 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬

٢٤١
  ‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?   ?  ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
International Desalination Association: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠،٢٠٠٠IDA-
K ‫א‬٣٠‫א‬١٤٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E
 
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
،‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬ 
٪٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 WE٢F
‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K




  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬    E٢F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٤F ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬١W
 
٧٠٠٠ ‫א‬
١٣٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٦٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٨٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢١٠٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٤١٢٠٠ EF‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٦٨{٠٨  ٢٣٤٧٦  NaCl ‫א‬
١٤{٤٤ ٤٩٨١ MgCl٢ ‫א‬
١١{٣٦ ٣٩١٧  Na٢SO٤‫א‬
٣{٢٠ ١١٠٢ CaCl٢ ‫א‬
١{٩٢ ٦٦٤ KCl‫א‬
٠{٥٦ ١٩٢ NaHCO٣ ‫א‬
٠{٢٨ ٩٦ KBr ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

٠{٠٨ ٢٦ HBO٣ ‫א‬

٠٠٧ ٢٤ SrCl٢ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ٣ NaF ‫א‬
١٠٠ ٣٤٤٨١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
‫א‬ Cations  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٥٥٦ Na+  ‫א‬
١٢٧٢ Mg++ ‫א‬
٤٠٠ Ca++ ‫א‬
٣٨٠ K+ ‫א‬
١٣ Sr++ 
١٢٦٢١ J ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬ Anions ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٩٨٠ Cl- 
٢٦٤٩ SO٤-- 
١٤٠ HCO٣- 
١{٤ F- 
٦٥ Br- 
 ٢١٨٣٥{٤  W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦ J 
 ٣٤٤٨٢{٤  J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
٣٠{٩١ ٣٠{٦٠ ٣٠{٦١ ١٢٣٦٠ ١٣١٦٢ ١٠٥٥٦ Na+
٠{٩٣ ١{١٠ ١{١٠ ٤٠٠ ٤٧٣ ٣٨٠ K+
١{١٠ ١{١٦ ١{١٦ ٤٧٥ ٤٩٧ ٤٠٠ Ca++
٣{٦٠ ٣{٦٩ ٣{٦٩ ١٥٥٥ ١٥٨٤ ١٢٧٢ Mg++
٥٤{٣٧ ٥٤{٩٢ ٥٥{٠٤ ٢٣٥٠٠ ٢٣٥٩٠ ١٨٩٨٠ Cl-
٨{٥٠ ٨{٠٥ ٧{٦٨ ٣٦٧٥ ٣٤٥٨ ٢٦٤٩ SO٤--
٠{٣٤ ٠{٤٠ ٠{٤١ ١٤٦ ١٧٣ ١٤٠ HCO٣-
١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ٤٢٢٢١ ٤٢٩٥٣ ٣٤٤٨٢ TDS
 WW٤J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBrackish WaterF‫א‬
 K‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ EBrackish WaterF‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬‫א‬

٧٤ ٥٤٢ ٤٩٤ ٥٠٠ ١١٧٠ ‫א‬
٢٠٤ ١٠٢ ٦٥ ١٢٠ ١٤٨ ‫א‬
١٢٧ ٥٤ ٤٠ ٧٢ ٤٨ ‫א‬
J J J ٩ J ‫א‬
J J ٢ J ١ ‫א‬
J J ١ J J ‫א‬
J J J ٣ J ‫א‬
٤٠٥ ٦٩٨ ٦٠٢ ٧٠٣ ١٣٦٦ ‫א‬

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ١٠٩٠ ٧٢ ٢٥٢ ٢٠٤٠ ‫א‬
٩٨٤ ٣٨ ١٠٦٠ ١١٧٠ ١٣٧ ‫א‬
١٥٩ ١١٠ ٢٦٠ J ٩٦ ‫א‬
J J J J J ‫א‬
J J ٤ ٠{٨ J ‫א‬‫א‬
J J J ٠{٢ J ‫א‬
١١٩٣ ١٢٣٨ ١٣٩٦ ١٤٢٣ ٢٢٧٣ ‫א‬
 J  J  J  J  ٢٥  ‫א‬
 ١٥٩٨  ١٩٣٦  ١٩٩٨  ٢١٢٧  ٣٦٦٤  ‫א‬
 ٧{٢  ٧{٨  ٧{٤  J  ٧{١ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠٠J ٥٠W
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠٠٠J ١٥٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠٠٠J ٢٥٠٠٠ 
 ‫א‬٥٠٠٠٠ EBrineF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬،‫א‬٦٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L  ‫א‬L
 ١٥٠  ٥٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٠  ٤٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٠  ٣٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠  ٣٠٣  ‫א‬
 ٧٧  ٢٩٠  ‫א‬
 ٦٥  ٢٤٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠  ٢٢٥  
‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪  ‫א‬
 ٣    ‫א‬
 ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤   ‫א‬
 ٦   ‫א‬
 ٣٨   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٥٠٠
٣١٣٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٣٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦١٠٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 


