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KTII_04_Estimation_140930_49

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Metric and Metric Increments

Ungerbck approach, metric to be minimized:

T T
T
T
= 2Re d {
A e + d A A d
r

L 1

L 1 l +

= 2Re d r l +

d
A
A d k

l
l ,k
l =0 k = l

{ }

l =0

The data symbol values for l < 0 and l L are either formally
set to zero or a-priori known tail bits are transmitted.
Metric increments:
l +

{ } d

l = 2Re d r l +

k = l

A A d k

l ,k
T

L 1

= l
l =0

The metric increments only depend on dl and on precursors

and successors!

KTII_04_Estimation_140930_56

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State Graph

The 2+1 data symbols influencing the metric increment

l are combined in one state. Only certain state
transitions are possible.
example: = 1, binary data symbols 23 = 8 states
+

--+
+

---

+-KTII_04_Estimation_140930_57

-+-

-++
-

+-+
-

+++
-

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Trellis Diagram

trellis diagram = state graph processed over time,

each data vector corresponds to a sequence of states, i.e., a path
in the trellis diagram
+

++

+-

-+

+++

+++

+++

+++

++-

++-

++-

++-

+-+

+-+

+-+

+-+

+--

+--

+--

+--

-++

-++

-++

-++

-+-

-+-

-+-

-+-

--+

--+

--+

--+

---

---

---

---

+
--

KTII_04_Estimation_140930_58

++

+-

-+

--

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Linear Data Estimation (1)

n
d=s

$
d

quantizer

linear data estimator described by demodulator matrix D:

$ = D e = D H d + D n
d
Dn : n -th row of D, receive filter
Hn : n -th column of H, channel signature
N

d n = Dn e = Dn Hn ' d n ' + Dn n
n '=1
N

d n = Dn Hn d n + Dn Hn ' d n ' + D
n n
{
14243 n 'n
1442443 noise
useful part
interference
KTII_04_Estimation_140930_64

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Receive Maximum Ratio Combining MF (2)

*T

DMF = diag H H

))

*T

$ = D H d + D n
d
MF
MF
1

d + DMF n

1
1
1

n,max =
KTII_04_Estimation_140930_67

Hn

{ }

E dn

2
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Receive Zero Forcing (ZF) (1)

do not restrict the search to discrete elements of

the modulation alphabet

2
$
d = argmin e H d
d

*T

*T

}
*T

*T

*T

*T

= argmin e e d H e e Hd + d H Hd
d

KTII_04_Estimation_140930_68

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Receive Zero Forcing (ZF) (3)

$ = D Hd + D n
d
ZF
ZF
1

d + DZF n
1
1

energy efficiency:
SNR ZF
1
n =
=
SNR MF H*T H H*T H

n,n

KTII_04_Estimation_140930_71

n,n

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Equivalent Block Structure

2

n,R nn = I
d=s

(H H)
*T

*T

$
d

m
$
d

*T

noise m = H H
R mm =

(H H)
*T

*T

H n

noise increase compared to

matched filter
KTII_04_Estimation_140930_73

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