdebareobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. mTiuleTi
moicavs mdinare TeTri aragvis xeobas. misi ukiduresi
samxreTi sazRvaria mTiulTkari, CrdiloeTiT - Trusos xevi
da sakuTriv xevi, aRmosavleTiT - gudamayari, dasavleTiT -
lomisis qedi.
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli
dayofiT, mTiuleTi mdebareobs nawilobriv duSeTis,
nawilobriv yazbegis raionebis teritoriaze.
gudamayari mdebareobs Savi aragvis xeobaSi. Sav aragvs
qmnis ori mdinare: boslisa da bur-saWilis aragvi. Savi aragvi
fasanaurTan uerTdeba TeTr aragvs. gudamayars CrdiloeTiT
xevi esazRvreba, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT - xevsureTi, aRmosav-
leTiT - fSavi, dasavleTiT - mTiuleTi.
dRevandeli mTiuleTis istoriul-eTnografiuli re-
gioni ori damoukidebeli mxaris - xadisa da cxavatis gaerTi-
anebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. mTiuleTi cnobili iyo koSkebis
simravliT. marto xadaSi 60 koSki yofila. "...garda svaneTisa,
Cven ar viciT arc erTi kuTxe, sadac mcire teritoriaze ase
bevri koSki idges" (p.zaqaraia, 1962, gv. 50).
mesxuri kiloebi:
"mesxeTi" istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
(zemo qarTlis) Zveli saxelwodebaa. terminiT: "mesxuri
kiloebi" moviazrebT istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze
arsebul qarTul eTnografiul jgufTa (TemTa) metyvelebas
(samecniero literaturaSi "mesxuri" ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia an
sakuTriv samcxuris, an samcxur-javaxuris aRsaniSnavad); SedarebiT
vrclad warmovadgenT taoklarjul kiloebs, ramdenadac, jer-
jerobiT, maT Sesaxeb informacia mwiria samecniero litera-
turaSi.
mesxeTis teritoria moicavda md. mtkvris auzis zemo
nawils (samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani, eruSeTi, kola) da md.
Woroxis auzs mTlianad (aWara, klarjeTi, SavSeTi, tao, speri).
am teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen mesxebi.
aqedan modis mxaris saxelwodebac - mesxeTi. XVI saukuneSi
mesxeTi osmalebma miitaces da iq osmaleTis administraciuli
erTeuli - axalcixis safaSo Seqmnes. istoriuli mesxeTis

- 51 -
nawili (samcxe da javaxeTi) saqarTvelos daubrunda ruseT-
TurqeTis 1828-29 wlebis omis Sedegad, adrianopolis sazavo
xelSekrulebis (1829) Tanaxmad, xolo aWara - ruseT-
osmaleTis 1877-78 wlebis omis Semdeg berlinis kongresis
(1878 w.) gadawyvetilebiT. amJamad TurqeTis xelisuflebis
mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze darCenilia: istoriuli
tao, klarjeTi, SavSeT-imerxevi, livana, maWaxela, lazeTi,
eruSeTi, kola, artaani...
mesxuri kiloebidan dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saz-
RvrebSi mxolod aWaruli, samcxuri da javaxuria, danarCeni ki
TurqeTis sazRvrebSia.
aWaruli dialeqti. aWaruli dialeqti erT-erTi msxvili
dialeqturi erTeulia. aWaruli metyveleba gavrcelebulia
Suaxevis, qedis, xelvaCauris, xulos, qobuleTis raionebSi,
nawilobriv, guriis mxareSi.
aWaras CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba guria, aRmosavleTiT -
samcxe, samxreTiT - TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvari, dasav-
leTiT akravs Savi zRva. aWaris administraciuli centria
qalaqi baTumi.
aWaruli iyofa zemo da qvemo aWarulad: zemoaWaruli
moicavs xulos, Suaxevis, qedis da, nawilobriv, xelvaCauris
raionebs; qvemoaWaruli - xelvaCaursa da qobuleTs.
samcxuri dialeqti. istoriuli samcxe (axlandeli
mesxeTi) mdebareobs mtkvris xeobaSi; moicavs axalcixis, adi-
genis da aspinZis raionebs.
samcxes dasavleTiT esazRvreba aWara, aRmosavleTiT -
javaxeTi, samxreTiT - saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTxeebi:
eruSeTi da SavSeTi, CrdiloeTiT - guria da imereTi. samcxis
nawili - focxovis xeoba - dRes TurqeTSia.
specialistTa umravlesoba (n.mari, iv.javaxiSvili, a.SaniZe,
arn.Ciqobava, z.WumburiZe...) Tvlis, rom saxelwodeba "samcxe"
momdinareobs satomo saxelisagan: "mesxi" sa-e mawarmoeblis
darTviT, kerZod: mesxi > sa-mesx-e > sa-msx-e (e xmovnis amovard-
niT) > samcxe (s>c procesis Sedegad).
samcxuri metyveleba metad axlos dgas javaxurTan.
javaxuri dialeqti. javaxeTi mdebareobs saqarTvelos
samxreT sazRvarze. Tanamedrove administraciuli danawile-

- 52 -
biT javaxeTi moicavs mTlianad axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis
raionebs, nawilobriv - aspinZis raions.
javaxeTis istoriul-geografiuli sazRvrebia: aRmosav-
leTiT - qarTli (walkisa da dmanisis raionebi), dasavleTiT -
samcxe (aspinZis raioni), CrdiloeTiT - borjomis raioni,
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT - somxeTi, samxreT-dasavleTiT -
TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvari.
imerxeuli (SavSuri) dialeqti. istoriuli SavSeTis
xeobebs Soris qarTuli ena da qarTuli toponimebi yvelaze
ukeT daculia berTiswylis/SavSeTiswylis Senakadis -
imerxeviswylis (fafarTiswylis) xeobis soflebSi: iveTSi,
ifxrevlSi, imnieTSi, qoqlieTSi, wyalsimerSi, bzaTaSi,
SoltisxevSi, weTileTSi, agaraSi, xoxlevSi, manatbaSi,
zaqieTSi, TeTraketSi, baZgireTSi, xevwvrilSi, ziosSi, ubeSi,
dabaSi, dasamobSi, CaqvelTaSi, CixorSi, TeTrakeTSi,
ustamisSi, surevanSi, devieTSi, TeTrakeTSi, didmereSi, lio-
neTSi, davlaTSi, CixorSi, SerTulSi, farnuxSi, maCxateTSi,
jvarisxevSi, andriawmindaSi da sxv. adre, termini "imerxevi"
geografiuli cnebis aRmniSvneli iyo (gadaRma xevi), Semdeg ki
TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceuli qarTuli kuTxis - SavSeTis -
erTi nawilis saxelad iqca.
vaxuSti SavSeTis Sesaxeb wers: "xolo SavSeTis-wyali gamos-
dis eruSeTsa da SavSeTs Soriss arsianis mTas. es dis pirvelad aR-
mosavleTidam dasavleTad, merme modrkebis da dis aRmosavleTs _
samBreTs Suadam CdiloT-dasavleTs Soris. amas, Woroxis SesarTavs
zeiT, moerTvis mdinared Wilovnis-Bevi, gamosdis arsianis mTas,
modis Cdilodam samBriT grexiT... da mzRvris SavSeTs: aRmosavliT
mTa arsiani, da gardavlenan mas zeda gzani eruSeTs, focxvis-Beobas
da zarzma-yels; samBriT mzRvris klde, artanujsa da SavSeTs Sorisi,
viTarca kedeli, romeli Camovals arsianis mTidam dasavleTad,
vidre kninRa Woroxamde, da ganvlis mas kldesa Sina gza, viTarca kari
da TAnier misa ara ars gza; dasavliT mTa SavSeTisa, SavSeTsa da
Woroxs Sorisi; CdiloT mTa, arsianidam Camosuli dasavliT Worox-
amde. da ars ese SavSeTi tyiani, gora-mTiani... (vaxuSti, 1914, gv.135-
136).
imerxevSi dRemdea SemorCenili qarTuli cixeebi da ekle-
siebis nangrevebi; gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom mxolod
imerxevSi, diobansa da ubes Soris, saTavesTan (mTis saxelia)

- 53 -
axlos dasturdeba toponimi xanZTa (sadac eklesiis nangreve-
bicaa); xalxuri gadmocemiT, aq, xanZTaSi, Zvelad arsebobda
"universiteti" (dRemde xanZTad iTvleba istoriuli portas
samonastro kompleqsi). iqaur soflebsa da sxva geografiul
adgilebs (mTebs, xeobebs, velebs...) oficialurad Seucvales
qarTuli saxeli da maT nacvlad uwodes osmaluri, Turquli
da qurTuli saxelebi. amaze vaxuStic aRniSnavs: "...dasavliT
ars da Sifaqlus mTis iqiT gurji boRjis Beoba anu saqarTvelos-
yelisa, rameTu odes daipyres osmalTa azrum (dRevandeli erzu-
rumi - e.d.), mier JamiT uwodes saxeli ese" (vaxuSti, 1941, gv. 141).
SavSeT-imerxevi, sxva istoriul qarTul mxareebTan erTad,
XVI saukunidan TurqeTis qveSevrdomobaSia. oTx saukuneze
metia, igi ucxo enobriv garemoSi imyofeba. imerxevSi mcxovreb
qarTvelTa erTi nawili dRemde qarTulad metyvelebs.
SavSeTSi ZiriTadad Turqulia gabatonebuli, SavSeTis
soflebis mikrotoponimiaSic momravlebulia Turqulenovani
saxelebi. soflis rogorc Zveli, ise axlandeli (rogorc
qarTuli, ise Turquli) saxelebi sinonimuri toponimebia. ix-
mareba orive saxeli. Tumca aris saSiSroeba imisa, rom gark-
veuli drois gasvlis Semdeg qarTuli saxeli gaqres. SavSeT-
imerxevis soflebSi bevri qarTuli warmomavlobis gvarsaxeli
dRemde SemorCa, Tumca oficialurad mosaxleobas miRebuli
aqvs Turquli gvarebi. ician winaprebis gvarebic. es gvarebi
bolovdeba -Ze, -Svili, -ienTi, -eT, -eb, -osan sufiqsebiT
(n.cecxlaZe, 2002, gv. 239-243).
imerxeuli metyvelebis nimuSebi pirvelad gamoaqveyna
n.marma (1911 w.); 1993 wels ufro srulyofili masala gamo-
sca S.futkaraZem. imerxevel qarTvelTa udidesi nawili
dRemde dedaenaze Tavisuflad metyvelebs (Tumca bavSvebs
ukve uWirT qarTulad metyveleba). imerxeuli dialeqti aWa-
rulsa da maWaxlurs Camohgavs, magram seriozuli sxvaoba
SeiniSneba fonetikaSic (Ë bgera, palatalizebuli xmovnebi,
dezafrikatizebuli Z...), morfologiaSic (II subieqturi
piris niSnad h-s aqtiuri gamovlena, ma-, wama- zmniswinebis, ma-
toponimebeli -Ti sufiqsis aqtiuri gamoyeneba) da leqsi-
kaSic (RenWi/RarWi - mozrdili biWi, baxala - gogo, amezRam -
amaRam, ~taqani/itaqani - staqani, laxana - kombosto, kodavi -

- 54 -
kodala, kumata~/yarTofi - kartofili, jaWkvi - jaWvi...); Sdr.,
imerxevelis dakvirveba: "aWaruli da aqeuri gurjija erTmaneT
ar ewyoba" (S.futkaraZe). imerxeul kiloSi gamoiyofa zemo-
imerxeuli da qvemoimerxeuli kilokavebi.
taouri dialeqti. tao istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxea, romelic dRes TurqeTis saz-
RvrebSi Sedis. tao bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebis mixed-
viT iyofoda or nawilad da "orsave kerZosa taosa Tavisi sax-
eli hqonda: amiertao - qvemo tao da imiertao - zemo tao. am-
ieri da imieri tao erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofoda
olTisiswylis (dRevandeli olTu-Cai) qvemo weliT da misi
Senakadi bardusis wyliT [dRevandeli bardus-Cai]
(i.javaxiSvili).
taos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb vaxuSti mogviTxrobs: "aramed arT-
vins zeiTi, idamde, Woroxis dasavleTisa, TorTomis mTis aRmosav-
leTiT ars parxali anu taoskari, anu tao. da mzRvris amas: aRmosav-
liT Woroxis mdinare; samBriT TorTomidam Camosuli mTa idamde;
dasavliT TorTomis mTa; CdiloT Woroxi da ispiris mTa. da ars es
tao venaxovani, xiliani, mosavliani yovliTa mosavliTa, da mTis ker-
ZoT, viTarca javaxeTi. aramed ars mTiani, goriani, Relovan-
Bramovani, Rratoiani, wyliani da iwro. da arian BevTa dabnebi. kac-
nica egreTnive. garna idi da narumaki arian, viTarca TrialeTi anu
javaxeTi yovliTurT"... (vaxuSti, 1941, gv.138).
tao "Bevebis" simravliT gamoirCeoda. taos qveyana (mxare)
rva "Bevs" moicavda; kerZod, maTi saxelebia: kola, ber-
dacfori, partizacfori, Wyatqi, buxa, oqaRe, azordacfori
da arsiacfori parkalis mTebTan (d.musxeliSvili, 1980,
gv.160). logikuria mosazreba, rom uZvelesi qarTveluri sax-
elmwifos - diaoxis/taoxis - saxeli taos formiTaa SemorCe-
nili. Semdeg tao kolxeTis samefoSi Sedioda. Zv. w. IV-III sau-
kuneebidan igi Zveli kolxeTis memkvidre quj-farnavazis
qarTlis organuli nawilia. Zv. w. II saukuneSi tao somxeTma
daipyro; ax. w. I-II saukuneebidan ki kvlav qarTlis samefoSia;
VIII-IX saukuneebSi aq farTo samonastro mSenebloba mimdi-
nareobda: aSenda qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis SesaniSnavi Ze-
glebi: bana, xaxuli, oSki, parxali...
taouri kargadaa Semonaxuli Ëevais xevSi, parxalTan ax-
los mdebare sam sofelSi: xevaiSi (xevegSi), balxsa da qobaiSi

- 55 -
(qvabagSi); S.futkaraZis cnobiT, parxaliswylis qarTulad
molaparake soflebia, agreTve: arjevani, armenxevi, axalTi,
balxibari, bertaxevi, bowminda, godGekari, gudasxevi, devTisa,
didiRele, didixevi, dolekari, eliasxevi, vanisxevi, vaCekari,
vejankeTi, ieTi, imtkori, kilioni, kldekari, konwoli, krev-
laTi, kuepreTi/kupreTi, maxateTi, navanevi, niklovi,
oblekari, oRdemi, sarigoli, safarante, soroxevi, utavi, fa-
risxevi, fiqalTi, fiCxeTi, qisoreTi, qonobani, qorieTi, ci-
rekari, wvevibari, Wedlian kari, WilaTi, xevmudi, xucekari...
olTisiswylis xeobis qarTuli soflebia; avwala, anzavi, bana,
iSxani, karnavazi, kiaxi, kosori, olori, orTisi, solomonisi,
fanaskerti... TorTomiswylis xeobaSia: oSki, xaxuli; Woroxis
mimdebare teritoriazea: binaTi, gumfali, kowaxuri,
dorTqilisa, uSxumi, qorTa, xoTi, xomxali.
taouri qarTuli sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva mesxuri
kiloebisgan; taouri kilos gageba rTulia sagangebo Seswav-
lis gareSe. fonetikur movlenaTagan aRsaniSnavia: xmovan
prefiqsTa harmonizacia da o-s palatalizeba (SemoviareT .
SimiviareT, wamova > wèmèva, Semovida > Somovida > Sèmèvida),
Ë bgeris arseboba da sxv. morfologiuri movlenebidan aR-
saniSnavia: Sa- zmniswini (mawon Saayeneb), zog saxelur semanti-
kur jgufTan eb- mravlobiTobis nacvlad nar- sufiqsis gamo-
yeneba (gzevnari "gzebi", Ëevnari "xevebi", xevnari "xeebi", kap-
nari "kapnebi", karnali "karebi", Tevnari "mTebi"), gauxardaT
formis nacvlad dasturdeba: guuxarnes, III subieqturi piris
niSnad zogjer a-s gamoyeneba s-s nacvlad: gvaqva "gvaqvs", maqva
"maqvs"; Zveli qarTulis msgavsad a-s gamoyeneba -Si-s nacvlad
"moskova Cavel", dasturdeba kiTxviTi nawilaki a ("ramdeni
RarWi gyavsa?")... leqsikaSic arsebiTia sxvaoba: xvaraTi
"saubari", iarenoba "Zveli ambebis gaxseneba" (aq sityva "la-
paraki" saerTod ar ician), RenWi "biWi, gogo 10 wlamde", bgano
"gogo 10 wlis Semdeg", dedekaci "gaTxovili", qarToli "kar-
tofili", agara "iailebi", Wani "lazi", fxikia "frTxali",
dazgna "anTeba", tiki "guda-stviri", gumuuRebT "davi-
brunebT", Cazavdeba "Cacvivdeba", ved- fuZis nacvlad zogjer
vlindeba ven- (wevneT "wevdeT"), trinki "fexi", Zga "gza",
TavSxam "TavaRma", popoWiki "Cliqi", iskami "skami", kedi "Zafi",

- 56 -
kowiwi (mwvane didi xvliki), xului (patara xvliki), slikvi
(ufro patara xvliki), yuri miyare "yuri daugde", muceli
menTeba "muceli mtkiva" da sxv.
maWaxluri dialeqti. maWaxeli/miWixiani istoriuli qar-
Tuli Temia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdinare maWaxe-
las da misi Senakadebis: mindieTis wylisa da efratis Relis
xeobebSi (mdinare maWaxela sofel maWaxlispirTan uerTdeba
Woroxs). Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT maWaxeli
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-
velos, pirvel rigSi, Woroxis xeobis mxaris ekonomikur da
kulturul cxovrebaSi. maWaxelas xeobis warsulis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi uZveles qarTul xelnawer
dokumentSi, romelic cnobilia "maWaxlis xeobis sulTa mati-
anis" saxelwodebiT. masSi aRniSnulia maSindeli gvarsax-
elebi, adgilis saxelebi, toponimebi. XVII saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi osmalebma daipyres mTeli samcxe-saaTabago. amave
periodidan lazeTTan erTad aWara-maWaxeli Camoaciles
saqarTvelos; mitacebuli teritoriebi sanjayebad (olqebad)
dayves. Tavdapirvelad calke sanjays warmoadgenda maWaxeli,
romelic Cildiris (axalcixis) vilaieTSi Sedioda. ruseT-
TurqeTis omis Semdeg maWaxlis mosaxleobis didi nawili
TurqeTSi gadaixvewa: muhajiroba ganapiroba mefis ruseTis
xelisuflebis mier xelovnurad Seqmnilma mZime pirobebma
(sazRvrispira regionebSi ruseTi somxebs ufro endoboda;
amave dros, sulTnis TurqeTs iafi muSaxeli esaWiroeboda).
dRes zemo maWaxeli TurqeTis sazRvrebSia, qvemo maWaxeli ki
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia, kerZod, xelvaCauris raionSi
Sedis: zeda CxutuneTi, qveda CxutuneTi, CiquneTi, cxemlara,
skurdidi, aWarisaRmarTi, qedqedi, sindieTi, Wanivri, gor-
gaZeTi, safutkreTi da sxv. TurqeTis respublikis sazRvreb-
Sia: xerTvisi (aq erTmaneTs erTvis mindieTisa da efratis
Releebi), mindieTi, akria, qvabisTavi, zedvake, efrati.
Turqulis intensiuri gavlenis miuxedavad, zemo maWaxel-
Sic dResac mSvenieri qarTuliT (maWaxluri dialeqtiT) la-
parakoben; maWaxlur kilos ori kilokavi aqvs: zemomaWaxluri
da qvemomaWaxluri; dialeqturi maxasiaTeblebi ufro
mkafiod Cans zemomaWaxlurSi. maWaxluris TaviseburebaTagan

- 57 -
aRsaniSnavia: r sonoris dakargva, Sa- zmniswinis aqtiuri gamo-
Cena ("uReli Saadgis qedze"; S.futkaraZe), wa > wo procesi
(woveliT, wovda...), arqauli xolmeobiTis msgavsi formebis
(iTibvis, iyidvis, deirgvis, vklidiT, vasxmidiT...) povniereba;
am kiloSi -ar sufiqsi warmomavlobas awarmoebs Zveli qarTu-
lisa da zanuris msgavsad (Cxutun-ar-i: CxutuneTeli); araiS-
viaTad, Taviseburia leqsikac: miwaxapa~ "kartofili", wan-
walaki "sacalfexo xidi", dedluca "patara dedali", dawon-
deba "moewoneba" da sxv.
livanuri dialeqti. istoriuli livana mdebareobda feo-
daluri xanis samxreT saqarTveloSi, md.Woroxis qvemo dine-
baSi. istoriul wyaroebSi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT gvxvdeba:
ligani, nigali. pirvelad ixsenieba XI saukuneSi (nigali).
vaxuStis mixedviT, moicavda md. Woroxis xeobis qveda welis
orive mxares arTvinis sanaxebiTurT: "da am arTvanis (< ard-
ovani - t.f.) sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde, Woroxis
Beobis imieri da amieri iwodebis liganis Beobad. da ars es
liganis Beoba TAnier siviwrovisa, friad nayofieri narinjiT,
TurinjiT, limoTi, zeTisxiliT...” (vaxuSti, 1941, gv.136).
SemdgomSi livanad moiazreboda mdinareebis aWariswylisa da
Woroxis SesayarTan mdebare teritoria.
1549 wels livana osmalebma daikaves. ruseT-osmaleTis
1877-78 wlebis omis Semdeg istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebTan erTad ruseTis imperiis Se-
madgenlobaSi Sevida. amJamad livanis mxolod mcire nawils
flobs saqarTvelo, didi nawili ki, TurqeTis sazRvrebSi
rCeba. qarTuli enis livanuri kiloze molaparake qarTvelo-
bis soflebia: xelvaCauris raionSi: mirveTi, kirnaTi, ma-
radidi; murRulis raionSi: agara, aduCa, arxva, baga, baSqoi,
bujuri, gevli, goglieTi, gurbuni, dialeTi, durCa, ereguna,
iskebi, kabarjeTi, kasimeTi, koridseTi, lomekeTi, ozmali,
trapeni, foroseTi, qamileTi, qvamCireTi, qobekeTi, qor-
TukeTi, qura, yavrieTi, CxaleTi, Zanculi, wyalya, Wilavri,
xaxuri, xorsoli, juani... borCxis raionSi: agara, avana,
arhaveTi, axaldaba, bageni, banakna, beRlevani, beSavli, dam-
fali, devsqeli, ebrika, vazria, valaSeni, vintavli, zedubani,
zelieTi, Txilazori, katafxia, kvarCxani, kincxureTi, kirsa,

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zeda maradidi, murkiveTi, nigia, omana, orji, ofuja, oxorji,
petruli, sabavri, uzruma, ukarnere, qarTla, klaskuri, Rvia,
Suaxevi, CarbieTi, Winkuri, xeba, xinwkana... arTvinis raionSi:
ardola, berTa, gverdabaRebi, dolisyana, erTa xidi, Tolgomi,
iskeba, kapari, korZuli, lomaSeni, mamawminda, moxobani, neZvi,
opiza, sinkoTi, ustamisi, ferasxevi, Surmaxi, Cidila, CxakaTi,
wefTa, wyaloqro, xaifeTi, jmerki... (S.futkaraZe). zogadi dak-
virvebiT, livanurSi gamoiyofa; maradiduli, murRuluri da
borCxuli kilokavebi. livanurSi Ë naklebad Cans, sxva mesxuri
kiloebisgan gansxvavebiT SezRudulia agreTve ee > ie procesi;
lazuris msgavsad, livanurSic gaaqtiurebulia ergativis
roli ("man Cans", "gogom akeTefs saWmel"), rig SemTxvevaSi
Taviseburia zmnuri paradigma, aqtiuria II subieqturi da III
obieqturi piris niSnebi, zanurisa da Zv. qarTulis normis
msgavsad, gv- piris niSnis nacvlad gamoiyeneba m- (Cven maqvan;
arn.Ciqobava), -nen/-en mravlobiTis sufiqsis nacvlad gamoi-
yeneba -es (biWebi cixidan gamovides; S.futkaraZe), Semonax-
ulia arqauli qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kiTxviTi
nawilaki a da sxv.
raWuli kiloebi:
raWa dasavleT saqarTvelos CrdiloeT nawilSi mde-
bareobs da SemozRudulia mTebiT. aseTi mdebareobis gamo, mas
yofen zemo da qvemo raWad. zemo raWa ZiriTadad moicavs onisa
da, nawilobriv, ambrolauris raionebs, qvemo raWa ki - am-
brolauris raions (lixeTis xeobis gamoklebiT); gamoyofen
agreTve mTis raWas, romelic zemo raWis ukidures CrdiloeT
nawilSi mdebareobs da, istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT,
mTiuleTi ewodeboda (am kuTxis raWvelebi dResac TavianT
Tavs "mTiulebs" eZaxian). samecniero literaturaSi es saxeli
ar ixmareba imis gamo, rom ar moxdes aRreva aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTiuleTTan (duSeTis raioni). saxelebi: mTis
raWa, mTaraWa ramdenadme pirobiTia. termini "mTis raWa"
xalxuria da samecniero literaturaSi s.makalaTias amave sax-
elwodebis naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg damkvidrda.
CrdiloeTiT raWas esazRvreba oseTi (mamisonis uReltex-
iliT ukavSirdeba), aRmosavleTiT - cxinvalis mxare (yofili
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi anu Sida qarTli),

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Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT - qvemo svaneTi, dasavleTiT - leCxumi,
samxreTiT -imereTi.
mTis raWa mdebareobs md.rionis saTavesa da glolis anu
WanWaxis wyals Soris. aerTianebs Rebisa da glolis Tems da
Sedgeba sami soflisagan: Rebi, Wiora da glola. mTis raWis
soflebi vaxuStis Tavis geografiaSi moxseniebuli aqvs
rogorc "koSkovan-godlovan-zRudiani soflebi”.
xSirad raWa leCxumTan erTad (raWa-leCxumi) moiazreba,
rasac istoriuli safuZveli aqvs, kerZod, es ori kuTxe erT
istoriul-eTnografiul regions, Takvers warmoadgenda.
mogvianebiT Takvers raWa gamoeyo da "Takveris" saxelwodebiT
mxolod leCxumi aRiniSneboda (r.TofCiSvili, 2002, gv.71).
raWulSi ramdenime kilokavs gamoyofen; S.ZiZiguri sam
kilokavs asaxelebs: qvemoraWuli, zemoraWuli da mTa-
raWuli; v.Tofuria raWulSi oTx erTeuls gamoyofs: riv-
nisTauri _ Rebi-Wioras metyveleba, gloluri,
zemoraWuli da qvemoraWuli. enobrivi Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia raWuli metyveleba ufro or
dialeqtad davyoT: mTaraWulad da barisraWulad.
heruli kiloebi:
istoriuli hereTi (dRevandeli saingilo) amJamad azer-
baijanis respublikaSia moqceuli da moicavs kaxis, zaqaTalisa
da belaqnis raionebs.
dRevandel saingilos dasavleTiT da samxreT-dasavleTiT
kaxeTi esazRvreba, samxreTiT - md. agri-Cai, aRmosavleTiTa da
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT - kavkasionis mTagrexili.
IV-V saukuneebSi hereTi saqarTvelos erT-erT sae-
risTavos warmoadgenda, xolo XI saukunidan kaxeTis same-
foSia. XV saukunidan saxelwodeba "hereTi” saistorio
wyaroebSi TandaTan gaqra, igi kaxeTis organul nawilad iqca.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi hereTi araerTgzis aoxrda lekTa
TareSisa da Sah-abasis laSqrobebis Sedegad. Semdeg ki ruseT-
TurqeTis davis sagans warmoadgenda. 1921 wlidan
s.orjonikiZis "damsaxurebiT" saingilo azerbaijanis saz-
RvrebSi moeqca.
saingiloSi qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobs sxvadasxva
erovnebis xalxi: waxurelebi, xunZebi, azerbaijanelebi,

- 60 -
rusebi, somxebi. bunebrivia, aRniSnul enebTan urTierTobam
qarTul metyvelebas Taviseburi daRi daasva. gavlena igrZnoba
yvela doneze: fonematur, morfologiur, sintaqsur, leqsi-
kur sistemebSi.
ingiloTa metyveleba ganiyofa or kilod: aliabaTurad
da kakurad (am kiloebze molaparakeT xSirad urTierTgage-
binebac ki uWirT); herul dialeqtebze metyveleben 12
sofelSi; aqedan, kakurad - kaxis raionis 7 sofelSi (kax-
ingilo anu kaki, alaTemuri, meSabaSi, alibeglo, qoTuqlo,
Tasmalo, zagami), aliabaTurad - zaqaTalis raionis 3
sofelSi (aliabaTi, mosuli, engiani) da belaqnis raionis erT
sofelSi (iTiTala); TerTmetive sofeli azerbaijanSia. in-
giloTa erTi sofeli - samTawyaro - dedofliswyaros raion-
Sia.
teritoriulad qarTuli soflebi erTmaneTisagan sakmaod
daSorebulia, rac uTuod ganapirobebs maT Soris qarTuli
metyvelebis sagrZnob gansxvavebas (gr. imnaiSvili). "erTiani
(sayrdeni) erovnuli enisgan TiTqmis srulma mowyvetam,
sarwmunoebrivma sxvaobam, sxvaenovani mosaxleobis moZaleobam
Sedegad is iqonia, rom arc erT sxva qarTul kilos ar ax-
asiaTebs kilokavebad, Tqmebad, qcevebad iseTi mravalferovani
da mkveTri danawileba, rogorc ingilours” (b.jorbenaZe).
zanuri kiloebi:
zanur dialeqtTa jgufSi gaerTianebulia ori kilo: me-
gruli da Wanuri. specialur literaturaSi megruli da
Wanuri kvalificirebulia enebadac (n. mari, i. yifSiZe, g. kar-
tozia, a. oniani...), zanuri enis kiloebadac (arn. Ciqobava, v.
Tofuria...) da qarTvelur samwignobro enasTan mimarTebiT -
qarTvelur kiloebadac (giuldenStedti, n.mari, s.xundaZe,
t.futkaraZe, T.gvancelaZe...). megrul-Wanuris aRsaniSnavad
zanuris paralelurad gamoiyeneba "kolxuri" (g. rozeni, k.
danelia...); savaraudoa, rom Zveli kolxeTi moicavda saerTo-
qarTveluri enis mTel vels - istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel
teritorias, Sesabamisad, megrul-Wanuri kiloebis aRsaniS-
navad ufro gamosadegia termini: zanuri.
megruli dialeqti. megruls uWiravs vrceli teritoria:
odiSis zegani da TiTqmis mTeli kolxeTis dablobi - Savi

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zRvidan svaneTis mTebamdis da cxeniswyal-rionidan md. Ral-
iZgamdis (arn. Ciqobava, 1937, gv. 4-5).
megruli dialeqti gavrcelebulia: foTis, abaSis, senakis,
xobis, martvilis, Cxorowyus, zugdidis, walenjixis
raionebSi.
megruli metyveleba ufro did teritoriaze iyo gavr-
celebuli, vidre dRes. amas cxadyofs toponimebi;
iv.javaxiSvili wers: "...im adgilas, sadac axla gurulebi da
imerlebi cxovroben, winaT megrulad mosaubre tomi unda
saxlebuliyo. bevri soflisa da mdinaris saxelebis
mniSvnelobis axsna mxolod megrulis saSualebiT SeiZleba, an
ara da maT cxadi megruli damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi aqvT, mag.,
mTa jixanjiri (jixa - cixe), jumaTi, Wyongvari (Wyoni - muxa), md.
oCxamuri (o-Cxamuri, Cxomi - Tevzi), oWilauri (o+Wilauri -
sa-Wilao), WyviSi, WyviaSauri, WanieTi, md. gobazouli, md. kin-
triSi, onWikuTi, onjoxeTi, sof. ocana guriaSi da sxv. amgvari
saxelebis darqmeva mTebisa da mdinareebisaTvis mxolod me-
grel-lazebis tomebs SeeZlo. maSasadame, ZiriTadi da
Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba guriaSi megrelebisa unda yo-
filiyo" (iv. javaxiSvili, 1913, gv.56). megruli warmomavlo-
bisaa toponimebi: okriba, cxeniSi, wyaltubo, WyviSi, jixaiSi...
Cans, samwignobro enis gavleniT, regionSi megruli metyveleba
SeizRuda.
istoriulad samegreloSi Sedioda samurzayano (dRevan-
deli administraciuli dayofiT, galis raioni da oCamCiris
raionis didi nawili), romelic engursa da RaliZgas Soris
mdebareobs. saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba murzayan ServaSiZis
saxels, romelmac XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi (1705 w.)
memkvidreobiT miiRo aRniSnuli teritoria. samurzayano rom
samegrelos organuli nawili iyo, es iqidanac Cans, rom
samurzayanos yvela toponimi, romelic damowmebulia Sua
saukuneebis qarTul Tu ucxour istoriul wyaroebsa da
rukebze da romelTa etimologiac, SesaZlebelia, aris
mxolod da mxolod qarTveluri (ZiriTadad megruli)" (p.
cxadaia, 2002, gv.29).

- 62 -
 aRmosavleTiT samegrelos esazRvreba imereTi, samxreTiT -
guria, Crdilo-dasavleTiT - afxazeTi, dasavleTiT - Savi
zRva.
megrulis kilokavuri diferenciacia i.yifSiZis saxels
ukavSirdeba da dRemde ucvleli rCeba. gamoiyofa ori kilo-
kavi: senakuri (dasavlur-megruli metyveleba) da zugdidur-
samurzayanouli (aRmosavluri metyveleba) (i. yifSiZe, 1914,
gv. XVIII).
Wanuri (lazuri) dialeqti. lazeT-WaneTi samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTveloSia. adreul xanaSi (III-VI ss.) moicavda
SavizRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTs - aRmosavleT
pontos mTebis CrdiloeT kalTebs, md. Woroxis zemo welis
auzs (axlandeli TurqeTi, baiburTisa da ispiris mazrebis
teritoria). VI saukunis I naxevarSi WaneTi bizantiam daipyro;
saqarTvelos mTlianobis aRdgenis Semdeg misi didi nawili
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia; varaudoben, rom bagrationebi
- saqarTvelos mefeni, lazeT-klarjeTidan iyvnen. XIII-XIV sau-
kuneebSi lazeTis nawili saqarTvelos xelSewyobiT war-
moqmnil trapizonis imperiaSia. XIV saukuneSive WaneTis aR-
mosavleTi nawili samcxis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia. 1461
wels, TurqeT-osmalTa mier trapizonis imperiis ganadgure-
bis Semdeg, WaneTi maTi batonobis qveS aRmoCnda; mxolod misi
aRmosavleTi nawili darCa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. dRes
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi aris erTaderTi sofeli sarfi,
sadac lazebi cxovroben.
rTuli istoriuli bedis Sedgia is rom, dRemde lazebs
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi uxdebaT
cxovreba. Sesabamisad, lazebSi gansxvavebulia sakuTari war-
sulis codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba
erovnul-enobrivi TviTaRqmis faqtorebze; kerZod: lazTa
erTi nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonio-axalsoflis
mkvidrni) ar mowyvetila qarTvelur kulturul-
saxelmwifoebriv vels; Sesabamisad, maT ician, rom megrelTa,
kaxelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa... msgavsad, isinic arian erTiani
qarTveluri kulturisa da saerToqarTvelur enaze da-
fuZnebuli mwignobrobis avtorebi; maTTvis kargadaa cno-
bili, rom saqarTvelos mefeebis didi nawilis garda, lazur-

- 63 -
megruli warmoSobisani iyvnen qarTveluri kulturis
Semqmnelebi: iovane lazi, ioane minCxi, stefane sananoisZe, io-
ane petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyondidlebi... dadianebi,
Ciqovanebi, gamsaxurdiebi da mravali sxva; isini did pativs
scemen Tamar mefes, romelic lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad
imerxevelTa, taoelTa, svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeuladaa
warmodgenili. lazTa meore nawili aRizarda TurqeTis cen-
tralur regionebSi. mas daviwyebuli aqvs Tavisi dedaqar-
Tulic, mSobliuri kiloc da, Turquli ganaTlebis sistemis
Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqad miiCnevs. TurqeTsa da evropaSi moR-
vawe lazTa mesame nawilisaTvis ucnobia (bunebrivia, ara
yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarTveluri kulturis qmnadobis proc-
esSi laz-megrelTa monawileoba, magram maT ician, rom lazebi
enobriv-eTnikurad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian Turqebisagan,
lazTa es jgufi sakuTari kuTxuri metyvelebis (lazuri
dialeqtis) bazaze cdilobs axla Seqmnas samwignobro ena da
"gadaarCinos" TavisTavadoba.
sabWoTa periodSi iCqmaleboda qarTveli eris namdvili
istoria; evroamerikul sivrceSic sabWouri stereotipebi
vrceldeboda; Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis di-
di nawili dRemde moklebulia obieqtur informacias lazTa,
megrelTa, aWarelTa, mesxTa, herTa Tu sxva qarTvelTa isto-
riis Sesaxeb. swored mecnierulad argumenturebuli codnis
naklulobis Sedegia is, rom zogi evropuli fondi cdilobs
sul mcire 15 saukunis win unikaluri qarTuli anbanis
Semqmnel qarTvelTa erT nawils XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze
"Seuqmnas" anbani da damwerloba.
megruli da Wanuri dRes erTmaneTs mowyvetilia, magram
saukuneebis win maT Soris sxvaoba minimaluri iyo. dRes
Wanurs, megrulisagan gansxvavebiT, Zlieri dialeqturi
diferencicia axasiaTebs (maT Soris xSirad gagebineba Wirs),
rac samwignobro qarTulisgan izolaciiTa da ucxo enobriv
garemoSi arsebobiT aixsneba. Wanuris kilokavebia: aTinuri,
viwur-arqabuli da xofuri. aTinurSi gamoiyofa bulefur-
arTaSenuli, xofurSi - Cxaluri, xolo viwur-arqabulSi - vi-
wuri da arqabuli Tqmebi .
svanuri kiloebi:

- 64 -
 svaneTi mdebarebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi kavkasionis
kalTebze da garSemortymulia raWis, leCxum-samegrelosa da
afxazeTis qedebiT. igi iyofa zemo svaneTad (mestiis raioni)
da qvemo svaneTad (lentexis raioni). zemo svaneTSi miedineba
enguri, xolo qvemo svaneTSi - cxeniswyali. calke gamoiyofa
kodoris (dalis) xeobis svaneTi, romelic afxazeTSi,
gulrifSis raionSia.
svaneTs aRmosavleTiT raWa esazRvreba, samxreTiT -
leCxumi da samegrelo, dasavleTiT - afxazeTi (dasavleTi
nawili), CrdiloeTiT - yaraCai da balyareTi.
svanebi pirvelad moixsenieba strabonTan.
svaneTi Temebad iyofoda. zemo svaneTis Svidi sa-
zogadoeba (uSguli, kala, ifari, mulaxi, mestia, lenjeri, la-
tali) Seadgenda Tavisufal svaneTs, xolo eqvsi Temi (beCo,
cxumari, eceri, fari, Cubexevi da laxmula) - sadadeSqeliano
svaneTs (mflobeli: dadeSqeliani). qvemo svaneTis Se-
madgenlobaSi Semavali sami sazogadoeba (laSxeTi, Coluri da
lentexi) samegrelos mTavrebis mflobelobaSi Sedioda da
erqva sadadiano svaneTi.
svanuri kiloebisa da kilokaveb-Tqmebis gamoyofa n.maris
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli; manve daadgina ZiriTadi saklasi-
fikacio niSnebi (xmovnis sigrZe, umlauti, sxvaoba brunebasa
da uRlebaSi, leqsikuri Taviseburebani); kerZod, zemo
svaneTSi gamoiyofa: balszemouri da balsqvemouri, qvemo
svaneTSi - laSxuri da lentexuri; zogi mkvlevari calke
kilod gamoyofs Coluruls. balszemouri da balsqvemouri
darqmeulia latalsa da beCos Sua mdebare balis
gadasasvleli qedis mixedviT.

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT

mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyvelebani:
fereidnuli dialeqti. fereidani erT-erTi provinciaa
iranSi, sadac XVII saukunis dasawyisSi (1614-1617 ww.) iranis
Sahma abas I saqarTvelodan ayrili aTasobiT qarTveli (kax-
eli) Caasaxla. ase Seiqmna Sua iranSi qarTuli soflebi: zemo
martyofi, qvemo martyofi, SuRureTi (CoRiureTi), afusi

- 65 -
(ruispiri), sibaji (vaSlovani)... fereidani erTaderTi
iranuli raionia, sadac iZulebiT gadasaxlebulma qarTvelo-
bam dRemde SeinarCuna qarTuli ena da qarTuli adaT-wesebi.
sxva raionebSi (xorasani, mazandari, farsi...) qarTuli mety-
veleba aRar ismis. iqauri qarTvelebi TandaTan aiTqvifnen
iranis sxvadasxva tomebSi. ukanasknel wlebSi gamoqveynebuli
masalebiT, fereidanSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba 12-14
aTass Seadgens.
fereidnuli kilo warmoiqmna kaxurisgan: samnaxevari sau-
kunis win Sua sparseTSi (iranSi) gadasaxlebuli kaxelebis
qarTuli metyveleba izolirebulad ganviTarebisa da spar-
sulis gavlenis gamo axal qarTul kilod Camoyalibda.
arn. Ciqobava: "qarTuli ena erTaderTi Zafia, romelic
fereidanis qarTvelobas akavSirebs qarTul sulier samyaro-
sTan; gadagvarebas ver ascdeba igi, Tu mas ar Seenaxa es
kavSiri... male daekargeba mas Segneba, rom is "gurjia", rogorc
ki gamoesalmeba am Segnebis burjs, enas; ver uSvelis am mxriv
verc qarTuli uremi, verc tipiuri baniani saxli da sxva naSTi
qarTvelur kulturul saxeobisa, romelic mas dRemde SerCe-
nia".
yizlar-mozdokuri da plastunkuri. yizlar-mozdok-
urisa da plastunkuris saxeliT cnobilia im qarTvelTa mety-
veleba, romlebic cxovroben CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qalaq moz-
dokSi, yizlaris olqis or sofelSi: sasofloSi (aleqsan-
dro-nevskaia), sarafanSi (Selkovskaia) da soWis maxloblad -
plastunkaSi.
yizlarsa da mozdokSi qarTvelebi dasaxlebulan 200 wlis
win saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan (xevi, kaxeTi, qarTli,
imereTi...). gadasaxlebis ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo
lekTa gamanadgurebeli TareSi. bevric Samilis winaaRmdeg
omis monawile yofila da Semdeg iq damkvidrebula.
istoriuli wyaroebis CvenebiT, pirvelad yizlarSi qar-
Tuli axalSeni daaarsa ruseTs mimavali qarTlis mefis vax-
tang meeqvsis amalis erTma nawilma 1724 wels. XIX saukuneSi
qarTvelTa raodenoba aq TandaTan gaizarda (amas xels
uwyobda savaWro urTierTobebic). dRes yizlar-mozdokSi

- 66 -
qarTveloba mcirea; rusebTan asimilaciis gamo, qarTuli ena
da tradiciebi ZiriTadad moxucebs axsovT.
yizlar-mozdokuri da plastunkuri qarTulnarev samety-
velo erTeuls warmoadgens: rusulis gavleniT qarTuli
metyveleba sagrZnoblad aris Secvlili.
"Cveneburebis" metyveleba. "Cveneburebis qarTuliT”
aRiniSneba TurqeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTvelebis -
muhajirTa STamomavlebis - metyveleba ("muhajiri” arabuli
sityvaa da qarTulad niSnavs emigrants, gadaxvewils). muhajiri
qarTvelebi Tavisianebs anu iqaur qarTvelebs "Cveneburebs”
eZaxian.
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qarTvelebis STamomavlebi
dRes cxovroben: facaSi, bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi,
gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi. maT kargad aqvT SenarCu-
nebuli rogorc qarTuli TviToba (identoba), aseve qarTuli
ena. n.maris Semdeg pirvelad "Cveneburebis qarTulis" mravali
gamorCeuli nimuSi Caiwera, vrclad gamoikvlia da gamoaqveyna
profesorma SuSana futkaraZem.

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institutis Sromebi, II, quTaisi, 1941.
gr. beriZe, javaxuri kilo, Tb.,1988.
i.gigineiSvili, v.Tofuria, i.qavTaraZe, qarTuli
dialeqtologia, Tb., 1961.
i.giviaSvili, i.koplataZe, tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004.
vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, T.lomourisa da
n.berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb.,1941.
v. Tofuria, mTaraWulis daxasiaTebisaTvis: qarTvelur enaTa
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v. Tofuria, Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 2002.
v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Tavisebu-
rebani, Tb.,1966.
gr. imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, gamokvleva, Tb.,1975.
p.ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1956.
n.kaxiZe, maWaxlis xeobis istoriuli warsulidan: Jurn. xerT-
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k. kublaSvili, qvemoimeruli dialeqti, Tb.,1985.
a. martirosovi, javaxuri dialeqti, Tb.,1984.
m. maWavariani, fereidnulis zogi Tavisebureba: ike, XXII,
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a. martirosovi, gr.imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti,
Tb.,1956.
a. martirosovi, qarTuli dialeqtologiis istoriisaTvis, Tb.,
1972.
S. niJaraZe, aWaruli dialeqti, baTumi, 1975.
a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tb.,1998.
s. JRenti, guruli kilo (gamokvleva, teqstebi, leqsikoni),
tfilisi, 1936.
T. saraliZe, algeTis xeobis qarTluri, Tb.,1978.
i.sixaruliZe, SavSeT-imerxevi: saistorio geografiis masalebi,
baTumi, 1988.
i.sixaruliZe, nigali (livana): saistorio geografiis masalebi,
baTumi, 1988.
v. somxiSvili, qsnis xeobis metyveleba, cxinvali, 1968.
n.surmava, kirnaT-maradiduli metyvelebis sintaqsuri Tavise-
burebani: dialeqtologiuri krebuli, Tb., 1991.
T. uTurgaiZe, TuSuri kilo, Tb.,1960.
T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavisebureba,
Tb.,1966.
m.faRava, m.cincaZe, e.makaraZe, r.diasamiZe, l.Tandilava,
taouri metyvelebis nimuSebi: baTumis universitetis kre-
buli, IV, baTumi, 2005.
S.futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, wigni I, baTumi, 1993.
S.futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri dialeqtebis
Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri
qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT: sadoqtoro disertacia,
Tbilisi, 1995.
t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb.,1985.
o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli lesikoni, t. I-III, Tb., 2001-2002.
i. yifSiZe, Txzulebani, Tb.,1994.
m.Sahini, maWaxluri Tqmani: Jurn. xerTvisi, 2005, # 1.
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arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tfilisi, 1936.

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arn. Ciqobava, mTiuluris Taviseburebani: enimkis moambe, II(1),
tfilisi, 1937.
st. Cxenkeli, yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli: tfilisis saxelm-
wifo universitetis Sromebi, V, tfilisi, 1936.
d. CxubianiSvili, qvemo fereidnulis zogi Tavisebureba (sof.
daSqesanas monacemebis mixedviT): XXII dialeqtologiuri
sesiis masalebi, Tb.,2002.
d. CxubianiSvili, enobrivi diferenciaciisaTvis fereidnulSi:
quTaisuri saubrebi, VI, quTaisi, 1999.
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fereidnulSi: XXIV dialeqtologiuri sesiis masalebi,
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Ciqobavasadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso simpoziumis ma-
salebi, Tb., 1998.
n. cecxlaZe, SavSeT-imerxevis toponimia, baTumi, 2000.
m.cincaZe, kirnaT-maradidis metyvelebis Taviseburebani: ba-
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m.cincaZe, m.faRava, samxruli dialeqtebi da qarTuli samwer-
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g. cocaniZe, Tianuris ZiriTadi fonologiuri da morfologi-
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Tb., 1970.
m.cincaZe, taouri qarTulis zogi Tavisebureba: XXI
dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, 2001.
g. cocaniZe, fSauri dialeqti, Tb., 1978.
S. ZiZiguri, dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, Tb.,1970.
q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli kilokavi, Tb.,1973.
a. WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1960.
a. WinWarauli xevsuruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I, Tb., 1989.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.

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administraciuli ruka Cemi wignidan

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dialeqtebis ruka

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II aTaswleulis ruka

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I aTaswleulis Sua periodi ruka

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 Tavi II
qarTuli mwignobrobis ganviTarebis gza
2.1. damwerlobis saxeebi da qarTuli anbanis Seqmna

damwerloba aris metyvelebis nakadis dokumentireba

grafikul niSanTa sistemebis meSveobiT; damwerlobis mizania
sametyvelo informaciis gadacema da Senaxva. yoveli eris
saliteraturo enis istoria damwerlobis Seqmnidan iRebs
saTaves.
damwerlobaSi grafikuli niSani warmoadgens metyvelebis
ama Tu im elementis (mTeli gamonaTqvamis, sityvis, marcvlis,
bgeris) simbolos. amis mixedviT, gamoiyofa damwerlobis sami
ZiriTadi tipi: piqtografiuli (naxatebiT gadmoicema azri),
ideografiuli anu ieroglifuri (niSnebiT gamoisaxeba
sityvebi) da anbanuri (niSnebiT aRiniSneba sametyvelo
bgerebi).
kacobriobis istoriaSi pirveli anbanuri damwerloba
Seqmnes finikielebma (Crd. semianebma - ebrauli modgmis
xalxma) daaxl. Zv. w. XV-XIV saukuneebSi. finikiuri anbani
Sedgeboda 22 aso-niSnisagan - mxolod Tanxmovnebisagan. werd-
nen marjvnidan marcxniv. anbanis Semqmnelad iTvleba vinme
palamide.
daaxloebiT Zv. w. X-IX saukuneebSi finikiuri anbanisagan
warmoiSva ori axali damwerloba (ganStoeba): a r q a u l i
b e r Z n u l i da s e m u r - a r a m e u l i . pirvelma saTave daudo
dasavlur anbanebs, meorem - aRmosavlurs. Zv. w. 403 wels
arqauli berZnulisagan Seiqmna k l a s i k u r i b e r Z n u l i
d a m w e r l o b a , romelSic Tanxmovnebis garda Seitanes xmov-
nebic, e.i. finikiuri konsonanturi anbani gaxda voka-
lizebuli. berZnebma Secvales weris mimarTulebac
marcxnidan marjvniv.

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 sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, dRes
msoflioSi arsebobs 14 originaluri saxis damwerloba.
esenia:
laTinuris safuZvelze Sedgenili anbanebi
slavur-kiriluris safuZvelze Sedgenili anbanebi
arabulis safuZvelze Sedgenili anbanebi
induri marcvlovani damwerlobis safuZvelze
Sedgenili anbanebi
CineTis logografiuli (ideografiuli) damwerloba
iaponuri ideografiuli damwerloba
koreuli bgerobrivi damwerloba
eTiopiuri marcvlovani damwerloba
berZnuli
qarTuli
somxuri
ebrauli
siriuli
monRoluri (CineTis monRoleTSi).

2.1.1. istoriuli cnobebi qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis

Sesaxeb. antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom istoriuli
kolxeTis sazRvrebi moicavda istoriul saqarTvelos
mTlianad da CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawils. Tanamedrove qarT-
velTa uSualo winaprebs - kolxebs jer kidev Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, legendaruli mefe aietis epo-
qaSi, hqoniaT kvirbebi - magar sxeulze amokveTili niSnebi
(Tanamedrove rukis msgavsi); kolxeTSi inaxeboda tyavze naw-
eri wigni ("oqros sawmisi”), romelSic aRwerili iyo oqros
mopovebis xerxebi. CvenTvis ucnobia, rogori saxisa iyo es dam-
werloba.
qarTuli anbanuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi dacu-
lia ramdenime cnoba:
1) qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, qarTvelebs far-
navazamdec hqoniaT damwerloba. igi SeudgeniaT qarTvel qu-
rumebs ebraul da qaldeur damwerlobaTa safuZvelze: "ara
uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni JamTaca Sina vidre farnavazamde.
werdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa. ese igi qurumTa mier, romel-

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Tac uxucesTa da xevisberTa uxmoben. igini iyvnen kerpTa
mRvdelni da memsxverpleni erisani RmerTTa mimarT da werili
maTi ars werili ese xucuri Cveni... werilni xucesni pirvelsa
Jamsa qmnil ars werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsca
arian asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni"... (cnoba Semonaxulia Teimu-
raz bagrationis naSromSi: "qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Ses-
axeb"; Tavad Teimuraz bagrations dokumenti damowmebuli
aqvs anton II kaTalikosis kuTvnili wignidan "matiane Semecne-
baTa". 1836 wels es istoriuli sabuTi frangulad gamoaqveyna
mari brosem).
2) XI saukunis mematianis - leonti mrovelis mowmobiT,
qarTuli anbanis Seqmna miewereba mefe farnavazs (Zv. w. IV-III
saukuneebi): "aman [farnavazma] ganavrco ena qarTuli... da aman
Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli" ("qarTlis cxovreba").
3) V saukunis somexi istorikosis - koriunis TxzulebaSi:
"maStocis cxovreba da moRvaweoba" daculia cnoba, rom
somxuri damwerloba Seqmna mesrop maStocma (361-440 ww.),
manve gamoigona qarTuli da albanuri (alvanuri) damwer-
lobebi.
iv. javaxiSvilma dawvrilebiT Seiswavla koriunis zemoaR-
niSnuli Txzuleba da miuTiTa, rom koriunis SromaSi maSto-
cis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis versia mermindeli, kerZod,
VI saukunis damlevis CanarTia. amas mowmobs is faqtic, rom V
saukunis somexi istorikosi lazar farpeli, romelic kargad
icnobda koriunis Txzulebas, maStocs miiCnevda mxolod da
mxolod somxuri anbanis Semqmnelad. amis Sesaxeb aseve araf-
eria naTqvami somexi istorikosebis favstos buzandisa (V s.)
da mxiTar airivanelis (XIII s.) naSromebSi. piriqiT, airivan-
eli qarTuli damwerlobis Semqmnelad farnavazs asaxelebs.
somxur cnobaTa siyalbe Cans, agreTve, ”epistoleTa
wignSi”, sadac Sekrebilia somxeTis eklesiis mesveurTa mi-
mowera sxva qveynebis eklesiis meTaurebTan V-XIII saukuneebis
manZilze. wigni somxuridan Targmna da gamokvleviTurT gamo-
sca zaza aleqsiZem. "epistoleTa wignic" mowmobs, rom mogvi-
ano periodis gadamwerlebma da redaqtorebma Zveli teqstebi
sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da survilisamebr gadaakeTes. amis
erT-erTi nimuSia XIII saukunis somexi moRvawis vardapetis

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sityvebi: "...mesropma misca maT (qarTvelebs - J.f.) anbani da
mesropmave ukurTxa varZiis jvari".“
somxuri wyaroebis winaaRmdegobani da qarTuli anbanis
Sesaxeb CanarTis mermindeloba kargad aris Seswavlili
z. aleqsiZisa da al. abdalaZis mier. dadgenilia, rom VII sau-
kunis dasawyisSi, roca erTmaneTs daupirispirda qarTuli da
somxuri eklesiebi (sparseTi xels uwyobda somxur eklesias da
aviwroebda qarTul da albanur eklesiebs), Sahisa da arabebis
waqezebiT gaZlierebuli somxebi cdilobdnen regionSi
pirvelobis daCemebas da am mizniT istoriuli dokumentebis
gayalbebasac ar eridebodnen.
maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmna daujerebelia im
mizeziTac, rom mas qarTuli ar scodnia (aseve ar scodnia al-
banuri enac). da, saerTod, anbanis Seqmna iseT did momzadebas
moiTxovs, rom SeuZlebelia V saukunis dasawyisSi erT kacs
Seeqmna sami sxvadasxva sistemis enisaTvis arsebiTad gansxvave-
buli damwerlobebi; metic, ukanasknel xanebSi isic gairkva,
rom somxuri anbanis avtori siriul da berZnul damwer-
lobebTan erTad sanimuSod iyenebda qarTul anbans.
qarTuli damwerlobis warmomavlobis kvlevis Taname-
drove etapze somxur versias CvenSi aRaravin aRiqvams se-
riozulad, misi siyalbe safuZvlianadaa dasabuTebuli. ami-
tom qvemoT, damwerlobis warmoSobis Teoriebis ganxilvisas,
mas aRar SevexebiT.

2.1.2. qarTuli damwerlobis warmomavlobis Teoriebi.

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi ganixileba qarTuli
anbanis warmomavlobis berZnuli da semuri Teoriebi.
b e r Z n u l i Teoriis mixedviT, qarTuli anbani
genezisurad aris dakavSirebuli berZnul anbanTan. am Te-
oriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba k. gardthauzeni. misi azriT,
aso-niSnebis fonetikuri mniSvneloba da Tanamimdevroba qar-
TulSi berZnulis msgavsia. saqarTveloSi berZnuli Teoria
pirvelad wamoayena dim. baqraZem. igi Tvlida, rom qarTuli
anbanis rigi Zveli berZnuli aso-niSnebis rigs misdevs; qar-
Tuli anbani Seiqmna berZnuli kulturis gavleniT jer kidev

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SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis arsebobis xanaSi,
bevrad ufro adre farnavazamde.
k. kekeliZis dakvirvebiT, "im hipoTezebidan, romelnic
CvenSi Tu sazRvargareT wamouyenebiaT qarTuli anbanis war-
moSobis Sesaxeb, ufro misaRebia is, romelsac es anbani
berZnulisagan gamohyavs".
p. ingoroyva qarTul anbans miiCnevda arqauli berZnuli
alfabetis safuZvelze Seqmnilad mcire aziaSi. T. gamyrel-
iZis mixedviTac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbani momdinareobs
berZnulidan, oRond Seqmnilia qristianobis SemoRebis Sem-
deg... Zveli qarTuli asomTavrulis sistemuri Sepirispireba
semitur da berZnul damwerlobebTan avlens qarTuli dam-
werlobis struqturul Tanxvedras arqaul berZnul siste-
masTan.
qarTuli anbanis berZnulisgan warmomavlobis Teorias
bevri sxva qarTvelologic iziarebs (k.danelia, v.boederi,
z.sarjvelaZe...).
berZnul Teorias samecniero literaturaSi imTaviTve
daupirispirda s e m u r i Teoria, romelic wamoayena german-
elma mecnierma fridrix miulerma. igi Tvlida, rom qarTuli
da somxuri damwerloba arameul-sparsuli damwerlobidan
unda iyos warmomdgari. CvenSi am Tvalsazriss iziarebda
s. gorgaZe ("werilebi saqarTvelos istoriidan", 1906).
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis semuri Teoria mecnierul
safuZvelze Camoayaliba iv. javaxiSvilma Tavis fundamentur
naSromSi: "qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu pale-
ografia" (SemoklebiT - "qarTuli paleografia"). didma mec-
nierma safuZvlianad gaakritika qarTuli anbanis berZnulis-
gan momdinareobis argumentebi. misi azriT, qarTuli anbani
warmarTuli epoqis Zeglia da finikiur-semituris
(arameulis) bazazea Seqmnili, Tumca Semdgom, elinistur
xanaSi, araerTgzis ganucdia berZnuli monumenturi damwer-
lobis gavlena. warmodgenili mosazreba gaamyara Semdgomma
aRmoCenebma da gamokvlevebma. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT faseuli
aRmoCnda armazis bilingva (saflavis qvaze Sesrulebuli
epitafia, dawerili 2 enaze - berZnulad da arameulad. saxel-
wodeba ”bilingva” amis mixedviTaa darqmeuli). Zegli aR-

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moaCina iv. javaxiSvilma 1940 wels, mecnierulad Seiswavla
g. wereTelma. mkvlevarma, pirvel yovlisa, daadgina arameuli
anbanis saxeoba (romelsac ”armazuli damwerloba” uwoda),
Seudara qarTul anbans da daaskvna: qarTuli anbani monaTe-
savea armazulisa, orive ki momdinareobs saerTo wyarodan -
arameulidan. armazuli anbanis saxiT aRmoCnda Suamavali,
romlis meoxebiT qarTuli anbani uSualod daukavSirda
arameuls.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa r. patariZis debulebebi;
wignSi: "qarTuli asomTavruli" man saistorio wyaroebis,
arsebuli Tvalsazrisebisa da legendismagvari versiebis Se-
jerebiTa da kriptogramebis (pirobiTi, saidumlo niSnebiT Ca-
naweri) zedmiwevniTi analiziT ivarauda: qarTuli damwer-
loba Seqmnili Cans warmarTul xanaSi finikiur-babilonuri
damwerlobisagan; igi TviT berZnul monumentur (klasikur)
anbanze adrindelia.
qarTuli anbanis finikiur-semur warmomavlobas sarwmu-
nod miiCnevs bevri cnobili qarTvelologi.

2.1.3. qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis qronologia. qar-

Tuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRTan dakavSirebiT samecniero lit-
eraturaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeboda ori Tvalsazrisi:
a. qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnili unda iyos ax. w. IV-V
saukuneebSi,
b. qarTuli anbani warmarTuli epoqis Zeglia, Seqmnili
Cvens eramde.
pirveli Tvalsazrisi CvenSi Camoayaliba k.kekeliZem XX
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. igi miuTiTebda, rom meoTxe saukunis
gasuls Tu mexuTis damdegs, mas Semdeg, rac CvenSi damyarda
qristianoba... daibada saWiroeba nacionaluri anbanisa da
mwignobrobis SemoRebisa... qarTuli damwerloba unda Seqm-
niliyo ax. w. 420-422 wlebSi qristianuli eklesiis inicia-
tiviT.
qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas ukavSirebda qarTlis monaTvlisa
da gaqristianebis periods T.gamyreliZec: qarTuli asom-
Tavruli damwerloba Seqmnili unda iyos IV saukunis dasas-
rulsa da V saukunis dasawyisSi. igi sagangebod msjelobda

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agreTve leonti mrovelis cnobaze - farnavazma Seqmna mwigno-
broba qarTuli. mecnieris azriT, ”mwignobroba qar-
Tuli"“farnavazisdroindeli saqarTvelosaTvis unda niS-
navdes, albaT, im dros qarTuli weris SemoRebas specifikuri
saxiT, e.i. qarTuli teqstis Caweras romelime - im dros gavr-
celebuli anbanis - berZnulis an arameulis saSualebiT da
amgvarad Cawerili teqstebis wakiTxvas kvlav sawyis - qarTul
enaze. weris es meTodi ”aloglotografia” farTod iyo gavr-
celebuli iranul samyaroSi. cota mogvianebiT T.gamyreliZe
Tavis wignSi ”weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli dam-
werloba”“werda: Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba
SesaZlebelia arc warmoadgendes qarTuli enisaTvis damwer-
lobis Seqmnis pirvel cdas da qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi
savaraudoa arsebuliyo kidev ufro Zveli werilobiTi tra-
diciebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, asomTavruli damwerloba
qristianobis xanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba
iyos, romelmac Secvala an gamoaZeva manamde arsebuli warmar-
Tuli epoqis werilobiTi sistema.
rogorc wesi, qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis savaraudo TariRad
ax. w. IV-V saukuneebs asaxelebdnen is mkvlevrebi, romlebic
qarTul anbans genezisurad akavSirebdnen berZnulTan. garda
amisa, maTi azriT, qarTuli anbanis warmarTul Zeglad miCneva
gaWirdeboda imis gamoc, rom ar moipoveba qristianobamdeli
werilobiTi Zeglebio.
iv. javaxiSvilma imTaviTve’ar gaiziara k.kekeliZis mier
navaraudevi qronologia qarTuli anbanis warmoSobisa. man
uZvelesi xanmeti, haemeti teqstebisa da bolnisis warwerebis
gamowvlilviTi analiziT wamoayena hipoTeza: bolnisis asom-
Tavruli warwera imdenad Camoyalibebuli da daxvewilia, rom
SeuZlebelia misi miCneva pirvel qarTul warwerad.“qarTuli
anbani warmarTuli epoqis Zeglia. igi Seqmnili unda iyos
araugvianes Zv. w. VII saukunisa. mecnieri iqve dasZenda: albaT,
qarTuli miwis wiaRSi aRmoCndeba Zeglebi, romlebic am Cvens
hipoTezas daadasturebeno.
p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebiTac, qarTuli anbani gamomuSave-
bulia Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneTa mijnaze.

