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AD NUMBER
AD819081
FROM
No Foreign
AUTHORITY
00
00 By
Chemical and Material Sciences Department
Research Division
Rocketdyne, a Division of North American Aviation, Inc.
Canoga Park, California
July 1967
By
Chemical and Material Sciences Department
Research Division
Rocketdyne, a Division of North American Aviation, Inc.
Canoga Park, California
July 1967
Ii
ADJSTHACT
i i i/iv
ACGNOWLWQUtMT
V
In addition, a special acknowledgemcnt is due the folloving organizatioza'
(and the noted pereonnel) for providing technical conisultation duriugy the
industry survey:
bell Aerotystews
F.M.C. Cori'oi-ati on
U. H. Robinson, A. B. Featherstona
Picatinny Arvitl I
W. Buckley
D. Couci
vi
CONTLNT8
1.3 Rleferences . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 2: Physico-Chemical Properties . .3
2.1 General Description ......... .......... * . . 13
2.2 Physical Properties . ............ .. . 14
2.3 Chemical Properties ......... ............ 34
2.4 Solubility and Miscibility ....... ... ........... 35
2.5 Gelation ................. ............ .. 37
2.6 Heat Transfer Properties . . . ........... 37
2.7 Ignition Characteristics ...... ........... . 39
2.8 References ............. ............... 44
Section I, Production ............ ............. . 135
3.1 M4anulacturing Techniques ...... .... ........... 135
3.2 Current Production . . . ........... .. 140
3.3 Propellant Specification ............ . .142
3.4 Chemical Analysis ............ ............... 144
3.5 References ............. ................ 150
Section 4: Storage and ltandling . ........ 154
4a.1 Storability ...... ................ 154
4.2 Materials of Construction 4 .............. 169
4.3 Materials Treatment and Passivaticn . . ...... 208
4.4 Facilities and Equipment . . . .. 227
4.5 Decontamination aad Disposal . . . 262
4.6 References . . . ............ . 0 264
Section 5: Transportation . . . . . .... ..... 371
5.1 Chipping Containers and Vehicles . . ....... 371
5.2 Shipping Regulations ........ 374
5.3 Operation and Maintenance of Equipment . . . . . . . 375
vii
5.4 . ... *30 . .fe .enccu. . . . .
Section 6: Safety . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 38L1
6.1 Hazard . . . . . . . . . . .. 381
6.2 Hazard Prevention a 395
6.3 Hazard Control .... . . . . . . . 398
6.4 Nr-rsounel Protection .. . . . . . . . 400
6.5 Referencos . .. .. . . . . . . . 405
Section 7: Decomposltlon . 4a17
7.1 Dccomposition echanism . . . . . . . . . . . 417
7.2 Controlled Decosmposltion ................ 422
7.3 References .............. . . ............ . 434
Section 8: Bibliography ............ . ........ ... 437
8.1 General References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8.2 Physical Properties .................. 439
8.3 Structue.. ... . . .......... . ........... ... 446
8.4 Solubility .......... . . . .... ............ 447
8.5 HaudJing and Storage ............. .......... . 44
8.6 Materials Compatibility ....... . . ........ .. 452
8.7 Transportation ............... . . ..........- 454
8.8 Safety . .................. ... .. ... .. .. .454
vI L
ULUJSTIATlO.NS
ix
2.12s. Beat& of Formation of Props Il.at-Grade WI~drone-
Peroxide-Water Solutions . . . . . .. 0.
2.13 B" s of Formntiou of Fropellat-Grad. Hydrogeu
Peroxide-41ater Solutions at 25 C a . . *. . . 109
2.13•. Boats of Forution of Propellaut-Grade Hydrogen
Perox4de-NJater Solutions at 77 r . . . . . . . 310
2.14. Baots of Ysporization of Hydrogeu Peroxide-
Vats 8olutions . . * . . .. . . . .. . 111
2.14s. Beats of Vcporiuation of H~ydrogeu Peroxide-
Water Solution 1. . . . . . ..... 112
2.15. Beats of Mixing of Hydrogen Peroxide-Water Solutions . 113
2.15s. Boats of Mixing of Aydrogen Peroxide-Water bolutions . 114.
2.16. Ematm of Deomposition of Propell"nt-Grade Hydrogen
Feroxide-Watea Solutions at 25 C .... ... ........ 115
2.16a. Boats of Decomposition of Propellant-Grade Lkdrogeu
Peruxide-Woater Solutions at 77 F . .... . . 116
2.17. beat Campactios of Propellant-Grade Elydrogeu
Peroxide-Water Solutions ........ .......... . 117
2.17a. Beat Capacitiea of Propellazt-Grade Hydrogeu
Peroxidi-Water Solutions .......... .......... 118
2.18. Viscosity of Liquid Itydrogen Peroxide-Water Solutions . 119
2.18a. Viscosity of Liquid flydrogen Peroxide--ater Solutions . * 120
2.19. Viscumities of 98 w/o Hydroaeu Peroxide, 70 w/o
rkvdrozen Peroxide,- and W-.,- ..
.................... ... .
2.19a. Viocomitito of 98 w/o Hydrogeu Peiroxide, 70 W/o
*ydrogen Peroxide, and Water ..... ......... .. 122
2.20. Viscosity of Hydrogen Peroxide and Water Vapor . . . . 12.3
2.21. Thermal Conductivity of 98.2 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide . * 42(.
2,22. Velocity of Bound in Propellant-Grade kdrogeu
,roxide-Uater Solutions ..... .......... 12
2.22s. Velocity of Sound in Propellant-Grade B3-drogeu
Peroxide-Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.23. Dielectric Constant of Propellant-Grade fydrogon
Peroxide-Water Solutions .............. .327
2i
6.. Ignition Delay of hydrogen Peroxide With Filt .. . . 413
6.2. Ignition Limits of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor . . . . . 41
6.3. Liquid Comnpouitions Which Result in Ignitable Vapor
Concentrations . . . * .. . . . . . 115
4
Xii
TABLES
Solutions . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... 73
2.12. Vapor-Phase Thermodynamic Properties of 90 w/o H202
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.13. Vapor-Phase Thermodynamic Properties ofT70 w/o H202
Solutions .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.14. Vapor-Phase Thermodynamic Properties of 70 w/o %020
. S...Solutions
....... . • 76
Xiii,
2.17. Miscellaneous Molecular and Electromagnetic Properties
of Hydrogen Peroxide . . . 80
xiv
4.16. Compatibility of Hydrogeu Peroxide With Ceramics,
Refractories, and Miscellaneous Materials . # . . * 318
4.17. Results of Evaluation of Protective Coatings for 90 w/o
Hydrogen Peroxide Service . . . . . . . . . .. 320
4.18. Evaluation of Clothing Materials for Contact With
90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide . . . .. .......... 324
4.18a. Clothing Materials not Suitable for Use When Handlirig
90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide ... ....... . .. 325
4.19. Compatibility of Various Metals With 98 w/o lydrogen
Peroxide at High Temperatures .. ....... .. 326
4.20. Compatibility of 90-Percent Hydrogen Peroxide With 1060
and 1100 Aluminum Alloys ... ... . ... 328
4.21. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
6061-T6 Aluminum Sheet ............ 329
4.22. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
304 Stainless Steel .................... . 334
4.23. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
316L Stainless Steel ..... ............ 335
4.24. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
321 Stainless Steel .. ...... .
... 337
4.25. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Selected Stainless Sho Alloy . . . . . . 342
4.26. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Viconen 85 Elastomer . . . . . ..... 3
4.27. Compatibility of 90 W/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Silastic 9711 Elastomer Sheet ......... 345
4.28. Compatibility of 90 w/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Selected Viton Elastomeric Materials . . ... . . 348
4.29. Compatibility of 90 v/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Selected Plastics . . . . . . .. . . . 349
4.30., Compatibility of 90 v/o Hydrogen Peroxide With
Selected Composite Materials . . . ..... 351
4.31. Heterogeneous Decomposition Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide
as a Function of Surface Preparation ... .. . 353
4.310. Procedures Used for Surface Preparation in Table 4.31 357
4.32. Comparison of the Various Miethods of Tank Temperature
Measuremnt in Order of Increasing Cost . . . .. . 359
6.1. 90- to 100-Percent Hydrogen Peroxide Thermal
.,nsitivity Data ..... 0... . •. 405
4
xv
8WTIk
l 1: rINTRODUCTIOIN
1.1 GOIGAL
A" uin work, Thenard ciie. reaction! with soae 1%1 elements,
oxides, salts, acids, and bases with frequent notations of
2
are readily attainable). Reaction control systems using hydro-
gen peroxide have already demonstrated space storability in excess
of 2 years (with an estimated storability of 5 years).
Section 1: Introduction
Section 3: Production
Section 5: Transportation
Section 6: Safety
Section e: Bibliography
=&
Thus, for those users who desire additional details on specific
Items, 'Pousultatiou of the many referenced publications is
: recomk~uude'•,
erenced are from final repor ts, whenever applicable. This was
done to eliminate confusion in efforts whecre progress reports
included incopq)lete experimentation and/or analysis of the data.
In those efforts where a final report has not been issued or
does not contain sufficient detail of the itesm, the e.a* were
taken from the latest progress report giotainiug the pertinent
results.
The tables figures, and references noted in each section are con-
tained in that section for convenience. Each table, figure, and
reference Pumber is preceded by the section number (i.e., Table 1.3
to the third table in Section 1, etc.).
7 '
TABLE I.I
FIMiXICAt C QdSW4TS
(iT)0 S)P-O
Prer :,tr.-Volume product 22,414.6 10.4 cu co-
o CC for .ide..- &no at 0 C ata/g mole
2271.16 iO.04 abe
joules/g mole
ftMlar.,;i ru..aut p.31439 0.0003 abs
joules/K-g mole
1.96719 ±0.00013 calf
K-g mole
82.0567 ±0.004 cu cs-
-ast -g mole
59.4'7 cU ft-ata 1A-lb
- -mole I0.7,
cu.'€- Alal-ib
' " sole
7
CONVERSION FACT(IOS
Temperature
C + 273.16 K
F + 459.69- R
(c x 1.8) + 32 - F
(F - 32)/1.8 - C
K(1.8) - R
Pressure
W _as
Length
Area
* square centimetors x 0.15590 - square inches
square centimeters x 0.0010764 - square feet
square feet x 1a4 square inches
8
TAJBIZ 1.2
(Concluded)
Viscosity
Thermal Conductivi&
Velocity of Sound
Compressibility
k9
TA.BZ-1.2
(Coutinued)
Volume
cubic centimeters x 0.061023 cubic inches
cubic centimeters x 3.531445 •10-5 -mcubicfeet
cubic Inches (U.S.) x 5.78704 x 10- cubic feet
Time
seconds/60 -'linutes
seconds/3600 - hours
seconds/86,IO0 - days
Force
Surface Tension
10
TABLE 1 .3
TIf• AUk1
tE CONVIMION
C V C t C 9 -VC- T C V V
- mu -A"
- -17.3 oj 32.0 10.0 322.0 100*12 260 50 9356 0 043316IOUQ 1900 2712
-466 -4) .47.2 1 353.5 10.6 it 123.5 43 110 2)0 S"6 330 930 -A) 3010 1250 4) V,133,027W0
411W *4449 -16.7 2] 35 6 11.3 12 123.6 %9 12" 2458 271 320 960 'A9 10231 351. W7 1120 276
4157 -430 -31.1 3 37.4 11.7 9) 127.1. % 130 26k 177 530 9% l561. 03(2 3 6 53 1140 271,P
-51 -420 -15.6 .4 3912 12.1 329.2 10 1%0 251 252 %4 3001 "o4) 19" 11) 1.0 goo.
.41. .410 -33.0 5 41..0 12.4551 131.0
".' 130 102 98 $5) 023
1 ¶456 t(0150 192 51.)
0 3 150 2W22
-140 -400 -14.1. 1. 42.8 13). 9* IN2.@ 713 b 314120 29) 5W1.3040 713 1064W391.0 5491%064 25140
-234. -19W -0-9 7 4%.b 31).9 37 134.b 77 370 330 299 570 10)58 377 33rG17 39) 014 51.370 2"")
-229 -140 -13.3 5 Io.k 14,1
4 1. 9 16.1 O5 35b ) 1% 0404 1076 W02 IooUj ,7 5N64)3)500 2576
2.1340 .ttt,
-23) -170 -32.45 4.6.2 31.0 "9 138.2 50 139 I7A 110 390 109 300 !-0I~ k 5
899 16390 2091.
-410 -you6 -32.2 30 541.0 315.1. 60 140.0 93~ 2Q04)592 336 60)0 1112 4,0) 3300 0012 :471 34,4342912
4312 -350 -331 3
1. 5 b16.31. 1%1.8 "9 210 41.0 121 6130 330 W99 3330 2010
313. .17 3610 2910
4801, -¶40 -31.1 30 33.6 36.7 b: 31%3.6 3120 2k2 1.41 317 624) 31%8 604 112o) 20)40 Pw0 31.2 291.
401 -330 .10.6 13 53.41. 7. 61.) 3.1. 01 220 %244 132 630 31111 630 3310 2064, OFF l360 29t4.
-1"9 432 -130.0 14 37.2 17.5 64
18,6 Ik..2 330 3)0 610 1154 64 31.0 MOM W5o
3602w
-39 -130 -91A. 31 59.0 13.3 65 349.0 116 210 161 11. 6)0 1202 W13 1130 21 59 1630 3002
3.1 2 3:. -1-4 -300 -. 59 31 64. 13.9' 1. .1 2 0152 11.9 660 1220 627 3360 920. 904 13660 )10
5.41 •.67i3
-179 -294 -5.3) 37 2,. 39A 67 3i.6 27 260 500 154
670 123846)w 370 21)8 90 31.70 303,
2.22 1. 7.:,, -17, 4-7.75 IF 6%,1. 20.0 61.5 34.1. 3) 210 6804 125b 635 3350 231.-, 931. 31,0 3056
51635 60
5.705 3 1 9.
1.)3 0.0 -31" -27) -4)9 - 7'. 19 16.1.2 0.6 b9 I3b.I 115 220 536 690 .274 1.3 3390 2371 921 690 1v71
3-14i 7 3'6 927 17 392
4.41 5 3,:6 -31.5 -270 -454 - 6.67 20 65.0 23.3 70 355.0 3M 290 554 717 740- 1292 61.9 3200 2192 974))3092
5.001 9 36.2 - 1 .0 -41. - 6.3 11
2 1.9.A 23.7 71 159.8 1.9 N0 572 377 730 1)10 b54 3230 2230 9)2 3170 330
30 1.0 -17 4,50 -418 - 3.3b J2I 71.6 22.2 71 361.6 154 330 94 3342 720 13)2 660 3290 228 91s 3720 3120
3151 An43 -400 - 5.00 2) 73.1. 92.5 7) 16,.360 13201 600 303 730 13316 6(4. 13)0 2246 91.)37,10 31.%b
-01.6 4)0 -34U - 4.4- 24 7-.2 2).) 741. 63.2 316 330 62b 19) 7%0 1)61. 673 32.0 24 919 37.0 31(1
-340 -220 -164 - Y"0952 77. 0 23.9 75 367.0 171 340 641. 3"' 750 IM 677 1250 12202 9)4 37150 3382
-134 -230 -416 - 3.33 26 7".5 24.A 76 360A.04I 3 5710662 404 7M 3400u 6W 12640 5300 9V-0 1760 3201)
-329 -400 -m2 - 2.75 27 50.6 25.0 77 17ft? 3)4. 36f) 600 1.10 770) 3435 6534 1270 2318 966 1774) 32318
-320-1-3-1" 30 - 2.0 24 2 .g4 33.1 75 172.4 158 370 60 1.1 750 31. 493 32310 336 971 13740 1923,
4-10 -100 -82 - .1.67 29 .0 2(,179
.3 374.2 13) W 736b1.23 7) 31.54 69 3294 23)% 9',7 3790 1251
-112 -370 -274 -31.113"056.0 3b. 750 176."9990 7341.2P. 50031.72 704 310 0172 95233404)3272
-307 -360 -M3 0.56 313 67.5 7.2I 1 377.8 O01 4-00 7532 1.5U 130 31.9 730 3310 2190 955 3530 329
-101 -1" -" a 32 5"9 7.0 52 179.6 3RIO430 770 453 820 3505 7(6 31 2G1.O "9 320 )300
- 95.6 -31.5 AM2 0.51. 33 91.1. U3. 33 3531.4 836 46" 75S 41.) 030 1356 721 13)30 0426 999 3530 1)31
- 90.0 -130 -200 3.33 ¶4 93.3 53.98
51 3.8 523 40 0 19 54 1341 727 31%0 541. 3504 3 3111
- "4.4 -130 -134 3.67 " •.0.9 9.4 5" 35.0 327 41.0 524 1 3M 7W2 130 *162 34)30 o3062
- 79?-310 -366 2.32 36 96.5 0.0 36 3346.5 212 4" S4.240 660 OW 350 7V15 360 OW1.5 016 3540 )300
- 73.5 -351 -146 8.75 37 95. W0.6 a7 365.6 232 44 560 466 570 15" 7431.3)70 2495 3023 157) 3395
- 67.41- "0 -130 3.3532P 310.4- )33 N (51. f4, 170 07" 471 NO
5" 16316 74-9 13)0 25316 315 3540
IO 43A6
- 62.v2-so -112 1.59 19 35.5 31.759 1".2. 949 We0096 1.77 "9a 3143 7.0 3590 8534 303s 3o90%345
-596.7 -70 - 94 4.4'A 1.0 304.6 U2.2 90 396.0 25 4" 90 1, 4W2 900 31.52 764 3400 2)52 1035 3900 3452
- 5I•. - to - 76 5.00 431 130.5 V2. 91 1".0 W3 90 3470 76 311 "70 104) 1930 31470
--15.6 -5 -X1 -5.96 1. 307.6 33.3 "2 197.6 49) 90 163 771 3420 53 1%9 3920
- 10.0 - 1.0 - 40 6.13 4) 109.4 13.9 93 39.1 1.o930 370. 7 4340 2606 01 19") !306
-3% ,-530 -32 6.67- ' 1137.1C 34.494 203.2 50 "017347523440 M4 100 19%0 3524
-a.9 -,0 -1. 7.32 45 11.6 35.0 9 01.0 310 9503762730 964 3066 130 5542
-23. -310 341 7.75 661134.5
•, "3.6 96 3s04.3 6 9" 1760 79)34 6010 073 3960 3535
-17.6 0 32 0.33 47 316.6 76.3 97 522 970 1778 " 31.,70 3673 307 3570
1.6 3537
-. 39 42 117. 56.7 " W.4 W27 0 176 5ON 3400 6 1062 310 3396
1.4 49 320.3 -7.1
-. .•0. " 933 9. 1014 5 3 1." 2731. 0
9714 1"30 56361
10.50 -0 331.0 37.5 306 1132.0 5vI 3N 03"0 03a "
11/12
SECTION 2: MN[SICO-VJIkICAL PWOPLU1TI
13
drastically increased. Rapid decomposition ctu occur in situations
where extreme temperature levels and/or mass contamination are
present. As the decomposition rate increases, the attendant heat
release causes additional decomposition; this bootstrap effect
can lead to a runaway reaction.