 ‫א‬
 ELF
٠٫٠٥  
٠٫٠١  
٠٫٠٥    
٠٫٠١   
٠٫٠١   
٠٫٠٠١  

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L  L  EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ١{٨  ٠{٩  ١٢J ١٠
 ١{٥  ٠{٨  ١٤{٦J ١٢{١
 ١{٣  ٠{٨  ١٧{٦J ١٤{٧
 ١{٢  ٠{٧  ٢١{٤J ١٧{٧
 ١{٠  ٠{٧  ٢٦{٢J ٢١{٥
 ٠{٨  ٠{٦  ٣٢{٣J ٢٦{٣
    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KE٨٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧‫א‬
 EL‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١{٥  ٢  ١{٥  ١{٥J ٠{٧  ١{٥  
 J J  J J  ٥  ١  J J  
 ٠{١  J J  ٠{٢  J J  ٠{١  
 J J  J J  J J  ٠{٢  ٠{٢  ‫א‬
 J J  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ‫א‬
 J J  ١  ١  ٠{١  J J  
 ٠{٠٠١  ٠{٠١  ٠{٠٠٥  ٠{٠٠٥  ٠{٠٠٥  
 ٠{٥J ٠{١  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٠٥  ٠{٠٥  
 ٠{١  J J  J J  J J  J J  
 ١  ١  ١  ٠{١  ١  
 ٠{٥  ٠{٣  ٠{٣  ٠{٣  ٠{٣  
 ٠{٠٣  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  
 J J  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{٠٥  ٠{١  
 ٠{٠٠٠٥  ٠{٠٠٢  ٠{٠٠١  ٠{٠٠١  ٠{٠٠١  
 J J  J J  J J  ٠{٠٥  J J  
 J J  ٠{٠١  ٠{٠١  ٠{٠١  ٠{٠١  
 ١  ٥  ٥  ٣J ٠{١  ٥  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٣  J J  J J  ٠{٠١  J J ‫א‬‫א‬
 J J  J J  ٠{١  ٠{٥  J J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J J  J J  J J  ٠{١  J J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J J  J J  ٠{٧  J J  ٠{٠٣  ‫א‬
 J J  J J  ٣٠  J J  ١  
 J J  ٠{٤  ٤  J J  ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J J  ١٠٠  ١٠٠  J J  ٣٠ 
 J J  ٥  J J  J J  ١٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 J J  J J  J J  J J  ٠{٠١
 
 J J  J J  J J  J J  ١٠ ‫א‬
 ١  J J  ٢  ٠{٥  J J  ‫א‬
 ٠{٥  ٠{٥  J J  ٠{٢  J J  ‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ،
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬?W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٦٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ،K?
 K١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬J  ،٦٢٥٠٠٠
 K١٩٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EWOLF AND MARRF‫א‬١٩٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٠
١٩٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬











- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
(flashing)‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(product water) (distillate) ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(demister) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 M.S.F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(multi stage flash-MSF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(multi stages) ‫א‬‫א‬
(MSF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
‫א‬K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬brine heater ‫א‬
top ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢٠J ٩٠F‫א‬،(TBT )brine temperature
‫א‬،TBT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
،EE ١٢٠J ٩٠F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
‫א‬FTBT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢٠J ٩٠F‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬،Esuperheated water ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬flashing E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٥F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
superheated ‫א‬،E٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،water
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٦F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،E٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F،‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥–١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩F
 ‫א‬once through ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(brine recycle) ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬، (brine recycle) ‫א‬‫א‬(recirculation method) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(heat recovery ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Kheat rejection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،section)
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F،E cooling water ‫א‬F‫א‬
KE٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬،E٣F،E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(make-up water) ‫א‬
- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K(deaerator) ‫א‬‫א‬،(pre-treatment) 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F،E٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eblow down‫א‬reject/rejected brine
‫א‬‫א‬،E٦F، ‫א‬‫א‬،E٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬heat recovery section ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،TBT‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤FE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(recirculation method) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(brine heater) ‫א‬‫א‬،(heat recovery section)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٦٠٠٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K–‫א‬L٣٥٠٠٠
٥{٥FL٣ ٢٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
٤٦‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 L٣٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 E–‫א‬–F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣  ٥٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
L  ٩J ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣  ١٥٧٠  EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٤٣٩٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣  ١٨٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٦٣٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L  ٢٥{٧  ‫א‬
   ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٣٩{٢  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
   ٣٨{١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L  ٥٤٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L  ٣٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬






- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬L٣٢٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 E‫א‬–‫א‬F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣  ٩٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 L  ٣{٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ٩٠{٦  EF‫א‬
   ١١٢{٨ EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٤٦{٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٦٥٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٧٠{٢٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 J WKE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fflashing range ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(TBT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J WE
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤٠_١١٠FCKL٤{١٨C‫א‬L٣١٨٤٧Z‫א‬‫א‬
 L٢٢٨٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Performance Ratio ( P.R)‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬LF‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K LEFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Gain ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Output (over) Ratio (G.O.R).
 ELF‫א‬‫א‬Z( G.O.R.)‫א‬
 ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩J ٧‫א‬‫א‬،EFEF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٩–٧‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬،(Flashing Range)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٩{٢Z٢٤L٥٦٨٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ٢٥{٧‫א‬‫א‬
 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
 Z‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬Z
 ٩{٥Zx١٠١{٧–١١٠zDx٣٩{٢J ١١٠z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
(Availability Factor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( In Service Time ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A.F.)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(A.F)  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬٪١٥F‫א‬٪٨٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK
 KEKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬،EKKK‫א‬،

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F(Mature Technology)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬١٠٠٠٠٠F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F٢٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
( Rehabilitation )‫א‬KE‫א‬١٩٧٩‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬٤٠–٣٠‫א‬
F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠–٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F،E١F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KK٤،E‫א‬F‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F،E٨F
‫א‬٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠
- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬

٪٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٤‫א‬،٪٢٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،( De- superheater )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
  ‫א‬Make – up‫א‬‫א‬
 KBlow Down EDistillate F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
 K(m) ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(TBT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F٤٠٧٠(TBT) ‫א‬،‫א‬L٣
 E٧٠E٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Process Calculations ) ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥٥FL٢٣٧٠CE‫א‬LF٢٠Z
 E٤٠J ٧٠FCKL٤{١٨
 ‫א‬L٣٧٨Z١٨{٩CE‫א‬LF٢٠Z


KRecirculation Ratio ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨{٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬FZ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L٣٧٨‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z
 ١٠CKL٤{١٨C‫א‬L٣٧٨Z
 ١٠CKL٤{١٨C‫א‬L٤٣٧٥Z
 ‫א‬١٨٢{٩ZL١٨٢{٩Z
F‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬F
 WE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L١٨٢{٩Z
 L٢٢٥٨
 ‫א‬L٧ZL٠{٠٨١Z
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢{٨٥Z٢٠Z‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ٧‫א‬L‫א‬
 WELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L١{٢٧ZLE٣٦٠٠C٢٤FLE١٠٠٠C٢٠FZ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 L١٢٢{٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Brine Concentration Ratio‫א‬E
 x‫א‬zDx‫א‬zZ‫א‬
 E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣٤٠Z٢٠H٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ١{٨٩ZE٢٠–٣٧٨FC٤٠Z
 ٣٧٨C٢٠

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٨٩Z‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠‫א‬٤٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬
 ١{٤٢Zx٣٧٨C٤٠zDxE٢٠–٣٣٨F٦٠zZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٢٨٥ZE٣٥FL٢٤١٩C‫א‬L٢٠C٠{٣٣Z
 ١٠CEKFL٤{١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬KE–FEK٢L‫א‬F٢٠٠٠،E–FK٢L‫א‬٨٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢٢{٨٦ZxEF١٠CEK٢L‫א‬F٨٠٠zDx‫א‬L‫א‬١٠٠٠C‫א‬١٨٢{٩z
‫א‬E١{٢٨٧٥F‫א‬‫א‬١Z
 W
 x‫א‬C‫א‬C‫א‬zDx‫א‬‫א‬zZ‫א‬
 ٥٦٥Zx٣{١٤C٠{٠١٢٨٧٥C١zD٢٢٢{٨٦Z
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F٪٢٥‫א‬
 K٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EK٢L‫א‬٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨٠٩٠
 K 
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٩١{٤Z٥CEKFL٤{١٨CE‫א‬LF٣٧٨Z
 ٧{٥Z٢DE١٠H٥FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦{١ZEK٢FL٢D‫א‬٩١{٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٠Zx٣{١٤C٠{٠١٢٨٧٥C١zD٢٦{١Z‫א‬
 ١٨٨‫א‬٪٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(Brine recirculation)‫א‬‫א‬
 Evaporator ‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 Brine Heater‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Heater )،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( Condenser )‫א‬
 K‫א‬( cooler ) 
 W Ejector ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Vacuum )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Condenser ‫א‬‫א‬
  Circulating Pumps ‫א‬‫א‬E
( Brine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Blow Down Pump ‫א‬Recirlculation Pump )
Condensate Pump ‫א‬‫א‬Product Water Pump
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Stand- by pump‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  Seawater cooling system ‫א‬E

Heat Rejection Section‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Make –up ‫א‬E٧F،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬water
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTempering ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Make – up seawater system ‫א‬E
Product ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Blow Down ‫א‬‫א‬Water
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPH‫א‬
 Heating Steam System‫א‬E
( TBT) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
De – ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬superheater
 Condensate ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Venting system‫א‬E
 ،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEjector‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Deaerater ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Utilities & other systems‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
Fire Fighting ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Electric Metors ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،System
 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Brine Recirculation System‫א‬‫א‬E
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Brine Recirculation Pump‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Saturation Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬TBT
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Blow Down‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Product Water System ‫א‬‫א‬E
 F ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،FK ‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Blow Down System ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،Weir
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
Feed Water Pre- treatment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Product Water Post Treatment System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬System
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬


 Multi ( multiple ) Effect ( ME or MED ) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Boiling ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٧٠
 KE١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEffect –F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١F‫א‬Ecooling water F‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬
E٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٧F‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vacuum ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F‫א‬System
Vertical type‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
E٣FE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،Feed Water Pump‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥FE‫א‬،
KE٠{٣‫א‬F٧٠‫א‬‫א‬Boiling temperature‫א‬
FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١٦J ٣‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬L٣٥٠٠٠٢٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬





- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F١٥K–١٠E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ١٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C٠{٨
EF١{٨،E‫א‬F‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣٥٠٠٠‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Reliability ‫א‬‫א‬Availability
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
KE‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٩F،E٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٣{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٤،‫א‬٤٠٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ME ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F VC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٠٨٠F ( Qin ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٦٥‫א‬F٦٥٥‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٠{٢٥
‫א‬،
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
E F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٢١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦٥‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬١٨٣( Qin ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( B / D ) ‫א‬‫א‬EL٠{٢٣٢F‫א‬L٢٠
 KL٠{٤٦٤‫א‬KEL٠{٢٣٢F‫א‬L٢٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٤{٢٧٧Zx١٠CKL٤{١٨zDL١٨٣Z

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Sea water) ‫א‬

 WE٢١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HQin Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬HE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( B/D ) ‫א‬‫א‬H (PW)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 x ٣٠CEKLF٤{١٨CELFzHL١٨٣
LF٤{١٨CELF٠{٢٣٢HEF٤٠CEKLF٤{١٨CE٠{٤٦٤–FZ
 EF٤٥CEKLF٤{١٨CELF٠{٢٣٢HEF٤٥CEK
 KE‫א‬L٣٨٥{٢FL٤{١٣EF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢١F‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬HQin Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥C٤{١٨CEM١–٠{٤٦٤FH٢٦١٨CxM١zZE٤٠C٤{١٨C٠{٤٦٤FHL١٨٣
 KE‫א‬L٤{٩٦FL٠{٠٥٧Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢١F‫א‬‫א‬E
 E٦٥F‫א‬HE٦٥F‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HE٦٥F‫א‬‫א‬HE٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٠F‫א‬
 Z٦٥C٤{١٨CEM١ –٠{٤٦٤FH٢٦١٨CM١
 K٦٠C٤{١٨CEM٢ –M١–٠{٤٦٤FH٢٧٦CM١H٢٦١٠CM٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٠{٠٥٧‫א‬E M١ F
 KE‫א‬L٥{٢٢FL٠{٠٦EM٢F

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 (Vapor compression)‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٢٠‫א‬،١٩١٠‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬٣ ٥٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬
EPreheater ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬(B/D)E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(PW) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FE٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F،
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F،E٢٣F‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Mechanical Vapor Compression MVC)‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬F
E٢٤FE٢٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Thermal Vapor Compression TVC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬EjectorEF‫א‬
(Suction Pipe)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،Nozzel
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F،E٢٦F‫א‬
 L٣٢٥٠٠‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٣٥٠٠٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٧٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F٪٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Live or Driving Steam)E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،(Entraind System) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٠
FKK
 ٩J ٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥٠E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬E٩F،E٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٤‫א‬،‫א‬L٣٥٠٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩F‫א‬
 W‫א‬

KEcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(b)‫א‬‫א‬ (b)  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬F(b)(a)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(d) (c) ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٠{٠٧٤F٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(d) E٣٠F
 ٢Dx(c)‫א‬H(b) ‫א‬zZ(d)‫א‬
 L٢٥٧٨Z٢Dx٢٥٧٤H٢٥٨٣zZ

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١{١‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٥‫א‬


E٢٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

 ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬

a  ٢٥٨٣  ٤  ٤٢٩
b
 ٢٥٨٣  ٥  ١٢٥{٥
c
d  ٢٥٧٤  ٦  ١٤٠

٢  ٢٥٧٨

٣  ٣٤٧٣

 Z‫א‬
‫א‬–E٢F ‫א‬zDx(d) ‫א‬–E٢F ‫א‬z
 x(d)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬F
 x٢٥٧٨{٥–E٢FzDx٢٥٧٨{٥_٣١٦٠zZ٠{٦٥
 L٣٤٣٧ZE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
(d)–E٢FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٨٩Z٢٥٧٨{٥J ٣٤٣٧Z
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
 L٠{٠٣٨٦Z‫א‬LE٦D٢٠FZ‫א‬L٢٠C