- 80 -
 cnobilia, rom XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde pirvel qar-
Tul werilobiT Zeglad iTvleboda 492-493 wlebiT daTari-
Rebuli bolnisis warwerebi da, Sesabamisad, am droidan iwye-
boda qarTuli anbanis istoriac. magram 1950-1952 wlebSi
palestinaSi aRmoCenilma qarTulma warwerebma axleburad
daayena qarTuli anbanis qronologiis sakiTxi.
m.TarxniSvilis, S.nucubiZis, s.yauxCiSvilis, g.wereTlis, e.
maWavarianisa da sxva mkvlevarTa azriT, palestinis war-
werebi Sesrulebuli unda iyos V saukunis I naxevarSi
(daaxl. 430-433 wlebSi). isini naxevari saukuniT mainc uswre-
ben win dRemde yvelaze Zvelad miCneul bolnisis warwerebs“
(g.wereTeli).
qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis problemas axali Suqi
mohfina 1984 wels duSeTis raionis sofel davaTSi aRmoCe-
nilma warwerebma. davaTis stelas aTariReben 361-382 wle-
biT. man kidev erTi saukuniT waswia win qarTuli anbanis
Tvalxiluli istoria.
bolo wlebSi mikvleuli Zeglebis Seswavlisa da tra-
diciuli masalebis axleburi analizis safuZvelze
r.patariZem qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad ivarauda Zv. w.
415 weli.
qarTuli anbanis warmarTul Zeglad miCnevas Tanamedrove
etapze kidev ufro sarwmunos xdis nekresis uZvelesi war-
werebic. isini aRmoCenilia saflavis qvebze nekresis
naqalaqaris samonastro kompleqsis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
Sedegad (savele muSaoba dResac mimdinareobs). l. WilaS-
vilis azriT, nekresis warwerebi TariRdeba daaxl. Zv. w. IV -
ax. w. II-III saukuneebiT. am warwerebma qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis
istoria 7-8 saukuniT mainc daaZvela... amis Semdeg qarTuli
asomTavrulis ganviTareba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes qris-
tianobis Semosvla-damkvidrebas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom nekre-
sis erT-erTi warwera r. patariZem miiCnia farnavazis epoqaSi
- daaxl. Zv. w. 274 wels Sesrulebulad.
sxvadasxva profilis bevri sxva mkvlevaric (ak.baqraZe,
g.narsiZe, m.CxartiSvili, z.aleqsiZe...) qarTul anbans warmar-
Tuli xanis Zeglad Tvlis.

- 81 -
 maSasadame, gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan qarTuli
damwerlobis istoriisaTvis metad faseuli bevri axali ma-
sala iqna aRmoCenili. Tu am monacemebTan erTad gaviTvalis-
winebT tradiciuli istoriografiis kvlevis Sedegebs
(iv. javaxiSvili, p. ingoroyva, g. wereTeli), agreTve movigo-
nebT "matiane SemecnebaTas" cnobas ("ara uwignoni iyvnen qarT-
velni JamTaca Sina farnavazamde...") da arn. Ciqobavasa da T. ga-
myreliZis mosazrebebs, maSin miaxloebiT SeiZleba ase war-
movidginoT qarTuli anbanis ganviTarebis gza:
savaraudoa, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi erT an
ramdenime qarTvelur toms ukve hqonda sakuTari anbani,
romelic farnavazis epoqaSi iqca qarTvelTa saerTo erov-
nul damwerlobad.
qarTuli anbanis Semoqmedis vinaoba jerjerobiT ucnobia.
qarTuli damwerlobis genezisi kvlav rCeba aqtualur
problemad lingvistur qarTvelologiasa da kulturolo-
giaSi.

2.1.4. qarTuli anbanis agebis principebi. qarTulSi

aso-niSnebi gamoxatavs bgeras, ricxviT mniSvnelobas, aqvs as-
tronomiuli da kalendaruli daniSnulebac.
r.patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbanis pirveli asom-
Tavruli niSania a. rkalze zeda horizontaluri xazi (-) aR-
niSnavs mTvaris gamoCenas. roca mTvare caze miaRwevs umaRles
wertils, zustad SuaRamea, e.i. qarTulis pirveli aso a (ani)
astronomiuli niSania - dRe-Ramis dasawyisi; mTvaris kulmi-
naciuri dgoma SuaRamea. babilonursa da egvipturSic qar-
Tulis msgavsi viTarebaa - dRe-Ramis dasawyisia SuaRame, se-
murSi ki - gansxvavebuli.
marTalia, qarTuli anbani mzis kalendaricaa, magram igi
mTvaris aRniSvniT iwyeba, radgan Zvelad dRe-Ramis aTvla xde-
boda mTvaris saSualebiT. marTlac, mTvaris moZraoba zustad
erT Tves grZeldeba: 28 dRes moCans caze, 2 dRes ki - ara. 30
dRis Semdeg kvlav axali mTvarea.
maSasadame, qarTuli anbanis pirvel asod an-is CaTvla
babilonuri damwerlobis principiTaa ganxorcielebuli.
garda amisa, qarTul anbanSi aRniSnulia, Tu ramden saaTs

- 82 -
grZeldeba dRe da Rame. qarTuli anbanis 24-e aso aris q (qan).
igi warmoadgens qveynis simbolos, qveynis oTx mxares (asom-
TavruliT q). qveynis arsi 24 saaTia, e.i. an (pirveli aso) dRe-
Ramis dasawyisia, qan (24-e) - dRe-Ramis dasasruli.
an-i da qan-i astronomiuli niSnebia. irkveva, rom anbanis
Semqmnelma qurumma astronomiac kargad icis. misTvis cxadia,
rom dedamiwa (qveyana-miwa) RerZis garSemo 24 saaTSi erTxel
Semobrundeba.
amrigad, qarTvel qurumebs babilonuri lursmuli da
ebraul-finikiur anbanur damwerlobaTa principebis mixed-
viT SeuqmniaT mTvaris kalendaruli anbani, romelic Sedge-
boda 35 aso-niSnisagan. pirveli aso iyo a (ani) _ qaldeur-
babilonuri mTvaris RvTaebis simbolo (niSnavda dRe-Ramis
dasawyiss), 24-e asoa qan (dRe-Ramis dasasruli), 34-e - B (xaris
ideograma, xaris RvTaeba - mTvaris RvTaebis Svili), sul bolo
aso jan aris jvris ideograma (dawvr. ix. r.patariZe, 1980).

2.1.5. qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis safexurebi.

qarTulma damwerlobam ganvlo ganviTarebis sami safexuri da
Sesabamisad Seiqmna damwerlobis sami grafikuli nairsaxeoba:
asomTavruli, nusxuri da mxedruli. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
qarTuli damwerlobis pirveli saxea asomTavruli. igi gamoi-
yeneboda me-9 saukunemde, asoebi iyo mrgvali da didi moxazu-
lobisa. saxelwodeba - "asomTavruli", "mrglovani" - amis
mixedviTaa darqmeuli.
asomTavruliTaa Sesrulebuli uZvelesi epigrafikuli Ze-
glebi: nekresis, palestinis, bolnisis, davaTis qvajvrisa da
sxva warwerebi; aseve xanmeti da haemeti teqstebi. termini
"asomTavruli" gvxvdeba X-XI saukuneebis erT xelnawerSi,
"mrglovani" ki - XI saukunisaSi (z. sarjvelaZe).
nusxuri asomTavrulis gviandeli variantia. mkvidrdeba IX
saukunidan da gabatonebuli xdeba X-XI saukuneebSi. nusxuri
weris pirveli nimuSi dadasturebulia xelnawerebidan
"sinur mravalTavSi" (864 w.), epigrafikul Zeglebze ki - at-
enis sionis warweraSi (835 w.). nusxurSi asoebi mcire zomisaa
da Tanac kuTxovani, amitom meorenairad weris am saxes

- 83 -
kuTxursac uwodeben. garda amisa, nusxuri iwereboda gak-
ruli xeliT. anbanis am saxeobas swored amis mixedviT daerqva
nusxuri (termini nawarmoebia sityvisagan nusxa, rac Zvelad
niSnavda "dedansac" da "gakruli xeliT werasac").
nusxuri praqtikulad ufro moxerxebuli aRmoCnda asom-
TavrulTan SedarebiT, radgan am ukanaskneliT wera
moiTxovda did drosa da bevr sawer masalas.
nusxuris Semdgomi ganviTarebiT warmoiqmna mxedruli.
marTalia, mxedruli weris uZveles nimuSad iTvleba 1054
wlis Zegli, magram, sazogadod, mxedruli gabatonda XII sau-
kunidan, dRevandeli saxe ki miiRo XIV saukuneSi.
saxelwodeba "mxedruli" darqmeulia imis gamo, rom am
saxeobas iyenebdnen saero pirebi - vaWrebi, meomrebi anu mxe-
drebi... mxedruliT iwereboda saero xasiaTis nawarmoebebi
da saxelmwifo-sakancelario Zeglebi. sagulisxmoa, rom
imavdroulad eklesiisaTvis kvlav ZiriTadi iyo asomTavruli
da nusxuri: nusxuri SriftiT werdnen saeklesio Txzulebe-
bis mTlian teqsts, saTaurebsa da sityvis dasawyis asoebs ki
aformebdnen asomTavruliT. am ukanaskneliT sruldeboda
agreTve warwerebi saflavis qvaze.
rogorc vxedavT, saero damwerlobas imTaviTve
daupirispirda saeklesio damwerloba _ asomTavruli da
nusxuri, romelTac cota mogvianebiT ewoda xucuri (amo-
savali sityvaa xucesi=mRvdeli); paralelurad gamoiyeneba
nusxa-xucuric.
iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, terminebi "xucuri" da "mxedruli"
enaSi Semosuli unda iyos XIII saukunis damlevsa da XIV sau-
kunis damdegs.
qarTuli damwerlobis saxeebis qronologiuri mimarTebis
Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisic.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi damwerlobis ZiriTadi saxea mxe-
druli, asomTavruli da nusxuri ki gamoiyeneba specialuri
daniSnulebiT.

literatura

- 84 -
 a. baqraZe, kritikuli gulani, Tb.,1977.
T. gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwer-
loba, Tb.,1990.
T. gamyreliZe, mwignobroba qarTuli: gazeTi "literaturuli
saqarTvelo", 1987, 20 noemberi.
avT. ioseliani, qarTuli mwignobrobis, wignis da stambis isto-
riis sakiTxebi, Tb.,1990.
p. ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, Tb.,1978.
k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb.,1960.
b. kilanava, qarTuli damwerlobisa da mwerlobis saTaveebTan;
Tb.,1990.
v. liCeli, kolxeTisa da iberiis kulturis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2000.
e. maWavariani, qarTuli anbanis grafikuli safuZvlebi, Tb.,1982.
r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb.,1980.
r. patariZe, qarTuli mwignobroba, Tb.,1989.
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,
Tb.,1984.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1992.
J. feiqriSvili, nekresis warwerebis mniSvneloba qarTul weri-
lobiT tradiciaSi: etimologiuri Ziebani, quTaisi, 2005.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. Tb., 1975-87.
g. wereTeli, uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan, Tb.,
1960.
l. WilaSvili, nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qar-
Tuli damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2004.
i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli paleografia, Tb.,1949.

2.2. uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi

2.2.1. epigrafikuli Zeglebi. qarTveli eris istoriaSi

gamorCeuli mniSvneloba eniWeba uZveles werilobiTs Zeglebs
- qarTvelTa didi mwignobruli kulturis amsaxvel dokumen-
tebs.
b o l n i s i s warwerebi. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde
pirvel qarTul warwerad miCneuli iyo bolnisis sionis taZ-
ris warwerebi, romelTagan erT-erTi a. SaniZem daaTariRa

- 85 -
492-493 wlebiT. es warwerebi qronologiuri aspeqtiT mog-
vianebiT kvlav Semowmda specialistebis mier da daweris
TariRic dazustda; kerZod: e. maWavariani, m. mRebriSvili
maT 478-493 wlebiT aTariReben, r.patariZe ki miiCnevs, rom
erTi warwera Sesrulebulia 357 wels, meore - 392 wels (es
da sxva uZvelesi warwerebi ix. danarTSi).
p a l e s t i n i s warwerebi. 1950-1952 wlebSi italieli
arqeologis - virjilio korbos mier Catarebuli gaTxrebis
dros palestinaSi, iudas udabnoSi, beTlemis maxloblad,
aRmoCnda qarTuli monastris nangrevebi sami qarTuli war-
weriT. erTi maTgani moRweulia dauzianeblad, meore da mesame
ki - fragmentebis saxiT.
mkvlevarTa azriT, pirveli warwera TariRdeba 532-552
wlebiT, meore da mesame gacilebiT adrindelia da Sesrule-
buli unda iyos V saukunis I naxevarSi, daaxl. 440-ian wlebSi
(e. maWavarianis mixedviT - 433 wels).
d a v a T i s qvajvris warwerebi. 1984 wels duSeTis
raionis sofel davaTSi Catarda arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. aR-
moCnda RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiaSi CaSenebuli qva-
stela/qvajvari uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebiT. varaudoben,
rom eklesia aSenebuli unda iyos araugvianes 419 wlisa. da-
vaTis qvajvari qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia.
mas ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva profilis specialistebi (is-
torikosebi, Teologebi, arqeologebi, maTematikosebi, enaT-
mecnierebi...).
stela Sedgeba ori monakveTisagan: pirvelze (zeda
nawilze) gamosaxulia ori mTavarangelozi: miqaeli (aweria
qaragmiT) da gabrieli. didebulTa sakadris samosSi sazeimod
gamowyobil mTavarangelozebs xelT upyriaT gragnili, ro-
melzedac amokawrulia qarTuli asomTavruli anbani. asoebi
ganlagebulia 6 striqonad.
qveda monakveTze warmodgenilia ori pirovneba - ori
xelisufali. raki mTavarangelozebi frTebdaSvebulni arian,
Cans, isini qvemoT gamosaxul pirovnebebs auwyeben RvTis nebas
(RvTis gadawyvetilebas).

- 86 -
 davaTis stelaze ZiriTadad dasturdeba ori TariRi - 284
da 311. aqedan pirveli (Zv. w. 284) farnavazis mier ofi-
cialuri saxelmwifo damwerlobis SemoRebis weli unda iyos,
meore (ax. w. 311) ki - qarTuli damwerlobis aRorZinebisa.
davaTis stelaze amokawruli anbani miaCniaT 367 wels
Sesrulebulad, xolo mTlianad qvajvris gamosaxulebas
aTariReben 362-381 wlebiT.
davaTis stelaze qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis srulyo-
fil korpusTan erTad gamoqandakebulia qarTuli mwigno-
brobis aRorZinebis Taviseburi scena.
qvajvris mizani unda iyos qarTuli mwignobrobisa da
wignis mTlianad Cayeneba qristianuli eklesiisa da qveynis
samsaxurSi.
r. patariZis azriT, davaTis qvajvris xati da "qeba~ da
dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~" igiveobrivi Sinaarsis Zeglebia.
orive maTganiT irkveva, rom qarTuli welTaRricxva Tavis
dasabams iRebs farnavaz mefis mier qarTuli mwignobrobis Se-
moRebis droidan.
n e k r e s i s warwerebi. nekresis naqalaqari mdebareobs
yvarlidan 8 km-is daSorebiT, mTiani kavkasionisa da alaznis
velis Sesayarze. nekresi warmoadgenda istoriuli hereTisa
da Semdgom - kaxeTis erT-erT sayuradRebo politikur, eko-
nomikur, kulturul da religiur centrs.
1984 wlidan nekresSi daiwyo arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
l. WilaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. meoTxedi saukunis manZilze
warmoebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad aq gamoikveTa sruliad
gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa da xasiaTis nagebobaTa Semcveli
sami fena:
pirveli - qveda fena unda yofiliyo kerpTmsaxurebisdro-
indeli samlocvelo-samsxverplo kremaciuli samarxebiT. es
fena SeiZleba daTariRdes Zv. w. IV-II saukuneebiT.
meore fena mazdeanTa samlocveloa, faravs sakerpo-
samsxverplos. specialistTa azriT, daaxl. Zv. w. II saukuneSi
(roca daarsda q. nekresi) agebuli mazdeanTa didebuli ta-
Zari da samlocvelo funqcionirebda ax. w. II-III saukeneebamde
(am fenas miekuTvneba mazdeanTa saflavebis warweriani qvebis
umetesoba).

- 87 -
 mesame - zeda fena SedarebiT gviandelia, adreqristianuli
xanisa, daaxl. ax. w. IV-V saukuneebisa. dRes igi warmodgenilia
sameurneo nagebobis - marnisa da darRveuli samarxebis saxiT.
sagulisxmoa, rom swored zeda fenis sasaxle-darbazebis
samSeneblo masalad yofila gamoyenebuli warweriani qvebi
(mazdeanTa saflavis qvebi). maTze amokawruli aso-niSnebi
dRes CvenSi nekresis warwerebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
naqalaqaris gaTxrebi grZeldeba, Tumca mopovebuli ma-
salebis mixedviTac ukve SesaZlebeli gaxda garkveuli daskvne-
bis gamotana. magaliTad, l. WilaSvilis dakvirvebiT, nekresis
warwerebi Sesrulebuli Cans sxvadasxva dros, daaxl. Zv. w. IV -
ax. w. III saukuneebSi.
VI-VII saukuneebSia Seqmnili mcxeTis jvris, ukangoris, sa-
hakduxtis, wyisis warwerebi.

2.2.2. xelnaweri teqstebi. uZvelesi qarTuli xelnaweri

teqstebi iyofa sam jgufad: xanmeti, haemeti da sannarevi. es
dayofa emyareba II subieqtur da III iribobieqtur pirTa niS-
nebis sxvaobas.
x a n m e t i teqstebi ewodeba iseT werilobiTs Zeglebs,
sadac II subieqturi da III iribobieqturi pirebis niSnad x-
prefiqsia gamoyenebuli (x-akeTeb Sen, x-emaleba igi mas). xan-
meti teqstebi ZiriTadad TariRdeba VIII saukunis dasawy-
isamde periodiT. maTi umravlesoba saqarTveloSia daculi.
maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania qarTul-ebrauli
palimfsesti ("palimfsesti" berZnuli sityvaa, niSnavs "kvlav
gadafxekils". sazogadod, palimfsesti iseT xelnawers hqvia,
romelsac xelaxla iyeneben sawerad). xelnaweri Sedgenili
unda iyos V-VI saukuneTa mijnaze ierusalimSi, Semdeg ki mox-
vedrila ebraelebis xelSi. maT igi dauxeviaT (ufro sworad:
orad gaukecavT) da gamouyenebiaT TavianTi wignisaTvis - Tal-
mudis teqstisaTvis.
daaxloebiT XI saukuneSi ebraelebs qarTuli xelnaweri
palimfsestad uqceviaT. igi XIX saukunis bolomde inaxeboda
egvipteSi, kairos sinagogis genizaSi (xelnawerTa sawyobSi).
XIX saukunis miwurulSi genizis xelnawerebi gautaniaT
evropisa da amerikis biblioTekebsa da muzeumebSi. zemodasax-

- 88 -
elebuli xelnaweris erTi furceli moxvda inglisSi
bodleianis biblioTekaSi, sxva oTxi furceli - kembrijis uni-
versitetis biblioTekaSi, sami naxevi ki - britaneTis (lon-
donis) biblioTekaSi. palimfsestis sxva furclebis bedi uc-
nobia.
1897 wels oqsfordidan doqtorma neibauerma qarTul-
ebrauli palimfsestis erTi furclis (ori gverdis)
fotopiri gamougzavna peterburgis universitetSi niko mars.
marma maSinve ver miaqcia saTanado yuradReba am fotopirs da
igi Sesaswavlad gadasca ebraulis mkvlevars - kokovcovs.
gamoirkva, rom es furceli iyo Talmudis uZvelesi nusxa
(xelis mixedviT XI saukunisad miiCnies). marTalia, kokovcovi
qarTulis mkvlevari ar iyo, magram miuTiTa, palimfsestze
qarTuli naweri ebraulze Zveli Canso.
kokovcovma Tavisi naSromi am xelnaweris Sesaxeb ga-
moaqveyna 1899 wels. im dros iv. javaxiSvili iyo peterburgis
universitetis V kursis studenti, romelsac kokovcovi
ukiTxavda asuruls. niWier students - iv. javaxiSvils maswav-
lebelma aCuqa Tavisi Sromis amonabeWdi palimfsestis
fotopirianad. magram maSin iv. javaxiSvilma ver SeZlo am xel-
naweris wakiTxva da teqsti kvlav darCa qarTvelTa yuradRe-
bis miRma.
iv. javaxiSvilma mogvianebiT, 20 wlis Semdeg, gaSifra
zemoaRniSnuli palimfsestis nawyveti, romelic Seicavda
ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis xanmeti teqstis nawils. am Ze-
glis aRmoCeniT daiwyo axali etapi qarTuli xelnawerTmcod-
neobis istoriaSi. amave dros cxadi gaxda isic, rom V sau-
kuneSi biblia qarTulad naTargmni unda yofiliyo.
X saukunidan sinis mTaze, ekaterines monasterSi, inaxe-
boda VII saukunis II naxevarSi palestinaSi Seqmnili xelnaweri
- xanmeti leqcionari (leqcionari ewodeba Zveli da axali
aRTqmis wignebidan amokrebili sakiTxavebis krebuls).
1893 wels al. cagarels aRuweria sinuri xelnawerebi, maT
Soris xanmeti leqcionaric (29 furceli yofila), magram
male igi sxva xelnawerebTan erTad gautaniaT evropis qvey-
nebSi.

- 89 -
 xanmeti leqcionari vinme mxatvrisagan (milixisagan)
SeuZenia cnobil qarTvelologs hugo Suxardts, romelsac
manamde xelT hqonia sxva oTxi qarTuli xelnaweric. Suxardts
isini Seuswavlia da XX saukunis dasawyisSi kidec dauweria
Sroma "cnobebi qarTuli xelnaweris Sesaxeb". mxolod am Sro-
miT gaxda cnobili qarTvelebisaTvis xanmeti leqcionaris
arseboba.
h. Suxardtis koleqciis qarTuli xelnawerebi daculia
gracis universitetSi. swored aqedan miiRo a. SaniZem maTi
fotopirebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom xanmeti leqcion-
aris 2 furceli evropaSi gatanisas dakargula, magram dRei-
saTvis isinic aRmoCenilia: erTi inaxeba parizis nacionaluri
biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciaSi, meore - ing-
lisSi, birmingemSi.
a. SaniZis gamokvleviT, xanmet leqcionarSi dasturdeba
Svidi haemeti formac.
xanmeti iakobis protoevangele qarTuli kulturis is-
toriaSi ganuzomeli mniSvnelobis Zeglia, ramdenadac igi
aris sufTa xanmetobis amsaxveli (arc erTi SemTxveva ar aris
x-s klebisa da h-s xmarebisa); TariRdeba VII saukuniT.
iakobis protoevangele daculia avstriis nacionalur
biblioTekaSi. mas pirvelad miakvlia da gamoaqveyna 1970 wels
j. berdzolma.
h a e m e t i teqstebi. haemeti ewodeba iseT werilo-
biTs Zeglebs, sadac II subieqturi da III iribobieqturi pire-
bis niSnad gamoyenebulia h- prefiqsi (h-akeTeb Sen, h-emaleba
igi mas). haemeti teqstebi xanmetTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
cotaa. maTi ZiriTadi qronologia ganisazRvreba VIII sauku-
niT.
yvelaze Zvel haemet Zeglad iTvleba wyisis warwera (616-
619 ww.), xolo xelnaweri teqtebidan - haemeti leqcionari,
romelic aRmoaCina da gamosca a. SaniZem 1923 wels. enobrivi
da paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT, leqcionari VIII sauku-
nisaa. igi miaCniaT naSTad im didi moculobis wignisa, ro-
melic 400-mde furcels mainc Seicavda. Sinaarsis mixedviT
teqsti haemeti sakiTxavebis krebuli Cans.

- 90 -
 hadiSis oTxTavi Seqmnilia 897 wels gamoCenili Satber-
deli moRvawis - sofronis SekveTiT, gadamweria miqaeli.
hadiSis oTxTavi XI saukunemde (zogi cnobiT, XVI-mde)
SatberdSi inaxeboda. Semdeg igi sxva xelnawerebTan erTad
svaneTSi autaniaT da TiTqmis 400 weli daculi iyo mestiis
raionis sofel hadiSSi, bolos ki damkvidrda mestiis
mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi.
hadiSis oTxTavi erTaderTi namdvili haemeti teqstia.
xelnaweri gadawerilia haemeti dednidan, magram ise, rom
gadamwers imdroisaTvis ukve zedmetad qceuli h- prefiqsi
xmovnebis win aRar uxmaria, gamoutovebia. mxolod ramdenime
SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri Secdoma mosvlia da h mainc dauweria,
mere Secdoma TviTonve SeuniSnavs da h amoufxekia. swored
aseTi "SecdomebiT" dgindeba, rom dedani namdvilad haemeti
iyo.
hadiSis oTxTavi qarTuli enis istoriaSi didi mniSvnelo-
bis Zeglia, metad faseuli rogorc paleografiuli, ise
wminda enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac.
s a n n a r e v i teqstebi. samecniero literaturaSi san-
narevs uwodeben iseT teqstebs, sadac II subieqturi da III iri-
bobieqturi pirebis niSnad zogierTi Tanxmovnis win s- pre-
fiqsi dasturdeba imave poziciaSi sxva zmnebTan gamoyenebuli
h- prefiqsis gverdiT (e.i. piris niSnad h-s paralelurad Semo-
eria sani: h-wer Sen > s-wer... Sdr. hparav Sen...)
sannarevi xelnawerebidan qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis is-
toriaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sinuri mravalTavi.
igi aris pirveli TariRiani teqsti, gadawerili 864 wels
ierusalimSi, sabawmidis lavraSi. xelnaweri SeuwiravT sinis
mTis monastrisaTvis da dResac iqvea daculi (amJamad sinis
mTa, sadac wmida ekaterines saxelobis monasteria, arabTa
gaerTianebuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis). sinuri
mravalTavis Sedgenis iniciatori da ZiriTadi gadamweri, an-
derZis mixedviT, aris grigol xanZTelis mowafe makari
leTeTeli.
sinuri mravalTavi warmoadgens bizantiel avtorTa homi-
letikuri ("homiletika" - Zveli saeklesio moZRvreba-
qadagebani) Txzulebebis krebuls, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo

- 91 -
sauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebze wasakiTxad. mra-
valTavi didi moculobis wignia, Seicavs 275 furcels. masSi
Sesulia 18 avtoris 50 nawarmoebi. TxzulebaTa avtorebi
saeklesio da samwerlo asparezze moRvaweobdnen III-V sau-
kuneebSi.
mravalTavi dawerilia mSvenieri mrglovaniT. mxolod an-
derZis nawilia nusxuriT Sesrulebuli.
xelnaweri sayuradReboa Tavisi mdidari leqsikiTa da
arqauli gramatikuli formebiT. masSi SeiniSneba xanmetobis
kvalic, rac imas adasturebs, rom mravalTavSi Setanil
TxzulebaTa nawili xanmeti dednidanaa gadmowerili.
1950 wels sinis mTasa da ierusalims ewvivnen amerikeli
mecnierebi, romelTac gadaiRes iqaur xelnawerTa mikro-
firebi. swored maTi meSveobiT 1955 wels miiRo saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiam sinur da ierusalimur qarTul xel-
nawerTa mikrofirebi. 1959 wels daibeWda sinuri mravalTavis
sruli teqsti a. SaniZis redaqciiT, winasityvaobiTa da ga-
mokvleviT: "sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa".
2.2.3. uZvelesi istoriul-literaturuli
Txzulebani. saqarTveloSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibda mdidari literaturuli tradicia. dRemde moR-
weulia IV-V saukuneebSi Seqmnili originaluri Txzulebani
da ucxo enebidan Targmnili religiuri xasiaTis wignebi.
leonti mrovelis "qarTlis cxovreba" istoriuli
qronikaa. misi erT-erTi nawili - mefeTa cxovreba iwyeba
TxzulebiT - "cxovreba farnavazisi", romelic, mkvlevarTa
azriT, dawerili unda iyos Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi. igi uZvir-
fases cnobebs gvawvdis farnavazianTa dinastiis fuZemdeblis
farnavaz mefis cxovrebisa da Zv.w. IV-III saukuneTa mijnaze
farnavazisa da qujis mier erTiani saqarTvelos aRdgenis Ses-
axeb.
agiografiuli Txzuleba "wameba~ yrmaTa wmidaTa
cxraTa" dawerili unda iyos II an III saukuneSi, warmarTobis
xanaSi (S. jijeiSvili).
"mirian mefis anderZi" (ax. w. IV saukune) vrclad exeba
mirianis mefobis xanas. swored am dros qarTvelebma ofi-
cialurad miiRes qristianuli sarwmunoeba...

- 92 -
 "wmida ninos cxovreba" Seqmnili Cans IV saukunis I
naxevarSi. srul dedans Cvenamde ar mouRwevia (r. siraZe, m.
CxartiSvili, r. devdariani).
uZveles literaturul TxzulebaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT
sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovania "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTu-
lisa enisa~". teqsti SemorCenilia gadamweris - iovane
zosimes xelnawerebis saxiT; avtori ucnobia.
"qeba~s" Seswavlis istoria iwyeba 1858 wlidan, rodesac
frangma qarTvelologma mari brosem frangulad Targmna
"qeba~s" teqsti. dRemde araa dadgenili teqstis Seqmnis zusti
TariRi; savaraudo drod miiCneva: IV saukune (a.baqraZe,
r. patariZe, g. narsiZe, m. CxartiSvili...); VI saukune
(a.jafariZe); IX saukune (p. ingoroyva, t. futkaraZe...); X sau-
kune (k. kekeliZe, z. gamsaxurdia, n. papuaSvili...).
Tanamedrove kvlevis Sedegad aRiarebulia, rom "qeba~s"
xotbis ZiriTadi obieqtia qarTuli ena da qarTveli eri.
erT-erT xelnawers saTaurad aqvs "qeba~ qarTvelTa~ da qarT-
velTa enisa~" (gr.robaqiZe, z.gamsaxurdia, n.papuaSvili,
t.futkaraZe...). "qeba~s" ZiriTadi Sinaarsi aseTia: qarTuli ena
”Semkuli da kurTxeulia". qarTuli da berZnuli iseTive me-
gobrebi arian, rogoric nino da elene, romelTagan erTma sax-
areba uqadaga qarTvelebs, meorem ki - berZnebs; isini debi ar-
ian, viTarca mariami da marTa... qarTuli ena lazarea: qristem
lazare aRadgina mkvdreTiT. qarTul enaSi Senaxulia "yoveli
saidumlo": meored mosvlisas ufali qarTuli eniT gansjis
msoflios...
iakob curtavelis "wameba~ wmidisa SuSanikisi" dawer-
ilia V saukuneSi (476-482 wlebSi), Tumca Cvenamde moRweulia
teqstis X saukunis nusxa (xelnaweri) da ara dedani. teqstis
xasiaTi, misi daxvewili mxatvruloba cxadyofs im epoqaSi
qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciulobasa da maRal dones. av-
tori sainteresod aRwers V saukunisdroindel saqarT-
veloSi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas - politikur, ekonomikursa
Tu kulturul viTarebas. garda amisa, gvawvdis sagulisxmo
cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom gorgasalis epoqaSi bibliis
teqstebi ukve qarTulad yofila Targmnili (SuSanikma

- 93 -
"Tana waritanna evangelY TAsi da wmidani igi wignni mowameT-
ani").
"martviloba da moTmineba wmidisa evstaTi mcxeTelisa"
agiografiuli xasiaTis nawarmoebia. avtori ar aris cnobili.
istoriuli wyaroebiT, evstaTi mcxeTeli awames daaxl. 551
wels. Txzuleba dawerilia misi Tanamedrovis mier.
iovane sabanisZis "abos wameba" Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi
sayuradReboa Tematuri da Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiT.
masSi aRwerilia abos martviloba da Semdeg mocemulia himni
abosi. abo awames 786 wlis 6 ianvars. nawarmoebic Seqmnili
unda iyos daaxloebiT am periodSi, VIII saukunis bolos.
IX saukuneSia dawerili "cxoreba~ da wameba~ konstanti
kaxisa~".
"moqceva~ qarTlisa~" sxvadasxva piris mier sxvadasxva
dros dawerili epizodebis krebulia, romelic eZRvneba
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo religiad qristianobis gamocxade-
bas. tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, Txzuleba Sedgenili unda
iyos Satberdis monasterSi moRvawe beris mier arauadres IX
saukunisa (k. kekeliZe). samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebu-
lia, rom "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" Tavdapirveli varianti Seqm-
nili unda iyos V saukunis II naxevarSi.
"grigol xanZTelis cxovreba" qarTuli agiografiis erT-
erTi saukeTeso nimuSia, dawerili giorgi merCulis mier 951
wels grigolis "mowafeTa mowafeebis" monaTxrobis mixedviT.
avtori didi mxatvruli ostatobiT aRwers VIII-IX sau-
kuneebSi tao-klarjeTis ber-monazvnobis istorias, mTliani
saqarTvelos politikur da socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebas,
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT warmoaCens grigol xanZTelis -
am didi saeklesio moRvawis cxovrebasa da moqalaqeobas.
zemoCamoTvlilTa garda, kidev bevri sxva saintereso
originaluri Tu naTargmni Txzuleba Seiqmna Zvel saqarT-
veloSi.

literatura

- 94 -
 z. gamsaxurdia, "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~": ciskari,
1987, #3.
r. devdariani, qristianuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 2002.
p. ingoroyva, Txzulebani, t. IV, Tb.,1978.
k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1960.
e. maWavariani, bolnisis sionis samSeneblo warwera, Tb., 1985.
g. narsiZe, "qeba~s" istoriuli paralelebi: mnaTobi, 1986, #4.
g. narsiZe, davaTis qva-jvari: mnaTobi, 1987, #4, 8.
S. nucubiZe, palestinis axali gaTxrebi da qarTuli kulturis
sakiTxebi: mnaTobi, 1959, #1.
n.papuaSvili, ”qeba~s" fakultatiuri swavlebisaTvis: qarTuli
ena da literatura skolaSi, 1983, #2.
r. patariZe, "qeba~ qarTulisa enisa~", mnaTobi, 1987, #1.
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,
Tb., 1984.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1992.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, Tb., 1975-87.
qeba~ da dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~, Semdgenel-redaqtori t.
futkaraZe, Tb., 2000.
m. CxartiSvili, "saidumloeba saxelisa": mnaTobi, 1991, #6.
g. wereTeli, uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan, Tb.,
1960.
l. WilaSvili, nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qar-
Tuli damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2004.
z. WumburiZe, qarTuli xelnawerebis kvaldakval, Tb.,1983.

2.3. Zveli qarTveli mwignobarni

qarTvelTa samwignobro kultura saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxeSi uwyvetad iqmneboda didi qarTveli moRvaweebis mier;
isini arqauli da Tanamedrove xalxuri enobrivi monacemebis
SezavebiT mdidar, gamomsaxvelobiT enas qmnidnen. am faqtorma
Seapiroba samwignobro enis Tvisobrivi ucvleloba da sul
mcire, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba.

- 95 -
 qarTuli kultura ZiriTadad saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi
arsebul kulturul centrebSi moRvawe mwignobarTagan iqm-
neboda, kerZod:
samxreT saqarTveloSi: ioane mosxi, arsen safareli, gri-
gol xanZTeli, giorgi merCule, basil zarzmeli, ioane
mtbevari, ioane oqropiri...
dasavleT saqarTveloSi: ioane lazi, ioane minCxi (mart-
vileli), stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, tbeli abuseriZe,
Wyondidlebis mravali Taoba...
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi: bakuri, petre iberi, iakob
curtaveli, Sio mRvimeli, grigol diakoni, ioane sabanisZe,
ioane bolneli, leonti mroveli, arsen iyalToeli...
sazRvargareTul centrebSi: ioane zosime, basil sabawmin-
deli, miqel modrekili, filipe beTlemeli, eqvTime mTawmin-
deli, giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire, giorgi mcire...
maT moamzades SoTa rusTvelis epoqa...
mokled Zvel qarTvel mwignobarTa erT nawilis Sesaxeb:
bakuri. bakuri aris IV saukuneSi mcxovrebi filosofosi,
iberiis samefo gvareulobis warmomadgeneli, romlis Sesaxe-
bac oden berZnul-laTinurma wyaroebma Semoinaxes cnobebi;
bakurs ganaTleba miuRia Zveli kolxeTis tradiciebis
memkvidre filosofiur skolaSi, romelic dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi arsebula. bizantiaSi xangrZlivi moRvaweobisas mas
didi saxeli mouxveWia Tavisi sibrZnis gamo, im zomamdec, rom
erTi cnobili bizantieli filosofosi mas "RmerTebis say-
varels" uwodebs. savalalo isaa, rom bakuris TxzulebaTagan
Cvenamde aRarafers mouRwevia.
ioane lazi. IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyisSi
qarTlSi samefo karisa da eklesiis ierarqTa meTaurobiT
gaaqtiurebuli iyo mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba, romelsac
erTvoda sakuTriv qristianuli originaluri Sedevrebis
Seqmna. umTavres centrs warmoadgenda mefe bakuris samefo
kari. swored aq sami wlis ufliswulis - murvanosis (Sem-
dgomSi - petre iberis) aRmzrdelad dasavleT saqarTvelodan
moiwvies miTridate lazi. igi 12 wlamde zrdida da mwigno-
brobas aswavlida mefiswuls.

- 96 -
 s. yauxCiSvilis mosazrebiT, ioane anu miTridate lazi
dasavleT saqarTvelos cnobili ritorikuli skolis warmo-
madgeneli iyo. igi petres aswavlida qarTuls. ioane (miTri-
date) lazi unda yofiliyo qarTuli qristianuli saRv-
Tismsaxuro enisa da literaturis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da
qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi skolis erT-erTi lideri
(a.jafariZe).
ioane lazi miCneulia palestinis qarTuli monastris (sa-
dac daculia uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi) amgebad.
petre iberi. iberiis mefis - varaz-bakuris (an varaz-
baqaris Ze) Ze murvani 409 wels (an 410, 412 ww.) unda dabade-
buliyo. igi Tormeti an TxuTmeti wlisa saTanado amaliTurT
mZevlad warugzavniaT konstantinepolSi. Wabuki murvani im-
peratorsa da karis filosofosebs acvifrebda niWiTa da gan-
swavlulobiT. mefe-dedoflis gamorCeuli siyvaruliT iyo
garemosili, dideba ar aklda. miuxedavad amisa, mefuri
cxovrebis brwyinvalebas man beris cxovreba arCia: Tavis
sulier moZRvarTan - miTridate lazTan erTad sasaxlidan
gaipara da palestinaSi, ierusalimSi, maswavlebelTan erTad
berad aRikveca; amis Semdeg ewoda murvans petre, xolo
miTridates - ioane.
wminda adgilebis molocvisa da warmatebuli sasuliero
saqmianobis Semdeg isini daemkvidrdnen palestinaSi, sadac
SemdgomSi petre qalaq maiaumis episkoposad daadgines. oTx-
moc wlamde icocxla petre iberielma da didi gavlena da sax-
eli moipova bizantiaSi. imdroindeli wyaroebi mas moixsenie-
ben, rogorc "msoflioSi sakvirvelad saxelganTqmul kacs",
"meore mociqul pavles", "meore moses".
petre iberis mieraa dawerili "areopagituli wignebi",
romlebic VI saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan SecdomiT mie-
wereboda pavle mociqulis mowafes dionise areopagels
(e.honigmani, S.nucubiZe).
petre iberielis wignebma Sua saukuneebis azrovnebasa da
kulturaze didi gavlena moaxdina da iqca renesansis
filosofiur safuZvladac.
iakob xucesi. iakob curtaveli Cvenamde moRweuli
pirveli qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglis - "SuSanikis wamebis" -

- 97 -
avtoria. iakobi qristianobisaTvis wamebuli dedoflis
moZRvari iyo da, bunebrivia, Tavadac aris nawarmoebis per-
sonaJi. 476-482 wlebSi Seqmnili am Txzulebidan Cans, rom
iakobi brZeni da safuZvlianad ganaTlebuli pirovnebaa. iakob
xucess curtavelsac uwodeben. varaudoben, rom igi mogviane-
biT curtavis episkoposic gaxda. curtavi mdebareobda bol-
nissa da rusTavs Soris, iq, sadac erTdeba ori mdinare - maSa-
vera da xrami.
curtavSi iyo qarTlis pitiaxSis rezidencia. aqve arse-
bobda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kera, sadac swavlobdnen
qarTvelebic da mezobeli somxebic. aq uswavlia V saukunis
cnobil somex istorikoss - lazar farpels (lazar farpecs).
grigol diakoni. grigoli pirveli qarTveli is-
torikosia, romelsac dauweria "qarTlis mokle moqceva"; "mo-
qceva~ qarTlisa~s" WeliSur versiaSi vkiTxulobT: "viTarca
sweria grigol diakonis mciresa mas, mokled aRwerilsa,
wignsa qarTlisa moqcevisasa" (e. TayaiSvili, 1911, gv. 714). s.
kakabaZis azriT, grigoli aris IV saukunis II naxevris mwerali;
380-400 wlebSi mas jer berZnulad da mere qarTulad dau-
weria "mcire moqceva~ qarTlisa~". k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom IV
saukuneSi am doneze ver iqneboda ganviTarebuli qarTuli
mwerloba. samwuxarod, am moRvawis Sesaxeb sxva cnobebi ar
mogvepoveba.
ioane mosxi (Sdr., samcxis istoriuli sofeli musxi) VI-
VII saukuneebis msoflioSi cnobili mweralia. misi novelebis
krebuli Semonaxulia berZnul enazec (limonari - "mdelo")
da qarTuladac (”samoTxe"). fiqroben, rom berZnul "limon-
arsa" da qarTul "samoTxeSi" Sesuli novelebi ioane mosxma
erTimeorisagan damoukideblad dawera berZnuladac da qar-
Tuladac. aris mosazreba, rom ioane mosxis kalams ekuTvnis
"sibrZne balahvarisi".
Sio mRvimeli VI saukunis saeklesio moRvawea; igi im 13
asurel mamaTagania, romlebic saqarTveloSi siriidan
Camovidnen. varaudoben, rom asureli mamebi, warmoSobiT - ka-
badokielebi, qarTveluri modgmisani iyvnen (Sdr., kaba-
dokielebi iyvnen wminda giorgic, wminda ninoc; varaudoben, rom ka-
badokielia azoc). il. abulaZis azriT, Sio qarTvelia, igi iyo

- 98 -
ioane zedaznelis mowafe, SeZlebul RvTismsaxur aznaurTa
Svili, berad aRikveca, moRvaweobda zedazenSi da mere wavida
siriaSi.
Sio mRvimelis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli mcxeTis max-
loblad dRemde arsebuli monasteri "SiomRvime". Cvenamde ar
aris moRweuli misi krebuli "swavlani". Sio mRvimels
akuTvneben ramdenime savedrebels - Zveli qarTuli poeziis
nimuSebs; erT-erTi maTgani - "oxiTa~" mimarTulia RvTis-
mSoblisadmi da ganmsWvalulia lirizmiT. Sios anderZis
Tanaxmad, "oxiTa~" igalobeboda RvTismSoblis taZarSi.
ioane sabanisZe. VIII saukunis miwurulis saqarTveloSi
erT-erTi gamorCeuli sasuliero moRvawe da niWieri mwerali
iyo ioane sabanisZe; swored gamorCeulobis gamo miiRo man
qarTlis kaTalikosis - samoelis (780- 790 ww.) Txovna, daewera
Txzuleba axalmowamis - abos Sesaxeb.
790 wels ioane sabanisZes ukve dawerili hqonda "abos wa-
meba" da mas saqarTvelos yvela eklesiaSi kiTxulobdnen.
ioane sabanisZe aris pirveli, romelmac wamoWra erovnuli
sakiTxi da ganacxada, rom qarTvelebi gaimarjvebdnen mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamapapur wessa da rigs ar uRalatebdnen.
igi daupirispirda arabebsa da maT mier gadabirebul qarT-
velebs.
varaudoben, rom ioane sabanisZe moRvaweobda mcxeTis jvris
monasterSi.
seiTi VIII saukunis II naxevris mwignobaria, romelic
ierusalimSi, sabas lavraSi moRvaweobda. akad. k. kekeliZis va-
raudiT, man saTave daudo agiografiuli krebulis - "mra-
valTavis" Seqmnas.
grigol xanZTeli. grigol xanZTeli VIII-IX saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi udidesi saeklesio moRvawe da poetia. p. in-
goroyvas azriT, grigol xanZTelis kalams 300-mde himno-
grafiuli Sroma ekuTvnis.
grigolma 102 weli icocxla. Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis
manZilze man uamravi monasteri da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo kera aRadgina da aaSena. grigol xanZTeli
qarTveli eris sulier mamad SeiZleba miviCnioT: tao-
klarjeTSi misma didma Rvawlma gadaarCina erTiani saqarT-

- 99 -
velos idea, rasac Sedegad mohyva didi saqarTvelos aRorZi-
neba da msoflioSi gamorCeul qristianul qveynad qceva.
arsen didi safareli. arsen safarelis Sesaxeb cnobebs
"grigol xanZTelis cxovreba" iZleva. arseni samcxidanaa,
Svili didi feodalis - mirianisa. arseni 27 weli
kaTalikosobda (860-887 ww.). k. kekeliZis azriT, arsen didis
kalams ekuTvnis Txzuleba "Tqmuli wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa, ar-
senisa~, mcxeTeli kaTolikosisa~, romelic iyo sanaxebTagan
samebisTa safariT, ganyofisTAs qarTlisa da somxiTisa".
nawarmoebi exeba qarTvelTa da somexTa sarwmunoebriv
urTierTobasa da ganxeTqilebis istorias.
arsenis meore cnobili nawarmoebia "cxovreba da mart-
viloba abibos nekreselisa".
giorgi merCule (885-960 ww.). giorgi merCule moR-
vaweobda mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare xanZTis savaneSi.
niWieri da ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo, zedmiwevniT flobda
berZnul, arabul, siriul enebs. Targmnida wignebs. werda ga-
morCeul leqsebs, romlebsac misma Tanamedroveebma "merCu-
liulni" uwodes. profesiiT samarTalmcodne iyo. aqedan
modis misi zedwodeba "merCule", rac sjuls anu saeklesio ka-
nonis mcodnes niSnavs (iv. amirxanaSvili, 2006). giorgi mer-
Culem Seqmna Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis Sedevri -
"grigol xanZTelis cxovreba". mas ekuTvnis saukunovani Se-
faseba: "qarTlad (saqarTveloSi) friadi (mravali) queyana~
(mxare) aRiracxebis (iTvleba), romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa
eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrulebis".
ioane minCxi. ioane minCxi (saxelwodeba soflis saxelisgan
momdinareobs; sofeli minCxi amJamindel martvilis raionSia) qar-
Tuli himnografiis udidesi warmomadgenelia. X saukunis po-
etsa da musikoss mravali himni aqvs Seqmnili, romlebic cno-
bilia terminebiT: "minCxni", "minCxnisani"; sinis mTaze daculia
sagaloblebi, romelTac aweria "minCxurni"; specialistebis
daskvniT, am rigis qmnilebebi ekuTvnis minCxis skolis warmo-
madgenlebs da ara Tavad ioane minCxs.
eqvTime mTawmindeli aris aTonis saliteraturo skolis
erT-erTi damaarsebeli da udidesi moRvawe, romelmac gansa-
kuTrebuli kvali datova qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi.

- 100 -
eqvTimem didi mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba gaswia. is ara marto
berZnulidan Targmnida qarTulad, aramed qarTulidanac
berZnulad. misi Targmanebia: "raodennime werilni", "balah-
vari", da "abukura~". qarTveli mkiTxvelis interesebidan ga-
momdinare, Targmnisas eqvTime aToneli axal, Tavisufal re-
daqcias qmnida; SeiZleba iTqvas, is ucxour qmnilebebs aqar-
Tulebda. man, rogorc bizantielTa Soris kargad cnobilma
da didad popularulma moRvawem, cxadad daanaxa berZnebs
qarTuli kulturis maRali done da qarTveli eris sapatio
adgili qristian erTa Soris.
efrem mcire. efrem mcire XI saukunis cnobili moRvawea.
igi unda iyos Svili taoeli aznauris - vaCe kariWis Zisa, ro-
melic iziarebda bizantiis orientacias da konstantino-
polSi gadavida sacxovreblad, sadac miiRo ganaTleba da zed-
miwevniT Seiswavla berZnuli ena.
efremis meTaurobiT Sav mTaze Seiqmna qarTuli mwerlobis
mZlavri kera. efrem mcirem SeimuSava sakuTari mTargmnelo-
biTi Teoria, romelic sam princips efuZneboda: 1. Txzuleba
unda iTargmnos mxolod dednidan; 2. Targmani zustad unda
gadmoscemdes dednis teqsts; 3. Targmans unda daerTos ko-
mentarebi.
efremi farTo erudiciis moRvawea; man didi Rvawli gaswia
qarTuli samwignobro enis ganviTarebaSi; gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia is, rom efremi barbarizmebiTa da kalkebiT ar
amZimebs dedaenas da cdilobs Seqmnas, an cocxal kiloebSi mo-
iZios saTargmni leqsikis Sesatyvisi qarTuli erTeulebi
(SemdgomSi sityvaTqmnadobis amave kurss agrZelebs da aaqtiurebs
ioane petriwi). efremma SeimuSava punqtuaciis axali sistema.
qarTuli samwignobro enis, zogadad, kulturis istorias
aseve amSveneben: stefane sananoisZe (Wyondideli), daviT
tbeli, iovane-zosime, miqel modrekili, giorgi mTawmindeli,
stefane aToneli, Teofile xucesmonazoni, leonti mroveli,
giorgi mcire, daviT aRmaSenebeli, ioane petriwi, arsen beri,
nikoloz gulaberisZe, ioane anCeli, ioane SavTeli, arsen
iyalToeli, tbeli abuseriZe da sxva. aqve, sagangebod davasax-
elebT cnobil mwignobrebs svaneTidan: grigol svani, ioane
qancxiani (qacxiani), grigol qancxiani, ilarion sofromaZe,

- 101 -
timoTe papa, ioane farjaniani, vaxtang farjaniani, ioane xari-
toniani, giorgi mozdoniani, miqael odariani, uxojeliani,
Sqeriani, ioane javesiani, demetre ifareli, BeSdiniani, ioane
dalidiani, qerabin xojelani, demetre RoReliani, ivane mu-
laxeli da mravali sxv.
dasasrul aRsaniSnavia isic, rom wina saukuneebSi moRvawe
Cveni winaprebic gansakuTrebuli sisaTuTiT ixsenebdnen da
inaxavdnen Zvel qarTvel mwignobarTa saxelebs; sanimuSod
warmovadgenT nawyvets XVI saukunis moRvawis - bagrat baton-
iSvilis Txzulebidan "moTxroba~ sjulTa uRmrToTa is-
maitelTa~": "iyvnes ukue uwinares mohamedisa kacni wmindani
da saswaulTmoqmedni, naTesaviT qarTvelni, daviT (tbeli)
da stefane (Wyondideli)... romelni warvides ierusalims…
da gviTargmnes Cuen wignebi yoveli berZnulisgan qarTu-
lad"...

literatura

iv. amirxanaSvili, qarTuli literaturis saymawvilo istoria:

"literaturuli saqarTvelo", 2006, 28. VIII.
g. gasviani, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan, Tb.,
1973.
Е. Такаишвили, Описание рукописей, Тбилиси, II, 1911.
r. TvaraZe, literaturuli werilebi, Tb., 1996.
k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1980.
k. kekeliZe, adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura,
Tb.,1961.
Н. Марр, Грузинские приписки греческого Евангелея из Коридии, С.-
Петербург, 1911.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1992.
t. futkaraZe, qarTli - qarTvelTa "friadi (mravali) qveynis"
saerTo saxeli (romeli qveynebi iTvleba qarTlad
"gr.xanZTelis cxovrebis" mixedviT?); Tsu mesxeTis fili-
alisa da grigol xanZTelis sazogadoebis erToblivi
samecniero konferencia, 17-18 aprili, 2003.
anania jafariZe (mTavarepiskoposi), petre iberi marTlmadide-
beli episkoposi, Tb., 2002.

- 102 -
 anania jafariZe (mTavarepiskoposi), qarTuli saeklesio (salit-
eraturo) enis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis (ioane lazi),
Tb., 2002.

2.4. Zveli qarTuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

kerebi saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi

2.4.1. kulturis kerebi Zvel saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelo

uZvelesi kulturis qveyanaa, magram warmarTuli periodis
werilobiTi Zeglebi Cvenamde srulad ar aris moRweuli;
savaraudoa, rom adrindeli qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis
(daiaeni, kolxa, anu Zveli qarTli) uZvelesi kulturuli
kerebi sakulto centrebSi arsebobda. saqarTveloSi swavla-
ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganviTarebas SegviZlia Tvali ga-
vadevnoT adreqristianuli xanidan.
qristianobam - am uaRresad mwignobrulma religiam safuZ-
veli Cauyara qristianul mwerlobas, Seqmna skolebi... ma-
galiTad, egrisSi (romelic, "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT,
qarTlis organuli nawili iyo) III-VI saukuneebSi fazisis
(foTis) maxloblad arsebobda umaRlesi ritorikuli skola -
lazTa akademia, sadac aswavlidnen ritorikul xelovnebas,
ZiriTadad filosofiasa da samarTlis safuZvlebs; agreTve:
literaturas, musikas, astronomiasa da maTematikis elemen-
tebs. aq izrdebodnen saukeTeso oratorebi da politikuri
moRvaweebi. kolxeTis akademia im dros imdenad mniSvnelovani
kulturuli centri yofila, rom aq ganaTlebis misaRebad
modiodnen gamoCenili bizantieli filosofosebic ki.
lazTa akademiis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia berZeni filoso-
fosis - Temistiosis - erT-erT werilSi. Temistiossa da
mamamissac ritorikuli ganaTleba lazTa akademiaSi miuRiaT.
aq uswavlia ioane lazsac.
Tavdapirvelad, warmarTuli tradiciis inerciiT, qar-
Tuli mwignobruli saqmiaoba ZiriTadad mimdinareobda mefe-
mTavarTa da episkoposTa karze, magram VII saukunidan, roca
SesamCnevad ganmtkicda samonastro cxovreba, saganmanaTle-

- 103 -
blo da kulturul-literaturul centrebad iqca eklesia-
monastrebi.
istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Zvel saqarTveloSi
monastrebi (rogorc religiur-kulturuli kerebi) pirve-
lad dauarsebiaT asureTidan Camosul kapadokiel ma-
mebs. maTi moRvaweobis periodad varaudoben VI saukunes.
momdevno xanaSi kidev ufro mravldeboda eklesia-
monastrebisa da maTTan praqtikuli mizniT gaxsnili skolebis
ricxvi. aq xdeboda qristianuli damoZRvra da eklesiis
msaxurTa momzadeba... aswavlidnen saRmrTo werils, galobebs,
filosofias, ucxo enebs.
saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis axali etapi
iwyeba IX saukunidan, roca qarTvelebma, erTi mxriT, gaicnes
bizantiuri skola da, meore mxriT, axlo urTierToba
daamyares ucxoeTSi arsebul qarTul samonastro kerebTan.
am periodSi saqarTvelos kulturul kerebs Soris
upirvelesi iyo tao-klarjeTis centrebi. tao-klarjeTi
ZvelTaganve dasaxlebuli yofila qarTvelebiT: WanebiT, me-
grelebiT, taoelebiT, maWaxlelebiT, aWarlebiT, livanele-
biT, SavSelebiT... VI-VII saukuneebSi aq auSenebiaT qris-
tianuli salocavebi, romlebic VIII saukunis I naxevarSi mur-
van yrum gaanadgura; am ubedurebas male daemata Jamianoba
(xolera)... mosaxleobisagan TiTqmis daicala es mSvenieri
mxare, ganadgurda aqauri eklesia-monastrebic.
VIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan tao-klarjeTs kvlav dau-
brunda sicocxle; maleve ganaxlda opizis ioane naTlismcem-
lis saxelobis monasteri, romelic mokle droSi iqca am
kuTxis samonastro cxovrebisa da qarTuli mwerlobis erT-
erT mniSvnelovan kerad.
tao-klarjeTis samonastro cxovrebisa da qarTuli kul-
turis Semdgomi aRmavloba uciloblad dakavSirebulia gri-
gol xanZTelis saxelTan. grigol xanZTelis xelmZRvanelo-
biT TiTqmis sulier udabnod qceuli tao-klarjeTi daifara
eklesiebiT. grigolma aq aago mamaTa sami da dedaTa ori
monasteri. amaTgan mwerlobis istoriisaTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo Sa tberdi, sadac Seiqmna hadiSis, jruWisa
da parxlis oTxTavebi, Satberdis krebuli da a.S. aranaklebi

- 104 -
mniSvneloba hqonda xanZTis, iSxnis, oSkis, xaxulis, berTisa
da parxlis monastrebsac.
tao-klarjeTis monastrebi gadaiqca qarTuli mwerlobis
akvnad. maT didi roli Seasrules Cveni mwignobrobis is-
toriaSi. aqaa Seqmnili udidesi nawili im saganZurisa, rac
mogvepoveba IX-X saukuneebidan. aqve Camoyalibda erovnul
niadagze aRmocenebuli tao-klarjeTis saliteraturo skola,
sadac qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi energia ise gaizarda, rom igi
gascda saqarTvelos farglebs da gagrZelda sazRvargareTis
qarTul samonastro da saliteraturo wreebSi.
XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi tradiciad iqca niWieri
ymawvilebis gagzavna saberZneTis skolebSi swavla-ganaTlebis
misaRebad. swored aseTi gziT moxvdnen ucxoeTSi da iqaur
umaRles saswavleblebSi aRizardnen efrem mcire, eqvTime
aToneli, giorgi mTawmideli, arsen iyalToeli, ioane
petriwi da sxvebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ucxoeTSi ganaTle-
bamiRebuli qarTvelebi iqve aarsebdnen seminariebs, saswavle-
blebs da Semdgom sakuTari skolis tradiciebi gadmohqondaT
samSobloSi. am aspeqtiT gansakuTrebiT farTod gaiSala
muSaoba daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi. cnobilia, rom daviTma
gelaTis monastris didi eklesiis aSenebis Semdeg (1106 w.)
Semoikriba swavluli qarTvelebi, aqve daaarsa gelaTis
akademia, raTa gelaTi qceuliyo meore aTinad Tu meore
ierusalimad. marTlac, gelaTis akademiam maSindel msof-
lioSi male gaiTqva saxeli da mogvevlina "sxuad aTinad,
friad uaRres missa".
XI-XII saukuneebSi, roca saqarTvelom Tavisi politikur-
kulturuli ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia, samecniero-
saganmanaTleblo skolebi - akademiebi Seiqmna gremsa da
iyalToSi.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli swavla-ganaTlebis kerebi xels
uwyobda qarTuli mwerlobisa da filologiuri azrovnebis
ganviTarebas, iwereboda originaluri Txzulebani, ucxo ene-
bidan iTargmneboda mdidari literatura. swored am pe-
riodSi Seiqmna ukvdavi "vefxistyaosani".
XIII saukunidan saqarTvelo politikurad iwyebs dasuste-
bas, daqveiTebas. Sesabamisad, TandaTan ganadgurda kultu-

- 105 -
ruli monapovari, Seferxda skolebis saqmianoba, zogan ki
mTlianad Sewyda... magram aRorZinebis xanidan (XVII s.) CvenSi
kvlav gamococxlda kultura, literatura, mwerloba. gansa-
kuTrebiT gamravlda elementaruli, pirveldawyebiTi
skolebis ricxvi TbilisSi. gaCnda saSualo saswavleblebic. am
mxriv, pirvel yovlisa, unda davasaxeloT Tbilisis seminaria,
romelic gaixsna 1755 wels anton kaTalikosis iniciativiT
(seminariis pirvel reqtorad daniSnes filipe yaiTmazaS-
vili) da Telavis seminaria (gaixsna 1782 wels).
XVIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi saskolo-saganmanaTleblo
saqme warmatebiT xorcieldeboda, magram ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos dapyrobam qveynis ganviTareba Seaferxa.

