I S TUYN TNH

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa

PGS TS M Vinh Quang

Ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004

Hng Ca Ma Trn
Cng vi nh thc, ma trn (c bit l hng ca ma trn) l cc cng c c bn gii quyt
cc bi ton v h phng trnh tuyn tnh ni ring v i s tuyn tnh ni chung. Bi vit
ny s gii thiu nh ngha, cc tnh cht c bn ca hng ma trn, v hai phng php c
bn tnh hng ca ma trn.

nh ngha v cc tnh cht c bn

Trc ht, cn nh li khi nim nh thc con cp k ca mt ma trn. Cho A l ma trn

cp m n; k l s t nhin 1 k min{m, n}. Chn ra k dng, k ct bt k ca A. Cc phn
t thuc giao ca k dng, k ct ny to thnh ma trn vung cp k, gi l ma trn con cp k
ca ma trn A. nh thc ca ma trn con cp k ny gi l mt nh thc con cp k ca A.

1.1

nh ngha hng ca ma trn

Cho A l ma trn cp m n khc khng.

Hng ca ma trn A l s t nhin r, 1 r min{m, n} tha mn cc iu kin sau:
1. Tn ti t nht mt nh thc con cp r ca ma trn A khc 0.
2. Mi nh thc con cp ln hn r (nu c) ca ma trn A u bng 0.
Ni cch khc, hng ca ma trn A 6= O chnh l cp cao nht ca cc nh thc con khc
khng ca ma trn A.
Hng ca ma trn A k hiu l r(A) hoc rank(A).
Qui c: hng ca ma trn khng O l 0.

1.2
1.2.1

Cc tnh cht c bn v hng ca ma trn

Tnh cht 1

Hng ca ma trn khng thay i qua php chuyn v, tc l rank At = rank A.

1.2.2

Tnh cht 2

Nu A l ma trn vung cp n th
rank A = n det A 6= 0
rank A < n det A = 0
Nu xy ra trng hp u, ta ni A l ma trn vung khng suy bin. Nu xy ra trng
hp th hai, ta ni A l ma trn vung suy bin.
1.2.3

Tnh cht 3

Nu A, B l cc ma trn cng cp th
rank(A + B) rank A + rank B
1.2.4

Tnh cht 4

Cho A, B l cc ma trn sao cho tn ti tch AB. Khi

1. rank(AB) min{rank A, rank B}
2. Nu A l ma trn vung khng suy bin th rank(AB) = rank B.

Tm hng ca ma trn bng phng php nh thc

2.1 T nh ngha hng ca ma trn ta c th suy ra ngay thut ton sau y tm hng
ca ma trn A cp m n (A 6= O)
Bc 1
Tm mt nh thc con cp k khc 0 ca A. S k cng ln cng tt. Gi s nh thc con
cp k khc khng l Dk .
Bc 2
Xt tt c cc nh thc con cp k + 1 ca A cha nh thc Dk . Xy ra 3 kh nng sau
1. Khng c mt nh thc con cp k + 1 no ca A. Kh nng ny xy ra khi v ch khi
k = min{m, n}. Khi rank A = k = min{m, n}. Thut ton kt thc.
2. Tt c cc nh thc con cp k + 1 ca A cha nh thc con Dk u bng 0. Khi
rank A = k. Thut ton kt thc.
3. Tn ti mt nh thc con cp k + 1 ca A l Dk+1 cha nh thc con Dk khc 0. Khi
lp li bc 2 vi Dk+1 thay cho Dk . V c tip tc nh vy cho n khi xy ra trng
hp (1) hoc (2) th thut ton kt thc.

2.2

V d

Tm hng ca ma trn

1
1
A=
1
2

2
1
3
1

2
1
3
1

1
1
2
0

4
3

2
1

Gii



 1 2 

 = 3 6= 0 (nh thc ny c
u tin ta thy A c nh thc con cp 2, D2 = 
1 1 
to thnh bi 2 dng u, 2 ct u ca A)
Xt cc nh thc con cp 3 ca A cha D2 , ta thy c nh thc con cp 3 khc 0. l
nh thc


 1 2 1 


D3 =  1 1 1  = 1 6= 0
 1 3 2 
(nh thc ny c thnh bi cc dng 1, 2, 3, cc ct 1, 2, 4 ca A)
Tip tc, xt cc nh thc con cp 4 ca A cha D3 . C tt c 2 nh thc nh vy, l


 1 2 2 1 


 1 1 1 1 


D4,1 = 

1
3
3
2


 2 1 1 0 
v
D4,2


 1 2 1

 1 1 1
= 
 1 3 2
 2 1 0

4
3
2
1

C 2 nh thc ny u bng 0. Do rank A = 3.