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬٦٩ZL٨٩٤{٥CLE٠{٠٣٨٦C٢FZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٢‫א‬١{١‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ZC‫א‬‫א‬HE٢FC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣F‫א‬CE‫א‬H‫א‬F
 ٢٦٨٠CEM d/sH٠{٠٧٧٢FZE٤٢٩CM d/sHE٣٤٧٣C٠{٠٧٧٢F
 ZEM d/sF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٢{٣٥ZL٠{٠٢٧١٩Zx٤٢٩J ٢٦٨٠zDxE٢٦٨٠J ٣٤٧٣F٠{٠٧٧٢z
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
‫א‬C٢Z‫א‬‫א‬L ٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
E٥F٣٥٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L ٤٠Z‫א‬
 K٣٢{٥٣٠٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٤{٨٣Z٥CL٤{١٨CEL٠{٢٣F‫א‬L٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١{٥٥Zx٦{٢٥CEK٢L‫א‬F٠{٥zDxE‫א‬F٤{٨٣zZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١Z‫א‬
 ٧٥Zx٠{١٢٨C٣{١٤C١zD٢١{٥٥‫א‬

 E٣١J ٤FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢ZE٥C٦F–١٠٢Z١E٣٥J ٤٠FC٤٠ZE١–١٠٢FCE٣D٢٠F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E–٥٠FCx٣DE٢C٢٠FzHE١J ٢٧FCE٣D٢٠FZE٣٢{٥J ٣٥F٤٠
 E٢–٥٠F٤٠HE٢–٧٢F٢٠Z٢{٥C١٢٠

- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٤٠J ٢٠٠٠H٢٢٠J ١٤٤٠Z ٦٠

 ٣١٤٠Z٣٠٠J ٢٠٠٠H١٤٤٠Z٦٠
 ٥٢{٣Z٢
 ‫א‬١٤{٥ZE٣٢{٥–٤٠FC٤{١٨C‫א‬L٤٠Z ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١{٢ZE٢٣{٧٥C٠{٥FD١٤{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ MR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LMR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
ZMRELF٢٣٧٠CE‫א‬LF٦٠L٢٠Z١٥CKL٤{١٨C‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣٧٨
 ١٨{٨Z٢٠D٢٣٨Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٨٢{٩Z١٠C٤{١٨C‫א‬L٣٧٨
 ٢٢{٤٧Zx٢DE٤٢H٣٢FzC٢DL١٨٢{٩Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢‫א‬
 ٣٠{٥Zx٣{١٤C٠{٠١٢٨٧٥C٢zD٢{٤٧Z‫א‬
 ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٩١{٤٥Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١{٤٧Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١Z‫א‬
 E٪٢٥F‫א‬٤٠Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F،E٤F‫א‬
 J WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (MSF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 (ME)‫א‬‫א‬E
 (VC) ‫א‬‫א‬E
(RO)‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

٣‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L١ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣ MSF

 

F ‫א‬L٣‫א‬‫א‬L٤

 E‫א‬L٣٦٠٠٠٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥

 ‫א‬L٦

٣‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L١ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢ ME

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 MVC‫א‬L١ VC‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢

 ‫א‬L٣

 ‫א‬L٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬٥٠٠–٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬L٢ R.O.

E‫א‬L٣١٠٠٠٠٠١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬L٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬

٪٣٠J ٢٥‫א‬L٤

 K‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١٠٠٠  ٥٠٠٠ E٤{٥F٢٤٠٠٠  ٧٠ E‫א‬L٣F

 E٢F  E١{٣F  E١٤F  ‫א‬L

     ١٥J ١٠  ١٠J ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ELF

     ١٢  ٨ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣L

EF٤  ٩J ٧  ١{٨  ٤ F‫א‬‫א‬

EF٨  ٣LE

J ٨٠٠F J ١٥٠٠F E٢٠٠–٥٠٠F J ١٠٠٠F L٣F‫א‬

 E٢٤٠٠  ٣٠٠٠  ٨J ٢  E٣٠٠٠ ‫א‬L FE‫א‬

 ٩J ٣  ١٢J ٦  ١٢J ٤  E

١{٢٥J ٠{٧٥ ١–٠{٥  ١J ٠{٥ ١{٥J ٠{٥  ‫א‬٣

 ٣L

 ٢٥{٧  ٢  ٣{٦  ٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٪F‫א‬L٣٤٠٠٠

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٣٥{٩  ٣{٩  ٤  ٤٨{١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٪F‫א‬L٣١٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٧F،E٢٦F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬L٣٢٥٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  ‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٠٠J ١٠٠  ELF‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥{٥J ٠{٩  E‫א‬LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٩٥–١٦٥  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٤٠–٥  ELF‫א‬

 ٩٥–٣٠  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٠–٣{٣  ELF‫א‬

 ٢٢٠٠–٣٦٥  EF‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣{٧–١{٥  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬Freezing‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ٤‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E١F‫א‬ ٣٦‫א‬
E٢FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Deaerator‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬Refrigeration unit‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٩،٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Membrane Distillation‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٤١FE٣٩F‫א‬،‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Co- ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬generation
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

Brine Heater‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Common system EF‫א‬،E
 KAuxillary System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
Membrane and Other Desalination W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Technologies
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Reverse ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K(Electro -dialysis ED or EDR)‫א‬‫א‬ Osmosis :RO)
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬








- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 (Reverse Osmosis R.O)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(Osmosis) ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Reverse Osmotic Process)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KE  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،(Semi permeable)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬-٢٫١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Softening) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٢K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Spiral ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Wounded)
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Hollow Fine Fibers) ‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣٫١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF
K(Osmosis Process) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ E١F‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(Osmotic Pressure)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
(Reverse Osmosis)
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Osmotic Pressure) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 KEE١FF‫א‬
(Total Dissolved ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Solids: TDS)
F‫א‬‫א‬L ١{١J ١‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
J E ‫א‬١٤٣٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٠{٠٧‫א‬
 KE٢F
Z١G٠{٠١G٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٠٠٠،E ٣{٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L٣٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKK،‫א‬
(Saline Feed Water)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Pressure Vessel)
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Membranes)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(Brine)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠
 ‫א‬٢٠‫א‬
(Permeate ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Rject)‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ E٣FJ or Water Product)
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤FJ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ -٤٫١
(Semi Permeable)‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
(Hollow Fine ‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬
(Spiral ‫א‬،U–E٥F–Fibers)
- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KWounded Sheets)
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥١‫א‬‫א‬
E٧FE٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Micro Filteration)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥٫١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٨FJ ٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬٠{١٠{٠٤
٪٩٩J ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K(Diffusion)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١١J ٣‫ א‬٦{٥J ٣{٥
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Micro Filtration)
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Nano Filtration) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ultra Filtration) ‫א‬‫א‬
(Hyper ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢F‫א‬KFiltration)
‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  E٥F
‫א‬F 
 E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬






- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
٢
  L ‫א‬
EÅF
    J ‫א‬ ٣٠J ١٠ J ٥٠ 
Tubular Poly Salfone  ٢٠٠٠  
J  Micro
 Filtrati
on
(MF)
 L  ٧٥J ٢٠ ١٠٠٠ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١٠  
  ‫א‬L ‫א‬ Ultra
 Filtrati
 on
(UF)
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠J ٥٠ J ٧ 
   ‫א‬  ١٠٠  
Arom. ‫א‬ Nano

Polyamides Ca++/M Filtrati
Flat Sheet  g++ on
Composit ‫א‬ (NF)
es Polyvinyl
Alcohol
Derivatives

- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ١٥٠ ٣٠٠ ١٥J ١ 

   CA  LP 
Asymmeti ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٥٠ ٦٠٠ Rever
rie Fla Aliph.Polya   St. Br se
  mides  ‫א‬ ٨٠٠ ١٢٠٠ Osmo
Flat ‫א‬ Br sis
Composit   (RO)
e Arom.
  Polyamides
‫א‬  
Asym.HFF Polysulfone

‫א‬
polyfuran

 W‫א‬.١-٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ،(Pre-traitment Pump)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
،(High Pressure Pump)‫א‬ J ٢
،(Membrane Assembly (Modules) J ٣
K(Final) Post Treatment Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬F
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬(Micro Filtration)‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬٨٠J ٤٥‫א‬E
 F٢٧J ١٧‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠F ‫א‬F،(Pressure Vessel)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Semi Permeable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Membranes)

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٩F‫א‬(Second Stage)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Hollow Fine Fibers)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Alkalinity)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K (Auxiliary Components)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

(Energy  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Recovery)
 K‫א‬

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-.١-٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،(Recovery Ratio)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬ K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٩-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Reject) ‫א‬‫א‬،(Brine Flow)‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥ C‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،(Compaction) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Hdrolysis)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩-١
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٦‫א‬،EBrackish water‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥٠٠٠‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠
F(Availability Factor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬FL
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E ‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬F‫א‬٥٠٠J ٤٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬١٥٠J ١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬
٥٠٠J ٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬
‫א‬L٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
J 
 W‫א‬
٣
 LKKEF٨J EF٤W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
E‫א‬L٣FL٢٤٠٠J ٨٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
،‫א‬F٣L١{٢٥J ٠{٧٥W‫א‬ J ٣
E‫א‬
E‫א‬L٣F١٠٠‫א‬٪٣٦W J ٤
E‫א‬L٣F٥٠٠٠‫א‬٪٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F|E٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J ١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫ א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ EMSF
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣٥١٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
‫א‬  EMEF
 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 EMVCF‫א‬J ١ EVCF‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢٥J ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J ٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ER.O
‫א‬٥٠٠J ٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬L٣٥١٠١٠٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،J ٤
K‫א‬٪٣٥J ٢٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
EROF EVCF EMEF EMSFF
١٠٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠ ٢٤٠٠٠ ٧٠٠٠٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬L٣
‫א‬  ١٥J ١٠ ١٠J ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
LF
E
  ١٢ ٨ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٣L٣
 EF٤ ٩J ٧ ١{٨ ٤ ‫א‬
EF٨  ‫א‬
٣L
٢٤٠٠J ٨٠٠ J ١٥٠٠ J ٥٠٠ J ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬
٣٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٣٠٠٠ L٣
- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