2.4.2. qarTuli kulturis kerebi ucxoeTSi. Zveli

saqarTvelos sasuliero mwerlobisa da, saerTod, mecnier-
uli azrovnebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda qarTvelTa mier
sazRvargareT Seqmnili eklesia-monastrebic.
"yvelaze mniSvnelovan da msxvil sazRvargareTul centre-
bad am periodSi samarTlianad unda CavTvaloT iveriis
monasteri aTonis mTaze, svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis savane
Sav mTaze, antioqiis maxloblad, jvris monasteri palesti-
naSi da petriwonis monasteri makedoniaSi" (k. kekeliZe).
werilobiTi wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom qarTvelebs axlo
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi samonastro kolonizacia dauwyiaT
jer kidev adreqristianul xanaSi. Tavdapirvelad aseT uax-
loes punqtebad iTvleboda palestina da siria.
p a l e s t i n a. qarTvelTa samonastro cxovreba palesti-
naSi saTaves iRebs IV-V saukuneebidan. pirveli periodis
monastrebidan cnobili iyo xaritonis, eqvTimes, Teodores,
sabas lavrebi.
qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania Teodores saxelobis monasteri, romelic
uZveles ZeglebSi moxseniebulia sxvadasxva saxeliT: "qarT-
velTa monasteri", "lazTa monasteri", "iberTa monasteri"
(dRes "beTlemis monastersac" uwodeben).
wm. Teodores monasteri agebuli unda iyos IV saukuneSi
qarTlis mefe bakuris dros. igi V saukuneSi (daaxl. 440-ian

- 106 -
wlebSi) ganuaxlebiaT petre iberielsa da ioane lazs (rom-
lebic iq moRvaweobdnen sikvdilamde da iqve daimarxnen), VI
saukuneSi ki momxdara am taZris xelaxali aRdgena-ganaxleba
mama antonis mier (S. nucubiZe).
petre iberielma monasterSi Seqmna skola, romlis birTvs
Seadgenda siriaSi myofi qarTveloba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
am skolaSi swavlamiRebuli qarTvelebi samSobloSi
dabrunebulan, rac qarTul istoriografiaSi cnobilia
asurel mamaTa mosvlis saxeliT.
petre iberielis moRvaweobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
mxared miCneulia maSindeli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
kerebis - eklesia-monastrebisa da sastumroebis mSenebloba,
qarTvelTaTvis gankuTvnili TavSesakrebi adgilebis Seqmna
siria-palestinaSi. misi TaosnobiT siriaSi daarsda qarT-
velTa kolonia, sadac, saeklesio-religiuris garda, eweodnen
farTo filosofiur-kulturul da samwerlo xasiaTis
saqmianobas.
qarTvelTa am uZvelesi savanis Sesaxeb axali da farTo in-
formacia CvenSi cnobili gaxda XX saukunis Sua xanebSi, roca
italieli virjilio korbos mier Catarebuli arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad ierusalimSi, beTlemis maxloblad, aRmo-
Cenil iqna qarTuli monastris nangrevebi uZvelesi qarTuli
warwerebiT. swored am warweraTa meSveobiT, sadac moxsenie-
bulia rogorc mefe bakuri, ise taZris ganmaaxleblebi - petre
iberi (murvanosi) da antoni, dgindeba monastris istoria.
beTlemis (palestinis) warwerebi qarTuli gramatologiis
(damwerlobaTmcodneobis) metad faseuli dokumentia. uZve-
lesi wyaroebiT irkveva, rom palestinaSi qarTvelebs hqoniaT
20-mde savane, romelTagan Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT
imTaviTve gamorCeuli yofila sabawmidis lavra. igi
dauarsebia 483 wels cnobil saeklesio moRvawes - saba
ganwmedils (439-532 ww.).
sabawmidis lavraSi saukuneTa manZilze iqmneboda
mniSvnelovani Zeglebi qarTul, siriul, somxur, berZnul,
arabul enebze. magram mainc sabawmidis samonastro keris is-
toriaSi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo VIII-IX saukuneebi. am
periodSi igi iqca saqristiano mwerlobis erT-erT gamor-

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Ceul kerad: warmoebda intensiuri literaturul-
mwignobruli saqmianoba, gatarda qarTuli saliteraturo
enis reforma; ganviTarda originaluri himnografia,
TargmniTi literatura, gaxSirda xelnawerTa gadawera, Sem-
koba-Semosva... aRizardnen kaligrafebi (makari leTeTeli,
giorgi Tbileli, ioane-zosime...).
xelnawerTa umetesoba, romlebic sinis mTaze inaxeba, VIII-
IX saukuneebSia Seqmnili sabas lavraSi. aq unda SemuSavebu-
liyo is xelic, romelsac sabawmidurs uwodeben. X saukunis
dasawyisidan sxvagvarad warimarTa sabawmidis taZris bedi.
arabebma ukve aSkarad iwyes qarTvelebis Seviwroeba da male
maTi gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcvis gamo sruliad
SeuZlebeli gaxda savaneSi cxovreba da moRvaweoba. qarT-
velebma iZulebiT miatoves iqauroba da miaSures sxva
monastrebs, ZiriTadad, sinis mTas. axal sadgomSi Tan gadai-
tanes rogorc samonastro tradiciebi, ise aq gadawerili da
damuSavebuli wignebis didi nawili. samudamod Sewyvita arse-
boba sabawmidis lavram, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma
Cauyara safuZveli ucxoeTSi qarTul mwignobrul tra-
diciebs da romlis SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba Zlier nakadulad
erTvoda im did mdinares, rasac qarTuli qristianuli kul-
tura hqvia.
jvris monasteri palestinis qarTuli samonastro cen-
trebidan SedarebiT gviandelia. mas Semdeg, rac XI saukunis
pirveli meoTxedidan arabTa politika palestinis qristiane-
bisadmi (gansakuTrebiT monastrebisadmi). ramdenadme
Seicvala, am qveyanaSi qarTvelTaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda sa-
monastro cxovrebis ganaxleba; XI saukunis I naxevarSi cno-
bilma mwignobarma giorgi proxore SavSelma daaarsa jvris
monasteri saqarTvelos samefo karis mxardaWeriTa da dax-
marebiT. taZris Seneba proxores dauwyia eqvTime mTawmindlis
brZanebiT. gadmocemiT, TiTqos monastris adgilas moWrili
xisagan unda iyos gakeTebuli is jvari, romelzedac qriste
acves (monastris saxelsac am faqts ukavSireben). giorgi
SavSels savaneSi Semoukrebia 80-mde qarTveli moRvawe. maTi
literaturuli saqmianoba ZiriTadad gamoixateboda sxva av-
torTa Txzulebebis gadaweraSi, magram, palestinaSi Seqmnili

- 108 -
politikuri viTarebis gamo, qarTvelTa cxovreba-moRvaweobas
aqac male daemuqra saSiSroeba. 1071 wels ierusalimis aRe-
bisas Turq-selCukebma qarTuli savanec daarbies da nawilo-
briv daangries. cota xnis Semdeg igi kvlav aRadgines da
moxates daviT aRmaSeneblis daxmarebiT. 1273 wels monasteri
gadaakeTes meCeTad, magram saqarTvelos mefeebis CareviT ma-
leve daibrunes igi qarTvelebma da ganagrZes samonastro
cxovreba.
cnobilia, rom XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi nikoloz
(nikifore) ColoyaSvils jvris monasterSi didi aRdgeniTi
samuSaoebi Cautarebia: mouxatvinebia kedlebi da gumbaTi. am
periodSi ierusalimis qarTvelobasa da palestinis jvris
monasters udides daxmarebas uwevda samegrelos mTavari le-
van dadiani (1611-1657). misi Rvawli asaxulia monastris qar-
Tul da berZnul warwerebSi (l.menabde).
jvris monasterSi literaturul saqmianobas eweodnen
cnobili qarTveli mwignobrebi da kaligrafebi: arsen iyal-
Toeli, nikoloz gulaberisZe... tradiciuli gadmocemiT, aq
erTxans umoRvawia SoTa rusTvelsac (mTavar taZarSi svetze
Semonaxulia misi freskuli portreti XII-XIII saukuneebisa).
mkvlevarTa azriT, jvris monastris qarTuli mwerloba
Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT faqtobrivad aris aTonisa da
sabas lavris literaturuli tradiciebis gagrZeleba.
sagulisxmoa, rom XI saukunidan moyolebuli XIX saukun-
emde, miuxedavad ucxoelTagan mudmivi Tavdasxmebisa da devna-
Seviwroebisa, jvris monasteri palestinaSi mainc rCeboda
qarTuli mwerlobis umTavres centrad. XVIII saukunis
dasasrulamde taZari nominalurad kvlav iTvleboda qarT-
velTa sakuTrebad, magram XIX saukunis damdegs xangrZlivi
istoriis mqone es didebuli savane mTlianad daicala qarT-
velTagan da yovlad arakanonierad gadavida berZnebis xelSi.
s i r i a. aRmosavleT siriaSi, antioqiis maxloblad, Sav
anu sakvirvel mTaze arsebobda qarTvelTa samonastro cen-
trebi. Sav mTaze qarTvelebi ukve VII saukunidan eweodnen sa-
monastro cxovrebas (k. kekeliZe). aq moRvaweobda svimeon mes-

- 109 -
vete sakvirvelmoqmedi, romlis saxeli dakavSirebulia ek-
lesiis istoriasTan.
Sav mTaze intensiuri mwignobrul-saganmanaTleblo
muSaoba iwyeba XI saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, roca aq dasax-
lda samxreT saqarTvelodan wamosuli bevri cnobili
filosofosi da mwignobari: giorgi Seyenebuli, giorgi
mTawmindeli, efrem mcire, saba Tuxareli, anton tbeli da
sxvebi. XI saukunis II naxevarSi Sav mTaze 60-mde qarTveli moR-
vaweobda.
XIII saukunis bolos Savi mTis monastrebis literatu-
ruli saqmianoba mTlianad Sewyda. roca siria Turqebma
daipyres da antioqia patara mahmadian qalaqad iqca, monas-
teric gaveranda da daingra. qarTvelebmac iZulebiT miatoves
iqauroba samudamod.
a r a b e T i s naxevarkunZuli. sinis mTis wm. ekaterines
saxelobis monasteri mdebareobs arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
dasavleTiT, sinis naxevarkunZulis samxreT seqtorSi. cno-
bilia, rom sinis mTaze jer kidev VI saukunidan cxovrobda
TiTo-orola qarTveli, IX saukuneSi daarsda qarTuli saT-
vistomo, romelsac male miaSures X saukuneSi arabebis Zal-
momreobiT palestinaSi Seviwroebulma qarTvelma moR-
vaweebma. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sinis mTis kolonia sabawmidis
monastris pirdapiri gagrZelebaa.
sinis mTa, rogorc miuvali kuTxe, SedarebiT mosvenebuli
iyo mtrebis Semosevebisa da aoxrebisagan, amitom aq ufro aris
daculi da Semonaxuli TariRiani Tu uTariRo Zveli qar-
Tuli xelnawerebi.
XI saukuneSi daviT aRmaSenebelma sinis mTaze (qorebis
mTaze) aago axali eklesia da senakebi qarTvel moRvaweTaTvis,
SemdgomSi Tamar mefec ugzavnida uxv Sewirulebas aqaur
qarTvelebsa da maTs savaneebs. qarTvel mefeTa mfarvelobis
meoxebiT, sinis mTis savane kidev didxans agrZelebda samona-
stro cxovrebasa da literaturul saqmianobas, magram XV
saukunidan aq ukve sagrZnoblad Senelda yovelgvari moR-
vaweoba, XVII saukuneSi ki qarTvelebma mTlianad miatoves
iqauroba, radgan saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleTSic osmalTa

- 110 -
mxridan iseTi politikuri situacia damyarda, rom qarTuli
savanis gadarCena SeuZlebeli gaxda.
sinis mTis wm. ekaterines saxelobis monasterSi Tavi moi-
yares cnobilma mwignobrebma, poetebma, kaligrafebma, wignTa
mmosvelebma. eseni iynen: ioane minCxi, ioane-zosime, ioane ku-
murdoeli, makari leTeTeli da sxvebi. swored maTi erTo-
blivi moRvaweobiT Seiqmna uaRresad mdidari wignsacavi, ro-
melic naTlad warmoaCens aqaur qarTvelTa mravalferovan
literaturul interesebs. X saukuneSi aqve hqoniaT ara
mxolod biblioTeka, aramed samkiTxvelo darbazi da spe-
cialuri katalogic. qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi sinis
mTis monastris mniSvneloba metad faseulia im mxrivac, rom
uZveles qarTul xelnawerTa didi nawili aqauri savanis meS-
veobiT Semogvenaxa. bevri amaTgani dResac sinis mTazea
daculi, zogi ki inaxeba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi: Tbi-
lisis, sankt-peterburgis, praRis, gracis, aSS-isa da sxva bib-
lioTekebSi.
b i z a n t i a. qarTvelTa samonastro kolonizacia bizan-
tiaSi VIII-IX saukuneebidan dawyebula. am saqmeSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs ilarion qarTvels, romelsac bi-
zantiaSi dauarsebia ori qarTuli monasteri: erTia olimpis
anu ulumbos monasteri mcire aziis biTviniaSi (sadac
ilarioni mosula 864 wels) da meore - "qarTvelTa monas-
teri hromanas" (agebuli imperator basilis mier 876 wels
ilarionis nawilTa dasasveneblad).
am droisaTvis olimpos mTaze qarTvelebs hqoniaT sami sxva
eklesiac: quabi an eklesia wmidisa RvTismSoblisa, kozman-
damiane da lavra krania.
werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, ulumbos monasterSi im-
TaviTve mimdinareobda literaturuli saqmianoba, ramac
ufro intensiuri saxe miiRo mas Semdeg, rac aq damkvidrda
mama-Svili ioane da eqvTime. ioane yofila samcxis war-
Cinebuli ojaxis Svili. qristes siyvarulis gamo man miatova
samSoblo, saxli, dideba, col-Svili... farulad aRikveca
berad, Semdeg gaxda ulumbos monastris Zmobis wevri, aqve moi-
yvana Tavisi mcirewlovani umcrosi Svili eqvTime. mama da
Svili erTgulad emsaxurebodnen qristesac da qarTul mwig-

- 111 -
nobrobasac. 965 wels ioane SviliTurT gadavida aTonis
mTaze aTanases lavraSi. ioanem aqac didad gaiTqva saxeli.
eqvTimes biografis cnobiT, rodesac eqvTimem kargad
Seiswavla qarTuli da berZnuli enebi, mamam uTxra: "Svilo
Cemo, qarTlisa queyana~ didad naklulovan ars wignTagan...
da vxedav, romel RmerTsa moumadlebia Senda; aw iRuawe,
raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan"... da igi vi-
Tarca iyo yovelsave zeda morCil, moswrafed Seudga brZane-
basa missa da iwyo Targmnad" (k. kekeliZe).
aTanases lavraSi Zmobis wevrTa raodenoba TandaTan iz-
rdeboda. male maT SeuerTda cnobili qarTveli mxedarTmTa-
vari Tornike, romelic ioanem berad aRkveca ioanes saxeliT.
radganac lavraSi qarTvelTa ricxvi sistematurad matu-
lobda, amitom iqve axlos damatebiT aaSenes ioane maxaroblis
eklesia da senakebi ZmaTaTvis.
980-983 wlebSi aTonis wminda miwaze tao-klarjeTis sa-
vaneebSi aRzrdili moRvaweebis mier daarsda RvTismSoblis
saxelobis monasteri. damaarsebelia ioane (SemdgomSi cno-
bili ioane aToneli); man Tornike erisTavis mier brZolebSi
mopovebuli simdidris nawiliT aago es didebuli taZari, ro-
melic mTel im mxareSi gamorCeuli iyo mSvenierebiT, sila-
maziT da ganTqmuli - simdidriT.
Tavdapirvelad monastris winamZRvarTa gadawyvetilebiT,
savaneSi ar unda SeeSvaT berZnebi, magram dabali samsaxuri-
saTvis mainc gaxda aucilebeli berZnebis miwveva. samwuxarod,
rac dro gadioda, monasterSi maTi ricxvi matulobda... sim-
didres daxarbebuli berZnebi ramdenjerme daesxnen Tavs ta-
Zars, gaZarcves da moindomes qarTvelebis sruliad gandevnac
ki.
saqarTvelos xelisufalTa CareviT, qarTvelebi XIII sau-
kunis bolomde ase Tu ise inarCunebdnen monasters, magram
XIV saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, roca TandaTan sustdeboda
saqarTvelos politikuri siZliere, aTonis savaneSic Sesam-
Cnevad mcirdeboda qarTveloba... XIV saukunis II naxevarSi
konstantinopolis patriarqis - kalistes dadgenilebiT
monastris winamZRvrad da sxva sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze
qarTvelebs aRar niSnavdnen. marTalia, qarTvelebi monastris

- 112 -
oficialur patronebad momdevno saukuneebSic iTvlebodnen,
magram faqtobrivad berZnebi ganagebdnen yovelives da, bolos,
XIX saukuneSi, roca saqarTvelom dakarga politikuri da-
moukidebloba, berZnebma sabolood gamodevnes qarTvelebi
aTonis mTidan da daepatronnen qarTuli kulturis am
SesaniSnav Zegls, "Cveni winaprebis naWirnaxulevs".
aTonis iverTa monasteri bizantiaSi iyo qarTuli
sulieri kulturis mZlavri kera, qarTuli erovnuli ideis
matarebeli. monasterSi Tavi moiyares qarTvel moRvaweTa
saukeTeso Zalebma. aqaur literaturul skolas sxvadasxva
dros winamZRvrobdnen ioane da eqvTime aTonelebi, giorgi
mTawmindeli. aqve moRvaweobdnen stefane aToneli, arsen ni-
nowmindeli, ioane grZelisZe da sxv. aq, aTonze, Camoyalibda
gansakuTrebuli saliteraturo, sagramatiko da sakali-
grafio skola, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova Cveni
mwignobrobis istoriaSi.
aTonis iverTa monasterSi daiwera bevri originaluri
Txzuleba, iTargmna bizantiuri literaturis mniSvnelovani
Zeglebi, bibliis teqstebi (romlebmac kanonikuri uflebac
moipoves). sagulisxmoa isic, rom qarTul enaze arsebuli
aqauri literatura iTargmneboda berZnul Tu sxva enebze. am
mxriv, gansakuTrebiT faseulia eqvTime aTonelis mier qar-
Tulidan berZnulad naTargmni "sibrZne balavarisi" -
agiografiul-moraluri da asketur-dogmaturi xasiaTis
Txzuleba, romelic warmoadgens budas cxovrebis gadmokeTe-
bas saqristiano moTxrobad.
mkvlevarTa azriT, am Txzulebis Tavdapirveli redaqcia,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, gadmokeTebuli unda iyos arabulidan
araugvianes VIII saukunisa, gaxda berZnuli Targmanis dedani
da swored am gziT gavrcelda Txzuleba mTels evropul lit-
eraturaSi (p.peetersi, m.TarxniSvili).
irkveva, rom aTonel wminda mamaTa moRvaweoba mxolod
mwignobrul-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT rodi Semoifar-
gleboda. aTonis savane X-XII saukuneebSi mtkice burjad edga
Cvens kulturasa da saganmanaTleblo sistemas rogorc
sazRvargareTis qarTul samonastro centrebSi, ise saqarT-
veloSi. magaliTad, swored eqvTimes davalebiTa da xelSewyo-

- 113 -
biT dauwyia giorgi SavSels jvris monastris Seneba... giorgi
mTawmindels saqarTvelodan bizantiaSi wauyvania 80 ymawvili
ganaTlebis misaRebad da a.S. "erTi sityviT, arc erT samona-
stro dawesebulebas iseTi mniSvneloba ar hqonia Cveni mwer-
lobisa da kulturis istoriaSi, rogorc aTonis iveriis
monasters" (k.kekeliZe).
m a k e d o n i a. sazRvargareTis qarTul saganmanaTleblo-
kulturul centrebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
petriwonis monasters, romelic auSenebia grigol bakuri-
anisZes 1083 wels makedoniaSi, sofel petriwoSi (axland.
bulgareTSi, sof. baCkovo, q. plovdivis axlos). monasters saxel-
wodebac am soflis mixedviT daerqva.
grigol bakurianisZe bizantiis istoriaSi kargad cnobili
pirovneba yofila. ganaTlebulma, energiulma da Wkvianma bi-
zantiis imperatoris karze male gaiTqva saxeli da bizantiis
jarebis xelmZRvanelic gaxda. sabrZolo warmatebisaTvis im-
peratorebma grigols uboZes didZali simdidre da daumtki-
ces samflobelod sofeli petriwo. swored am mamulSi iqna
agebuli monasteri grigolisa da misi Zmis - abazis Zvlebis
gansasveneblad.
monastris mTavari taZari RvTismSoblis saxelobisa iyo,
xolo sxva ori patara eklesia atarebda ioane naTlismcem-
lisa da mTavarmowame giorgis saxels.
grigols qarTul da berZnul enebze Tavad Seudgenia
monastris tipikoni (wesdeba), sadac iyo gansazRvruli
monastris mkvidrTaTvis savaldebulo wesebi da Tanve xazgas-
miT miTiTebuli, rom monasteri aSenda mxolod qarTvelTaT-
vis (amitomac uwodebda grigoli "qarTvelTa anu iverielTa
monasters").
tipikonis wesebis gamkacreba da Zmobis wevrad gaxdomaze
kontroli grigolis mxridan uTuod imiTac iqneboda gamow-
veuli, rom sazRvargareT yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo berZenTa
aSkara cda da gansakuTrebuli interesi qarTvelTa savaneebis
dapatronebisa.
petriwonis monasteri ar emorCileboda arc erT adgilo-
briv saeklesio da saeriskaco xelisufals. Sedgeboda 50 ber-
isagan. monastris pirveli winamZRvari grigoli iyo. misi sik-

- 114 -
vdilis Semdeg berebi Tavad irCevdnen winamZRvars. Rirssac-
nobia isic, rom am periodis sazRvargareTis samonastro kere-
bidan mxolod petriwonis monasterTan arsebobda seminaria,
sadac monastrisaTvis samRvdlod amzadebdnen qarTvel bavS-
vebs. seminariaSi Sesvla SeeZlo mxolod qarTuli wera-
kiTxvis mcodnes; swavlebac qarTul enaze mimdinareobda.
seminariaSi aswavlidnen konstantinopolis manganis
akademiidan (daaarsa konstantine monomaxma 1044-1047
wlebSi) gamosuli qarTveli moRvaweni. varaudoben, rom semi-
nariaSi aswavlida saxelganTqmuli qarTveli filosofosi
ioane, romelsac monastris mixedviT miuRia zedwodeba
petriwi.
XI-XII saukuneebSi petriwonis monasteri gaxda Cveni
mwerlobis erT-erTi Zlieri centri. iqaur mwignobrul
saqmianobas, tradiciuli azriT, TiTqmis oci wlis manZilze
xelmZRvanelobda ioane petriwi, romlis literaturul-
filosofiurma skolam (petriwonulma skolam) kidev ufro
dauaxlova qarTuli mwerloba bizantiurs. petriwonis
monasterSi moRvawe qarTvelebma filosofiuri wignebis
TargmniTa da komentirebiT xeli Seuwyves qarTuli
filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas, filosofiuri ter-
minologiis Seqmnas. saqarTveloSi petriwonis skolis tra-
diciebi gagrZelda gelaTis monasterSi, gansakuTrebiT mas
Semdeg, rac aq gadmosaxlda ioane petriwi.
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi (1204 wels, zogi cnobiT - 1189
wels) jvarosnebma petriwonis monasteri daarbies da
gaZarcves. amitom monastris saqmianoba Zalian Seferxda, ma-
gram XIV saukunis damdegamde aq jer kidev iyo qarTuli ele-
menti, Semdgom ki iqaurobas mTlianad daepatronnen sruliad
sxvebi.
dasasrul, rogorc petriwonis monastris, ise ucxoeTis
sxva qarTuli centrebis moRvaweoba da, sazogadod, maTi
mniSvneloba qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi SeiZleba
SevafasoT iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT: "sazRvargareTuli
monastrebi, romelnic gaSenebulni iyvnen bizantiuri swavla-
ganaTlebisa da saRvTismetyvelo-saeklesio mwerlobis yvela
umTavres centrSi, sadac isini sruli avtonomiiT sarge-

- 115 -
blobdnen, saSualebas aZlevdnen qarTvelebs ufro advilad
edevnebinaT Tvalyuri maSindeli ganaTlebuli kacobriobis
warmatebisaTvis da kvaldakval mihyolodnen mas" (1949, gv.
314).

literatura

k. danelia, qarTuli gramatikuli azris saTaveebTan: ”ciskari",

1990, #8.
avT. ioseliani, qarTuli mwignobrobis, wignisa da stambis isto-
riis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990.
k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1960.
iv.lolaSvili, ioane petriwi, "saTnoebaTa kibe", Tb., 1968.
d.meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da
stili, Tb., 1975.
d.meliqiSvili, gelaTis samonastro-literaturuli skola
(akademia), quTaisis universitetis moambe, 1993, #1, gv. 6-
24; #2, gv. 3-25.
l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I-II, Tb., 1980.
S.nucubiZe, petre iberieli da fsevdo-dionises Txzulebani, Tb.,
1952.
S.nucubiZe, palestinis axali gaTxrebi da qarTuli kulturis
sakiTxebi, ”mnaTobi", 1959, #1.
z.sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,
Tb., 1984.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1992.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, Tb., 1975-87.
a. SaniZe, qarTuli monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,
Txzulebani, t. IX, Tb., 1986.
v. CaCaniZe, petre iberieli da qarTuli monastris arqeologiuri
gaTxrebi ierusalimSi, Tb., 1974.
z. WumburiZe, qarTuli xelnawerebis kvaldakval, Tb., 1983.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III, Tb., 1949.

2.5. qarTvelologiuri kvleva ucxoeTSi

- 116 -
 2.5.1. ucxoeli qarTvelologebi. sazRvargareTuli
qarTvelologia antikuri xanidan iRebs saTaves. saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb aRweriTi xasiaTis cnobebs pirvelad vxvdebiT Zveli
berZeni da romaeli istorikosebis (herodotes, aristoteles,
strabonis, pliniusis, tacitusis, apianesa da sxv.) naSromebSi.
am aspeqtiT faseulia agreTve IV-XV saukuneebis bizantiel
avtorTa cnobebi da XIII-XV saukuneebis dasavleT evropis
mogzaurTa Canawerebi, sadac aRwerilia ara marto Cveni
qveynis ulamazesi buneba, misi xelsayreli geografiuli mde-
bareoba, qarTveli xalxis zne-Cveulebani, aramed miTiTebulia
am mxaris kulturis uZvelesobac. magram mecnieruli qarT-
velologia ZiriTadad iwyeba XVII-XVIII saukuneebidan. am-
ieridan evropis qveynebSi qarTuli kulturis safuZvliani
Seswavla farTo xasiaTs iRebs. ucxoelTaTvis gansakuTrebiT
saintereso kvlevis obieqtad iqca qarTuli ena - msoflios
erT-erTi uZvelesi ena.
dRes kidev ufro masStaburia qarTvelologiuri kvleva.
sazRvargareTis bevr qveyanaSi (italia, aSS, safrangeTi, ger-
mania, inglisi, Sveicaria, espaneTi, norvegia, belgia, polo-
neTi, CexeTi, ungreTi, CineTi, iaponia...) arsebobs qarTvel-
ologiuri centrebi, sadac swavloben da mecnierulad
ikvleven qarTul enasa da literaturas, saqarTvelos is-
toriasa da kulturas. aq izrdebian ucxoel qarTvelologTa
Taobebi (amjerad mokled visaubrebT mxolod ramdenime maT-
ganze).
i t a l i a
Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli qarTvelologiuri cen-
trebidan yvelaze xangrZlivi da mdidari tradicia aqvs
italias. cnobilia, rom evropelTagan pirvelad italielebi
dainteresdnen qarTuli eniTa da damwerlobiT, litera-
turiTa da kulturiT. aq XVII saukunis I meoTxedidan daiwyo
farTo xasiaTis qarTvelologiuri saqmianoba, rac ganapiroba
italieli misionerebis moRvaweobam saqarTveloSi. am mxriv
didi damsaxureba miuZRviT antonio jardinas, stefane
paolonis, francisk mario majos, bernardo neapolels,
kristoforo de kastelis, pietro delavales da sxvebs.

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 sagulisxmoa isic, rom pirveli qarTuli wigni swored am
qveyanaSi daibeWda - 1629 wels. stefane paolinim da niki-
fore ColoyaSvilma (irbaxma) Seadgines da romSi gamosces
"qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni".
italieli misionerebi saqarTveloSi aarsebdnen skolebs,
sadac qarTvel bavSvebs aswavlidnen sakuTari gramatikebiTa
da leqsikonebiT. saqarTveloSi yofnis dros kristoforo
de kastelis Seudgenia suraTebis albomi, romlis naxatebic
cocxlad warmoaCenen XVII saukunisdroindel saqarTvelos,
gansakuTrebiT ki imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da afxazeTis
istoriis ucnob masalebs. bevr maTgans saqarTvelos istori-
isaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
pietro delavalem romSi Caitana uZvelesi qarTuli xel-
naweri (oTxTavi) da safuZveli Cauyara evropaSi qarTul xel-
nawerTa Sekrebas.
qarTuli enaTmecnieruli azrovnebis istoriaSi metad
faseulia "qarTuli enis gramatika", romelic laTinur enaze
dawera francisk mario majom da 1643 wels dabeWda romSi
(meored gamoica 1670 wels). marTalia, am gramatikaSi zogi
enobrivi movlena arasworadaa axsnili, magram saerTod igi sa-
yuradRebo daskvnebsac Seicavs. sanam mari broses gramatika
gamovidoda, evropelebi majos SromiT ecnobodnen qarTul
enas (arn. Ciqobava).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom italielma misionerebma qarTuli
enis Sesaxeb Seqmnes seriozuli gramatikuli literatura da
erTgvarad Seuwyves xeli gramatikuli mecnierebis danergvas
saqarTveloSi.
1722 wels neapolSi daarsda aRmosavlur enaTa koleji,
romelic mogvianebiT gadakeTda aRmosavleTmcodneobis in-
stitutad. swored aq Caeyara safuZveli kavkasiis xalxTa enis,
istoriisa da kulturis mecnierul Seswavlas. am droidan
ucxoeli mecnierebi sagangebod msjelobdnen qarTuli enis
warmoSobisa da naTesaobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, italiaSi moR-
vawe lorenco ervasi Seecada, qarTuli ena daekavSirebina
berZnul-laTinurTan. igi miuTiTebda agreTve evropeli da
kavkasiis iberebis naTesaobaze. ervasim 1787 wels gamosca mra-
valenovani leqsikoni. qarTulis garda, igi yuradRebas

- 118 -
aqcevda sxva qarTvelur enobriv erTeulebsac. samecniero
literaturaSi man pirvelma dabeWda Wanuri dialeqtis ori
nimuSi (teqsti).
italiaSi qarTvelologiuri muSaoba ufro mravalmxrivi
gaxda XX saukunis dasawyisidan, rasac, erTi mxriT, didad
Seuwyo xeli iq mcxovrebi qarTveli emigranti mecnierebis:
m. TamaraSvilis, mix. TarxniSvilis, S. beriZis moRvaweobam da,
meore mxriT, prof. bernardo barbielinis mecnierulma in-
teresebma.
1935 wels neapolis aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganaxlebul
instituts saTaveSi Caudga cnobili orientalisti, grafi
b. barbielini. igi erTxans Turme saqarTveloSic cxovrobda,
kargad gaucvnia Cveni xalxis kultura da istoria (umog-
zauria saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi), praqtikulad
Seuswavlia qarTuli ena... dauweria naSromi: "vin arian
xevsurni".
1936 wels barbielinim aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-
tutSi daaarsa qarTvelologiis kaTedra, aqve Seiqmna
"kavkasiis kabineti". institutSi axlo aRmosavleTis Semswav-
lel studentTaTvis SemoRebul iqna qarTuli enis savalde-
bulo orwliani kursi. barbielinis miwveviT, qarTvel-
ologiis kaTedras 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda ev-
ropaSi saxelganTqmuli qarTveli mecnieri S. beriZe, kiTxu-
lobda leqciebs qarTul enasa da literaturaSi.
dRes qarTvelologiis mZlavri centrebi arsebobs ve-
neciisa da milanis universitetebSi. 1987 wels veneciis uni-
versitetSi qarTvelologiis kaTedra daaarsa cnobilma
qarTvelologma luiji magarotom. igi saqarTvelos xSiri
stumaria. safuZvlianad flobs qarTul enas, ikvlevs qar-
Tuli enisa da literaturis sakiTxebs, aswavlis qarTul enasa
da literaturas ucxoel studentebs, Targmnis qarTveli po-
etebisa da mwerlebis nawarmoebebs. swored mTargmnelobiTs
saqmianobaSi miRweuli warmatebisaTvis 1999 wels luiji ma-
garotos mianiWes inglisis qarTvelologiuri centris
marjori uordropis saxelobis premia. Rirssacnobia isic, rom
veneciis universitetSi qarTuli ena iswavleba damoukidebel
sagnad. qarTvelologiur centrs aqvs mdidari biblioTeka,

- 119 -
gamodis Jurnal "georgikas" italiuri seria... da, rac mTa-
varia, italiis qarTvelologiur centrebSi nayofierad moR-
vaweoben axalgazrda qarTvelologebi: jorjo rota, luka
tauferi, andria ferirazi, julia jerodi, eridano
basareli, jorjo Ziferi, boRos zekiani, marcela frangipane
da sxv.
Tanamedrove italieli qarTvelologia mama luiji man-
tovani. igi 1998 wlidan saqarTveloSi cxovrobs da moR-
vaweobs, rogorc kaTolike mRvdeli, uaRresad ganaTlebuli
pirovneba. flobs ramdenime evropul enas, magram gansakuTre-
buli interesiT qarTul enas ikvlevs. TanamemamuleebisaTvis
(visac qarTuli enis Seswavlis survili aqvs) dawera "qar-
Tuli enis mcire gramatika" da "qarTuli enis savarjiSoe-
bis mcire krebuli"; garda amisa, 2006 wels gamoica mama lui-
jis mier Sedgenili vrceli "italiur-qarTuli leqsikoni."
germania
germaniaSi (germanulenovan qveynebSi) qarTvelologiuri
centri gamorCeulia mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweo-
biTa da mdidari tradiciebiT. marTalia, jer kidev Suasau-
kuneebidan moyolebuli germaneli, avstrieli, Sveicarieli
mogzaurebi, diplomatebi, mecnierebi, wmida mamebi saqarT-
veloSi Camodiodnen sxvadasxva mizniT da met-naklebad
gansxvavebul cnobebs awvdidnen Tanamemamuleebs am qveynis is-
toriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, magram qarTvelologiis sa-
Taved mainc XVII saukune iTvleba, roca germanelTa wignebSi
pirvelad gaCnda cnobebi qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis Ses-
axeb.
sagulisxmoa, rom amave periodSi daiwyes germanelebma
msjeloba qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxebac. magaliTad,
g.laibnicma (1647-1716ww.) pirvelma scada moeZebna msgavseba
qarTulsa da indoevropul enebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom
laibnicis daskvnebi zogjer ar eyrdnoboda damajerebel
faqtobriv masalas, mainc, saerTod, am didi avtoritetis
SromebSi mocemul msjelobas qarTuli enis Sesaxeb didi
mniSvneloba hqonda ucxoeTis samecniero wreebSi qarTuli
enis problemebisadmi interesis gamoCenis TvalsazrisiT
(arn. Ciqobava).

- 120 -
 kavkasiuri (maT Soris qarTveluri) enebis Sesaxeb
saintereso dakvirvebebia warmodgenili msoflioSi saxel-
ganTqmuli filosofosis - fridrix miuleris SromebSi
"qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis Sesaxeb", "qarTuli Sriftis war-
momavlobis Sesaxeb", "kavkasiur enaTa adgili enaTmecniere-
baSi" da a.S. fr. miulerma qarTvelur enaTa naTesaobasTan
dakavSirebiT wamoayena axali Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT,
qarTvelur-kavkasiuri enebi ar enaTesaveba msoflioSi arse-
bul arc erT enas; maT sruliad gankerZoebuli adgili
uWiravT msoflios enaTa sistemaSi - qmnian calke damoukide-
bel ojaxs.
XIX saukunis II naxevridan germanel qarTvelologTa mec-
nieruli kvlevis sferoSi, am zogadi enobrivi problemebis
garda, wminda lingvisturi sakiTxebic moeqca, rac, Tavis
mxriv, moiTxovda qarTuli enis praqtikul codnas da misi
rTuli (evropul enaTagan sruliad gansxvavebuli) struqturis daw-
vrilebiTs analizs. am aspeqtiT pirvel rigSi unda davasax-
eloT adolf diris (1867-1930 ww.) saqmianoba. igi 1902-1913
wlebSi cxovrobda kavkasiaSi, swavlobda am kuTxis xalxTa yo-
fasa da enebs.
a. diris mravalricxovan qarTvelologiur naSromTagan
gansakuTrebiT faseulia germanul enaze gamocemuli "Te-
oriul-praqtikuli gramatika Tanamedrove qarTuli enisa"
(1904), "kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis Sesavali" (1928 w.) da a.S.
"a. diris qarTvelologiur naSromebs dRemde ar daukargavs
mniSvneloba" (arn. Ciqobava).
am periodis qarTvelologiuri kvlevis istoriaSi ganu-
zomelia avstrieli mecnieris, gracis universitetis saxel-
ganTqmuli profesoris - hugo Suxardtis (1842-1927 ww.)
Rvawli. msoflio lingvisturi mecnierebis korife bavSvo-
bidanve gamorCeuli yofila ucxo enebis advilad aTvisebis
gansakuTrebuli unariT. germanikuli enebis garda, icoda
kelturi, slavuri, romanuli enebi, ebrauli, arabuli,
ungruli, baskuri... safuZvlianad Seuswavlia kavkasiuri
enebi, maT Soris, Zveli da axali qarTuli, romelic, misi az-
riT, namdvilad aris "metad Taviseburi, saintereso da msof-
lio mecnierebisaTvis sayuradRebo ena".

- 121 -
 h. Suxardti srulyofilad flobda qarTul enas, ad-
vilad erkveoda mis struqturul TaviseburebebSi, amitom
iyo, rom man pirvelma miuTiTa zog iseT enobriv movlenaze,
romelic maSin TviT qarTveli specialistebisaTvisac ki uc-
nobi iyo. magaliTad: abruptivebis (mkveTri Tanxmovnebis)
Tavisebureba qarTulSi, maxvilis buneba, moqmedebiTi brunvis
-iv niSniani varianti, moTxrobiTi brunvisa da gardamavali
zmnis raoba (ergatiuli konstruqcia), dialeqtebSi -ye
nawilakis gamoyeneba iribi obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRsaniS-
navad da a.S.
h.Suxardts saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli qarT-
velur enaTa naTesaobazec. lingvistikaSi manve gaukafa gza
termins ”qarTveluri enebi".
h. Suxardtma gadaarCina da qarTul kulturas Semounaxa
ramdenime Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri, maT Soris - VII saukunis
xanmeti leqcionari. sagulisxmoa, rom ucxoelma mecnierma
xanmeti teqstis Seswavla im dros daiwyo, roca saqarTveloSi
saerTod araferi icodnen xanmetobis Sesaxeb. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT a. SaniZe kidec werda: "h. Suxardts TiTqmis sworad
gaugia xanmetobis arsi, amitomac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xanmeti
Zeglebis Seswavlis wamowyeba pirvelad mainc Suxardtis sax-
elTan iqneba dakavSirebuli".
h. Suxardti iyo ara marto uZlieresi mecnier-
Teoretikosi, aramed praqtikosi maswavlebelic. gracis uni-
versitetSi man Seadgina qarTuli enis Semswavlel studentTa
jgufi.
XX saukuneSi kidev ufro mravalmxrivi gaxda qarTvel-
ologiuri saqmianoba germaniaSi. aTeulobiT ucxoeli iwyebs
qarTuli enisa da literaturis, xelovnebisa da kulturis
istoriis safuZvlian Seswavlasa da mecnierul kvlevas. sa-
gulisxmoa isic, rom zogierTma maTganma disertaciac ki
daicva qarTvelologiis sakiTxebze da metad faseuli mec-
nieruli daskvnebiT gaamdidra qarTuli lingvistika. eseni
arian: gerhardt deetersi, artur laisti, hugo huperti,
gertrud peCi, iulius asfalgi da sxvebi.
germaniaSi (iena, miunxeni, berlini, hale, oldenburgi,
boni...) dResac aqtiurad moRvaweoben da sayuradRebo qarT-

- 122 -
velologiuri xasiaTis naSromebsa da saleqsikono bazebs
qmnian: karl horst Smidti, hainc fenrixi, iost giperti,
vinfrid boederi, Stefi iunger-xotivari, qristine lix-
tenfeldi, hupert fenzeni, ulrix boki, viqtoria ruika
franci, ahmeT iunali, volfgang Sulce, elmar kristmani,
bernard komri, harald komri, herman harcingeri, iorg fas-
binderi, eskart olshauzeni, ralf-bernhard vartke, har-
ald hauptmani, zigmar fon Snurbaini, vinfred orTmani,
ernst pernicka, hartmut kiune...
qarTvelologiaSi gamorCeuli Rvawli aqvs hainc fenrixs.
igi metad mravalmxrivi Semoqmedia. misi kvlevis sagania
rogorc enaTmecniereba, ise qarTuli literatura da kul-
turis istoria; Targmnis germanulad qarTvel mweralTa
nawarmoebebs. h.fenrixis mravalricxovan qarTvelologiur
naSromTagan gansakuTrebiT faseulia "qarTuli enis mokle
gramatika" (1986), a. SaniZis "Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikis"
germanuli Targmani, "qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri
leqsikoni" (gamoica 1990 wels TbilisSi, Tanaavtoria z. sar-
jvelaZe) da a.S.
h.fenrixi SesaniSnavad flobs Zvel da sasaubro qarTuls,
megrul-Wanur-svanursa da ramdenime CrdiloeT kavkasiur
enasac.
qarTvelologiaSi miRweuli didi warmatebisaTvis h. fen-
rixi dajildoebulia iv. javaxiSvilis medliT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi qarTvelologiur saqmianobas
xels uwyobs qarTuli klubebi da saTvistomoebi, qarTveli da
germaneli kolegebis mWidro mecnieruli TanamSromloba.
ienis fr. Sileris saxelobisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetebi erToblivad scemen qarTvelologiur Jurnals -
"georgikas" (romlis erT-erTi redaqtori da gamomcemelia
hainc fenrixi), paralelurad ienis universitetSi gamodis
samecniero Jurnali: "enaTa formebi da Sinaarsi". orive Jur-
nalSi sistematurad ibeWdeba qarTvel da ucxoel mecnierTa
naSromebi qarTuli enisa da literaturis, istoriis, xelov-
nebisa da filosofiis sakiTxebze.
amerika

- 123 -
 aSS-Si qarTvelologiur kvlevas safuZveli Cauyara har-
vardis universitetis profesorma robert bleikma (1886-
1950 ww.); igi san-franciskodanaa. 1908 wels daamTavra kali-
forniis universitetis klasikuri berZnulis ganyofileba.
Semdeg erTdroulad swavlobda harvardisa da berlinis uni-
versitetebSi. 1914 wels r. bleiki, rogorc peterburgis uni-
versitetis Tavisufali msmeneli, miavlines kavkasiaSi, samag-
istro gamocdebi Caabara qarTuli sityvierebis dargSi.
r. bleiki iyo Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis mkvle-
vari. gamosca qarTuli biblia da paleografiuli teqstebi
(laTinuri TargmaniTurT), mecnierulad aRwera palestinasa
(jvris monasterSi) da aTonze (iverTa monasterSi) daculi
qarTuli xelnawerebi, romelTa mecnieruli Rirebuleba
Zalian didia.
dRes SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis bevr univer-
sitetSi (harvardis, monrealis, Cikagos, vaSingtonis, oqs-
fordis, indianis, tuskanis, kvebekis, neSvilisa da sxv.). moR-
vaweoben cnobili qarTvelologebi: hovard aronsoni, alis
harisi, diana holiski, qevin TuiTi, noel polki, kim breiT-
veiti, hol hedviki, luis frensis solano, dodona
kiziria... adam smiTi, ron gorni, robert driusi, kreg mel-
CerTi, jin gregi da sxvebi.
hovard aronsoni cnobili enaTmecnieria. man Cikagos uni-
versitetSi daaarsa qarTuli enis kaTedra, SemoiRo qarTuli
enis saswavlo kursi, gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime naSromi
qarTuli enis gramatikis sakiTxebze. ikvlevs Zvelsa da axal
qarTul enas. 1982 wels gamosca ”qarTuli enis gramatika" -
saxelmZRvanelo ucxoel studentTaTvis. man d.kiziriasTan
erTad Seadgina saxelmZRvanelos meore wigni (qrestomaTia).
aRsaniSnavia, rom aronsonis gramatika ucxoeTSi Zalzed
popularulia, praqtikulad gamoyenebuli.
diana holiski (vaSingtonis jorj meisonis universitetis
profesori) qarTul enas studentobisas gaecno Cikagos uni-
versitetSi (aq qarTul enas aswavlida hovard aronsoni). igi
saqarTvelos ramdenjerme ewvia, praqtikulad Seiswavla qar-
Tuli ena, gansakuTrebiT dainteresda mTis kiloebiT.
safrangeTi

- 124 -
 safrangeTSi Cveni qveynis Sesaxeb pirveli zogadi cnobebi
Suasaukuneebidan Cndeba. magaliTad, frangi mogzauris - Jan
Sardenis vrcel TxzulebaSi "mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmo-
savleTis sxva qveynebSi" didi adgili eTmoba saqarTvelos.
cnobilia, rom 1672-1673 wlebSi Sardenma imogzaura kavkasi-
aSi, moiara dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, vrclad
aRwera sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi uamravi faqti da movlena Cveni
qveynis sinamdvilidan da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
piradi STabeWdilebebi Seavso saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb
cnobebiT, romlebic amokriba berZen, romael da sparsel is-
torikosTa Txzulebebidan, misionerTa Canawerebidan.
Sardenis es cnobebi metad faseuli da sando masalaa
saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, magram safrangeTSi mecnierul
qarTvelologiur muSaobas safuZveli Caeyara XIX saukunis
Suaxanebidan, rac dakavSirebulia frangi orientalistis,
akademikos mari broses saxelTan.
aRiarebulia, rom mari brose (1802-1880 ww.) iyo qarT-
velologiis mamamTavari ara mxolod safrangeTSi, aramed
mTels evropaSi. m. brose qarTuli eniTa da saerTod saqarT-
veloTi dainteresebula mas Semdeg, rac frangul enaze gasc-
nobia rusi swavlulis - evgeni bolxovitinovis naSroms:
"saqarTvelos politikuri, saeklesio da swavla-ganaTlebis
mdgomareobis istoriuli mimoxilva", sadac sxva sakiTxebTan
erTad saubaria qarTuli enisa da misi damwerlobis uZvele-
sobaze (e.bolxovitinovi: "qarTuli matiane qarTuli damwerlobis
Seqmnas miawers mefe farnavazis epoqas").
mari brosem Seiswavla qarTuli ena (muSaobaSi daxmarebas
uwevdnen miwer-moweriT Teimuraz batoniSvili da sen mart-
eni). 1834 wels gamosca qarTuli enis TviTmaswavlebeli -
"qarTuli enis gramatika", romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
antonis, majos, daviT batoniSvilis gramatikebi.
1837 wels mari brose miiwvies ruseTSi, airCies peterbur-
gis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrad qarTul-somxuri
filologiis ganxriT. man aqac Cauyara safuZveli qarTvel-
ologias, cdilobda, qarTuli ena umaRlesi specialuri ga-
naTlebis sistemaSi Sesuliyo. am mizniT sataxto qalaqSi
kiTxulobda jer sajaro leqciebs saqarTvelos istoriaSi,

- 125 -
xolo Semdeg (1841-1842 ww.) - qarTuli filologiis kurss
peterburgis universitetSi.
mari brosem frangulad Targmna da Svid tomad gamosca
"qarTlis cxovreba" da sxva saistorio Txzulebani...
1920-iani wlebidan frang qarTvelologTa Soris nay-
ofieri moRvaweobiT gamoirCeoda parizis kaTolikuri uni-
versitetis profesori moris brieri. wlebis manZilze aswav-
lida qarTul enas parizis kaTolikuri universitetis Zveli
aRmosavluri enebisa da aRmosavleTis cocxali enebis sko-
laSi. ikvlevda Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebs. 1931 wels niko
maris TanaavtorobiT m. brierma frangul enaze gamosca 800-
gverdiani saxelmZRvanelo "qarTuli ena".
frang mecnier-lingvistTa Soris, romlebmac qarTuli ena
specialuri kvlevis sagnad gaixades, aRsaniSnavia rene lafoni
(1899-1974 ww.). igi gaxldaT gamoCenili enaTmecnieri, basko-
logi, kavkasiologi, qarTvelologi. r. lafonma qarTuli enis
gramatikis zogadsa Tu konkretul sakiTxebs uZRvna araerTi
naSromi: ”qarTuli enis ukeT gacnobisaTvis", "kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba", "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi", "baskur-kavkasi-
uri etiudebi", sadac didi adgili aqvs daTmobili baskur-
qarTul Sesatyvisobebs. da a.S. frangulad Targmna qarTvel
enaTmecnierTa gamokvlevebi, "vefxistyaosnis" calkeuli
Tavebi, qarTvel klasikosTa mxatvruli nawarmoebebi.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos isic, rom rene lafoni -
rogorc qarTuli da baskuri enebis saukeTeso mcodne - da-
bejiTebiT miuTiTebda baskur da qarTul enaTa monaTesaveobis
Sesaxeb. 1969 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samec-
niero sabWom qarTuli enis Seswavla-popularizaciaSi didi
damsaxurebisaTvis rene lafons mianiWa sapatio doqtoris
wodeba.
dRes rom safrangeTSi qarTvelologiuri centri erT-
erTi Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi skolaa, amaSi didi wvlili
miZRviT agreTve: JorJ diumezils, bernar uties, rober
troimfs, Jan pier giuglielms, fransua mar telamons,
Sarl mersiesa da sxvebs.
safrangeTSi arsebobs qarTvelologTa sami oficialuri
centri: parizis aRmosavluri enebisa da civilizaciis insti-

- 126 -
tuti, sorbonis universiteti (qarTuli enis kaTedra) da
parizis qarTvelologiisa da kavkasiologiis samecniero cen-
tri.
inglisi
inglisSi mecnieruli qarTvelologia aRmocenda XIX sau-
kunidan. pirvel inglisel qarTvelologad asaxeleben cnobil
mecniers, poliglots, saeklesio istoriis mkvlevars - solo-
mon sozar malans, romelmac inglisurad Targmna platon
ioselianisa da gabriel episkoposis religiuri xasiaTis
nawarmoebebi... mas 1872 wels quTaisSi yofnisas gelaTSi
wirva-qadageba qarTul enaze Cautarebia.
inglisuri qarTvelologiis meore TvalsaCino warmo-
madgenelia oqsfordis universitetis profesori uiliam ri-
Card morfili. man jer damoukideblad daiwyo qarTuli enis
Seswavla, Semdeg, 1888 wels, saqarTveloSic Camovida, ufro
axlos gaecno qarTul kulturasa da aqaur cnobil moR-
vaweebs: ilias, akakis, iakob gogebaSvils, ivane maCabelsa da
sxvebs... imave wels inglisSi gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli qarT-
velologiuri naSromi: "qarTuli ena da mwerloba". mas Sem-
deg, wlebis manZilze, aqtiurad iyo dakavebuli qarTvel-
ologiis sakiTxebiT.
qarTvelologiis Semdgomi ganviTareba inglisSi
uciloblad dakavSirebulia da-Zma - marjori da oliver
uordropebis saxelTan. maT srulyofilad Seiswavles qar-
Tuli da inglisurad Targmnes qarTuli mwerlobis bevri sau-
keTeso nimuSi: sulxan-saba orbelianis "sibrZne sicruisa",
"visramiani", qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, ilia WavWavaZis
"gandegili", "wm. ninos cxovreba"... marjori uordropma Targ-
mna agreTve "vefxistyaosani". swored am SesaniSnavi TargmaniT
gaecno pirvelad inglisur enaze mkiTxveli sazogadoeba So-
Tas ukvdav poemas.
mogvianebiT uordropebis ojaxis Sewirulebis saxelze
oqsfordis universitetSi marjori uordropis xsovnis uk-
vdavsayofad daarsda qarTuli enis, literaturisa da isto-
riis Seswavlis wamaxalisebeli fondi, romelic xels uwyobs
inglisSi qarTvelologiuri muSaobis normalurad warmarT-

- 127 -
vas. fondi afinansebs leqciebs, kvleviTs samuSaoebsa da
Sromebis gamocemebs qarTvelologiis dargSi.
sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom inglisSi sxva qveynebTan Se-
darebiT adre gaixsna qarTuli enis kaTedrebi jer oqsfordSi,
Semdeg - londonis universitetSi.
XX saukuneSi inglisis qarTvelologiuri centri kidev
ufro gaizarda ricxobrivad, gafarTovda da mravalmxrivi
gaxda misi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Tematika; am qveyanaSi
moRvaweoben: uiliam aleni, devid langi, robert stiven-
soni, stiven jounsi, donald reifildi, devid braundi,
robert parsonsi, harold beili, qeTrin viviani, Tamar
dragaZe, lordi qolin renfriu, robert tompsoni da
sxvebi.

***
qarTvelologiuri kvleva farTo masStabiT mimdinareobs
msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSic; qarTvelologias gamorCeuli
(Tu sayuradRebo) naSromebi SesZines: hans fogtma (norvegia),
ian braunma (poloneTi), iaromir iedliCkam (Cexoslovkaia),
laioS tardma (ungreTi), paul peetersma, Jerar garitma,
miSel van esbrokma (belgia), giorgi klimovma (ruseTi), iuri
zicarma (ruseTi) da sxv.
ucxoeTSi qarTuli eniTa da kulturiT dainteresebulni
arian agreTve: karina vamlingi, bengt sigurdi, Sifte amir-
heqmaTi (SvedeTi), maiql stouni, iTamar singeri (israeli),
ali aqsamazi, harun Cimqe, muzafer qiri (TurqeTi), antonio
sagona (avstralia), brian makgingi (irlandia)... sTiven repi
(amerika), j. j. s. vaitenbergi (germania), silvin kozaki (germa-
nia), enToni isTmondi (inglisi), iorg fasbinderi (germania),
bernard qnapi (Sotlandia), dara goldsTeini (germania), gud-
vin quqi (aSS), ian bertrami (germania), klaudia sagona
(niderlandebi), qris TornToni (filadelfia), andreas
hauptmani (germania), denis hamfrisi (aSS), s. hareli (aSS) da
sxv.

- 128 -
 2.5.2. emigranti qarTvelologebi. sazRvargareTuli
qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove donis SeqmnaSi udavod didi
damsaxureba miuZRviT qarTvel emigrantebsac. msoflios
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iZulebiT Tu nebiT wasul qarTvel mec-
nierebs asuldgmulebda erTaderTi mizani - gaeRvivebinaT da
gaeZlierebinaT ucxoeTSi saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli in-
teresi saqarTvelosadmi da qarTuli ena da kultura mo-
eqciaT msoflios mecnieruli azrovnebis centralur velSi.
mixeil TamaraSvili (1859-1911 ww.) daibada axalcixeSi.
ganaTleba miiRo sazRvargareT. Tavdapirvelad swavlobda
konstantinopolSi, petre xarisWiraSvilis mier daarsebul
qarTul saswavlebelSi, Semdeg - espaneTis sasuliero semi-
nariaSi.
1888 wels daamTavra parizis wminda lazares sasuliero
saswavlebeli. amave periodSi igi gaecno parizis samecniero
cxovrebas, muSaobda wignsacavebSi, arqivebsa da muzeumebSi.
1891 wels m. TamaraSvili iZulebuli gaxda samudamod mi-
etovebina mSobliuri kuTxe da miaSura italias. man warmate-
biT daasrula romis sasuliero akademia da Semdeg daiwyo
samecniero moRvaweoba; 1894 wels moipova RvTismetyvelebis
doqtoris samecniero wodeba.
mravalmxrivi iyo m. TamaraSvilis, rogorc mecnieris,
sakvlevaZiebo sfero, magram gansakuTrebiT mainc dainterese-
buli iyo saqarTvelos istoriiT. man vatikanis, safrangeTis,
italiis, TurqeTis, aleqsandriis, moskovisa da londonis
arqivebSi gamoavlina saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxveli
didZali axali masala, romelTa gamowvlilviTi analizis sa-
fuZvelze gadmosca saqarTvelos kaTolikobis gavrcelebis
sruli istoria wignSi: "istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa
Soris" (1902 w.). am naSroms maRali Sefaseba misca ilia Wa-
vWavaZem, mas meore "qarTlis cxovreba" uwoda.
evropis samecniero wreebSi gansakuTrebiT didi gamox-
maureba mohyva m. TamaraSvilis wigns: "qarTuli eklesia
dasabamidan dRemde" (1910). wigni daibeWda romSi frangul
enaze. am gamocemas mieniWa vatikanis specialuri premia. naS-
romis Sesaxeb daweril 50-ze met recenziaSi aRiarebuli iyo
sakiTxis aqtualoba da gamotanili daskvnebis Rirebuleba.

- 129 -
 m. TamaraSvilma saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli araerTi
saintereso masala gamoavlina sazRvargareT da xelmisawvdomi
gaxada farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. moiZia evropaSi sulxan-sabas
mogzaurobis masalebi, siciliaSi aRmoaCina kristoforo de
kastelis suraTebis albomi, romlis fotoaslis gadasaRebad
da warwerebis Sesaswavlad didi Sroma gaswia.
m. TamaraSvilis niWierebasa da ganswavlulobas, mis ada-
mianur Rirsebebs evropis qveynebis samecniero wreebSi maRal
Sefasebas aZlevdnen. igi aRiarebuli iyo, rogorc imdroin-
deli evropis erT-erTi TvalsaCino mecnieri da mkvlevari.
samwuxarod, am didebuli mamuliSvilis fasi saqarTvelom
gvian Seicno... 1978 wels italiidan samSobloSi gadmoasvenes
m. TamaraSvilis neSti da pativiT miabares mSobliur miwas
didubis panTeonSi.
mixeil TarxniSvili (1897-1958 ww.) ”mTeli dasavleTi-
saTvis qarTuli istoriisa da filologiis maswavlebeli
iyo... ar arsebobs saqarTvelos istoriis, misi enis, litera-
turisa da liturgiis dargi, maTi mimarTeba mezobeli qveyne-
bis literaturasa da eklesiasTan, romelSic Tavisi
mniSvnelovani wvlili mas ar Seetanos. man pirvelma daanaxa
dasavlel mkvlevarebs qarTuli literaturis naklebad cno-
bili saganZuri" (Jerar gariti).
m. TarxniSvili daibada axalcixeSi. swavlobda pirvelad
stambolis qarTvel kaTolikeTa samonastro skolaSi, Semdeg -
germaniaSi (qalaq etalSi). 1924 wlidan avstriaSi (venaSi)
eufleboda filosofiasa da Teologias. 1933 wels daamTavra
romis papis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti da imave wels
iqve daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. 1933-1943 wlebSi,
rogorc mRvdeli, eweva agreTve praqtikul moRvaweobas sa-
frangeTSi, belgiasa da germaniaSi, 1943 wlidan ki samudamod
dasaxlda italiaSi da mTlianad CaerTo samecniero saqmiano-
baSi.
m. TarxniSvili udidesi ganaTlebis mqone pirovneba iyo.
mas ise brwyinvaled scodnia germanuli, franguli, italiuri,
laTinuri, berZnuli, siriuli da rusuli enebi, rom Ti-
Toeul maTganze werda samecniero naSromebs.

- 130 -
 metad mravalferovani iyo m. TarxniSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
Tematika: qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis istoria Tu
saqarTvelos istoria, mTargmnelobiTi Tu leqsikografiuli
saqmianoba... magram mainc fasdaudebelia misi Rvawli
ucxoeTis sxvadasxva qveynis biblioTekebSi daculi uZvelesi
qarTuli warwerebis, xelnawerebisa da leqcionarebis gamo-
qveyneba-SeswavlaSi. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT
virjilio korbos mier palestinaSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi
warwerebi, romlebic m. TarxniSvilma pirvelma gaSifra mec-
nierulad da gamoTqva sagulisxmo mosazrebani. garda amisa,
man didi Sroma gaswia gracis universitetisa da vatikanis
biblioTekebSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebis gamosaqveyne-
blad; Seunelebeli interesiT ikvlevda qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobis istorias. evropelTaTvis rom xelmisawvdomi
gaexada qarTuli mwerloba, germanul enaze Targmna k. keke-
liZis "Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria". m. TarxniSvili
evropul enciklopediebs sistematurad awvdida masalebs
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Seadgina "qarTul - franguli
leqsikoni".
didia m. TarxniSvilis damsaxureba im mxrivac, rom igi
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze iyo ucxoeTSi qarTuli kulturis
erTguli damcveli da qomagi. magaliTisaTvis davasaxelebT
mxolod erT SemTxvevas: evropis samecniero wreebSi imxanad
gabatonebuli iyo p. peetersis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad
”balavarianis" berZnuli Targmani qarTulidan unda iyos
Sesrulebuli eqvTime aTonelis mier XI saukunis I naxevarSi.
magram miunxenis universitetis profesorma doelgerma scada
daerRvia es debuleba da kidec uaryo ”balavarianis"
berZnuli Targmanis qarTulidan warmomavloba.
m.TarxniSvilma amasTan dakavSirebiT germanul da qarTul
enebze dawera ori naSromi, sadac gaakritika doelgeris
Tvalsazrisi da mecnierulad daasabuTa p.peetersis de-
bulebis marTebuloba.
m. TarxniSvili sicocxleSive iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc
saxelganTqmuli mecnieri, Rrmad ganswavluli pirovneba. man
evropaSi aRzarda qarTvelologTa mTeli Taoba; mTeli

- 131 -
sicocxlis manZilze rudunebiT, siyvaruliTa da saocari
mxneobiT Tavs dastrialebda uZveles qarTul mwerlobas.
Salva beriZe (1892-1970 ww.) - neapolis universitetis aR-
mosavleTmcodneobis institutis profesori, daibada axal
senakSi. xarkovis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg 1917-1918
wlebSi moRvaweobda moskovis lazarevis institutSi, sadac
n. marisa da al. xaxanaSvilis rekomendaciiT iwyebs kvlevas
enaTmecnierebaSi.
1920-iani wlebidan S. beriZe emigraciaSi agrZelebs samec-
niero muSaobas. 1930-1931 wlebSi londonSi inglisurad ga-
moucia anTologia: "qarTveli poetebi", frangulad dauweria
naSromi: "baironi da puSkini", xelnaweris saxiT darCenia
"vefxistyaosnis" sruli italiuri Targmani...
1934 wels S. beriZem daamTavra sorbonis universiteti.
1936 wlidan cxovrobda italiaSi, neapolSi. igi prof. b. bar-
bielinma miiwvia neapolis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-
tutSi qarTvelologiis kaTedris gamged da miando leqciebis
wakiTxva qarTul enasa da literaturaSi. institutSi qar-
Tuli enisa da literaturis swavleba sakmaod maRal doneze
mdgara. leqciebs didi interesiT ismenda 20-mde ucxoeli
studenti.
S. beriZe uaRresad nayofieri mkvlevari iyo. man araerTi
sayuradRebo naSromi gamoaqveyna JurnalSi: "bedi qarTlisa".
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia wignebi: "qarTuli ena italiaSi",
"baskuri da qarTuli", "rusTavelis msoflio mniSvneloba",
"rusTaveli da medicina" da a.S. 1945 wels neapolSi daibeWda
"vefxistyaosnis" prozauli Targmani (es iyo SoTas ukvdavi
poemis pirveli prozauli Targmani italiur enaze).
grigol feraZe (1899-1943 ww.) - msoflioSi saxel-
ganTqmuli mecnieri, profesori, daibada goris mazraSi. 1921
wels k. kekeliZis SuamdgomlobiTa da artur laistis reko-
mendaciiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos sabWom gr. feraZe gaag-
zavna germaniaSi Teologiuri ganaTlebis misaRebad. berlinis
universitetSi germaneli specialistebis xelmZRvanelobiT
mecadineobda Teologiasa da orientalistikaSi (ebraul,
asiriul, arabul, koptur, somxur, berZnul enebze). qarTul
enas aswavlida cnobili qarTvelologi r. mekelaini. 1925

- 132 -
wels swavlis gasagrZeleblad gadadis bonis universitetSi,
sadac male moipova filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
xarisxi naSromSi: "monazvnobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi". spe-
cialistebis azriT, naSromSi gamotanili daskvnebi metad
mniSvnelovani da faseulia qarTuli bermonazvnobis istori-
isaTvis. amis Semdeg gr. feraZe codnis gasaRrmaveblad
miemgzavreba briuselSi, Semdeg - inglisSi, sadac oqsfordisa
da londonis universitetebSi ikvlevs qarTul xelnawerebs.
1927 wels gr. feraZe miiwvies bonis universitetSi
leqciebis wasakiTxad Zvel qarTulsa da Zvel somxur litera-
turaSi. amieridan iwyeba misi nayofieri mecnieruli moR-
vaweoba. germanuli, franguli, inglisuri, laTinuri, Zveli
slavuri, rusuli, ebrauli da sxva aRmosavluri enebis sa-
fuZvliani codna mas uxsnida gzas, praqtikulad aeTvisebina
msoflio literaturis miRwevebi.
1928 wels gr. feraZes mieniWa arqimandritis wodeba. 1932
wels miiwvies oqsfordis universitetSi. aq igi saTaveSi
Caudga marTlmadidebluri Teologiis kaTedras da kiTxu-
lobda leqciebs qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi, bibliis Zvel
Targmanebsa da qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi.
1933 wels gr. feraZe mudmiv sacxovreblad gadadis polo-
neTSi. igi gaxda varSavis orientalistikis samecniero sa-
zogadoebis aqtiuri wevri. daaarsa Jurnali "patrologia".
1935 wlidan kvlav mogzaurobs msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis
samecniero centrebsa da biblioTekebSi uZvelesi qarTuli
xelnawerebis gamosavlineblad da Sesaswavlad. aTonze man aR-
moaCina 50 qarTuli wigni da 13 xelnaweri. 1936 wels imog-
zaura palestinaSic.
1942 wels gestapom daapatimra gr. feraZe. moaTavses os-
vencimis sakoncentracio banakSi, sadac dasrulda misi sico-
cxle. WeSmariti sulieri moZRvari gazis kameraSi Tavisi sur-
viliT Sevida erT-erTi tyve poloneli ebraelis nacvlad.
"Sen didi ojaxi gaqvs: coli da xuTi Svili. Sen unda icocxlo
maTTvis... me ki Sens magivrad movkvdebi maTi momavlisaTvis", -
uTxra tyve amxanags grigolma da kidec aResrula mowameo-
brivi sikvdiliT.

