Compaction

Standard Proctor Test

Modified Proctor Test

ASTM D698
ASTM D1557
.



(Bearing Capacity)
-
(Immediate Settlements)
Stiffness (Long-term Settlements)
(Permeability)



Standard Proctor Test
Modified Proctor Test


(Optimum moisture content)
(Maximum dry density)


Total density,

M
t =
V

[g/ml = Mg/m3]

Dry density,

t
d =
1+ w

[g/ml = Mg/m3]

 ()
Air-voids content,
Av = Volume of air
Total volume

Dry density,

G w
d =
(1 Av )
1 + wG


dry

d max

Dry Side

Wet Side

G
( w )
d =
1+ e

G
=
w
wG
1+

S
r


(Dry Density, d)

(Moisture Content, w)
(Amount of Compaction)
(Soil Type)


t
d =
(1 + w)


(Compactive Effort)


Well-graded granular soils can
be compacted to higher densities
than uniform or sily soils
Clays of high plasticity may have
water contents over 30% and
achieve similar densities (and
therefore strengths) to those of
lower plasticity with water
contents below 20%

 ()
As the % of fines and the
plasticity of a soil increases, the
compaction curve becomes flatter
and therefore less sensitive to
moisture content. Equally, the
maximum dry density will be
relatively low

(Strength)
(Compressibility)
(Permeability)
(Water Absorption)


()

(Strength)


()

(Compressibility)


()

(Permeability)


()

(Water
Absorption)

75-450 .

( )


Smooth Wheel Rollers
Pneumatic Tire Rollers
Sheepsfoot Rollers
Vibratory Rollers


2-20 tonnes
Well-graded sands
Gravels silts Clays of low plasticity
Uniform sands, silty sands, soft clays
5-8 tonnes
Fine grained soils, sand, gravels
with > 20% fines
Very coarse soils, uniform gravels

 ()

12-40 tonnes

Very soft clay


Core Cutter Method
Sand Replacement Method

 ()
Rubber-Balloon Method
Nuclear Moisture-Density Method

: +
:
: Higher densities with well-graded soils; fine soils
have higher water contents
***End-result specifications require predictable conditions***


Relative compaction, RC =

d ( field )
d max ( lab )

100

Standard Proctor
Modified Proctor

90% Standard Proctor
(Sub Base)
95% Modified Proctor


Sand Cone