It should also be noted that the data reported for "pure" (or
100 W'/o) 11202 is questionable since there is some doubt as to the
existence of 11.0. concentrations above 99.7 to 99.8 v/o. Some of
the data reported for 100 w/o 1It0d were obtained by extrapolation
of property data of IL20 222solutions of low er concentration, wbile
161
the methods of determining these concentrations are not reported
or are based on an assumption e: purity related to the purifica-
tion technique.
15
resulting from computer curve-fits of some of the data are
presented in attendant discussions.
16
The freezing poirnt of "100 percent" 1t202 hau been reported as
-0..61 c (31.17 F), -0.43 C (31.23 '),and -0.41 C (31.26 F)
in Ref. 2.2, 2.4, and 2.5, respectively. Based on a reported
sample purity of 99.97 w/o Y202, the freezing point deter-
tination of Ref. 2.4 was selected as representative of 100
percent I2L2*. Meusurements of the freezing points of aqueous
solutions of ,1120 (Ref. 2.2) indicate eutectics at 45.2 w/o
11,02 and -52.4 C (-62.3 F), and at 60.2 w/o 11202 and -56.5 C
(-69.7 F). The results of these measurements, which are
graphically illustrated in Fig. 2.2 and 2.2a, represent the
temperatures at which 20 to 30 percent of thM liquid had
solidified. Experimental melting point otudies (Ref. 2.6),
based on observation of the temperature at which melting was
complete, resulted in slightly higher melting temperatures for
concentrations above 60 w/o ' 2 0 2 .
2.2.1.3 Triple Point. The triple point of 99.97 m/o H2 0 2 was estimated
am 272.74 K (-0.42 C or 31.24 F) from experimental heat of
fusion studies (Ref. 2.5). Although no vapor pressure
measurements have been made on solid H202, the vapor pres-
sure at the triple point has been calculated (Ref. 2.10) as
0.26 ma 1g (0.005 psia).
17
for prolellant-grade I. 20 2 -1•LO solutions represent extrapola-
tions of the vopor presoure data of Section 2.2.2.4 to 1
atmosphere of pressure. Other references (i.e., Ref. 2.11
and 2.12) give very similar boiling polats even though these
toeperatures were calculated from extrapolations of different
individual sets of vapor pressure data. The correlation of
these individual sets of data, which rebults in the newly
calculatLd normal boiling points, is discussed in Section
2.2.2..4.
18
2.2.2 Ihase Pr-operties
19
10(~' c -100479 +. 2.455 x 10-31 + 1.7831 x lO-W-6.76 ~
20
Curve fits of these calculations are presented in Fig. 2.5
and 2.5a.
2.2.2.!4 Vapor Pressure. The vapor pressure data resulting from four
different experimental measurements (Ref. 2.11, 2.12, 2.20,
and 2.21) on various aqueous solutions Cf "202 over temperature
ranges of 0 to 90 C (32 to 194 F) have been correlated. Using
a least squares curve-fit computer program, these data were
curve-fitted with the following equations (in the metric
Sys tem:
21
, 95 wto .~ ""
W J... ("g),a) -7.68235-
log P(m 16•(K)
47.17 T(K)
12S665
ST(K) T(K)2
T()(R)
S(R) T(u)
The AHF data for the liquid and solid phases of propellant-
ghade H202 solutions are given in Tablcs 2.3 through 2.8 and
Fig. 2.12 and 2.12%. Figures 2.13 and 2.13a illustrate the
AHF of the liquid at 25 C (77 Fý as a function of composition.
The heats of formation of the vapor of propellant-grade H2 02-H2 0
solutions are given in Tables 2.9 through 2.14.
24
and 2.14a. Heats of vaporization of propellant-grade H202
solutions at other temperatures can be obtained by computing
the difference in the heats of formtiou of the liquid (Tables
2.3 through 2.8) and vapor (Tables 2.9 through 2.14) phases of
the V 02,-H20 solutions at the corresponding temperatures and
11.0 conceptrations.
p p. 23 ..
heat capacities of solid 11202 were taken from the data of
Ref. 2.5. Since solid solutions of 11202 and 1100 are not formed
mental data from the curve fit of the data with increasing
temperature. The differences in these data from extrapolations
of the data presented in Fig. 2.17 and 2.17a, which are '0.0l
Btu/lb-F (cal/gm-C), ere assumed to be theresult of H2 0 de-
composition in the experimental study.
,0 2.2.3.8 Enthropy and Enthalpy. The entropy and enthalpy of the solid
and, liquid phases of propellant-grade H 0 solutions were cal-
22
culated from the other thermodynamic functions given in Tables 2.3
10
2j
through 2.8. The basis for the vapor-phate entropy and entbalpy
data on propellant-grade H202 solutions, given in Tables 2.9
through 2,14 is discussed in 8ection 2.2.3.9.
U1 -3610 cm-1
r O-H - 0.965A
u 4 - 520 cm-l
V = 95 degrees
U 5 m3610 ia-1
IA n 2.785 x 10-40gm-cm2
2.2.1. Transport.]Properties
27
2.2.4.1 Viscosity. Experimental determinations of the viscosity of
liquid H2 0 2 -YI0 solutions ranging in composition from 0 to
100 w/o !102, have been reported in Ref. 2.6 (0 and 18 C),
Ref. 2.24 (0 and 20 C), and Ref. 2.22 (0, 25, and 50 C). Curve-
fits of these data at 0, 20, 25, and 50 C (32, 68, 77, and 122 F)
are graphically illustrated as a function of w/o 1YO2 (from 50
to 100 w/o) in Fig. 2.18 and 2.18a. In addition, viscosity
measurements have been conducted on 98 w/o YlO 2 (Ref. 2.19) from
20 to 85 C (68 to 185 F) and on 90 w/o 11202 (Ref. 2.18) from
77 to 325 F (25 to 162.8 C). The data for 98 and 70 w/o 1'2
from the various sources has been plotted as a function of tem-
perature and compared to the viscosity of water in Fig. 2.19
and 2.19a.
where
'2
Using the two experimcntal data points, the thermal conductivity
of 98.2 w/o H202 was extrapolated to the critical point (Ref.
2.31). This extrapolation, shown in Fig. 2.21, used I,20 a
reference substance and assumed no deromposition and a thermal
conductivity of 0.100 Btu/hr-ft-F at the critical point.
29
These properties generally are related to the electronic
structure of the atoms ia contrast to the transport properties
which involve only molecular movement.
2.2,5.3 Dielectric Constant. Figures 2.23 and 2.23a show the dielectric
constants of propellant-grade It202-1120 solutions as a function
of temperature. These data were interpolated from the experi-
mental studies reported in Ref. 2.39, in which the dielectric
constskzts were determined as a iunction of composition at con-
stant temperatures from -40 to 30 C (-40 to 86 F). because
of the supercooling of the !1202-4120 solutions, measurements
were obtained on the liquid below the freezing point. The data
from the measurements on 100 w/o It202 were curve-fitted from
-60 to 30 C (-76 to 86 F) to the following equation (Ref. 2.40):
2
C - 84.2 - o.b2 T(C) + o.0o32T (C)
30
2.2,.5. Electrical Conductivity. The conductivity of "pure" 12% has
been reported by several investigators with values ranging from
2 to 0.39 micromhos (microolus-I ). Experimental studies (Ref.
2.41) of the (.inductivity of unstabilized i1,02 were coiducted as
a possible means of determining its purity. The results of this
study are summarized as follows:
31
-L.polarized light. This is expressed as:
C " k tH
whlere
Ot - degie.. of rotation
S- path length
ii - field strength
k - Verdet constant
V
Xg 10 6 -0.720 * 0,218w
wiscre
w- weight fraction H2 0 2
33
Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest molecule having an internal
rotation motion, and, therefore, has hod fairly extens.ve study
'with respect to absorption spectra. Hindered internal rotib-
tion effects are observed in all regiuns of the spectrum.
Extensive studies have been conducted on the vapor, the crystal-
line solid, and dilute solutions. Less work has been spent
on the concentrated liquid 6olutions, because of decompooition
effects and t02 diffic"lty in fiuding suitable window materials.
Since the 6pectrum as a whole is very complicated, it is con-
sidered beyond the scope of this handbook; thus, references to
H2 0 2 spectrum characterization are provided as a guide for
interested ind-viduals.
35
chemical nature of the proposed solution as well as the solu-
bility of the solute before solutions of H2 0 2 with other mater-
ials are attempted.
36
2.5 GELATION
37
"7 forced convective heat transfer. It was found that heat fluxes
its high as 11.75 Btu/sq in.-sec (at liquid velocities of - 80
ft/sec) could be obtained with 90 w/o 11202 without complication
by decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. A least-squares fit
of the heat transfer data obtained on 90 w/o 11202 resulted in
the following expression:
38
to the fluid velocity by the relationship: heat flux -
0.21 x velocity. These results indicated good correlation Gf
heat ilux and fluid velocity with the studies of Ref. 2.102 and
2.103. During these tests, no appreciable difference in heat
transfer could be associated with feed temperature, and no
detectable decomposition was evident. Four similar tests with
90 w/o hydrogen peroxide indicated no discernible differences
from the results of the 98 w/'o hydrogen peroxide tests. As in
the studies of Ref. 2.103, the Dittus-Boelter correlation wab
found to represent the data more closely than either the Colburn
or Sieder-Tate relationships.
39
handbook. Hlowevcr, because a detailed characterizatior of
these parameters would involve a discussion of system design
variables (such as configuration, intended use environment,
operating sequence, etc.) that are beyond the intended scope
of this handbook, this review of hydrogen peroxide ignition
characteristics is limited to a general and brief summary and
reference guide to various ignition studies previously con-
ducted. In addition, this summary is limited further by the
security classification of many of these studies as opposed
to the unclassified nature of this handbook. For the purpose
of clarity, the characterization of hydrogen peroxide ignition
is 'presented in terms of its two primary application areas:
monopropellant systems and bipropellant systems.
4o
catalysts used in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
concentrations ranging from 76 w/o (Ref. 2.109) to 98 w/o
(Ref. 2.18, 2.110 and 2.111).
42
peroxide in a catalyst chamber upstream of the main combustion
chamber) as the ignition source. Through the use of this con-
cept, succesaful system ignition haa been demonstrated with
various liquid (including those noted above, as well as with
JP-5 in the AR-2 system), solid (Ref. 2,11) and heterogeneous
(Ref. 2.104) fuels. Ignition delays between the hot decomposi-
tion gases mid the fuels are minimal (5 to 10 ms), althiugh the
system design controls the overall start transient period (i~e.,
from injection of the hydrogen peroxide into the catalyst chamber
to the achievement of main chamber combu tion). Manty system
designs employ only a small "pilot light" catalyst chamber with
subsequent main stream liquid injection (which bypasses the
catalyst chamber), while other systems utilize prior decomposi-
tion of all of the hydrogen peroxide throughout the operation
of the bipropellant system.
43
2.8 iUa'U"CJI
2.4 Socco, E. A., Ph.D. Thesis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada, 1953.
2.0 Haass, 0. and IV. I1. hatcher, "Properties of Pure hydrogen Peroxide.
III," J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 44, 2172--80 (1922).
2.7 QFR-LU-15 and 19, Flreezir Point, Depressants for I &J,1"1C Corpora-
tion, Buffalo, New York, CcitraAt 110a(s) 53-10341-c, 1963.
779-c, 1954.
2.9 111-78, Part I, Final Report, Low Freezing llydrogen Peroxide-Based
Propellants and Oxidants, FMC Corporation, Buffalo, New York,
Contract NOa(s)-53-103'i-e.
2N12 Scatc hard , i. , G. M. liavantigh, and L. 11. 'Tichi)or, " Vajlm -Li qtd d
lKlu Ilbri mu. VI. llydroreix Peruxidd-Water Nix , J. Antes.Chem.
71,
Soc._, 3715-20 (195'-').
2.13 Kay, W. 13. , "D)ensity of Hydrocarbon Gases and Vapors at High Tempera-
ture and Pressure," Industrial and Elginaering Chemistry, =28, 10 1h
(1936).
-Ic.,
Division of Northl, Aniir- can Aviation, Cao... P'ark, CaUifornia,
1 Mbarch 1960, CONFID'l)U'I'1AL. 4
2.19 ANUI'L-TR-66-6, Final leport, Advanced Propellant Staged Combustion
Feasibility Program, Phase I, Part 2, Aerojet-General Corporation,
Sacramento, California, Aqpril 1966, CONFIDEWrlAL.
45
2.'22 bulletin No. 07, lb"iyrozzc9 Peroxide J)hysical Pioi~ertius Dataibook,
F'MC Corporation, Buffalo, Nov York, 1953.
2.1'
• iguere, 1'. A. mnd I. 1). Liu, "Iteconunrended Values for the Therwody-
numic Plopertiem of Hiydrxogen and lDeutcritun Peroxides ," J. Am. Chem.
Soc_. , 77, 0,77-9) (1955).
, 18 - 91 (19w0)
'-) ),Is=.=
,Call, J. .Ites.
)~.09 Giguere, 1'. A. and Osias Bain, "Force Constants in Hydrogen and
Deuter'i a 'er'oxidem , 1 J.)f' s Ae .,ýl -- 1 - .h
2.30 Satterti,-IJ, C;. N. , It. L,. Wlentworlh0, and s. T'. Deuletrilidem, "Visc:onity
of Vapor' Mixtures of' Hydrogcen JPtroxi do and hsater, " J. Arm. Chem. Soc.
2.33 McM-uxtrie, It. L. and I'. G. Keyes, J. Am. Chow. Soc., 70, 3755 (191.8),
us given by Ref. 2.22.
46
2.39 J.tkar, 8. K. K., "lipole HoJ•wutm of V'olyatowic Muleculue," N4ture,
._.2., 316-17 (19••1').
2.36 Amako, Y. and 1'. A. Giguicx, "Cialculation of thie 11,04 Holeculu by
the IAAO-HO-SCI" Method," Cun. J. Chem., 1hO, 765-7/1 (1962).
2.37 Maissey, J. T. and I). It. Bianco, "lhe Mic(owlave Spectrum of Hydrogen
2.ItI A}UP'L-TI--66-13, Final ltelort Itedearch on the Stabi lity of Ifigh Strength
10,00 E. I. dul'out de Nemourts and Company, Lic. , Wi hini ngton, N laware,
Conti-act AIF04(611)-I0216, Hatch 1966.
"47
2. 485 Giguere , 1'. A. utid V. V. Sclifiownke, "Aii EU ct.rosi-IDi f~ractti ol ltudy
of 11,A), witd Hydi'uzzin," J. Am. Chumi. Soc.., U, 210215-9 (19113).I
!2. t4 ) Itoding~toii, It. L. 1,. Bi. Olison, and 11. C. CrossM, "Hlydroge~n P'eroxi de,
Itil zred Spect rwu iond the lzitevuil, Itotati ol Przob lem," J. Chem. J'IiyI.
1(-, 1311-26 (19w2).
2.50 Illujt , Rt. If. , It. A. 14vauch~k, C. W,' Peters'M, wald K. Tý liecit, "nteoruuul-
Itotutiozu in Hlydrogen Peroxide: the Jur-lzuivured Spectri-i-i aiud tile
IX, etuzi anti on of the Ili Aide ii jig J'ol'euti it I, J. Chema. I' ,s42 (W)
2.51 Masseuy, J. 1'. iand It. IV, Hurt, "J1,3fuut of ui high ci-li4Urrieri onj the
Mi ca'oviuvus SPectruw of Htydrogen Peroxide," J. Cheri. JIy.,~ 4
2 ,521 Giguere , 11.A. and C. Chipadovii, "Trhe Far Isif'rared Spectra of' 11,),0
Witd D,,0 2 in the Solid Staten," Si'ectrochaimicca Actt, 121 1131 -1137
(1900).
~ Mi I lot. ,? It L. a .I 1. Hotnig "Igafruried SIpectrutii of Crx'Ntzl line I
. j a*w 1
0.." . ale, Pnadu.. 2i *(1aa9o0 S
2. 56 Klunu~tuck, M., Beiwchte, 2L, 108 (1918); J. Chem. bop.., 111, (11),
107 (1918).
2.57 Jamiesona, G. b., AM. J. Sd.-, 1*4, 150 (1917); 1-d. WuJedhind, !aM
12.61 llanebrack, K., licriclite, 20L, 213 (OW~); J. Rusnw. anid 0. Kalluzwzer,
6.62 Hassonuz, 0., Proc. Chum. Soc., j ,i7; J. Chum. Soc:.vp ''t 10)
°• 2.3 tSchum ter, '., Z. anorg, al lgem. (Qbwm, 1W, 253 (1930).