- 133 -
 polonelma xalxma Rirseuli pativi miago gr. feraZis
Rvawls. mis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas mieZRvna mravali samec-
niero naSromi.
miuxedavad xanmokle sicocxlisa, gr. feraZis saxeli samu-
damod Caiwera mecnierebaSi msoflios masStabiT. metad mdi-
dari da mravalmxrivi iyo misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba.
ucxoeTis Jurnal-gazeTebSi sxvadasxva enaze gamoqveynebuli
aqvs 64-ze meti naSromi, romelTa mixedviT ucxoelebi erTx-
mad aRiarebdnen gr. feraZis mecnierul damsaxurebas da
xazgasmiT warmoaCendnen misi moRvaweobis gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas sazRvargareTis qarTvelologiaSi.
axlo megobrebis TqmiT, gr. feraZes hqonia uZvirfasesi
mecnieruli wignsacavi, sadac inaxeboda tyavze dawerili xel-
nawerebi, maT Soris V-VI saukuneebis etrati - qarTuli is-
toriis uZvelesi sabuTi da sxv. samwuxarod, samSoblomde ver
moaRwia am udidesma biblioTekam, piradma arqivma da misma mec-
nierulma memkvidreobam.
1995 wels qarTulma eklesiam arqimandriti gr. feraZe
wmindanad Seracxa.
kita Cxenkeli (1895-1963 ww.) SveicariaSi mecnieruli
qarTvelologiis fuZemdebelia. daibada quTaisSi. klasikuri
gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg (1913 w.) swavla ganagrZo mosk-
ovis universitetSi. 1920 wels gaemgzavra germaniaSi codnis
gasaRrmaveblad. kalesa da hamburgis universitetebSi eufle-
boda filosofias, politekonomias, soflis meurneobas.
1936 wels k. Cxenkelma moipova doqtoris xarisxi politi-
kur ekonomiaSi da moRvaweoba daiwyo hamburgis univer-
sitetSi, sadac male daavales qarTuli enis kursis wakiTxvac.
marTalia, k. Cxenkels umaRlesi filologiuri ganaTleba ar
miuRia, magram igi didi interesiT Seudga enaTmecnierul
saqmianobas. da, rac mTavaria, mas aq mieca saSualeba si-
namdviled eqcia sanukvari ocneba - misawvdomi gaexada evro-
pelTaTvis qarTuli ena, romlis originaluri aRnagoba ukve
didi xania iwvevda ucxoeli lingvistebis interess.
1943 wels k.Cxenkeli gadavida SveicariaSi, dasaxlda ci-
urixSi. ciurixis universitetsa da konfederaciul umaRles

- 134 -
saswavlebelSi mas daavales qarTuli enis swavleba, rac
sruliad axali ram iyo mTels SveicariaSi.
kita Cxenkelma ciurixis universitetSi Camoayaliba qar-
Tuli enis kaTedra, romelic male iqca mZlavr qarTvelolo-
giur centrad. aq aRizardnen saxelganTqmuli qarTvel-
ologebi: iolanda marSevi, ruT noikomi, lea fluri...
ukve janmrTelobaSeryeulma, magram gasaocari sulieri
mxneobis mqone mecnierma - k. Cxenkelma Tavdauzogavi Sromis
Sedegad 1958 wels Tavisi erTguli mowafeebis TanadgomiTa
da daxmarebiT dabeWda monumenturi naSromi (1500 gverdiani)
"qarTuli enis Sesavali" germanulad, savarjiSoebi da
teqstebi - qarTulad. Rirssacnobia, rom im dros SveicariaSi
qarTuli stamba ar arsebobda, amitom k. Cxenkelma Sveicariis
xelisufalTa nebarTviTa da nivTieri daxmarebiT daaarsa
qarTuli gamomcemloba "amirani", Tavad moawyo stamba, rom-
lis Sriftis mSvenieri garnituri sakuTari xeliT Camoasxa.
monografiis pirveli nawili Teoriulia, meore ki -
praqtikuli (savarjiSoebiTa da qrestomaTiiT). sailustra-
cio magaliTebi amokrebilia qarTveli klasikosi mwerlebis
nawerebidan. "qarTuli enis Sesavalma" maRali Sefaseba
daimsaxura msoflios samecniero centrebSi. sxvadasxva qvey-
anaSi daibeWda 50-ze meti recenzia, romlebSic erTxmad
aRiarebdnen saxelmZRvanelos maRal Teoriul dones da
praqtikul Rirebulebas qarTulis SeswavliT dainteresebul
ucxoelTaTvis. wigni male iTargmna inglisuradac. "qarTuli
enis Sesavalma" avtors didi aRiareba moutana, saqveynod
gauTqva saxeli. am SromisaTvis ciurixis universitetis
filosofiis fakultetma k. Cxenkels mianiWa filosofiis sa-
patio doqtoris (honoris kauzas) Rirseba - "dasafaseblad
qarTuli enis Rrmad warmodgenisa da dauRalavi erT-
gulebisaTvis..."
1960 wels k. Cxenkelma daasrula 2500-gverdiani "qarTul-
germanuli leqsikonis" Sedgena da iwyo nakveTebad misi gamo-
cema, magram Tavad mxolod 6 wignis gamoqveyneba moaswro (mas-
wavleblis gardacvalebis Semdeg es saSviliSvilo saqme 1974
wels daasrules misma mowafeebma).

- 135 -
 "ucxoeTSi ganisvenebs k. Cxenkelis tanjuli, mraval
gaWirvebagamovlili sxeuli, magram suli, albaT, kvlav mzrun-
velobiT dastrialebs Tavis mamuliSvilur saqmianobas:
"uRvTo iyo misi sikvdili!" - ase Seafasa qarTulma emigraciam
Rvawli kacisa, romelic sazRvargareT 30 welze metxans,
garda mecnieruli moRvaweobisa, erTgulad qomagobda qar-
Tul mwignobrobasa da kulturas... "romelmac martom, piradi
garjiTa da rudunebiT moaxerxa amerikuli warmoebis sabeWdi
manqana veritaiperisaTvis (manqanas qarTulis garda yvela
damwerlobis SriftiT SeeZlo beWdva) daematebina meToTx-
mete _ qarTuli damwerloba" (gaz. literaturuli saqarT-
velo", 1989, 17 Tebervali).
nikoloz janeliZe (1920-1993 ww.) daibada samtrediaSi.
swavlobda goris pedagogiur institutSi. 1941 wels gaiwvies
samamulo omSi. ibrZoda qerCSi, saidanac germaniaSi moxvda,
rogorc tyve. keTili mepatronis - germaneli glexisa da imx-
anad germaniaSi mcxovrebi akaki gamsaxurdias daxmarebiT Tavi
daaRwia tyveobas da Cavida romSi saxelganTqmul qarTvel
emigrant mecnierTan - m. TarxniSvilTan. misi xelmZRvanelobiT
gaiara aspiranturis kursi da miiRo evropis umaRles saswav-
lebelSi qarTuli enis swavlebis mowmoba.
n. janeliZe dabrunda germaniaSi da 1950 wlidan daiwyo
muSaoba qarTuli enis leqtorad hamburgisa da kilis univer-
sitetebSi. aq aswavlida qarTul enas.
n. janeliZe mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo. literaturuli
saqmianobiT gatacebulma, xelmokleobis miuxedavad, daaarsa
sakuTari gamomcemloba "saqarTvelo", sadac beWdavda Targ-
manebsa da originalur Txzulebebs, qarTveli mwerlebisa da
poetebis nawarmoebebs.
1984 wels gamosca "vefxistyaosnis" Semoklebuli pro-
zauli Targmani. misi moRvaweobis gvirgvinad miCneulia "qar-
Tuli zRaprebi". garda amisa, qarTuli enis Semswavlel
ucxoel studentTaTvis Seadgina "germanul-qarTuli sasau-
bro", germanul enaze dabeWda i. gogebaSvilis mixedviT
Sedgenili "dedaena".

- 136 -
 n.janeliZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli germanul-qarTuli
kulturuli urTierTobis amsaxveli bevri saintereso Ron-
isZieba, romlebmac sayovelTao aRiareba moupoves ucxoeTSi.
kalistrate (kale) salia (1901-1986 ww.) daibada walen-
jixis raionis sofel jgalSi. swavlobda Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze. 1921 wels
gaemgzavra germaniaSi. jer daamTavra berlinis universitet-
Tan arsebuli enisa da literaturis orwliani instituti,
Semdeg ki - q. hales universitetis iuridiul da ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa fakulteti. sacxovreblad sabolood
damkvidrda safrangeTSi.
k. salias samecniero-SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba, pirvel
yovlisa, dakavSirebulia JurnalTan "bedi qarTlisa".
1947 wels kalistratem da misma meuRlem - ninom sa-
frangeTis erovnuli samecniero centris finansuri daxmare-
biTa da nebarTviT daaarses samecniero istoriul-
literaturuli Jurnali "bedi qarTlisa". Tavdapirvelad
Jurnali mcire moculobisa iyo, weliwadSi 4-jer gamodioda
qarTul enaze, emsaxureboda viwro wres. Jurnalis redaqcia
ganTavsebuli iyo saliebis binaSi.
1957 wlidan Jurnals ewoda "bedi qarTlisa - reviu de
qarTveloloJi" ("bedi qarTlisa qarTvelologiuri mimox-
ilva"), igi gafarTovda moculobiTac. masSi statiebi ibeWde-
boda frangul, inglisur, germanul enebze, zogjer itali-
uradac. Jurnali Seuferxeblad gamodioda 1984 wlamde (k.
salias avadmyofobis Semdeg Sewyda gamocema). sagangebod unda
aRiniSnos, rom k. salia iyo Jurnalis suli da guli, re-
daqtori da koreqtoric ki, meuRlesTan erTad - gamomce-
melic.
saliebma Jurnalis garSemo Semoikribes msoflios cno-
bili qarTvelologebi, ucxoeli Tu Cveni Tanamemamule mec-
nierebi: mixako wereTeli, mix. TarxniSvili, eqvTime TayaiS-
vili, gr. robaqiZe... g. wereTeli, k. kekeliZe, a. SaniZe,
arn. Ciqobava, s. yauxCiSvili, al. baramiZe, e. metreveli da
sxvebi. Jurnalis samecniero sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediod-
nen msoflios cnobili qarTvelologebi, kavkasiologebi da
orientalistebi.

- 137 -
 metad mravalferovani iyo k.salias mecnieruli
memkvidreoba. dawerili aqvs mravali naSromi istoriisa da
literaturis sakiTxebze.
1980 wels frangul enaze gamoqveynda k. salias fundamen-
turi wigni "qarTveli eris istoria"; wigns imave wels
mieniWa safrangeTis akademiis premia (inglisSic gamoica naS-
romis inglisuri Targmani). "qarTveli eris istorias" maRali
Sefaseba misces cnobilma evropelma qarTvelologebma. ma-
galiTad, hans fogti werda: "es aris SesaniSnavi naSromi, ro-
melsac qarTveli eri imsaxurebs. frangi mkiTxvelisaTvis igi
iqneba SesaniSnavi saSualeba Zalze naklebad cnobili eris is-
toriisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad".
profesori k. salia, rogorc evropaSi saxelganTqmuli
qarTvelologi, arCeuli iyo sxvadasxva qveynis samecniero
centrebis wevrad; kerZod: iyo hamburgis, oslos, kamberis,
bordos universitetebisa da parizis kaTolikuri institu-
tis sapatio doqtori, profesori; xmelTaSua zRvis akademiis
wevri, aseve: parizis saazio sazogadoebis, parizis lingvis-
turi sazogadoebis, bizantiologiis sazogadoebis, parizis
saistorio sazogadoebis wevri, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis sapatio wevri, akademikosi... yovelwliurad (15
wlis ganmavlobaSi) irCeoda mecnieruli presis saerTaSo-
riso kavSiris vice-prezidentad.
saliebis ojaxs mWidro urTierToba hqonda qarTvel mec-
nierebTan, samecniero wreebTan, gansakuTrebiT xelnawerTa
institutTan, romelsac saliebma sakuTari biblioTekis 1000
egzemplari (qarTvelologiuri, orientalisturi litera-
tura) gadasces saCuqrad. es uZvirfasesi ganZi inaxeba saqarT-
velos mecnierebaTa akademiis k.kekeliZis saxelobis xelnaw-
erTa institutSi, romelsac miekuTvna nino salias saxeli,
romelsac saliebma mTeli TavianTi qoneba saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademias uanderZes.
anderZis Tanaxmad, kalistrate salia (meuRlesTan erTad)
ganisvenebs didubis panTeonSi.
...vin moTvlis, ramdeni qarTveli emigranti aResrula
ucxoeTSi; bevrma maTganma pirnaTlad moixada mamuliSviluri

- 138 -
vali: warmoaCina qarTveli kacis didi SemoqmedebiTi poten-
ciali, maRalzneobrioba, Sromismoyvareoba da niWiereba.

literatura

r. davidovi, "gazis kameridan ukvdavebaSi": gaz. "komunisti",

1990, 31 ianvari.
s. Turnava, sazRvargareTuli qarTvelologia, Tb., 1978.
s. Turnava, XX saukunis sazRvargareTuli qarTvelologia, Tb.,
1989.
i. iedliCka, k.Cxenkelis qarTuli enis gramatika: ”mnaTobi", 1958,
#11.
l.kaiSauri, k.Cxenkelis qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni: ike-s
weliwdeuli, 1977, #4.
v.kaxniaSvili, ucxoelebi qarTuli kulturis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1966.
i.megreliZe, qarTuli enis moamage Sveicarieli qalebi: gaz. ”sam-
Soblo", 1974, dekemberi.
i.megreliZe, Cexi qarTvelologi iaromir iedliCka da misi
baraTebi: Jurn. ”ganTiadi", 1991, #8.
l.menabde, rusTaveli sazRvargareTul literaturaSi, Tb.,
1990.
T.papava, gabneuli saflavebi, Tb., 1990.
T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoria, I, Tb., 1999.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiuri kvleva ucxoeTSi, Tb., 1996.
J. feiqriSvili, miSel van esbroki, luiji mantovani, nikoloz jan-
eliZe: etimologiuri Ziebani, quTaisi, 2005.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia.
g. SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS, Tb., 1990.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria, Tb.,
1965.
arn. Ciqobava, j. vaCeiSvili, pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi gamoce-
mebi, Tb., 1983.
b. wifuria, luiji magaroto, qarTuli literaturis mkvlevari:
”burji erovnebisa", ## 3,4, 2001.
r. xuciSvili, laioS tardi da qarTvelologia, Tb., 1992.

2.6. qarTuli enis mkvlevrebi

- 139 -
 qarTuli enis safuZvliani Seswavla anbanis SeqmniT iwyeba,
vinaidan enis fonematuri struqturis kargi codnis gareSe
SeuZlebelia aseTi srulyofili anbanis Seqmna. samwuxarod,
XI saukunemde arsebuli qarTuli gramatikuli naazrevi jer-
jerobiT aRmoCenili ar aris.
yvela monacemis mixedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
gramatikuli kvleva-Zieba saqarTveloSi IX saukuneze adrec
dawyebula, magram Zvel qarTvel gramatikosTa naSromebis
nawili Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris; magaliTad, anton pirvels
unaxavs ioane petriwis specialuri gamokvleva qarTuli enis
agebulebis Sesaxeb, magram is Semonaxuli araa. samecniero
literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom erT-erTi
pirveli "qarTuli enis gramatika" Seqmna msoflio mniSvnelo-
bis filosofosma - ioane petriwma.
XI saukunis II naxevris qarTvelma filologma, filoso-
fosma, mTargmnelma efrem mcirem Camoayaliba sakuTari
mTargmnelobiTi Teoria; misi didi damsaxurebaa qarTuli
filosofiuri terminologiis SemuSaveba. efremis mier Seqm-
nili mravali filosofiuri termini dResac gamoiyeneba.
efremma SemoiRo punqtuaciis sakuTari sistema, romelic
dakanonda qarTul mwerlobaSi. Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli
ganmartebiTi leqsikonic efrems ekuTvnis. es aris fsalmunis
Targmanebis SesavalSi CarTuli sityvari, sadac asamde leqsi-
kuri erTeulia ganmartebuli. swavlulebi efrems miiCneven
avtorad uZvelesi qarTuli gramatikuli traqtatisa -
"sityua~ arTronTaTvis" (Tumca amave traqtatis avtorad zogi
arsen iyalToels Tvlis; qarTuli da berZnuli enebis saukeTeso
mcodne arsen iyalToeli mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas eweoda. bizan-
tiel mweralTa filosofiur-Teologiuri Txzulebebis Targmanebi
arsens mouTavsebia krebulSi: "dogmationi". masve uTargmnia "didi
sjulis kanoni". TargmanebisaTvis daurTavs saintereso SeniSvnebi
da sqolioebi).
Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli gramatikuli traqtati qar-
Tuli samwignobro enis Sesaxeb "sityua~ arTronTaTAs" dai-
wera XI saukuneSi. igi aris utyuari sabuTi imisa, rom qarT-
velebs XI-XII saukuneebSi marTlac hqondaT gramatikuli

- 140 -
literatura" (mz.SaniZe). es imasac mowmobs, rom mogviano epo-
qaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebis mwignobarT win dauxvdaT enaTmec-
nieruli kvlevis xangrZlivi tradiciebi. rogorc irkveva, am
tradiciaTa Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs ara somxuri, aramed
berZnuli kulturis garemo" (T.uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 14).
avbedobis gamo XIII-XVI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi Sewyda
mecnieruli azris ganviTareba. qarTuli zmnis uRlebis siste-
mas aqtiurad ikvleven me-17 saukunidan, rodesac italiel
misionerTa mier iqmneba qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebi da
qarTul-italiuri leqsikonebi; mag., T.uTurgaiZis kvlevis
mixedviT, Cvenamde moRweuli erT-erTi pirveli sax-
elmZRvanelo qarTuli enisa ekuTvnis italiel misioners -
antonio jardinas, romelic gorsa da guriaSi moRvaweobda
XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi; Sdr., 1629 wels romSi daibeWda
stefano paolinisa da nikifore irbaxi-ColoyaSvilis qar-
Tul-italiuri 3084 sityviani leqsikoni, romelsac axlavs
mxolod transliteraciis wesebi.
IV saukunis gramatikosis - donatusis laTinuri enis
gramatikis mixedviT Sedgenili qarTuli zmnis paradigma war-
modgenilia franCesko-mario majos ”qarTuli enis gramati-
kaSi", romelic daibeWda romSi 1643 da 1670 wlebSi (majo
saqarTveloSi Camovida 1637 wels).
1715-1716 wlebis "sityvis konis" B redaqciis SesavalSi
("saswavlo yrmaTa") sulxan-saba orbeliani zogierT sakiTxSi
agrZelebs ioane petriwisa da arsen iyalToelis
memkvidreobas, bgeraTa da morfemaTa analizis dros mihyveba
berZnul-laTinur gramatikebs, xolo zmnis paradigmas qmnis
italiel misionerTa naSromebze dayrdnobiT da aumjobesebs
maT sqemebs (T.uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 83-108).
majos, goreli anonimis, sabas, agreTve, somxeTSi
italieli misioneris - kl. galaniusis "somxuri enis gramati-
kis" gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT zurab SanSovanma mosk-
ovSi dawera "mokle Rrammatika qarTulisa enisa" (1737 w.).
anton kaTalikosis "qarTuli Rrammatika" (1753, 1767 ww.)
efuZneba winamorbedTa gamocdilebas da safuZvlian enobriv
analizs axdens; T. uTurgaiZis azriT, anton pirveli unda
miviCnioT "qarTuli enis adekvaturi gramatikuli sistemis

- 141 -
pirvel Semqmnelad". antonis mier 1767 wels dawerili "qar-
Tuli Rrammatikis" II variantis winasityvaobaSi rafiel
erisTavi wers: "es Rrammatika gamoica Cemis zedamxedvelobiTa
da safasiT aleqsandre episkoposisa, romlis survili da
daucxromeli zrunva aris gaacnos sazogadoebas SesaniSnavi
avtorebi. amgvars SesamCnevs swavlulebaSi da qarTulis enis
mcodneTa Soris, ueWvelia, iricxeba am Rrammatikis Sem-
dgenelic - kaTalikozi anton I".
anton I aris ara mxolod gramatikuli azris, aramed qar-
Tuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebelic. mis naazrevSi asaxulia
metad mniSvnelovani debulebebi.
antonma bgerebi dayo xmovnebad da Tanxmovnebad. erT-
maneTisagan gamoyo metyvelebis nawilebi, aRwera sityvis war-
moebis formebi.
antonma ZiriTadad gadawyvita saxelTa brunebis sakiTxi.
misi damsaxurebaa brunvaTa sistemaSi moTxrobiTi brunvis
dasaxeleba da am brunvis funqciis dadgena. manve SeniSna saxe-
lis fuZis kumSva da kveca, sazogado saxelebisagan gamoyo sa-
kuTar saxelTa bruneba, miuTiTa Tandebulian brunvebsa da
nacvalsaxelTa brunebis Taviseburebebze, srulyofilad war-
moadgina subieqturi da obieqturi piris niSnebi, sworad
daaxasiaTa gvaris kategoria, gamoyo qvemdebare-damatebaTa
brunvebi...
antonma Seqmna qarTuli gramatikuli terminologia. mas
ekuTvnis terminebi: xmovani, aso, marcvali, Ziri, morfi, arse-
biTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli, zmna, mim-
Reoba, saxelzmna, sazogado saxeli, dadebiTi xarisxi,
mdedrobiTi, mamrobiTi, niSani, zmnizeda, kavSiri, Tandebuli,
Sorisdebuli, brunva, wrfelobiTi, saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi,
micemiTi, moqmedebiTi, mravlobiTi, awmyo, myobadi, namyo,
piri, piris niSani, brunvis niSani, moqmedebiTi gvari,
pirnakli, mZime, wertili, orwertili, frCxili da sxv.
antonis gramatikis debulebebia ganmeorebuli Semdgomi
periodis gramatikul naSromebSi.
anton pirvelisa da filipe yaiTmazaSvilis mowafe gaioz
reqtori samasze meti originaluri Tu naTargmni Sromis av-
toria. aRsaniSnavia misi wignebi: "qarTuli anbani" da "qar-

- 142 -
Tuli enis gramatika". es ukanaskneli 1789 wels daiwera, ma-
gram daibeWda mozdokSi gaiozisave daarsebul stambaSi 1797
wels. gaiozis "qarTuli enis gramatika" aris gramatikis
pirveli nabeWdi saxelmZRvanelo qarTul enaze. am sax-
elmZRvanelos mTeli tiraJi (700 egzemplari) avtors Tbi-
lisSi axlad gaxsnili keTilSobilTa saswavleblisTvis gaug-
zavnia.
gaiozis "qarTuli enis gramatika" sami nawilisagan
Sedgeba: Sesavali, I nawili - morfologia, II nawili - sintaqsi,
III nawili - orTografia da punqtuacia. bevri maSindeli
kulturuli adamiani dainteresebula am gramatikiT. maT So-
ris, imereTis dedofali ana, romelic Tavisi SviliSvilebiT
peterburgSi cxovrobda. mas weriliT uTxovia gaiozisaTvis
es saxelmZRvanelo. "qarTuli enis gramatikaSi" avtors sa-
kiTxebi ise daulagebia, rom moswavleebisaTvis praqtikulad
kargad gamosayenebeli yofiliyo. gaioz reqtoris "qarTuli
Rrammatika" 1970 wels gamoica, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo e. nikolaiSvilma.
anton pirvelisa da gaiozis gramatikebis dadebiTi de-
bulebebis umetesi nawili aqvs gadmotanili ioane qarT-
veliSvils "qarTul gramatikaSi", romelic warmodgenilia
xelnaweris saxiT da inaxeba saq. mecn. akademiis xelnawerTa in-
stitutSi (fondi ## 4432, 2585). am naSromSi avtors
sabolood aqvs daxvewili brunebis sistema. avtoris
damsaxurebaa qarTul zmnaSi ori uRlebis (viniani da maniani)
gamoyofa.
aRsaniSnavia mefe giorgi XII-is ufrosi Svilis daviT ba-
grationis (1767-1798 ww.) enaTmecnierul-leqsikografiuli
saqmianoba. 1790 wels man Seadgina qarTuli enis "mcire Rram-
matika", romelic dawerilia kiTxva-migebis wesiT. aq 8 metyve-
lebis nawilia axsnili cal-calke. daviT bagrationis qar-
Tuli gramatika xelnaweris saxiT inaxeba saq. mecn. akademiis
akad. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutSi (fondi
## 3719, 3449).
daviT bagrationis Zmis ioane bagrationis mTavari nawar-
moebia enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzuleba "kalmasoba", ro-
melic moicavs enaTmecnierul nawilsac. metad faseulia av-

- 143 -
toris mosazrebebi qarTuli enisa da literaturis sa-
kiTxebze. ioane bagrations wignisaTvis darTuli aqvs kriti-
kuli SeniSvnebi. avtori kompilaciis meTodiT warmogvidgens
kompleqsuri gramatikis axal struqturul models. "kal-
masobis" gramatikuli nawili 1810-1813 wlebSia dawerili.
kalmasobiseuli qarTuli gramatikis teqsti gamosacemad
moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo n. kotinovma
(1986 w.).
1829 wels peterburgSi ioane bagrations dauweria meore
gramatika: "yrmaTaTvis saswavleblad".
1830 wels daibeWda solomon dodaSvilis "Semoklebuli
qarTuli grammatika".
1834 wels frangma mecnierma, evropaSi qarTvelologiis
mamamTavarma mari brosem peterburgSi gamosca ”qarTuli enis
gramatika", romelic 17 Tavisagan Sedgeba. yovel Tavs mosdevs
sailustracio masala TargmaniTurT. am saxelmZRvaneloSi
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo antonis, majos, d. batoniSvilis
gramatikebi. mari brose pirveli specialisti iyo, romelmac
scada qarTuli enis naTesaobis sakiTxis ganxilva gramatikul
movlenaTa Cvenebis mixedviT.
platon ioselianma 1840 wels gamoaqveyna "piruel-
dawyebiTni kanonni qarTulisa Rrammatikisa". meorejer es
wigni 1863 wels gamoqveynda. saxelmZRvaneloSi pl. ioseliani
arkvevs qarTuli enis fonetikis mraval sakiTxs: ixilavs sity-
vis bgeriT Sedgenilobas, laparakobs marcvalze, iZleva qar-
Tuli maxvilis wesebsac da, rac mTavaria, igi aris qarTuli
enis fonetikuri movlenebis Seswavlis damwyebi.
platon ioselianis gramatikiT Tavdeba qarTuli gramati-
kuli azris ganviTarebis pirveli periodi (XVII s-is 60-iani -
XIX s-is 50-iani wlebi).
cnobilma qarTvelma enaTmecnierma da leqsikografma
daviT CubinaSvilma mari broses rCeviTa da daxmarebiT
Seadgina ”qarTul-rusul-franguli leqsikoni" da ”qarTuli
enis qrestomaTia", xolo 1855 wels - "qarTuli enis mokle
gramatika" rusulad (Д.Чубинов - "Краткая грузинская
грамматика", С.-Пб., 1855). daviT CubinaSvils ekuTvnis meore

- 144 -
gramatika "Грузинская грамматика", вновь составленная Давидом
Чубиновым, С.-Пб., 1887. 1887-1891 wlebSi avtorma daasrula
”qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni".
1877 wels safrangeTSi daibeWda m. s. kelenjeriZis ”qar-
Tuli praqtikuli gramatika sasoflo skolebisaTvis" [enriko
fabris stamba].
1871 wels aleqsandre cagarelma daviT CubinaSvilisagan
Caibara peterburgis universitetis qarTuli enis kaTedra; am
droidan iwyeba axali periodi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros
kvlevaSi. al. cagarels gamoqveynebuli aqvs saenaTmecniero
Sromebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: 1. kavkasiur enaTa
iberiuli jgufis morfologiis SedarebiTi mimoxilva. 2. qar-
Tuli enis indoevropul da Turanul enebTan navaraudevi
naTesaobis Sesaxeb. 3. qarTuli enis sagramatiko litera-
turis kritikuli mimoxilva. 4. megruli etiudebi. nakveTi I-II
teqstebiT, TargmaniTa da axsna-ganmartebiT.
qarTuli gramatikuli azrovnebis istoriaSi metad
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs dimitri yifianis mier 1882
wels Sedgenil saxelmZRvanelos, romelsac ewodeba "axali
qarTulis grammatika sxartulad dawerili mamisagan
SvilebisaTvis". am gramatikis Sedgena dimitri yifianisaTvis
1860 wels uTxovia gamorCeul qarTvel patriots aleqsandre
orbelians. gramatikis Tavfurcelze avtors mohyavs gr. or-
belianis sityvebi:
"ra ena waxdes, eric daeces...".
d.yifianis ”axali qarTulis grammatika..." ori nawilisa-
gan Sedgeba: pirvelSi ganxilulia morfologiis sakiTxebi,
kerZod, damuSavebulia saxelTa bruneba, meoreSi ki mocemu-
lia leqsikoni.
d. yifians Seudgenia qarTuli zmnebis uRvlilebis tabula
"wera", romelsac iyenebda petre umikaSvili, roca aswavlida
p. uslars (qarTul da sxva kavkasiur enebs swavlobda cariz-
mis Jandarmeriis davalebiT).
1889 wels aris gamocemuli Tedo Jordanias "qarTuli
enis grammatika" (etimologia da sintaqsi).

- 145 -
 qarTuli enis sakiTxebia ganxiluli "mokle qarTul
gramatikaSi", romelic Seadgina da 1894 wels gamosca qu-
Taisis sasuliero saswavleblis maswavlebelma andria benaS-
vilma.
1904 wels quTaisSi gamovida silovan xundaZis "qarTuli
gramatika". 1927 wels quTaisSive gamoqveynda misi "qarTuli
marTlwerisa da sworenis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi".
1906 wliT aris daTariRebuli mose janaSvilis "qarTuli
gramatika".
1907 wels gamoica aristo quTaTelaZis "pirvel-
dawyebiTi qarTuli grammatika" (meoTxe gamocema).
1908 wels gamovida niko maris mniSvnelovani wigni "Zveli
qarTuli enis gramatikis ZiriTadi tabulebi", romelSic mo-
cemulia bgeraTa klasifikaciis, brunebis, uRvlilebis
tabulebi. am naSromis safuZvelze niko mari peterburgis
akademiis profesorad airCies. 1925 wels gamovida niko maris
"Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis gramatika". es wigni Zveli
qarTulis pirveli mecnieruli gramatikaa. niko marma gamosca
aseve ”axali qarTuli enis gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo", ro-
melic savaldebulo wigni iyo qarTuli enis praqtikuli kur-
sis msmenelTaTvis.
1931 wels brieris TanaavtorobiT parizSi frangul
enaze gamoqveynda niko maris mier wakiTxuli qarTuli enis
mTliani kursi (800 gverdiani wigni) "qarTuli ena".
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli enis kaTed-
ris pirvelma gamgem ioseb yifSiZem 1911 wels gamosca "qar-
Tuli enis gramatika", romelic saswavlo-praqtikuli
daniSnulebis aRweriTi gramatikaa. 1914 wels gamovida i.
yifSiZis kapitaluri Sroma "megruli (iveriuli) enis
gramatika". wignis pirveli nawili exeba fonetikas, meore -
morfologias, mesame - sintaqss. ioseb yifSiZe ikvlevda Zvel
da axal qarTuls, agreTve, megrul-Wanuris fonetikur da
gramatikul struqturas.
1912 wels daibeWda iason nikolaiSvilis "qarTuli
mokle gramatika".
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan gramatikaSi Tavi iCina ax-
alma, formalisturma (struqturulma) mimarTulebam, ro-

- 146 -
melmac sintaqsis miznad Sesityvebis mxolod agebulebis
(struqturis ) kvleva daisaxa. am meTodiT 1927 wels Seiqmna
ilia feraZisa da ilia sixaruliZis "enis dakvirveba". saSu-
alo skolebis V-VI-VII klaselebisaTvis 1937 wels ilia sixa-
ruliZem gamosca "qarTuli enis gramatika" (morfologia da
sintaqsi).
ganuzomelia ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli Zveli qarTuli
xelnawerebis SeswavlaSi. ivane javaxiSvili "did yuradRebas
uTmobda qarTuli enis uZvelesi agebulebisa da genezisis sa-
kiTxebs. man pirvelma daasabuTa qarTveluri enebis naTesaoba
mTis kavkasiur enebTan rogorc struqturuli, ise masalo-
brivi igiveobis mixedviT, Seumzada niadagi iberiul-
kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebas" (J.feiqriSvili).
enaTmecnieruli kuTxiT misi gamorCeuli naSromebia: "dam-
werlobaTmcodneoba anu qarTuli paleografia", ”kavkasiuri
enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba" da sxv.
qarTuli enis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili aqvs
akaki SaniZes; man 1920 wlis 9 maiss Tbilisis universitetSi
daicva sadoqtoro disertacia "subieqturi prefiqsi meore
pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi".
1930 wels a.SaniZem gamoaqveyna ”qarTuli gramatika (mor-
fologia)"; 1953 wels - ”qarTuli enis gramatikis sa-
fuZvlebi". ganmeorebiT es wigni 1973 wels gamoica. 1976 wels
gamoqveynda a. SaniZis "Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika".
zogadi enaTmecniereba, zogadi fonetika, eqsperimentuli
fonetika, qarTuli enis fonetika da fonologia, qarTuli da
qarTveluri enebi, indoevropeistika, indologia, iranistika
zogadad da osuri ena konkretulad, rusuli da saerTod
slavuri enebi, logopedia, Targmanebi... ai, arasruli sia im
problemebisa, rac giorgi axvledianis mecnieruli interese-
bis sferoSi Sedioda. man 1918-1919 wlebSi gamosca enaTmec-
nierebis Sesavlis originaluri saxelmZRvanelo sam nakvTad.
1949 wels gamovida g. axvledianis "zogadi fonetikis sa-
fuZvlebi". giorgi axvledianis moxsenebaTa safuZvelze daka-
nonda saliteraturo qarTuli enis mravali norma.

- 147 -
 fasdaudebelia didi mecnieris - arnold Ciqobavas
wvlili qarTuli samecniero azris ganviTarebaSi. gansa-
kuTrebiT unda gamoiyos: "qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba"
(romelic win uZRvis fundamentur koleqtiur Sromas - "qar-
Tuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikons"), "saxelis fuZis uZvelesi
agebuleba", "martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi",
"Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni", ”iberiul-
kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali", "enaTmecnierebis
Sesavali"...
qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamorCeuli mkvlevrebi
arian agreTve: karpez dondua, varlam Tofuria, giorgi ro-
gava, farnaoz erTeliSvili, arli TayaiSvili, ivane gigineiS-
vili, givi maWavariani, maqsime qaldani, anton kiziria, ivane im-
naiSvili, grigol imnaiSvili, aleqsandre Rlonti, SoTa
ZiZiguri, aram martirosovi, ivane qavTaraZe, TinaTin Sara-
ZeniZe, daviT gewaZe, guram ramiSvili, givi nebieriZe, zurab
jafariZe, levan kiknaZe, irakli veSapiZe, besarion jorbenaZe,
zurab sarjvelaZe, guram Tofuria, akaki daviTiani, korneli
danelia...
qarTul enas dResac bevri TvalsaCino mkvlevari hyavs.
literatura

g.axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1949.

d.bagrationi, qarTuli enis mcire grammatika, xelnaweri,
inaxeba saqarTvelos mecn. akad. k.kekeliZis saxelobis xel-
nawerTa institutSi (fondi S #3719, 3449).
i.bagrationi, yrmaTaTvis saswavleblad, tfilisi, 1828.
a.benaSvili, mokle qarTuli gramatika, tfilisi, 1894.
m.brose, qarTuli enis gramatika, peterburgi, 1834.
s. dodaSvili, Semoklebuli qarTuli grammatika, tfilisi,
1830: s.dodaSvili, Txzulebani, Tb., 1961.
pl.ioseliani, piruel-dawyebiTni kanonni qarTulisa Rrammati-
kisa aRbeWdili mesamed q. Tfiliss, 1863.
a.kaTalikosi, qarTuli Rrammatika, r.erisTavis redaqciiT,
tfilisi, 1885.

- 148 -
m.kelenjeriZe, qarTuli praqtikuli gramatika sasoflo
skolebisaTvis [enriko fabris stamba], safrangeTi, 1877.
n.mari, Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis gramatika, tfilisi,
1925.
n.mari, qarTuli ena, parizi, 1931.
i.nikolaiSvili, qarTuli mokle gramatika, Tb., 1912.
s.s. orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni anu sityvis kona, Tb., 1884,
1991.
T.Jordania, qarTuli grammatika (etimologia da sintaqsi),
tfilisi, 1889.
gaioz reqtori, qarTuli Rrammatika, mozdoki, 1797.
i.sixaruliZe, qarTuli enis gramatika (morfologia da sin-
taqsi), saxelmZRvanelo saSualo skolis V-VI-VII klase-
lebisaTvis, tfilisi, 1937.
T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoria (naw. I), Tb., 1999.
J.feiqriSvili, qarTvelologiis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1992.
i.feraZe, i.sixaruliZe, enis dakvirveba, enis swavlebis pirveli
koncentri, tfilisi, 1927.
i.qarTveliSvili, qarTuli gramatika, xelnaweri, inaxeba saq.,
mecn. akademiis xelnawerTa institutSi (fondi S #4432 da
# 2585).
a.quTaTelaZe, pirvel-dawyebiTi qarTuli gramatika,
tfilisi,1907.
d.yifiani, axali qarTulis gramatika sxartulad dawerili
mamisagan SvilebisaTvis, tf., 1882.
i.yifSiZe, qarTuli enis gramatika, tf., 1911.
И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка, С.-Пб.,
1914.
mz.SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa: Tsu
Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, II, Tb., 1968.
a.SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatika (morfologia), Tb., 1930.
a.SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1953, 1973.
a.SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1976.
z.SanSovani, mokle Rrammatika qarTulisa enisa, moskovi, 1737.
arn.Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, Tb.,
1928, 1968.
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmar-
tebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1950.
Д.Чубинов, Краткая грузинская грамматика, С.-Пб., 1855.
Д.Чубинов, Грузинская грамматика, С.-Пб., 1887.

- 149 -
 sil. xundaZe, qarTuli gramatika, quTaisi, 1904.
sil. xundaZe, qarTuli marTlwerisa da sworenis ZiriTadi sa-
kiTxebi, quTaisi, 1927.
m.janaSvili, qarTuli gramatika, Tb., 1906.
iv.javaxiSvili, damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu qarTuli pale-
ografia, Tb., 1926.
iv.javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.

2.7. qarTuli samwignobro enis periodizaciis

problema

TxuTmetsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro enis periodi-

zacia samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba:
n.marisa da a.SaniZis azriT, qarTuli saliteraturo enis
istoria moicavs sam periods: Zveli qarTuli ena (V-XI ss.),
saSualo qarTuli ena (XII-XVIII ss.) da axali qarTuli ena
(XIX-XX ss.). am Tvalsazriss iziarebs mecnierTa erTi nawili
(z.WumburiZe, z.sarjvelaZe...). sam periods gamoyofs f.
erTeliSvilic, oRond is iyenebs terminebs: Zveli salitera-
turo ena (V-XI ss.), axali saliteraturo ena (XII-XIX ss.),
Tanamedrove saliteraturo ena.
arn. Ciqobavam naTlad aCvena, rom saSuali qarTuli aris
"Zveli" da "axali" normebis Sereva, Sesabamisad, man ganaviTara
mosazreba, rom saliteraturo enis istoriaSi unda gamoiyos
ori periodi: Zveli qarTuli (V-XI ss.) da axali qarTuli
(XII saukunidan dRemdis). am Tvalsazrissac hyavs momxreni.
qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi xuT etaps ga-
moyofs b. jorbenaZe: I etapi - Zveli qarTuli, klasikuri
saliteraturo ena: V saukunidan XI-XII saukuneebamde; II
etapi - XI-XVI saukuneebi: saero literaturis damkvidreba
da xalxur metyvelebasTan daaxloeba; III etapi - XVII-XVIII
saukuneebi: samwignobro enis sami oficialuri stiliT weris
damkvidrebis dro; IV etapi - XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde: axali saliteraturo enis
damkvidrebis periodi; V etapi - XX saukunis 10-20-iani wle-

- 150 -
bidan iwyeba da grZeldeba dRemde: Tbilisur metyvelebaze
orientirebuli Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis
arsebobis dro (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 155-167).
g.gogolaSvilis azriT, arsebobs sami saerTo-saxalxo
qarTuli ena (Zveli, saSuali da axali) da ori qarTuli sali-
teraturo ena (Zveli da axali): "Zveli qarTuli ena da axali
qarTuli ena sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebia"
(g.gogolaSvili, 2004, gv. 32-37); igi Tvlis, rom ar arsebobs
erTiani saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram arse-
bobs saSuali qarTuli ena, rogorc enobrivi realoba Tavi-
si mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT.
samecniero literaturaSi saeWvodaa miCneuli, berZnulis,
somxurisa da sxva enaTa msgavsad, samwignobro qarTulis war-
modgena e. w. Zvel, saSual da axal qarTul enebad, an Zvel da
axal enebad (Zveli qarTuli enisa da axali qarTuli enis arse-
bobis dausabuTeblobis Sesaxeb ix.: r.TvaraZe, 1985, gv.19; z.ga-
msaxurdia, 1991, gv.534; t. futkaraZe, 1993; t.futkaraZe, 1998;
c.bendeliani, 2003...). Zveli da axali berZnuli marTlac sxva-
dasxva struqturis enebia da maT Soris gagebinebac SeuZlebe-
lia; Sdr., qarTvelur sinamdvileSi Zveli da axali qarTuli
enobrivi qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvav-
deba ("gansxvavebul droTa Wrilebsa da horizontalur gan-
StoebebSi qarTuli ena struqturul saxes arsebiTad yvela
doneze inarCunebs"; T.uTurgaiZe, 2002, gv.19); garda amisa, sau-
kuneebis manZilze leqsikuri fondis gasaocari simyaris gamo,
arc gagebineba gamxdara problema.
t.futkaraZis azriT, samwignobro qarTulis stabiluro-
ba gansazRvra unikalurma situaciam: igi TiTqmis oci sauku-
nis manZilze erTdroulad aris saxelmwifo enac, saeklesio
enac da samwerlobo enac; garda amisa, qarTuli salitera-
turo enis ganviTarebaSi arsebiTi saxis wyvetiloba, sayrdeni
dialeqtis gamocvlis gamo naxtomisebri cvlileba, an sa-
gangebo, Tvisobrivad axali enis Semqmneli reforma ar das-
turdeba. V saukunidan dRemde wignier qarTvels Tavisuflad
SeuZlia gaigos nebismieri originaluri teqsti: fonetikuri,
morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri movlenebi raodenobriv
cvlilebebs TandaTanobiT Tu ganicdidnen. enis ganviTarebaSi

- 151 -
ar Cans erTi romelime monakveTi, saidanac axal etaps
daviwyebT. saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli saliteraturo enis
sxvadasxva stiliT iwereboda rogorc sasuliero, aseve saero
da samecniero xasiaTis naSromebi. V saukuneSi qarTuli
saliteraturo ena ukve imdenad iyo "daduRebuli", rafini-
rebuli, Camoyalibebuli, rom Semdeg mis fonetikur, mor-
fologiur Tu sintaqsur normebs arsebiTi, Tvisobrivi
cvlileba aRar ganucdia.
saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli qarTuli samwignobro enis
saeklesio da saero mwerlobis stiluri variantebi erT-
maneTs droSi ar enacvlebian: XI saukuneSi ar wydeba "e.w. Zve-
li qarTuli"; amave stiliT iwereba saeklesio xasiaTis Srome-
bi XII-XVIII saukuneebSic da XIX s. pirvel naxevarSic ki;
garda amisa, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis RvTismsaxu-
reba amJamadac am eniT mimdinareobs; e.i. qarTuli samwignobro
enis saeklesio da saero-samecniero stilebi dResac Tanaarse-
boben saeklesio da saero velebis mixedviT; es stiluri vari-
antebi ar arian sxvadasxva drois enobrivi doneebi. garda
amisa, Tavisi funqcionirebis yvela periodSi qarTuli saer-
To-erovnuli ena warmodgenilia "mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT".
Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli saerTo-
saxalxo erovnuli enis stiluri variantebis funqcionirebis
periodebze (da ara ramdenime qarTuli samwignobro enis arse-
bobaze), kerZod:
damwerlobamdeli periodi: arsebobs zogadqarTuli
enobrivi koine, misi oficialuri (saxelmwifo), sakulto sa-
xesxvaobebi da qarTveluri kiloebi;
V-X saukuneebi: dRemde moRweuli Zeglebis mixedviT, fun-
qcionirebs saeklesio ena da qarTvelTa zepiri metyvelebis
oficialuri da xalxuri nairsaxeobebi;
IX-XX saukuneebi: gverdigverd arsebobs samwerlobo enis
normirebuli saeklesio, saliteraturo (saero-sakancela-
rio), samecniero stilebi, teritoriuli da socialuri dia-
leqtebi da a.S. (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 55).
warmodgenil yvela mosazrebas aqvs safuZveli, Tumca
faqtia, rom sul mcire 15 saukunis manZilze arsebobs erTi
qarTuli samwignobro ena Tavisi ZiriTadi normebiTa da

- 152 -
leqsikuri fondiT. bunebrivia, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
yoveli ena Tavisi sxvadasxva variantiT (stiliT) realizdeba.

literatura

c. bendeliani, "saswaulni wmindisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisni" da

"amirandarejaniani" qarTuli samwignobro enis periodiza-
ciis TvalsazrisiT: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. VII, quTa-
isi, 2003.
z. gamsaxurdia, werilebi, eseebi, Tb., 1991.
Н. Марр, К изучению современного Грузинского языка, Петроград,
1922.
g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli enis periodizaciisaTvis: enaTmecnie-
rebis sakiTxebi, 2004, # 1.
f. erTeliSvili, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis istori-
isaTvis: qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #2, 1968.
u. vainraixi, SesaZlebelia Tu ara struqturuli dialeqtolo-
gia: mimomxilveli, 4-5, 1968.
r. TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba: qarTuli ena da lit-
eratura skolaSi, #3, 1978.
T.uTurgaiZe, T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli ena sistemuri aspeqtiT: qu-
Taisuri saubrebi, IX, quTaisi, 2002.
t. futkaraZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi eta-
pebis gamoyofis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb: quTaisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sa-
iubileo samecniero konferenciis masalebi, quTaisi, 1993.
i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, XII-XVIII ss., Tb., 1964
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.
S. ZiZiguri, mTlianoba oRond nairgvari: qarTuli ena da lit-
eratura skolaSi, #3, 1978.
z. WumburiZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodi-
zaciisaTvis: madli dedaenisa, Tb., 1982.
b. jorbenaZe, balavari mwerlobisa, Tb., 1987.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, Tb., 1989.

- 153 -
- 154 -
menabdis

ruka: sazRvargareTi qarTuli kerebi

menabdis

ruka: sazRvargareTi qarTuli kerebi

- 155 -
 Tavi III
qarTuli samwignobro enis
Teoriuli kursis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
3.1. qarTuli enis sametyvelo bgerebi
da satransliteracio sqema

samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli samwignobro enis

sametyvelo bgerebis (fonemebis) analizi warmodgenilia
n. maris, s. xundaZis, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, g. axvledianis,
h. fogtis, r. robinsis, n. vatersonis, s. JRentis, S. gafrindaS-
vilis, T. uTurgaiZis, g. maWavarianis, T. gamyreliZis,
z. jafariZis, b. jorbenaZisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebSi; sakiTxis
istoria vrclad aris warmodgenili T. uTurgaiZis naSromSi
(T. uTurgaiZe, 1976). azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa qarTul xmovanTa,

- 156 -
sonantTa (marcvlovani da umarcvlo variantebis mqone fone-
maTa), afrikatTa da B, y bgeraTa arsebiTi (relevanturi)
niSnebis kvalifikaciis, agreTve, warmoTqmis adgilTa (lo-
kalur rigTa) saxeldebis motivaciis TvalsazrisiT.
Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTulSi ar ganirCeva i da u
bgerebis umarcvlo variantebi, amitom iTvleba, rom Taname-
drove qarTulSi gvaqvs xuTi xmovani: a, e, i, o, u (Sdr.,
Tanamedrove qarTvelTa zepir metyvelebaSi xSirad vlindeba
i da u bgerebis umarcvlo variantebi).
qarTulSi a daxasiaTdeba rogorc maqsimalurad Ria
(farTo), dabali aweulobisa, ukana (an saSualo) rigis, dau-
Wimavi (saerTod, qarTuli xmovnebi daWimulebi ar arian),
aralabialuri xmovani.
e palataluri anu magari sasismieri, wina rigisa da saSu-
alo aweulobis xmovania.
o saSualo aweulobis, gamokveTilad bagismieri (ufro
zustad, labiovelaruli) xmovania; iSviaTad o SeiZleba da-
bali aweulobiTac gamovlindes.
u ukana rigisa da maRali aweulobis bgeraa, romelic
tuCebis momrgvalebiTa da win wamoweviT warmoiTqmeba.
i wina rigisa da maRali aweulobis xmovania.
qarTuli enis xmovanTa mimarTeba sqematurad marTkuTxa
samkuTxedis saxes miiRebs:

i u

e o

- 157 -
 saartikulacio aparatis (zesadgami milis) Riaobis mixed-
viT, ganxilul bgeraTa mimarTeba pirobiTad Semdegnairad
SeiZleba warmovadginoT: a > e/o > i/u.
qarTuli enis (da qarTveluri kiloebis) TanxmovanTa
Sesaxeb mravali gamokvleva arsebobs. TanxmovanTagan diskusiis
sagania ZiriTadad afrikatebis, agreTve, v, y da B bgeraTa
relevanturi niSnebis sakiTxi; kerZod: e.w. rTuli Z c w da
martivi d T t enakbilismierTa rigSi Seaqvs g. axvledians
(g. axvlediani, 1999, gv. 91), a. SaniZe ki d T t bgerebs z s Tanx-
movnebTan erTad nunismierebSi aerTianebs (a. SaniZe, 1953, gv.
13-16); winanunismierad miiCnevs Z c w z s Tanxmovnebs T. uTur-
gaiZe (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 74). erTsa da imave sawarmoTqmo
adgilze Z c w afrikatTa da z s napralovanTa warmoeba saeW-
vod miiCnia S. gafrindaSvilma. misi varaudiT, z s ufro ukana
warmoebisaa, vidre Z c w (S. gafrindaSvili, 1961, gv. 77).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa v-s dax-
asiaTebac: zogierTi mkvlevari mas kbilbagismierad Tvlis
(g. axvlediani, a.SaniZe, b.jorbenaZe), zogi - wyvilbagismierad/
bagismierad (h. fogti, r. robinsi, n. vatersoni, T. uTur-
gaiZe...). Cveni dakvirvebiT, qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi ufro
xSiria wyvilbagismieri spiranti alofoni, vidre - kbilbagis-
mieri, gansakuTrebiT Tanxmovnis momdevno poziciaSi (daw-
vrilebiT ix., t.futkaraZe, 1998).

- 158 -
- 159 -
- 160 -
 literatura

g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1999.

T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti
qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1965.
T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa
uZvelesi struqturis zogadi sakiTxi, Tb., 1960.
T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia, Teoriuli
enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.
S. gafrindaSvili, labializaciis bunebisaTvis zog iberiul-
kavkasiur enaSi: ike, VII, Tb., 1955.
S. gafrindaSvili, qarTuli enis napralovan TanxmovanTa saSu-
alo speqtrebi: mass, Tb., 1967.

- 161 -
 S. gafrindaSvili, fonemaTa diferencialuri niSnebis samwev-
rovani klasifikaciisaTvis: metyvelebis analizis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1969.
n. kiziria, Wanuris bgeriTi Sedgeniloba, Tb., 1980.
Г. Небиеридзе, Генеративно-фонологическая модель грузинского
языка и принципы её построения, Автореферат диссертации на
поиск, уч. степени доктора филологических наук, Тбилиси, 1974
s. JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tb., 1956.
r. robinsi, n. vatersoni, SeniSvnebi qarTuli sityvis fonetikis
Sesaxeb: "mimomxilveli", 4, 1968.
g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1962.
Н. Трубеской, Основы фонологии, Москва, 1960.
T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 1976.
h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 196.
t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa sistema, sa-
doqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005.
n. quTelia, lazuri konsonantizmi: macne (ena-literaturis se-
ria), 4, Tb., 1985.
n. quTelia, lazuris fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 2005.
z. jafariZe, percefciuli fonetikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb.,
1975.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998.
Р. Якобсон, Г. М. Фанти, М. Халле, Введение в анализ речи,
Новое в лингвистике, Выпуск 2, Москва, 1962.
3.2. saxelis paradigma

qarTul enaSi saxeli sxvadasxva formiT (yalibiT) aris

warmodgenili. erTi da imave sityvis formaTa sistemas enaT-
mecnierebaSi paradigmas uwodeben (paradigma - berZn. ma-
galiTi, nimuSi, romelime sityvis formaTa tabula). saxelis
TiToeuli forma warmoadgens brunvis yalibs; qarTuli sax-
elis yalibi formdeba formamawarmoebeli sufiqsiT - brunvis
niSniT; TiToeul brunvis yalibs aqvs gramatikuli
mniSvneloba. konkretuli formawarmoebiTi saxeluri yalibi
da misi gramatikuli mniSvneloba qmnis brunvis kategorias.

- 162 -
 saxelis formacvalebas brunvaTa mixedviT bruneba hqvia.
dRemde sakamaToa brunvaTa raodenobis sakiTxi. azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobis mizezia brunvis cnebis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba:
anton kaTalikosi: "brunva aris cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa
da sxvisa mimarT mdgmoebisa erTisa da misive saxelisa”; e.i. brunva
aris saxelis erTisa da imave fuZis sxvadasxvanairad mimoxriTi cvla.
a. SaniZe: brunva aris gramatikuli kategoria, romelic aer-
Tianebs bgeriTi Sedgenilobisa da funqciis mixedviT gansxvavebul
saxelur formebs.
arn. Ciqobava: brunva gabmul metyvelebaSi saxels akavSirebs
saxelTan an zmnasTan (saTanado Sinaarsis gadmosacemad).
v.Tofuria: brunva aris saxelis forma, romelic miiReba
misi saxva sityvebTan sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad.
g. nebieriZe: brunva aris morfologiuri kategoria, ro-
melic sxvadasxva gramaTa saSualebiT asaxavs sagnis (movlenis) mi-
marTebas sxva saganTan (movlenasTan), an raime moqmedebasTan: mimar-
Teba SeiZleba iyos sintaqsuri an semantikuri (posesiuri, lo-
kaluri)... mokled: brunva iseTi morfologiuri kategoriaa, ro-
melic gramatikul da semantikur mimarTebebs gamoxatavs.
ramdenadac brunva morfologiuri cnebaa, amdenad
zogierT mecniers brunvaTa raodenobis ganmsazRvrelad
sityvis morfologiuri struqtura miaCnia; sxvebi ki brunvis,
rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulis, gamosayofad sin-
taqsur da semantikur mxaresac Tvlian aucilebel pirobad.
qarTul lingvistikaSi anton kaTalikosidan moyole-
buli dRemde brunvaTa gamoyofa gansxvavebuli principebis
mixedviT xdeba. qarTuli gramatikis Seqmnisas antons sanimu-
Sod hqonda indoevropuli enebis gramatikebi, ramac gark-
veuli gavlena iqonia miseul brunvaTa raodenobasa da rigze;
kerZod, is gamoyofs 8 brunvas:
wrfelobiTi: mariam oqro
naTesaobiTi: mariam-isa oqro-~sa
micemiTi: mariam-s oqros
SemasmenlobiTi: mariami oqro
dawyebiTi: mariam-isgan oqro-sagan
moTxrobiTi: mariam-man oqro-man
moqmedebiTi: mariam-iTa oqro-Ta
wodebiTi: mariam oqro-o.
antonis gramatikaSi (1753 w.) naTesaobiTi, micemiTi,
moqmedebiTi da wodebiTi brunvebi evropuli gramatikebis

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mixedviTaa Setanili, Tumca isini amave dros organuladaa da-
maxasiaTebeli qarTulisTvis. sxva enebis gavleniT man qar-
TulSi gaumarTleblad Semoitana SemasmenlobiTi (akuzativi,
braldebiTi).
anton kaTalikosis damsaxurebaa moTxrobiTi brunvis
SemoReba, misi formisa da funqciis dadgena. qarTuli enis
pirvel gramatikaSi sxva enebisTvis ucxo da sakuTriv qarTu-
lisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moTxrobiTi brunvis gamoyofa an-
tonis did gramatikul alRoze miuTiTebs.
anton kaTalikosis gramatikis ZiriTadi debulebebi
daedo safuZvlad Semdgomi xanis sxva gramatikebs, Tumca met-
naklebi siaxle da Taviseburi midgoma saxelis paradigmebi-
sadmi mainc iCens Tavs. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi, gaiozis grama-
tika (1796-1804 ww.) unda davasaxeloT. antonis gramatikidan
amodis ioane qarTveliSvilic. is pirveli qarTveli gramati-
kosia, romelmac erTimeoris paralelurad mogvca mravlobi-
Ti ricxvis narTaniani da ebiani saxeoba, riTac sabolood
swor safuZvelze daayena mravlobiTSi brunvis niSanTa sa-
kiTxi.
platon ioselianma qarTul gramatikaSi brunvaTa ri-
gidan gandevna wrfelobiTi (Secvala saxelobiTiT), Semasmen-
lobiTi (braldebiTi) da dawyebiTi; man SemoiRo aseTi rigi:
saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi, micemiTi, moTxrobiTi, moqmedebiTi,
wodebiTi. pl. ioseliani Seecada daezustebina winamorbedTa
kvlevis Sedegebi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia dimitri yifianis "axali
qarTuli grammatika sxartulad dawerili mamisagan Svilebi-
saTvis” (1882 w.). igi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirvelSi war-
modgenilia etimologia (morfologia), meoreSi _ leqsikoni.
sayuradReboa d. yifianis debuleba: "moTxrobiTi brunva spe-
cifikuri brunvaa qarTulisaTvis”. man Tavis gramatikaSi
moTxrobiTi saxelobiTis Semdeg moaTavsa, Tumca momdevno
xanis gramatikosebma: p. kvicariZem, a. quTaTelaZem da s. xunda-
Zem, pl. ioselianis msgavsad, es brunva gadasves micemiTis Sem-
deg braldebiTis adgilze.
qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi brunva - vi-
TarebiTi - pirvelad gamoyo m. brosem.

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 arn.Ciqobavas azriT, brunvaTa tradiciuli rigi
pl. ioselianidan iwyeba. am rigis dakanoneba s.xundaZis gra-
matikaSi moxda. brunvaTa es Tanmimdevroba arn.Ciqobavas qar-
TulisTvis uvargisad miaCnia. mecnieri dauSveblad Tvlis
braldebiTis adgilas moTxrobiTi brunvis moTavsebas, radgan
braldebiTis funqcia qarTulSi SeiZleba daekisros mxolod
micemiTsa da saxelobiTs; garda amisa, braldebiTi yovelTvis
aRniSnavs umoqmedos, pasiurs, moTxrobiTi ki - moqmeds, aq-
tiurs. igi saerToqarTveluri movlenaa.
brunvaTa rigi garkveuli kriteriumiT dgindeba: pirve-
li sami brunva - saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi, micemiTi pirmi-
marTi wevrebis, qvemdebare-damatebis, brunvebia; micemiTis
Semdeg a.SaniZe aTavsebs naTesaobiT brunvas, arn.Ciqobava ki -
viTarebiTs (mimarTulebiTs, gardaqceviTs), radganac xmovan-
fuZian saxelebSi viTarebiTSi kveca ar xdeba da am brunvis
CaTvliT fuZe sruli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
sakamaToa wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxi. igi SedarebiT axa-
li warmoSobisaa. wodebiTi berZnul-laTinur gramatikebSi
damoukidebeli brunva iyo. qarTulSi gadmoitana anton ka-
Talikosma wodebiTis saxeliT. mas asaxelebdnen sxva Zveli
gramatikosebic, magram mas Semdeg, rac arn. Ciqobavam eWvi
Seitana wodebiTis arsebobaSi, qarTul lingvistikaSi erT-
maneTs daupirispirda ori Tvalsazrisi: dRes zogi mkvlevari
wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevs, zogi - ara, kerZod: arn.Ciqobava
da v.Tofuria wodebiTs brunvad ar miiCneven, radganac es
forma ar aris miRebuli sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad.
garda amisa, misi niSani axali warmoSobisaa, Sorisdebulidan
Cans miRebuli. Sdr.: svanurSi mimarTvis dros dResac o So-
risdebuli ixmareba: o, RerbeT (o, RmerTo).
wodebiTs damoukidebel brunvad ar miiCnevs g. nebieri-
Zec. misi azriT, igi unda iyos brunvaTa sistemaSi, magram saxe-
lobiTTan erTad, radgan wodebiTi saxelobiTis variantia
(aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom g.nebieriZe moTxrobiTsac saxelobiTis
variantad miiCnevs da ara damoukidebel brunvad). wodebiTi
saxelobiTis variantia funqciuri da ara sintaqsuri Tval-
sazrisiT: mas saxeldebis, mimarTvis funqcia aqvs.

