Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Equipment
Thermal Systems/Fuels
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UNEP 2006
Introduction
Type of fuels
Performance evaluation
Energy efficiency opportunities
2
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Introduction
Type of fuels
Performance evaluation
Energy efficiency opportunities
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Usage
Used extensively in industrial applications
Examples
Furnace oil
Light diesel oil
Petrol
Kerosine
Ethanol
LSHS (low sulphur heavy stock)
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Density
Ratio of the fuels mass to its volume at 15 oC,
kg/m3
Useful for determining fuel quantity and quality
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Specific gravity
Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same
water volume at a given temperature
Specific gravity of water is 1
Hydrometer used to measure
Table 1. Specific gravity of various fuel oils (adapted
from Thermax India Ltd.)
Fuel oil
type
LDO
(Light Diesel Oil)
Furnace oil
Specific
Gravity
0.85-0.87
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Viscosity
Measure of fuels internal resistance to flow
Most important characteristic for storage and use
Decreases as temperature increases
Flash point
Lowest temperature at which a fuel can be
heated so that the vapour gives off flashes when an
open flame is passes over it
Flash point of furnace oil: 66oC
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Pour point
Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow
Indication of temperature at which fuel can be
pumped
Specific heat
kCal needed to raise temperature of 1 kg oil by
1oC (kcal/kgoC)
Indicates how much steam/electricity it takes to
heat oil to a desired temperature
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Calorific value
Heat or energy produced
Gross calorific value (GCV): vapour is fully
condensed
Net calorific value (NCV): water is not fully
condensed
Fuel Oil
Kerosene
Diesel Oil
L.D.O
Furnace Oil
LSHS
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Sulphur content
Depends on source of crude oil and less on the
refining process
Furnace oil: 2-4 % sulphur
Sulphuric acid causes corrosion
Ash content
Inorganic material in fuel
Typically 0.03 - 0.07%
Corrosion of burner tips and damage to
materials /equipments at high temperatures
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Carbon residue
Tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid
residue on a hot surface
Residual oil: >1% carbon residue
Water content
Normally low in furnace oil supplied (<1% at
refinery)
Free or emulsified form
Can damage furnace surface and impact flame
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Storage of fuels
Store in cylindrical tanks above or below
the ground
Recommended storage: >10 days of
normal consumption
Cleaning at regular intervals
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Typical specifications of fuel oils
(adapted from Thermax India Ltd.)
Properties
Fuel Oils
Furnace Oil
L.S.H.S
L.D.O
Density (Approx.
g/cc at 150C)
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
0.85-0.87
66
93
66
20
72
18
G.C.V. (Kcal/kg)
10500
10600
10700
Sediment, % Wt.
Max.
0.25
0.25
0.1
Sulphur Total, %
Wt. Max.
< 4.0
< 0.5
< 1.8
Water Content, %
Vol. Max.
1.0
1.0
0.25
0.1
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0.1
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Solid Fuels
Coal classification
Anthracite: hard and geologically the
oldest
Bituminous
Lignite: soft coal and the youngest
Further classification: semi- anthracite,
semi-bituminous, and sub-bituminous
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Solid Fuels
Physical properties
Heating or calorific value (GCV)
Moisture content
Volatile matter
Ash
Chemical properties
Chemical constituents: carbon, hydrogen,
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oxygen, sulphur
UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
GCV
(kCal/kg)
Lignite
(Dry
Basis)
Indian
Coal
Indonesian
Coal
4,500
4,000
5,500
South
African
Coal
6,000
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Volatile matter
Methane, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, CO, other
Typically 25-35%
Easy ignition with high volatile matter
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Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Fixed carbon
Fixed carbon = 100 (moisture + volatile matter +
ash)
Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen
residues
Heat generator during combustion
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels (Physical properties)
Thermal Systems/Fuels
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Indonesian
Coal
South African
Coal
Moisture
5.98
9.43
8.5
Ash
38.63
13.99
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Volatile
matter
20.70
29.79
23.28
Fixed Carbon
34.69
46.79
51.22
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
GCV (kCal/kg)
Indian Coal, %
5.98
38.63
41.11
2.76
1.22
0.41
9.89
4000
Indonesian Coal, %
9.43
13.99
58.96
4.16
1.02
0.56
11.88
5500
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Advantages of gaseous fuels
Least amount of
handling
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Classification of gaseous fuels
(A) Fuels naturally found in nature
-Natural gas
-Methane from coal mines
(B) Fuel gases made from solid fuel
-Gases derived from coal
-Gases derived from waste and biomass
-From other industrial processes
(C) Gases made from petroleum
-Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG)
-Refinery gases
-Gases from oil gasification
(D) Gases from some fermentation
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Calorific value
Fuel should be compared based on the net
calorific value (NCV), especially natural gas
Typical physical and chemical properties of various gaseous fuels
Fuel
Gas
Relative
Density
Higher Heating
Value kCal/Nm3
Air/Fuel
ratio m3/m3
Flame
Temp oC
Flame
speed m/s
Natural
Gas
0.6
9350
10
1954
0.290
Propane
1.52
22200
25
1967
0.460
Butane
1.96
28500
32
1973
0.870
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Propane, butane and unsaturates, lighter C2
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Natural gas
Methane: 95%
Remaing 5%: ethane, propane, butane,
pentane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases
High calorific value fuel
Does not require storage facilities
No sulphur
Mixes readily with air without producing smoke or
soot
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UNEP 2006
Type of Fuels
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Comparing Fuels
Fuel Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
Carbon
84
41.11
74
Hydrogen
12
2.76
25
Sulphur
0.41
Oxygen
9.89
Trace
Nitrogen
Trace
1.22
0.75
Ash
Trace
38.63
Water
Trace
5.98
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UNEP 2006
Introduction
Type of fuels
Performance evaluation
Energy efficiency opportunities
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Principles of Combustion
Combustion: rapid oxidation of a fuel
Complete combustion: total oxidation of
fuel (adequate supply of oxygen needed)
Air: 20.9% oxygen, 79% nitrogen and other
Nitrogen: (a) reduces the combustion
efficiency (b) forms NOx at high
temperatures
Carbon forms (a) CO2 (b) CO resulting in
less heat production
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Principles of Combustion
Control the 3 Ts to optimize combustion:
1T) Temperature
2T) Turbulence
3T) Time
Water vapor is a by-product of burning fuel
that contains hydrogen and this robs heat
from the flue gases
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Principle of Combustion
Oxygen is the key to combustion
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Concept of Excess Air
Thermal Systems/Fuels
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UNEP 2006
Performance Evaluation
Thermal Systems/Fuels
Draft System
To exhaust combustion products to
atmosphere
Natural draft:
Mechanical draft:
Introduction
Type of fuels
Performance evaluation
Energy efficiency opportunities
38
UNEP 2006
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UNEP 2006
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UNEP 2006
Temperature Control of
Combustion Oil
To prevent overheating
Using thermostats
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UNEP 2006
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UNEP 2006
Combustion Controls
Assist burner to achieve optimum boiler
efficiency through the regulation of fuel
supply, air supply, and removal of
combustion gases
Three controls:
On/Off control: burner is firing at full rate or it is
turned off
High/Low/Off control: burners with two firing rates
Modulating control: matches steam pressure
demand by altering the firing rate
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UNEP 2006
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UNEP 2006