١{٢٥J ٠{٧٥ ١J ٠{٥ ٠{٥ ١{٥J ٠{٥ ‫א‬

‫א‬
E٣LF
٢٥{٧ ٢ ٣{٦ ٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪F‫א‬L٣٤٠٠٠
E
٣٥{٩ ٣{٩ ٤ ٤٨{١ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E٪F‫א‬L٣١٠٠


(Electro-Dialysis (ED/EDR))‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬،EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ENa+F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Cation)
‫א‬E٨F‫א‬K(Anion) ECl-F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
Cations Anions
‫א‬ Sodium Na+ ‫א‬ Chloride Cl-
‫ א‬Calcium Ca++ ‫א‬ Bi- HCO٣-
 carbonate -

‫ א‬Magnesi Mg++ ‫א‬ Sulfate SO٤--

um
‫ א‬Potassiu K+ ‫א‬‫א‬ Nitrate NO٣-
m
- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢-١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬E ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EJ J HHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 KL‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬.٢-٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬٢٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KEDirect Current-DC-) 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Electric Charge) (Electrode)‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EHHF‫א‬،EJ F‫א‬،EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،J E١١FJ EJ J F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Neutralization)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KJ E١٢FJ E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KJ E١٣FJ ‫א‬‫א‬

،(Product Water) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Feed Water) ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،(Reject)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣FJ E‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢-٣
 WE١٤FJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣
K J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬،(Rectefier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥F‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬
K(Membrane Stack)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
KE ٥٠٠٣٠٠F‫א‬
‫א‬،J  ‫א‬J  ‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧FE١٦F‫א‬KJ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬،E  F
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢-٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٥J ٢٧‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ٠{١‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Clean in Place (CIP))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K

   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬١٠‫א‬J
 ‫א‬٠{١J
  ‫א‬٠{٣J


(Electro-Doalysis Reverse (EDR))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٥-٢

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E ٢٠ ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ٢J ١‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬.٦-٢
E‫א‬ ٢٠٠٠F E١٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬    ،   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬     E     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (sand Filters)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Cartridge Filters)
٪١٥٪ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٧-٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬K١
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٪٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٢٠٠٠  ‫א‬
١٠F‫א‬٪١٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠١ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
J    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ١٠٠٠٠‫א‬ 
١٠٠٠٠‫א‬ ٤٠٠٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
٢٠٠٠‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬ ١٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬    ٤٠٠٠  ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬K‫א‬١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٨-٢٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
 EIon ExchangeF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،EResinF
‫א‬‫א‬EResin‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECationsF‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEE١FF،EAnoinsF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K











- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٪ ٧٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE١٣٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٣١٩٨‫א‬‫א‬١٣٨٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٣٩٥L١٣٩٤١٣٩١L١٣٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٣١٨٩٢٥١٣٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L٣٢٨٤٠٠١٣٩٣
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٣٩٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬L٣٥٥٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٤٠٠L١٣٩٩١٣٩٦L١٣٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬L٣٤٧٣‫א‬١٣٩٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬L٣٣٧٩١٦١٣٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ 
١٣٩٨K‫א‬L٣١٠٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣٤٧٣‫א‬١٣٩٩
 K‫א‬

- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬L٣ ٤٧٣‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬١٣٩٩ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٣
٤٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W J 
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣٩٩‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣٧٥٩٨٧‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٦‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣٧٧٤‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٣٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٤‫א‬

 WE١٤٠٥L١٤٠٤١٤٠١L١٤٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٩٤٦٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣٥٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٩٠٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥٩٠٧‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
٨٥٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٤٠١‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٦‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٤٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٢٠٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١١٨٤٤٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٢‫א‬K‫א‬٣٦٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٩١٧٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٢‫א‬K‫א‬٧١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٠٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٣،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٣٨١٨١٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬١٤٠٣‫א‬‫א‬١٢٢٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٩٥٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٣‫א‬‫א‬

WE١٤١٠L١٤٠٩١٤٠٦L١٤٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣١٩٦٨٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٤٠٦‫א‬K‫א‬١١‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣٣٧٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬L٣٣٨٧٠‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٧‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣٨٣٤٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٤٠٩‫א‬K‫א‬١٠٨‫א‬



- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬L٣٨٣٤٣٢‫א‬،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٩‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٨
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬L٣٤٨٨٤٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٩‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
K ‫א‬L٣٣٧٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠٩‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬L٣٣٧٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٠‫א‬

 WE١٤١٥L١٤١٤١٤١١L١٤١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 W‫א‬J 
،‫א‬L٣٤٨٨٤٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٤‫א‬