2.70 KintiLAkowksy, W., Z. phyidik. Chew., 22, 4331 (1900); E. IAeck, ,AMoth,
"t4g, 4 87 (1919); 14. 1(bui, Holut'iA., 66, 393 (1935); 0. )laudibuh,4
Science, 108, 443 (1948); 11. B. L il, Proc. Indian Acad, Sci., 36A,
244 (1932); D. D. Deord and A. W. Davidson, J. Am. Chem. boc.. 73.
- ~1'69 (1951).
1 "49
56 (15 E- J. Doel an A. W. bi rky, Tri .aruday Soc., I'L,
580 (1951): W- C. E. Ifiigi1L)SQJ, 1). Sutton, und 11. Wih'jjIt, J. A.
Sboc., 138U 6a953).
50
E. Abel, Huo b. j, 1239 (19O7); E. Ab.l, Mouutsh., 2.., 8'1
.•i ~ ~~(1913); E. Abel, J__roie.l, 18 705 (1912); E;. Abel, Mountsl.,
8,, 798 (1950); Y. Usucma mad T. Okui&•, J. Chem. buc. JAIA, ltu'e
Che-. ••ct., aj, 48 (1950).
2.86 i,,big, 1., B.r.ht., j., 2743 (1885).
2.87 osueuniii, It. , It. W. Neptwie, and Bi. W. Alleu, United btUte# Patelnt
2,61U,791 (4 Novewibel 1952).
2.91 Iligginmon, W. C. L., D. Sutton, and 1'. Wright, J. Chem. Suoc., _Z,
1380 (1953).
9- Julu-, K. J., LIAL'1&L. Get. Sci., Puit 111, 1'. 170 (1948).
2.95 Oddo, B. and It. Binaghi, Gazz. chii. itul., ý_, II, 313 (1921);
B. Oddo and It. Binughi, Atti. IR. Acad. Lincei htowa (5), 39
31,
4
2.96 Greeuspwi, F. P. Lud. iagl. Chew., 22, 847-.8 (1947), uas given by
lef. 2.55.
2.97 D'Aus, J. aud A. K"eip, Berivhitv, 46, 113640 (1915), 't given by
JIf. 2.55.
2.98 boeveken, J. and M. L. Von Konigsfeldt, Itec. tav. chimi., 24,
313-1 (1935), an given by Ref. 2.55.
2.99 rTD-TDR-63-1002,
TP 206, Pesigzn Criteria for Advanced Prop ellant
§ystems, Texaco Experimeut, Iucorporated, fichmomd, Virginiu,
K June 06(3.
51
2. 100 LILILO5-20, -No#ifaig Gertuzi Vyl c4iei&J)al~ne~ of Ligiiid
t'roz elLWufjl, T'eclujidyuti, Incorpuzruted, West Chevster, Villinsylvuliiu,
April 1965, CoutI4ct. 1)A-30-034.-ANC-OI53Z, CON1kZFl'1FA.L.
2. 103 btudlev done by J'rutt and Whitneuy, as reported by James McCuruii ch,
Alydro-gea Peroxide IRucket Narrwul, I"MC Corpurutioni, b~uffalo, New Yorh,
4
2. l0'i ýAG42 10785-03, kullrterb- R~eport. Advanced J'ryupeIlinit 6tiLdg(-
ComubustLion leasi biIi ty I'ro>win, Acerojc t-4iencriAl Corporati on,
,.107 Vani flull, N. t. aud D). C. R~ouser, "Ultiwtite lheat Flux Lintist of
Storarble J'ropeIloirtb," Acroje t-Gvnerul Cw-poruti on, 8ucraineit',,
Calilorniu, us presented to the CI'IA 8th Liquid Propulsion 5ym-w
posium, Cleveland, Ohio, November 196Ui, C0NF1DMIlAL.
5.2
2. 109 11-2985, Ifrds-tv iCutaI' t bmuewtJrirt,'nIt;~x
2 .11
&i~UL-1t-47)i0 1'etvgt oncui~- 11Ut IJt'ornw~i-diiea Ditti slJ Oft
North Al u viv-it~w A ivliii Iii(e~ ., (lOrjljNOii,
Utdion, rintt '! 0. 91
,jy-bin>ioon tU
Dit ound Thrust liuchet LuLiEt , Air Furce Fl igit,
Tes~t Cutnter, Ldwards Air Force Ibubc, Ctklifornitk, Huy 1960,
CONFI.DINT Il 1 .
53
TADLL 2!.1
1g.
ait
'.
n
Bgi properties's.1.3L
. b'u t17 o" t4 C1.7 t &iqtlai 9. .~. t.
1
soldaSt. jet puke U1-7 a t)-v LU.ba atU~a1 ~ 1b 0a1'a1' I
Iatem lo
Adabti
s*- .4 o ~ vA1 .4o,165.1.1 1.w .- ~ ,9,1- t
4
3.40
.lowI
poln9.6",
o-
tso
TABLE 2.1
(Continued)
Thermodynamic Properties
Soats of
cal/g Stu/ib -1320 -2376 -1369 -2464 -1'4-4 -4601
Formation
Gas
Btu/lb-F 0.303 0.30 0.306 0.300 0.310 0.310
C cal/g-C
Entop cal/gi-4 Iitu/'lb-F
Enropy Cal/Ig- C Btu/b-* see Section 2."
cal/s Btu/lb Be* Section 2.2
Enthalpy
Transport Properties
Viscosity
1.153 0.770 x 1u- 1.158 0.772 x 10- 1.160 075a1
0.775 a 10
Liquid Contipoises lb/ft-sec
-1445 -a6o1 -1571 -2828 -1%6 -3503 -3070 -372o T2.3-- 2.14, 2.35, 2.4
F2.12 - 2.1 3
85 153 62 148 77 138 72 129 T2.3- 2.e 2.9
376 677 369 700 427 768 438 789 T2.3 - 2.14 2.26
F2.14, F2.14 2
2.10O
2.4 4.2 4.3 7.6 8.15 14.65 9.0 16.01i F2.15, 12.15. 2.2b
see Fig. 2.1o and 2.16&
F2.16, 12.16s 2.25
at 0.414 at 0.414 at 0.417 at 0.417 at 0.377 at 0.377 at 0.415 at 0.415 at T2.3-2.8 2.5
jg point melting point melting point melting point melting point melting point melting point melting point valting point 12.17, 72.176
0.645 0.645 0.663 0.663 0.720 0.720 0.738 0.738 T2.3-2.0 2.18, 2.25, 2.26
F2.17, •2.17&
0.310 0.310 0.317 0.317 0.338 0,338 0.346 0.346 T2.9 -T2.,
1 2.-27
10-3 . 0.77 a 10-3 1.150 0.777 x 10-3 1 106 1.123 0.738 a 10- f2.18, t2.18& 2.6, 2.22, 2.24
1. Iw.0.,5x 1010.69210,3 3 n2i,, nag
12.19, 12.19.
12.20 2.30
F2.21 2.31
1767.0 579%s 1758.3 5745 1706.9 5598 1690.3 533 F2.22, F2.22a 2.16
TABLE 2.1
(Cor.c luded)
sl.et,.madmtie rpit
Ledesa iS 3.ruaties (Goidle 3-Li..)
1
Electrical Cmd"itivity me-lu SeSet.
J 91~i"l~ip~lt _______________________ se T
madmtis
0"
Pooribilty
30a
toC 14
rBLE 2.1
'oucluded)
I."1
lpoo'l~ ~ ~~ !rd Va ) .03 k
KI:Ann9I a -~4..
C, &-VQ. ~ N *Vs3.g-
~eI.0 0 0 0 00 0 a 0 Q e00
C 00000 0 00000C C
Wo ý . reý0r0 03
gl IA I' R I " . EC
N 1
C-4,
LL4 alL
z .Z
6-4 t3 4. .44 44
ow)~ Ow~' - N-
57
cisE~ A I I-
G~. a ý
J- L
o . . .
a 0 4 0 c o e 4 00 a0 v 0 * c o 0 0 0 0
_ _ _
4_
VI-. __ __ __ _ __
* E..
Pic. 1 %0
. . . . ..
PO 3P4* * * 4 ** * .4
c 1-
wV\0 Pi ~ U .~
5C4
C!i
0 C) 04 0; Cýc~
95
41)
4 .) - 04 P. - - - 4 - - - -
(m a lU- -)
C4 tI, -: A o
go r.N 0- r- i WN
C'l OU~
*4j
-- - U'a
c~J 'a
:3 1
00000009999909
.r
0o
j.J~~o 0 9 0 0 0
4.)i N
60
G) vt~
U- ~~~~
~ ~ ~ I D t e \ -W
t \ 0 *' _l
jiN t- - -U-o C
-- -ý
.4 -)0C)0 o-;C ;C ;C
Wt P4 e2
Im Ar.O hll
00
4-4 'I
4
C
.- ' . d I- C'J ou V) 1-
f- a.p 0 in
C- d, W" wr W A&r e~ S' IV~ w
~ V' CNI 01 C2I N CI C
C C-4
04 C4 J NI N' N C4 CIA
S In ff I r crI I Ir 04 I) Iu S .1 l I-
f- I- - - -r - - - -
.. I I I I II I c !"I In In I I. I
) 6
vC to T oO NO).C O n0 SC' 0
.r . .. .
-:
I s I u W - o c o -
C;u
C.P-4
CN t- ,-l M. u C
VIAu ~ u u
i i, i~ I- i I
cyi v, tiI I
t V
o,% -e'
C7 - -r - -4 -e -n -
-rW rNV-t.11 an in~ b-, &n in- &r-' in- if-* Srn In
P-
" " . v &.-W V~ r-
0
s4 -0
+00.41.
1 14
ON - 4 - - el,
aI ', I -. e"\ O.
In4) .4.440PI
-44
#01V\ V d
aa ON ON
0 ttx-i - (I-~ o.c 10 %
4-')~~O UMN ~ u* (XM
n UN t-l O
U"%W\WI
-0. ol O C~* Vi C'
01 ci i C4i cli e4 cli N~ C'i Na
m 0ý i 0 - NI'-O &~~ IN N
uý 0 %. 041C
Or4
-rý a, tt-*; N.ý
07\0 U
C -0ý - I*
"Cl 0 ) t" _: L-% \1
er
n0 i ci0r o rN- ~ VIA ter% 0 r- -. 01
Fa1 P- 0~ C0 %- an~ N~ l.a1 \1O ON- P'
4) C4 0" 0 0 0
a r-4
.0
%4 0
o -4 WOO%
to% -i O t l%O'0 LM 1 %D Oý0
"0 r p4 . P-4 P4 P- P-4 r- -4 -4 -4 r-4 -4 r-
CE.)
$4
+) C; C;C C ;C;C ; )
0'0n %0 040 01
---0 4 04'% ICN n -W e
F-4 340
.0 .p
P* U INC I . l W '
0 1 f0n N N - - r4C% O
0 -U At el~ %1 C4 CCJ -s LI OD
I cii 11 11 r:- In:;; I
-c
1:O14tA
0o
.I t l UD ~m irN irN Ir,
P-4 r-4 P-4 P-0 .. 4 ,4 ... 4 - -4 -4 r-4 -4 0- -4 'A
A0 Uir %o
CN trl olU-
r- %
0 0
0 tfý
Ch
OD-W
00 OD
0''.10
NNFr- tNCIA
>,.C'
000 -. - - a,~
1I7 0 C4~ %,6'. 06
rli
Cý - f'% W%~ r- cys -4
V% T D r'-0OD '.o c'N
-4 N CI.0
N~\ OD 4 -ir 00 C4 1.0 -4 O C4
-4 0 -t' 0D N 00 -1' - ý M 0 %D tfl 0% No0
.. Cd
t~ LL~0 14 rN - N - 4 W Q
-4 N4 r-4 r-4 04 Nd 141%41, W "I% %.o
U 4-
td' -M 4 %V0 0
CW OD 'Z0 -ýr CIR O D ; N
teO 1 OD 0 0 C
-. %0 tC - n r
66
r4 I
* FU-
.0-
-4 .ý 9.f
%w
Q~~C C% v -W
OD- u C; C;
1-44
0 04 r,: j0 4* 4'-
4 u s4r l n N P4 ý
C)
a ~ ~ 5-- P4 - .4 P
C4 C5-
of _ _ _
N_ _ _ _$_P4_ N "_ N_ _LI
*4 "10 Ccli 67 %
o in o I'wt
LIN -W -W -i -W at - f p4 - P-
VI Nca r4P 0% -0 0
. . o. 1 . .4 .4 r
-- P t' C4 -4 oN oo aD- C% 0-
O %D r%
Q'- -4 1- r- r- OD OD OP OD N C N% N N 4N ND N
*'~ 00 00 0 00 90 0
41
-41-
I-'4
N C*4
N
.4P.4
0o w w ; w & '
r-4 4 -d r4 P- d ý w ý .-
I I I " I I I I I I I I
- i ef f- 0N r
4
to -
tf- -" r r4
c..d - . CI -4-
o~ Cý 0! Co
VI N
eFa
ODa
C;0
.d
r % C7.
60 NA 4J
C; C;
C; C;C; C
OD C0
69
I~ t- %AD
k'
-
_ _o I - cm
C1-- V
lIi
NI cad co NI Nd
I
C4 NI N
II
N V N C4
. . . .
4-
..-. 4, LN OD 0
ODo tr ODr~ W\a~r 0 t- U'%
E- I- CC 00 OD oo (7% ON O-
tZ~
70
TABIJ 2.9
71
TABLE: 2.10
Enthalpy
Teuperature Sca C-
Heat I/g-Icity ca A/ -.,k
Entrupy ("1 11298) Yeat of Formation
K a (Btu/I-4) Btu/Ib-4R2 cal/gm Btu/Ib cal,/gm Btut/Ib
72
11515 2.11
Dthu Ipy
Heat cpaity Eitro,,y (ca _ IL) mt~iu
of Furm
(" - 298eat
a (Btu/lb-41)
city c&lropy
(Btu/lb-Ii) cal/gm Dtu/Ib cal/gm Btu/1b
B sCaa
TTeapersture
0 0 0 0 -79.0 -142.2 -1024.9 -1644.8
FJUa
L'v (
in a8;DLnI I . I I-
all fýl
).9
..6IUU 10
80.
d,9YA7 . v I
- I. -n
.- I ta.-.
-L7044.v I
Te
-- Ileat Capacity,
cul/gm-e
Lutropy,
Val/gm4w.
1 ,(Ii 8
'1"298'
Blout of
FJox mati:.;;
IL II (tu/lb-4L) (Btu/1b41R) Ca]/gni Btw'lb vua/gm - Btu,/lb
0 0 0 0.0 -.81.76 -147.17 -1137.8 -2048.0
100 180 0.256 1.38 -56.34 -40U.41 -1157.0 -2082.6
200 360 0.277 1.56 -'27.55 - 49-59 -1167.9 -2102.2
298 536.4 0.317 1.72 0.0 0 -1181.5 -2126.7
300 540 0.318 1.72 0.58 1.04 -1182.0 -2127.6
'dO0 720 0.351 1.81 34.1l k1.i U -1191.2 -2144 .2
500 900 0.379 1.90 70.69 127.24 -1198.3 -2156.9
600 1080 0.400 1.96 jo9.73 197.51 -1203.8 -2166.8
700 1260 0.416 2.03 151.53 272.75 -1208.1 -2174.6
800 1440 0.429 2.09 192.91 347.24 -1211.7 -2181.1
900 1620 0.4A42 2.15 236.50 4-25.70 -12141.7 -2186.5
1000 1800 0.452 2.19 277.59 499.66 -1217. 2 -2191.0
110 1980 0. 42 2.23 326.92 588.46 -1219.2 -21911.6
1200 2160 0.471 2.27 373-57 1672.43 -1I'0.9 -2197.6
• 1, ,I.. 0.479 2.31 2.0.97' 757.75, -122o.
1400 2520 0.488 2.39 469.42 8a4.96 -1223.3 1-2201.9
fefer to Section 2.2.3
7'
MIE 2.13
75
TABLE 2.14
Erithalp !Heat of
Temperture lHeat Capacity, Entropy, (IT-J1298) Formation
Scal/gm-K
cal/gm-K - -rmation
76
TABLE 2.15
77
TABLE 2.15
(Concluded)
78
TABLE 2.16
79
TABLE 2,17
MiS •OhICUIAR k
AM) E TRWAGNETIC PRMOJiTIEB
W1 HYDROGEN PZ3WUDZ
so
VA N 2.18
I
SStructure
Structural Parameters
So9(ooH), 7 (HOOK),
R((ý-ajA_______ degrees dere
Microwave 111.5
81
TANA 2.19
Reference
INOiQA.NIC CWMUNXIH
AS 4- 1202 acid S dissolves (Ag) 2.56
PIAI(H 2.10
As03-3 H
+ 2 02 PlAsA0
1O,- 2.17
alkaline_
Oxid' A gold + N202 a - reduction 2.58
82
4
TABLE 2.19
(Continued)
-1 + N02 alkaline or
CO neutral no reaction 2.63
83
TANX 2.19
(Continued)
R1efereace
Ni 4H HCl or 0d l 2.10
22 H2 SO 4 -
H+
NiSO 4 - H0 no reaction 2.72
4 + H202
NAI - various products depending upon conditions 2.73
84
TABLE 2.19
(Continued)
Reference
5+
Po5, 1202 + 1120 H3p' 5 2.78
,n .ýan
Pt + 1202 no reaction & &I
85
TABLE 2.19
(Continued
Reference
.&
l4oaIc cCr0.mP (cont.)
2
O-2 : - 2 0b- 2.85
11202 2.86
Sbb2S3
s antimoniate
Sc
+ •5e2 2.87
2.10
Se H 22 •2 2 SeO2
Sl
2.10
YI2 Se + N202 . rapidly attacked
SeO 3-2 " _t202 S SeO -2 2.88
Sn+0 2.89
Sn +2
2.90
Te + "2 0 2 ski 6Te0 6
Ti+3 H202
1 TiO3
01_
0Ti(O2 4 2.92
Ti024 2 *202
TIOH 2.10
TI + B202 .
