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Ashlee Taylor

Historical perspectives on the global view


USA(14)

Japan(5)

Significant Historical Markers

Laws and Politics that


influenced Distance Education

Illinois Wesleyan
University initiated the
first distance learning
program in 1878
1st University distance
learning program offered
through the University of
Chicago 1892

Private Universities
Developed Lecture
Transcripts mailed to
distant students as early
as 1885 at Chuo
University this is
important as there were
not only Imperial
Universities

1998 Amendments to
the Higher Education Act
of 1965 created an
environment that
provided increased
student access to higher
education via distance
education programs,
DOE the ability to
evaluate distance
education programs and
other components to
help ensure high quality
distance education
programs
Technology, Education
and Copyright
Harmonization Act
allowed educators to
utilize copyrighted
materials on electronic
media without having to
pay royalties, 2002
Various state laws can
influence distance
education as well. For
example, the state of
Alabama requires that
Higher Education
programs purely (100%)
online distance
education programs to

School Education Law


created an environment
that promoted practice of
distance education in
1999
Distance Education
Universities Law
authorized 27
undergraduate, 10
graduate, 17 dual
graduate/undergraduate
and 11 distance
education junior college
allowed to conduct
distance learning
programs (seven
universities only offer
distance education)
Seven universities only
offer distance education
Social Distance Education
Law passed in 1949 that
helps support 113
distance education
courses that promote job
skill training in areas such
as office skills and
engineering

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be authorized by the
state
Technology

Current Classification of
Distance Education

1850s-1960
Correspondence studies
(established by Harper at
the University of Chicago
at college level University
of Iowa 1916
Print
Radio
Television (University of
Iowa created 1st
education television
program)
1960-1985
Audiocassettes,
television,
videocassettes, fax, and
print.
1985-1995
Computers and
computer networking
Present
Include previous
methods but also
videoconferencing
two-way interactive
real-time audio and
video, web-based media
etc.
Web 2.0/ Social
Networking (BLOG, Wiki,
etc.)

Universities adopting
distance education into
their intuitions as more
of a primary method of
instruction verses it
being a peripheral
method utilized
Corporations utilizing
distance education for
training

1850s-1960s
Manuscript Lectures
Mailed
Correspondence studies
Radio
Television
1960s-1985
Audiocassettes,
television, videocassettes,
fax, and print.
1985-1995
Computers
Present
Prevalent Method is the
Video Lecture and dualmode instruction
Moving towards mobile
learning
Two-way communication
and interaction methods
(Skype, websites)
Overseas enrollment
possible and done

Formal- Official School


systems in Japan that
include secondary
schools, junior colleges
and higher education
Semi-Formal or the
Social Distance
Education that is
supported by the Social
Distance Education Law
to promote an

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Promotors of Distance
Education

Concerns with Moving


forward with Distance
Education

Rural and remote areas


early students of
distance education
Extension outreach
programs promoted
distance education
Military personnel after
WWII consumed distance
education after returning
to make up time
Cost effective, feasible
and popular to students,
especially, nontraditional students
Most students enrolled
in distance education
programs are at higher
institutions of learnings.
In 2009 there was an
estimated 1.8 million of
students in secondary
and elementary levels
that partake in distance
education and of that
number 74% are in high
school with the majority
enrolled for course
recovery measures from
failing or missed class(6).

How to move forward


with new technologies
and ensure the efficacy
of new technologies
Student Privacy

environment of lifelong
learning
Informal-Various distance
education courses and
programs formed outside
of the Japanese School
Systems often private

Japanese people enjoy


lifelong learning and after
official/formal learning
passes they must rely on
unofficial instruction
methods that are often
times distance based
Open to learning at a
distance
View onsite education as
solely for the younger
period of life
Professional workers
update job skills for
personal benefit and do
not wait for financial
support from employers
Japanese economy where
the official or formal
types of education is
supported by the other
unofficial types
Reasonable and cost
efficient
High School is only three
years long and Japan has
almost equal numbers of
students in distance
education in higher
education as there are in
secondary schools

Adapting to mobile
learning technologies and
ensuring they are
supported by sound
pedagogical

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associated with new
technologies like Blogs
(Students have the right
to not have others know
what classes they are
enrolled in and BLOGS
and websites online
introduce students
coursework to the
public)

considerations

References
1. American Library Association. Distance Education and the TEACH Act [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 Jul
15]. Available from: http://www.ala.org/advocacy/copyright/teachact/distanceeducation
2. Marybeth Peters. U.S. Copyright Office: Copyright and Digital Distance Education [Internet]. 1999
[cited 2015 Jul 15]. Available from: http://www.copyright.gov/docs/regstat52599.html
3. US Department of Education. Section 488 -- 1998 Amendments to Higher Education Act of 1965
[Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 Jul 17]. Available from:
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea98/sec488.html
4. Kathy Keairns. History of Distance Education [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 Jul 16]. Available from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=The+foundations+of+Distance+Education+can+be+traced+back
+to+the+late+1800%27s.+One+of+the+first+forms+of+distance+education+was+correspondence+c
ourse+study.+Sir+Issac+Pittman+founded+Sir+Isaac+Pitman%27s+Correspondence+Colleges+in+Eng
land+in+the+mid+1840s.+Correspondence+courses+took+advantage+of+the+then+new+rural+free
+delivery+of+mail+to+deliver+course+material+to+students.+Students+worked+independently+on+
course+material&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
5. Terumi Miyazoe, Terry Anderson. The Obscure Profile of Distance Learning in Japan - ResearchGate.
Madison US; 2014 [cited 2015 Jul 16]. Available from:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266856047_The_Obscure_Profile_of_Distance_Learning_
in_Japan
6. National Center for Education Statistics. Distance Education Courses for Public Elementary and
Secondary School Students: 200910 - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION [Internet]. 2011 [cited
2015 Jul 15]. Available from:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0C
CYQFjABahUKEwjOkMjt_ePGAhVLl4gKHYWWDw0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs2012%
2F2012008.pdf&ei=4OipVc6gOMuuogSFrb5o&usg=AFQjCNEcTQLZQMtz1go276wDPM16Hdmblw&si
g2=1tOdoOJSSZ3A7Flw_HYmyw&bvm=bv.98197061,d.cGU

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