Ch . C th nhn xt dng (4) ca ma trn A l t hp tuyn tnh ca dng (1) v
dng (2); dng (4) = dng (1) - dng (2), nn d dng thy c D4,1 = 0, D4,2 = 0.
Vic tm hng ca ma trn bng nh thc nh trn phi tnh ton kh phc tp nn trong
thc t ngi ta t s dng m ngi ta thng s dng phng php tm hng ca ma trn
bng cc php bin i s cp sau y.

Tm hng ca ma trn bng phng php s dng cc

php bin i s cp (phng php Gauss)
Trc khi gii thiu phng php ny, ta cn nh li mt s khi nim sau

3.1
3.1.1

Ma trn bc thang
nh ngha

Ma trn A cp m n khc khng gi l mt ma trn bc thang nu tn ti s t nhin r,

1 r min{m, n} tha cc iu kin sau:
3

1. r dng u ca A khc khng. Cc dng t th r + 1 tr i (nu c) u bng 0.

2. Xt dng th k vi 1 k r. Nu (A)kik l phn t u tin bn tri (tnh t tri sang
phi) khc 0 ca dng k th ta phi c i1 < i2 < < ir .
Cc phn t (A)kik gi l cc phn t c nh du ca ma trn A. Cc ct cha cc
phn t c nh du (cc ct i1 , i2 , . . . , ir ) gi l ct nh du ca ma trn A. Nh vy,
iu kin (2) c th pht biu li nh sau: Nu i t dng trn xung di th cc phn t nh
du phi li dn v pha phi. V nh vy, ma trn bc thang c dng nh sau:
i1
i2
ir

0 . . . 0 (A)1 i1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(1)

0 ... 0

0
.
.
.
0
(A)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2)
2 i2

(A)r ir
(r)
A =

0 ... 0

(r
+ 1)
0
.
.
.
0
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
0

0 ... 0
0 ... 0
0 ... . ... 0 ... ...0
(m)
Ta c nhn xt quan trng sau:
Nu A l ma trn bc thang th s r trong nh ngha chnh l rank A.
Tht vy, c th ch ra mt nh thc con cp r ca A khc 0 chnh l nh thc Dr to
bi r dng u v r ct nh du i1 , i2 , . . . , ir .



 (A)1 i

1


 0
(A)2 i2


Dr = 
 = (A)1 i1 (A)2 i2 . . . (A)r ir 6= 0
..
..
..
...


.
.
.


 0
0
(A)r ir 
Ngoi ra, cc nh thc con cp r + 1 ca A u to bi r + 1 dng no nn c t nht
mt dng bng khng. Do , chng u bng 0.
3.1.2

V d v cc ma trn bc thang

0
0

0
A=
0

0
0

B=

1
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0
0

1 0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0

0
3 4
4 1 0
1
0 0
0
0 2
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
3
0
0

0
3
0
4
0

0
0

0
0

0
4
0
1
5

Cc ma trn A, B u l cc ma trn bc thang, v ta c rank A = 4 (bng s dng khc

khng ca A), rank B = 5 (bng s dng khc khng ca B).

3.2

Php bin i s cp trn ma trn

Ba php bin i sau gi l php bin i s cp trn cc dng ca ma trn:

1. i ch 2 dng cho nhau.
2. Nhn mt dng cho mt s khc 0.
3. Nhn mt dng cho mt s bt k ri cng vo dng khc.
Tng t, bng cch thay dng thnh ct, ta c 3 php bin i s cp trn cc ct ca
ma trn.

3.3

Tm hng ca ma trn bng phng php s dng cc php bin

i s cp

Ni dung ca phng php ny da trn hai nhn xt kh n gin sau

1. Cc php bin i s cp khng lm thay i hng ca ma trn.
2. Mt ma trn khc O bt k u c th a v dng bc thang sau mt s hu hn cc
php bin i s cp trn dng.
Nh vy, mun tm hng ca ma trn A, ta dng cc php bin i s cp a A v
dng bc thang, do nhn xt (1), hng ca A bng hng ca ma trn bc thang, v ta bit
hng ca ma trn bc thang chnh bng s dng khc khng ca n.
Cn lu bn c rng: k nng a mt ma trn v dng bc thang bng cc php bin
i s cp l mt k nng c bn, n cn thit khng ch trong vic tm hng ca ma trn m
cn cn gii nhiu bi ton khc ca i s tuyn tnh.
Sau y, chng ti xin a ra mt thut
cc php bin i s cp:
Xt ma trn

a11
a21

A = ..
.
am1
3.3.1

ton a mt ma trn v dng bc thang bng

a12
a22
..
.