23TI203 2.10
TI0 2 + 1202
W + H202- _____ 0
2.10
96
uTWA 2.19
(Continued)
RWference
a Ika
l ine d.
Zn • M
2 02 mlcoholiEdasidve. 2.93
Zr + %2 0 2 --$no reaction 2.94
f3•,LIC CmeOPDWS
Alkanes:
Alkimes:
= !W4+
. - - -4 h--4
" catalysts
"V2 2.55
fl '+ %%RISH'OB
j0 j~'
N' --. 2.10,
2.55
glycol
87
TA13LE 2.19
(Continued)
Reference
3 , C02 2.55
RCH20 + H202 Fe g RCOOH
Carbuxylic Acids:
1% H2 SO 10001+1
RCOOH + H202 RC000H + H20 2.55
peroxy acid
Aldehydes,:
Aromatics:
Fe++ catalyst2
Benzene + .2-2 Al strips -phenal
1% H280 4
Azobenmene + H202 --- -
000H azoxybenzene 2.55
RC00001
(in acetic
acid)
TABLE 2.19
(Concluded)
Refcrence
Primary Amines:
Secondary Amines:
Tertiary Amines:
amineoxide
89
100
j t14f I1m
11
A'111i 1, 1
70 tO0
WEIGHT PREtill0
~~
9011
0
T-0
1 4 Ci
lit-.4
11MIN11"I13
14 M
ttC
OD/
IM
11 it
Sn
VIM :1 t 1M
WINMI 0
4,++4.. *i
44- ý4)
_4414
ME0
~ ~ ~
. ........... ~ ~.
... ~ ~ K
a -4)
044
911
I-AM11111111 Mj113 HM
'd iHIPth
411111TS"IT it 11,0
1 lit 11ql [111t ItIM"' lifii'lali
11 "fllil'til
H I ilt 119ItIUJ~it'l Jil 11-1
1 tj iI
W i 01
liltif 14
111i IH I I I ilt
1 111 IM 11t
fi mvm 111HIII Z-
411 AM 11-1!i,14:1 11R0
ý4,'10
"410 1 1 "IT
MR- H.
1911"A1111
lffý*,~:
1911f
1`4 B l 1114 A 'I-1 t W IA0e
4 lilt tI
H I~ I?* :J 0
f92-
450
hoi
04 10i 40~
Ii li I
it w
0-CRITICAL TEMPERATURE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
ihi
T16
IM N
%
qj, ill 1 40J I.-
SOIMIN PONTA
hi IT
WEIGHTICA
PERENTH 20
C93
0
02
QN
I ASH
0i~"4,
NH;, it H if H11
OM
TAllK HN !H1111
. .i .. . .. jr .
ft (u
It,-
-fit
......... N ,f +
1 fit
ftC.
1 1 iTH
If -
00I o-
IN
4p
CL
Cl)
z 1
0
w S.0
-IH
ill1 5, w iy
:1 ,1, 11~:~
!Wi < '
7.4
zW
w 70 809
w 7.6
z
0 4.8
411
0T ¶ ill, i.;
Ow I fl T 1
14 If ii, Jliiwo P-vt" flti j
~
itz r24
I VII r' _
I' i
4i ; ITT ~
Fiur oefcets(uial
1.a fTera xaninfr
N yrgz Peoit-ae rplan-rd
Sidution
IL I97
III4
1 i
IIT
ITCUV Ir "'IS I O E 2. !I
lit
2.~. j4 *ilk ~
if~p .9 No
W4GH PEREN I ,O.
2.6.
Figure Aiabt, Copesiilt ofiriel't:rd
titoenPrxdeWtrSouin
I98tlk 1
if~ ~ tl It- 4
II
04I
t i i
~
4: ~TJ*',,o I ' 1
T
41 II hk-t]f il 411
14.4t 1
70" ii100111 t !
~~~~~ qE(~1
tECNTH
Figure~~~~~~~~~~~~!t roeLzVGad
866.Aiba4FCqesiiiyo
Ldoe
PeuztD~a~ 4oltiikl
* ~ ~~ * ~ L41,I'% . .
1000- -
------
Soo
600 It
........-
Z= Z L
:Z 7Z __7
200.___
EXTRAPOLATED DATA
100 (ASSUMING NO DECOMPO ITIONN
t _t a I I 4ýI 1 4 :-t t -- A
so
E 60
E
if-2-f- 100 W/O 2ýO
UF 40 98 W/o
5
-_ -.--==F-:- = - -
w =--e m.090 W/o
ac ------ _T
10L.20 70
Ix 70 W/O __t___
0
> io
0ý
4 t 4 4
100
20.0
-----------------
----------------------
10.0 IT
8.0
A= -7 7 T A
6.0
fil
T_ EXTRAPOLA J DATA
__E_ --ý--t(ASSUMING NO DECOMPOSilook)
_j
j
2.0-.
_j__H
- f-I -1, -4
+-
44-
1.0
100 Wo HRot 7 :T
0.8
A 73 W/o
0.2 4
>
7P 4- f- t-4- t t-+
121T 4- 4 ±±=H
1:1- _LA
Tý7 ý1
0.1
CO)LO
B ..........
...........
U
a0e
CURVE FIT OF DATA FROM REF.
2.11, 2.12,2.20, AND 2.21
OL04
-4-4-4- Fý+_
. ..
. . .
Q02
z:: 7:::::::
------- z
CLO I
40 60 So 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
TEMPERATURE, F
101
11 Hi : tl ! I M 111
1il 000
so
I
I70 IlIil i 1 I1
1 1 V!l
60i Ii.
c 0 4j
S1ý
v
T4~ ~ ~ 1<
0 O a
a0 0 4 060 60 v tO
510
lid I
I.0l
tt 1
30z8F
foT0......
60C( 4 ) -;
-
-- I
0
0.6 0.M10
0 103
I t
0.2
4
DAT
OFRF.2
DON~~
z 0. 0 ow04l.-08,.
T104
.. . ..
. ..
_ J -1__
_ _ _
_
W..
63 ....
Ht4I F.
e I0 408 0 0S 9 0
50
'so
.. 7~ -rl-
OF REF2.24 AA~~
- L- ;
5-1 IT
IT 1l 7T
L IHl 4tj.!' 4
;7I ...
-T .......
(5.4 IT:
500
307 40i 50 507 8 0
WEGH PEREN IIt
5.3
Fiur la Surac Tenio of J4doc eoieWae ouin
IT 68F
-J30
DAABSDO NEAT DISSOCIATIONJDAT
ffiiiIitHI-ILIUDH~
a 2 'oIýýIIII 1 11
U1 II-li
-I(=
ItI
i-1107
..
.t ...
-4100TiII 01 H0
i HI
70 /oHe00
II
TERTURE, R
10
2000
T1
100
1500N
BASEDlO! HETOF'SSCATO
70 80 l90ý l 100
WEIGT
PECENTHZO
16109
- 3800 _
-3600 1!1--
0 13 1b1.11'''
Lj~
1.4P4~
1,_j~i
~
..1
fLill1
i
T
-30 -
TwI
1111L" lit
110
Go6001Z
300.. .....
if1
40
300
0MT
I1I
0 4400 I
H- li
1100 *
1000 1 ' 4j
I 7 t
~t
t
S0 0
IIT
F-7
204 08 O
00
WEIGHT PERCENT H 02
Figure 2.14&a. Heats of Vaporization of Hydrogen Peroxide-
Water Solutions
112
[0l
1002 I
o [0.0 7
z
0
I fMI-
S6.0 251
HIT 14i
5 . 0C I T
i~
4.-
HillIIiHi f f I
0 20.
0II
113
Ito0
17.0
16.0 ml
13.0
~fHill
0
1460 441y Br
13 F
120 1 4 Tti'T , ,4
U110 It
117
-00
-404
MINN II lii' ~ i
WEIGHTT
PEREN 20
115 i; t 1
- 1200
-1100-
-400~~H i,Of ,
-j401
"10 logV
) 4 1/2O f
-1000
79006 5 9 5 O
c11 __00
i _ _ _
;fi; 44 ) Ill i
I! 'Y ii'
""It it t T 4t'
at a' ati'ifI, I2I t t l
fall I -ft 1t
aIt
It
0
ad~~c mhUiiii
ifi
H 0
oj; -wbIs ;1 d 1)( !Z1!3
I J!Iji1t7
0
-C1111
tv o
Mill
I Iol;
I.
I, t
TH
o4
1, f, I
o 00 00 0 0 0
4ýI
A!!! 1 /fV l ilt ' EIli
:I~V 3
.11
r ft
1.61
T "WIH PECN 20
1191
-r_ _
1. T i
12Z% 11'
ir
IIT
f-7, i- --I -
0.60
I
2. T K4T -4 -
C'V FIIOf,,A U
.1. .1
TT 1
'VTIt
IILI
TEMPERATURE, C
Figurec 2.19. Visusoitiee of 98 W/o Bydr-ogenL Peroxide,
70 w/o flydrogon Peroxide, und Wuter
1221
- a, ý
,I
'.3 - -- -- I -1-'
-,
- ' 1 401'
f
- -- - -, -I11 - l l
-Jiv
1.0 -
~ - -
7 -~
0W I
.9 _1
0.5
0.4 202-
0.3
TEMPERTURE, 2
112
1.4 1 If7
1.3 t 1
2 - - --. 7-7-
ý- '
1.0 t :ili
0.9~
.. .. w 4 .
-7
,
!:ý0
__ __ ., l
0.7
*L 4. -.. 4 4! 4 - +1
Id ,, <7.it
74 74441
0L.5 1 IL J~ .!L
0.44.4
HI
__ 72W62o 2022
0.2 -r
4I1
+i HI 'it
122
M.
T.
Ifl Will -till I Ilif H
If T. cr
AI
WjI t J.
W
W: a- r .1 e ON l- - 1114011
M, 'T-
IN 'thimfilof I ::t 11...
- I
Mý
tititl
lHiff MAI
I:
It at M M
-it -_x bo
Li
TT ---
------
MW OR ---f- t
5 TT"T
E0 1:1
cr
w T:
XIM
Z .,4
TT T 1-If OD
ýTRMM I ......
......
Mm 4 flumil: F ITTP
X1
TM,
.':!14A77 8
. M .
vf+4+++
f Cý
-- w Itlif - . .1 N
M a Tlý T
.:7
I f : :T: VIM X IX XXT:
lim -T Tý 1, .- MM
T: ýx
4' HIM
M ý M-x t: It X
T T".
-aý
MLL
IFW+Mo
MlOdOUDIN "AIISOOSIA
123
U4
t ------
ýiiflj ..................
4
X
ti
Q36 fpjlul tt-t
El. I St mýQ. t lm
rat Al.
14
t! t" t-t i i f-t4 +
X 0.327
TT
R44MA V
w
OL31
0 100 200 300 400 GDO
TEMPERATURE, F
124
1820
- Hi 'I ILI*
4!4'ui'TrJ1
1680 it tL
1205
6000 if~T
it' 1 i
5900,
70 60 F 0 10
U. 126
ill
0
0T
V) gin
41,4
u- t
ITi1 TT
ivy1.4
ii !H 2
H C
- 0 0'
±NV±SNZ~ Z~Iiliai
IN I il 1ýrl l127
0
2
0 . 0
in
if 54
*~ I~i~*~tii.,,,Hill-
it
-- 1
1124
10 __
A A
(GGP 0.
/P11/2 25
0- O
00,
00
0, 0' (G./P20.0
0
REPRINTED FROM
REF. 2.101
1 1 _ 1
o • .L . _, .... .... _ _ _ _
129
N-I-I--- n i - -
-- a -• -n, -_ - - - -
4. - -r-
4p4 _ _ _ _ _ _-.
fOf - • p -- - - -
0_P-_7_
0 _ _ _ _0 _ _ _ __A
,- -,,- . ... .. a-
_ __ _ _ I 3000
Inside Wall Temperature, F
130
DITTUS-'BOLL~TR EQUATION /0
NU, 023 R4 4, .-PR 10 01 .
20
-
*0v
C-4
>40 -
NUb% NUSSELT NUMBER
Rb= REYNOLDS NUMBER
PRb PRANDTL NUMBER
10 L1L
1
kmow
1 1 111I ý--.
Figure 2.26.Correlation of Beat Transfer Coefficient. of 9t3 W/o
Iiydrelcu Peroxide With Dittus-iloeltcr l4uation
(Convectir* Region)
600
0
200 - - -- - &
.100 -----
60 n Nur. NUSSELTNUM
" 0 ", Ref : REYNOLDS NUMBER
Prf : PRANDTL NUMB"R"
40
SUBSCRIPT f DENOTES
20 PROPERTIES BASED ON----
ARITHMETIC MEAN FILM
TEMPERATURE Reprinted from Ref. 2.1013
12. 4 6 8 105 20 40 60
Ref
132
60-000- - - -"-- , ,- - -
9 - -.- -
zI
rbi. .- m u -. - -
tt
K Ri
c'J NubaNUSSELT NUMBER
0 WO I
R~b zREYNOLDS NUMBER--;
I% I
/LzFLUID VISCOSITY
3.1.1 Preparation
131
The first record of comoercial production of hydrogen peroxide
appeared in the 1865 to 1875 period. The first comercia, pro-
duction in the United States was by the Oakland Chemical Company,
Brooklyn, New York, in 1881. Laporte Chemicals Ltd. established
a factory in Yorkshire, England in 1888. With the exception of
substitution of fluorosilicic acid for the hydrochloric acid,
Thenard's process was used essentially unchanged for the manu-
factureof hydrogen peroxide until nearly 1900. The formation of
hydrogen peroxide in the electrolysis of sulfuric acid was first
reported in 1853; later developments made the manufacture of
hydrogen peroxide by an electrolytic process possible in 1908.
By 1939, only 10 percent of the world's production was by the
barium peroxide process.
136
stoneware distillatiou column. The resulting solution is approx-
imately 30 w/o O2 . Both the cathode liquor (after purification)
and the bisulfate from the evaporator (and separator) are recycled
bak to the cells.
0 /H 0
137
The second organic process used in the present comercial manu-
facture of hydrogen peroxide is based on the oxidation of pro-
pane or a propane derivative (such as isopropyl alcohol).
Although the actual details of hydrogen peroxide manufacture by
these processes are not defined, the basic reactions of the pro-
pane oxidation are postulated as follows (Ref. 3-.3):
C3% 02 -C3H7*
C9 1 7 • + 02 -O'C3
9 7 00- --- poxygenated species
C9 .7 . + 02 - 3 H6 + HO2 .
C3..L. + + CII
H__4PCR
(c 3 )2•CoH + 02 -- (C- 3 )2 co + Y2
3.1.2 Concentration
138
peroxide is normally concentrated commercially by fractional dis-
tillation to concentrations 1 90 w/o 1202, other concentration
procedures, such as fractional crystallization combined with vacuum
distillation, have been frequently used for small-scale purifica-
tion. The concentration of the 9G w/o H'202 solutions to - 98 w/o
202 is presently being accomplished commercially (Ref. 3.4) by
fractional crystallization. This crystallization process also
removes most of the impurities.
3.1.3 Purification
3.2.1 Availability
3.2.2 Cost
141
For the purpose of estimation, the citrrent price list (Ref. 3.6)
98 w/o 12 02 -40.60/lb
90 w/o H.o20-40.50/lb
70 v/o 11202 -40.34/lb
142
In edditioL. during the development snd utilization of the
Redstone Missile System, there wea a "purchase description"
document, A£RA-P)-4-763, dated 14 August 1958, which was issued
by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency for the purpose of procure-
ment of 102 used in this systam. Altuough no longer applicable,
upon request.
1144
Necaua . the space limitations of this handbook and the ready
availability of the analytical procedures, they sw'. not repro-
duued ii this Landbook. Movever, in summ'Lion of th6 analytiLal
techniques recommended by NIL-P-lb0U5D, R2 02 ausay is determined
1by standard titration with ceric sulfate to a ferroin end point.
The Alt Cl, NM&, N0 3 , P0 and 80,1 ions are all determined spec-
trophotometrically, and tin is determined polarographicull.,.
Carboa content is determined by combusting the sample in a fur-
nace to change the carbon materials to C0 2 ; this is subsequently
determined by titration (Ref. 3.9). There are some differences
in the analytical techaiques recommended by NILJ-F-16005D arA
those recommended by the various manufacturers and v-sed in the
iridustry. The differences in these procedured, which are for
the most part minor, are summarized in the following paragraphs.
The Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory has recognized these
differences and has indicated probable changes in the presently
recommended analy io.1 " chuiques during tke next revision of
the procurment specification.
3.4.2 Aluminum
143
color forimtion. The FMC (Ref. 3.6a) procedure suggests that
the pcmple size be increased from 10 to 25 milliliters and that
the buffer solution, prepared by the specification method, may
be slightly less stable than the buffer solution preparation
detailed in the FMC procedure.
3.4a.3 Chloride
3.4.4 Ammonium
3.4.5 Nitrate
FMC (Ref. 3.6) reconmnends that the heating step with the phenol-
diswlfonic acid reagent, employed in the determination of the
nitrate ion, be increased to 15 minutes (from 5 minutes) to
ensure complete contact and nitration of the sample residue.
The Shell procedure (Ref. 3.14) utilizes t,larger sample size
and increases the heating time to 10 minutee.
146.
6 Phosphate
3.4.7 Sulfate
.147
3.4.8 Tin
"Both duPont (Ref. 3.10) and FMC (Ref. 3.6.) suggest the use of
a polarographic method for determining tin in contrast to the
spectrophotometric technique recommended in HIL-P-16005D. Shell
(Ref. 3.17) uses a spectrophotometric technique which is differ-
ent from that in the MIL-P-16005D; the stannic ti.n in extracted
into an 8-bydrozyquivoline-chloroform solution at a p11 of 0.85,
and the tin in determined spectrophotometrically in the chloro-
form extract.