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 a.SaniZes wodebiTi Seaqvs brunvaTa paradigmaSi, magram
mas boloSi aTavsebs. mis azrs iziareben: l.kvaWaZe, al.oniani,
T.uTurgaiZe, l.nozaZe...
samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis sagania e.w. Tande-
bulian brunvaTa sakiTxi. jer kidev m. brosem Tandebulian
formebs rTuli brunvebi uwoda da gamoyo lokaluri anu
adgilobiTi brunvebi (bagasa-Sina, bagasa-zeda). zogi Zveli
gramatikosis kvalad, ZiriTad brunvaTa gverdiT, a.SaniZec ga-
moyofs ramdenime lokalur brunvas.
sazogadod, brunvis niSani daerTvis fuZes, Tandebuli
ki - brunvis niSnian formas. dRes brunvis niSans mirTuli
zogi Tandebuli istoriulad calke mdgomi iyo: saxlsa
zeda>saxlsze>saxlze; saxlsa Sina>saxlsSi>saxlSi; magram:
miwa-s-Tan. a.SaniZes swored fonetikuri cvlilebebi miaCnia
lokaluri brunvebis gamoyofis safuZvlad. a.SaniZis saxelur
formaTa paradigma aseT saxes iRebs:
saxelobiTi: saxl-i
moTxrobiTi: saxl-ma
micemiTi: saxl-s
naTesaobiTi: saxl-is
moqmedebiTi: saxl-iT
viTarebiTi: saxl-ad
sadaobiTi: saxl-ze, saxl-Si
gamosvliTi: saxl-idan
miwevniTi: saxl-amde
wodebiTi: saxl-o
Sdr.: sadaobiTi miuTiTebs adgilmdebareobas. misi niS-
nebia -Si da -ze: wyal-Si, wyal-ze (mic. br.). gamosvliTi aR-
niSnavs romelime punqtidan gamosvlas; es punqti SeiZleba
iyos rogorc sivrceSi, ise droSi: saxl-idan, mais-idan (moqm.
br.). miwevniTi aCvenebs garkveul punqtamde miwevnas sivrcesa
da droSi: kaxeT-amde, mais-amde (viT. br.).
z.sarjvelaZem Tandebuliani brunvebis TvalsazrisiT
Seiswavla Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebi da miuTiTa, rom lo-
kalur brunvaTa Canasaxi ukve Zvel qarTulSive iCens Tavs.
yvelaze xSirad dasturdeba is forma, romelic Tanamedrove
qarTulis miwevniTi brunvis winaparia: cad-mde > camde,
soflad-mde > soflamde…).

- 166 -
 lokalur brunvaTa gamoyofas ar eTanxmeba arn. Ciqobava.
igi Tvlis, rom ar SeiZleba TandebulTa miCneva brunvis niSne-
bad, radgan: Tu -Si da -ze brunvis niSnebia, rogorRa iqneba
igive -Si da -ze erTi brunvis "sadaobiTis” niSnebi. Tu -Si da
-ze brunvis niSnebad iqca imis gamo, rom fuZes mosdeven uSu-
alod, igive unda iTqvas -Tan Tandebulis Sesaxebac Tanxmovan-
fuZian saxelebTan. arn.Ciqobava da misi mimdevrebi war-
modgenil yalibebs ganixilaven sxva Tandebulian formebTan
erTad. Sdr., brunvis niSanTa alomorfebis g.maWavariani-
seuli sqema (mogvawoda d.meliqiSvilma):
sax. i, 0;
moTxr. ma, m;
mic. s(a), 0 (-Si, -ze, -Tan);
viT. ad, d, a (-mde TandebulTan);
naT. is, si, s;
moqm. iT, Ti, i (-dan);
wod. o, v, 0.
qarTuli enis kompiuteruli modelirebis aucileblo-
bam isev gaaaqtualura saxelis formamawarmoebeli yalibebis
gamoyofis problema; kerZod, saWiroa iseTi formalizebuli
wesebis Seqmna, romlebic maqsimaluri sizustiTa da naklebi
operaciebiT SeZleben enobriv formaTa sinTezsa da analizs.
am mimarTulebiT saintereso mignebebi aqvT T.uTurgaiZes,
q.daTukiSvils, k.fxakaZesa da sxvebs. samecniero literatu-
raSi erT-erT gzad SemoTavazebulia e.w. TandebulTa
gansxvavebuli kvalifikacia; kerZod, t. futkaraZe miiCnevs,
rom erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos Tvisebisa da funqciis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli erTeulebi: brunvis niSans mirTuli
Tandebuli (-ze, -Si, -gan-, ken...), calke mdgomi Tandebuli
(mier, Se-saxeb, gamo, mimarT...) da naTesaobiTis formis gansaz-
Rvruli zmnisarTi (win, ukan, irgvliv...), romelsac zogi
mkvlevari Tandebulad miiCnevs. t.futkaraZis mier war-
modgenili saxeluri paradigma Semdegi saxisaa:
martivi brunvebi:
fuZe+0/i: miwa, kaci
fuZe+m/ma/n: miwa-m, kac-ma
fuZe+s: miwa-s, kac-s
fuZe+s(i)/is/0: wyaro-si, kac-is

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fuZe+Ti/iT: wyaro-Ti, kac-iT
fuZe+d/ad: wyaro-d, kac-ad
fuZe+o/v/0: wyaro-v, kac-o
rTuli brunvebi:
myofobiTi: fuZe+sas/isas: margo-sas, mezobl-isas
daniSnulebiTi: fuZe+sad/isad: kac-isad; wyaro-sad,
fuZe+sTvis/isTvis/Tvis: wyaro-sTvis, kaci-sTvis
msgavsebiTi: fuZe+saviT/iviT: miwa-saviT, kac-iviT
(aqve: fuZe+ebr||isebr)
sazedao: fuZe+ze/sze: kac-ze
saSidao: fuZe+Si/sSi: saxlSi
TanaobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tan: deda-sTan, kac-Tan
mimarTulebiTi: fuZe+sken/isken: kac-isken, wyaro-sken
TanamdevrobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tanave/isTana/isTanave: Wam-isTanave
dawyebiTi: fuZe+dan/idan: wyaro-dan, saxl-i-dan
TanxlebiTi: fuZe+|iTurT: kac-iTurT
miwevniTi: fuZe+mde||made: wyaro-mde, saxl-amde
Sdr.: Tandebuliani brunvebi: kacis mier, kacis Semdeg, kacis gamo,
kacis mimarT...
Sdr.: naTesaobiTis formisa da zmnisarTis sityvaTSexameba: kacis win
dgas (win dgas), kacis irgvliv trialebs (irgvliv
trialebs)...
samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili msjelobis
mixedviT (T.uTurgaiZe, 1886), msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli
naTesaobiTis yalibSi -is formanti sityvamawarmoebeli
sufiqsia da ara brunvis niSani; e.i. am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTi
brunvas ar warmoadgens; misi azriT, naTesaobiTi brunvis ga-
moyofis safuZveli gvaqvs mxolod TandebulTa win (kacis
mier, kacisken...) da "ZaRls eSinia kacisa" tipis SesityvebaSi.
bevri sxva enisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulSi saxelTa brune-
bis erTi tipi gvaqvs, magram specialistebi am erTi tipis far-
glebSi ganarCeven brunebis ramdenime saxeobas; kerZod:
a. SaniZe emyareba ra brunvis niSanTa erTgvarobis prin-
cips (brunvis niSnebis sisrules), gamoyofs brunebis sam
saxeobas: 1. TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi; 2. xmovanfuZiani kvecadi
saxelebi; 3. fuZeukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi yvela brunvis niSani srulia
(saxl-i, saxl-ma, saxl-s, saxl-is, saxl-iT, saxl-ad, saxl-o);
kvecad saxelebSi mokvecili an arasrulia (Zma, Zma-m, Zma-s, Zm-is,

- 168 -
Zm-iT, Zma-d, Zma-o); fuZeukveceli saxelebis brunebisas icv-
leba brunvis niSani naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi: ezo-s-i,
ezo-T-i. aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelTa brunebis tipebis
a.SaniZiseuli klasifikacia indoevropuli enebis mixedviTaa
SemuSavebuli, magram am enebisTvis aseTi klasifikaciis safuZ-
velia sqesis kategoria, rac qarTulSi ar gvaqvs. amdenad, es
dayofa TavisTavad logikurad sworia, magram ara qarTuli-
saTvis misadagebuli.
arn.CiqobavasTvis saxelTa brunebis saxeobebis gamoyo-
fisas amosavalia brunvis niSansa da fuZes Soris mimarTeba
anu cvlileba rogorc fuZeSi, ise brunvis niSanSi; amis mixed-
viT igi ganasxvavebs saxelTa brunebis sam tips: 1. ukumSveli
saxelebi; 2. kumSvadi da kvecadi saxelebi; 3. ukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian ukumSvel saxelebSi arc brunvis niSani
iwvevs cvlilebas fuZeSi da arc fuZis daboloeba moqmedebs
brunvis niSanze (saxl-i, saxl-ma..); meore tipis anu kumSvad da
kvecad saxelebSi xmovniT dawyebuli brunvis niSani iwvevs
cvlilebas fuZeSi (megobr-is, megobr-iT, megobr-ad; mT-is, mT-
iT; kld-is, kld-iT); mesame tipis saxelebSi fuZis bolo-
kiduri xmovani moqmedebs brunvis niSanze, ikveceba brunvis
niSniseuli xmovani (wyaro-s-i, wyaro-T-i). am kvalifikaciaSi
winaaRmdegobrivia meore jgufis gamoyofa, vinaidan kvecadi
saxelebis saxelobiT, moTxrobiT brunvaTa niSnebi fuZis
gavleniT fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdian da am mxriv mesame
tipis saxelebis jgufs miekuTvnebian. amitom v.Tofuria qar-
Tul enaSi gamoyofs saxelTa brunebis 4 ZiriTad saxeobas
(mcire qvejgufiT: kumSvad-kvecadi): ukumSveli, kumSvadi, uk-
veceli da kvecadi.
b.jorbenaZis mixedviT, saxelTa brunebaSi gamoyofilia
ori morfologiuri tipi: erTfuZiani da orfuZiani.
erTfuZianSi igulisxmeba sami qvetipi:
1. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT yvela brunvis forma (kaci, qali...
siyvaruli... bedniereba...); b) aqvT mxolod ori forma (-n da -T for-
mantebiT nawarmoebi mravlobiTis formebi: kac-n-i _ kac-T-a); g) axa-
siaTebT nakluli bruneba: Sen, Tqven, Cven...
orfuZianSi warmodgenilia ori qvetipi:
a) saerTo forma aqvs saxelobiTis, moTxrobiTisa da micemiTi-
saTvis, erTi mxriv, naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTisaTvis, meore mxriv:

- 169 -
me, Cem-ze (Cem-Tan, Cem-Si), Cem- (TandebulebiT), Cem-iT; b) gansxvave-
bulia fuZeebi saxelobiTsa da yvela danarCen brunvaSi (is, es, igi...).
t.futkaraZis azriT, brunebis Taviseburebis mixedviT
qarTuli enis saxelTa (arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli,
nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, zmnisarTi) ramdenime jgufi
unda gamoiyos:
I. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTSi dairTavs -i-s;
brunebisas arc saxelis fuZe icvleba, arc brunvis niSani: kac-i, kac-
ma, kac-s, kac-is...
II. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiT brunvas afor-
mebs -i; naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi fuZis bolo
marcvlis Semqmneli a, e, o xmovnebi ikumSeba: dedali, dedalma, ded-
als, dedlis...
III. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis
forma ar dairTavs i-s (fuZe boloxmovniania); moTxrobiT, naTesao-
biT, moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT brunvebSi brunvis niSani
reducirebulia (ma→m, is→s; iT→T, ad→d, o→v): wyaro, wyarom,
wyaros...
IV. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis
forma ar dairTavs saxelobiTis i-s; brunebisas brunvis niSani ikve-
ceba moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT brunvebSi, xolo fuZe ikve-
ceba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi: kibe, kibem, kibes, kibis...
V. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi ar dairTavs
brunvis niSans; saxelobiT, moTxrobiT da wodebiT brunvebSi ikve-
ceba brunvis niSani., naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi fuZe kar-
gavs or bolo xmovans: fanjara, fanjaram, fanjris...
VI. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma, magram zog brunvaSi
uCveulo (/arqauli) formiT warmosdgeba: RmerTi - RvTis, ambavi -
ambis, Rvino - Rvinis...
VII. saxels ara aqvs yvela brunvis forma (SezRuduli brunebis
saxelebi): Sen, SeniT, Senamde; dRes, dReidan, dRemde; aq - aqedan -
aqamde...
VIII. brunebisas saxeli avlens or fuZes: es - aman, amas; me - Cem-
iT, Cem-Tvis...
samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli enis saxelis mor-
fologiur analizs araerTi naSromi mieZRvna, magram
yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili brunvaTa semantikuri mxare;
am naklis Sevsebas warmoadgens b. jorbenaZis naSromi “”brun-
vaTa semantikuri analizis principisaTvis qarTulSi”. av-
toris azriT, aucilebelia, gansxvavdes brunvaTa morfolo-
giuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi. magaliTad, mice-

- 170 -
miTi brunva formis mixedviT gulisxmobs fuZisa da -s niSnis
erTianobas (qalaq-s), sintaqsurad igi SeiZleba iyos iribi
obieqti, pirdapiri obieqti, garemoeba; semantikurad ki mi-
uTiTebs adresatze (amxanags dauwera), samoqmedo sagans
(saxls iSenebs), moqmedebis iaraRs (CaquCs urtyams), mimar-
Tulebas (qalaqs miemgzavreba), miwevniTobas (qalaqs Cavida).
specialistTa Soris azrTa aseTi mkveTri sxvadasxvaoba
mianiSnebs, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kvlevis axal-axali
aspeqtebi Cndeba da iqmneba saWiroeba, gadaisinjos
winamorbedTa debulebebi.

literatura

k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemis analizis principisaTvis qar-

TulSi: Jurn. "qarTuli ena da logika", Tb., 2005.
v. Tofuria, wodebiTi brunvisaTvis: sbiqe, I, Tb., 1956.
v.Tofuria, saxelis fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa urTierTmo-
qmedeba: sbiqe, Tb., 1956.
v.Tofuria, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis daboloebani,
Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 2002.
i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel
qarTulSi, Tb., 1957.
i. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, naw. I, Tb., 1981.
an. kiziria, saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis funqciebi Zvel qar-
TulSi, sbi, I, 1956.
g. nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1991.
g. nebieriZe, wodebiTi brunva qarTulSi rogorc saxelobiTis
varianti: Tsu Sromebi, 267, 1986.
l. nozaZe, fuZeTanxmovnian anTroponimTa brunebis erTi
tendenciis Sesaxeb qarTulSi: ike, XXVIII, Tb., 1989.
al. oniani, wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove salit-
eraturo qarTulSi: saiub. kreb. akaki SaniZe _ 100, Tb.,
1987.
al. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1989.
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,
Tb., 1984.

- 171 -
T. uTurgaiZe, Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba qarTulSi: kreb.
arn. Ciqobavas, Tb., 1979.
T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi,
Tb., 1986.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis morfologia, quTaisi, 1992.
J. feiqriSvili, r. saRinaZe, brunvaTa raodenobis sakiTxi qar-
Tul lingvistikaSi: qsu profesor-maswavlebelTa VI
samecniero konferenciis masalebi, quTaisi, 2000.
al. focxiSvili, qarTuli enaTmecnierebis istoria, Tb., 1995.
t. futkaraZe, bruneba rogorc saxelis formaTwarmoebis erT-
erTi aspeqti (saxelis sinTezisa da analizis formal-
izebuli modelebisaTvis): g. rogavas saiub. kreb., Tb., 1997.
t. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis bunebis amsaxveli logikuri para-
digmis problemisaTvis: Jurn. "qarTuli ena da logika", Tb.,
2005.
a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1980.
a. SaniZe, wodebiTis formis adgilisaTvis: sbi, I, Tb., 1956.
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi enaTmecnieruli dax-
asiaTeba: qegl, I, Tb., 1950.
arn. Ciqobava, ratom aris aucilebeli brunvaTa rigis Secvla
qarTulSi: sbi, I, 1956.
arn. Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi: Tsu Sromebi, t. X, Tb., 1939.
arn. Ciqobava, Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi:
qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t. 2, Tb., 1961.
arn. Ciqobava, istoriulad gansxvavebuli ori morfologiuri
tipisaTvis qarTul brunvaTa Soris: sbi, I, Tb., 1956.
arn. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-
kavkasiur enebSi, I, Tb., 1946.
arn. Ciqobava, saxelTa brunebis istoriidan qarTulSi: sbi, Tb.,
1942 (Tsu Sromebi, t. XXIII).
s. xundaZe, qarTuli gramatika, quTaisi, 1904.
b. jorbenaZe, zmnis xmovanprefiqsuli warmoeba qarTulSi, Tb.,
1983.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da funqciuri anal-
izis principebi, Tb., 1980.
b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis morfologia, Tb., 1995.

3.3. zmnis paradigma

- 172 -
 qarTuli zmnis kvlevis mravalsaukunovani tradiciis
miuxedavad, dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi iseT mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxebze, rogoricaa: mwkrivTa/nakvTTa dajgufebisa da sax-
eldebis principebi, uRlebis tipebis raodenoba, morfolo-
giuri yalibebisa da semantikuri konebis mimarTeba da sxv. (sa-
kiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: b.jorbenaZe, 1980; a.arabuli, 1984;
g.gogolaSvili, 1988; d.meliqiSvili, 2001; T.uTurgaiZe, 2002;
t.futkaraZe, 2006).
uRvlilebis erTeulis aRsaniSnavad gramatikul litera-
turaSi sxvadasxva termini gamoiyeneba: dro, wevri, rigi, dro-
kilo, mwkrivi, nakvTi. amJamad damkvidrebulia mwkrivi da nak-
vTi; samecniero literaturaSi termini mwkrivi daamkvidra
a.SaniZem, xolo nakvTi - arn. Ciqobavam. terminologiuri si-
Wrele Tavs iCens, agreTve, calkeuli nakvTebis saxeldebisas,
magaliTad, Zveli gramatikosebidan moyolebuli, wyvetilis
paralelur terminebad gvxvdeba: aoristi, namyo sruli, namyo
wyvetili, namyo ZiriTadi...
qarTul zmnas, rogorc leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
erTeuls, mravali formobrivi varianti (morfologiuri
saxesxvaoba) aqvs. Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi erTi
zmnis saxesxvaobani daxarisxebulia gvarisa da qcevis forme-
bad, aqtiur da pasiur yalibebad, diaTezebad, msgavsi uRlebis
mqone jgufebad, mwkrivebad, piris formebad...
franCesko-mario majos "qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloSi"
mwkrivTa - dro-kiloTa mixedviT gamoyofil zmnur yalibTa -
raodenoba (11) da funqciebi laTinuris msgavsia, zmnuri
formebi ki zogjer gurul kilos asaxavs:
awmyo (moval), namyo usruli (movidodi), nakleb axlo namyo
usruli (me movelo), yvelaze ufro axlo namyo sruli (me mossuli
var), namyo winare warsuli (me mossuli viyavi), myofadi (me moval),
brZanebiTi (Sen modi), awmyo da uwyveteli (neta/neTans movidodi),
namyo sruli (neta/neTans mossuli viyavi), myofadi (neTans moval),
awmyo da namyo sruli (mossula/mosvla - sawyisi) (T.uTurgaiZe,
1999, gv. 40-56).
me-17 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi bernardo-maria neapoleli
majos mixedviT iazrebs zmnur paradigmas, xolo XVIII saukunis

- 173 -
dasawyisSi anonimi avtori (italieli misioneri) bernar-
dos/majos principebiT warmoadgens qarTuli zmnis paradigmas,
romelic gamarTulia semantikuri principiT; majos paradig-
masTan SedarebiT, anonimis varianti ufro srulyofili Cans.
aq erT rigSi gverdigverdaa vin-iani da man-iani formebi da
sxvadasxva yalibi (m-i-yvars, Se-m-e-yvar-a...), sul 12
mwkrivi:
awmyo (miyvars), namyo usruli (miyvarda), namyo sruli (Seviy-
vare), meore namyo sruli (me Semiyvarebia), namyo usrulesi (me Se-
meyvara), myofadi (me Seviyvareb), brZanebiTi (Sen Seiyvare), awmyosa
da namyo usrulis/uwyvetlis natvriTi (netamc me miyvardes), nat-
vriTis namyo sruli (netamc me Semeyvaros), natvriTis namyo us-
rulesi (netamc me Semeyvara), natvriTis myofadi (rom me Seviy-
varo), kavSirebiTis awmyo (me Seviyvaro) (T.uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 68-
69).
sulxan-saba orbelianis enaTmecnieruli naazrevi war-
modgenilia "leqsikoni qarTulisTvis” wamZRvarebul
traqtatSi: "saswavlo yrmaTa”. zmnur paradigmebs sulxan-saba
mTlianad italiel misionerTa naSromebis mixedviT qmnis. av-
tori asaxelebs "miyvars” zmnis formebs, romlebic italieli
anonimis italiur-qarTuli leqsikonSi amave zmnis paradigmas
emyareba, msjelobs qarTuli enis morfemaTa fleqsiur da de-
rivaciul funqciaTa Sesaxeb. sulxan-saba dRevandeli mor-
femis gagebiT iyenebs termin "arTrons”.
zmnur formaTa anton kaTalikosiseuli analizi formo-
briv-funqciur princips emyareba. kilos (sqesis) kategoria
arsebiTia formaTa ganawilebisas droebSi:
I. sazRvrebiTisa sqesisa (TxrobiTi kilo; T.uTurgaiZe): 1. awmyo
(Sevhkrav), 2. namyo usruli (SevhkkrAdi), 3. namyo sruli (Sevhkar), 4.
namyo usrulesi (Semikravs), 5. namyo uusrulesi (Semekra), 6.
myoofadi (Sevhkra);
II. brZanebiTisa sqesisa: 7. awmyo (Sehkar! nu Sehkrav), 8. myoofadi
(SevhkrAdeT);
III. sawadisisa sqesisa (natvriTi kilo; T.uTurgaiZe): 9. awmyo da
myoofadi (vaSaTE SevhkrAde), 10. namyo usruli (vaSaTE SevhkrAdi),
11. namyo sruli da usrulesi (vaSaTE SemikrAes), 12. namyo us-
rulesi (vaSaTE Semekra);

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IV. Apotetika~sa sqesisa (quewyobilobiTi sqesi anu kavSirebiTi
kilo; T.uTurgaiZe): 13. awmyo da myoofadi (ukeTu SevhkrAde), 14.
namyo usruli (ukeTu SevhkrAdi), 15. namyo sruli da usrulesi
(ukeTu SemikrAes), 16. namyo usrulesi (ukeTu Semekra)... (anton I,
1885, gv. 24-25).
gaioz reqtori (qarTuli Rrammatika, 1970) pirveli iT-
valiswinebs zmnur xmovan prefiqsebs qarTuli zmnis uRlebis
tipebis gamoyofisas da warmoadgens 6 saxes/yalibs. I, III, IV, V
da VI uRlebaSi subieqturi uRlebis zmnebia gaerTianebuli,
II uRlebas miakuTvnebs im zmnebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT
subieqturi uRleba:
1. vaqeb, 2. mhRviZavs, 3. vesvri, 4. viqm, 5. vubnob, 6. vhswer
(e.nikoleiSvili, 1970, gv. 71-73; g.gogolaSvili, 1988, gv. 36-37;
Sdr., al.focxiSvili, 1979, gv. 168-170).
aRniSnuli klasifikacia mxolod moqmedebiTi gvaris
zmnebs Seexeba. iqve avtori mianiSnebs, rom Sesabamisi vnebiTebi
erTgvarad iuRvlis (gv.71-72).
gaioz reqtori Tavis gramatikaSi msjelobs agreTve zmnis-
winis funqciaze - awmyosagan awarmoos myofadi: "...vhswer ars
zmna awmyo~, martivi, sazRurebiTisa sqesisa... davhswer, ro-
melica arRara hniSnavs awmyosa drosa, aramed myoobadsa”’
(gaiozi, 1970, gv.68). magram gaiozTan davhswer tipis formebi
paradigmebSi ar aisaxa.
dimitri yifianis "axali qarTuli grammatika" (1882 w.)
sayuradReboa imiT, rom man pirvelma qarTul gramatikaSi III
kavSirebiTis formebi calke sauRlebel erTeulad gamoyo.
amasTan avtori sxvadasxva mwkrivebad warmoadgens III kavSire-
biTis zmniswinian da uzmniswino formebs natvriT daxraSi.
d. yifiani, gaiozis msgavsad, SesaZleblad miiCnevs yvela
SemTxvevaSi zmniswinian da uzmniswino formaTa dapirispire-
bas da, rac mTavaria, zmniswiniT dapirispirebul formebs
cal-calke sauRlebel erTeulebad warmoadgens ara mxolod I
seriaSi, aramed II da III seriaSic. igi gaiozisagan gansxvavebiT,
am princips bolomde atarebs:
vakeTeb (daxra CvenebiTi, dro axlandeli - awmyo)
gavakeTeb (daxra CvenebiTi, dro momavali gasaTavebeli)
vakeTebdi (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili usruli)
gavakeTebdi (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili sruli)

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vakeTebde (daxra pirobiTi, dro axlandeli usruli)
gavakeTebde (daxra pirobiTi, dro axlandeli sruli)
vakeTe (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili usrulesi)
gavakeTe (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili usrulesi sarwmuno)
vakeTo (daxra pirobiTi, dro momavali martivi)
gavakeTo (daxra pirobiTi, dro momavali sruli)
mikeTebia (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili berZnuli aoristi)
gamikeTebia (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili aoristi gaTavebuli)
mekeTebina (daxra CvenebiTi, dro gavlili usruli)
gamekeTebina (daxra pirobiTi, dro gavlili sruli)
mekeTebinos (daxra natvriTi, dro gavlili usruli)
gamekeTebinos (daxra natvriTi, dro gavlili sruli).
aqve aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom dro-kiloTa amgvar siste-
mas d.yifiani mxolod SesaZlebel variantad miiCnevs, xelov-
nurad garTulebulad Tvlis da SeniSnavs: "aucilebelia,
unda Semokldes rogorme es uRvlileba” (gv.104). gamartive-
buli sistema ki 8 erTeuls gulisxmobs. amdenad, d.yifiani 16
erTeuliani paradigmis gverdiT ganixilavs Semoklebul, 8
erTeulian mwkrivTa sistemas.
SeniSvna: erTi saukunis Semdeg es sqema (16 mwkriviani)
samecniero mimoqcevaSi xelaxla Semoaqvs a.arabuls da mas
"qarTuli zmnis formaTa semantikur analizs" arqmevs (ix.
a.arabuli, 1984; a.arabuli, 1992).
originaluri da sainteresoa sauRlebel erTeulTa si-
lovan xundaZiseuli dajgufeba. Tu aqamde dajgufeba xde-
boda ZiriTadad kiloTa, anda sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviT,
s. xundaZe sauRlebel erTeulebs droTa mixedviT ajgufebs:
I. awmyos jgufi: vswer
vswerde
II. namyos jgufi: vswerdi
vswere (davswere)
miweria (damiweria)
mewera (damewera)
meweros (dameweros)
vswerdi (davswerdi)
III. myofadis jgufi: vswer (davswer)
vswerde (davswerde)
vswero (davswero) (s.xundaZe, 1907, gv. 16-19).

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 s.xundaZis damsaxurebad iTvleba is faqti, rom mkvlevarma
TiToeul sauRlebel erTeuls Sesabamisi kiTxva miusadaga. es
kiTxvebi met-naklebad yvela tipis zmnebisTvis aris gaTvalis-
winebuli.
zmnuri paradigmis gamarTvis TvalsazrisiT XX saukunis
manZilze gramatikosebs arsebiTi siaxle ar SemouTavazebiaT;
faqtobrivad dRemdea gabatonebuli XIX saukunis bolos
T.Jordanias, d.CubinaSvilis, k.dodaSvilisa da sxvaTa mier
warmodgenili sauRlebeli erTeulebis rigi mciredi cvli-
lebebiT; samive avtori sauRlebel erTeulebs sawarmoebeli
fuZis principis mixedviT alagebs, gamoyofilia dro-kiloTa
ori jgufi: 1. awmyoze damyarebuli, 2. wyvetilze damyare-
buli. sanimuSod warmovadgenT k. dodaSvilis mwkrivTa sis-
temas: I jgufi: awmyo (moTxrobiTi) - vakeTeb, momavali (moTxro-
biTi) - gavakeTeb, awmyo (natvriTi) - vakeTebde, momavali (nat-
vriTi) - gavakeTebde, namyo usruli (moTxrobiTi) - vakeTebdi, na-
myo sruli (saTuo) - gavakeTebdi; II jgufi: namyo mravalgziTi
(moTxrobiTi) - vakeTe, namyo sruli (moTxrobiTi) - gavakeTe, awmyo
(saTuo) - vakeTo, momavali (saTuo) - gavakeTo, namyo usrulesi
(moTxrobiTi) - mikeTia, namyo usrulesi (saTuo) - mekeTos, namyo
usruli (saTuo) - mekeTa (k.dodaSvili, 1894).
k. dodaSvilis es sqema d.yifianisas emyareba.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi sauRlebel yalibTa war-
modgenili sistema umniSvnelod Secvales n.marma da a.SaniZem.
qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelova-
nia niko maris Rvawli. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli samec-
niero literaturaSi sawarmoebeli fuZis principis danergva.
Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ufro adre msgavsi prin-
cipiT sauRlebel erTeulTa dajgufeba scades d. CubinaS-
vilma, k. dodaSvilma da T. Jordaniam. Tu sawarmoebeli fuZis
principi umtkivneulod SeiZleba gatardes I da II seriaSi,
sirTules qmnis III seriis nakvTebi. am sirTules n. maric
grZnobs; III serias ar gaaCnia sayrdeni nakvTi. I TurmeobiTis
fuZe ar aris sayrdeni danarCeni mwkrivebisaTvis. n. mari aR-
niSnavs: "es sami dro erTad unda iyos, radganac isini nawar-
moebia erTi da imave wesiT, Tumca verc erT maTgans ver gan-
vixilavT rogorc sayrdenad xmarebul dros, romlisganac

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sxvebi arian warmoqmnilni”. es saerTo wesi inversiulobaa.
aseve, mesame seriis formebs sintaqsuri konstruqciis
erTgvarobac aerTianebs... magram dairRva ZiriTadi principi
nakvTeulTa dajgufebisa: sawarmoebeli fuZis principi.
akaki SaniZem pirvel seriaSi ori wre gamoyo, daazusta
terminebi (awmyos kavSirebiTi, myofadis kavSirebiTi) da
sabolood Semdegi sqema warmoadgina:
I seria: a) awmyos wre
1.awmyo
2.uwyveteli
3.awmyos kavSirebiTi
b) myofadis wre
4. myofadi
5. xolmeobiTi
6. myofadis kavSirebiTi
II seria: 7. wyvetili
8. brZanebiTi
9. II xolmeobiTi
10. II kavSirebiTi
III seria: 11. I TurmeobiTi
12. II TurmeobiTi
13. III kavSirebiTi (a.SaniZe, 1973).
iqve SeniSvnaSi mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom ori mwkrivi _
brZanebiTi da II xolmeobiTi _ dialeqtebSia Semonaxuli. am-
denad, Tanamedrove qarTulisaTvis 11 mwkrivi igulisxmeba.
11 mwkrivs gamoyofs arnold Ciqobavac (1962, gv.107). av-
toris azriT, "nakvTebis warmoeba aris fuZeTa warmoeba da,
maSasadame, nakvTebis sistemaSi ama Tu im nakvTma is adgili
unda daikavos, rac mas ekuTvnis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT”
(arn. Ciqobava, 1962, gv. 102). formobrivi monacemebis gaTval-
iswinebiT, mkvlevari nakvTebs or wyebad ajgufebs: ZiriTad
nakvTebad miiCnevs awmyosa da namyo ZiriTads, romelTaganac
uSualod Tu SualobiT iwarmoeba danarCeni mwkrivebi:
I. gardamavali zmnis awmyosagan (cvl-i-s) iwarmoeba:
a) pirdapiri wyobis nakvTebi:
1. namyo usruli (cvl-i-d-a) > 3. kavSirebiTi pirveli (cvl-i-d-
e-s).
2. myofadi (Se-cvl-i-s) > 4. myofadiseuli namyo usruli (Se-
cvl-i-d-a).

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 5.6.7.TurmeobiTi I, II, kavSirebiTi III gardauval orpirian
zmnaTa ({Se}s-cvl-i-a, s-cvl-od-a, s-cvl-od-e-s)>
b) Sebrunebuli (inversiuli) wyobisa:
8. TurmeobiTi pirveli gardamaval zmnaTa (u-cvl-i-a).
II. namyo ZiriTadisagan (cval-a) iwarmoeba nakvTebi:
a) pirdapiri wyobisa: 9. namyo ZiriTadis xolmeobiTi (Zvel
qarTulSi): (cval-i-s)
10. kavSirebiTi meore (cval-o-s)
b) Sebrunebuli (inversiuli) wyobisa:
11. TurmeobiTi meore gardamaval zmnaTa ({Se}e-cval-a).
12. kavSirebiTi mesame gardamaval zmnaTa ({Se}e-cval-o-s).
arn.Ciqobavam 1984 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi
nakvTeulTa sistema tradiciul sam seriad warmoadgina.
amdenad, sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixed-
viT Tanamedrove qarTulSi 11 mwkrivi/nakvTi gamoiyofa.
ukanasknel xans kvlav wamoiWra uRlebis sistemis, sauRle-
bel erTeulTa kvalifikaciisa da klasifikaciis sakiTxi.
giorgi gogolaSvilma Tanamedrove qarTuli zmnis uR-
lebis sistema formaluri TvalsazrisiT 8 erTeulis
(nakvTis) saxiT warmoadgina. I seriis 6 mwkrivi 3 sauRlebel
erTeulad ganixila (zmniswini CamoaSora mwkrivis fuZes). av-
toris mixedviT, ramdenadac nakvTTa gamoyofa da dajgufeba
sawarmoebeli fuZis princips emyareba, unda gamoiyos imdeni
nakvTi, ramdeni gansxvavebuli fuZec arsebobs. uRvlilebis
sistema unda gaimarTos im principze, ra principiTac aris
warmodgenili II da III seriaSi. es Tvalsazrisi I seriaSi sami
nakvTis gamoyofas varaudobs. Sesabamisad, axal qarTulSi
zmnuri formebi dajgufdeba sam seriad da 8 nakvTad:
I seria:
1-li nakvTi (awmyo-myofadi) _ (zmnisw.)-akeTebs
me-2 nakvTi (uwyvetel-xolmeobiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-akeTebda
me-3 nakvTi (I kavSirebiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-akeTebdes
II seria:
me-4 nakvTi (wyvetili) _ (zmnisw.)-akeTa
me-5 nakvTi (II kavSirebiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-akeTos
III seria:
me-6 nakvTi (I TurmeobiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-ukeTebia
me-7 nakvTi (II TurmeobiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-ekeTebina
me-8 nakvTi (III kavSirebiTi) _ (zmnisw.)-ekeTebinos

- 179 -
 (g.gogolaSvili, 1988, gv. 97-98).
sauRlebel erTeulTa sruliad gansxvavebul paradigmas
gvTavazobs avTandil arabuli. mkvlevarma semantikuri prin-
cipis gaTvaliswinebiT, d. yifianis kvalad, yvela zmniswiniani
forma calke sauRlebel erTeulad warmoadgina (sul 16
mwkrivi); avtoris azriT, mwkrivis arsebobisaTvis aucilebe-
lia, erTi mxriv, damoukidebeli formis (fuZis), meore mxriv,
damoukidebeli gramatikuli Sinaarsis (kategoriis an kate-
goriaTa jamis) qona. qarTuli zmnis paradigma Semdeg saxes
miiRebs:
xatavs TxrobiTi+awmyo
xatavda TxrobiTi+warsuli+uwyveteli
xatavdes kavSirebiTi+[awmyo]+usruli
daxatavs TxrobiTi+momavali
daxatavda kavSirebiTi+[warsuli]+sruli
daxatavdes kavSirebiTi+[momavali]+ sruli
xata TxrobiTi+warsuli+usruli
daxata TxrobiTi+warsuli+sruli
xatos kavSirebiTi+[awmyo/momavali]+usruli
daxatos kavSirebiTi+ [momavali]+usruli
uxatavs TxrobiTi+warsuli+usruli+SedegobiTi
dauxatavs TxrobiTi+warsuli+sruli+SedegobiTi
exata kavSirebiTi+warsuli+usruli+SedegobiTi
daexata kavSirebiTi+warsuli+sruli+SedegobiTi
exatos " - - - - - - - -"“
daexatos " - - - - - - - -"“ (a.arabuli, 1999, gv.50).

nakvTTa dajgufebisa da uRvlilebis saxeobebi axleburad

aris gaSuqebuli t. futkaraZis naSromSi: "qarTuli zmnis
logikuri paradigmis sakiTxisaTvis"; mkvlevris azriT,
sasurvelia, qarTuli zmnis paradigma aigos morfologiur-
sintaqsuri (formaluri) da ara morfologiur-semantikuri
principiT, miT umetes, manqanuri Targmanis modelirebisas
ufro gamosadegi iqneba formaluri principiT agebuli para-
digmisa da semantikuri konebis Sepirispireba; igi qarTuli
zmnis sruli SesaZleblobebis warmosaCenad zmnuri for-
mawarmoebis sistemas samsafexurovan paradigmad warmogvid-
gens (2006, gv. 88-95):

- 180 -
 I (didi) paradigma: zmnis formacvaleba yalibebis mixedviT
(vakeTeb, vikeTeb, vukeTeb, vkeTdebi, vukeTdebi, vakeTebineb...); piro-
biTad, am xmovanprefiqsian Tu uprefiqso saxesxvaobebs nakvTebs
uwodebs;
II (klasikuri) paradigma: zmnis mocemuli yalibis cvla
mwkrivTa mixedviT (vakeTeb, vakeTebdi, gavakeTebdi, vakeTe...);
III (mcire) paradigma: zmnis mocemuli yalibis mocemuli mwkri-
vis formis cvla pirTa (mxolobiTi, mravlobiTi) kombinaciebis
mixedviT (me g-a-keT-eb Sen, me g-a-keT-eb-T Tqven, me v-a-keT-eb mas, me v-a-
keT-eb maT, Cven g-a-keT-eb-T Sen, Cven g-a-keT-eb-T Tqven, Cven v-a-keT-eb-
T mas...).
t. futkaraZis azriT, mwkrivTa rigi SeiZleba Seqmnas
mxolod saerTo yalibisa da valentobis (ix.3.5.) mqone for-
mebma; e.i. paradigmis SigniT gamoiricxeba e.w. inversia (v-wer -
m-i-weria) da erTi saxis paradigmis farglebSi sxvadasxva age-
bulebis yalibis monacvleoba - yalibTa sesxeba (v-mefob - v-i-
mefe); aqve warmodgenilia vxatav zmnis uRlebis (formawar-
moebis) nimuSi:
didi paradigma:
me v-xat-av suraTs: miumarTavi moqmedebis gamomxatveli orva-
lentiani yalibi;
me v-a-xat-av mas suraTs: sazedao moqmedebis gamomxatveli sam-
valentiani yalibi;
me v-a-xat-v-in-eb mas suraTs: kauzatiuri moqmedebis gamomxat-
veli samvalentiani yalibi;
me v-u-xat-av mas suraTs: adresatuli moqmedebis gamomxatveli
samvalentiani yalibi;
me v-i-xat-av suraTs: adresatuli moqmedebis gamomxatveli or-
valentiani yalibi;
me v-i-xat-eb-i: adresatuli moqmedebis gamomxatveli erTva-
lentiani yalibi;
me v-e-xat-eb-i mas: uneblie moqmedebis gamomxatveli orvalen-
tiani yalibi;
me v-e-xat-v-in-eb-i mas: kauzatiuri moqmedebis gamomxatveli
orvalentiani yalibi;
me da-v-xat-ul-var: unaxavi da miumarTavi moqmedebis gamomxat-
veli erTvalentiani yalibi;
me da-m-i-xat-av-s is: unaxavi moqmedebis gamomxatveli orva-
lentiani yalibi;

- 181 -
 me da-v-xat-v-i-var mas: unaxavi da miumarTavi moqmedebis ga-
momxatveli erTvalentiani yalibi;
me miWmevs is mas saWmels: adresatuli moqmedebis gamomxatveli
oTxvalentiani yalibi;
me da-v-u-xat-av-var mas: TurmeobiTi da unaxavi moqmedebis ga-
momxatveli erTvalentiani yalibi;
daxatuli var: aRweriTi erTvalentiani yalibi.

klasikuri paradigma:
me vxatav suraTs (awmyo/momavali dro, TxrobiTi kilo, us-
ruli aspeqti);
me davxatav suraTs (momavali dro, TxrobiTi kilo, sruli
aspeqti);
me vxatavdi suraTs (warsuli dro, TxrobiTi kilo, usruli
aspeqti);
me davxatavdi suraTs (warsuli/momavali dro, TxrobiTi kilo,
sruli aspeqti);
me vxatavde suraTs (awmyo/momavali dro, kavSirebiTi kilo,
usruli aspeqti);
me davxatavde suraTs (momavali dro, kavSirebiTi kilo,
sruli aspeqti);
me vxate suraTi (warsuli dro, TxrobiTi kilo, usruli
aspeqti);
me davxate suraTi (warsuli dro, TxrobiTi kilo da sruli
aspeqti);
Sen xate suraTi (momavali dro, brZanebiTi kilo da usruli
aspeqti);
Sen daxate suraTi (momavali dro, brZanebiTi kilo, sruli
aspeqti);
me vxato suraTi (awmyo/momavali dro, kavSirebiTi kilo, us-
ruli aspeqti);
me davxato suraTi (momavali dro, kavSirebiTi kilo,sruli
aspeqti).

mcire paradigma (TiTqmis analogiuri paradigma pirvelad war-

moadgina s.xundaZem; ix.: s.xundaZe, 1904, gv. 115-116; Sdr., agreTve
T.uTurgaiZe, 2002).
me g-wer Sen
me g-wer-T Tqven
me v-wer mas

- 182 -
 me v-wer maT
Cven g-werT Sen
Cven g-werT Tqven
Cven v-werT mas
Cven v-werT maT
me m-wer Sen Sen wer mas
me m-werT Tqven Sen wer maT
me m-wers is Tqven werT mas
me m-weren isini Tqven werT maT
Cven gv-wer Sen Sen g-wers is is wers mas
Cven gv-werT Tqven Sen g-weren isini is wers maT
Cven gv-wers is Tqven g-werT is isini weren mas
Cven gvweren isini Tqven g-weren isini isini weren maT

specialistebis wreSi aseve sakamaToa zmnis kategoriaTa

(dro, kilo... gvari, qceva, kauzativi...) kvalifikaciis sakiTxi,
zmnis formamcvlel da sityvamawarmoebel kategoriaTa anu
warmoqmnisa da uRlebis kategoriaTa gamijvna...
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa damana meliqiSvilis
msjeloba qarTul zmnaSi gvaris cnebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasi-
aTis Sesaxeb. mkvlevari qarTuli zmnis formisa (awmyos mode-
lisa) da konstruqciis (pirTa relaciis gamoxatvis) mixedviT
gamoyofs farTo gramatikul kategorias - diaTezas: "diaTeza
aris sintaqsuri struqtura-meqanizmis organizaciisa da
aqtantebis sintaqsuri relaciis morfologiuri gamoxatvis
wesebis erTobliobis sistema" (d.meliqiSvili, 2001, gv. 66).
diaTeza, rogorc zmnis gramatikuli (morfo-sintaqsuri)
kategoria, formisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciis urTierT-
Sesatyvisobas gviCvenebs, anu TiToeuli diaTezis mocemul
konstruqcias yovelTvis erTi da igive morfologiuri stru-
qtura Seesabameba.
TiToeul diaTezaSi erTiandeba erTi struqturisa da
erTi konstruqciis zmnebi da uRlebis tipebic imis mixedviT
gamoiyofa; kerZod:
I diaTezaSi Sedis: R-th-0 struqturis ergatiuli kon-
struqciis zmnebi; I qvejgufi: statikuri-gardauvali, av-
toaqtivebi (vtiri, vcaxcaxeb, vboboqrob...) da II qvejgufi: di-

- 183 -
namikuri-gardamavali, aqtivebi (romelTa MS brunvacvale-
badia seriebis mixedviT: kveTs, texs, xvews...).
II diaTezaSi gaerTianebulia R-th-i struqturis nomina-
tiuri konstruqciis gardauvali dinamikuri zmnebi (vTbebi,
viwerebi, vewerebi) da R-i struqturisa da nominatiuri kon-
struqciis statikuri zmnebi (weria/sweria, xatia, afenia...).
III diaTezaSi moiazreba datiuri konstruqciis
sxvadasxva zmnebi (miyvars, makankalebs, memRereba...) (d.meli-
qiSvili, 2001, gv. 66-69).
amgvarad, qarTvel enaTmecnierTa da ucxoel qarTvel-
ologTa kvlevebis safuZvelze qarTuli zmnis bevri problema
saTanadod aris Seswavlili da gamokvleuli, Tumca qarTuli
zmnis bunebis bolomde Secnoba da srulyofili analizi mo-
mavlis saqmed rCeba.

literatura

anton I, qarTuli Rrammatika Sedgenili anton I-is mier, tfilisi,

1885.
a. arabuli, zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizisaTvis: qarTuli
zmnis formobrivi da semantikuri analizi: enaTmecnierebis
institutis XLI samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 1984.
a. arabuli, qarTuli zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizisaTvis:
macne (ena-literaturis seria), #4, Tb., 1992.
a.arabuli, zmnis sauRlebel erTeulTa raodenobis sakiTxisaT-
vis qarTulSi: enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 1999.
e. babunaSvili, anton pirveli da qarTuli gramatikis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1970.
g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistema, Tb., 1988.
T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb.,
2006.
d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema, Tb., 2001.
k. dodaSvili, axali gza-kvali qarTuli gramatikis kvleva-
Ziebisa: ”moambe", 1894, #4,6.
sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, Txzulebani, t. IV,
Tb., 1965.
T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoria, Tb., 1999.

- 184 -
 T. uTurgaiZe, gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmi-
marTebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi, Tb., 2002.
t. futkaraZe, qarTuli zmnis logikuri paradigmis sakiTxisaT-
vis: akaki wereTlis universitetis humanitaruli fa-
kultetis Sromebi (enaTmecnieruli seria), t. VIII (I), qu-
Taisi, 2006.
a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973.
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis princi-
pisaTvis: ike, XIII, Tb., 1962.
А. С. Чикобава, Грузинский язык, ЕИКЯ, XI, Тбилиси, 1984.
s. xundaZe, qarTuli gramatika, quTaisi, 1904.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da funqciuri analizis
principebi, Tb., 1980.

3.4. sityvaTSexameba

winadadebaSi gramatikuli wesebis Sesabamisad Seqmnil

sityvaTa wyvils sityvaTSexameba (sintaqsuri kavSiri,
Tavisufali Sesityveba) hqvia. samecniero literaturaSi ga-
nasxvaveben sityvaTSexamebasa da Sesityvebas (a.daviTiani,
1973, gv. 364). zog enaSi sintaqsuri kavSiri sustia da sity-
vaTSexameba winadadebis wevrTa rigiT ganisazRvreba. qar-
Tuli, rogorc aglutinaciuri (afiqsebiani) ena, mdidaria
sityvaTSexamebis saxeebiT; qarTuli winadadebis azris gasage-
bad arsebiTi ar aris sityvaTa rigi, Tumca enobrivi normebisa
da stilis TvalsazrisiT yuradReba eqceva winadadebis
wevrTa Tanmimdevrobasac.
sintaqsur wyvilSi sityvebs Soris kavSiris saxeebia: Se-
Tanxmeba, marTva da mirTva. wyvilSi erTi gabatonebuli,
ZiriTadi wevria, meore - daqvemdebarebuli, ZiriTadis dama-
konkretebeli (Sdr., sazRvruli da msazRvreli farTo gage-
biT).
SeTanxmeba sityvaTa iseTi SekavSirebaa, rodesac daqvem-
debarebuli sityva iRebs im formas, romelic wamyvan sityvas
aqvs. SeTanxmebisaTvis aucilebelia, SesityvebaSi Semaval
sityvebs saziaro gramatikuli kategoria hqondes. qarTulSi
saxelebisaTvis ziaria brunvisa da ricxvis kategoria, zmnisa

- 185 -
da saxelisTvis ki _ ricxvisa. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa
SeTanxmebis sami ZiriTadi SemTxveva:
1. saxeli iTanxmebs saxels brunvaSi;
2. saxeli iTanxmebs saxels ricxvSi;
3. saxeli iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi;
im sityvas, romelic iTanxmebs, maTanxmebels uwodeben, im
sityvas ki, romelic eTanxmeba _ SeTanxmebuls. maTanxmebeli
sityva saxelia, SeTanxmebuli _ saxeli an zmna.
samecniero literaturaSi SeTanxmebis erT-erT
SemTxvevad gamoyofen saxelisa da zmnis pirSi SeTanxmebasac
(l.kvaWaZe, i.imnaiSvili, a.daviTiani...).
marTva sityvaTa iseTi sintaqsuri damokidebulebaa,
rodesac erTi sityva meorisagan moiTxovs iseT formas, ro-
melic mas ar gaaCnia saerTod an ar aqvs mocemul SemTxvevaSi.
im sityvas, romelic marTavs, mmarTavi ewodeba; xolo im
sityvas, romelic imarTvis, marTuli hqvia.
arn.Ciqobava marTvis oTx SemTxvevas gamoyofs:
1. saxeli marTavs saxels brunvaSi (xis saxli);
2. saxeli marTavs zmnas pirSi (mwers me);
3. zmna marTavs saxels brunvaSi (daxata dedam);
4. formaucvleli sityva marTavs saxels brunvaSi (sax-
lis garSemo).
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mmarTavi sityva uSualod
moiTxovs marTuli sityvisagan ama Tu im brunvis formas,
marTva uSualoa. mag.: lamazma qalma; im SemTxvevaSi ki, rode-
sac marTvaSi monawileobs Tandebuliani saxeli da misi
mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli zogierTi zmnizeda, romelic wy-
vilSi Sedis zmnasTan, saqme gvaqvs SualobiT marTvasTan
(arn.Ciqobava, l.kvaWaZe...).
mirTva srulmniSvnelovan sityvaTa iseTi SekavSirebaa,
rodesac wamyvani sityva damokidebuls ikavSirebs mxolod Si-
naarsobliv ise, rom amas raime gramatikuli gamoxatuleba ar
axlavs. ”mirTva nulamde dayvanili marTvaa. marTvis dasuste-
bis gziT mivdivarT mirTvisaken" (arn.Ciqobava, 1968, gv.120).
mirTvis SemTxvevebia:
1. formaucvleli sityva mierTvis zmnas an nazmnar saxels
(nela werda);

- 186 -
 2. Tandebuliani saxeli mierTvis zmnas an nazmnar saxels
(saxlSi midis).
martiv winadadebaSi sintaqsur wyvilTa ricxvi winadade-
bis wevrTa raodenobaze erTiT naklebia;
ganvixiloT sintaqsuri wyvilTa saxeebi martivi winadade-
bis mixedviT: "Zalian lamazi qali aCqarebuli nabijiT Se-
movida oTaxSi". konstruqciaSi 6 sintaqsuri wyvilia.
qali Semovida: gabatonebuli wevria Semasmeneli; SeTanx-
meba gvaqvs ricxvSi (Sdr.: qalebi Semovidnen). qvemdebares
(saxels) brunvaSi marTavs Semasmeneli (zmna): zmna iTxovs,
rom saxeli iyos saxelobiT brunvaSi. amave dros, qvemdebare
(saxeli) zmnas marTavs pirSi (Sdr.: Sen Semoxvedi, is Se-
movida), e.i. gvaqvs saurTierTo marTva - koordinacia (ix. qve-
moT; 3.5.).
nabijiT Semovida: gabatonebuli wevria Semasmeneli; vi-
Tarebis garemoebas (saxels) marTavs Semasmeneli (zmna). aqve
aRvniSnavT, rom nabijiT Semovida wyvili samecniero litera-
turaSi mirTvadac ganixileba.
oTaxSi Semovida: gabatonebuli wevria Semasmeneli; adgi-
lis garemoebas (saxels) marTavs Semasmeneli (zmna): zmna
saxels iTxovs Si-morfemiani formamawarmoebeli yalibiT -
brunviT.
lamazi qali: gabatonebuli wevria qvemdebare; SeTanxmeba
gvaqvs brunvaSi: lamazi (gansazRvreba) brunvaSi eTanxmeba
qvemdebares (arsebiTi saxels).
Zalian lamazi: gabatonebuli wevria zedsarTavi saxeli,
zmnizeda mirTulia zedsarTavze, misi msazRvrelia, gansaz-
Rvrebaa (da ara viTarebis garemoeba; garemoeba, rogorc wesi,
unda axldes Semasmenels).
aCqarebuli[T] nabijiT: gabatonebuli wevria viTarebis
garemoeba (arsebiTi saxeli), romelic moqmedebiT brunvaSi
iTanxmebs msazRvrels (zedsarTavi saxelis rolSi war-
modgenil mimReobas).
sintaqsur wyvilTa warmodgenili kvalifikacia kargad as-
axavs qarTuli winadadebis wevrTa ierarqias, romelic war-
moCndeba uSualo Semadgenlebis meTodiT (ix. qvemoT 3.5.).

- 187 -
 sityvaTSexameba (Tavisufali Sesityveba) SeiZleba iqces
myar Sesityvebad - frazeologiur erTeulad (a.daviTiani,
1973, gv. 355-368; T.gamyreliZe, 2003, gv.374-379). frazeolo-
giuri erTeuli dauSlelia, Tumca sintaqsuri kavSiris
saxeebi Tavisufali sityvaTSexamebis analogiuria; Sdr.: nem-
sis yunwSi (saxeli marTavs saxels brunvaSi) gaZvra; tyuils
mokle fexebi (saxeli iTanxmebs saxels brunvaSi) aqvs; eg kaci
wyals nayavs (zmna saxels marTavs brunvaSi da saxeli marTavs
zmnas pirSi)...

literatura

a. daviTiani, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1973.

a. kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba Zvel qarTulSi, Tb.,
1963.
l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1988.
d.meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema. Tb., 2001.
r. enuqiZe, birTvuli winadadeba qarTulSi: kreb. "Tanamedrove
zogadi da maTematikuri enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi", t. II,
Tb., 1967.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, quTaisi, 1996.
arn. Ciqobava, zogadi enaTmecniereba, II, Tb., 1945; Tb., 1952.
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.
arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb.,
1968.

3.5. winadadeba

sityvas an sityvaTa jgufs, romelic dasrulebul azrs ga-

moxatavs, winadadeba ewodeba. winadadebas swavlobs enaTmec-
nierebis dargi - sintaqsi.
qarTul enaSi, msgavsad sxva enebisa, winadadeba agebulebis
mixedviT sami tipisaa: martivi, Serwymuli da rTuli.
tradiciuli gamartebiT, martivia winadadeba, Tu igi gad-
mocemulia erTi an ramdenime sityviT, romlebSic ar urevia
erTgvari wevrebi.

- 188 -
 Serwymulia (anu Tanwyobilwevrebiania) winadadeba, ro-
melic Seicavs erT saerTo wevrTan dakavSirebul ramdenime
erTmaneTis mimarT Tanwyobil wevrs.
rTulia winadadeba, romelic Sedgeba ori an meti martivi
Tu Serwymuli winadadebisagan (l.kvaWaZe, 1996).
amjerad mxolod martiv winadadebas ganvixilavT.
sintaqsis cnebebia: Semasmeneli, qvemdebare, gansazRvreba,
damateba, garemoeba, CarTuli, kavSiri. tradiciuli sintaqsis
cnebebis mixedviT, qarTuli winadadeba srulyofilad ganx-
iluli aqvs l. kvaWaZes. qarTveluri da iberiul-kavkasiuri
enebis sintaqsis kvlevis (ergatiuli konstruqciis arsisa da
winadadebis wevrTa Soris mimarTebis kvlevis) TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs arn. Ciqobavas. Tanamedrove
meTodologiiT qarTuli enis sintaqsis gamorCeuli mkvle-
varia akaki daviTiani.
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, qarTul winadadebaTa sintaqsuri
meqanizmis specifikurobisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa
ori kardinaluri mniSvnelobis sintaqsuri faqti: a) zmna
marTavs morfologiuri subieqtis brunvas iseve, rogorc
morfologiuri obieqtisas da b) morfologiuri obieqti
marTavs zmnis pirs iseve, rogorc morfologiuri subieqti.
amitomac, am tipis winadadebaSi marTvis adgils iWers koor-
dinacia. arn. Ciqobava koordinacias uwodebs iseT rTul sin-
taqsur urTierTobas, rodesac zmna marTavs masTan mor-
fologiurad dakavSirebuli saxelebis - morfologiuri
subieqtisa (MS) da morfologiuri obieqtis (MO) brunvebs,
saxelni, Tavis mxriv, marTaven zmnis pirs da iTanxmeben mas
ricxvSi. ara gvaqvs oden marTuli zmna - Semasmeneli, arc oden
mmarTveli (zmnisa) saxeli - qvemdebare, arc saxeli, marTuli
zmnis mier - damateba; aris mxolod koordinatebi: koordi-
nati aris koordinaciaSi monawile sityva (saxelebi Tu zmna).
koordinati SeiZleba iyos ZiriTadi, didi, mcire da um-
ciresi. ZiriTadi koordinatia (coordinata princeps) zmna, ro-
melic brunvaSi marTavs masTan dakavSirebul saxelebs (MS da
MO); igi centria koordinaciisa.

- 189 -
 saxelebi (MS da MO) gvevlineba didi, mcire da umciresi
koordinatis rolSi.
didia is koordinati (coordinata major), romelic marTavs
zmnas pirSi da iTanxmebs ricxvSi.
mcirea is koordinati (coordinata minor), romelic marTavs
zmnis pirs, magram ver iTanxmebs mas ricxvSi.
umciresia is koordinati (coordinata minima), romelic
iTanxmebs zmnas ricxvSi, magram ver marTavs zmnis pirs (arn.
Ciqobava, 1968).
koordinaciis Tu SeTanxmeba-marTva-mirTvis arsis garkveva
gvWirdeba winadadebis sintaqsuri analizisTvis (sintaqsuri
analizi ki - swori winadadebis agebisaTvis). Tavis mxriv, sin-
taqsuri analizis ramdenime meTodi arsebobs:
a. winadadebis analizi tradiciuli sintaqsis cnebebiT: wi-
nadadebis wevrTa urTierToba ganixileba sintaqsuri wy-
vilebis gauTvaliswineblad;
b. distribuciuli analizi: sityvaTa klasebis urTierTmi-
marTebis gansazRvra mTliani winadadebis fonze; es me-
Todi warmatebuli ver iqneba qarTulisTvis, ramdenadac
igi arsebiTad gadaWarbebulad afasebs sityvaTa rigs
(a.daviTiani).
g. uSualo SemadgenelTa meTodiT ganisazRvreba winadade-
baSi sintaqsur wyvilTa ierarqia; mag., aviRoT aseTi wi-
nadadeba: "patara (gansazRvreba) giorgi (qvemdebare)
ukanmouxedavad (garemoeba) garboda (Semasmeneli)". es
winadadeba oTxi komponentisagan Sedgeba: "patara",
"giorgi", "ukanmouxedavad", "garboda". am winadadebaSi
uSualo SemadgenelTa mixedviT analizis procesi sami
saxiT gamoixateba: 1. frCxilebis saSualebiT:
S (NP [patara]+N [giorgi])+adv [ukanmouxedavad]+V [gar-
boda])
2. grafikulad, uSualo SemadgenelTa xis saSualebiT:
S

NP VP

- 190 -
 A N Adv V

patara giorgi ukanmouxedavad garboda

3. uSualo SemadgenelTa aRmniSvneli klasebis Tanmimdev-

robiT gadaweris gziT: S : NP+VP; NP : A+N; VP : adv +V; sa-
dac: S - garboda, N - giorgi, A - patara, V - garboda, Adv -
ukanmouxedavad.
d. transformaciuli meTodi SesaZleblobas iZleva,
Tvali gavadevnoT mocemuli winadadebis struqturis siRr-
miseul variantebs da zustad gavarkvioT struqturul
erTeulTa funqcia.
e. sintagmaturi analizis mixedviT, winadadeba ganixileba,
rogorc mis Semadgenel elementTa wrfivi ganfeniloba, ro-
melic SeiZleba mxolod sintagmebad daiyos. sintagmad
iTvleba winadadebis Semadgeneli erTeuli, romelic er-
TurTTan garkveuli logikuri, semantikuri, gramatikuli da
sxv. (magaliTad, pragmatuli) kavSiriT Sexamebuli elemente-
bisgan Sedgeba (a.daviTiani).
v. relaciuri meTodiT (winadadebis analizi mimarTebaTa
mixedviT) ganisazRvreba winadadebis wevris funqcia masTan
dakavSirebul sityvasTan mimarTebiT; mag., am meTodis erT-
erTi wesis Tanaxmad, "nebismieri erTeuli, romelic mimarTe-
baSia zmna-Semasmenlis subieqtur pirTan, aris qvemdebare"
(araiSviaTad, relaciuri wesebi sakamaToa).
z. winadadebis analizi aqtantebis mixedviT. meTodi
daamuSava l. tenierma; misi azriT, fraza aris speqtakli, sa-
dac zmna mTavari moqmedi piria, xolo zmnasTan dakavSirebuli
saxelebi moqmedi pirebi (aqtantebi - frang. actants "moqmedi")
arian; frazis elementia kavSiric. am analiziT, sintaqsuri
kavSiri mxolod daqvemdebarebiTia: maRali rigis elementi
marTavs dabali rigisas. l. teniers enaTmecnierebaSi gad-
moaqvs valentobis cneba, romelic asaxavs zmnis unars, dai-

- 191 -
kavSiros saxelTa garkveuli raodenoba (Sdr., pirianoba:
zmnaSi asaxul aqtantTa raodenoba).
winadadeba logikur-gramatikuli struqturaa; mety-
velebis nakadSi (azris gamoTqmis dros) xdeba struqturis
realizeba (aqtualizeba - a.daviTiani), Tumca, winadadebis
saxes bevrad gansazRvravs intonacia (sintaqsur-semantikuri
funqciis mqone fonetikuri movlena), romelic gamoixateba
maxvilisa da pauzis saSualebiT. maxvilica da pauzac
samgvaria: gramatikuli, logikuri da fsiqologiuri. wi-
nadadebis damatebiTi aqtualizeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes:
mimarTviT, CarTuliT, poeturi gameorebiT; agreTve: Cvene-
biTi nacvalsaxelebiT, nawilakebiT, kavSirebiT da sxv.
martivi da rTuli winadadebebis siRrmiseuli Tu zedapi-
ruli struqturebis adekvatur analizze bevrad aris da-
mokidebuli Tanamedrove enobrivi teqnologiebis damuSaveba
da maTi aqtiuri gamoyenebiT teqstis "gaazreba" manqanis mier,
avtomaturi Targmanebis ganxorcieleba da sxv..

literatura

r. asaTiani, martivi winadadebis tipologiuri analizi, Tb., 1982.

T. gamyreliZe, zmnis "pirianoba" da "valentoba": saenaTmecniero
krebuli, eZRvneba g. maWavarianis xsovnas, Tb., 1979.
a. daviTiani, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1973.
m. damenia, qarTuli enis zmnuri morfemebis struqturuli mode-
lebi, Tb., 1982.
l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb., 1996.
r. enuqiZe, birTvuli winadadeba qarTulSi: kreb. Tanamedrove
zogadi da maTematikuri enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, t. II,
Tb., 1967.
r. enuqiZe, transformaciuli meTodi da misi gamoyeneba qarTuli
enis martivi winadadebis masalaze, sakandidato di-
sertacia, 1969.
r. enuqiZe, winadadebis aqtualuri danawevreba da misi mimarTeba
sintaqsuri da semantikuri analizis Tanamedrove meTodeb-
Tan: kreb. "Tanamedrove zogadi enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi",
VI, Tb., 1981.