..
.

a1n
a2n
..
.

am2 amn

Bc 1

Bng cch i ch 2 dng cho nhau (nu cn), ta lun c th gi s a11 6= 0.

a21
Nhn dng (1) vi , cng vo dng (2),
a11
a31
Nhn dng (1) vi , cng vo dng (3),
a11
..
.
an1
Nhn dng (1) vi
, cng vo dng (n).
a11
Ta nhn c ma trn

a1n
b2n
b3n
..
..
..
.
.
.
bmn

a11 a12
0 b22
0 b32
..
..
.
.
0 bm2

A1 =

Ch . Nu ton b ct 1 bng 0 (a11 = 0, a21 = 0, . . . , an1 = 0 th ta c th b qua ct 1

m thc hin bc 1 vi ct k tip.
3.3.2

Bc 2

Xt ma trn

B=

b22
b32
..
.

..
..
.
.

bm2

b2n
b3n
..
.

bmn

Nu B = O hoc B c dng bc thang th A1 l ma trn bc thang, thut ton kt thc.

Trong trng hp ngc li, tip tc lp li bc 1 cho ma trn B.
Cn ch rng ma trn B c t hn ma trn A 1 dng v 1 ct. Do , sau mt s hu
hn bc lp, B s l ma trn khng hoc ma trn bc thang. Khi , thun ton s kt thc.

3.4
3.4.1

V d
V d 1

Tm hng ca ma trn

0
1
3
4
6
1 3
4
5
2

A=
3
5 2 3 4
2
3
5
6
4
Gii

1 3
4
5
2
1
3
4
6
d1 d2
0

A
3
5 2 3 4
2
3
5
6
4

1 3 4 5 2
0
1 3 4 6
d3 4d2 +d3

0 22 28 26
d4 3d 2+d4 0
0
0 22 28 26

1 3 4 5
0
1 3 4
d3 3d1 +d3

0 4 10 12
d4 2d1 +d4
0 3 13 16

1 3 4 5

1 3 4
d4 d1 +d4 0

0
0 22 28
0
0 0 0

Vy rank A = 3

2
6

2
8

2
6

26
0

3.4.2

V d 2

Tm hng ca ma trn vung cp n

B=

1 1
1 1

.. . . ..
. .
.
1 1 1 a

a
1
..
.

1
a
..
.

Gii

c1 c1 +c2 ++cn

d2 =d2 d1
d3 =d3 d1

dn =dn d1

1 1
1 1

.. . . ..
. .
.
a + n 1 1 a a
a+n1
a+n1
..
.

a+n1
1
0
a1
..
..
.
.
0
0

1
a
..
.

1
1
0
0
.. . .
..
.
.
.
0 a 1

=C

Xy ra 3 trng hp sau:
1. a 6= 1 n, a 6= 1, khi ma trn C l ma trn bc thang v rank B = rank C = n
2. a = 1, khi ma trn C l ma trn bc thang v rank B = rank C = 1
3. a = 1 n, khi

C=

0
1 1
1
0 n 0
0
..
.. .. . .
..
.
.
. .
.
0
0 0 n

Do , C khng l ma trn bc thang nhng c nh thc con cp n 1 khc khng,

l nh thc con to bi n 1 dng cui, n 1 ct cui



 n
0
0


 0 n

0


n1
Dn1 = 
6= 0
..
..
.. . . ..  = (n)


. .
.
.
.


 0

0 n
v det C = 0
Do , rank C = n 1 Bi vy, rank B = n 1.

BI TP
Tm hng ca cc ma trn sau

4 3 5 2
3
8 6 7 4
2

13.
4 3 8 2
7
8 6 1 4 6

3 1 3 2 5
5 3 2 3 4

14.
1 3 5 0 7
7 5 1 4 1

2 1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2

15.
3 4 3 4 3 4
5 5 6 7 5 5

2 1 1 1
1 3 1 1

1 1 4 1

16.
1 1 1 5

1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1

3 1 1 4
a 4 10 1

17.
1 7 17 3
2 2 4 3

1
2 1 1
1
a 1 1 1 1

18.
1
a 0
1
1
1
2 2 1
1
Tm hng ca cc ma trn vung cp n

1+a
a
a

a 1 + a
a

19.

..
.. . .

.
.
.
a
a
a 1 + a

0 1 1 1
1 0 x x

1 x 0 x
20.

.. .. .. . .
..
. . .
. .
1 x x 0

21.

a b b
b a b

.. .. . .
..
. .
. .
b b a