3.Ia.9 Carbon
3.4.10 Residue
5.4.12 Stability
150
3.8 Naval Research laboratory, Washiniton, D.C., The Role of
Inorganic Contaminants in the Catalytic Decomposition of
Hydrogen Peroxide, Report No. 5117, 15 April 1958.
k~4r PIN.
IH 0 0 0 U
N 16
U so- 40 w~ 40 go-
C4
qA40
-. U 1U 2
TABLE 3. 2
Military
. Specification DuPont Shell FWC
Percent H202 90.0 to 91.0 90.7 90.7 90.8
Percent AOL 5.0 maximum 0.9 0.3 1.1
Carbon, nag/liter 200 maximum 11 150 pi1L*
153/154k
SECTION 4: STORAGE AND HANDLING
1.1 STOHABILITY
41 .1 General
157
improved surface pretreatment and passivation techniques and use
of stabilizers. Extrapolations of the data indicated the oxygen
losses of 98 w/o %02 were less than 0.4 percent/year at 70 F in
the bladders. Compatibility screening studies indicated that
other bladder mterials such as NAA Vicone 185, duPont Viton B
(805)l and 3K Fluorel 2141 were superior to the TFE Teflon material.
158
rates of untreated 90 w/o H202 after storage in aluminum for periods
of 1 year. It was also determined that the minimum decomposition
rate of hydrogen peroxide in contact with aluminum surfaces was
achieved vhen the aluminum was subjected to a caustic-nitric acid-
hot (212 F) 90 w/o H1202 pretreatment sequence prior to testing;
however, only minor changes in stability resulted from various
types of chemical pretreatment of stainless-steel surfaces (Tables
4.31 and 4.31a and Section '.2.2.12 The decomposition rate of
90 w/o H202 in contact with tin-plated (electroplated) aluminum
was greater than that observed with either the best tin surface
or the best passivated aluminum surface.
159
* generally attributed to the decrease in impurities and ionization
with the loss in water content, and to the decrease in container
contact area with decrease in surface tension. This effect is
illustrated as a function of concentration from 90 to 98 w/o in
Fig. 4.1; comparisons of other decomposition rates between 90 and
98 w/o %202 are shown at two other conditions in Fig. 4.2 and 4.3.
16o
4.1.3.4.1 Container Material. The effect of various materials in
contact with the hydrogen peroxide is described and compared
in the Materials Compatibility Section (Section 4.2.2). How-
ever, for comparison purposes, decomposition rates resulting
from the effect, of selected materials in combination with
other effects are shown in Fig. 4.4 (Ref. 4.1) and 4.5 (Ref.
4.1 and 4.10) for 90 w/o H202'
162
peroxide could be protected against contact with soluble and
insoluble contaminants, stabilization irould not be required. In
addition to the contamination of the hydrogen peroxide by the
system fabrication materials, Y202 contamination may result
from improper storage and/or handling systemcleaning and
passivation techniques. The incomplete removal of organic
solvents, acid,, detergents, chromic acid cleaning solutions,
etc., by inadequate rinsing or the use of rinse waters which
contain various impurities can readily cause contamination of
hydrogen peroxide by the storage or handling system. For
the preceding reasons, and because the normally manufactured
hydrogen peroxide does contain traces of impurities that will
cause R 202 decomposition, some degree of stabilization has
been effected in most of the conmercially manufactured hydro-
gen peroxide. The degree and type of stabilization has de-
pended on the planned une of the 1202.
163
these substances, the most notable success was obtained,
especially in the case of the highly concentrated hydrogen
peroxide solutions (Ief. 4.5),with sodium stannate or 8-
hydroxyquinoliae ("oxine") in the presence of a soluble pyro-
phosphate, or e phosphate-pyrophosphate mixture. A detailed
discussion of hydrogen peroxide stabilizers is presented in
Ref. 4.19 and 4.20.
164
and electrolytic tin having low-6/V demonstrated decomposition
rates as low as 0.1 percent/year. The ra'aj predicted for
these materials as a function of S/V are shown in Fig. 4.Sa.
165
(Ref. 4.2) heavily stabilized to provide enough ions to com-
plex all of the potential catalytic sites. Therefore, the
quantity and type of hydrogen peroxide stabilization is dictated
by the end use of the material.
167
The hNdrogeu perexide bulk temperature will lag changes in air
temperature depending on the container size. A large tank 'which
has been warmed during the day will require some time to cool
because of" the volume of solution. For a tank to be warumcr than
air temperature at night is normal and no cause for alarm. For
the tank temperature to be gradually increasing toward an in-
creased air temperature is normal. For the temperature of a
tank not exposed to direct rays of thie sun to be increasing
in temperature when the air temperature is decreasing is ab-
normal. For the tank temperature to be consistently higher
than ambient air temperature is not normal.
168
tin will also reveal varying concentrations depending upon
the age of the solution when tested. Comparison of analytical
reports from separate laboratories on the same solution must
allow for this variation.
170
standard compatibility classification definitions, and standard
rating criteria. Although the illustrated procedursa and
classifications do not necessarily reflect the most desirable
methods for all purposes, they do represent the most typical
(as noted in Ref. 4.25) of the general tests, classifications,
and rating criteria presently employed.
171
wetted condition, a sample strip, 1-1/2 by 1/2 by 1/16 inches,
is usually immersed in 75 milliliters of the hydrogen peroxide
solution. This test condition simulates an apparent sample sur-
face area of 1 sq in. per 42.8 milliliters of hydrogen peroxide
(which approximates the 0.33 in. 2/in .3 S/V of the wetted surface
of a standard drum containing 250 pounds of 11202). If it is
necessary to test a differently sized sample, retention of this
apparent S/V will aid in comparison of the results with those
of previous studies. In evaluating materials for specific
applications, the S/V of the application should be duplicated
if possible. In testing the compatibility of liquids with 110 2 ,a
5-milliliter sample size is normally used; evaluations of greases
are usually conducted with samples of 5-milliliter size which
have been smeared on the inside of the test flask. It is im-
portant to record and report surface area of the test sample
and the liquid volume of the H1202 used. Vapor space or ullage
should be minimized or held constant in comparison of different
materials.
172
Stainless-steel samples should be degreased by scrubbing with
trichloroethylene, rinsed with water, allowed to drip dry,
and immersed in 70-percent nitric acid for 4 to 5 hours at
room temperature. Then, the samples should be washed with
clean water, washed with distilled water, and finally pre-
treated with 35 w/o H202. In instances where the stainless-
steel specimens do not respond well to the preceding passiva-
tion technique (as noted by decomposition activity in the
35 w/o H2202), stainless-steel specimens may be passivated
by the following alternate procedure which has been utilized
successfully in the past:
173
3. Passivate by imzersion in 70-percent nitric acid
for 4 to 5 hours at room temperature, rinse with
clean potable rater, and finally rinse with dis-
tilled water. Expose the specimen to 35 w/o 11202
at 68 to 72 F for 8 to 24 hours.
174
The percent of active oxygen lost in calculated as follow.:
WI~W
Percent Active Oxygen Loss 1 2'7 x 100
wtere
where
175
color, transparency, tensile strength, and tear resistance;
and (3) for fabrics-changes in color, tensile strength,
burning, and tear resistance.
176
In HIL-P-16005D the stability is expressed in percent AOL,
although most procedures essentially express stability as
(100-AOL) percent.
177
Protective coating materials are usually evaluated in accordance
with standard compatibility procedures. The coating i3 applied
according to the manufacturers' specifications to standard
test strips and is tested as generally described in Section
4.2.1.1. (It is important to differentiate between compat-
itiblity of the coating material and the effectiveness or
covering ability of the coating on the base metal) The percent
AOL is determined, and visual observations of any physical
changes in the coating are noted. Other varlations of this
coating test involve filling a coated steel cup with 11202,
inverting a second coated cup on top of the cup containing
the liquid, and maintaining two such sets at 86 and 150 F
for 1 year and 1 week, respectively. A final laboratory test
involves the half-filling of a coated 5-gallon container with
1202 and allowing the test container to stand at room tempera-
ture in the laboratory or in a controlled temperature room.
Containers with a 12-inch ID and 12 inches high with a 2-inch
vented opening in the top are recommended for a 12-month test
duration. Ifydrogen peroxide concentration is determined
initially and bimonthly thereafter for both the cup tests and
the container test. Prior inspection of the coating for
blisters or pinholes should be made before the tests are
initiated.
178
4.2.1.2 lHydrogen Peroxide Materials Compatibility Classifications.
The results of the various laboratory matcriuls compatibility
evaluations and of application experience have shown that
materials can be classified into various categories based
on their contemplated types of use in hydrogen peroxide service.
All materials need not, be suitable for indefinite storage
because in applications requiring only short-time contact with
11202, materials of a lesser degree of compatibility can be em-
ployed. To facilitate selection on this basis, materials have
been generally classified according to the types of applications
for which they are suited.
179
160 F or 1 hour at 70 F. An example of a Class 3
application is materials for use in a flow system.
The hydrogen peroxide should be consumed iii the
application or disposed of after the test because
contamination of hydrogen peroxide solutions with
Class 3 material is usually sufficient to render it
unsuitable for storage. Many Class 3 materials in-
dicate satisfactory room temperature service; how-
ever, the material should be checked prior to use.
180
compatibility tests are usually subjected to the following
modifying considerations (Ref. 4.25):
the I1 02.
2 2
4. Numerical limits for the various classes are approximate.
Class I materials would fall within rather narrow liwits,
while Class 2 materials have much broader limits. In
general, the higher the active oxygen loss for a
particular material, the less reproducible are the
results.
181
The weight loss is measured over a specific period of time
at a controlled (and known) temperature. The generally
accepted criteria for AOL vsacompatibility rating are pre-
sented in Table 4.3.
182
considered a Class 4 material. The criteria of impact sensi-
tivity of a material in contact with the 1102 is the incidence
of any positive detonation on the basis of a minimum of 10
trials. A mixture which gives negative results during the
initial 10 valid tests is tentatively considered to be non-
impact sensitive unless later tests produce a positive result.
183
1
condition; the material fibers are not appreciably weak-
ened after immersion for 1 month in 11[02.
186
D-356 has indicated Class 1 compatibility during laboratory
tests with 1100', mid satisfactory service experievee has re-
sulted with various i1202 concentrationm.
188
service in flight vehicles; however, the material hardness
wust be less thian 412 Ic (llockwelJ Hardness Scale C), or there
is an increase in !1 02 decompositioin said development of metal
rusting. The 7 P11 material has proved very successful
'With 7t w/o 11202 and moderately atsccessful with 90 w/o 11202;
however, a peCLial pa&&esivatioai treatment (itf. 1,.31) is re-
quired to achieve a Class 2 rating for this material. Surface
finishing of the sample with 120-grit abLasuije compound was
found to be effective in improving the compatibility of this
a llo)y.
189
and should be smoother if possible. This is especially im-
portamt Iin stainless-steel storage and hindling systems; ai
rough spot in a tank, for example, will cause H)0 2 decýmpoa-
4.2.2.3 P'ure Metals aid Other Metal Alloys. The compatibility of pure
metals and various other metal alloys with 90 w// hydrogen
peroxide is presented in Tables 4.6 and 4 .7,respectively.
Many metals other than tic al•'wiiajuw and stainless-steel alloys
have been evaluated, but few have been fotnd suitable for 11002
service. Silicon, tantalum, tin, and zirconiun are exceptions.
Of these, tin has been utilized to the greatest extent, i.e.,
for gaskets and an a solder for stainless steel.
190
4 .-. 2.. Illntics _and Itubber Compounds. An exeAlent summary of tile
results of compatibility tsts with vaiouts pitnitic and
rubber compoundn, preseanted in Tnbl is 4a.8 t(I!rough It.12 1ad
4. 2 through 4.30, was p~resented in lie '. 4.-.25, ilecatse plastics
and rubber compounds are oguan i ina
ini ture, t he compatibility
with hydrogi'n peroxide varies coansiderably. INeve those tuatetiala
•ihich have shown excollea't compatibility with 90 wj/o 11i0r,
both in the laboratory wad in use, may be suslmect when new
coniditions arc met which have not ben encountered or simulated
prevIously . Conditions which may lead to reactioii between a
plastic materia aind II202 are extremely varied and di fficult
to predict or to evaluate in the laboratory. hlowever, the
following erie generalization must always be considered:
the c ombination of high-Ltren.tith hydroglci perovide, organic
materials, and heat itrout either an external source or from
112)0 deoomposition may lead to an explosive reilction.
191
differences caused by various prucossing and handling tech-
niques. Compatibility of plastic and other polymeric or
composite materials are therefore usually associated with it
mavtufactu-i-ei's3 name.
where the ll0(02 will remain below its nurmal atmospheric boil-
ist point. However, mixtures of these materials with other
materials must always be evaluated becauue reactions arc
varied and the compatibility of any added ingredient must
alway)' be considered. Glass-filled Teflon is acceptable,
carbon-filled Teflon may be acceptable, and asbestos-fillest-
Teflon is not acceptable. Kel-F, Aclar, and "virgin" Teflon
are the mast compatible plastic material, at high operating
temperatures and should be utilized wherever the physical
properties are suitable. It is especially recommended that
these materials, which have exceptionally low coefficients
of friction, be applied in i 0 2 service as dynamic bearings
192
and seals without lubricants wherever possible because of the
limJ.tationb of the available lubricants. Special high-pressure,
2-hur compatibility tests at 132 C (270 F) and 1000 psig with
90 W 10o1ý02 demonstrated that Teflon and Kel-F are not ad-
versely affected. The AOL for these 2-hour periods is com-
parable to the percent AOL experienced at 66 C (151 F) in
7 days. Filled plastics such as Kel-F elastomers, 9711
Silicone, and Vitons show swelling at the high test temperatures.
There are many plastic materials that break down upon extended
exposure (> 7 days) to 90 and 98 w/o H202 at elevated temper-
atures (151 to 165 F) but exhibit no effect uron 24-hour
exposure. The majority of Viton A, Viton B, Fluorel 2141,
and Fluorel 4121 compounds show this effect. However, most
service applications are at ambient temperature conditions
10 to 50 C (50 to 120 F) and these same plastics and rubbers
demonstrate excellent service at these temperatures.
193
Viton A and Fluorel materials demonstrate Class 1 ratings in
10 to 49 C (50 to 120 F) service. Viton A 271-7, produced
by Parker llannefin Corporation, has demonstrated exceil)edt
service as O-rings in 90 and 98 w/o V102 solenoid vaives and
for component seals. Seuls Ersteru Corporation's Fluorel 2141
and Fluorel 4121 O-rings, seals, and bladders have proved
satisfactory in the moderate temperature range. David Clark
Company's Omnii (Viton A) has proved useful as O-rings and
when used to impregnate glass or Teflon cloth, produces a
material which is satisfactory for use as an 1102 splash
cloth or curtain (Table 4.8).
194
absorbed 11V2 may be shock sensitive although no adverse
experience of this nature has ever been encountered, Polyvinyl-
chloride plastics will also leach chloride ion into the 1V2
which will cause corrosion of aluminum even when present in
minute quantities.
196
Several tests have been made of built-up diaphragms, usually
a plastic and cloth sandwich type construction using Dacron
or glass fabric. The compatibility of these diaphiagms with
90 w/o 1102 has been satisfactory when using Omni (Viton A)
impregnated glass, Teflon, or Dacron cloth. Polyethylene
and Kel-F sheet diaphragms have been utilized successfully
in pressure transducers with water on the pressure gage side.
Stainless-steel diaphragms have also been utilized satisfac-
torily. In designing equipment for 1102 service, it is best
to avoid diaphragms if possible. If a diaphragm must be
used, there should be adequate testing of diaphragm materials
with 1 02 before the materials for its construction are
chosen.
197
Stainless-steel filters fabricated of wire, either wrapped
or woven, yield Class 2 or 3 results. When using these mate-
rials for filter elements, welding should be kept to a
minimum. Filters made of 316 stainless steel have been used
successfully in various "202 operations, such as fueling
operations involving flight vehicles. Porous stainless-steel
elements formed by sintering powdered metal have not proved
satisfactory for 1102 service.
198
The pr-sont fluorinated hydrocarbo&ns do not possess good
lubricating qualities and their viscosities vary widely with
temperature. Some lubricity additives were evaluated sev-
eral years ago, but none was completely satisfactory because
of the difficulty of attaining stable emulsions. In addition,
use of fluorinated hydrocarbons as lubricants for aluminum
threads or in conjunctior with aluminum with a high surface
area in applications where L~at may be created (which is a
natural condition in all applications requiring lubricants)
may lead to detonating reactions without any 1102 present.
Two instances of such an occurrence, one during a thread cut-
ting on aluminum pipe using Fluorolube as a cutting lubricant
and the other when fluorinated hydrocarbon was used as a
thread compound on the aluminum head bolts of a decomposition
chamber, have been reported. This reaction was reproduced
in the laboratory by dropping a fluorinated hydrocarbon on
heated aluminum in powder form.
199
is subject to vuriations in results with different operators,
and the condition of the anvil plunger or weight is another
variable. Despite the practice of regular calibration of the
tenter with a "known" mixture of ethyl alcohol and 90 w/o
"1202 in equal-volume propcrtions, poor reproducibility has
been experienced. Because of this situation, it is thought
that any positive detonation should be sufficient to place
"a lubricant in Class 4 for H202 service. Thus, even though
"a lubricant or grease may pass all tests with negative re-
suits and then give a positive result during a later check
test, it will be classed as unsuitable for H-0 2 service.
200
Selas porous porcelain microbiological filters have shown
satisfactory service with 90 w/o and 98 w/o 112 02 at,d may be
used to filter high-strength 11 202
201
or paints is recomnended for surtfaces of materials subject
to corrosion. Prcvention of rust in 11V2 handling and stor-
age areas is a safety measure because the possibility of
contaminating the 11202 is reduced.
202
on a worker ic the possibility that the worker's clothing
will ignite. The materials were also evaluated for resimtince
to deter iration by the action of concentrated hydrogen
peroxide.
to the 8202.
203
4t.2.2.10 Joint See] llg Compounds. The results of physical and chemi-
cal tewts of joint sealing compounds with 90 W/o hydrogen
peroxide are summarized in Ref. 4.25 and Table 4.15. Host
commerical pipe joint sealing compounds 'ere found to be
unsuitable for high-strength hydrogen pero.ide service. In
systems for concentrations of less than 52 w/o 11202, Aviation
Grade 1'ermatex No. 3 and equivalent have been used satisfac-
torily. There are two thread compounds that have shown good
service in 52 thrvugzi 98 w/o 11202 systems. These a'e T Film,
a Teflon wawer-disp-rsion paste for small pipe threads aid
Teflon tape for 1/4- through 4-inch-size pipe thread. Fluori-
nated hydrocarbon-based materials react vio.enily with hot
powdered aluminum. Therefore, these compounds must not be
used on hot aluminum threads and must never be used as a
thread cuttiij lubricant.
204
4.2.2.12 Evaluation of iassivation or Surface Preparation Techni ques.
Laboratory tests (Ref. 4.13) have been conducted to: (1)
determine the effectiveness of selected passivation methods
upon 321 stainless steel, 6061-T6 aluminum (bare and anodized),
and Silastic 9711, (2) determine the influence of cyclic ex-
posure of passivated surfaces to hydrogen peroxide; and (3)
investigate the effects of various storage conditions upon
passivity of materials used in hydrogen peroxide service.
The passivation methods employed in these studies are given
in the following references:
S~205
The loss of oxygen in 90 w/o H2 0 2 solutions in contact with
316L and 321 annealed stainless-steel tubing for 3, 5, 7, and
10 days at a constant temperature of 110 F was determined as
a function of two different passivation techniques. One-half
of the tubing specimens was passivated by OVA Specification
10- 6 2a with a posttreatment of 35 w/o hydrogen peroxide in-
hibited with a 0.03-percent H3P04 solution; the other half
was passivated by Walter Kidde Co. Specification Nor.-520007.
The stability of the H202 solution was also determined after
each test. In general, 321 stainless steel produced less
hydrogen peroxide decomposition than the 316L material. The
best passivation method, as indicated by the AOL results for
both the 316L and the 321 stainless, was found to be CVA
Specification 10- 6 2a plus posttreatment (Ref. 4.18). These
data are summarized in Tables 4.23 and 4.24.
2o6
the active oxygen loss resulting from the anodized aluminum
in contact with the hydrogen peroxide indicated an increase
in AOL values with surface roughness. (Surface roughness
may simply be considered as a surface area factor; the
rougher the surface the higher the actual surface area com-
pared to the apparent surface obtained through naasurements
of the linear dimensions of the sarple.)
207
i• , MATERIALS TREATMENT AND PASSIVATION
General
208
B3sically, items such as valves, pumps, actuators, system
piping, etc., cannot be cleaned properly in the assembled
state, because the solvent, cleaning solution, residual con-
tamination, etc., may be trappe4 in inaccessible areas. The
cleaning should be conducted imnediately before component or
system assembly, unless provisions are made for packaging the
passivated part to protect against re-contamination until
ready for assembly. After assembly, components, such as
valves, should be packaged until they are utilized in the
final system assembly. It is also standard procedure to
check all passivated items with propulsion-grade hydrogen
peroxide prior to assembly in the system.
209
material. Equipment to be used in the passivation procedures
should be large enough to accommodate all items to be placed
in the iintended system and provide a method of complete wet-
ting (with all solutions) of tLe surfaces requiring passiva-
tion.
4.3.2.2 Area Cleanliness. The area must be protected from dust and
dirt te prevent contamination of the cleaned parts. Although
a clean room atmosphere is not essential, it is recommended,
partirurilrly, for nsanivatinn nf flight, hardwsarp
210
4.3.2.5 Eye Wash Fountains. An adequate namber of eye wash fountains
should be provided in easily accessible locations.
211
4.3.3.1 Detergent Solutions. A 1 W/o solution of a powdered com--
merical detergent such as Dreft, Naconal, Tide, All, Swerl,
etc., in potable water is normally used for cleaning mater-
ials and glassware. Liquid detergent (of the same approxi-
mate concentration) or a mild solution (5 to 7 ounces/gal)
of a commercial alkaline cleaner such as Turco No. 4090
(or its equivalent) may also be used; however, it should be
noted that a strongly alkaline cleaning solution must be
avoided. The container for the detergent solution should be
rust-resistant and covered to minimize dirt pickup. Since
most procedures recommend the use of hot detergent solution,
provisions should be made for heating the detergent container
to 140 to 160 F.
212
container which has been previously washed with a detergent
solution and 'inued with clean potable water.
213
4.3.3.9 LVdrofluoric Acid (IIF)-Nitric Acid (1INO ) Mixture, 3 w/o-
10 w/o. A 3 w/o IF-1O w/o lNO 3 solution in used for pick-
ling and cleaning stainless steel when rust or other surface
contamination exists which cannot be removed by the nitric
acid solution. A polyethylene- lined container, with a lid
to keel) out dirt and confine the acid fumes, should be used
for storage.
214
3.3.-.13 jjydrogen Per oxi~de B~olution, 35 w/o. Although a stabilized
35 w/o hydrogen peroxide solution is available (from various
comercial manufacturers) for the initial propellant-conditiouing
step, many users utilize 35 w/o 1,202 solutious obtained by dilu-
tion of higher concentrations. However, various hydrogen peroxide
manufacturers recomend that if the 35 w/o 11202 is obtained by
dilution of propellaut-grade K1202 (with no or minimum stabiliza-
tion), a stabilizer should be added to the dilute ,2 0 2 and the pH
of the solution adjusted so that residual active metal sites can
be deactivated by complexing with the stabilizer (recommendations
of the hydrogren peroxide manufacturers are encouraged in this
area). ihegardles. of the user's preference in the use of stabi-
lizers, any dilution of it202 must be conducted with distilled
or deionized wuter of duitable quality. The 35 w/o solution
should be stored in an aluminum 1060, 5652, or 52511 container.
The storage container must be vented at all times, and the
vent line should be provided with a suitable filter to keep
out dust or dirt. A hydrogen peroxide shipping drum is a
convenient container; however, once removed, the hydrugen
peroxidt uast not be returned to the original drum or con-
tainer. Uydro-en pe~roxide f rom a satisfactory aict iv i t -A~
215
*Eorth American Aviation, Specilication NAA A (010J-O03
Inc.
Reaction Motors Division Specification NMI 7000
Walter Iidde Covaany Specification 52O0)7
216
piping). The metal parts should then be rinsed thorough]y
in warm potable water to remove all traces of the cleaning
compound.
217
7 777
4.3.4.2.1 Stainless Steel. Stainless-steel parts should be
etched for a minimum period, and not longer than 60 minutes,
at room temperature (60 to 80 F) with a mixture of 3 w/o
technical-grade hydrofluoric acid, 10 w/o technical-grade
nitric acid, and the remainder water.
218
4.3.-4.3 "4asic Passiaration." Immediately following the cleaning
(or descaling) operation, the metal parts should be sub-
jected to ,se "basin passivation" step. Although this step
is always accomplished with HNO3 solutions, the concentra-
tVens used by different organizations vary. The following
procedures are those preferred by the w.jority. It should
b. noted that plastic and synthetic rubbers should not be
sabjected to this step in the passivation procedure.
219
4'•
220
-- '--77- - -.
.aterials. Parts, and Components. Before the initial
activity tests are conducted, components much as valves,
pumps, etc., should be assembled (care must be taken to
avoid contamination during assembly). The passivated our-
faces should be exposed to the selected 1202 solutions by
either immersion of the part or by filling the composite
assemblies (components) with the H20 2 . Low openings in the
composite assembly may be closed with passivated plugs of
the same material or polyethylene-covered rubber stoppers;
however, there must be a vent to allow escape of gases from
the assemblies. During the tests of the composite assemblies,
all sliding surfaces must be completely wetted (through
valve actuation, etc.) by the 1202.
221
222
<~-
utilize. Following this pansivation, the system is con-
sidered ready for hydrogen perioxide service. All such
passivated systems should be protected against further con-
tamination with dust caps. In addition, the system should
be continuously surveyed during use for evidence of exces-
sive H202 decomposition.
223
4.3.6 .Passivation Aid.
43.6.2 Sirfup Fin i__,. All surfaces which contact hydrogen peroxide
should be as smooth as possible, with manufacturing marks,
identification symbols, and irregularities reduced to a min.-
imum. All surfaces contacting hydrogen peroxide should be
free of cracks, pits, inclusions, and foreign material.
Whenever practical, sharp corners should be broken and a
surface finish of 40 rms (root mean square) or finer achieved.
224a
m - -WV -- &~
4.3.6.5 Rework. All fabrication and fitting of detail parts and corm-
ponents should be completed prior to pasnivation treciment.
Any rework oti passivated areas makes rvipasiivation mandatory.
225
should be purged with clean, dry gaseous nitrogen and vrapped
and see.led in clean plastic or metal foil bags. These com-
pouenes should be kept sealed until installation.
(Date) (Inspector)
NOTI: If a part is contaminated before
packagingj or if a packalre containing a passi-
voted p~art is torn, the part should be re-
turned to proper area for passivation or
activity tetst as needed.
226
'T7 -
4.4 FACILITIIS AND EQUIPIMNT
227
personnel under any given condition. Since the layout of
test areas is depetident upon particular requirements and con-
sideratious, in which many attendant hazards must be accepted,
the i.ayout considered here is related primarily to storage or
handling areas which can be i~ituated as desired. All such
facilities should have adequate drainage and be situated so
that they are exposed to the minimal climate changes for the
particular arca. Some air flow slould normally be available.
transportation.
228
Propellant Distance in Feet to
quantity, Inhabited Buildings, Intragroup and
pounds Railroads, Highways, and Compatible Group II
Over Not Over Incompatible Group II Storage Storage
100* 60 30
100 500* 100 50
500 1,000 120 60
1,000 10,000 180 90
10,000 50,000 240 120
50,000 100,000 270 135
100,OOG 30oo00 330 165
3G0,O000 500,000 360 180
500,000 1,000,000 410 205
229
.........
located aboveground to facilitate the detection of leaks.
All main tank connections should be made through the top
portion of the tanks to reducs the possibilities of propel-
lant spill.
230
good housekeeping are the best safety precautions in hydro-
gen peroxide storage and handling areas. These areas must
be kept neat, clean, and absolutely free of any type of
combustible material. All leaks and spills should be flushed
immediately with large amounts of water. Frequent inspec-
tion of the areas to ensure compliance with these regula-
tions should be maintained.
232
S. . . ,_-
....... : ...... ... _"_. .."_ . . _,_ . ...._ __....
. - -.. -V,
woo "Mi. "I ~W"3
233
_j-
and do not apply tc- flight hardware although many of the'"
considerations may be applicable.
alloys 5254 and 5652 are normally used for bulk storage.
In considerati~n of requirements for high-pressure light-
weight tankage, AM 350 stainless steel has been used success-
* 2Y3
Lmterials
are usually fabricated from 347 stainless steel.
successfully utilized in tankage kor these types
of applications are the low-carbon 304, 316, and 321 stain-
Other
less steels.
235
236
4.a.2.l. Pressure or Volume Changes. Throughout the design,
fabrication, and application of hydrogen peroxide storage
vessels, the pressure and volume changes resulting from hy-
drogen peroxide decomposition must always be con~sidered. A
liberation of oxygen from decomposition results in a subse-
quent change in gas volume and/or pressure of a sealed con-
tainer. To illustrate this point, Fig. 4.10 shows the volume
of oxygen liberated per uaiit volume of hydrogen peroxide as
a function of hydrogen peroxide concentration and temperature,
assuming a decomposition rate of 0.1 percent AOL per year
and a constant pressure of 14.7 psia. Figure 4.11 demon-
atrates the pressure increase resulting from this decomposi-
tion in an unveuted system with an initial ullage volume of
10 percent. Pressure increases observed under actual stor-
age conditions are illustrated in Fig. 4.3 and 4.6.
of the container."
238
- , , - ,- . . -..
self-heaLing is desirable, adequate instrumentation should
be provided for all bulk storage tanis; this instr-tmeaation
is discussed more thoroughly in Section 4..2.11.t
239
.2.2
h.I Piping Systems. Information of a general and specific nature
relating to pipe, pipe material, and piping itistallation is
extensively covered in Ref. 4.3"1 through 4.60.
240
-__ _0~ ----...----- . *
4.4.2.2 Piping Systems. Information of a general and specific nature
relating to pipe, pipe material, and piping installation is
extensively covered in Ref. 4.57 through 4.60.
240
is to be used, the cavities must be vented to relieve any
gas formation. It is recommended also that the number of
valves in a system, be kept to a tainimum to prevent trap-
ping of the hydrogen peroxi e between valves.
241
_7 _ __
, i
Welded and flanged construction is recommended in hydrogen
peroxide piping with a minimum of fittings and joints. Bends
are preferred to elbows, and joints should be stud-ends with
lap joint flanges or flanges welded to the piping. The use
of stainless steel and galvanized or aluminum-clad bolting
with galvanized steel back flanges is recommended, because
rusting of carbon steel would afford a source of possible
contamination of the piping when the flanges are opened.
If popsible, threaded fittings and connections should be
avoided; however, where they must be used, it is recommended
that the tapered pipe thrLads be sealed with Teflon thread
tape. Normal pipe thread compounds must never be used.
242
_ ..,
"-•:-: . ... .- AIh-L i, -; il l i iiiAMM•I "i iil i li• • I'i !i '-lo '
A%
2411
AE
21 itt
if. I.'2. 8 Filters. Liquid filters have been used in hydrogen p)eroxide
storage and transfer systems to maintain propellant clean-
liness from insoluble contaminants. Because of the massive
surface area available (for promoting heterogeneous decompo-
sition), the filter should be selected from Class 1 or 2
materials, and should be located where it is not constantly
immersed in the liquid (such as the inlet or outlet of a
245
envelopm over asbestos. The metal-containing gaskets
are usually recomended for high-pressure and vacuum
systems; however, contact between dissimilar metals should
be avoided to prevent galvanic corrosion. The use of
certain elastomeric meterials as gasketu =ist be avoided
because the plasticizer or filler material may be incom-
patible or impact sensitive (see Section 4.2.2).
246
4
For example, a stainless-steel diaphragm held between
two bolted stainless-steel flanges should be used in con-
junction with a Bourdon tube pressure gage. with the
placed &it a Vertical Pubitionl.
-~ebY Gas legs and
diaphragm protectors have also been used with success in
preventing direct exposure of the gages to liquid hydro-
gen peroxide.
247
regardless of which technique iL used, its limitations,
operating characteristics, and relationship to potential
"red line" conditions must be fully understood by facility
personnel to ensure the usefulness of the system.
248
alarmi point of such a systeLi at 14t3 F to eliirinaLte false,
alarms resulting from sun heating effects transferred into
the vapor space. One maitufacturvr of this type of inistru-
ielnt does not recommend it for this use.
249
_: •. c• .•. . . . ••i• • ....... .. .... • , _ M, tssi '. •idl •, ."arn , .s' 'l • ••• : :"
alarms, it might providle a false sense of security). An
alarri system could be set up to operate oin a given tern-
perature differential between ambient and storage týmp -a-
tures; ho,'ever, this involves additiuial expense.
250
S - ' m . .. . . -
251
2. All storage tanks, vessels and drums should be designed
so that sampling of their contents may be accomlplished
witlhout the use of a sample thief or i nscrt ion of aly
device into the storage container.
fabrication.
252
12. 1 be
Flux ald carbon formed in fabrication should
cleaued from welded areas in stainless steels by a
30 seieas $taillCss-steCl wire brush. Any inclusions
remaining should be ground out. Fuor the grinding, of
cast surfaces, welds, and weld spatter on surfaces
that will contact proplllanIt-grade hydrogeien pieroxide,
a clean white aloxide (aluminum oxide) abrasive is
recommended.
253
20. All plastic m:,aterials must' be checked for 1tinal
particles, inclusions, etc., pri or to use. The ell-
254
5. Any lack of fusion will ot be accepted.
255
Staitiletis-(-teel welds exposed to hydropen peroxide should
a.so be Machilked smooth if possible; however, aluminum
uelds should not be wire brushed or machined because this
mny inturoduce impurities and thus do wore haii than good.
The wcldi:;g •o
1.
1 Le t1~d sihouia be oa the same compo-
sition as the parent metal. Unlike other alloys, the
aluminum alloys do not lose any appreciable amount of the
alloying A.einni.8s during weldi tg. Il most cases, dissimilar
alurninuiti alloys, which cul be welded individually, can also
be readily welded in combinations; the weldding rod to be
used should be of the harder material in the conmlinatioti
(i.e., in weld i ugalumiii nuwiiwill oy a 1060 and 5652, a 5652 rod
would be used). The use of 5-perceut silicon rods such
i• •• w~Jwichi alr cOMMo*;ly uS"M ili auniou'u,-wcldi
W- g, is
256
Aluminum welds should not be wi r- biushed or machined if
at ill possible, because impurities may lbe inttroditced i|ito
t lie mieta li in ttt'iicrs where wire brutshintg i s a iiecessi. y
a 50 scries staitileH-Ot-eel brush will be used, and care
must be takesi to confine the bvushiiiig Wo the immodiate weld
area.
weld when the arc is initiated and when the arc is discon-
tinued; these exposed tungsten deposits will cause decompo-
sition of the hydrogen peroxide. The tungsten "spitting"
may be decreased and, iu amany cases, eliminated by using
a pure tungsteni electrode, striking the arc on a separate
piece of material and currying the weld into the work,
and then discontinuing the arc on a separate piece. For
inert-gas welding, where the welding rod is not coated,
it is recommended that strips be cut off the work scrap
and used as the welding rod. Stainless-steel electrode
tip cups should be used,
The weld resulting from the metal-arc process has two dis-
advantages: (1) porosity, and (2) brittleness. These
characteristics are highly undesirable in hydrogen peroxide
systems, and for this reason, the inert-gas processes are
usually preferred aud recomiended. The metal-arc process
257
( '-ucii It m a tilt slit Iom ii. oj
() X rup.~, ) itiid i a qi it c sui it hi) I c
fn I thiis ph jI'ome.
tj ircdtil(t'Lilt
8M d ajiigt ('11(() tilie flux tt'd.
ix tobe Clpped
1
ve Idiijg mHn licen itt i Iiized for pii pei aind eniil I partus mande oif
III it1Iti 111118 WliiCII 1t igl ýi lt i I Ied Miid VX'VIE' i Ciii'i' We' idt'I- Lire
.2.
.13 2 Staki iti ss steel . I itert-gaN anid flictal are-we hii tg pro-
cebmes are liati sf actory iit tile lield i fig of Sttainless steel
fO Ilty 11FO1-g~i'tje'OileyH.StrnIH . Tue iitert -gusH 111-0tess is
[)ie fV ared bVCInubt' tie i Ie utL-gutS b I ailte I. resu Its illit weld
wi th less fore igii matiter~ ial. lII gezzerau1, tliorinted tuuigsteu
eci c .rudes tir tsed(.
ut Stanidard we dittiq; procedures should be
timed for both of these procemses, antd it is n ecessary that
uilli we Id be oif hiight quality , smnoothi, lhowogetiious , iand free
of intcl usi ons muid bIoufitoles . Carb))i de precipi tati on du.rinug
we Iditig must. be avoided by the use of stabljjIized alloys
muchi aa 3117 Jr. 321 or thle extrit Iow-tctthoh il loym, 3011 or
316,.
259
7 ItI I
i iit i[t,
Idpo I",
I I ,owevu usol type of .j (Ii t , Whet lie I flIui..•d or
(IthII'Wi H1 i s I equli red to pruvide fleA
IlduquItCm. iHttevl(lH 1)iity
bmall I o.l~ and c4mpeonen'a ts should bI.e1 'Cctd 'With AN
tiect ion
(hIM lld liu Of the AN t-ie, aind (-ti be pirovided b',
velding boss fittiungm u 1(11(' l~i ,,eliiies oI
iir by iitiuml r4
tee fittii 4 t8 oil suriill lilies.
Ll 1.*.34
ll= 1Ie (.j510I1. II tihe c'o IMtIU)
r t ioil, iiiit illLti(111, 41l!d m0di fi -
cat ion of I1ll(Irogetil pel roxide systews, inlspection it; 1Im o I t llit
C.
1"1
c 11l i lie S
4. i'erssuie-liroof test
260
gI
5.l'rpe fitb ii tat io wo:rkmansIhIip
I 1.
I Cuuizrosaincc to deusign speci icatti ons awli apil cable
2. Adeqjuitte grounidinxg
3. liiutit~tiii ista*ttce
261
After paosivation, all proof and leak testing should be
conducted only with deionized or distilled water, or with
clean, filtered, hydrocarboti-free nitrogen gas or air.
"262
,-!
Elk,-~
'* 5. •Drainage
263
-2-TV .. -. -.
I!I
AA
-I4.6 REFERENCUS
30 April 1965.
AFO4(611)-10216.
1
AV'fPL-TR-.66-.1
1 - - - ',
It; Manrrh 1066
-'. . . .
(Vnnfad
265
S.. . .... . ' • , •
266
I -.-. .
267
4.20 Shell l)evelopment Company, Dneryville, Californxia, Shell
Memorii 18stitute,
n ( oiIumbus, Ohio, I
_Compatibil-
4.30 The lattelle
ity of Rocket Propellaxts with Mate rials of Construction,
Defense Metals Information Center Memo 201, January 19()5.
1961.
268
- ' -. ... t 7•
Aj t
269
II II
NOLTR 63-12.
4.55 ASME bioiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, "Hiules
for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels," latest
edition.
270
7
-. ,' ;-.• r-r -~W .. r T•- ; .
NWA~A
,.4-
j4.64.
4.62 Crane Company, Catalog No. 53.
271
777.7-
.. . . ..
..
.
.
TADLE 4. 1
90.5 8( 7.
3 0-251,
"90.5 89. I - 30 0. 210
87.8 - 3I 0. 381
90.3 89.3 - 30 0.169
90.5 89.3 - 30 0.169
90.5 HS. 7 36 0
O'25t
,27
•#•:; _ .,,.
S~TAULL
i4.
2
A COHW'AI WIS
N CY 1 IL AL 01T u,
JsF 1 0M 01 90
l)LtC0NI o IIYDItmtoON PI xtWXIJ
.
H,%NU1ACTUILLD IN 1947, 19)3, AND 1905(1)
L.ifect ol lmit'czaturw
Rate of Dccompositioni (AOL)
Effect of Contamination
Decomposition RIate at 212 F
Additive to 90 w,"o 1)O, 1947(2) 1965(5)
test parameters
IIO()Data
reported an and
generalized
techniques;
criteria from tests using assorted
da!. generally
represent teats
p runder
minimum S//V conditions.
(3)
( Data reported for 99-1 w/o in borosilicate glass containers
.IL)O) tef. 4.5)
I
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TABLE 4j.14&
NO VISIBLEk REACTION
Polytetrafluoroethylene (solid)
Tetrafluorocthylene-hexafluoropyropylene copolymer (solid)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (molecular weight < 800)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (molecular weight > 800)
Perfluorokerosene
Dispersion of Polytetrafluoroethylene in Trichlorotrifluoroethane (solid)
Perchloropentacyclodecane (solid)
Perfluorodiethylcyclohexane (mixed isomers)
Dichlorodecafluoroheptane
Chlerofluoro HydrocArbon (approximate molecular weight 725)
Chlorofluoro Hlydrociarbon (approximate molecular weight 1000)
Fluorinated Hydrocarbon (77.4 percent F; approximate molecular weight 640)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (approximate molecular weight, 775;
80 percent halogens)
Si licon Compounds
Silicon Fluorides
Tri(p-trifluoromethyl phenyl) Silicon Fluoride
Trilaurysilicon Fluoride
Tris (3,5,5-.trimethvlhexyl) Silicon Fluoride
Dimethylpolysi loxanes
Dimethylpolysiloxane (2 -to 500 Cs)
Fluoropolysi loxanes
2 0[Si(C13 ) 2 03nCli2 (CF2)5 0F2 11,
HCF 2 (CF )5 CH Fluoropolysiloxane, n 1-26
311
.44: •
S:,fT
• J,• • . . .. .... L ,e•- .... , -.. . ,,• • - -- .. .. . . .•
(Continued)
NO VISIBLE REACTION (Continued)
Cyclic Fluoz'osiloxanee
Cyclic Fluorosiloxane (3olid)
CH (R)SiOSi(CH, (R)OSi(CtI3 )(R)O
RB 3222 CH-
CF CF2CF
R =CF 322
CFCFCI
Dimethylpolysiloxane-Cyclic
n 3anidhigher .4
Fluoropolysiloxane Blends
Fluorosiloxane Grease (No. 33 + inorganic gelling agent)
Fluorosiloxane Girease (No. 34& + inergan.-c gelinari ageniAt
.
Mixed Diwethylpolysiloxane and Cyclic Fluoropolysiloxane
Mixed Dimethylpolysiloxane (average molecular weight < previous
compound)
3-Heptyl-ni-terpheny 1
Isopropyl-ni-terpherayl
Dinonyliiaplithalerie (mixed isomers)
1,3-Big (trifluoromethyl) Benazene
312
77
TABLE 4..14a
(Continued)
NO VISIBLE BRUCTION (Continued)
fw,3,5,6-Tetrachlorofluorobefl5Oie (solid)
l,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-Trifluorobenzene (solid)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,IA--Difluorobenzene
2,5-Dichiorobenzotrifluoride
2-Fluorobiphenyl (solid)
3,31-Difluorobiphenyl (solid)
4,4'-Difluorobiphenyl (solid)
3,6,4'-Trifluorobiphenyl (solid)
Estere
Nitrogen Compounds
Jlexadecytriphenylurea
2,2'-Dinitrophenyl Ether (solid) -
313
TA~b,, 4. l4a
(Continued)
NO VlISBIX REACTION (Continued)
2,bý-Difluoro-3,5-dinitrochlorobenzene (solid)
2,I4-Dinitro-5--fluorobromobenzene (solid)
Per! luorotr ibutylaniine
Polytetrafluoroethylene (solid)
Tetrafluoroetliylene-hexafluoropropylene Copolymner (solid)
Perf luorokerosene
Perfluorodiethylcyclohiexane (mixed isomers)
Mixed Perfluorocyclic Ether, C F16 0 (five- or six-miembered ring with
aide chain, oxygen in the ringi
Per fl1uor ot ribu tylaw in
Per! luorodihexyl Sulfide
4-Chiloro-3,5-difluoroniitrobenzcne (solid)
3,3'-Difluoro-li,4'-dimethoxybiphenyl (solid)I
Bis(m-phenoxyphenyl) Ether
I ,4-bis(cresoxy) Benzene (mixed isomers)
CF CF o(CF ) SF5
2,2-Dinitrodiphenyl Ethei (solid)
Ia,4'-Dinitrodiphenyl Ether (solid)
4-Fliuori-6-wctiaoxya~cctanilide (solid)
3,3'-Difluoro-'4,4'-dimethioxydiphlenyI Sulfoxide (solid)
3,5-Difluoro-6-methoxyacet~anilide (solid)
Mixed Per! luorocyclic Ether, C FJ 6 (fv- or six-membered ring with
side chain, oxygen in the ringi
TABLE 4.14a
(Concluded)
PARTLY MISCIBLE
GELLED ON MIXING
315
-7, M mom,
TABLE ,. 15
RECOMMENDED JOINT SEALING COMPOUNDS FOR USE WITHMI)
90- AND 98-JPERCENT HIYLDOGEN PEROXIDE
Teflon Tape
Eco Engineering
Various
Dispersion
Teflon-Water
Teflon
1
I
Suitable for
small-pipe service
Suitable for
I
most applications
Compound Supplier
316
zo",ý
TABIE Ji.15
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556
TABLE 4.31a
"357
TABLE 4.31a
(Concluded)
Samples were then rinsed well and submerged in ffl-90 for 20 hours.
358
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SAINIESS F
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370
SECTION 5: TM NSPORTATION
371
and between the inner and outer metal containers. Cushioning
material shall be vermiculite or the equivalent in an amount
at least 10 times the volume of the solutibn x!hipped, and shall
be wet with at least 10-percent water 'by volum'e to which a sta-
bilizing agent has been added (Ref..5."). TI9se containers should.-
then be crated in a wooden box.
5.1.2 Drum3
372
5.1.3 Tank Cars
373
5.2 SIIIPPING RUGUIATIONS
374
5.3 OPEiRATION AND AINTENANCE OF EQUIIMENT
5. 3.1 Drums
375
After being eptied, the drum (and compartmenta) should be con-
pletely flushed with clean water and drained. The bung cap
should be replaced immediately and tight.ened securely. All pipe-
lines and hoses should be drained when transfers are complete.
carefully controlled.
The standard tank car compressed gas fitting has been designed
for nitrogen. The gas pressurization line should be equipped
376
4,
with a suitable pressure reduction valve, a safety relief valve
(act for approximately 13 psig), and a pressure gage. A pressure
of 5 to 10 psig is norumlly sufficienot to unload a 4000-gallon
tank car in '2.hours. This will consume about 6- to lO--cu ft/miin
n.itrogen. Pressures in excess of 15 psig shouid not be used.
The compressed-gas feed line should be blown out before introduc-
tion into the hydrogen peroxide supply. Details of the unloading
procedures should be obtained from the particular hydrogen peroxide
manufacturer that supplies the tank car.
When either the tank car or truck have been emptied, the outside
of the tank and the ground sIhould be washed thoroughly wherever
spillage of the hydrogen peroxide could have occurred during the
unloading. All lines, hoses, and the pump should be drained free
of hydrogen peroxide and flushed with clean water. All lines and
.hoses should then be covered with aluminum blind flanges or poly-
ethylene bags to prevent contamination, from dust (Ref, 5.4).
5.3.3 Handling
3V7
1. At least two trained operdtors should always be assigIred
to any operation involving the handling, transfer, or
storage of bydrogcni peroxide.
378
8. If, for some reason, it is necessary to put some instru-
ment, device, sampler, etc.,into a hydrogen peroxide
solution, the device must undergo the appropriate clean-
ing and passivation procedure. With each addition of a
foreign body to hydrogen peroxide, the chance of con-
taminati~orn is increased.
379
15. In the opening of a pipe line or similar item that has
previously been used in transferring hydrogen peroxide,
it should always be assumed that there may be some hydro-
gen peroxide left in the line, and a supply of water
should be available.
5.4 REFEXENCFS
380
SECn Nw 6: SAFry
6.1, HAZARDS
381
and 6.5). The TLV represents tho average concentration over a
normal work day to which the average human can be safely exposed
on a daily basis without adverse effects.
The vapors can also irritate the eyes, producing burning, red-
ness, and watering.' The effect is short-lived except in extreme
or continuous exposure. When hydrogen peroxide contacts the
eyes, the eyes should be flushed immediat~ely with water.
382
In studies on human skin, 90 w/o hydrogen peroxide on the palms
azid fingertipn, where the keratin is thick and nerve endings are
abundant, causes strong prizkling and formation of opaque white
patches. This is extremely painful under the fingernails. "On
other skin areas where the keratin is thinner, irritation occurs,
but with lens itching and the white appearance is confined to a
fe'h areas at the base of hairs. There in no evidence of pene-
tration deeper than the first layer of skin, or stratum corneum,
and all these effects disappear without trace" (Ref. 6.1, page 426).
384
material to give reproducible results.) The test simnply consist~s
of placing two drops of concentrated hydrogen peroxide on the
piece of felt and measuring the time to visible flame. The ig-
nition time decreases with increasing concentration as shown in
Fig. 6.1.
General areas where the vapor phase in contact with the liquid
phase has reached the probable ignition level are shown in
Fig. 6.3 (Ref. 6.10).
(43 w/o at 200 mm Jig and 70 w/o at 40 mm 1ig) and decreased with
pressures above ambient. Ignition of these concentrations may
occur as a result of a spark, contact with a catalytic surface,
or contact with a heat source in excess of 300 F.
387
The results of various experimental efforts, which have involved
three primary areas of sensitivity testing (thermal sensitivity,
shock sensitivity, and detonation propagation), are summarized
in the following paragraphs to provide a guide to the potential
explosion hazards of the hydrogen peroxide liquid phase.
388
were heated at a controlled rate, and the temlperature-time profile
of each was recorded. The following results were •eported on the
five tests run:
3F9
6.1.3.2.2 Shock Sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide-
water solutions are considered non-impact sensitive in both the
solid state (low-temperature studies) and the liquid state up to
212 F (Rcf. 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.12, and 6.13). No imimct sensitivity
was noted (Ref. 6.13) for 98 w/o Iiydrogen percxide at. 212 F and
an impact height of 300 kg-cm.
Shock teets with No. 20 PETN boosters set off ill 30-gallon alutuinum
drums, and tests with 15 grams of llercowite dynamite exploded in
the same quantity at 70 to 72 F and 160 F showed no propcllant
detonation for 90 and greaier w/o hydrogen peroxide solutions
(Ref. 6.3).
396
6.1.3.2.2 Shodc Sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide-
water solutions are considered non-impact sensitive in both the
solid state (low-temperature studies) and the liquid state up to
212 F (Ref. 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.12, and 6.13). No impact, sensitivity
was noted (Ref. 6.13) for 98 w/o hydrogen peroxide at 212 F and
an impact height of 300 kg-cm.
Shock test3 with No. 20 PETN boosters set off in 30-gallon aluminum
drums, apd tests with 15 grams of Htercomite dynamite exploded in
the same quantity at 70 to 72 F and 160 F showed no propellant
detonation for 90 and greater w/o hydrogen peroxide solutions
(Ref. 6.3).
'90
Although it is generally con.-luded that hydrogen peroxide iolu-
tions are not normally shock sensitive, it should be noted that
hydrogen peroxide with additives (or contaminants) capable of
being oxidized are highly impact sensitive. This sensitivity
theoretically depends upon the concentration and type of additive
and, in actual practice, upon the sample size and the method and
typc of impact. Various mrixtures involving hydrogen peroxide of
various concentrations with minimum (< 10 percent) quantities of
organic materials such as ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, benzene,
etc. have been found to be particularly hazardous (Ref. 6.11).
These mixtures will detonate violently when subjected to the
slightest mechanical shock with detonation velocities approaching
those of nitroglycerine, TNT, RDX, etc.
391
Siwilar results v;ure obtained (Ref. 6.3) by the Burvau of Mines
in tests on 99 w/o hydrogen peroxide contained ill 0.5--inch tubing.
392
excess of 450 cal/gw implies a possible explosive hazard for that
porticular mixture. A heat of reaction in excess of 900 cal/gm
predicts a possible detonation hazard. Thes't "critical energy"
values were selected after a very careful study of experimental
data accumulated from explosive anid detonation tests on mixtures
of organic comnpounds with concentrated hydrogen peroxide. A heat
of reaction can be computed for a number of compositions and the
compositions for the "critical excess energy" values of 1650 and
900 cal/gm determined. These computed compositions may thcn be
plotted to map out hazard areas in the use of mixtures of these
materials. It should be noted, however, that these values are niot
infallible. Mixtures should always be tested experimentally before
actual handling operations begin.
393
liquid-phuse interfaces. The solubility of a large inmber of
compoUid-s in hydrogen peroxide ig givena iii Table 4.l['a, Sectioni
1. This method of evaluationi iti not really ajojproiriatc for
Immiscible myst(Le.
6,2 UZ JI)JLELAU7104N
:95
6.2.1 L
Ey stew ClnItc'iy
396
0 .2.2 Tirai ned l'ersoxiual
397
6.3 UMZAJW CONMtOLQ
399
long-term storage as noted in Ref. 6.4~). Hydrogen peroxide that
has become contaminated or shows an abnormal temperature rise
should be diluted and disposed of. Phosphoric acid (H?04) may
be added as an emergency stabilizer to reduce decomposition
(Ref. 6.4~) before disposal.
The hands and feet are always subject to contamination during the
handling of liquid propellants or associated equipment. Gloves
ovid boots will keep hydrogen peroxide from touching the skin.
(Leather reacts quite readily with hydrogen peroxide, however.)
The gloves used should protect against hydrogen peroxide and also
should allow free movement of the fingers. Tb~e vinyl-coated gloves,
Type R1-1, Mil-G-1i244 (Ref. 6.16) meet these requirements. Surgical
rubber gloves or lightweight Neoprene gloves are suitable for hand-
ling small parts. Sin~ce boots of the approved protective materials
are not conmmercially available, an overboot, designed to be worn
over regular safety footwear and high enough to fit comfortably
undler the protective trousers, is suitabl~e. Boots mutde of natural
or reclaimed rubber or GIL-S may be used with reasonable safety if
any contamination is washed off quickly. Thc boots should be
frequently inspected to detect flaws which might result in personal
injury. Severe foot burns can result from splashes on ordinary
sh~oes.
401
6 .Ih.2 First Aid
02
6.5; RE•F•UCES
404
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______,90- .0
*Data takeu from work of varioub investigatoru and summarized in Ref. 6.12.
These data, whichi are not referenced or otherw•Ase detailed with regard to
additional test p•arameters and techniques, are ineluded ae a gene-ral sxjiry
of twe efurto preceding ibe dat& reported in Ref. (.12.
410
TAI" 6.7
Item j sjri
•t i Sour
Shirts, Dacron fabric, Polystyrene buttons, Workion, Inc., N.Y., N.Y.
Trousers no front or side pocketu, no cuffs
Dyuel Fabric Mine Safety Appl. Co.
100-percent Dynel Chum-Weav,, Chum-Wear, lnc.,
medium weight Darien, Couw.
Delta Vinyl plastic, witb plastic buckle Numerous commercial
sources
fUndvrshirts Dacron Alamac Knitting Mills,
N.Y., N.Y., Special lot.
minimum order, 10 doýoen
Dacron-cotton (can be ignited if Carmi-Aiusbrooke Corp.,
*oiled) Caurli, Illinois
Shorts Dacron Carmi-.Ainsbroohke Corp.
Mianhattau Shirt Co.,
N.Y., N.Y.
Socks Knit Dacron, no elastic, whiLe JRolston Mfg. Co.,
Vynel fabric anoxville, Tenn. Numerous
commercial sources
fbes 1-inch Netourene Cuaedi- Nu_. QgG !run Aue Div.. Childn &
steel toe Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Rubbers Full, Neoprene with tongue Numerous commercial sources
boots Neoprene, knee length Numerous comuercial sources
Goggles Nqo. 93 AV large nose, clew, Willuon Products, Inc.,
Willson Honogoggle Urading, Pa.
Model 293607 "AF-I-(EUR, Series 29 UJ.S. Safety Service Co.
clear lens Karmas City, MKo
Face Shield No. 324 clear Sellstrom face shield Watson Co., Buffalo, N.I.
Gloves Sureseal,, gauntlet, Vinyl or Curety Rubber Co.
Neoprene, No. 116 lightweight for Carrollton, O~io
laboratory use. No. 136 medium
weight for work use
Aron -ail vinyl plastic. Surgeon's Milburn Co.
type, extra long, overlappingq in Detroit 7, Mich.
back, ties in front.
ftef. 6.19
tll
TABLE 6.7
(Concluded)
412
5
IL
aM
I-r
S3
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LU
1-
0 -
LAV II%
413
0.1 ID 0.41
COCETATO RYRGNPROIEI.APRPAE
OF.
MOliRCTO
~ ~ LiisoI!rgnProieVpr(e.68
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IB M 95l
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1501
" I
8SETION 7: DIECOMPOSITION
.+ 1/2 02
417
In a recent investigation ( af. 7.2) to define the contribut-
ions of these individual reactions to the ambient temperature
decomposition of 90 w/o hydrogen peroxide, reaction types (4)
and (5) were ignored. Reaction type (4) probably does not occur
when the temperature of the surfaces is below the hydrogen per-
oxide boilirn point ard the effects of reaction type (3) were
considered insignificant at the temperatures under consideration.
In addition, it was indicated that reaction type (1) could
probably be separated into further types of reactions; however,
for the purpose of the particular study, the liquid phase homo-
geneous decomposition was considered as being essentially ionic
catalysis. The differenxces betveen reaction typves (2) and (3)
were considered to be in the effective concentration of hydrogen
peroxide on the surfaces, the concentrution of contaminants
which may build up in this condensed liquid film, and in the
concentration of inhibitoru which would be present in the con-
densed film (unless agitation of the vessel caused frequent
wetting and washing of all surfaces with the hydrogen peroxide
liquid phase).
419
(on the basis that the rate of decomposition was sufficiently
slow mo that mass transfer of hydrogen peroxide to the vapor
space surface was not the controlling rate); thus the heter-
ogeuecus decomposition rate for both phases was equivalent to
k2 (I/V) where (S/V) represented the total exposed surface
area of the tank relative to the volume of the liquid hydrogeiz
peroxide. Results of these tests indicated that k2 for the
different materials at 25 C (77 F) appeared to be as follows:
1260 aluminum - 0.0065 weight fraction AOL, cm/year
5052 aluminum 0.0160 weight fraction AOL, cm/year
tiul plate - 0.286 weight traction AOL, cm/year
Kel-I" - 0.0031 weight fraction AOL, cm/year"
420
2. Type of additives or contamuinants present
3. Concentration of additives or contaminants
4. pAt
5. Particuler combinxations of foreign materials present
6. Temperaturn
For those users of this handbook who are inteheftted !.n more
details of various reaction rates and other aspects in the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, the use of the previcusly
referenced literature (Ref. 7.1, 7.2t 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5) as
well to the use of references to literature on decomposition
pi'ovided in the attendant bibliography (Sectioi, 8.9) will
provide the basis for further invastigation.
421
7.2 CONTOLL DI•I 'J1IT51WION
422
with the catalytic agent contained Iii a mulveiat with subse-
quent removal of the solvent (usually by dryriug. )Materials
that have broen camonly uped for this type of solid catalyst
are aqueoub solutions ol calcium or potassius permanganate.
or the metallic nitrates. Calcium permauganate is usually
pref6red to potassium p.rmazhganate, primarily due to its
higher solubility in water. The most effective results from
tbis type of catalyst are usually obtained with altaiina or
carborundum particles as the porous carrier medium.
Silver in probably the beut known and the most active cats-
lyat for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This cata-
lytic material is usually applied i;. a rcreen type of con-
figuration. Since pure silver has proven somewhat tudesirable
4L23
Although the silver and the permanganate catalysts have
been the catalysts of choice for most of the controlled
decomposition concepts, there are a number of other types
of materials which have been investigated as hydrogen per-
oxide catalysts. Identification of these different materials
and a more detailed discussion of the catalytic decompobi-
tion process are contained in Ref. 7.1, 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8.
A complete bibliography of other data in this area has been
compiled in Ref. 7.9.
4~25
the packing is such that a stainless steel or nickel screen
(inactive screen) is placed between two catalyst screens.
The number of catalyst screens is dependent on system require-
ments (operational life, bed size, throughput, pressure drop
limitations, start transients, etc.) and may vary from 15 to
as many as 100 catalyst screens.
426
The initial development of a high temperature hydrogen
peroxide catalyst was undertaken by Rocketdyne, first
under company-sponsored funding and later under Contract
NWas 56-1052J. Although this catalyst, which ii described
in Ref. 7.11, has been used successfully at Rocketdyne for
several year& in thE decomposition of 98 w/o H1202' the
catalyst's physical and chemical stability at temperatures of
2000 F is questionable. Thus under Air Force Contract
AF0o(611)-11208, FHC initiated the development of new de-
composition catalysts for 98 w/o 11202. Their progress in
these efforts have been reported in Ref. 7.12.
U.7
* Although the particular details of catalyst poisoning by
various potential contam'inants are not completely under-
,stood, most of the important hydrogen peroxide catalyst
poisoners have been identified. Attempts at characteriz-
ing limitations for each of the individual species and
the contributions and limitations of their interaction
have met with little success. However, the limitations
(which were determined under an extensive Navy "crash"
program and further refined through extensive use) placed
on inorganic contaminants in the hydrogen peroxide by the
procurement specification MIll-P--16005D (see Section 3.3)
for 90 w/o hydrogen peroxide have been effective in con-
trolling poisoning of catalysts used for decomposition
of propulsion grade hydrogen peroxide.
.30
A second factor leading tc the loss of catalyst pack
efficiency is the erosion of silver. This may occur
in two principal ways; (1) When the adhesion of the
silver plating to the base metal of the gauze is poor,
mechanical stripping of silver may occur at high flow
rates of H.T.P. through the interstices of the gauzes.
The type of silver catalyst known as 'activated silver'
which is a loose powdery deposit of silver made by
dipping copper gauze in ammoniacal silver nitrate
solution, is particularly prone to mechanical stripping.
(2) Erosion occurs by solution of silver metal in the
liquid l.T.P. near the entry end of the pack: most of
the dissolved silver is redeposited downstream but a
small fraction is blown out, and this leads to a grad-
ual reduction in the total amount of silver available.
However, more important than the gradual overall loss
of silver is te fact that the gauzes at the entry end
of the pack eventually become completely stripped of
silver and then cease to contribute towards the decom-
position of the H.T.P. This leads to a gradual shorten-
ing of the effective length of the pack, the liquid
phase penetrating further towards the downstream end.
Eventually the penetration reaches the downstream end
and the efficiency of the pack falls rapidly.
431
in connection with the erosion of silver it in nec-
essrTy to consider the phenomenon kuown as 'chanueling,'
which is the term given to the preferential erosion
of silver over certain parts of the gauze area. As
a result of thanneling' the gauzes become completely
stripped of silver over certain areas whilst the rest
cf the gauze still retains silver. This process in
turn, leads to penetration by undecomposed HI.T.P.
along the channels. This condition brings about
very inefficient usage of the available silver on
the pack, since once a 'hannel' has been produced
the lI.T.P. begins to flow more freely along it than
through other parts of the gauze area.-
432
7.2.2 Thermal Decomposition
433
7.3 na~u"ECES
'35
.:7.20 ::United States Naval Air Rocket Test Station, Lake Denmark, Dover,
New Jersey, Mollier Charts for the Decomposition of lHydrogen
.-
Peroxide-Water Mixtures, NARTS Report 43, November 1954.
436
SECTION 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY
4137
8.1 tGENERAL RLFE2kCES
438
Shell Chemical Company, New York, New York, Concentrated Hydrogen
Peroxide, H1202, 2nd ed. Properties, Uses, Storage, Handling,
Report No. SC: 62-23, 1962.
Uchida, S., S. Ogawea, and M. Yamaguchi, Japan Sci. Rev_. En•.. Sci.,
jNo. 2, 41 (1950) (Eng.
439
84. Density Solid
440
8.2.1.6 Parachor
"443
Egerton, A. C., W. Emte, and G. J. Minkoff, "Some Properties of
Organic Peroxides," Discustions Faraday $rtet-y, 1951 (10), 278-82
(1951).
-h 735-8 (1950).
445
Savithri, K. and B. Ramachandra, "Magnetic Susceptibility of
Some Peroxides," Proc. Indian Acad, Sci., I{A, 221-30 (194,2).
8.3 SU"L7TRE
446
Parsons, A. E. and A. W. Searcy, "Prediction of the Shapes of
Two Centered Covalent Molecules and Ions," J. Chem. Physs., 20,
1635-6 (1959).
Penney, W. G. and G. B. B. M. Sutherland, "A Note on the Structure
of Hydrogen Peroxide and HYdrazine With Particular Reference to
Electric Moment@ and Free Rotation," Trans. Faraday Soc.,J0,
898-902 (1934).
Penney, W. G. and G. B. B. N. Sutherland, "The Theory of the
Structure of H,.•rogen Peroxide and alydrazine," J. Chem. Phys.,.2,
Ik92-8 (1934).
8.4 SOUDILITY
F.M.C. Corporatiob, New York, New York, Safety Code for BECCO
90 Percent Hydrogen Peroxide (H.202), May 1947.
"447
Kazanetzkii, P. V., "Behavior of Hydrogen Peroxide With Salts,"
J. Russ. Phys. Chew. Soc., 46, II0 (1914).
448
Davis, N. S., Jr., and R. Bloom, Jr., New Techniques for Transferring
H202 at High Pressures, 9th Annual Meeting, American Rocket Society,
December 1954.
449
Rocketdyne, a Division of North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga
Park, California, "Handling of iydrogen Peroxide," Engineering
Procedures Manual, April 1963.
450
Shell Development Company, Emcryville, California, Hydrogen
Peroxide by Oxidation of Isopropyl Alcohol. Part XVI. Vapor
Explosives and Miscellaneous Explosion Test Data, Tech. Report
No. 7-60, January 1960.
Shell Development Company, Emeryville, California, Thermal
Stability of 90% Hydrogen Peroxide, Final Report S-13801, Report
Period: July 1958-31 December 1979, CONFIDENTIAL.
451
Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California,
Safety Procedures for Rocket Propellants, Report No. FJR-TM-58-1,
November 1958.
4552
Connecticut Hard Rubber Company, New Haven, Connecticut, Development
of Rubberlike Materials for Applications InvoAving Contact With
Liquid Rocket Propellants., Report No. WADC-TR-651, Part II, 1960.
Davis, N. S. and J. H1. Keefe, Jr., "Equipment for Use With High-
Strength Hlydrogen Peroxide," J. Am. Rocket Soc., 22 (2), 63-9 (1952).
4153
Rocket Propulsion Department, Royal Aircraft Establishment, England,
The Compatibility and Engineering Applications of Various materials
With Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide, February 1955.
454
8.7 TRANSPORTATION
8.8 SAFETY
Meckert, Gi. W., Jr., Edwards Air Force Base, California, "Hydrogen
Peroxide; Problems and Operating Procedures at the Air Force Flight
Test Center," New lork, 1952.
Poesehl, 11. and 11. Seidel, "New Testing Procedures for Determination
of Friction, Impact and Heat Sensitivity," Chem. Tech. (Berlin),
18 (9), 565--7 (1966) (Ger.).
456
Shanley, E. S. and J. R. PerriL., "Prediction of the Explosive
Behavior of Mixtures Containing Hydrogen Peroxide," Jet Propulsion,
2 8, 382-5 (1958).
457
United States Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Review of
Fire and Explosion iHazards of Flight Vehicle Combustibles, Report
No. ASD-TR-61-278, April 1961.
Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California,
Safety Procedures for Rocket Propellanta, Report No. 171t-TM-58-1,
November 1958.
4a58
The Safety Equipmnent Manual, NAVWXOS P-422, November 1900.
8.9 DECOMPOSIT10N
'59
Ahlert, R. C. and S. E. Stephanou, "Research Support of AR-1
Engine Development," Unpublished Data (Rlt 56-40), Rocketdyne, a
Division of North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, California,
August 1956, CONFIDENTIAL.
460
IBroughton, D. D. , R. L. Wentworth, H. E. Laing, and D. M. Mauke,
"Mlecbanism of Catalytic Decomposition of 11202 Solutions With
Manganese Dioxide," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 741 (1947).
461
Flood, P., T. J. Lewis, and D. H. Richard*, "Peroxy-Complexes of
Inioganic Ions in Hydrogen Peroxide-Water Hixtures. Part II.
Decomposition by Chromate Ions," J. Soc,, 12, 2446-55
(1963) (Explosives Research and Development Establishment Tech
Mcmo 5/R/62).
462
Giguere, 1'. A., Chemical Reactions in the Electrical Discharge,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, I'll Report
14'. 2-, 6 vpI.(1959).
Gray, P. D. , "Effects of the Space Enviroiwient on Liquid Rocket
Systems," Ch•m, Entgr, Progr. Sywp, Series, 60(52), 180-4 (196'.).
463
l*ewil, 1. J., I). 11. Hiiclurtim, awd 1). A. Saltter, "Peroxy-Colilexces
of lnorgaiicIoJns in IHydrogen P'eroxide-.huter Mixtures. Purt. I.
DvcoLmlpoUitiou by Ferric 101M," J. Chew. Soc., 1293, 2113'1-46 (1963).
Matt, It. J., "The Problems of Seal irn_ Hydrogen Peroxide ill a 3000"F
Enavironmeat," J. Equ. Power, 864, 341-4 (1962).
McCormick. J. C. , A. Lijewuki and G. Corauine, Storage of 902 anad
98% by Weight Hydrogen Pe oxide in Sealed Containers fcr Extended
Periods, U.S. Dept. Comnerce, Office of Technical Services, Rteport
No. AD 208 .7I, 1961
New York Uiversiwty, New York, New York, Liquid Protveilunt Review,
First Quartterly Report, June 1961, CONFIDENTIAL.
U.S, Naval Air Rocket Test Station, Lake Denmark, Dover, New
Jersey, Organically Produced 98% H20 Evaluation Program, NARTS
Technical Note 0125, CON1•I•ILAL.
U.S. Naval Research Laburatury, Wý%mbiugtuai, DJ.(. , 1,1t -e II ~v of1
l11a1rKlIlic Coxit~amiunuts fil thff Caa4tu ko~stjf ~'lyjjy
Younts, C. A., "Impr'oved Catalyst for the VAA 75-110 Gias Gvnerator,"
Unpub~lished Data (HR 58-38), lRocketdyneI, a Divisiov of North Aweinuacaz
Aviation, Inc., Cano~a Park, Califwiuia, 7 October 1958, CONYIMM1AL,
Swcuriy Classiicition
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