- 192 -
r. enuqiZe, ZiriTadi sintaqsuri Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazRvar-
gareTul enaTmecnierebaSi, Tb., 1987.
l. kiknaZe, zmnis oTxpirianobisaTvis qarTulSi: Jurn. "komunis-
turi aRzrdisaTvis", Tb., 1937, #8-9.
В. С.Kраковский, Истоки вервацентрической концепции предложения
в русском языкознании, ВЯ, 1983, #3, с. 110-117.
g. maWavariani, uniSno vnebiTi qarTvelur enebSi: qarTvelur
enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1959.
m. maWavariani, refleqsivisa da qcevis kategoriebis mimarTebisaT-
vis: kreb. Tanamedrove zogadi enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, V,
Tb., 1980.
l. nozaZe, in-eniani vnebiTebis urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis qar-
TulSi: ike, IX-X, Tb., 1958.
l. nozaZe, medioaqtiv zmnaTa warmoebis zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi:
ike, XIX, Tb., 1974.
J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, quTaisi, 1996.
В. Скаличка, О грамматике венгерского языка, "Пражский лингвисти-
ческий кружок", Москва, 1967.
В. М. Солнцев, Относительно концепции глубинной структуры, ВЯ,
1976, 5 с. 13-25 .
T. SaraZeniZe, Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis Teoriuli sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1972.
arn. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis raobis Teoriebi, Tb.,
1961.
arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb.,
1968.
Р. А. Холл, Критика теории омского ВЯ, 1978, 5.
Н. Хомский, Аспекты теории синтаксиса, М., 1972.
Z.S. Harris, String Analysis of Sentence Structure, The Hague, Mouton,
1962.
Tavi IV
qarTuli samwignobro enis leqsika
da sityvawarmoeba
4.1. qarTuli leqsikisa da terminologiis Seswav-
lis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

- 193 -
 enaTmecnierebis dargs, romelic leqsikas ikvlevs, leqsi-
kologia ewodeba (berZn. lēxikos "sityvisa" da logos "moZ-
Rvreba"). leqsikas sxvadasxva kuTxiT swavlobs, agreTve: sema-
siologia (sityvaTa da gamoTqmaTa mniSvnelobas), etimologia
(sityvaTa warmomavlobas, Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas), onomasi-
ologia (sityvas, rogorc saxels), leqsikografia (leqsikonis
Sedgenis Teoriis sakiTxebs).
varaudoben, rom enebSi saSualod naxevari milioni sityva
da gamoTqmaa. leqsika enis yvelaze cvalebadi nawilia. leqsi-
kur erTeulTa swrafi cvalebadoba aixsneba maTi
mniSvnelobebis uSualo kavSiriT gareenobriv sinamdvil-
esTan: leqsikur maragSi TvalsaCinod aisaxeba is gardaqmnebi,
romlebic samyaroSi xdeba; axali realobis gaCenasTan erTad
leqsikuri erTeulic Cndeba. paralelurad zogi sityva ga-
modis sayovelTao xmarebidan; amis aRnusxva SeuZlebelia, ami-
tom zustad ver davadgenT ama Tu im enaSi arsebul leqsikur
erTeulTa raodenobas.
leqsikologiuri muSaoba Zvel saqarTveloSi mwigno-
brobis warmoqmnisTanave unda dawyebuliyo. amas mowmobs uZ-
velesi xelnaweri Zeglebi (originaluri da naTargmni), ro-
melTa mniSvnelovan nawils Tan axlavs sqolio, sadac war-
modgenilia sityvaTa - cnebaTa ganmartebani.
qarTuli terminTSemoqmedeba erT-erTi uZvelesi proce-
sia, Sesabamisad, metad faseulia msoflios lingvisturi az-
rovnebis istoriisTvis.
"SuSanikis wamebis" daxvewili literaturuli ena mow-
mobs, rom V saukunisaTvis ukve arsebobda kargad ganviTare-
buli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo da samecniero terminologia
(terminus "sazRvari", "zRvari").
VIII-IX saukuneebSi grigol xanZTelis TaosnobiT Seqm-
nilma tao-klarjeTis literaturulma skolam axali etapi
Seqmna terminologiis ganviTarebisaTvis.
qarTuli enis terminTqmnadobis (leqsikis/terminebis mec-
nieruli gziT Seqmnis) axali aqtiuri periodi daiwyo X-XIII
saukuneebidan.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Tu mis sazRvrebs gareT arse-
bul samecniero centrebSi (gelaTis, iyalTos akademiebSi,

- 194 -
aTonis, Savi mTis, petriwonis literaturul skolebSi) X-XII
saukuneebSi Seiqmna myari tradiciebi sityvaTa warmoebisa da
Txzvisa. qarTuli leqsika am droisaTvis iseTi maRali donisa
iyo, rom mas Seswevda unari, gadmoeca maSindeli msoflios
goniTi miRwevis yvela niuansi. d.meliqiSvilisa da sxvaTa ga-
mokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom XII saukuneSi qarTul enaze ukve
arsebobda mdidari Teologiuri da samecniero terminolo-
gia, intensiurad viTardeboda humanitaruli dargebi,
filosofiuri azrovneba... am droisaTvis qarTuli leqsikis
gamorCeuli mkvlevrebi iyvnen: ioane da eqvTime aTonelebi,
giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire, arsen iyalToeli, "saRvTo
filosofosi" - ioane petriwi, nikoloz gulaberisZe da
sxvani.
XIV saukunidan XVII saukunis damdegamde, saqarTvelos
politikur-sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri cxovrebidan ga-
momdinare, qveyanaSi kulturul-literaturuli winsvla
aRar igrZnoba. leqsikologiur sferoSic aRorZineba iwyeba
XVII saukunidan, vaxtang meeqvsisa da sulxan-sabas saganmanaT-
leblo moRvaweobiT. sabas "leqsikoni qarTuli" mravali
kuTxiTaa saintereso (didi leqsikografi gulistkiviliT aRniS-
navs, rom qarTvelebs manamdec hqoniaT leqsikoni, romelic "JamTa
viTarebiTa uCinod qmniliyo"); sabas leqsikografiuli Sedevri
dResac erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa ama Tu im dargis termine-
bis SemuSavebis dros. qarTuli leqsikis istoriisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovania vaxtang meeqvsis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis, anton
kaTalikosis, daviT reqtoris, niko da daviT CubinaSvilebis
memkvidreoba.
XIX-XX saukuneebi sruliad axali etapia leqsikisa da,
saerTod, enis SeswavlisaTvis. ukve yalibdeba samecniero dis-
ciplinebi, romlebic akademiurad swavloben enis yovel
mxares; gaCnda leqsikis Semswavleli ramdenime samecniero
dargi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca terminologias.
terminologiis sakiTxebiT qarTuli sazogadoebis did
dainteresebaze metyvelebs XIX saukunis qarTuli presa, ro-
melSic sistemurad ibeWdeboda terminologiuri masalebi,
terminologiis sakiTxebze gamarTuli krebebisa da diskusie-

- 195 -
bis Sedegebi, recenziebi terminologiuri leqsikonebis Ses-
axeb da sxv.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi samecniero terminologias
aqtiurad qmnis da qveynis masStabiT terminTqmandobis proc-
ess xelmZRvanelobs didi ilia. misi TaosnobiT ganxorciele-
bulma enis reformam myari safuZveli moamzada momdevno pe-
riodis terminologiuri muSaobisaTvis; ilia WavWavaZem
Seqmna terminologiuri muSaobis meTodologia, romelic
gulisxmobda:
1. qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondis maqsimalurad amo-
qmedebas, rac gamoixata, erTi mxriv, miviwyebuli Zveli samec-
niero terminebis, meore mxriv - qarTveluri dialeqturi
monacemebis moZieba-aRnusxvaSi;
2. sityvawarmoebas tradiciuli qarTveluri yalibebis
mixedviT da
3. saerTaSoriso terminebis sesxebas. nasesxobebisa da bar-
barizmebis pirveli marTebuli gamijvna swored ilia WavWavaZis
damsaxurebaa (i.vaSakiZe, 2005).
XIX-XX saukuneebis moRvaweTagan unda gamovyoT, agreTve:
solomon dodaSvilis, dimitri yifianis (qarTuli gramatika),
konstantine da varlam yifianebis (algebra, geometria,
teqnika), vasil petriaSvilis (qimia) terminologiuri moRva-
weoba.
mecnierebis ganviTarebis kvalad, XX saukunis pirveli
naxevridan axal masStabebs iZens qarTuli terminTSemo-
qmedeba; 1920 wels gamoica ”rusul-qarTuli teqnikuri
leqsikoni (sityvari)", ramac didi roli Seasrula Taname-
drove qarTuli terminebis Seqmnasa da danergvaSi (swored am
dros Semovida bevri cnobili termini: wneva, deni, Zrava, minarevi,
sinjara, marTi kuTxe...).
XX saukunis qarTuli samecniero terminologiis gam-
didreba-gamravalferovneba iv. javaxiSvilis saxels ukavSir-
deba. 1936 wels man Seqmna samecniero terminologiis spe-
cialuri ganyofileba, romlis muSaobaSi imTaviTve Caebnen
sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi: aleqsandre janeliZe, niko
musxeliSvili, andria razmaZe, giorgi axvlediani, arnold
Ciqobava, dimitri uznaZe, akaki SaniZe, simon yauxCiSvili da

- 196 -
sxvebi. maTi muSaobis Sedegad aTeulobiT sxvadaxva termi-
nologiuri leqsikoni gamovida.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianuri cxovrebis axali
realobebi axali terminologiis swrafi qmnadobis aucile-
blobas qmnis. eleqtronuli proeqtebisa da samyaros axlebu-
rad xedvis Sesabamisi cnebebis aRsaniSnavad droulad unda
moxdes qarTuli saleqsikono masalis gamoyeneba, rom Cveni ena
gaumarTleblad ar damZimdes barbarizmebiT da, bolos, saer-
Tod ar dakargos kulturuli enis funqcia. saqarTveloSi
terminTqmnadobis Tvisobrivad axali etapi dgeba.

literatura

T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelia, enaTmecnierebis

Teoriuli kursi, Tb., 2003.
d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da
stili, Tb., 1975.
d.meliqiSvili, Zveli qarTuli filosofiur-Teologiuri ter-
minologiis istoriidan: "logosi", Tb., 1999.
i. vaSakiZe, ilia WavWavaZe - terminTSemoqmedi, Tb., 2005.
g. nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 2003.
m.tabiZe, axali Taobis qarTvel mweralTa erTi jgufis enobriv
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb: gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
Jurnali #4, quTaisi, 2006.
m.tabiZe, onomastika da leqsikologia: iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, t. XXII, Tb., 2003.
m.tabiZe, leqsikur nasesxobaTa zogi sakiTxis Sesaxeb quTaisuri
saubrebi: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t.I. quTaisi, 1996.
m.tabiZe, -oba sufiqsiani warmoeba musikis terminologiaSi:
qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t.I. Tb., 1996.
М.Табидзе, Фонетические процессы в заимствованной лексике
на разных этапах развития грузинского языка. Десятый
международный коллоквиум Европейского общества
кавказоведов. (тезисы докладов). Махачкала, Республика
Дагестан. 1998.
b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1966.

- 197 -
 r. RambaSiZe, qarTuli samecniero terminologia da misi Sedgenis
ZiriTadi principebi, Tb., 1986.
al. Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1971.
al. Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983.

4.2. saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri leqsika

yovel ers ainteresebs Tavisi enis leqsikis warmomavloba;

msoflios sxva enaTa msgavsad, qarTulis leqsikuri fondic
sxvadasxva istoriis mqone sityvebisgan iqmneboda; kerZod,
Tanamedrove qarTveluri (qarTuli) enis mravalferovani
leqsika Sedgeba: saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri, saerToqarTve-
luri, sakuTriv dialeqturi da nasesxebi sityvaformebisgan.
qarTul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi ga-
movlenilia mTeli wyeba sityvebisa, romelTa Zirebi enaTe-
saveba imier-kavkasiuri (afxazur-abazur-Cerqezuli, CeCnur-
inguSuri da daRestnuri) enebis sityvebs. specialur lit-
eraturaSi iberiul-kavkasiur enebs Soris dadgenilia regu-
laruli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobani, rac utyuars
xdis am enaTa leqsikis ZiriTadi nawilis saerTo warmomavlo-
bas (iv. javaxiSvili, arn. Ciqobava, g. rogava, q.lomTaTiZe,
t. gudava, v. Sengelia, r. abaSia, m. Cuxua, c.baramiZe...).
mravalricxovani masalidan sailustraciod warmovadgenT
qarTvelur-daRestnur-naxur saerTo ZirTa ramdenime nimuSs
(vimowmebT m. Cuxuas gamokvlevis mixedviT):
saerToqarTveluri m-ze ”mze” (Sdr.: ze-viT, ze-ze), me-
gruli bJa, Wanuri mJora, svanuri miJ/mHJ; bacburi {zDu},
CaCnuri zDM<*zM ”sxivi”, inguSuri zDH ”sxivi”, winarenaxuri zi
”id”; xunZur-lakuri i-z-an ”adgoma”, arCibuli bu-c-is
”adgoma”, lezgiuri aBÄEa-z-un ”adgoma”, Tabasaranuli zu-
jE-uz ”adgoma”, aRuluri Ru-z-as ”adgoma”, ruTuluri lu-
z-un ”adgoma”, waxuri ulu-z-ar-as ”adgoma”; winaredaRest-
nuri -z- ” zesvla" (Sdr. qarT. ze, ze-viT, ze-da...).
saerToqarTveluri *wued-/wEeT-, wEeT-i, megrul-Wanuri
WEaT-/wEaT-, svanuri Eid<hEid<WEed ”cvari, wveTi”; bacburi
darw-, CaCnuri derz/Z, inguSuri dar ”wvimianoba”, saer-

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Tonaxuri *darw- (<*daw < winarenaxuri *wad) ”wvimianoba”;
xunZuri wÄad/wad, andiuri wÄa, boTlixuri wÄa~, Wa-
malaluri wÄK, bagvaluri wÄa~, karatauli wÄa~, axvaxuri
wÄari<wÄadi ”wvima”, boTlixuri wÄai<wÄari ”wveTi, siTxe”,
lezgiuri stal<*wdal ”wveTi, siTxe”, Tabasaranuli wadal
”wveTi, siTxe”, aRuluri war ”wveTi, siTxe”, kriwuli wadi
”wveTi, siTxe”, winaredaRestnuri *wad ”wveTi, siTxe”.
saerToqarTveluri wod- ”wodeba”, ”kiTxva”, ”saxeli”;
svanuri WEd-, li-WEd-i ”SekiTxva”, bacburi weT ”saxeli”,
”dideba”, CaCnuri w~TÄ, inguSuri w~eTÄ, winarenaxuri *wed
”saxeli”; didouri wod-er-a/jod-ir-a ”gawodeba (xelis)”;
hunziburi, hinuxuri wod- ”Tqma, metyveleba”; lezgiuri, Ta-
basaranuli, aRuluri Wal ”Tqma, metyveleba”, arCibuli WaT
”Tqma, metyveleba”, winaredaRestnuri *wod ”gawodeba”, ”mi-
wodeba”.
saerToqarTveluri vaS-li/*vaS-al-i, megrul-Wanuri uSq-
ur-i/uSq-ir-i, svanuri Eisg-E<EiSg-E<*EiSq-l; wi-
narenaxuri *vaS- "vaSli"; winaredaRestnuri *veS- "vaSli".
saerToqarTveluri as-ul-i, winarenaxuri *~-as "qaliS-
vili", winaredaRestnuri *~-as "qaliSvili".
saerToqarTveluri ZEal-i "Zvali", winarenaxuri *Zal-
"nekni"; winaredaRestnuri *Zal(a) "nekni".
saerToqarTveluri ZaR-l-i/*ZaR-al-i, megrul-Wanuri
joR-or-i, svanuri JeR/JeR-E, winarenaxuri *ZoR(ar-
)>woy(ar-); winaredaRestnuri *ZiR(or)>wiy-(or) ”focx-
veri".
saerToqarTveluri cici "cici-naTela" (Sdr., lazuri
CiCi), winarenaxuri *cic- "mweri, winaredaRestnuri *cec
"CrCili".
saerToqarTveluri sueli "Srati" (Sdr., svanuri SEel
"Srati"), winarenaxuri *sual ”Srati, do", winaredaRestnuri
*suale ”Srati, sEeli".
SedarebiT vrclad ganvixilavT ”venaxi” sityvis istorias:
saerToqarTvelur doneze aRadgenen *Ein-aB formas, romel-
sac qarTvelur qvesistemebSi gaaCnia Sesatyvisoba: qarT. ven-

- 199 -
ax-i : zan. bin-ex-i: svan. Een-aB. Ein-aB rTuli Sedgenilobisaa:
Ein+ax. pirveli komponenti Ein- igive Ziria, rac *REin(o)
sityvaSia. E-s win R ganviTarebulia (Sdr. svan. RvaJ ”vaJi”,
RvaWar "vaWari”). komponentis meore nawili ax- dRes qarTve-
lur qvesistemebSi damoukideblad ar ixmareba. am sityvis eti-
mologiuri kvlevis gasaRebs mTis kavkasiuri enebi iZleva. -ax
Ziri dasturdeba daRestnur enebSi: xunZuri ax, boTlixuri,
Rodoberiuli axi, axvaxuri aBi, andiuri oxi, didouri ax
”zvari”, darguuli anB, lakuri aB ”baRi”. e.i. ven-ax-i niSnavs
”Rvinis baRs”. saerToqarTveluri *Ein-(o) ”Rvino” sityvis
Sesatyvisebic dasturdeba kavkasiur enebSi: naxuri ven, afxa-
zuri a-EH(n) ”Rvino”. rogorc Cans, mTis kavkasiur enebSi cal-
calke dasturdeba rogorc ven-, ise aB- fuZeebi. maTi kom-
pozicia mxolod saerToqarTvelur doneze moxda, Ein-aB
sityvawarmoeba saerToqarTveluri donisaa. saerToqarTve-
lur enobriv cnobierebaSi venaxi erTi sityvaa (m. Cuxua, 2003;
Sdr., T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis azriT, Rvino, venaxi indoevro-
puli enebidan nasesxeb leqsemebs warmoadgens).

literatura

T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa

uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb., 1959.
Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, В. В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индо-
европейцы, т. I-II, Тбилиси, 1984.
o. Tedeevi, narkvevebi osur-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan,
Tb., 1988.
g. rogava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa saero kuTvnilebis Tesvis aRm-
niSvneli fuZe: ike, t. VI, 1954.
b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974.
arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni,
tfilisi, 1938.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Seswavlis is-
toria, Tb., 1965.
m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-
2003.

- 200 -
 m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriuli SedarebiTi gramatika, Tb., 2006.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.

4.3. saerToqarTveluri leqsika

qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondis ZiriTadi nawili saerTo-

qarTveluri warmomavlobisaa. igi saerToa saliteraturo
qarTulisa da qarTveluri ena-kiloebisaTvis da ar aris SeT-
visebuli ucxo enobrivi samyarodan.
SesaZlebelia esa Tu is saerToqarTveluri sityvaforma
Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi an kidev qarTvelur qvesis-
temebSi ar iyos da romelime kiloSi iyos Semonaxuli. amgvari
masala Zvirfasia qarTvelur ena-kiloTa leqsikis istoriuli
mimarTebis dasadgenad. aqve sainteresoa saerToqarTveluri
warmomavlobis sityvaTa formobriv-semantikuri transfor-
maciebi. am TvalsazrisiT saerToqarTveluri leqsikuri
erTeulebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT:
a) pirvel jgufSi gaerTiandeba identuri masala, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, megrul-WanurSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi: cxeni,
zRva, ca, adre, dro, xani, Sara, kvali, mxare, kari, ezo, didi,
kiseri... am SemTxvevaSi ucvlelia sityvaTa rogorc garegnuli
mxare, ise mniSvneloba. vfiqrobT, gaumarTlebelia, rom saer-
ToqarTveluri warmomavlobis sityvebi megrul-WanurSi e.w.
qarTul nasesxobebad CaiTvalos;
b) meore jgufs Seadgens iseTi leqsikuri erTeulebi,
romlebic saxecvlilia formobrivad da semantikurad.
fonetikuri cvlileba SeiZleba iyos poziciuri (kombinato-
ruli) da istoriuli (bgeraTSesatyvisobani).
Zireul qarTul (qarTvelur) arqaul masalas umTavresad
ganekuTvneba naTesauri urTierTobis, sxeulis nawilebis,
cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mcenareebis, bunebrivi movlenebis,
dro-Jamis aRmniSvneli leqsika, agreTve, ricxviTi saxelebi,
nacvalsaxelebi, zedsarTavi saxelebi, zmnebi (masala war-
modgenilia arn.Ciqobavas ”Wanur-megrul-qarTuli leqsikonisa” da
h.fenrixi-z.sarjvelaZis ”etimologiuri leqsikonis” mixedviT).

- 201 -
 naTesaobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi: Zma (zan. jima{l}, svan.
jHmil), da (zan. da{l}, svan. udil), siZe (zan. sinja, svan. CiJe),
Svili (zan. sqiri, squa, svan. sg ”Soba”), qvisli (zan. qviSili,
svan. meqvSLl), asuli (zan. osuri, svan. asEiS), dedamTili
(megr. dianTili, Wan. damTire, svan. dimTil), mamamTili (megr.
muanTili, Wan. mTiri, svan. mimTil), kaci (zan. koCi, svan. W@S
”qmari”)...
sxeulis nawilTa saxelebi: Tvali (zan. Toli, svan. Te),
yuri (megr. Guji, Wan. yuji, svan. yor ”kari”), nikapi (megr. nHkH,
Wan. nuku, svan. nikfa), piri (zan. piji, svan. pil), ena (meg. nina,
Wan. nena, svan. nin), kbili (zan. kibiri), mxari (megr. xuji, Wan.
mxuji/fxuji, xuji, svan. meB@r), frCxili (megr. bircxa, Wan.
bucxa, svan. cxa), guli (zan. guri, svan. gEi), filtvi (megr.
firtvi, Wan. furfu, svan. perSvda/pereStva), sisxli (megr.
zisxiri, Wan. dicxiri, svan. zisx)...
cxovelTa saxelebi: xari (zan. xoji, svan. B@n), furi (zan.
fuji, svan. firE), cxvari (megr. Sxuri, Wan. mCxuri, svan. Sx@n),
Txa (zan. Txa, svan. daBHl), ZaRli (zan joRori, svan. JeRE),
daTvi (megr. TunTi, Wan. mTuTi, svan. daSdE), mela (megr. mela,
Wan. meli, svan. m@l), kverna (megr. kvinori, Wan. kvenuri, svan.
kven-), Tagvi (Wan. mTugi, svan. SdegE)...
frinvelTa saxelebi: qaTami (meg. qoTomi, Wan. qoTume, svan.
qaTal), dedali (zan. daduli, svan. d@dE), mamali (megr. mu-
muli, Wan. mamuli, svan. mam@l), guguli (zan. guguli, svan.
g@go), ofofi (megr. ofofi, Wan. ofamfe, svan. ofof@), yvavi
(megr. yvaria, Wan. yvaoji, svan. Wver), koRo (megr. koRona, Wan.
koRoni, svan. koRun)...
mcenareTa saxelebi: msxali (megr. sxuli, Wan. mcxuli, svan.
icx), bali (zan. buli, svan. heb), Txili (zan. Txiri, svan. Sdix),
broweuli (zan. berw(e)uli, svan. broweul), tyemali (zan.
Gomuri, svan. baryven), wifeli (zan. wifuri, svan. wifra),
cacxvi (megr. cxacxu, Wan. ducxu, svan. cacxE), wabli (zan.
Wuburi, svan. hebra), mtili (megr. ortvini, Wan. ontule, svan.
lert@m)...
ricxviTi saxelebi: erTi (megr. arTi, Wan. {G}arT{i}), ori
(megr. Jiri, Wan. Jur, svan. ~ori), sami (zan. sumi, svan. sem), oTxi

- 202 -
(megr. oTxi, Wan. oTxo, svan. EoSdxE), xuTi (zan. xuTi, svan.
EoxEiSd), eqvsi (megr. amSvi, Wan a{n}Svi, svan. usgEa), Svidi
(zan. SqviTi, svan. iSqEid), rva (megr. ruo, Wan. {G}ovro, svan.
ara), cxra (zan. Cxoro, svan. Cxara), aTi (zan. viTi, svan ~eSd),
oci (zan. eCi, sv. ~erv-eSd), asi (zan. oSi, svan. aSir)...
nacvalsaxelebi: me (zan. ma{n}, svan. mi), Sen (zan. si{n}, svan.
si), Cven (megr. Cqi, Wan. Cqu{n}, svan. n@~), Tqven (zan. Tqva{n},
svan. sg@~), vin (zan. min, svan. ~er-v), sxva (megr. Sxva, Wan. Cqva,
svan. eSxu)...
zedsarTavi saxelebi: wiTeli (zan. WiTa, svan. WiSdE),
Tbili (zan. tibu, svan. tebid), Zveli (zan. jveSi, svan. jEinel),
Txeli (zan. T{x}iTxu, svan. dHTxel), Sua (megr. Sqa, Wan. Sqa
”weli”, svan. isga), mrgvali (megr. rgvali, Wan. murgvali, svan.
girgod)...
zmnebi: gazrda (zan. rd-, svan. lMrdi), zomavs (zan. zim-,
svan. zum-), Txra (zan. Txor-, svan. STxar), aris (zan. ore{n},
svan. @ri), esmis (zan. sim-, svan. sem-), aRmocendeba (zan. Can-,
svan. Sen-, S@n), eZaxis (zan. jox-, svan. Jaxe ”saxeli”), wuravs
(zan. wir-, Wan. wor-, svan. wnur-), aRorebs (zan. Ror-, svan.
liRrovi), Wedavs (zan. Wkad-, svan. Sk@d), xnavs (zan. xon-, svan.
Ban-), swadia (zan. wvad-, svan. wed-//wd)...
warmovadgenT ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulis vrcel eti-
mologias:
kaci-koCi-W@S formaTa mimarTeba SeiZleba ase aixsnas:
megr.-laz. koC- warmoadgens qarT. kac- formis kanonzomier
Sesatyviss (qarT. a > zan. o, qarT. c > zan. C). svan. W@S/WaS <
*kaS < *kaC (c>C>S da k<W procesebisaTvis ix. T.gamyreliZe,
1968).
saerToqarTveluri asuli ”qaliSvili” megr.-WanurSi war-
modgenilia osuri-s saxiT (qarT. a : zan. o fonemuri Sesatyvi-
soba, l/r bgeraTa monacvleoba). svanur asEiS/asOS formaSi h
ganviTarebulia, u > Ei miRebulia umlautis gziT. bolo-
kiduri S saerToqarTveluri *l fonemis Sesatyvisia (Sdr.
wuli : WuS). lazursa da svanurSi sityvam SeinarCuna
Tavdapirveli semantika, xolo megrulSi sityvis mniSvneloba
Seicvala: igi aRniSnavs ”qals, cols”.

- 203 -
 literatura

T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa

uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb., 1959.
T. gamyreliZe, ”gadaweris wesebi” diaqroniul fonologiaSi, Tb.,
1968.
v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
k. kublaSvili, qarTuli enis qvemoimeruli dialeqti, Tb., 1985.
g. rogava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa saero kuTvnilebis Tesvis aRm-
niSvneli fuZe: ike, t. VI, 1954.
h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri
leqsikoni, Tb., 1990.
b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005.
o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I-III, Tb., 2001-2002.
al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I-VIII, arn. Ciqobavas
saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1950-64.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Seswavlis is-
toria, Tb., 1965.
arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb.,
1938.
m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-
2003.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.

4.4. qarTveluri dialeqturi leqsika - qarTuli

samwignobro enis ulevi wyaro

qarTvelur dialeqtebSi mravlad moipoveba iseTi sityvebi

Tu gamoTqmebi, romlebic specifikuria konkretuli
dialeqtis an dialeqtTa jgufisaTvis da ar gamoiyeneba sam-
wignobro enaSi. aseTia ZiriTadad wes-CveulebebTan, SromiT
saqmianobasTan, soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargTan da-
kavSirebuli leqsika. gansxvavebuli dialeqturi leqsikis
warmoSobis safuZvelia gansxvavebuli bunebrivi garemo

- 204 -
(landSafti, klimati, mTebi, meurneobis dargebi...). am tipis
sityvebi met-naklebad yvela dialeqtSi dasturdeba.
dialeqturi leqsikis ZiriTadi wyaroa sityvawarmoeba.
identuri morfologiuri inventaris saSualebiT axali
leqsikuri erTeuli iwarmoeba.
xSirad esa Tu is ”kuTxuri” sityva calke erT an ramdenime
kuTxeSi ixmareba. momijnave kuTxeebSi saziaro sityvebis arse-
boba bunebrivia. magram aris iseTi faqtebic, roca erTi da
igive ”kuTxuri” sityva dasturdeba aramezobel, teritoriu-
lad daSorebul dialeqtebSi, mag.: qarTl., gur. dundruca
”Casuqebuli, Camrgvalebuli”; imer., kax. (qiziy.) zazuni ”zoz-
ini”; kax., gur. katafSata ”WalafSata”; TuS. zvepa~, megr.
zepua ”magrad cema, mibertyva”; TuS. TirTo~, megr. Tir-
Toli/TirTo~ ”TrTola”; TuS. gaserkva~, megr. sekua ”kargad
gaZRoma”; TuS. alTva-CalTva, megr. CarTua ”Cexa, kafva”...
dialeqturi sityvebi samwignobro enis leqsikasTan Se-
pirispirebiT SeiZleba or jgufad daiyos:
a) dialeqtizmebi saliteraturo formaTa dubletebs
warmoadgens, mag.: bia-komSi, kvaxi-gogra, kopiti-ifani, WaWa-
Tirkmeli, cindali-knuti, Wuri-qvevri...
b) sityvebi, romelTac saliteraturo enaSi zusti Sesaty-
visi (sinonimi) ar moepovebaT, mag.: qucura - moferebiT ZaRli,
yvanCali - uSnod siaruli; vaSiners (megr.) ”ar egebis,
akrZalulia, tabu adevs”; Tolige (megr.) ”saalerso-saficari
mimarTva: Tvalo, Tvalis sinaTle, Cini”; Surige (megr.) ”saal-
erso-saficari mimarTva: suli Tu gwams, sulis Cino”. am tipis
sityvebis SemotaniT saliteraturo enis leqsikuri Se-
madgenloba ufro mdidari da moqnili xdeba.
sailustraciod davasaxelebT dialeqturi leqsikis ni-
muSebs:
imeruli: anlaT ”patiosnad, alalad”; arjali ”amtani,
gamZle, jansaRi”; gamolaxavs ”gamoaTrevs”; dafxavebuli
”gamxdari”; zorti ”tyeSi TavisiT waqceuli xe”; maRindara
”sityvamoswrebuli, oxunji, lazRandara”; reSi ”didi wvima,
Tavsxma”; udardavi ”uamravi, bevri” (q.ZoweniZe, 1973).

- 205 -
 kokilo ”patara skami ori fexiT”; Rinwa ”xmarebisagan
gacveTili jayva”; Rliyi ”lobios gasamagrebeli msxvili joxi”;
RanRuli ”joxi, romelzedac kideben kalaTs”; gaCxakva
”gacxrilva”; sanja ”jayva” (k.kublaSvili, 1985).
kaxuri: gala ”saqonlis nakvalevi biliki tyeSi an min-
dorSi”; niWi ”patarZlisaTvis mirTmeuli saCuqari”; pie, pio
”indauris Wuki”; siximsi ”simsuqne”; Rinkla ”patara, unayofo
da TiTo-orola marcvliani simindis taro”; xveda ”didi xis
CaquCi, scemen pureulis TavTavs da marcvals ayrevineben”; jini
”dawnuli mogrZo kalaTi: Tavsa da boloSi yurebi aqvs, pa-
tivis gasatanad xmaroben” (ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili,
1956).
xevsuruli: baliTi ”Ralati, motyueba, gabriyveba”;
bardRli ”banjgvli, balani”; bexvi ”dabjRreuli, daZvele-
buli”; zeraceci ”daudegari, mousvenari, ficxi”; Tikvi ”to-
lis feradi an moqarguli naWeri tansacmlis samkaulad”; iS-
vidaCi ”iSviaTad”; nazirzena ”namusrevi, nafxveni”; ferRena
”yelTeTri cxoveli”; xinka ”slokini” (a.WinWarauli, 2005).
moxeuri: gaza-i ”borkili, cxenis da sxva cxovelis wina da
ukana fexebis gasabmeli”; gaisaurebs ”mixvdeba, gamoicnobs,
Seismens, gaigebs”; gloTna ”fereba, alersi”; kandoli qalis
axaluxi perangze sacmeli”; lokiai ”mouridebeli, msunagi, Wa-
mis moyvaruli”; Caximaxi, Cixomaxo ”xaraxura, ragindara”; wipi
”ori TiTi erTad (ceri da Sua an saCvenebeli)”; xobzari ”SiS-
veli, Caucmeli” (i.qavTaraZe, 1985).
TuSuri: aromebs ”atarebs, aroninebs”; barjRalati
”cxvris grZelbewviani tyavis qudi”; bayilaGi ”norCi, susti
mcenare, ityvian adamianzedac”; ToTxari ”gaWirveba, xelmok-
leoba”; kotoSi ”nafoti”; kubati ”sagangebo uqme”; Jereba~
”aJRereba simebisa”; taSpaSi ”gamosarCeni, xaltura, ugulod
gakeTeba ama Tu im saqmisa (p.xubutia, 1969).
megruli: beka ”mawanwala”; buzu ”wablis bude”; Tudo
”dabla, qveviT, Zirs”; Turi ”mogvare, sisxliT naTesavi”;
Tuxua ”rTva (Zafisa), Zafis grexiT gamoyvana”; kajali ”momcro
da Cafskvnili”; naca ”Tamami, gamocdili”; naxafuli ”bafoti”;
okarie oTxboZze Sedgmuli oTxkuTxa mownuli saqaTme”;

- 206 -
oWiSi ”zurgi, weli”; rzeni ”bari, dablobi, vake” (o. qajaia,
2001-2002).
svanuri: aTxe (zs., lSx.) ”axla”; akli (zs.) ”ketavs”; gezal
”Svili”; xentyi (bq.) ”ewebeba”; diar (lSx.) ”puri”; kLnWa (bz.)
”neki”; ladg@r (bz.) ”mosaklavi (iaraRi)”; laBad (bq., lnt.)
”mosasvleli”; meSxe (zs., lSx.) ”Savi”; JRirt ”wveTi, ylupi”
(v.Tofuria, m.qaldani, 2000).
ganxiluli leqsikuri erTeulebi konkretuli dialeqtis
(an dialeqtebis) sakuTrebas warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, igi
bunebrivia am dialeqtze metyveli enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis
da ucxoa sxva kuTxis warmomadgenelTaTvis. arsebobs
dialeqturi leqsikonebi, romlebSic aRnusxulia calkeuli
kilo-TqmebisaTvis niSandoblivi leqsikuri erTeulebi da
frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamebi.
qarTveluri dialeqtebidan, xalxuri sasaubro metyvele-
bidan momdinare leqsika samwignobro enis gamdidreba-
gamravalferovnebisa da saerTo leqsikuri fondis Sevsebis
umTavresi wyaroa, Tumca am mimarTulebiTac garkveuli zom-
ierebaa saWiro; grigol orbeliani erTgan SeniSnavda:
”xSirad amboben awindelni mweralni - xalxis enazed vhswerTo.
maS, ra enaze unda dahsweron? magram es ki unda axsovdeT, rom
xalxis ena aris mxolod masala SeumuSavebeli, vidre dax-
elovnebuli mwerali masalasa mas ar gadaarCevs kargsa
uvargisisagan, ar gahswmends, ar gaamSvenierebs da didebule-
biTa ar aRiyvans saliteraturos samflobeloSi, mere im
galamazebulsa enasa gamSvenierebulis formiTa gadmohscems
mosaxmareblad iseve imave xalxsa, romelic aris patroni enisa
da romelica SeiTvisebs imas, viTarca sakuTrebasa... TviT
vefxistyaosani" ra aris, Tu ara igive sityva qarTvelis
glexisa, mxolod lamazad gawyobili da gamoTqmuli?"
Sdr., agreTve, akaki wereTeli: ”xalxis metyvelebaSi bevri
ramaa iseTi, rac saliteraturo enisaTvis zedmetia anda
ucxo"...
qarTveli mwignobarni, mwerlebi da mecnierebi odiTganve
cdilobdnen, samwignobro ena gaemdidrebinaT xalxur wiaRSi
Senaxuli sityvebis maragiT. am TvalsazrisiT, gamorCeulia
ioane petriwis, sulxan-sabas, daviT guramiSvilis, ilia Wa-

- 207 -
vWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelas, aleqsandre yazbegis, konstantine
gamsaxurdias, giorgi leoniZisa da mraval sxvaTa Rvawli; ker-
Zod, moxeuri da fSauri leqsika literaturaSi gamoiyenes
al. yazbegma da vaJa-fSavelam; qarTl-kaxuri dialeqturi
formebi - d. guramiSvilma, gr. orbelianma, n. baraTaSvilma,
i. WavWavaZem, g. erisTavma, n. lomourma, s. mgalobliSvilma,
a. furcelaZem, e. gabaSvilma, d. WonqaZem, i. gogebaSvilma,
S. aragvispirelma, d. maCxanelma, i. evdoSvilma, s. SanSiaS-
vilma, g. leoniZem. gurulis Taviseburebani asaxulia e. nino-
Svilis, W. lomTaTiZis, n. nakaSiZis, p. CxikvaZis, n. dumbaZisa da
sxvaTa nawerebSi. imeruli kilos leqsika dasturdeba
a. wereTlis, g. wereTlis, d. kldiaSvilis, s. kldiaSvilis,
S. dadianis, d. Sengelaias, n. lorTqifaniZis, k. lorTqifan-
iZis, t. tabiZis, g. tabiZis, p. iaSvilisa da sxvaTa mxatvrul
qmnilebebSi. megrul-svanuri - g.wereTlis, k.gamsaxurdias,
s.Ciqovanis, l.qiaCelis, t.granelis, r.margianis, n.jalaRonias,
t.Carqselianis, j.onianis, e.saRlianisa da sxvaTa Semoqmede-
baSi. sanimuSod warmovadgenT al.yazbegis "dialeqtur"
leqsikas (masala gaanalizebulia t.futkaraZis mier):
alionma aiwia - gaTenda
banduli - mTaSi sasiarulo fexsacmeli (Sdr., bandavs)
baCa - patara tanis cxeni
bWeoba - TaTbiri
gaRimda - gaeRima
gverdi - ferdi mTisa (Sdr. aWaruli "ferdi")
gziur wasvla - pirdapir siaruli
daneleba - daRupva
daundo ZaRli - rusi yazaxi
enacqviti - ybedi
kacoba - sircxvil-namusianoba
namgala - amxanagi mwyemsobaSi
mgluri - cxenis ZunZuliT siaruli
oCxari - dazaralebulisTvis mogrovili cxvari (Sdr.,
iv. qavTaraZe: "wveuleba, romelsac awyobs Raribi,
raTa Semowirulobad miiRon cxvari 200 sulamde")
saTauri - zegani
sasjo - gansasjeli

- 208 -
 saCale - kalo
saRmrTo - gamosamSvidobebeli puroba
smuri - damRerebiT Tqmuli sadRegrZelo
spars-angelozi (< spas angelozi) - qarTuli laSqris
mfarveli angelozi/RvTaeba, romlis niSi snosTan ax-
los wveris mTazea (S.ZiZiguri, 1971, gv. 207).
qaCi - Cliqi
qiSela - tyavis tomara
qoSa - tariani xis jami
qubi - Jolo
Sekvra - moRalatis dawyevlis rituali
SemowuTxuli kaba - viwrod Semokruli kaba
Semcneva - SemCneva
Sinauri - arayi
SiSaqi - batknobidan gamosuli dedali cxvari
SurTxi - gareuli indauri
walo - adgili, sadac qveSagebs inaxaven
wiloba - Camomavloba
Cvenoba - TavisTavadoba (Temis TavisTavadoba)
Cxati - CanCqeri
Wiaferi - wiTeli
xar-lali - irmis jogis meTauri
xencela (< xel-cela) - patara namgali
xeteba - xetiali
jiy-jiyi - ucxo enaze laparaki, gaugebari laparaki...
moxeur kiloSi sxva mravali oqro-sityvaa (prof.
iv.imnaiSvilis sayvareli gamoTqmaa) davanebuli; kidev bevri
saleqsikono erTeuli samwignobro qarTulis velSia mo-
saqcevi da am mxriv seriozuli Sroma gvaqvs gasawevi rogorc
enaTmecnierebs, aseve - mwerlebs. aq warmovadgenT ramdenime
saintereso sityvaformas iv.qavTaraZis mier Sedgenili
vrceli "moxeuri leqsikonidan":
grexili - yaiTani, Tasma
gEeleSmaka - daundobeli, gaiZvera
guvili - butiaoba
gulkumetai - gulCaxveuli
dali - rezinis sawovara, satyuara

- 209 -
 dedilai - dedis deda, bebia
dedaWkuai - qalaCuna
didkEeri - uro
valwinai - valSi misacemi pirutyvi
zavi - SiSi
zaviani - saSiSi
Toqi - mxdali
Txarqa~ - oTxrqiani cxvari
kedai - xis urduli
kefali/kafeli - fena-fena moWrili qva
kido - ubatkno deda cxvari
kipi - Tivis didi zvini
kinwi - kldis patara Sverili
kori - mrgvali qva
kudni - mTis Ziri
kÍirti - meWeWi, kvanZi matylSi
lawi - nestiani
manana - ojaxis burji
marBe - avi
maCxi - celqi bavSvi
mzori - mziani adgili
midegai - mouridebeli, uceremonio
miWauli - sasroli qva (mrgvali, brtyeli)
moBme - ambis momtani
nalo - SeSis kona
naqci - pirveli matyli
pewi - burusi, RinRli
saocari - Zili
uzmeli - uWmeli
faxi - SiSi (Sdr., aWar., dafaxa - SeaSina)
Rita - bruciani
Satyi - wyalTova, TovlWyapi
Bmiani - saxelovani...
samwuxarod, qarTvelur kiloebSi Semonaxuli aseu-
laTasobiT amgvari sityva gamouyenebelia Cvens samwignobro
enaSi, romelic dReniadag mZimdeba gaumarTlebeli barbariz-
mebiT.

- 210 -
 samwignobro enis xalasi sicocxlisaTvis saWiro nakadi
xalxuri sityvaTqmnadobidan modis; momavalma Taobebmac
aqtiurad da zomierad unda gamoiyenon qarTvelur
dialeqtebSi arsebuli maradzrdadi leqsikuri baza.

literatura

m. alaviZe, daviT kldiaSvilis leqsikoni, t. I-II, Tb., 1952.

i. asaTiani, saliteraturo qarTuli da megrul-Wanuri leqsika:
quTaisuri saubrebi, IV, simpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi,
1997.
v. Tofuria, qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi, II ga-
mocema, Tb., 1987.
v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
e. koSoriZe, saliteraturo enisa da dialeqtebis urTierTo-
bisaTvis: respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero se-
sia, IV, baTumi, muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi,
1982.
k.kublaSvili, qarTuli enis qvemoimeruli dialeqti, Tb., 1985.
a.martirosovi, gr.imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti,
Tb., 1956.
t. futkaraZe, moxeuri leqsika - qarTuli samwignobro enis
ulevi wyaro, 2006 (ibeWdeba).
iv.qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1984.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1950; t. III, Tb.,
1953.
o. qajaia, qarTluri kilo, n. lomouris moTxrobebi: staliniris
pedagogiuri institutis mecnieruli werilebi, t. VIII, Tb.,
1961.
o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I-III Tb., 2001-2002.
al. Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1988.
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.
S. ZiZiguri, mwerlis ena, Tb., 1957.
q.ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli kilokavi, Tb., 1973.
q.ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, Tb., 1974.
a. WinWarauli, xevsuruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.
p.xubutia, TuSuri kilo, leqsika, Tb., 1969.
b. jorbenaZe, balavari mwerlobisa, Tb., 1987.

- 211 -
 b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.

4.5. sityvawarmoeba

qarTuli samwignobro enis leqsikuri maragis Sevsebis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa sityvawarmoeba - axali sityvebis
Seqmna morfologiuri saSualebebiT: afiqsebiT, kompoziciiT
(TxzviT), fonetikur variantTa gamoyenebiT.
qarTulSi gamoiyofa nawarmoeb sityvaTa ramdenime seman-
tikuri jgufi:
kninobiT-moferebiTi sityvebi ZiriTadad dairTaven: -a, -
ak, -ik-(o), -uk, -an, -in, -un, -uk, -at, -it, -ut, -ot, -al, -il,
-ul, -el, - uW, -uC sufiqsebs (wign-ak-i, kac-un-a, biW-ik-
o...).
abstraqtuli cneba-terminebis sawarmoeblad gamo-
yenebulia -eba, -oba sufiqsebi, si-e, si-ul- konfiqsebi (mSvi-
doba, bedniereba, simSvide,. siyvar-ul-i...).
xelobis, mosaqmeobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi metwilad
nawarmoebi (warmoqmnili) sityvebia, romlebic arsebiTi sax-
elis fuZisagan me-e, me-ur/-ul prefiqs-sufiqsis darTviT
iwarmoeba: me-pur-e, me-zRva-ur-i...
wina viTarebas, namyofobas gadmoscems na-, na-ev/-eb, na-
ar(-al) mawarmoeblis mqone sityvebi: nayvavilari _ nayvav-
ilebi _ nayvavilebi... namyofobis, wina viTarebis Cveneba qar-
Tuli sityvawarmoqmnis erT-erT specifikur Taviseburebadaa
CaTvlili, rasac yuradReba pirvelad a. SaniZem miaqcia.
qarTulSi yola-qonebis saxelTa sawarmoeblad gamo-
yenebulia 6 sufiqsi: -ian, -ier, -osan, -ovan, -ed, -a. am mawar-
moebelTa mqone sityvebs ”qonebis saxelebsac" uwodeben. am
klasis sityvebSic ramdenime SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba erTi da
igive fuZe sxvadasxva variantiT da erTgvari mniSvnelobiT:
”wyalsa smen aragvisasa jixvni, iremni rqianni" (vaJa) _ ”didi
rqosani xarjixvi amayi sardaliviT miuZRodaT" (banovani);
Sdr., sxva magaliTebi: bavSviani, niWieri, cxenosani, cxrafexa...

- 212 -
kldovani, saxelovani... -ed sufiqsi araproduqtiulia, isic
ramdenime sityvaSi gvxvdeba (ujredi, grZedi, ganedi...).
uqonlobis gadmomcemi sityvebis jgufi warmodgenilia
sxvadasxva prefiqsul-sufiqsuri mawarmoeblebiT. aseT sity-
vebs ZiriTadad adieqtivis funqcia aqvT da miRebulia arse-
biTi saxelebis fuZeebisagan u-o, u-ur/ul afiqsebis darT-
viT: uyuro, ubinao, usaxuri, uferuli... aRsaniSnavia, rom
erTi da igive mniSvneloba SeiZleba gadmoices sxvadasxva
afiqsiT; mag., kudi: kuda "kudis ar mqone", "mokle kudis
mqone", ukudo - "kudis ar mqone" da sxv.
daniSnulebis an gankuTvnilebis gamomxatveli sityvebi
ZiriTadad sa- prefiqsiT aris warmodgenili. am prefiqsTan
erTad maT, Cveulebriv, sufiqsic axlavs: -o, -e, -ur... es sity-
vebi xSirad viTarebiTi adieqtivis rolSi gamodis da sin-
taqsur wyvilSi msazRvrelis funqcias asrulebs. aseTi msaz-
Rvreli gviCvenebs, Tu nivTi visTvis an risTvisaa gankuTvnili,
ra daniSnulebisaa: saTburi, sayure, sabavSvo... daniSnulebis
gamoxatva sa- TavsarTTan aris dakavSirebuli upiratesad,
xolo sufiqsis monacvleoba daniSnulebis gamoxatvaze gavle-
nas ar axdens: saganZe/saganZuri. zogjer sa-e da sa-o konfiqsebi
erTsa da imave fuZesTan gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis sityvebs
qmnian. mag., saabreSumo - sagangebod mowyobili adgili, sadac
abreSumis Wia hyavT, da saabreSume - abreSumis Zafis an qso-
vilisaTvis gankuTvnili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sa-o da sa-e
afiqsebiT warmoqmnil saxelTa erT wyebas CamoSorebia
Tavdapirvelad masTan mdgomi sazRvruli wevri da substan-
ciis funqcia aqvT SeZenili: sastumro darbazi, sasadilo
oTaxi... amJamad aseT sityvebs dakarguli aqvs adieqtivis
gageba da substantivis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: sastumro, sa-
sadilo...
calke gamoiyofa warmomavlobis saxelebi, romelTa didi
nawili iwarmoeba -el, -ul da -ur sufiqsebiT. amaTgan
pirveli mxolod adamianebis mimarT ixmareba: qarTveli, ing-
liseli, mTieli...…zogi ki nivTis warmomavlobasac aRniSnavs;
Sdr.: guria - guruli da aWaruli (xaWapuri); xevsuri da
kaxuri (Rvino)... Zvel qarTulSi adamianis sadaurobis saxels

- 213 -
-el sufiqsTan erTad m- prefiqsic awarmoebda. mag., megreli,
mroveli...
zedsarTav saxelebs Tanamedrove qarTulSi xarisxis ori
forma aqvs: ufroobiTi da odnaobiTi. orive maTgani miiReba
warmoqmnis gziT, romelTa sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia u-es,
mo-o da iSviaTad wa-o. mo-o odnaobiTi xarisxis mawarmoebe-
lia. aseTi sityvebi ZiriTadad feris aRmniSvnelia: moSavo,
moTeTro, monacrisfro. am ukanasknelebs wa- TavsarTiani si-
nonimebi moepoveba: waTeTro, wayviTalo... mo-o SeiZleba
agreTve aRniSnavdes adamianis fers (Tmis, Tvalebis...): mo-
qerao, moTeTro; gemos aRmniSvnel sityvebSic gvxvdeba mo-o:
momwaro, motkbo; formis aRmniSvnelia mogrZo, mobrtyo;
sulier-gonebrivi daxasiaTeba: mosulelo, moZunwo. ufroo-
biTi xarisxis formebs awarmoebs u-es: uswrafesi, uZvelesi...
zmnizedis (zmnisarTis) warmoqmna. zmnizedaTa didi
nawilis fuZe warmoqmnilia brunvacvalebadi saxelis "gaqvave-
biT": micemiTis, naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis
brunvis formebi mkvidrdeba erTi semantikur niuansiT; Sdr.,
mag.: dRe, dRem, dRes - dRes (drois aRmniSvneli). zmnizedis
mawarmoeblad gvxvdeba -oba (marcvlobiT), -gan (yvelgan), -iv
(marjvniv)...
sawyisisa da mimReobis warmoqmna. zog enaSi sawyisi amo-
savalia zmnisTvis; qarTulSi metwilad piriqiTaa: zmnis for-
maa amosavali sawyisisTvis.
sawyisis sawarmoeblad zmnis fuZe iyenebs -a da -il-
sufiqsebs, iSviaTad - -om-a, -ol-a, -n-a rTul morfemebs: wera,
qsova, Seneba... wuxili, duRili, sixaruli... xtoma, Zrwola,
Sovna...
mimReobis mawarmoebelia m-, sa-, na-, me-, mo-, m-el, m-ar,
m-are, -il, -ul: (da)mweri, mqsoveli, msajuli, saklavi,
nagleji, metexi, mozardi, dabanili, daxatuli, mkvdari, Sem-
drkali, mkurnali, mduRare, momCivani...…
zmnis warmoqmna. zmnuri afiqsebis saSualebiT qarTulSi
zmna SeiZleba warmoiqmnas nebismieri saxelisgan. mag.; zmnuri
formisTvis amosavalia: a) arsebiTi saxeli: yvavili - ayvav-
ilebs, marili - amarilebs, saxli - asaxlebs, qva - aqvavebs,

- 214 -
wyali -awyalebs, mtveri - amtverianebs... b) zedsarTavi saxeli:
TeTri - aTeTrebs, Savi - aSavebs, Zviri - aZvirebs, iafi - aiafebs,
maRali - amaRlebs, lamazi -alamazebs... g) ricxviTi saxeli:
erTi - aerTianebs, sami - asamebs... d) nacvalsaxeli: Cemi - iCe-
mebs, sxvisi - asxvisebs... e) mimReoba: gebulobs, Rebulobs,
yidulobs, Soulobs, sesxulobs... araiSviaTad, axal zmnad
gvevlineba mocemuli zmnis formobrivi varianti; Sdr., mag.:
myavs - mo-myavs; a-ago - da-ago, Ca-ago, mo-igo...
qarTulSi sityvaTqmnadoba xdeba kompoziciis gziTac.
kompoziti (a. SaniZis terminologiiT, aris Txzuli saxeli) aris
rTuli sityva. rTuli sityvebi aris erTcnebiani da orcnebi-
ani; amaTgan Txzul sityvad mxolod erTcnebiani kompoziti
iTvleba.
Cveulebriv, axali, rTuli sityvis Sesadgenad adgilobriv,
Zireul sityvebTan erTad mimarTaven nasesxeb sityvebsac; Sdr.,
mag.: ciskari, mzeTunaxavi, rkinigza, qinZisTavi... da: eleqtro-
manqana, radiomauwyebloba, naxevarfabrikati, agroteqnika,
aeroporti...
kompozitis Semadgenel sityvaTa (komponentTa) formo-
brivi da Sinaarsobrivi urTierTmimarTeba erTgvarovani ar
aris, rac ganapirobebs kidec maTi dawerilobis Tavisebure-
bas; kerZod: Tu kompoziti miRebulia reduplikaciis (fuZis
gaorkecebis) gziT da amgvari sityvis TiToeuli komponenti
realuri sityvaa damoukideblad, amasTanave fuZegaorkece-
bul sityvas arsebiTad igive mniSvneloba aqvs, rac mis Se-
madgenel fuZes, maSin aseTi sityva defisiT daiwereba: bevr-
bevri, patar-patara, erT-erTi da a.S. xolo yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi, anu: Tu kompozitis mniSvneloba ar udris mis Se-
madgenel fuZes (wamwami...), an pirveli komponenti saxelobiTi
brunvis formiTaa gadmocemuli (karikar...), an da kavSiriTaa
SeerTebuli (cxendacxen, pirdapir...) kompoziti daiwereba
Serwymulad - erT sityvad. aseve, erTad iwereba TiTqmis yvela
erTcnebiani kompoziti.

literatura

- 215 -
 a. arabuli, metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2005.
T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe, i.Saduri, n.Sengelia, Teoriuli enaT-
mecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.
g. nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 2003.
Е.А. Земская, Современный Русскый Язык Словообразование, Москва,
2005.
b. foCxua, sityvawarmoeba da lqsikologia, ike, XV, Tb., 1966.
b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974.
al. Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1971.
al. Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983.
ak. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1953.
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.

4.6. nasesxebi leqsika da barbarizmebi

kulturuli urTierTobebis Sesabamisad, msoflios enebs

Soris aqtiurad xdeba leqsikis gacvla (sesxeba); qarTulidan
bevri sityvaa Sesuli sxva enebSi da qarTulSic mravladaa
ucxo enebidan Semosuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.
qarTvel ers saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi msoflios mraval
xalxTan hqonia urTierToba, rac ZiriTadad Sepirobebuli
iyo geografiuli mdebareobiT an kulturul-ekonomikuri
kavSirebiT. eTnokulturuli kontaqtebi naTlad aRibeWdeba
enis struqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT - leqsikaSi. sityvebis
gadasvla erTi enidan meore enaSi SedarebiT advilad xdeba,
vidre gramatikuli elementebisa (fonemebi, afiqsebi). wminda,
Seureveli ena ar arsebobs. qarTul enas urTierToba hqonda
gansxvavebuli sistemis enebTan, rogoricaa: arabuli, spar-
suli, Turquli, osuri, berZnuli, somxuri... am enaTa gavlena
qarTvelur ena-kiloebze metnaklebi intensivobisaa.
berZnuli enis gavlena izrdeba saqarTveloSi qristiano-
bis gavrcelebis Semdeg. V saukunidan intensiurad iTargmne-
boda sasuliero Txzulebebi qarTul enaze. uSualod
berZnuli enidan Semovida saeklesio terminebi: aiazma,
aliluia, angelosi, diakoni, eklesia, episkoposi,
kaTalikosi, litania, martvili, monasteri, paraklisi...

- 216 -
 berZnulidan SeiTvisa qarTulma enam saerTaSoriso sity-
vebi: kanoni, etimologia, musika, istoria, filosofia,
gramatika, maTematika... agreTve: andamati, barbarosi, galia,
epitafia, Teatri, kalami, kitri, klite, krialosani,
leqsi, milioni, melani, sabani, saponi, stafilo, fasi, wigni,
haeri...
krialosani momdinareobs berZnuli gamoTqmidan: kirie-
eleison (”ufalo, Segviwyale”). Zvelad mlocvelebi ”ufalo
Semiwyales” ramdenimejer imeorebdnen. rom ar SeSlodaT,
xelSi eWiraT saWiro raodenobiT asxmuli mZivebi da ramden-
jerac ityodnen, imden mZivs Caagdebdnen; roca gaTavdeboda,
locvac dasruleboda. qarTulSi Seicvala gamoTqmis rogorc
garegnuli mxare, ise semantika: kirie-eleison ”ufalo,
Semiwyale” > krialosani ”asxmuli mZivi”, romelsac ZiriTa-
dad moxucebi atareben.
qarTulSi bevria berZnulidan mwignobrobis gziT Semo-
suli gramatikuli da frazeologiuri kalki.
gvxvdeba berZnuli warmoSobis sakuTari saxelebic. maTi
nawili zepiri gziT damkvidrda, nawili ki - mwignobruli
gziT.
sainteresoa saxeli ”qriste”: locva-vedrebis dros
berZnulSi gamoiyeneba qriste forma, romelic mimarTvas, anu
wodebiTi brunvis formas warmoadgens (Sdr. qristos - sax-
elobiTi brunva). qarTvelis cnobierebaSi ”qriste” aRqmul
iqna rogorc saxelobiTi. amgvarad aris damkvidrebuli qar-
TulSi e-xmovanfuZiani sakuTari saxelebi: aleqsandre,
pavle, petre, stefane, ipolite (Sdr. saxelobiTi: aleqsan-
dros, pavlos, petros, stefanos, ipolitos...), romlebic
berZnulSi os-iT bolovdeba.
aseve, zepiri gziT aris Semosuli qarTulSi i-ze
daboloebuli berZnuli saxelebi, romlebic berZnulis sax-
elobiTSi -ios-ze bolovdebian, wodebiTSi ki -i daboloebas
iReben: akaki, giorgi, aleqsi (Sdr. saxelobiTi: akakios,
giorgios...). qarTulSi aRniSnuli saxelebi saxelobiT-
wodebiTis saziaro formebs warmoadgens.

- 217 -
 qarTvelebs mWidro kulturul-istoriuli urTierToba
hqondaT sxvadasxva iranuli modgmis xalxebTan (skviTebi,
sarmatebi, midielebi...).
Zveli iranuli warmomavlobis sityvebia: sakuTari saxeli
farnavazi; sazogado saxelebi: ganZi, mogvi...
saSualo sparsulidan aris Semosuli: amxanagi, anderZi,
bevri, bostani, brZeni, devi, koSki, laSqari, navTi, nazi,
sastiki, spetaki, tani, tanjva, taZari, tomi, qaravani, Smagi,
Zviri, Wabuki, WeSmariti, javSani...
axali sparsulidan aris nasesxebi Semdegi leqsemebi:
aivani, baRi, baRCa, varjiSi, zeimi, Tambaqo, Tasi, Tungi,
iasamani, kaba, nabadi, nami, niSani, noxi, nusxa, qalaqi, qamari,
qarxana, qaji, qiSmiSi, Sara, Cangali, ZiraRdani, Cirqi, xazina,
xali, xaliCa, xurma, jado, jami, jildo, hava...
sparsuli sityvebi uxvad SemoiWra qarTulSi sparsuli
literaturis aqtiuri gavlenis dros - XV-XVII saukuneebSi;
am droidan Semosuli bevri sityva organulad Seerwya qar-
Tul metyvelebas: gandevna qarTuli ekvivalenti da
sabolood gabatonda. sanimuSod ganvixilavT fanjaras:
fanjara XVIII saukuneSi Cndeba. mis nacvlad qarTulSi ix-
mareboda sakumeli, sarkmeli, romelic momdinareobs zmnisa-
gan: kumeva ”bolis amosvla” > sakumeli ”SenobaSi xvreli,
saidanac kvamli amodioda". dRes sarkmeli ZiriTadad
dialeqtebSia (aWar., xevs., mox., fS., qiz., raW.) daculi, salit-
eraturo qarTulSi ki mniSvnelobadaviwroebuli sityvaa da
aRniSnavs imas, rasac rusuli Форточка. fanjara winaT erqva
xis an liTonis moajirs, romelic gakeTebuli hqonda nagebo-
baSi sarkmels an sxva adgils, saidanac gadavardna SeiZleboda.
fanjaram mogvianebiT SeiZina is mniSvneloba, rac dRes aqvs.
iranuli modgmis enaa osuric. osur nasesxobebad miC-
neulia sityvebi: amindi, bevri, buxari, doli, virTxa, kerZo,
ludi, mkacri, mona, obi, oboba, ormo, fasi, qudi, cali,
xavsi, xidi... Sdr., mag.: osuri kompoziti: sulu ”kveTi” + gun
”yveli” da qarTuli sulguni.
somxuri enidan Semosulia rogorc somxuri, ise sxva ene-
bis sityvebi: axovani, pativi, sastiki, Jami, xarki...

- 218 -
 gansakuTrebiT bevria arabuli warmoSobis sityvebi. VII
saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo uSualo kontaqts am-
yarebs arabebTan. amave periodSi arabuli kulturuli Ze-
glebi iTargmneba qarTul enaze. arabuli nasesxobebia: alami,
adaTi, basri, bedauri, daxli, abi, aveji, alami, arayi,
badali, dava, daira, dovlaTi, veqili, eqimi, vaziri,
zarali, zeTi, TamaSi, TaTbiri, TariRi, Tasi, ijara, koSki,
lursmani, mandili, manZili, masala, mijnuri, nabadi, nali,
nisia, nobaTi, nusxa, oqmi, ruka, saaTi, suraTi, ustari, ujra,
farda, fiqri, Ralati, sigeli, yava, yasabi, Sakiki, Sarvali,
cifri, xabazi, xalxi, xurjini, javri, jandaba, jilagi...
qarTvelebs V-XIII ss.-Si mWidro urTierToba hqondaT
sirielebTan. siriulidan uSualod Tu SualobiT qarTulSi
Semovida sityvebi: dari, zeTi, magaliTi, Samfuri, qalaqi,
qnari, maxaTi, zvaraki...
qarTulSi moipoveba Turqulidan nasesxebi leqsikuri
erTeulebi: baTqaSi, baiyuSi, boRma, yoCi, fara, iaraRi,
iorRa, leSi, oTaxi, yabalaxi, yaeni, yavari, yaCaRi, Coxa...
Turqizmebi ZiriTadad zepiri gziT aris Semosuli. mravlad
gvxvdeba samxreT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi.
Turqul enaTa ojaxs miekuTvneba azerbaijanuli ena. azer-
baijanulidan qarTulSi Semosulad iTvleba umTavresad mom-
Tabare mecxoveleobasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi: Toxli,
yoCi, ialaRi, doli, karaqi. saWmlis saxelwodebani: tolma,
buRlama, yaurma, CixirTma, bozbaSi, xizilala...
rusul enasTan intensiuri urTierToba XIX saukunidan
iwyeba. samwignobro enaSi damkvidrda: fuTi, versi, kapiki,
samovari... sabWoTa imperiis dros zepir metyvelebaSi aqti-
urad mkvidrdeboda rusuli sityvebi, gamoTqmebi da qarTuli
enisTvis arabunebrivi sintaqsuri konstruqciebi.
ucxo sityvaTa zomierma Semosvlam SeiZleba gaamdidros
ena, Tumca, araiSviaTad, aucileblobis gareSe damkvidrebuli
nasesxobebi - barbarizmebi - enas amZimebs da aRaribebs (barba-
rizmi, rogorc virusi, klavs enaSi arsebul ZirZvel sityvas); ma-
galiTad, barbarizmebia: akoSka, aCkebi, boWka, kriSa, pasta,
poli, ruCka, spiCka, stancia, stoli, tufli, feCi... misal-

- 219 -
meba-damSvidobebis formulebi: privet, zdrasti/ zdarova,
paka...
qarTul enaSi dasturdeba agreTve franguli, germanuli,
espanuri... nasesxobani, magram maTi gamoyenebis sfero, sxva
ucxoenobriv masalasTan SedarebiT, SezRudulia. XXI sauku-
nis dasawyisis qarTulSi intensiurad (xSirad, gau-
marTleblad!) Semodis inglisuri sityvebi.
Tanamedrove etapze rusulenovani barbarizmebis ricxvi
mcirdeba. samagierod, uxvad Semodis inglisurenovani termi-
nebi Tu gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa: dijei, Tineijeri, kursori,
marketingi, mausi, mesiji, peijeri, printeri, roumingi,
treningi...
nasesxebi leqsika gvxvdeba dialeqtebSic. maTi moxmarebis
are garkveulwilad lokalizebulia; gvxvdeba erT an ramden-
ime kiloSi. nasesxobaTa ricxvi metia marginalur (ganapira)
dialeqtebSi, romlebic uSualod emezoblebian ucxoenobriv
garemos. kerZod, imerxeulSi, aWarulSi, mesxurSi mravlad
dasturdeba Turquli sityvebi; fxour kiloebSi Tavs iCens
daRestnuri da naxuri enebidan SeTvisebuli formebi;
WanurSi SesamCnevia berZnulidan da Turqulidan SeTvise-
buli leqsikuri erTeulebis simravle; svanur kiloebSi
gvxvdeba afxazur-adiReuri da balyaruli enebidan nasesxebi
masala.
sesxebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria dRes, roca
enaSi aqtiurad inergeba axal teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli
terminologia. sityvaTa sesxeba maSin aris gamarTlebuli,
rodesac ucxo sityvis zusti Sesatyvisi ar moipoveba enaSi da
SeuZlebelia misi warmoeba sakuTari enis fuZis mixedviT.
arasaWiroebisamebr Semosuli sityvebi ki ar amdidrebs enis
leqsikur fonds, aramed, piriqiT, amZimebs da aRaribebs
saliteraturo enas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul samwignobro enaSi SeTvise-
buli masala sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba, misi xvedriTi wili
sakuTar leqsikasTan SedarebiT mainc mcirea. ucxo leqsikuri
erTeulebis sesxebiT qarTuli enis agebuleba ar darRveula,
ar Secvlila fonematuri struqtura, sityvawarmoebis
yalibebi, sintaqsuri wyoba. qarTulma enam nasesxebi masala sa-

- 220 -
kuTar yalibSi moaqcia da sakuTari enis kanonebs dauqvemde-
bara maTi fonetikur-semantikuri modifikaciebi. qarTulma
enam istoriis qartexilebs warmatebiT gauZlo da TavisTava-
doba dRemde SeinarCuna.

literatura

m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTi-

erTobidan, I, Tb., 1966.
Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, В. В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индо-
европейцы, т. I-II, Тбилиси, 1984.
o. Tedeevi, narkvevebi osur-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan,
Tb., 1988.
h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri
leqsikoni, Tb., 1990.
b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I-VIII, arn. Ciqobavas
saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1950-64.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Seswavlis is-
toria, Tb., 1965.
m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-
2003.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.

4.7. leqsikonebi

berZnuli sityva leqsikoni (lexikon) orgvarad ganimar-

teba:
1. wigni, romelSic anbanzea gawyobili ama Tu im enis sity-
vebi da mocemulia maTi ganmarteba imave enaze an Targmani ro-
melime sxva enaze;
2. visime sityvebis maragi; leqsika.

- 221 -
 leqsikoni ori saxisaa: enaTmecnieruli da enciklopedi-
uri. enaTmecnieruli leqsikonebi SeiZleba iyos erTenovani,
orenovani da mravalenovani.
erTenovani leqsikonebi. erTenovania ganmartebiTi,
dialeqtologiuri, calkeul mweralTa leqsikonebi... ganmar-
tebiTi leqsikonebi SeiZleba Sedgenili iyos calkeuli
dargebis mixedviT. eseni dargobrivi anu terminologiuri
leqsikonebia. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni SesaZlebelia asaxavdes
Zveli enis leqsikasac. enaTmecnierulia agreTve ucxo sity-
vaTa, sinonimebis, frazeologiis, orTografiuli, etimolo-
giuri, fsevdonimebis, sakuTar saxelTa, pirTa anotirebuli,
inversiuli, simfonia-leqsikonebi...
ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi. Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ekuTvnis efrem mcires. esaa fsalmu-
nis Targmanebis SesavalSi CarTuli sityvari. aq ganmartebu-
lia asamdis leqsikuri erTeuli. ”fsalmunTa Targmanebis
Sesavlis Sua nawili SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTul enaze
Sedgenil pirvel leqsikonad" (mz. SaniZe).
sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikoni" anu ”sity-
vis kona" Sedgenilia 1685-1715 wlebSi. am leqsikonSi qar-
Tuli sityvebi qarTuladvea axsnili. sabasTan qarTuli
dawerilobiT mocemulia somxuri, Turquli an italiuri
sityvebic da maTi Targmani; ase rom, sabas ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi TargmniTi leqsikonis elementebic aris war-
modgenili. ucxouri warmomavlobis sityvebTan miTiTebulia,
Tu romeli enidan aris Semosuli gansamartavi sityva qar-
TulSi. "sityvis kona" qarTuli enis Cvenamde moRweuli
pirveli ganmartebiTi leqsikonia.
”sityvis konaSi" Setanilia aseve dialeqturi sityvebi;
”saba aqa-iq uCvenebs sityvis gamoyenebis regions (kaxeTi,
mTiuleTi, mesxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo...), Tumca bevri
sxva sityvac, romelTac miTiTebuli ara aqvT mxare,
dialeqturi warmomavlobisa aRmoCnda... sulxan-sabas ”sityvis
konaSi" mocemuli faqtobrivi masala amtkicebs debulebas,
rom didi klasikosis enaTmecnieruli naSromi aris pirveli
qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikonic" (m.alaviZe).

- 222 -
 sulxan-saba orbelianis ”sityvis kona" pirvelad gamosca
poetma rafiel erisTavma 1884 wels. bolo gamocema daTari-
Rebulia 1991 wliT. is fototipurad imeorebs 1965-1966
wlebSi s. orbelianis TxzulebaTa oTxtomeulSi ilia abu-
laZis mier gamoqveynebul teqsts. axali gamocema, romelsac
ewodeba ”leqsikoni qarTuli", Seivso i. abulaZis ga-
mokvleviTa da mis mierve Sedgenili iseTi sityvebis saZieble-
biT, romlebic ganmartebebSia naxmari, xolo leqsikonSi
saleqsikono erTeulebad gamoyofili ar aris. rogorc ga-
mokvlevas, ise saZiebels udidesi samecniero Rirebuleba aqvs:
gamokvlevaSi sabas leqsikologiur moRvaweobasTan da-
kavSirebiT araerTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ganxiluli da
garkveuli. Tavisi mdidari masaliT (igi cxra aTasamde sityvas
Seicavs) saZiebels uTuod didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia im
mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebic qarTuli leqsikis istoriis Ses-
wavliT arian dainteresebuli.
qarTuli erovnuli kulturis didi SenaZenia `qarTuli
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni", romelic Seicavs 112 949
sityvas da 14 536 idiomatursa da sxva xasiaTis gamoTqmas.
sityvis ganmartebas axlavs mdidari sailustracio masala,
romelic mwerlobidan aris amoRebuli, zogjer ki sasaubro
enis Cveulebrivi frazaa gamoyenebuli. zmnis piriani formebi
leqsikonSi calke leqsikur erTeulebadaa Sesuli. `qarTuli
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni" arn. Ciqobavas saerTo re-
daqciiT daibeWda rva tomad 1950-1964 wlebSi.
ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonebi. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonebis
Sedgena ganapiroba XIX-XX saukuneebSi evropis qveynebidan
bevri ucxo sityvis Semosvlam. es sityvebi gadmoscemen mec-
nierebis, teqnikis, xelovnebis ZiriTad cnebebs. saWiro gaxda
am sityvaTa ganmartebebis dazusteba. qarTul enaze arsebobs
ucxo sityvaTa ramdenime leqsikoni. kerZod, 1904, 1918 da
1928 wlebSi gamoica i. imedaSvilis ”ucxo sityvaTa
leqsikoni”, 1928 wels _ ”ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni” avtorTa
koleqtivis xelmZRvanelobiT.
1933 wels gamovida g. axvledianis mier Sedgenili
leqsikoni. 1964, 1973 da 1983 wlebSi _ m. WabaSvilis ”ucxo

- 223 -
sityvaTa leqsikoni”, romelic Seicavs 15500-ze met
saleqsikono erTeuls.
bolo gamocemaSi dazustebulia bevri sityvis ganmarteba.
gasworebulia meore gamocemaSi SeniSnuli Secdomebi qar-
Tuli sabWoTa enciklopediis im periodSi gamosuli tomebisa
da zogi sxva wyaros mixedviT.
Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebi. Zveli da saSualo qar-
Tulis ZeglTa mraval gamocemas axlavs mokle axsna-
ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi. leqsikonTa avtorebsa da maT mier
Catarebul samuSaoze cnobebs gvawvdis al. Rlonti wignSi:
”qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi" (1983, gv. 221-223).
1973 wels e. metrevelisa da c. qurcikiZis redaqtorobiT
daibeWda i. abulaZis ”Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni”. aq war-
modgenilia 11800-mde sityva Zveli qarTuli enis 150-ze meti
Zeglidan. yvela sityva dokumentirebulia saTanado masaliT
wyaroebidan.
1995 wels gamovida z. sarjvelaZis ”Zveli qarTuli enis
sityvis kona". am wignSi Sesulia 10000-mde iseTi leqsikuri
erTeuli, romlebic ver aisaxa an gansxvavebuli formiTa da
mniSvnelobiTaa damowmebuli ilia abulaZis ”Zveli qarTuli
enis leqsikonSi". mTlianad naSromSi 28400-ze meti leqsemaa.
z. sarjvelaZis ”Zvel qarTul enaSi" (1997 w.), teqstebis
garda moTavsebulia leqsikoni. wigni sami nawilisagan
Sedgeba. mesame nawilSia mocemuli leqsikoni, romelic ga-
moirCeva ganmartebis maqsimaluri lakonurobiT. leqsikonSi
asaxulia am wignSi gamoqveynebuli, aseve sxva Zveli qarTuli
Zeglebis leqsikuri erTeulebi.
"qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis
leqsikoni" 1988 wels gamoqveynda. manamde aseTi leqsikoni ar
gvqonia. masSi ganmartebulia TiTqmis yvela is morfema an mo-
daluri elementi, romlebic gamovlenilia qarTvelur eno-
briv samyaroSi. naSromSi danarTis saxiT mocemulia im morfe-
maTa leqsikoni, romelic nasesxeb sityvebs Semohyva qarTulSi.
wignis avtorebi arian: b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe da m. beriZe.
”qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis" rvatomeulis sa-
fuZvelze g. gogolaSvilma, c. kvantalianma da d. Sengeliam
1989 wels gamosces "qarTuli enis zmnuri fuZeebis

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leqsikoni", romelSic 5744 zmnuri fuZea Setanili. Ti-
Toeuls axlavs sqema, romelic SesaZlebels xdis budobriv
iqnes warmodgenili ama Tu im zmnuri fuZisagan nawarmoebi
yvela forma, rac ganapirobebs TiToeuli qarTuli zmnis
srul gramatikul daxasiaTebas.
qarTuli literaturis klasikosTa Txzulebebis
leqsikonebi. mweralTa calkeul gamocemebs darTuli aqvs ama
Tu im avtoris TxzulebaTa leqsikoni. ase, magaliTad:
vaJa-fSavelas krebulebs, romlebic gamodioda 1922, 1928,
1930, 1956 wlebSi, darTuli aqvs a. SaniZis mier Sedgenili
”vaJas TxzulebaTa leqsikoni”.
al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa oTxtomeulis 1948-1950 wlebis
gamocemas erTvis ”al. yazbegis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni” (Sem-
dgeneli S. ZiZiguri).
”e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni” (T. kikviZis mier
Sedgenili) darTuli aqvs s. xundaZis redaqciiT gamocemul
e. ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa I-II toms (1932 w.). leqsikoni erTvis
sxva gamocemebsac.
m. alaviZis Sedgenili ”d. kldiaSvilis TxzulebaTa
leqsikoni” darTuli aqvs d. kldiaSvilis TxzulebaTa I-II
toms (1952 w.). manve Seadgina ”Soreuli landebis" leqsika
1961 wels.
i. griSaSvilma ”al. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni”
daurTo al. WavWavaZis Txzulebebis 1940 wlis gamocemas (gv.
347-365).
”g. erisTavis Txzulebebis leqsikoni” Seadgina o. uri-
diam.
T. razikaSvilisa da baCanas TxzulebaTa leqsika Sedgenili
aqvs iv. qeSikaSvils (1969 w.).
mecnierebma leqsikonebi daurTes qarTuli xalxuri Semo-
qmedebis Zeglebsac. S. ZiZigurma 1956 wels gamosca ”qarTuli
dialeqtebis qrestomaTia leqsikoniTurT". aseve, mcire
leqsikonebi da sityvarebi erTvis q. sixaruliZis (sabavSvo
folklori), al. Rlontis (guruli folklori), mix. Ciqo-
vanis (qarTuli xalxuri poezia) gamocemul saxel-
mZRvaneloebs.

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 1976 wels ”vefxistyaosnis" xelnaweri leqsikonebis
teqsti gamosacemad moamzada i. waqaZem. daibeWda s. caiSvilis
redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT.
ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis saerTo struqturis
Camoyalibebamde aris Sedgenili S.rusTavelis ”vefxistyaos-
nis" teqstis leqsikoni, romelSic axsnilia poemaSi gamo-
yenebuli iSviaTi sityvebis mniSvneloba da funqcia Sesabamis
konteqstebSi.
sakuTar saxelTa leqsikonebi. sulxan-saba orbelianis
”qarTul leqsikons” darTuli aqvs qveyanaTa da adamianTa saxe-
lebi (t. II, 1993, gv. 601-654).
sakuTari saxelebis, gvarsaxelebis, toponimebis, saqarT-
velos mxareebisa da xeobebis saZieblebi darTuli aqvs
”qarTlis cxovrebas", vaxuStis wigns: ”aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa", iv. imnaiSvilis mier Sedgenil ”qarTuli
oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikons”, r. TofCiSvilis gamokvlevas:
”rogor warmoiqmna qarTuli gvarsaxelebi" (1997 w.).
al. Rlontis ”qarTul leqsikologiaSi" (1964, 1988 ww.)
calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili qarTul onomatologias. aq ara
marto ganmartebulia onomatologiis raoba, aramed calkeul
paragrafebSi avtori mkiTxvels awvdis cnobebs adamianis sax-
elebis, qarTuli da nasesxebi anTroponimikis, metsaxelebis,
svanuri da megruli onomastikonis, gvarovnuli saxelebis,
toponimikis, toponimebisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
pirvelad 1967, Semdeg ki 1986 wels daibeWda al. Rlontis
”qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi - anTroponimTa leqsikoni" -
sakuTari saxelebis pirveli leqsikoni. es leqsikoni
Cveulebrivi tipis leqsikonebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
iZleva leqsikur erTeulTa ara ganmartebebs, aramed gvaCve-
nebs maT warmoTqma-marTlwerasa da xmarebis adgils werilo-
biTi wyaroebisa da zepiri tradiciis mixedviT.
sakuTari saxelebis erTi nawili axsnilia z. WumburiZis
wignSi: ”ra gqvia Sen" (1966, 1971 ww.). naSromi ramdenime
Tavisagan Sedgeba. aq axsnilia ara marto adamianTa qarTuli
saxelebi (vaJisa - calke, qalisa - calke), aramed qarTuli
gvarebi, miTiTebulia maTi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, axsnilia sax-
elis mniSvnelobebi.

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 z. WumburiZis am naSroms win uZRoda patara wigni ”rogor
gaCnda sityva", sadac ori patara Tavi - ”ra gqvia Sen" da ”sadac
vSobilvar, gavzrdilvar" - sakuTar saxelebs eTmoba. aq
axsnilia adgilTa vinaoba, qalaqebis, soflebis, kurortebis,
mdinareebis... saxelebi. mag., dabaZveli - soflebs hqvia aWarasa
da imereTSi, niSnavs ”Zvel sofels", zestafoni - am qalaqis
saxelwodeba ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: zesta da foni. II
sityva foni wyalSi gasasvlel adgils niSnavs. zesta ki miRe-
bulia Zveli qarTuli sityvisagan zesTa (zeSTa) da igivea, rac
zeda", ”zemoTa". amrigad, zestafoni niSnavs ”zedafons".
1981 wels daibeWda i. maisuraZis ”qarTuli gvar-saxelebi”
(saleqsikono bibliografiuli masalebi).
toponimTa leqsikonebi gamocemulia regionebis mixedviT.
al. Rlontis ”qarTuli leqsikografia" gvaZlevs toponimTa
leqsikonebis srul sias 1973 wlamde. mas Semdegac araerTi
mniSvnelovani leqsikoni Seiqmna.
fsevdonimebis leqsikoni. g. miqaZis ”fsevdonimebis
leqsikoni" pirvelad 1966, 1969 wlebSi da bolos 1984 wels
daibeWda. masSi mocemulia fsevdonimebi an inicialebi, rom-
lebic saqarvelos wignis palatis mier gamocemul fundamen-
tur SromaSi: ”qarTuli wigni" gaSifruli ar aris an Sec-
domiT aris warmodgenili, zogjer ki gvarebadaa miCneuli.
leqsikoni Sedgeba ori ganyofilebisagan: pirvelSi moce-
mulia fsevdonimebis anbanuri saZiebeli. fsevdonimebi dal-
agebulia anbanis rigze. aq vxvdebiT inicialebs, gvars an
fsevdonimebis Semoklebebsa da sruli saxis fsevdonimebs.
leqsikonis meore ganyofilebaSi mocemulia im avtorTa
anbanuri saZiebeli, romelTa fsevdonimebic gaxsnilia winam-
debare leqsikonSi. avtoris namdvili gvaris, saxelisa da mamis
saxelis Semdeg aRniSnulia dabadeba-gardacvalebis TariRebi,
misi saqmianoba, fsevdonimebi.
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII saukuneebis qar-
Tuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT (I -1991 w., II- 1993 w.),
gamosacemad moamzades d.kldiaSvilma, m.surgulaZem. naSromi
Seicavs qarTuli dokumenturi wyaroebidan amokrebil pirTa
saxelebs, romlebic dalagebulia gvarsaxelebis anbanuri
principiT. im SemTxvevaSi, roca gvarsaxeli ucnobia,

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saleqsikono erTeulad gatanilia piris saxeli. leqsikoni
daibeWda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saredaqcio-
sagamomcemlo sabWos dadgenilebiT.
miTologiuri leqsikonebi. 1972 wels gamovida
n. gafrindaSvilis mier Sedgenili ”miTologiuri leqsikoni",
romlis redaqtoria a. uruSaZe.
1983 wels daibeWda a. gelovanis ”miTologiuri
leqsikoni" (redaqtori - l. sanikiZe). wigni vrceli encik-
lopediuri tipis cnobaria antikuri miTologiis personaJTa
Sesaxeb; aqvea ganxiluli Zvelegvipturi miTologiac.
vrcladaa warmodgenili cnobebi Sumeruli, babilonuri,
Zveli sparsuli, induri, skandinaviuri, polineziuri mi-
Tologiidan. leqsikonSi TvalsaCino adgili eTmoba qarTul
miTologiasac.
qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonebi. 1941 wels
gamovida v. Tofuriasa da i. gigineiSvilis ”orTografiuli
leqsikoni" (saskolo). leqsikonSi Setanili masalebi amoRe-
bulia mxatvruli, politikuri, samecniero da saswavlo lit-
eraturidan, Jurnal-gazeTebidan da gansakuTrebiT moswav-
leTa nawerebidan. es leqsikoni Seicavs 15 aTasamde sityvas.
1946 wlis gamocemaSi 18 aTasamde sityva Seitanes avtorebma.
mesamejer saskolo orTografiuli leqsikoni 1949 wels ga-
movida da masSi 19 aTasamde sityva Sevida.
v. Tofuriasa da i. gigineiSvilis ”qarTuli enis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikoni" pirvelad 1968 wels gamovida v. Tofu-
rias redaqciiT; igi emyareba qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis masalas. am leqsikonis daniSnulebaa, aRnusxos da
warmogvidginos, Tu rogoraa mogvarebuli enaSi orTo-
grafiis anu marTlweris sakiTxebi. masSi Sesulia, agreTve,
mecnierebisa da teqnikis sxvadasxva dargis terminebi, sasau-
bro enisa da kuTxuri leqsikis nimuSebi, Zveli an moZvelebuli
sityvebi, romlebic gvxvdeba Zvelsa Tu axal mxatvrul mwer-
lobasa da specialur literaturaSi da romelTa dawerilo-
bis mowesrigeba aucilebelia.
leqsikonSi warmodgenilia qarTuli sityvebis marTebuli
formebi, amdenad, bunebrivia, masSi ar aris mocemuli sityvis
mniSvnelobebi. miuxedavad amisa, roca mniSvnelobis gansxvave-

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baa aucilebeli, leqsikonSi sityvis mniSvnelobazec gvxvdeba
miTiTeba; magaliTad: bali (blisa) - xili da bali (balisa) -
wveuleba; cifrobrivi niSani. adresati - werilis mimRebi da
adresanti - werilis gamgzavni da a.S.
sakuTriv orTografiuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisas
leqsikonSi naCvenebia erTi savaldebulo forma, magram, roca
saqme morfologiis, sityvaTwarmoebis Tu leqsikis sferos
exeba, maSin variantebicaa mocemuli. Tanabari formebi
paraleluri xazebiTaa aRniSnuli: aagznebs/aRagznebs, mom-
wamvleli/ momwamlavi...
leqsikonSi Setanilia umarTebulo formebi saTanado
kvalifikaciiT: bartyi [da ara bRarti], moqmedi [da ara mom-
qmedi]...
leqsikons darTuli aqvs qalisa da vaJis saxelebis sareko-
mendacio sia, romelic SeimuSava mecnierebaTa akademiis spe-
cialurad gamoyofilma komisiam.
wigns erTvis, agreTve, geografiul saxelwodebaTa sia,
romelSic Setanilia msoflios ZiriTad geografiul saxel-
wodebaTa qarTuli dawerilobani.
qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis gamocemidan 30
wlis Semdeg, 1998 wels, gamovida ”qarTuli enis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikonis” meore Sevsebuli gamocema. leqsikoni
sagrZnoblad Seivso ”qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebis"
oTxi tomis masalebiT, romlebic im periodSi iyo gamoce-
muli. leqsikonis axal gamocemaSi damatebiT Sesuli masala
30000 erTeuls aRemateba, xolo mTlianad saleqsikono
erTeulTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 80000-s aRwevs.
”qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis” meore gamoce-
maSi ar SeutaniaT sakuTar saxelTa siebi im varaudiT, rom
axlo momavalSi unda momzadebuliyo sakuTari saxelebis spe-
cialuri orTografiuli leqsikonebi.
marTlac, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis bazaze
momzadda xuTi axali leqsikoni: berZnul-romauli saxelebis,
saqarTvelos, sabWoTa kavSiris, sazRvargareTis geografiuli
saxelebisa da ucxour pirTa gvar-saxelebisa.
”berZnuli da romauli sakuTari saxelebis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikoni”“ Seadgina k. gigineiSvilma 1985 wels.

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 ”saqarTvelos ssr geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
leqsikoni (masalebi)" gamovida 1987 wels (redaqtorebi:
c.afxazava, i.gigineiSvili, a.kobaxiZe, d.ukleba,
m.WabaSvili).
am leqsikonSi Sesulia saqarTvelos yvela dasaxlebuli
punqtis, qedebis, mTebis, mwvervalebis, uReltexilebis, mdi-
nareebis, tbebisa da sxva geografiuli obieqtebis saxelwode-
bani, sul 9350 erTeuli. maT Soris: 4450 sofeli, 40 qalaqi,
40 daba, 1455 mdinare, 555 mTa, 180 qedi, 132 mwvervali, 138
uReltexili da sxva.
”sabWoTa kavSiris geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
leqsikoni” gamovida 1987 wels saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa
sabWos 1970 wlis specialuri dadgenilebis Sesabamisad
(saredaqcio sabWo: i.abaSiZe (Tav-re), a.kobaxiZe,
q.lomTaTiZe, a.sayvareliZe, c.cercvaZe, m.WabaSvili).
”sabWoTa kavSiris geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
leqsikoni” Seicavs qveynis umniSvnelovanesi geografiuli
obieqtebisa da administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis
mxolod Tanamedrove saxelwodebebs. adrindeli saxelebi
masSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.
leqsikons safuZvlad udevs qarTuli sabWoTa encik-
lopediidan da didi sabWoTa enciklopediis uaxlesi gamoce-
mebidan xmarebuli masala. saleqsikono erTeulebis orTo-
grafia Sejerebulia uaxles normatiul leqsikonTan ”Словарь
географических названий СССР” (II gamocema, 1983).
”sazRvargareTis qveynebis geografiuli saxelebis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikoni” gamovida 1989 wels (saredaqcio sabWo:
i.abaSiZe (Tavmjdomare), a.kobaxiZe, q.lomTaTiZe,
a.sayvareliZe, c.cercvaZe, m.WabaSvili, b.jorbenaZe).
leqsikonSi mocemulia saxelTa sruli daweriloba. gan-
marteba mocemulia mokled. geografiuli saxelebi ZiriTadad
Sesulia im saxiT, rogorc qse-Sia. leqsikonSi Sesulia
geografiuli saxelebi, romlebic gvxvdeba qarTul encik-
lopediasa (t.I-XI, 1975-1987 ww.) da did sabWoTa enciklope-
diaSi (III gamocema, t. I-XXX, 1969-1978 ww.).
1989 wels gamovida ”ucxour pirTa saxelebis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikoni” (redaqtorebi: a.kobaxiZe, m.WabaSvili).

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 ucxour sakuTar saxelTa unifikaciis mizniT saqarTvelos
ssr ministrTa sabWos 1970 wlis dadgenilebis Sesabamisad
aris Sedgenili ”sazRvargareTis qveynebis geografiul sax-
elTa orTografiuli leqsikoni” da ”ucxour pirTa saxelebis
orTografiuli leqsikoni”.
leqsikonis mizania, uCvenos mkiTxvels, Tu rogor iwereba
qarTulad esa Tu is ucxouri saxeli. amave dros mocemulia
mokle ganmarteba, Tu vin aris esa Tu is pirovneba da dabadeba-
gardacvalebis TariRebi.
dialeqturi leqsikonebi. dialeqturi leqsikonebis
Sedgenas didi yuradReba daeTmo XX saukunis dasawyisidan.
gamoqveynda T. razikaSvilis, k. gvaramaZis, v. beriZis,
m. janaSvilis, a. SaniZis, v. Tofurias, iv. gigineiSvilis,
i. qavTaraZis, T. uTurgaiZis, S. niJaraZis, q. ZoweniZis,
st. menTeSaSvilis, m. alaviZis, l. kaiSauris, s. WiWinaZis,
s. JRentis, T. berozaSvilis, m. mesxiSvilis, l. nozaZis,
p. jajaniZis, n. rostiaSvilisa da sxvaTa mier Sedgenili
dialeqturi leqsikonebi.
TuSuri kilo (leqsika) 1969 wels gamoaqveyna p.xubutiam.
1974-1975 wlebSi pirvelad daibeWda or tomad al.
Rlontis ”qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona". meore gamocema
1984 wels erT wignad ganxorcielda. naSromi warmoadgens
mokle qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikonis Sedgenis pirvel cdas
da igi ZiriTadad sacnobo xasiaTisaa. am wignSi Setanilia
qarTuli enis 18 dialeqturi erTeulis leqsikuri saganZu-
ridan 40 aTasamde sityva im publikaciebis mixedviT, romlebic
ganxorcielda qarTveli enaTmecnierebis mier 1910-1980
wlebSi.
1976 wels daibeWda p.gaCeCilaZis ”imeruli dialeqtis
saleqsikono masala", romelSic Sesulia imeruli kilos erTi
Tqmis - xaniswylis xeobis leqsikuri erTeulebi (4000-ze meti
sityva). ganmartebebs axlavs sityvis mniSvnelobis sailus-
tracio frazebi.
1978 wels gamovida n.rostiaSvilis ”ingilouri
leqsikoni”.

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 T.berozaSvilis, m.mesxiSvilisa da l.nozaZis ”qarTluri
dialeqtis leqsikoni” gamoica 1981 wels. redaqtoria
m.WabaSvili. leqsikoni 7 000 sityvas Seicavs.
al. kobaxiZem Seadgina da 1987 wels gamosca ”raWuli
dialeqtis leqsikoni” (masalebi). wignSi SerCeulia raWuli
dialeqtis 4000-ze meti sityva da myari gamoTqma. saleqsikono
erTeulebis umetes nawils Tan axlavs saTanado sityvis xmare-
bis sailustracio gamoTqmebi, rac ufro gasagebs xdis sityve-
bis mniSvnelobas.
1988 wels gamovida r. RambaSiZis ””qarTuli enis in-
gilouri kilos leqsikoni" (a. SaniZis redaqciiT), romelic
moicavs 7000-mde saleqsikono erTeuls.
J. feiqriSvilis ””mesxuri dialeqtis saleqsikono ma-
sala" gamovida 1992 wels.
2000 wels gamovida v. Tofuriasa da m. qaldanis ”svanuri
leqsikoni", romelic moicavs 160000-mde sityvas. wminda
leqsikologiur kvalifikaciasTan erTad masSi bevri
saintereso cnobaa eTnografiuli sinamdvilis Sesaxeb.
2001-2002 wlebSi gamovida o. qajaias ”megrul-qarTuli
leqsikoni”, t. I (a-v), t. II (z-s), t. III (t-h). samive tomis re-
daqtoria z. sarjvelaZe. ”...o. qajaias naSromi megrul kiloSi
gamoyenebuli sityvebis yvelaze srulyofili da kargad Ses-
rulebuli leqsikonia. megruli kilos monacemebi samwigno-
bro qarTulTan Tvisobrivad iseTsave mimarTebaSia, rogorc
TuSuri, ingilouri, an qarTuli kiloebis saleqsikono ma-
sala; kerZod, megrulSic gvaqvs samwignobro enidan
damkvidrebuli (da ara nasesxebi) sityvebi da ,piriqiT; qarT-
velTa am kiloSic mravladaa sakuTriv dialeqturi Tu ucxo
enebidan nasesxebi enobrivi erTeulebi, magram ZiriTadi
leqsikuri fondi zogadqarTulia (qarTveluria); Sesa-
bamisad, ufro marTebuli da istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli
iqneboda, leqsikons darqmeoda ”megruli leqsikoni", miT
umetes, o. qajaiasa da leqsikonis saredaqcio sabWos kargi ma-
galiTi hqondaT cnobili mkvlevrebis - v. Tofuriasa da
m. qaldanis avtorobiT axlaxan gamocemuli ”svanuri
leqsikonis" saxiT" (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2003).

- 232 -
 8 aTasze meti sityvaa ganmartebuli g. xornaulis
””fSaur leqsikonSi", romelic 2002 wliT aris daTariRe-
buli. sxva mraval sityvasTan erTad aq ganmartebulia fSauri
toponimebi da hidronimebi. aq fSauri sityvebis garda war-
modgenilia Zveli qarTuli enidan momdinare leqsika. yoveli
sityvis ganmartebisas avtori miuTiTebs pirvel Camwer-
ganmmartebels.
a. WinWaraulis ”xevsuruli leqsikoni" gamovida 2005
wels; Seicavs 25 aTasamde saleqsikono erTeuls. mas avtori
mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze qmnida. wignis redaqtoria
avTandil arabuli. leqsikoni did samsaxurs uwevs ara marto
lingvistebs, aramed - literatorebs, folkloristebs, eT-
nografebs da, saerTod, istoriuli qarTuli kuTxeebiT
dainteresebul pirebsac.
SedarebiTi da etimologiuri leqsikonebi. 1910 wels
gamoqveynda n. maris ”Wanuri enis gramatika qrestomaTiiTa da
leqsikoniTurT”.
1910 wels p. Waraiam Seadgina megrulis ”SedarebiTi
leqsikoni", romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. qarTul-
megruli 2. megrul-qarTuli. orive nawils alag-alag afxa-
zuri paralelebic erTvis.
arn. Ciqobavas ”Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi
leqsikoni" (1938 w.) Wanuris leqsikas ganixilavs megrulisa
da sxva qarTveluri qvesistemebis leqsikasTan SedarebiT.
qarTveluri leqsikis istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodiT
SeswavlaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis k. h. Smidts. misi sado-
qtoro disertaciis (”qarTveluri fuZeenis bgeriTi sistemis
rekonstruqciisaTvis”, 1962) meore nawili - ”indeqsi” - war-
moadgens qarTvelur enaTa mokle etimologiur leqsikons. mas
arn.Ciqobavas leqsikonis Semdeg qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT
leqsikons uwodeben. naSromma farTo gamoxmaureba pova
rogorc CvenSi, ise - ucxoeTSi. igi ganixileba rogorc axali
safexuri am enaTa kvleva-ZiebaSi (g.Tofuria, v.imnaiSvili).
"Этимологический словарь картвельских языков" (avtori
g. klimovi) gamoica moskovSi 1964 wels. am naSromSi gaanal-
izebulia 400-mde leqsikuri erTeuli. calkeul sityvaTa

- 233 -
etimologiuri analizis safuZvelze avtori aRadgens
zogadqarTul fuZeTa modelebs da gvaCvenebs maT variaciebs,
rasac adgili unda hqonoda qarTvelur fuZeenaSi.
qarTveluri leqsikis SedarebiTi da etimologiuri Ses-
wavlisTvis mniSvnelovania T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis
monografia: ”sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur
enebSi", romelic 1965 wels gamoqveynda.
h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis "qarTvelur enaTa eti-
mologiuri leqsikoni" 1990 wels qarTul enaze pirvelad ga-
moqveynda. am leqsikonis meore Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli
varianti ganxorcielda 2000 wels. leqsikoni warmoadgens
cdas, erTgvarad Seajamos qarTveluri leqsikis Seswavlis
miRwevebi. masSi aisaxa rogorc winamorbed da Tanamedrove
mklevarTa Ziebis Sedegebi, aseve, naSromis avtorTa dakvirve-
bani. wignis redaqtoria prof. k. danelia.
2003 wels TbilisSi gamoica m. Cuxuas ”qarTvelur ena-
kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni" (damatebiTi masalebi istoriul-
etimologiuri leqsikonisaTvis). leqsikonSi mocemulia Ziebani
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikidan, gamovlenilia
saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenidan momdinare aseulobiT leqsi-
kuri erTeuli, romelzec adre ar iyo miTiTebuli saenaTmec-
niero literaturaSi. ”qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiT
leqsikonSi" meTaur sityvad gamotanilia svanuri varianti.
qarTuli enis inversiuli leqsikoni 1967 wels daibeWda
(redaqtorebi: b. foCxua, m. WabaSvili). masSi sityvebi dalage-
bulia bolokiduri asoebis anbanze. am leqsikons safuZvlad
udevs qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeuli. in-
versiuli leqsikoni warmoadgens qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi moTavsebuli saleqsikono erTeulebis indeqss.
sityvebis inversiuli dalageba saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels,
gaerkves qarTuli sityvis mniSvnelovan bgeriTsa da gramati-
kul TaviseburebebSi. qarTuli enis fonetikur-gramatikul
daxasiaTebas emsaxureba erTgvardaboloebian sityvaTa
raodenobis daangariSebac, romlis Sedegebi warmodgenilia
leqsikonis vrcel ”SinaarsSi".
simfonia-leqsikonebi. saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme gamoica
”vefxistyaosnis" simfonia (1933, 1956, 1973 ww.).

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 ak. SaniZem 1944 wels gamoaqveyna ”xanmeti leqcionari",
romelsac daurTo simfonia.
jer 1948-1949 wlebSi da Semdeg1986 wels iv. imnaiSvilma
gamosca ”qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni” (redaqtori
- a. SaniZe). leqsikonSi Sesulia ara marto srulmniSvnelovani
sityvebi, aramed kavSirebi, Tandebulebi, nawilakebi.
1984 wels l. qajaiam gamoaqveyna ”xanmeti teqstebi", ro-
melsac daurTo simfoniac.
1986 wels gamovida ”qarTlis cxovrebis" simfonia-
leqsikoni, I-II nakveTi; I nakveTi warmoadgens leonti mrovelis
TxzulebaTa (”cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa" da ”arCilis wa-
meba") simfonia-leqsikons, II nakveTi - juanSeris (”cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa"...) leqsikas. simfonia-leqsikonSi war-
modgenili Znelad gasagebi leqsikuri erTeulebi ganmarte-
bulia.
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetSi momzadda ””samociqulos" qarTuli redaqciebis sim-
fonia-leqsikoni. xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromlebma ki
Seadgines ”qarTuli agiografiuli literaturuli Zeglebis
simfonia-leqsikoni”.
1961 wels k. kekeliZis mier gamocemul monografiaSi:
”akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi" moTavsebulia ”Tornike
erisTavis simfonia”.
”nikoloz baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa simfonia” 1973 wels
gamosca g. gogatiSvilma.
1982-1983 wlebSi gamovida T. sanikiZis mier Sedgenili
”akaki wereTlis poeziis leqsikoni", 1986 wels ki - ”ilia Wa-
vWavaZis poeziis leqsikoni”. T. sanikiZes ekuTvnis pirveli six-
Siris leqsikoni (”iliasa da akakis poeziis sixSiris
leqsikoni", Tb., 1988).
”galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikoni” sam tomad gamosca av-
torTa koleqtivma (T. sanikiZe, c. sanikiZe, n. tabiZe) 1990-
1993 wlebSi.
qarTuli Jargonis leqsikoni. 1999 wels qarTul leqsi-
kografias Seemata l. bregaZis mier Sedgenili ”qarTuli Jar-
gonis leqsikoni".

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 Tanamedrove qarTuli enis ideografiuli leqsikoni.
1987 wels gamovida b. foCxuas mier Sedgenili ”Tanamedrove
qarTuli enis ideografiuli leqsikoni” (I). aq warmodgenilia
qarTuli enis sami dargobrivi klasis: aracocxali bunebis,
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis erTi semantikuri rigis leqsika;
gamoyofilia am klasebSi Semaval sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis
ZiriTadi jgufebi da qvejgufebi. naSroms uZRvis Teoriuli
Sesavali, sadac mocemulia ideografiuli leqsikonis
Sedgenis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. leqsikons darTuli
aqvs sityvaTa anbanuri saZiebeli (sxva leqsikonebisagan gansxvave-
biT, aq sityva warmodgenilia mxolod im mniSvnelobiT, romelic mo-
cemul Temas Seesabameba; sityvis sxva mniSvnelobebi ugulebelyo-
filia. mag., ”boCiki" irmis Svilsac aRniSnavs da gamozamTrebul
xbosac, magram naSierTa klasSi is mxolod pirveli mniSvnelobiT
Seva).
qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmebis leqsikonebi. xuTi
aTeuli wlis Sromis Semdeg mweralma da enaTmecnierma
T. saxokiam Seadgina `qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani". is
Zvirfasi sacnobaro wignia, romelSic Tavmoyrilia mxatvrul
literaturasa da xalxis metyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli
brZnuli gamoTqma-sentenciebi, andazisebri frazebi, xatovani,
figuraluri gamoTqmebi, frazeologiuri erTeulebi. ama Tu
im xatovan sityva-TqmasTan naCvenebia misi pirdapiri da
gadataniTi mniSvneloba. aqve moTavsebulia sailustracio ma-
sala da Semdgenlis SeniSvnebi. masala avtors amokrebili aqvs
qarTvel mweralTa Txzulebebidan. pirvelad ”qarTuli xa-
tovani sityva-Tqmani" sam wignad gamoica 1950-1955 wlebSi.
mcireodeni cvlilebiT erT wignad daibeWda 1979 wels.
T. SaviSvilis "figuraluri sityva-Tqmebis krebuli"
pirvelad gamovida 1957 wels, meorejer ki - 1960 wels. meore
gamocemaSi damatebulia 49 axali gamoTqma. aq ZiriTadad
axsnil-ganmartebulia saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis gamoTqmebi:
babilonis godoli, barTlomes Rame, gaTiSe da ibatone,
herostrates dideba, homerosuli xarxari, alfa da omega,
amerikis aRmoCena, balzakis asaki da sxva. avtori mkiTxvels ac-
nobs ara marto gamoTqmebis dedaazrs, misi warmoSobis is-
torias, Tqmebis avtorebs, agreTve nawarmoebs, saidanac es

- 236 -
Tqma Sevida enaSi, aramed arCevs iseT citatebs, romlebic ax-
ali kuTxiT aSuqebs ama Tu im sityvas.
al. onianis ”qarTuli idiomebis" leqsikonSi (1966 w.) Se-
sulia XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTveli mwerlebis Txzulebe-
bidan, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonidan da Tedo
saxokias naSromidan (”qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani") amok-
rebili idiomebi.
calkea gamocemuli S. Rlontis ”vefxistyaosnis"
frazeologiuri leqsikoni" (1968 w.).
sinonimTa leqsikonebi. al. neimanis ”qarTul sinonimTa
leqsikonSi" (1951, 1961, 1978 ww.) gaanalizebulia XIX da XX
saukuneebis qarTul enaSi arsebuli sinonimuri sityva-
gamoTqmebi. masSi Sesulia sityvebi rogorc mxatvruli lit-
eraturidan, ise sxvadasxva dialeqtebidan. sinonimebs ar ax-
lavs sailustracio masala.
terminologiuri leqsikonebi. jer kidv 1878 wels qu-
TaisSi gamovida ”qarTuli gramatikuli terminologia" si-
lovan xundaZis winasityvaobiT. mas Semdegac specialistebis
mier araerTi terminologiuri leqsikoni Seiqmna. magaliTad:
literaturis, saenaTmecniero (1923 w., g. axvlediani), teqni-
kuri, ekonomikuri, samedicino, soflis meurneobis,
iuridiuli, metalurgiis, radioteqnikuri, fizikisa da
eleqtromeqanikis, avtosatransporto, mTis miwaTmoqmedebis,
geologiuri, sportuli, virusologiuri terminebisa da spe-
cialuri gamoTqmebis, maTematikuri da a.S.
1925 wels gamovida l. leoniZis ”mesaqonleobis
leqsikoni", romelic Seicavs qarTuli klasikuri mxatvruli
mwerlobidan da qarTuli leqsikografiuli literaturidan
amokrebil nimuSebs. gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia is ucnobi ma-
sala, rac TviT avtors moupovebia. mas Semouvlia saqarT-
velos kuTxeebi, Seuswavlia yvela qarTveluri kilo;
leqsikoni Sedgenilia a. SaniZis xelmZRvanelobiT. wignis 100
gverdze moTavsebulia 2174 leqsikuri erTeuli. zust gan-
martebebs axlavs frazeologiac. sinonimTa axsnisaTvis mkvle-
vars gamouyenebia budobrivi principi. leqsikons wamZRvare-
buli aqvs ”Sesavali" da ”SemoklebaTa ganmarteba".

- 237 -
 1949, 1961 wlebSi gamovida ”botanikuri leqsikoni” (a. ma-
yaSvili).
1979 wels r. metrevelma ”qarTuli sabWoTa encik-
lopediis” masalebis safuZvelze Seadgina ”saqarTvelos is-
toria”, leqsikoni, a-v (I wigni). leqsikoni sacnobaro xasiaTi-
saa; is mkiTxvels awvdis informacias saqarTvelos istoriis,
istoriuli geografiis, arqeologiis, xelovnebis istoriis,
folkloris sakiTxebze.
1984 wels gamovida "qarTuli mwerloba" _ leqsikoni-
cnobari, wigni I. aq mocemulia ZiriTadi cnobebi qarTveli
mwerlebis Sesaxeb V saukunidan 1977 wlamde.
dRemde gamoqveynebulia bevri sxva terminologiuri
leqsikoni (ix. leqsikonTa CamonaTvali).
orenovani, samenovani da mravalenovani leqsikonebi.
orenovani da samenovani leqsikonebidan pirvel rigSi unda
davasaxeloT nikifore ColoyaSvilisa da stefane paolinis
`qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni", romelic gamocemulia
romSi 1629 wels. leqsikoni Seicavs 3084 qarTul vokabulasa
da mis italiur Targmans.
pirvelad 1898 wels m. janaSvilis mier da meored 1941
wels v. fuTuriZis mier aris gamocemuli farsadan gorgijan-
iZis "qarTul-arabul-sparsuli leqsikoni"; aq sul 900 sity-
vaa Targmnili.
”qarTuli leqsikoni rusuli TargmaniTurT" Seadgina
n. CubinaSvilma. marTalia, leqsikoni Sedgenilia 1815-1825
wlebSi, magram pirvelad gamoica 1961 wels al. Rlontis re-
daqciiTa da gamokvleviT. es leqsikoni ganmartebiTic aris da
TargmniTic. esa Tu is sityva jer qarTulad aris axsnili, Sem-
deg ki maTi rusuli Sesatyvisebia mocemuli. e.i. es leqsikoni,
rogorc mas avtori uwodebs, aris ”qarTuli leqsikoni
rusuli TargmaniTurT". avtors am leqsikonSi ar Seutania
sakuTari saxelebi (es aris gansxvaveba sulxan-sabas leqsikon-
isagan). samagierod, leqsikoni werilobiTi Zeglebidan axali
masaliT aris Sevsebuli. iqve avtors miTiTebuli aqvs wyaro,
saidanac esa Tu is sityvaa amoRebuli. leqsikons axlavs qar-
Tuli enis mokle gramatikuli mimoxilva.

- 238 -
 n. CubinaSvils ekuTvnis ”rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni" (or
tomad). I t. gamovida 1971 wels, II t. ki - 1973 wels. es
leqsikoni avtors 1812-1825 wlebSi Seudgenia. arsebobda
xelnaweris saxiT. is samzeoze gamoitana al. Rlontma saku-
Tari redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT.
d. CubinaSvilma Seqmna ”qarTul-rusul-franguli
leqsikoni" (1840 w.) da ”qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni” (1887 w.).
meore gamocema 1984 wels ganxorcielda (sastambod moamzada
da winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem). d. CubinaSvilis qarTul-
rusuli leqsikoni ganmartebiTic aris da TargmniTic. am
leqsikonis uSualo wyaros warmoadgens n. CubinaSvilis ”qar-
Tuli leqsikoni rusuli TargmaniTurT". amitomac emsgavseba
kidec mas, Tumca ufro vrcelia. aq gazrdilia saleqsikono
erTeulTa raodenoba. axali sityvebi avtors XIX saukunis II
naxevris literaturuli Zeglebidan aqvs amoukrebili.
1960-1974 wlebSi ciurixSi sam tomad daibeWda kita Cxen-
kelis "qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni". k. Cxenkeli ver moes-
wro leqsikonis bolomde dabeWdvas; misi saqme cnobili emi-
granti qarTvelologis - viqtor nozaZis xelmZRvanelobiT
daasrules k. Cxenkelis TanaSemweebma: lea flurma, iolanda
marSevma da ruT noikomma. 1965 wels naSromi ukve gamzade-
buli iyo, magram iolanda marSevis redaqtorobiT sabolood
mTlianad daibeWda 1974 wels. leqsikonis saerTo moculoba
2500 gverdia. am leqsikonis wyaroebad gamoyenebulia sulxan-
saba orbelianis ”sityvis kona", ”qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni" (rvatomeuli). ama Tu im qarTuli sityvis ger-
manul Targmans leqsikonSi darTuli aqvs laTinuri Sesaty-
visebi. saleqsikono erTeulebs axlavs sailustracio ni-
muSebi. qarTuli zmnis originaluri damuSavebiT, frazebis
simdidriT, dialeqtizmebis farTod warmodgeniTa da sxva
TvisebebiT es leqsikoni sruliad gansakuTrebulia. ”qarTul-
germanul leqsikons" maRali Sefaseba misces rene lafonma,
Jerar garitma, hans fogtma, karl horst Smidtma, iulius as-
falgma, robert stivensonma, arnold Ciqobavam, akaki SaniZem
da sxvebma.
2001 wels hamburgSi gamoica m. ieldenis "germanul-
qarTuli da qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni".

- 239 -
 2004 wels gamovida 45000 sityviani "germanul-qarTuli
leqsikoni" (Semdgeneli: r.zeqalaSvili; redaqtori
d.fanjikiZe).
qarTul-franguli leqsikonis Sedgenis pirveli cda a.
sulxaniSvils ekuTvnis. man 1939 wels gamoaqveyna ”qarTul-
frangul-rusuli leqsikoni". arsebobs agreTve i. rotinovis
Sedgenili ”Semoklebuli qarTul-francizuli leqsikoni” (II
gamocema, Tb., 1877).
1953 wels gamovida e. oqropiriZis mier Sedgenili ”qar-
Tul-franguli leqsikoni”. 1998 wels gamoica amave
leqsikonis I tomi (redaqtori s.koxreiZe). wigni daaxloebiT
30000 sityvas Seicavs.
i. gvarjalaZis ”qarTul-franguli leqsikoni” (12 aTasi
sityviT) daibeWda 1946, 1967 wlebSi; Semdeg ki avtorma 40
aTas sityviani leqsikoni gamoaqveyna.
2005 wels TbilisSi gamovida Tematur-dargobrivi "qar-
Tul-franguli leqsikoni" (saswavlo-pedagogiuri leqsiko-
ni); mTavari redaqtoria n. qadeiSvili.
1928 wels daiwyo da 1939 wels daasrula ”qarTul-
inglisuri leqsikonis” Sedgena inglisSi moRvawe qarTvel-
ologma ekaterine CerqeziSvilma (eka Cerqezma), magram am
leqsikonis gamocemas xeli SeuSala II msoflio omma.
leqsikoni gamoica 1950 wels oqsfordSi. leqsikonis
saboloo redaqcia oliver uordrops ekuTvnis. es leqsikoni
eZRvneba oliver uordropis xsovnas da gamocemulia oqs-
fordis universitetis marjori uordropis saxelobis fu-
ladi fondis xelSewyobiT. leqsikoni Seicavs 15 aTas sityvas.
eka Cerqezis ”qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni” pirveli cdaa am
saxis leqsikonis Sedgenisa. leqsikoni emyareba Zveli da axali
aRTqmis qarTul da inglisur teqstebs, S. rusTavelis
”vefxistyaosnis" marjori uordropiseul Targmans, d. Cubi-
naSvilis ”rusul-qarTul leqsikons” (1886 w.). sacnobarod
gamoyenebuli yofila mari brosesa da niko maris Sromebi
(e. Cerqezis leqsikonze ixileT T. uTurgaiZis recenzia: ike,
XXII, 1980 w.).

- 240 -
 1946, 1965 wlebSi gamovida T. gvarjalaZisa da i. gvar-
jalaZis "qarTul-inglisuri saswavlo leqsikonis" mokle re-
daqcia (12 aTasi sityviT). es leqsikoni Sevsebuli saxiT ga-
movida pirvelad 1974 wels (20 aTasi sityva) da meored - 1979
wels (40 aTasi sityva).
2005 wels gamovida "qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni" (mTa-
vari redaqtori m.megreliSvili, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori
m.miqaZe), romelic 165000 sityvisagan Sedgeba. qarTuli
saleqsikono erTeuli aRebulia "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikonidan" da Sedarebulia i.galperinis saerTo re-
daqciiT gamocemul "did inglisur-rusul leqsikonTan".
wigni Sevsebulia oqsfordis, uebsteris, kobildis da sxva
leqsikonebis monacemebis mixedviT.
enciklopediuri leqsikonebi. enciklopediur
leqsikonSi mocemulia arsebiTi xasiaTis cnobebi codnis
yvela an romelime calke dargidan. Sesabamisad, enciklopedi-
uri leqsikoni orgvaria: zogadi da specialuri. zogadSi
codnis yvela dargis monacemebia warmodgenili, specialurSi
- romelime dargidan.
zogadi enciklopediuri leqsikonebia: ”qarTuli encik-
lopedia”, ”sabavSvo enciklopedia”...
”qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia” (1975-1987 ww.) gamo-
sca saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiam (redaqtori
i.abaSiZe). saredaqcio kolegiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen
sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi, gamoCenili mecnierebi da
kulturis moRvaweni.
1997 wels gamovida“”saqarTvelo” (enciklopedia), t. I, ga-
mosca qarTuli enciklopediis saredaqcio sabWom. encik-
lopedia xuTtomeulia. misi mizania mkiTxvels srulad mia-
wodos informacia saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebTan dakavSire-
bul yvela mniSvnelovan movlenaze.
”sabavSvo enciklopedia” (1963-1980 ww.) Sedgeba 10
tomisagan: I tomi (”dedamiwa”), II tomi (”dedamiwis qerqi da
wiaRi, ciur sxeulTa samyari”, III tomi (”ricxvebi da figu-
rebi”), IV tomi (”mcenareebi da cxovelebi”), V tomi
(”teqnika”), VI tomi (”adamiani”), VII tomi (”kacobriobis war-

- 241 -
sulidan”), VIII tomi (”Cveni samSoblo”), IX tomi (”sazRvarga-
reTis qveynebi”), X tomi (”literatura da xelovneba”).
1974-1975 wlebSi gamoica“”folkloris leqsikoni” (re-
daqtori m.Ciqovani). aq Tavmoyrilia Zvirfasi sacnobaro ma-
sala da ganmartebulia asobiT specifikuri sityva-termini.
2002 wels gamovida ivane javaxiSvilisadmi miZRvnili en-
ciklopediuri leqsikoni (mTavari redaqtori r.metreveli).
leqsikoni praqtikulad pirveli qarTuli enciklopediuri
wignia, romelic erTi pirovnebis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas
exeba.
aqve warmovadgenT ganxilul da sxva leqsikonTa vrcel Ca-
monaTvals, agreTve calkeul gamokvlevebs:

i.abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.

iust. abulaZe, iranuli enis gramatika qrestomaTiiTa da
leqsikoniT, Tb., 1937.
agiografiuli literaturuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni
(Sedgenili xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromelTa mier).
n.adamia, qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1963.
adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Seadgina f.sayvareliZem, Tb.,
1999.
g.advaZe, g.goguaZe, e.erqomaiSvili, g.Tofuria, v.keSelava,
n.kikvaZe, b.lutiZe, v.SariqaZe, gardaqmnis leqsikoni, Tb.,
1988.
avtotransportis terminologia (rusul-qarTul da qarTul-
rusul enebze, Tb., 1987.
m.alaviZe, leCxumuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1938.
m.alaviZe, d.kldiaSvilis leqsikoni: al. wulukiZis saxelobis
quTaisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, VI,
1946.
m.alaviZe, qvemoaWaruli toponimikuri leqsikoni: al. wulukiZis
saxelobis quTaisis pedinstitutis Sromebi, XVII, 1957.
m.alaviZe, Soreuli landebis leqsika: d. banovani, Soreuli
landebi, Tb., 1961.
m.alaviZe, sulxan-saba orbelianis ”sityvis kona" da qarTuli
dialeqturi leqsikonis sakiTxebi: respublikuri
dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia, miZRvnili qarTuli
enis dialeqtologiuri atlasis principebisa da
dialeqtologiisa da enis istoriis zogadi sakiTxebisadmi,

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 q. baTumi, 1982, 2-3 dekemberi, muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa
Tezisebi.
n.alania, b.doborjginiZe, m. duduCava, n.Wolokava, a.xinTibiZe,
literaturismcodneobis terminTa mokle leqsikoni
m.duduCavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1966.
a.aleqsiZe, ofTalmologiis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1989.
n.amiranaSvili, m.quTelia, c.mgalobliSvili, m.RibraZe,
l.anTaZe, c.Cqareuli, qarTul-germanul-inglisur-
frangul-rusuli farmacevtuli leqsikoni, I gamocema (red.
l. amiranaSvili, e.vider-winamZRvriSvili), Tb., 2000.
arqeologiuri leqsikoni, Sedgenili a.afaqiZis, m.inasariZis,
a.sixaruliZis, m. afaqiZis mier, Tb., 1980.
g.axvlediani, ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1933.
i.bagrationi, sabunebismetyvelo ganmartebiTi leqsikoni; re-
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i.basilaSvili, merqniani jiSebisa da zogierT subtropikul mce-
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g.baxtaZe, a.qistauri, Terapiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1991.
v.beriZe, sityvis kona imerul da raWul TqmaTa, sankt.-
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T.berozaSvili, m.mesxiSvili, l. nozaZe, qarTveluri dialeqtis
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r.berulava, T.berulava, qarTul-inglisur-rusuli profe-
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n.bregaZe, mTis miwaTmoqmedeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi (dar-
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l.bregaZe, qarTuli Jargonis leqsikoni, Tb., 1999.
n.gamrekliZe, v.mgalobliSvili, qarTul-rusuli frazeologi-
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T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarT-
velur enebSi, Tb., 1965.
ganmartebani kerZo samarTalSi: samagido wigni iuristebisaT-
vis, ekonomistebisa da saqmiani adamianebisaTvis, saka-
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n.gafrindaSvili, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1972.
p.gaCeCilaZe, imeruli dialeqtis saleqsikono masala, Tb., 1976.
l.geleniZe, adamianis anatomia-fiziologiasTan dakavSirebuli
leqsika Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1974.
a.gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1983.

- 243 -
T.gvarjalaZe, i.gvarjalaZe, qarTul-inglisuri saswavlo
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i.gvarjalaZe, qarTul-franguli leqsikoni, Tb., 1946, 1967.
k.gigineiSvili, berZnuli da romauli sakuTari saxelebis orTo-
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g.giorgaZe, g.beriSvili, r.fanculaia, citologiur-genetikur-
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v.giorgobiani, plastikuri anatomiis cnobari, Tb., 1985.
T.giorgobiani, qsenofontis leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.
g.gogatiSvili, n.baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa simfonia, Tb., 1973.
g.gogolaSvili, c.kvantaliani, d.Sengelia, qarTuli enis
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f.gorgijaniZe, qarTul-arabul-sparsuli leqsikoni, gamocemuli
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i.griSaSvili, al.WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni: al.WavWavaZis
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q.daTikaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, I - 1948, II - 1953, III -
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r.dgebuaZe, a.abesaZe, qarTul-rusul-laTinuri mokle samedi-
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r.dvali, r.RambaSiZe, teqnikuri terminologia (mesame gamocema),
Tb., 1989.
r.dvali, r.RambaSiZe, qarTul-rusuli teqnikuri terminolo-
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ekologiuri terminologiis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (Sem-
dgenlebi: e.gamyreliZe, q.cxakaia; redaqtori r.saRinaZe), Tb.,
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r.erisTavi, Semoklebuli laTinur-rusul-qarTuli mcenareTa
leqsikoni, tf., 1873.
r.erisTavi, mokle qarTul-rusul-laTinuri leqsikoni mcena-
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r.zeqalaSvili, germanul-qarTuli leqsikoni, redaqtori
d.baxtaZe, Tb., 2004.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari), av-
torebi: l.aleqsiZe (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori), l.giorgaZe,
z.daviTaSvili, m.kvaWaZe, k.korkelia, d.pataraia, i.qurdaZe;
Tb., 2003;
Targmanis leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.

- 244 -
a.TamaraSvili, mokle musikaluri leqsikoni, redaqtori
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v.Tofuria, i.gigineiSvili, orTografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1941,
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v.Tofuria, s.iordaniSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb.,
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v.Tofuria, i.gigineiSvili, qarTuli enis orTografiuli
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v.Tofuria, m.qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
g.Tofuria, g.imnaiSvili, karl horst Smidti, Jurnali ”burji
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r. TofCiSvili, rogorc warmoiqmna qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb.,
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gr. iaralovi, sagamomcemlo-poligrafiuli cnobari, Tb., 1956.
i.iedliCka, el.erisTavi, Cexur-qarTuli da qarTul-Cexuri
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iv.imnaiSvili, qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni, re-
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italiuri-qarTuli leqsikoni; avtorebi: luiji mantovani, ma-
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l.kaiSauri, mTiuluris dargobrivi leqsika, Tb., 1967.
m.kankava, mokle rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1964.
m.kankava, mokle qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1965.
k.kekeliZe, ”Tornike erisTavis" simfonia: k.kekeliZe, akaki
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m.kekeliZe, sportuli terminologia Zveli qarTuli litera-
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n.kereseliZe, sociologiis mravalenovani leqsikoni (inglisur,
qarTul, rusul, germanul, frangul enebze), Tb., 1988.
T.kvirkvelia, xuroTmoZRvruli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb.,
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T.kikviZe, e.ninoSvilis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni: e.ninoSvilis
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z.kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni; redaqtori
T.gamyreliZe, Tb., 1984.

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m.korZaxia, m.WiWinaZe, embriologiur terminTa mokle ganmarte-
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S.kutubiZe, frinvelebis nomenklaturuli terminologia, Tb.,
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i.laCaSvili, mokle biologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1877.
l.leoniZe, mesaqonleobis leqsikoni, Tb., 1925.
g.leJava, virusologiuri terminebisa da specialuri gamoTqme-
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g.lindemani, h.bekhofi, xelovnebis leqsikoni, sxvadasxva stili
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l.narouSvilma da l.ramiSvilma, Tb., 1992.
literaturismcodneobis ZiriTadi cnebebi, Sedgenili
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g.lomTaTiZe, g.fofxaZe, k.javriSvili, geologiuri terminolo-
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z.maisuraZe, medicinis terminologia, v.m.beriZis redaqciiT, Tb.,
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i.maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (saleqsikono biblio-
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maTematikuri terminologia r.aRlaZis, v.beriZisa da n. qaSakaS-
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n.mari, Wanuri enis gramatika qrestomaTiiTa da leqsikoniTurT,
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ar.martirosovi, gr.imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti
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a.mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1949, 1961.
c.mgalobliSvili, n.amiranaSvili, l.erisTavi, g.reviSvili,
l.kinwuraSvili, d.WeliZe, farmacevtuli leqsikoni
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i.megreliZe, mcire Teatraluri leqsikoni, Tb., 1980.
c.menabde, inglisur-rusul-qarTuli biologiuri leqsikoni,
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st.menTeSaSvili, qiziyuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1943.
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kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. XVII, Tb., 1970.

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g.miqaZe, fsevdonimebis leqsikoni, Tb., 1966, 1969, 1984.
al.naTiSvili, normaluri anatomiis terminologia, Tb., 1962.
al.neimani, qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1951, 1961, 1978,
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S.niJaraZe, qarTuli enis zemoaWaruli dialeqti (leqsikoni), ba-
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v.omiaZe, avtosatransporto terminologia v.beriZis redaqciiTa
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al.oniani, qarTuli idiomebi, Tb., 1966.
j.oniani, n.CikvaiZe, hidroekologiuri terminebis ganmartebiTi
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j.oniani, hidrobiologiuri terminebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,
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sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni anu sityvis kona, Tb.,
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e.oqropiriZe, qarTul-franguli leqsikoni, Tb., 1953.
e.oqropiriZe, qarTul-franguli leqsikoni, t.I (redaqtori
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pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni (XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli
sabuTebis mixedviT), I-1991; II-1993. gamosacemad moamzades
d.kldiaSvilma da m.surgulaZem.
s.JRenti, guruli kilo (leqsikoni), Tb., 1936.
e.raqviaSvili, mokle politikuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1986.
n.rostiaSvili, ingilouri leqsikoni, Tb., 1978.
sabavSvo enciklopedia, t. I-X, Tb., 1963-1983.
sabiblioTeko terminebis leqsikoni, Sedgenili g.giorgaZisa da
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sabWoTa kavSiris geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
leqsikoni, saredaqcio sabWo: i.abaSiZe (Tav-re), a.kobaxiZe,
q.lomTaTiZe, a.sayvareliZe, c.cercvaZe, m.WabaSvili, Tb.,
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saerTaSoriso samarTlis leqsikoni-cnobari, avtorTa
koleqtivi, Tb., 2004.

- 247 -
saerTaSoriso histologiuri nomenklatura; Semdgenlebi:
m.korZaia, m.WiWinaZe. redaqtori n.javaxiSvili, Tb., 1977.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis geografiuli saxelebis orTo-
grafiuli leqsikoni, saredaqcio sabWo: i.abaSiZe (Tav-re),
a.kobaxiZe, q.lomTaTiZe, a.sayvareliZe, c.cercvaZe,
m.WabaSvili, b.jorbenaZe, Tb., 1989.
samoqalaqo samarTlis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2004.
”samociqulos" qarTuli redaqciebis simfonia-leqsikoni,
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p.a.sanakoevi, qarTul-osuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1953.
T.sanikiZe, c.sanikiZe, n.tabiZe, galaktion tabiZis enis
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T.sanikiZe, c.sanikiZe, galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikoni, t. III,
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T.sanikiZe, akaki wereTlis poeziis leqsikoni, Tb., 1982-1983.
T.sanikiZe, ilia WavWavaZis poeziis leqsikoni, Tb., 1986.
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z.sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis sityvis kona, Tb., 2001.
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saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, t. I, gamoica enciklopediis sare-
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saqarTvelos ssr geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
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T.saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, sam wignad, Tb., 1950-
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e.siraZe, d.nadareiSvili, qarTul-germanuli Tematuri
leqsikoni da saubris nimuSebi, Tb., 1957.
soflis meurneobis terminologia, saredaqcio kolegia:
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m.surgulaZe, Zveli qarTuli paleografiuli terminebi, Tb.,
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a.sulxaniSvili, qarTul-frangul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1939.
o.uridia, g.erisTavis Txzulebebis leqsikoni: g.erisTavi,
Txzulebebi, Tb., 1961.

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a.ustiaSvili, b.kopaleiSvili, sameano-ginekologiuri termi-
nologia, Tb., 1958.
ucxour pirTa saxelebis orTografiuli leqsikoni (re-
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S.falavandiSvili, geografiuli terminebisa da cnebebis
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S.falavandiSvili, g.TavdgiriZe, ekologiuri terminebis
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h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri
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fizikis terminologia a.gaCeCilaZis da r.RambaSiZis redaqciiT,
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fizikisa da eleqtromeqanikis terminologia a.didebuliZisa
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filosofiuri leqsikoni i.florovis redaqciiT (meoTxe gamo-
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(redaqtori), k.gogsaZe, T.nanobaSvili, s.cincaZe,
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S.fiCxaZe, t.sixaruliZe, n. papalaSvili, n. maxvilaZe, safeiqro
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b.foCxua, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis ideografiuli leqsikoni, I,
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b.foCxua, m.WabaSvili, qarTuli enis inversiuli leqsikoni, Tb.,
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t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, zogadqarTuli (qarTveluri) samwigno-
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`qarTlis cxovrebis" simfonia-leqsikonis I da II nakveTi, Tb.,
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qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeuli,
arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1950-1964.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli,
arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1986.

- 249 -
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, or nakveTad,
arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1990.
qarTul-franguli leqsikoni (saswavlo-pedagogiuri
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qarTuli mwerloba - leqsikoni-cnobari, wigni I, Tb., 1984.
qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni (mT. redaqtori m.megreliSvili,
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qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.I-XI, Tb., 1975-1987.
qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, qarTuli folklori, IV-1974,
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o.qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I, t.II, t.III, Tb., 2001,
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al.Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi-anTroponimTa
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al.Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, I-II, Tb., 1974-75;
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al.Rlonti, qarTuli zRaprebi da legendebi (leqsikoni), Tb.,
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al. Rlonti, guruli folklori (leqsikoni), I, Tb., 1937.
al.Rlonti, qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983.
T.Rlonti, m.Sac-mSveliZe, c.CxikviSvili, T.malaSxia,m.jibuti,
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S.Rlonti, ”vefxistyaosnis" frazeologiuri leqsikoni, Tb.,
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s.yauxCiSvili, laTinur-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1961 (axlavs
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T.SaviSvili, figuraluri sityva-Tqmebis krebuli, Tb., 1957,
1960.

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a.SaniZe, vaJas TxzulebaTa leqsikoni: vaJa-fSavelas krebuli, Tb.,
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a.SaniZe, simfonia-leqsikoni, xanmeti leqcionari, Tb., 1944.
a.SaniZe ”vefxistyaosnis" simfonia, Sedgenili akaki SaniZis
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mz. SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa: Tsu
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g.SaraSiZe, guruli leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, ma-
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g.SatberaSvili, nafiqri (dargoblivi leqsika), Tb., 1959.
g.SatberaSvili, WaSniki (dargoblivi leqsika, neologizmebi,
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m.Ciqovani, toponimikuri leqsikoni: Tsu Sromebi, IX, 1939.
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n.ColoyaSvili, st.paolini, qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni, romi,
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d.CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusul-franguli leqsikoni, 1840.
n.CubinaSvili, qarTuli leqsikoni rusuli TargmaniTurT, re-
daqtori al.Rlonti, Tb., 1961,

- 251 -
n.CubinaSvili, rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni (or tomad), t.I- 1971,
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m.Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-
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k.Cxenkeli, qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni avtoris sikvdilis
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mier lea fluris, ruT noikomisa da viqtor nozaZis Tana-
monawileobiT, ciurixi, 1974.
i.CxikviSvili, saqarTvelos xerxemlianTa nomenklatura, tf.,
1926.
g.cocaniZe, TuSuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
i.cucqiriZe, r.RambaSiZe, geofizikis terminologia, Tb., 1988.
p.cxadaia, onomastikur terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb.,
1989.
S.ZiZiguri, al.yazbegis TxzulebaTa leqsikoni: al.yazbegis
TxzulebaTa oTxtomeuli, Tb., 1948-1950.
S.ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtebis qrestomaTia leqsikoniTurT,
Tb., 1956.
q.ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, Tb., 1974.
i.waqaZe, ”vefxistyaosnis" xelnaweri leqsikonebis teqsti, Tb.,
1976.
b.wereTeli, zemoimeruli leqsikoni (qarTvelur enaTa leqsika),
I, Tb., 1938.
m.WabaSvili, ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1964, 1973, 1983.
p.Waraia, SedarebiTi leqsikoni, 1910.
s.Wanturia, S.sulamaniZe, inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-
inglisuri leqsikoni, quTaisi, 1998.
e.WeliZe, Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia, t.I,
Tb., 1996.
a.WinWarauli, xevsuruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.
z.WumburiZe, rogor gaCnda sityva, Tb., 1963.
z.WumburiZe, ra gqvia Sen? Tb., 1971.
b.WumburiZe, T.WumburiZe, q.baramiZe, T.turZelaZe,
q.papuaSvili, v.akobia, samkurnalo saSualebaTa saxel-
wodebebis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari (generiuli, saerTaSo-
riso, safirmo, savaWro saxelwodebebi da sinonimebi), Tb.,
1997.

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i.Wyonia, ”sityvis kona", niko maris redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT,
peterburgi, 1910.
d.xmiadaSvili, radioteqnikuri terminologia v.beriZis re-
daqciiT, Tb., 1947.
g.xornauli, fSauri leqsikoni, Tb., 2002.
p.xubutia, TuSuri kilo (leqsika), Tb., 1969.
s.xundaZe, qarTuli gramatikuli terminologia, quTaisi, 1887.
o.xuciSvili, T.xatiaSvili, qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni, Tb.,
1977.
iv.javaxiSvili, enciklopediuri leqsikoni (mTavari redaqtori
r. metreveli) Tb., 2002.
m.janaSvili, ingilouri leqsikoni, Tb., 1913.
p.jajaniZe, masalebi imeruli kilos leqsikonisaTvis, quTaisis
pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. IX-1949, t. X-1950-1951.
p.jajaniZe, guruli dialeqti, I, teqstebi, leqsikonis masalebi,
Tb., 1977.
evg.jeiranaSvili, qarTul-udiuri leqsikoni: udiuri ena, Tb.,
1971.
b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da
modaluri elementebis leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.
s.jorbenaZe, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
(saavtoro samarTali, samrewvelo sakuTreba), Tb., 1998.

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 Tavi V
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebis
sakiTxebi
5.1. normirebis istoria

saliteraturo ena normirebuli sistemaa, winaswar Se-

muSavebul wesebsa da kanonebze damyarebuli enaa. igi ar Tanx-
vdeba arc erT dialeqts, aramed aris zedialeqturi movlena,
Tumca mWidro kavSiri aqvs rogorc dialeqtebTan, ise cocxal
metyvelebasTan. dialeqtebi warmoadgens masazrdoebel, ga-
mamdidrebel wyaros saliteraturo enisaTvis. cocxali mety-
velebac did zegavlenas axdens masze. enis ganviTarebis bune-
brivi procesi cocxal metyvelebaSi aisaxeba. enaSi momxdari
cvlilebebi jer cocxal metyvelebaSi iCens Tavs, Semdeg
SeiZleba iqces normad da damkvidrdes saliteraturo enaSi.
qarTul saliteraturo enas didi xnis tradiciebi aqvs.
Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebis mixedviT TandaTan yalibdeboda
gaazrebuli midgoma standartuli enis normirebisadmi,
Tumca erTiani normebi yovelTvis ar iyo miRebuli da gaba-
tonebuli (gansakuTrebiT XII-XVIII saukuneebSi). adreuli
(V-XI saukuneebis) qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi Se-
darebiT mtkicea: erTgvarovania brunvis niSanTa sistema da
zmnis uRleba, saerTod - metyvelebis nawilTa formacvaleba
da sityvaTwarmoeba. ar SeimCneva gramatikul formaTa si-
Wrele da nairgvaroba. udavoa, rom es aixsneba saliteraturo
enis xangrZlivi tradiciiT. saerTod, saliteraturo enis
normebis siaxlove xalxuri metyvelebis formebTan ganapi-
robebda Zveli qarTuli enis monoliTurobas (i.qavTaraZe,
1981, gv. 128). rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom V-XI sau-
kuneTa qarTul saliteraturo enaSi normebidan gadaxvevebi
araa da dialeqtizmebi ar SeimCneva. Cans, saliteraturo ena
ZvelTaganve ganicdida cocxali metyvelebis gavlenas, rac
werilobiTs ZeglebSic aisaxeboda. amitom ar aris V-XI sau-
kuneTa Zeglebi enobrivad erTgvarovani. amaze metyvelebs xan-
metoba-haemetobisa da sannarevobis periodebis arsebobac: V-
VII saukuneebSi zmnis meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi

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piris niSani iyo x- prefiqsi, VIII saukunis meore naxevridan
normad iqca h-, IX saukunis meore naxevarSi h- gaqra xmovnebis
win, cxra Tanxmovnis (d, T, t, Z, c, w, j, C, W) win mas Caenacvla s-.
ase gaCnda sannarevi Zeglebi.
zogierTi enaTmecnieri uaryofs normaTa arsebobas
saliteraturo enis normatiuli gramatikis Seqmnamde. amis
sapirispirod SeiZleba Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo
skolebis (aTonis, Savi mTis, gelaTis…) mkacrad Camoyalibe-
buli normebis araerTi magaliTis dasaxeleba. marTalia, V-XI
saukuneTa qarTul werilobiTs ZeglebSi cnobili araa raime
gramatikuli traqtati an normaTa krebuli, magram am perio-
dis ZeglTa Seswavla cxadyofs, rom saliteraturo enis nor-
mebi mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli da mwerlebi da gadamwerebi
mkacrad icaven mas. swored amitomaa TvalSi sacemi yoveli
gadaxveva saliteraturo enis normaTagan (z. sarjvelaZe, 1984,
gv. 89).
normirebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT uadres dokumen-
tur wyarod jerjerobiT miCneulia XI saukunis ucnobi av-
toris gramatikuli traqtati "sityuaÁ arTronTaTÊs”, ro-
melic Seiswavla da gamosca prof. mz. SaniZem. rogorc a. San-
iZe aRniSnavs, Txzuleba mowmobs, rom Zveli mwignobrebi kar-
gad erkveodnen enis sakiTxebSi, cdilobdnen qarTuli enis
bunebisa da gramatikuli wesebis Seswavlas.
V-XI saukuneebi sasuliero mwerlobis klasikuri peri-
odia; masTan SedarebiT XII-XVII saukuneTa saero xasiaTis
werilobiT ZeglebSi cvlilebani ufro metia, ris gamoc am
periods enis demokratizaciis xanasac uwodeben. XII sauku-
nidan mwerloba Janrobrivad da Tematurad ufro gamraval-
ferovnda. kulturis sxvadasxva centrebSi sasuliero mwer-
lobis paralelurad Seiqmna saero mxatvruli literaturis
(prozauli, poeturi), istoriuli, filosofiuri, samedi-
cino da samarTlebrivi Txzulebebi, saxelmwifo dokumen-
tebi, brZanebebi, oqmebi, sigel-gujrebi, kerZo pirTa nasyi-
doba-garigebisa Tu sxva xasiaTis sabuTebi, romlebSic norme-
biT dakanonebuli formebis gverdiT Tavi iCina adgilobrivi
sametyvelo Cvevebis damaxasiaTebelma Taviseburebebma,
dialeqtizmebma. am periodis enaSi aRiniSneba sami erTmaneT-

- 255 -
Tan axlos mdgomi da erTisagan gamomdinare sametyvelo na-
kadis - Zveli qarTulis gadmonaSTebis, inovaciebisa da
dialeqtizmebis Serwyma.
saero mwerlobis enis normirebis istoriaSi
mniSvnelovania ”vefxistyaosnis” ena. misi avtori salitera-
turo enis TvalsazrisiTac gvevlineba udides novatorad da
reformatorad. man gaaerTiana sasuliero mwerlobis enisa
da cocxali metyvelebis formebi da sruliad axali elferi
SesZina saliteraturo enas.
qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis grZel gzaze
tao-klarjeTisa da aTon-Savi mTis literaturuli tradicie-
bis Semdeg qarTuli saliteraturo enis reformis Tvalsaz-
risiT sami didi moRvawea aRsaniSnavi: ioane petriwi, anton
kaTalikosi da ilia WavWavaZe. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens
dagvirgvinebas gansazRvruli drois TaobaTa Tavdadebuli
moRvaweobisa qarTuli saliteraturo enis SeqmnisaTvis
brZolaSi.
ioane petriwi mwvervalia XI-XII saukuneTa samwerlobo
enis ganviTarebaSi. am dros moxda qarTuli saliteraturo
enis axali sasicocxlo energiiT aRvseba klasikuri qarTuli
samwerlobo enisa da xalxuri sametyvelo enis SerwymiT
(d. meliqiSvili, 1986, gv. 225).
XII saukunis Semdeg saliteraturo enis ganviTareba
sxvagvarad warimarTa. qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri
cxovrebis Seferxebas mohyva ukontroloba, normirebis sa-
fuZvlebi Seirya. saSual saukuneTa werilobiTi Zeglebis
enaSi SeimCneva formaTa siWrele, erTiani normebis uqonloba.
XVIII saukunis miwuruls qarTuli ena, misi leqsika
TiTqmis waleka aRmosavlurma nakadma. qarTul salitera-
turo enas safrTxe daemuqra. iqmneboda aRmosavleTis bazris
ena. anton kaTalikosma scada, SeeCerebina es saSiSi da damRup-
veli talRa; man da misma skolam sasuliero mwerlobis enas
SeunarCuna V-XI saukuneTa qarTulis yvela niSani,
filosofiuri TxzulebebisaTvis daamkvidra SedarebiT da-
bali stili, xolo saero xasiaTis nawarmoebebisTvis - xalxur
metyvelebasTan daaxloebuli ena. anton kaTalikosma
Camoayaliba gramatikuli da orTografiuli wesebiT mkacrad

- 256 -
normirebuli saliteraturo ena. man daiwyo qarTuli salit-
eraturo enis demokratizacia xalxuri metyvelebis formaTa
gabeduli gamoyenebiT. amiT igi saenaTmecniero literatu-
raSi ”samocianelTa” winamorbedadaa miCneuli. antoni iyo
didi aTonelebisa da ”RvTaebrivi filosofosis” - ioane
petriwis xelSi gamovlili qarTulis tradiciebis
gamgrZelebeli. ”mas Segnebuli hqonda erTiani saliteraturo
enis didi roli erovnuli mTlianobis SeduRabebaSi".
T. uTurgaiZis azriT, "is didi Sedegi, romelsac anton
pirvelma miaRwia saliteraturo qarTulis normirebaSi, Su-
aleduri da amave dros SemakavSirebeli rgolia XII saukuneSi
i. petriwisa da misi skolis, xolo XIX saukuneSi i. WavWavaZisa
da progresulad moazrovne qarTveli inteligenciis mier Ca-
tarebuli enobrivi reformebisa” (1989, gv.43).
i. WavWavaZis meTaurobiT XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
saliteraturo enis normirebisaTvis brZola warimarTa ori
mimarTulebiT: gatarda orTografiuli reforma da daiwyo
brZola mwerlobaSi dialeqtizmebis, dauxvewavi formebis,
frazebisa da kalkebis ganukiTxav SemotanasTan. ilia da misi
Tanamoazreni miiCnevdnen, rom saliteraturo ena unda daax-
loeboda xalxur metyvelebas (ilia: ”xalxia enis kanonis dam-
debi da ara anbanT Teoretika”). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi TaobaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis mizezi
ar yofila anton kaTalikosis Rvawlis Sefaseba; mas orive
mxare mowiwebiT ixseniebda. TaobaTa Soris enis sakiTxebze da-
vas iwvevda, ZiriTadad: sintqasuri konstruqciebi, Zveli aso-
niSnebi, stilisturi Taviseburebani da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom Zveli aso-niSnebis siWarbeze saubari daiwyo ilias cno-
bil statiamde (”oriode sityva…”) xuTi wliT adre (1855 w.)
d. CubinaSvilma; kerZod, peterburgis qarTvelologTa sko-
lam uaryo ~, Ê, Ë, ð, Ì asoebi. amas qarTuli enis sauniver-
siteto kursSi acnobdnen qarTvel studentebs, maT Soris
i.WavWavaZesac. sabolood, reforma qarTul anbanSi iliam
gaatara.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelo ruseTis ko-
lonia iyo; Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ar zrunavda qarTuli eni-
saTvis. saliteraturo enis ganviTareba da srulyofa mowi-

- 257 -
nave qarTulma sazogadoebam iTava: ilias xelmZRvanelobiT
ganxorcielda aramxolod anbanis reforma, aramed mis mier
mowveulma qarTulis enis mcodneTa krebam daadgina bevri
enobrivi norma. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ”mamaTa” da
”SvilTa” erToblivi ZalisxmeviT qarTulma saliteraturo
enam miiRo iseTi saxe, rogoric Seefereboda mravalsaukuno-
vani istoriis mqone samwerlobo enas (T.uTurgaiZe, 1989, gv.
47).
XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze kidev ufro gaaqtiurda da-
mokidebuleba saliteraturo enis normirebisadmi. magali-
Tad, 1899-1900 wlebSi quTaisSi am mizniT sagangebo wrec ki
yofila, mogvianebiT aseTi wre TbilisSic Seqmnila. XX sau-
kunis dasawyisSi, roca ar arsebobs saliteraturo enis nor-
maTa damdgeni oficialuri organo, calkeuli pirovnebani,
mwerlebi cdiloben garkveuli kontrolis dawesebas, axdenen
enobrivi movlenebis unificirebas. SeimCneva tendencia nor-
mirebisaken, e. i. xdeba enobrivi normis aucileblobis gacno-
biereba. ”axla yvela gamsworebels Tavisi gramatika udevs
jibeSi da imis mixedviT asworebso”, - werda gazeT ”Sinauri
saqmeebis” redaqtori s. mWedliZe (r. saRinaZe, 1997, gv.2). aseT
pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda cnobili mec-
nier-gramatikosis silovan xundaZis moRvaweobas. igi iTvleba
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis erT-erT
pirvel damdgenad. mis mier SemuSavebuli normebi im dros
savaldebulod ar iTvleboda, magram, radgan is cocxal sala-
parako enas emyareboda, Tu mTlianad ara, nawilobriv mainc
mis marTlweras yvela icavda. s. xundaZem bevri ram gaakeTa
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebisaTvis. g. axvledianma
mas uwoda ”tipiuri da klasikuri nimuSi saliteraturo enis
damcvelisa” (l. leJava, 1998, gv.9).
enis normebTan dakavSirebiT XX saukunis dasawyisSi
saintereso diskusia mimdinareobda s. xundaZesa da a. SaniZes
Soris; xSir SemTxvevaSi marTebuli iyo s. xundaZis Sexed-
ulebani; SemdgomSi a. SaniZem zogi misi iseTi SeniSvnac
gaiziara da normad aqcia, risTvisac s. xundaZes Zalze mwvaved
akritikebda. dRes saliteraturo qarTulSi s. xundaZiseuli
bevri normaa damkvidrebuli. mag., uTandebulo da Tandebu-

- 258 -
lian saxelTa bruneba, kompozitebis marTlwera, zogierTi
nacvalsaxelis, gansakuTrebiT nawilakSezrdili (Sexorce-
buli) nacvalsaxelis, bruneba; metad sagulisxmoa s. xun-
daZiseuli gageba qarTuli zmnisa. igi zmnaSi meore
subieqturi piris niSans zedmetad miiCnevda; progresulia
misi mosazrebani e. w. ”meore mimoxris” zmnaTa (myavs, maqvs, miy-
vars, mZinavs, meSinia, mwyenia…) Sesaxeb. a. SaniZis sapirispi-
rod, igi axdens zmnis ara mxolod formalur, aramed semanti-
kur analizsac da am gziT midis inversiis aRiarebamde; calke
unda gamoiyos s. xundaZis damsaxureba sintaqsis sferoSi. igi
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis gardamaval (nawilobriv Sekvecil)
saxeobas amkvidrebda. mogvianebiT a. SaniZemac gaiziara misi
Tvalsazrisi; a. SaniZe uaryofda s. xundaZis mier SemoTa-
vazebul kanons, rom qarTul enas Zireul sityvebSi ar uyvars
erTnairi Tanxmovnebis Tavmoyra (ekklesia, grammatika…),
Tumca qarTulma saliteraturo enam swored es kanoni air-
Cia…
s. xundaZe quTaisSi moRvaweobda. mravali Taoba aRi-
zarda mis saxelmZRvaneloebsa Tu naSromebze, rogoricaa:
”qarTuli zmnebi”, ”saliteraturo qarTuli”, ”qarTuli
gramatika”, ”qarTuli marTlwerisa da sworenis safuZvlebi”
da sxva. SeiZleba zogierT mis mosazrebas mecnieruli
dasabuTeba aklda, isic SeiZleba, rom enis Semdgomma ganvi-
Tarebam zogierTi misi debuleba ukan Camoitova, magram
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebaSi misi
damsaxureba udavoa.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi saliteraturo enis normirebis
istoriaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula: p. Waraias, s. gorgaZis,
iv. javaxiSvilis, i. yifSiZis, k. kekeliZis, p. ingoroyvas,
iust. abulaZis, a. SaniZis, g. axvledianis, d. uznaZis, s. jana-
Sias, arn. Ciqobavas, s. yauxCiSvilisa da sxva mecnierTa naS-
romebma da gamosvlebma.
1918 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarse-
bam Seqmna safuZveli enobrivi politikis sferoSi araerTi
RonisZiebis gatarebisa.
1920 wels gaimarTa enis mcodneTa konferencia. saor-
ganizacio komisiam (wevrebi: a. SaniZe, g. axvlediani, k. kekeliZe,

- 259 -
s. gorgaZe, vuk. beriZe) 1921 wels gamosca wignaki ”salitera-
turo qarTulisaTvis” (proeqti qarTuli orTografiis sa-
davo sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad), romelSic pirvelad iyo
warmodgenili ramdenime sadavo sakiTxi: daviwyeboda Tu
daviwyebiyo? saqme isaa Tu saqme imaSia? da sxva.
1921 wels qarTuli ena saqarTvelos damoukidebeli re-
spublikis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda. xangrZlivad devnili
da Seviwroebuli ena saWiroebda daxvewas, leqsikiT gamdidre-
bas, pirvel rigSi samecniero terminologiiT Sevsebas.
1925 wels samTavrobo doneze daarsda centraluri
saterminologio komisia, romelsac vukol beriZe
xelmZRvanelobda.
1934 wels ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatTan
Camoyalibda qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa damdgeni
respublikuri komisia (30 wevris SemadgenlobiT), romelmac
ganixila Tbilisis universitetis normaTa damdgeni samuSao
komisiisa da enisa da terminologiis komitetis mier Catare-
buli muSaoba da 1936 wels calke wignad gamosca ”salitera-
turo qarTulis normebi” (I). masSi warmodgenilia normaTa
dadgenis principebi da rekomendaciebi sadavo sakiTxebze.
1946 wels mTavrobis dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis prezidiumTan Seiqmna normaTa damdgeni
komisia, romelsac jer s. janaSia Tavmjdomareobda, Semdeg -
a. SaniZe.
1953 wels saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan Seiqmna
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa damdgeni
mudmivi saxelmwifo komisia, romlis xelmZRvaneloba av-
tomaturad ekisreboda ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, xolo
komisiaSi Sediodnen cnobili qarTveli mecnierebi, mwerlebi,
presis muSakebi.
saliteraturo enis ZiriTadi sadavo formebis mogvare-
bam, normebis dadgenam xeli Seuwyo v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigi-
neiSvilis ”qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis” da-
muSavebasa da gamocemas 1941 wels. maSin am leqsikonSi 15000
erTeuli Sedioda, saboloo gamocema ki, romelic 1998 wels
ganxorcielda, 80000-mde erTeuls Seicavs.

- 260 -
 1970 wels gamoqveynda ”Tanamedrove qarTuli salit-
eraturo enis normebi” (krebuli pirveli), romelSic
Setanilia saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa damdgeni
komisiis mier damtkicebuli normebi. misi gamocema ganmeorda
1986 wels.
komisiis xelSewyobiT enaTmecnierebis institutSi
daarsda specialuri krebuli ”qarTuli sityvis kulturis
sakiTxebi”. pirveli wigni 1972 wels gamovida. krebulSi gamo-
qveynebuli werilebi saliteraturo enis normirebas exeba.
1991 wels, erovnuli xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg,
ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli Tanamedrove qarTuli salit-
eraturo enis normaTa damdgeni mudmivi saxelmwifo komisiis
reorganizaciis Sedegad Seiqmna saqarTvelos prezidentTan
arsebuli saxelmwifo enis mudmivi saxelmwifo komisia. maSa-
sadame, komisia gadavida uSualod qveynis prezidentis daqvem-
debarebaSi da misi funqciac gafarTovda. mas evaleba ara
mxolod normaTa dadgena, aramed qveynis enobrivi politikis
gansazRvra da regulirebac. amave sferos kontroli akisria
saqarTvelos parlamentis saxelmwifo enis qvekomitets.
qveynis garTulebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri
mdgomareobis gamo komisiis saqmianoba ramdenime wliT Sewyda.
saorganizacio muSaoba ganaxlda 1994 wels. 1995 wlis
oqtomberSi gaimarTa komisiis pirveli sxdoma.
1996 wels q.quTaisSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
enis funqcionirebis makontrolebeli komisia da enis
samsaxuri, xolo 1997 wels daarsda saqarTvelos enis saxelm-
wifo palata.
Tanamedrove etapze, ucxoenovani kulturis moZalebis
pirobebSi, isev aqtualuria saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis
normebis dacva. normirebis problemaTa mogvareba qarTuli
saliteraturo enis erTianobis SenarCunebis sawindaria, er-
Tiani saxelmwifo ena ki - qveynis Zlierebis safuZveli.

literatura

a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2004.

S. afridoniZe, Cveni ena qarTuli, Tb., 2002.

- 261 -
e. babunaSvili, T. uTurgaiZe, anton I-is “qarTuli Rrammatika”
da misi erovnul-istoriuli mniSvneloba, Tb., 1991.
g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli - enaÁ Semkuli da kurTxeuli, Tb.,
2004.
k. danelia, narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriidan,
Tb., 1998.
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I, Tb.,
1986.
v. Tofuria, qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi, Tb.,
1965; Tb., 1988.
l. leJava, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis
istoriidan: qsks, XI, Tb., 1998.
l. leJava, Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normali-
zaciis istoriidan: qsks, XII, Tb., 2004.
l. leJava, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis
istoria da principebi, Tb., 2004.
d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da
stili, Tb., 1975.
d. meliqiSvili, gelaTis skola da qarTuli mecnieruli enis
ganviTarebis sakiTxebi: Tsu Sromebi, X, Tb., 1986.
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,
Tb., 1984.
r. saRinaZe, silovan xundaZe da saliteraturo qarTuli: qu-
Taisis universitetis moambe, I, 1996.
r. saRinaZe, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis
gzebi: sakand. disertacia, Tb., 1997.
T. uTurgaiZe, ilia da saliteraturo qarTuli: qsks, IX, Tb.,
1989.
i. qavTaraZe, enis istoriis wyaroebi da maTi gamoyenebis princi-
pebi: qess, Tb., 1981.
a. SaniZe, saliteraturo qarTulis saWirboroto sakiTxebi, Tb.,
1979.
mz. SaniZe, sityuaÁ arTronTaTAs - Zveli qarTuli gramatikuli
traqtati, Tb., 1990.
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi enaTmecnieruli dax-
asiaTeba, qegl, Tb., I, 1950.
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli ena, rogorc polivalentovani salit-
eraturo ena, qsks, I, Tb., 1972.
arn. Ciqobava, saliteraturo ena da norma: qsks, II, Tb., 1979.
S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli enis Tavgadasavali, Tb., 1969.
s. xundaZe, qarTuli marTlwerisa da sworenis safuZvlebi, Tb.,
1927.

- 262 -
 5.2. normirebis principebi

ena icvleba da viTardeba istoriulad Tavisi Sinagani

impulsebis wyalobiT. sametyvelo CvevaSi momxdari cvlile-
bebi dakavSirebulia saWiroebasTan, romlis mixedviTac ada-
miani cdilobs, ufro gasagebi gaxados Tavisi azrebi da sur-
vilebi.
cvlileba enaSi yovel molaparakeze vrceldeba, Tumca
TiToeul enobriv movlenas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs. yovelma
molaparakem rom daiwyos enaSi cvlilebebis Setana, igi Sewy-
vetda Tavisi daniSnulebisamebr funqcionirebas.
normis gamomuSaveba enobrivi sistemis kanonzomierebaTa
da enis istoriisa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivis gaTvaliswine-
biT unda warmoebdes. am mxaris movla, normisaTvis obieqturi
safuZvlis Seqmna enis specialists evaleba, wesis dadgenaSi
specialisti monawileobs, magram mwerals, sainformacio
saSualebaTa warmomadgenlebs, saerTod samwerlo enis momx-
marebelTa farTo wres eweva angariSi.
arn. Ciqobavas miaCnda, rom movlenis axsna normis
dadgenas unda uswrebdes. “movlenis axsna esaa “"diagnozis
dasma”, normis dadgena “"mkurnalobas” udris. "Tu movlena
axsnilia, mkurnaloba diagnozze iqneba damyarebuli. Tu mov-
lena auxsnelia, Tu ar viciT, ra rogor miviReT, mkurnaloba
alal bedze iqneba damyarebuli”.
norma saliteraturo enis erTianobis safuZvelia.
normis SemuSaveba, savaldebulo wesebis dadgena myar mec-
nierul wanamZRvrebs, principebs unda emyarebodes.
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebis
principebis Camoyalibebas win uZRoda TaobaTa fiqri, Sroma,
kamaTi Teoriul sakiTxTa garSemo.
metad faseulia XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX
saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis moRvaweTa naazrevi saliteraturo
enis normirebis principebTan dakavSirebiT. qarTul periodi-
kaSi (”ciskarSi”,“”saqarTvelos moambeSi”,“”iveriaSi”, ”droe-
baSi”, ”kvalSi”…) asaxulia ilia WavWavaZis, daviT yifianis,
grigol orbelianis, dimitri yifianis, petre mirianaSvilis,
aleqsandre naneiSvilis, vaJa fSavelas, grigol yifSiZis,

- 263 -
aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis, akaki wereTlis, niko nikolaZis, si-
lovan xundaZis, giorgi wereTlis… ZiriTadi debulebebi,
msjeloba, kamaTi.
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mkveTrad
daupirispirda erTmaneTs ori ”banaki” - amerlebi da imer-
lebi… sakamaTo ara marto or “”banaks” Soris, aramed Ti-
Toeul ”banakSic” bevri iyo. sagulisxmoa, rom maT Soris
saerTo ufro meti iyo, TiTqmis yvela principul sakiTxSi es
moRvaweni erTi azrisani iyvnen. magaliTad, erTxmad iyo miRe-
buli da gaziarebuli ilia WavWavaZisa da misi erTguli
TanamebrZolis - daviT yifianis Tvalsazrisi istorizmis
principis Sesaxeb: “”xSirad iqneba, rom kanonebi erT dros
saWironi, sxva dros uvargisni arian xolme, amitom axali ena
Zvel enas ar hgavs” (ilia); ”ena win midis, icvleba, mdidrdeba
axali sityvebiT” (vaJa fSavela); “”mTels msoflioSi uZravi
ara aris ra… enac amgvars daucxromels moZraobaSi aris”
(dim. yifiani).
normirebis principebis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT gan-
sakuTrebuli amagi dasdo saliteraturo qarTuls silovan
xundaZem. man am sakiTxs miuZRvna ramdenime wigni da statia, sa-
dac konkretul sadavo sakiTxTa mogvarebasac cdilobda da
normirebis sayrden, amosaval debulebebsac ayalibebda. nor-
mirebis principebi ufro srulad warmoCinda wignebSi:
”saliteraturo qarTuli” (1901 w.), ”qarTuli marTlwera”
(1911 w.), ”qarTuli marTlwerisa da sworenis ZiriTadi sa-
fuZvlebi” (1927 w.).
saukunovani gansjisa da Ziebis Sedegad Camoyalibda is
principebi, romlebic SeimuSava da daamtkica qarTuli
saliteraturo enis respublikurma komisiam (arn. Ciqobavas
moxsenebis mixedviT). es principebi daedo safuZvlad 1936
wels gamocemul qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis kre-
buls da Semdeg 1970 wels gamocemul krebuls “"Tanamedrove
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I”. am principebs em-
yareba dResac saliteraturo enis normaTa dadgena.
enis specifika, rasac unda eyrdnobodes TviT principe-
bis dadgena, gulisxmobs Semdeg ZiriTad mxareebs: 1. ena siste-

- 264 -
maa; 2. ena socialuri movlenaa; 3. ena azrovnebisa da urTier-
Tobis iaraRia (l. leJava, 2004, gv.49).
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebis
principebi aseTia:
1. qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis SemuSavebis
dros maqsimalurad gamoyenebuli unda iqnes damkvidrebuli
ena qarTuli literaturis klasikosebisa, ar unda Seiqmnes
xelovnuri normebi, cocxali enisagan daSorebuli.
2. gadasinjvas ar moiTxovs da ucvlelad unda darCes
iseTi leqsikuri, morfologiuri da sintaqsuri monacemi, ro-
melic saliteraturo qarTulSi mxolod erTi saxiT gvxvdeba,
maSinac ki, roca is savsebiT umarTebuloa qarTuli enis
gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT (daRma, aqauri, iqauri, vdgavar,
vzivar), rasac uyoymano socialuri sanqcia aqvs, is sakiTxad
ver iqceva.
3. roca saliteraturo qarTulSi ori an meti mocile
morfologiur-sintaqsuri movlena iCens Tavs, sakiTxi unda
gadawydes imis sasargeblod, romelic:
a) ufro gavrcelebulia klasikosTa enaSi da egueba qar-
Tuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis tendencias;
b) gamarTlebulia qarTuli enis dRevandeli gramatikuli
sistemiT, ese igi, gramatikulad kanonieria da ar
arRvevs am sistemiT nagulisxmev Tanamimdevrobas;
g) sxva Tanabar pirobebSi warmoebis principis mixedviT
ufro martivia da
d) sxva Tanabar pirobebSi mniSvnelobis mixedviT ufro
naTelia.
SeniSvna: iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, roca erTmaneTis mociled ga-
modis ori an meti paraleluri forma, romlebic Ta-
nabrad kanonieria gramatikuli sistemis Tvalsaz-
risiT, magram xmarebis mixedviT klasikosebis enaSi
gadaWriT arc erTs ara aqvs upiratesoba, SesaZlebe-
lia isini darCnen paralelurad.
4. orTografiuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisas savaldebuloa
darCes erTi forma.
am SemTxvevaSi mocile movlenaTagan upiratesoba unda
mieces, romelic:
a) ufro gavrcelebulia saliteraturo qarTulSi;

- 265 -
 b) gamarTlebulia etimologiurad da morfologiurad;
g) misaRebia qarTuli enis bunebriv kompleqsTa Tvalsaz-
risiT.
maSasadame, saliteraturo enis normaTa dadgenisas au-
cileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli:
1. gavrcelebuloba
2. tradicia
3. ramdenad sworia gramatikulad amosavali forma
4. enis sistemis unificireba, enis ganviTarebis Sinagani
kanoni da perspeqtiva.
gavrcelebulobasa da enobrivi sistemis unifikacias
saliteraturo enis normaTa dadgenisas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs. normirebisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswineba
enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebisa da formaTa Camoyalibe-
bis perspeqtivisa, rac enis sistemis SenarCunebis safuZvelia.
enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonzomiereba, unifikaciis Zlieri
tendencia swored enis sistemis Seqmnas emsaxureba. Tu es
principi ugulebelyofilia, sistema enisa zaraldeba,
sabolood, sistema irRveva, rac zogjer enaSi arsebuli Sec-
domebis safuZvelic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu ar aris gaTvalis-
winebuli norma, mxolod gramatikuli wesis gamoyenebiT Sec-
domas Tavidan ver avicilebT. aseTi winaaRmdegoba xSiria
piris niSanTa marTlwerasTan dakavSirebiT. gavixsenoT erT-
piriani zmnebi: gastans, gaswia, hyvavis… an kidev: Tanamedrove
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebiT mesame pirdapir
obieqtur pirs niSani ar unda, Tumca gvxvdeba zmnebi, romleb-
Sic 0 3 piris prefiqsi fuZesaa Sexorcebuli: aswevs, gamo-
scems, gamosca, gascems, gasca da sxva. es formebi Tanamedrove
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebiT misaRebia, dasaSvebia,
sxva zmnebSi ki, rogoricaa: sTqva, gadaswyvita, dastova…
piris niSani zedmetia da formebic mcdaria. marTebulia:
Tqva, gadawyvita, datova… maSasadame, pirvel SemTxvevaSi
Zlieria tradicia, meoreSi - gramatikuli wesi.
enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze Tavs iCens for-
maTa Widili, variantebi, paralelizmi. ”saliteraturo enis
norma, SesaZloa, paralelur variantTagan erT-erTs

- 266 -
amkvidrebdes, sxvas ki uaryofdes, magram es srulebiTac ar
niSnavs imas, rom sakuTriv enis TvalsazrisiT damkvidrebuli
forma savaldebuloa, uaryofili ki - arasavaldebulo. enaSi
SemTxveviT araferi ar Cndeba. “enis TvalsazrisiT orive
”savaldebuloa”, kanonzomieria, Sepirobebulia enis Sinagani
SesaZleblobebiT, oRond maTgan erT-erTs saliteraturo ena
Tavisi principebis Sesabamisad aniWebs upiratesobas” (b. jor-
benaZe, 1985, gv. 20).
saliteraturo enis norma unda iyos zedmiwevniT zusti,
risi safuZvelic zemodasaxelebul principebTan erTad aris
moTxovna - erTma formam gamoxatos erTi mniSvneloba,
gansxvavebuli semantika ki diferencirebuli formebiT ga-
moixatos.
sadac es principi gatarda, iq moxda kidec formalur-
semantikuri diferenciacia. magaliTad: gardaicvala -
gadaicvala, aRizarda - aizarda, karnaxobs - ukarnaxebs,
pasuxobs - upasuxebs da sxva. Sdr.: damixatavs (is me mas) -
damixatavs (me is). Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis
normebiT marTebulia myofadi-TurmeobiTis gaudiferenci-
rebeli formebi. samagierod, formaTgamijvnis procesi
cocxal metyvelebaSi gatarda da -av (agreTve -am) TemisniSnian
zmnaTa I TurmeobiTSi -ia daboloebiani formebi (damixatia...)
gavrcelda.
normaTa dadgenas safuZvlad edeba obieqturi analizis
principi. es imas niSnavs, rom gaanalizdeba ama Tu im enobrivi
faqtis istoria, gairkveva, ramdenad egueba es movlena enis
ganviTarebis tendenciebs, ramdenad gamarTlebulia dRevan-
deli qarTuli enis gramatikuli sistemis TvalsazrisiT,
ramdenad gavrcelebuli da damkvidrebulia enaSi (e. i. aqvs Tu
ara socialuri sanqcia), rogoria misi gamoyenebis sixSire
klasikosTa enaSi, aris Tu ara sxvaze ufro martivi warmoebis
principis mixedviT da naTeli - mniSvnelobis mixedviT (l. le-
Java, 1989, gv. 89).
saliteraturo ena saerToerovnuli enaa. is unda iyos
daxvewili, erTiani, rasac ganapirobebs normaTa dadgenis
principTa logikuroba, sizuste da srulyofileba.

- 267 -
 literatura

a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2004.

Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I, Tb., 1971,
Tb., 1986.
v. Tofuria, qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi, Tb.,
1965, Tb., 1988.
v. Tofuria, iv. gigineiSvili, qarTuli enis orTografiuli
leqsikoni, Tb., 1998.
l. leJava, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis
istoriidan: qsks, IX, Tb., 1989.
l. leJava, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis
istoriidan: qsks, XI, Tb., 1998.
l. leJava, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis
istoria da principebi, Tb., 2004.
r. saRinaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis normirebis sakiTxebi:
saiubileo kreb., SoTa ZiZiguri-90, Tb., 2002.
r. saRinaZe, zmnur formaTa variaciuloba da normirebis sa-
kiTxebi qarTulSi: gelaTis mecn. akad. Jurn., #2, Tb., 2003.
arn. Ciqobava, saliteraturo ena da norma: qsks, II, Tb., 1979.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis fakultatiuri gramatikis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1985.

5.3. Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo

enis normebi

Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi ukve

didi xania dadgenilia. miuxedavad amisa, enis ganviTarebis
cocxali procesi xSirad eurCeba, ewinaaRmdegeba daka-
nonebuls, iqmneba winaaRmdegoba normasa da metyvelebas So-
ris, Tavs iCens Secdomebi.
metyveli individi, romelic cdilobs sakuTari eno-
brivi sistema daamTxvios enobriv ideals (saliteraturo
enas), arCevanis winaSe dgeba. igi valdebulia daicvas salit-
eraturo enis norma. sxva SemTxvevaSi metyveli (romelic an-
gariSs ar uwevs saliteraturo enis normas) ar dgeba ar-

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Cevanis winaSe, Tavisuflad, yovelgvari uxerxulobis gareSe
warmoTqvams formebs.
msgavsi faqtebi damafiqrebelia. SesaZloa, swored aq ik-
veTeba enobriv erTeulTa damkvidrebis, normad qcevis
tendencia.
sainteresoa Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi mimdinare for-
maTwarmoebisa da formaTdamkvidrebis procesi.
dRes winaaRmdegoba SeimCneva ara mxolod salitera-
turo enis normebsa da cocxal metyvelebas Soris, aramed
TviT normebSic. amis Sedegia normaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi,
enobriv formaTa variantebi.
ena mudmivad ganviTarebadi, cvalebadi fenomenia. masSi
devs bunebrivi meqanizmi, romelic Tavidan icilebs siWreles,
paralelizms, orazrovnebasa da gaugebrobas... nairgvar for-
maTagan zogi mxolod werilobiTs Zeglebs SemorCeba, zogi ki
saliteraturo enis kuTvnilebad anu normad iqceva. ase moxda,
magaliTad, v bgeris cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT: dRes qar-
TulSi aris sityvebi: bavSvi, bavSi, bovSi, boSi. pirveli
saliteraturo enis kuTvnilebaa, danarCeni - dialeqtebisa.
sainteresoa, rogor gaCnda an erTi, an danarCeni variantebi da
rogor moxda maTi damkvidreba?
arn. Ciqobavas mixedviT, am sityvaTa Ziria Sev, ba-
TavsarTia. Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo baSvi, bavSi sity-
vis cvlis Semdgomi safexuria. v daikarga iq, sadac
Tavdapirvelad iyo da damkvidrda iq, sadac Semdeg gaCnda:
baSvi→bavSvi→bavSi→bovSi→boSi.
amaTgan saliteraturo enaSi bavSvi damkvidrda.
analogiurad moxda bevr sxva SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad,
Tanamedrove qarTulSi normadaa qceuli:
abinavebs (<abinaebs<bina)
atyvevebs (<atyveebs<tyve)
aqvavebs (<aqvaebs<qva)
axevebs (<axeebs<xe)
sxva SemTxvevaSi ufro iyo mosalodneli v CarTuli
formebi o-ze daboloebul saxelTagan nawarmoeb eb TemisniS-
nian zmnaTa awmyoSi, magram saliteraturo qarTulSi v-s ga-

- 269 -
reSea warmodgenili: aboloebs, adroebs, aviwroebs,
auToebs, afarToebs, awarmoebs, ajadoebs, ajildoebs…
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebiT da-
kanonebulia v CarTuli formebi wyvetilSi: daabolova (da
ara daabolava), adrova, daaviwrova (an Seaviwrova), gaauT-
ova (an daauTova), gaafarTova, awarmova, moajadova, daajil-
dova…
analogiis gziT sasaubro enaSi aRniSnul zmnaTa v Car-
Tuli formebi gavrcelda awmyoSic, e. i. gaCnda variantebi,
romelTagan:

mcdaria: marTebulia:
abolovebs aboloebs
adrovebs adroebs
aviwrovebs aviwroebs
auTovebs auToebs
afarTovebs afarToebs
awarmovebs awarmoebs
ajadovebs ajadoebs
ajildovebs ajildoebs
o-s Semdeg da -eb sufiqsis win v-s CarTva V-XI saukuneTa
qarTulisTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. werilobiTs Ze-
glebSi dadasturebulia: saTnovebaÁ, sarwmunovebaÁ, usju-
lovebaÁ, ucxovebaÁ…
Semdgom safexurze am formebSi daikarga v da salit-
eraturo qarTulSi damkvidrda: saTnoeba, sarwmunoeba, us-
juloeba, ucxoeba…
zogjer paraleluri viniani da uvino formebi normiTac
aris daSvebuli. magaliTad, v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigineiSvilis
"“qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis” mixedviT marTe-
bulia:
(gauRonivrdeba; gauRonivrda; gaRonivrebia||)
gauRonierdeba; gauRonierda; gauRonierebia
(gaRonivrda||) gaRonierda
(gaRonivrebula||) gaRonierebula
masd.: (gaRonivreba||) gaRoniereba

- 270 -
 mimR.: (gaRonivrebuli||) gaRonierebuli (gv.182).
Sdr.: Ronieri (<Rone) - nebieri (<neba)
nebieri→nebivroba, ganebivreba, ganebivrebuli, ane-
bivrebs…
nebieri-sagan miRebul zmnur da saxelzmnur formebSi
arCevani gakeTebulia: viniani formebia dakanonebuli. uvino
formebi arc gvxvdeba.
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis
mixedviT, zogjer v-s CarTva-CaurTveloba semantikur sxvaobas
qmnis. magaliTad:
gacieba (<cieba) - gaaciebs
gaciebuli (visac gaacia)
Sdr.: viniani gaciveba (<civi) - gaacivebs
gacivebuli (vinc an rac gaacives an gacivda)
(qarTuli enis orT. leqs., gv.184).
xSirad sasaubro enasa da dialeqtebSi v dakargulia,
darRveulia norma: gaaciebs, gaciebula, gaciebuli (gacivebis
mniSvnelobiT).
Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi, cocxal metyvelebasa
da dialeqtebSi v-s CarTva-dakargvis nairgvari faqtebi das-
turdeba. bagismieri o-s gverdiT kbilbagismieri v SeiZleba
daikargos an gaCndes.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
aitkio aitkivo
uTao, uTaoba uTavo, uTavoba
udao, sadao udavo, sadavo
magram: gambedavoba gambedaoba
gahyinvoda gahyinoda
gahyidvoda gahyidoda
gahpranWvoda gahpranWoda
dahfantvoda dahfantoda
rogorc wesi, normirebisas did rols TamaSobs gavr-
celebuloba. zogjer zogierTi movlena imdenad farTod
gavrceldeba enaSi, rom aSkarad gamoikveTeba winaaRmdegoba
normasa da metyvelebas Soris. magaliTad, Tanamedrove qar-
Tuli saliteraturo enis normebiT -ob TemisniSniani zmnebis
I TurmeobiTSi Warbia v. unda iyos: vcnob, vecnobi _ micnia,

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gamicnia da ara: micvnia, gamicvnia; vgrZnob _ migrZnia da ara:
migrZvnia. sasaubro ena vinian (micvnia, migrZvnia) formaTa
damkvidrebis tendencias avlens.
xSirad gavrcelebuloba normebSi arsebul variantul
formaTa arCevanis saSualebaa. magaliTad, "Tanamedrove qar-
Tuli saliteraturo enis normebSi” rekomendebulia rogorc
Tanabaruflebiani paraleluri formebi:
Sevcilebivar / Sevscilebivar
mivCerebivar / mivsCerebivar
vkiTxe / vhkiTxe
movwonvar / movswonvar
vZulvar / vsZulvar
vgavar / vhgavar
movTxove / movsTxove
movtace / movstace
umjobesia, upiratesoba mieces pirvel variants.
normis dadgenisas aucilebelia angariSi gaewios enis
Sinagan kanonebsa da miswrafebas unificirebisa da sistemis
erTianobisaken, simetriulobisaken. Tumca zogjer ama Tu im
normis Semotana xdeba TviTneburad, individualuri enobrivi
alRoTi. magaliTad, viTarebiT brunvaSi donis dayruebas
xels uwyobda moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnis analogia. doniani
formis dakanonebiT Seferxda brunvaTa sistemis unifikaciis
tendencia. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes viTarebiTis daboloeba
doni normaa da aucilebelia misi dacva, zepir metyvelebaSi
metwilad mainc Tani ismis.
enobriv darRvevaTa safuZveli zogjer swored normis
uzustobaa. magaliTad, Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo
enis normebiT micemiTSi dasmul I-II piris nacvalsaxelTa
Tandebulian da zmnisarTian formebTan marTebulad usano
formebia miCneuli:

mcdaria: marTebulia:
Cemsken (Cvensken…) Cemken (Cvenken...)
Cems (Cvens…) winaSe Cem (Cven...) winaSe
Cems (Sens…) win Cem (Sen...) win
Cems (Sens…) mier Cem (Sen...) mier

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 Cems (Sens…) magier Cem (Sen...) magier
Cems (Sens…) axlos Cem (Sen...) axlos
Cvens (Tqvens) Soris Cven (Tqven) Soris
sasaubro enaSi ufro gavrcelebulia saniani formebi.
Tandebul- da zmnizedadarTul formaTa marTlweras sa-
fuZvlad ar udevs erTiani principi, sxva SemTxvevaSi salit-
eraturo enis normebiT gamarTlebulia saniani formebi: Cems
(Sens, Cvens, Tqvens) iqiT, Cems (Sens…) Semdeg (Semdgom). am
formaTa analogiiT zemoT aRniSnul formebSic gaCnda s. ma-
Sasadame, miswrafeba unifikaciisaken, sistemurobisaken bune-
brivad aisaxa cocxal metyvelebaSi.
norma zusti ar aris ismis _ ismeba formebTan da-
kavSirebiTac. ismis kiTxva Tu ismeba kiTxva?
qegl: ismis - 1. yurTasmenamde aRwevs, gasagoni xdeba -
moismis, gaismis. zaris xma ismis. 2. gadat. ician da laparakoben
visime, risame Sesaxeb. maT Sesaxeb aRaraferi ismis.
ismeba || ismeva _ 1. sma (daleva) SeiZleba: sufraze bevri
Rvino ismeba. 2. SeiZleba dasvan, dasvamen.
orT. leqs.: 1. ismeba || ismis; ismeboda || ismoda (kiTxva). 2.
ismeba (wyali) [ismeva || ] ismeba.
yovelive es normis uzustobaze metyvelebs. kiTxva is-
meba da ara kiTxva ismis, e. i. ar aris momxdari formaTa difer-
enciacia.
analogia xSirad aris normis darRvevis mizezi. magali-
Tad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli arsebiTTan erTad ise
ibrunvis, rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli sazRvrulTan
erTad. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli salit-
eraturo enis normebis mixedviT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs
micemiTsa da viTarebiTSi unda daerTos -s niSani: Cems (Sens,
mis) megobars, megobrad, Cvens (Tqvens, maTs) megobars, mego-
brad. TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvrelis analogiiT sasaubro
enaSi gvxvdeba darRvevebi: Cem megobars, Cem megobrad, maT mego-
bars, maT megobrad…
analogiis gziT fuZedrekadi uTemisniSno zmnebis
paralelurad enaSi gavrcelda TemisniSnianic.

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 mcdaria: marTebulia:
glejavs||glijavs glejs
grexavs||grixavs grexs
Cxrekavs||Cxrikavs Cxreks
wyvetavs||wyvitavs wyvets

aseve gamovyofT meSvelzmnian formebs.

mcdaria: marTebulia:
vicinivar vicini
vtirivar vtiri
vmRerivar vmReri
vcekvavar vcekvav
vxtivar vxti
vyvirivar vyviri
umeSvelzno formebi Zveli yalibia. Sdr.: vzi-vzivar,
vrbi-gavrbivar. am SemTxvevaSi meSvelzmniani warmoeba ganvi-
Tarda, Zveli daikarga. sxva SemTxvevebSi ki dakanonebulia
Zveli yalibi: vtiri, vyviri…
normirebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa sxva meS-
velzmnian formaTa variantebic.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
vgevar vgavar
vdgevar vdgavar
vyevar vyavar
mivyevar mivyavar
mimyevxar mimyavxar
agreTve: narian sawyisTa analogiiT (povna, Sovna) enaSi
gaCnda zmnuri variantebi, romelTagan:
mcdaria: marTebulia:
ipovnis ipovis
ipovna ipova
ipovnos ipovos
upovnia upovia
iSovnis iSovis
iSovna iSova
iSovnos iSovos
uSovnia uSovia

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 analogia saerTod enaSi Zlier moqmedi principia. igi
xSirad sistemis unifikaciis safuZvelicaa. asea dauxatavs _
dauxatia, daubams _ daubia… zmnaTa SemTxvevaSic. enaSi
paralelur formaTa diferenciacia momxdaria: cocxal mety-
velebaSi -ia daboloebiani TurmeobiTia gavrcelebuli.
dauxatavs, daubams… ormag semantikas gamoxatavs. aq norma
CamorCeba enis ganviTarebas. saliteraturo enaSic aucile-
belia diferencireba. -ia daboloebian formaTa normad qceva
enis Sinagani ganviTarebis kanoniT, unifikaciis principiTaa
Sepirobebuli. amis sasargeblod metyvelebs agreTve sasau-
bro enaSi uTemisniSno paradigmis gavrceleba:
normis mixedviT unda iyos davubamvar, daubamxar,
dauxatavxar, magram salaparako enaSi gavrcelebulia uTemis-
niSno formebi: davubivar, daubixar, davuxativar, dauxatixar.
I-II piris uTemisniSno formaTa paradigmis gagrZelebaa
dauxatia, daubia.
zogjer arasworadaa gagebuli enaSi arsebuli formebi.
magaliTad: iRebs _ Rebulobs, igebs _ gebulobs… es zmnebi
sinonimebad aRiqmeba, Tumca isini gansxvavdebian rogorc war-
moebis, agebulebis, ise semantikis (momenturoba-
gangrZobiTobis) TvalsazrisiT. maTi normirebac am ukanask-
nelis safuZvelze moxda da saliteraturo enaSi orive forma
damkvidrda. b. jorbenaZis mixedviT, aseTia, agreTve, iwvis
(SeSa iwvis) - cecxli ukidia da iwveba (kartofili iwveba) -
cecxlze Zalian ficxdeba. qegl-is mixedviT, iwvis da iwveba
sinonimebia. Sesabamisi moqmedebiTi ki sxvadasxva semantikis
orive formisaTvis aris wvavs. is, rac moqmedebiTSi mxolod
konteqstiT gansxvavdeba an zmniswins iyenebs am mizniT (daw-
vavs-Sewvavs), vnebiTSi orgvari (adrindeli-iwvis da gvian-
deli-iwveba) yalibiT gansxvavda. enam swored amisTvis mimarTa
paralelur warmoebas, romlis daniSnuleba sruliadac ar
aris mxolod leqsikur mniSvnelobaTa dapirispireba.
enas paralelur formaTa diferenciaciisaTvis
nairgvari saSualebebi moepoveba:
a) erT-erTia gvaris mixedviT diferencireba: magaliTad,
malavs _ imalvis || imalebis… mas Semdeg, rac vnebiTis yali-

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bis saboloo gaformeba awmyoSi moxda -a sufiqsiT, gaCnda
erTi semantikis imalvis || imaleba formebi, romelTagan dRes
normaa imaleba. sxva SemTxvevaSi sworia orive: iRimeba ||
iRimis an, piriqiT, -s sufiqsiani formaa marTebulad miC-
neuli: [iqadneba ki ara] iqadis, [icoxneba ki ara] icoxnis…
b) zogjer diferenciaciis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos
drois kategoria. magaliTad: pasuxobs _ upasuxebs, kar-
naxobs _ ukarnaxebs … pirveli awmyoa, meore - myofadi …
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis formebi gamijnu-
lia, Tumca Secdomebi mainc arsebobs.
darRvevebi gvxvdeba sxva zmnur formebTanac. magali-
Tad: gardamaval orpirian zmnaTa I-II TurmeobiTis formebSi
gaCenilia n.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
gauyidnia, gaeyidna gauyidia, gaeyida
ucemnia, ecemna ucemia, ecema
dauTesnia, daeTesna dauTesia, daeTesa
uTamaSnia uTamaSia
eTamaSa || eTamaSna SemTxvevaSi n madiferencirebelia,
amdenad, aucilebelia: eTamaSa is mas (wyvetili) da eTamaSna
mas [is] (II TurmeobiTi).
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebiT -eb
TemisniSnian gardamaval zmnebs I TurmeobiTsa da III kavSire-
biTSi Temis niSnis Semdeg in daerTvis.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
aeSenebia, aeSenebios aeSenebina, aeSenebinos
daebadebia, daebadebios daebadebina, daebadebinos
gaekeTebia, gaekeTebios gaekeTebina, gaekeTebinos
daeSavebia, daeSavebios daeSavebina, daeSavebinos
xSirad enaSi adgili aqvs sufiqsTa monacvleobas. zmnaTa
erT nawilSi (amkobs, axSobs, aTbobs, aWknobs, angariSobs,
Tavobs, didobs...) -ob sufiqsi damkvidrebulia da meryeobis
SesaZlebloba TiTqmis ar arsebobs. paraleluri formebi
dasturdeba saliteraturo enaSi: sayvedurobs// esay-
vedureba, patronobs//epatroneba...

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 zogjer -ob | -eb sufiqsebi ganasxvaveben sxvadasxva Ziris
zmnebs: iwyobs_iwyebs (dawyoba_dawyeba), icxobs_icxebs
(dacxoba_dacxeba)...
zogjer -ob | -eb monacvleoba SecdomaTa mizezic xdeba.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
warmoiSveba warmoiSoba
ixrCveba ixrCoba
ifvleba ifloba
sxva SemTxvevebSi kanonierad -eb sufiqsiani formebia
miCneuli.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
aswrobs aswrebs
awobs awebs
uSobs uSvebs
gamouSobs gamouSvebs
bibinobs bibinebs
kuntruSobs kuntruSebs
WikWikobs WikWikebs
apirobs apirebs
kiskisobs kiskisebs
laqlaqobs laqlaqebs
titinobs titinebs
CuxCuxobs CuxCuxebs
trialobs trialebs
wrialobs wrialebs
Rrialobs Rrialebs
frialobs frialebs
brWyvialobs brWyvialebs
Tu sawyisi -va marcvalze bolovdeba, Temis niSnad zmnas
-av moudis, Tu -ma-ze, _ -am.
mcdaria: marTebulia:
vabav vabam
vicvav vicvam
vsvav vsmam
davartyav davartyam
xSirad Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis nor-
mebi darRveulia zmniswinian formebSic.

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 mcdaria: marTebulia:
avRniSne aRvniSne
avRwere aRvwere
vanxorcieleb vaxorcieleb
ansaxierebs asaxierebs
gaanTavisuufla gaaTavisufla
anviTarebs aviTarebs
inkurneba ikurneba
gaancvifra ganacvifra//gaacvifra
waadgens waradgens
Rzrdis zrdis
RZravs Zravs
anzogadebs azogadebs
anrisxebs arisxebs
ancalkevebs acalkevebs
ansxvavebs asxvavebs
kidev uamravi magaliTis dasaxeleba SeiZleba. Tumca
warmodgenili masalac mowmobs, rom zogjer ara mxolod mety-
veli individi, aramed TviT enis ganviTarebis cocxali proce-
sic eurCeba, ewinaaRmdegeba dakanonebuls. enaSi yovelTvis
Cndeba zogierTi formis fonetikurad Tu morfologiurad
Sepirobebuli variantebi, iwyeba paralelur formaTa
Widili. swored maTi gamijvnis procesi aisaxeba enobrivi sis-
temis sxvadasxva rgolSi da Sedegad miiReba axal-axali eno-
brivi erTeulebi, romelTagan mxolod mciredi nawili aR-
moCndeba sayovelTao damkvidrebisaTvis saWiro monacemebis
mqone.
amdenad, normaTa darRvevis mizezia ara mxolod,
rogorc v. Tofuria aRniSnavda, ”Cveni daudevari, uy-
uradRebo mopyroba literaturuli enis normaTa dacvisaT-
vis” (v. Tofuria, 1965, gv. 45), aramed enaSi mimdinare proce-
sebi, enis Sinagani ganviTarebis kanonis moqmedeba.
aucilebelia enis normebis codna, radgan ena savsea
paraleluri formebiT da, roca arCevanis winaSe davdgebiT,
unda SegveZlos, upiratesoba mivaniWoT standartul, ka-
nonier formas.

- 278 -
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Tb., 1985.

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pirTa saZiebeli

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