 WE١٤٢٠L١٤١٩١٤١٦L١٤١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬L٣١٢٠٠٩٦
‫א‬١٠٦٩٠٤‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٧٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤٢٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WE١٤٢٥L١٤٢٤‫א‬١٤٢١L١٤٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
F‫א‬L٣٧٨١٨٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٥٢٠‫א‬‫א‬L٣٣٩٠٩٠٩‫א‬
١٩٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٠L١٤١٩‫א‬L
 ٢{٢١٣٩٠L١٣٨٩‫א‬L
 K٪١٦{٧
٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥٥F‫א‬L٣٣‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬٥٠٠٠FE



- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Feed water Pre- treatment

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F feed treatment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K Pre-treatment ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E 
scale deposites‫א‬ corrosion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    E  KKKKKKKKK ، ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 screening system‫א‬‫א‬L
 K( Biocides ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬L
Anti  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Anti Scalants ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  L
 KEFoam
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Deaeration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E ‫א‬   F  ‫א‬
 KEvaporators‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KScreening system‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 KCoagulants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 Ksedimentation‫א‬L
 E‫א‬_‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪ ٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ L‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬L‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ K‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬E

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ١ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  –  J     ‫א‬    K ‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ٣ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬ J ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬      ٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ،
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Turbidiy‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(NTU)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 SDI‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Slit Density Index ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E  ٠{٤٥ F   ٧  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{١‫א‬K
‫א‬ T١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F ١٥‫א‬
 WSDI‫א‬ET٢ F‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬
SDI = ( ١- T١/T٢ ) ( ١٠٠L١٥ )
SDI SDI=٥ T١‫א‬‫א‬  T٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  ‫א‬  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Sand ( media ) filters ‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fiber Glass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 sand‫א‬ gravel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Cartridge filer‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬F ٣ ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢





 ‫א‬W٢

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬



K‫א‬W٤


- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥


 W٦
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٧












- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Product Water post Treatment

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Scaled Deposits and Corrosion


 ‫א‬
 E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F Fouling ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE
‫א‬    – ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F    E ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
 E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    K     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FE
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬K  
‫א‬٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬LKE‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 EScale‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،CaCO٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬CaSO٤‫א‬Mg(OH)٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

١٠٠‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬
     F ٨٢  ‫א‬  ٧٧ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٨٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬       ١٠٠  ‫א‬    
K‫א‬
 ?E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
  E ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
E‫א‬٪ ٩٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  
 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E  F ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   – ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  – ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬E‫א‬FE
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
E‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٩ 
 K‫א‬



- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
،E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E ١٠ J ٩٠  ، ٣٠ – ٧٠ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬K



- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬W٩

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ٣١٦ 
 ‫א‬  
 E٠{٥٣٠٧٠F٣٠L٧٠L 
 E٠{٨١٠٩٠F١٠L٩٠L 
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٪١٠‫א‬L 
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬    E     F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K٨J ٧    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    E  F
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ،E ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،       ،‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬      K      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٣ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬
F mg/LW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E
‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ‬١٠ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
٩- ٦ pH ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ‬ Colour‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
٦٠ B.O.D‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ‬
١٠٠ C.O.D‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎ‬
٢٠٠٠ T.D.S ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ‬
٦٠ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬
NTU ٥٠ Turbidity ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺭﺓ‬
١ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ‬
١٥ Oils & Creases ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‬
٠,٥ ‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﱄ‬
٥ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬
٤٠ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
١ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻧﻮﻻﺕ‬
١ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬
٣ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬
٣ (‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ )ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ‬
٠,٠٠٥ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬
٠,٥ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬
- ١٠٧ -
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ٢٤١‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﻣﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻧﻴﺦ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬
‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫‪١,٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫‪٠,٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪٥٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪ ١٠٠‬ﺳﻢ‪٣‬‬

‫‪- ١٠٨ -‬‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٩٠ °C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠ °CEMSFF
‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢٢ kJ/(kg °C )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬٢٣٣٠ kJ/kg‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠٠ kg  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٥٠٠ ppmK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠٠٠ ppm ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣٠ %‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ppm‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬EMEEF
K١٨٠٠ kg/hr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٢٠٪‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥ °C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬
Cp = ١{٢ kcal/(kg °C) Hv = ٥٤٠ kcal/kg
- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠٠ kg/min‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٦٠ kg/min ‫א‬٩٥ °C‫א‬
 W١{٥ kcal/(kg °C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠ kcal/kg‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠٠ m٣/day‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠٠ ppm٣٠ %،
 K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٠٠ ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠٠RO‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠ % ‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠٠٠ ppm‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٤٠٠ m٣/dayRO‫א‬
K٢٥٠٠ ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩٠٠ ppm
 K‫א‬٥٠ %‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬ -

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ،J ‫א‬J ،J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٨٧،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ١٤١٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬
 KK،٢٠٠١،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤- Geankoplis, C, Transport Processes and Unit Opetartions

٣th edt, Printice Hall International Inc,USA, ١٩٨٣



- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬            ‫א‬

٣         ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤         ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥       ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧         ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١         ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠          ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٩   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢       ‫א‬
 ٩٢          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٤١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٩٩          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠           ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٢           ‫א‬
 ١٠٣          ‫א‬

 ١٠٩        W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٢           ‫א‬‫א‬





 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS