roland TofCiSvili

eTnologiuri terminebis aradaniSnulebiT,

uadgilod gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove literaturasa da presaSi Zalian xSirad xdeba

eTnologiuri terminebis moxmoba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis eTnikur
nomenklaturaze. cnobilia, rom TiTqmis yvela, didi Tu patara eTnosi
danayofebisagan Sedgeba. es danayofebi, Cveulebriv, eTnologiur
samecniero literaturaSi eTnografiul jgufebad iwodebian.
SesaZlebelia, eTnosTa danayofebis aRmniSvneli es termini mTlad
sizustiT ar asaxavs eTnosTa teritoriul erTeulebs, magram mecnierebaSi
ama Tu im terminis gamoyeneba xom SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli.
eTnologiur mecnierebaSi ki mkvlevrebi didi xnis SeTanxmebuli arian,
rom yoveli eTnosis teritoriul anu lokalur danayofs ewodeba
eTnografiuli jgufi. Tumca CvenSi bevrma ganaTlebulma adamianma arc
ki icis am terminis Sesaxeb araferi da mis nacvlad iseT terminebs
gamoiyeben, romlebic ucxoeli mkiTxvelis TvalSi qarTul eTnoss
warmoadgenen aramyar erTobad, romelic TiTqos naciad (erad) jerac ar
aris Camoyalibebuli. eTnologiuri codnis deficitiT gamowveuli
daufiqrebeli nabijebiT zians vayenebT erTian qarTul erovnul organizms.
Zalian mokled aRniSnuli terminis Sesaxeb. eTnografiuli jgufebi
eTnosis teritoriuli nawilebia, romlebic salaparako enis,
kulturisa da yofis lokaluri specifikurobiT gamoirCevian
(gansakuTrebuli metyveleba da kilo, sulieri da materialuri
kulturis Taviseburebebi da a. S.). eTnografiul jgufebs
saxelwodebac gaaCniaT. rusul eTnologiur literaturaSi eTnografiul
jgufebs zogjer subeTnosebsac uwodeben. amdenad, faqtobrivad, erTi da
imave erTeulis, eTnosis teritoriul-lokaluri danayofis aRsaniSnavad
ori sxadasxva terminia SemoTavazebuli. Tu termin "subeTnoss"
davakvirdebiT, misi Sinaarsi pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini arian
eTnografiuli jgufebi, romlebic warmoSobiT sxva eTnosis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da deeTnizaciis Sedegad raRac TavisTavadoba
SeinarCunes. eTnosis Sida danayofebi zogjer adrindeli tomebis
memkvidreebic arian. zogierTi maTgani eTnosis socialur-religiuri
diferenciaciisa da agreTve eTnikuri teritoriis mniSvnelovani
gafarToebis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili. zogierTi mecnieris aRniSvniT,
eTnografiul jgufebsa da subeTnosebs Soris gansxvaveba pirobiTia.
eTnografiuli jgufi warmoiqmneba agreTve didi xalxebisa da naciebis
mier sxva eTnikuri jgufebis asimilaciis Sedegad. aseT faqtebad asaxeleben
Sua okaze gansaxlebul meSeras jgufs, romlebic adgilobrivi finuri
mosaxleobis slavebis mier asimilaciis Sedegad formirdnen. religiuri
faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli kriaSenebis eTnografiuli jgufis gaCena
TaTarTa Soris.
 rogorc aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli jgufebi TiTqmis yvela didi
eTnosis SemadgenlobaSi gamoiyofa. samecniero literaturaSi germaneli
xalxis ZiriTad teritoriul danayofebad miCneuli arian qvemo
germanelebi da zemo germanelebi, romlebsac erTmaneTis metyveleba
faqtobrivad ar esmiT. ufro mcire eTnografiul jgufebad miiCneven zemo
da qvemo saqsonielebs, bavarielebs, vestfalielebs, Svabebs da sxv.
ukrainelebSi gamoyofen guculebs da lemkebs, italielebSi -
lombardielebs, sicilielebs, toskanelebs, venecielebs, ligurielebs,
kalabrielebs, piemontelebs, sardinielebs da sxvebs, espanelebSi _
andaluzielebs, kastilielebs, asturielebs, estremadurelebs,
aragonelebs, valensielebs da sxv. bunebriv-geografiulad ramdenadac
ufro mravalferovania eTnosiT gansaxlebuli teritoria, miT ufro meti
eTnografiuli jgufisagan Sedgeba igi. amis magaliTad saqarTvelo SeiZleba
davasaxeloT. qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebi arian: qarTlelebi,
kaxelebi, xevsurebi, fSavelebi, mTiulebi, gudamayrelebi, moxeveebi,
erwoTianelebi, TuSebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, raWvelebi,
leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, mesxebi, javaxebi. araerTi qarTuli
eTnografiuli jgufi deeTnizebul iqna: dvalebi, SavSelebi, klarjelebi,
eruSnelebi, kolaelebi, artaanelebi, taoelebi da sxvebi. samwuxarod,
zogierT qarTul eTnografiul jgufs, gansakuTrebiT svanebsa da
megrelebs, rusul eTnologiur literaturaSi subeTnosebs uwodeben, rac
im tendenciis gamoxatulebaa, rom isini warmoSobiT araqarTvelebad
miiCnion. vfiqrobT, terminis "eTnografiuli jgufi" paralelurad
"subeTnosis" xmareba miuRebelia. rusul eTnologiur
literaturaSi cneba `subeTnosi" mizanmimarTulad Semoitanes,
raTa sabWoTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi romelime eTnosis
eTnografiuli jgufisaTvis eTqvaT, rom Sen odesRac sxva,
gancalkevebuli eTnosi iyavi, Seni asimilacia moaxdines da,
amdenad, SesaZlebelia sawyis mdgomareobaze dabruneba. am terminis
Semqmnelebs miaCniaT, rom subeTnosebi Camoyalibdnen eTnosis an arasruli
konsolidaciis, an separaciis Sedegad. zogierTi maT eTnosis mier
romelime ucxo jgufis daumTavrebeli asimilaciuri procesebis Sedegad
warmoqmilebad miiCnevs, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli socialuri statusi
anda konfesiuri da rasobrivi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebT. svanebica da
megrelebic Tavidanve eTnikuri qarTvelebi iyvnen da qarTvelebs maTi
asimilacia ar mouxdeniaT. ubralod, droTa ganmavlobaSi, saerTo
qarTul (qarTvelur) saliteraturo enas maTi metyveleba (dialeqti)
ufro daSorda, vidre sxva dialeqtebi. ufro metic _ sabWoTa
eTnologiur mecnierebaSi, romelic xSirad koncefciebs imperiuli
interesebidan gamomdinare qmnida, imasac aRniSnavdnen, rom eTnografiul
jgufebs gaorebuli TviTSegneba aqvT. ai, ra weria sityvasityviT 1982 wels
bromleisa da markovis redaqciiT gamocemul eTnografiis
saxelmZRvaneloSi, romlis qarTuli Targmani 1991 wels daistamba:
`eTnikur erTobaTa ierarqiaSi eTnikosebisa da eTnosocialuri
organizmebis gverdiT arCeven agreTve eTnografiul jgufebsa (subeTnikuri
gaerTianebani) da erTaSoris erTobebs (supereTnikuri gaerTianebani).
eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli nawili,
romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yofis lokaluri
specifikiT, zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogorRac gaorebuli
TviTSegneba. misi aRmocenebisa da Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi gzebia
genetikurad monaTesave tomebis eTnosad Serwyma, agreTve eTnosis
garkveuli nawilis xangrZlivi mowyveta ZiriTadi eTnikuri masisagan
(migracia, saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvla da sxva), romelmac amis gamo
lokaluri niSnebi gamoimuSava". qarTul TargmanSi iqve CamoTvlilia
qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebi, romlTa Sesaxebac aRniSnulia, rom
`Zveli tomobrivi danawevrebis reliqtebi" arian. bunebrivia, gaorebuli
TviTSegnebisa da cnobierebis mqone eTnografiul jgufebs Soris
CamoTvlili qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebi igulisxmebian. qarTvelTa
sxvadasxva eTnografiul jgufebs gaorebuli eTnikuri cnobiereba rom ar
gaaCniaT, amis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ukve aRniSnuli iyo, sadac
xazgasmulia, rom gaorebuli eTnikuri cnobiereba SeiZleba
asimilaciis gzaze Semdgar romelime sxva eTnosis warmomadgenels
hqondes, romelic winaparTa eTnikur samyaros Sordeba da sxvaTa
eTnikuri kulturis gamziarebeli xdeba (t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 33-
34). aseTi gaorebuli TviTSegnebisa da cnobierebis adamianebi Cven
araerTxel Segvxvedria ara guriis, kaxeTis, raWis mkvidri qarTveli,
aramed saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osi, somexi, rusi da a. S. sxvaTa Soris,
Segvxvedria saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, romlebsac osur
enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi gaorebuli eTnikuri cnobiereba hqondaT _
mamisagan gansxvavebiT, mejudis xeobis saTaveSi mcxovrebi gengiurebis
gvaris xuTi da-Zma imaze bWobda, qarTvelebs miekuTvnebodnen Tu osebs.
isini saswors osur mxareze xridnen. esaa gaorebuli eTnikuri cnobierebis
tipuri magaliTi da ara eTnografiuli jgufis ama Tu im warmomadgenlis
lokalur-teritoriuli erTeulisadmi Tavis mikuTvneba. ranairad
SeiZleba erTi eTnosis warmomadgenel lokalur, teritoriul erTeulebs,
romlebsac, bunebrivi da geografiuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, yofaSi
garkveuli eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi Camouyalibda, ormagi eTnikuri
TviTSegneba anda, rogorc weren, gaorebuli TviTSegneba hqondeT?
ubralod, es iyo rusuli imperiuli politikiT nakarnaxevi samecniero
`debuleba", romelic SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi erTiani eTnosebis (Cvens
SemTxvevaSi _ erTiani qarTuli eTnosis, qarTveli eris) SesaZlo
dasaqucmaceblad iyo Seqmnili. es iyo Sefarulad ruseTis imperiis
droindeli postulati, rodesac saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-
eTnografiul mxareebSi mcxovrebT sxvadasxva, ufro sworad, araqarTul
eTnosebad acxadebdnen. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom zemoT aRniSnul
saxelmZRvaneloSi aseTi eTnografiuli jgufebis `TviTsaxelebis" Sesaxebac
aris saubari, e. i. lokalur-teritoriul erTeuls gaaCnia eTnonimi anda,
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, endoeTnonimi. xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom
eTnografiul jgufTa saxelwodebani eTnonimebi ar aris. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli endoeTnonimi
(TviTsaxelwodeba) mxolod qarTvelia, sxva danarCeni _
qarTleli, kaxeli, mesxi javaxi, megreli, guruli, aWareli, svani,
xevsuri... eTnonimebi ar aris, isini erTiani eTnosis adgilobrivi,
lokalur-teritoriuli erTeulebis, eTnografiuli jgufebis
aRmniSvneli terminebia.
Cven ara gvaqvs aranairi saistorio sabuTi imis damadasturebeli,
rom romelime qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufi odesme araqarTuli
warmoSobis yofiliyo. zogierTi maTgani romeliRac qarTuli tomis
memkvidrecaa, magram qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebis umetesoba im
drosaa warmoqmnili, rodesac tomobriobis etapi didi xnis ganvlili
hqondaT (tomebi mxolod pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi arsebobdnen). Tumca
Sors varT im azrisagan, rom qarTul eTnoss Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis
ganmavlobaSi sxva aravin ar SemouerTebia. qarTvelebs TavianT eTnogenezsa
da eTnikur istoriaSi aqvT didi raodenobis substratuli,
superstratuli da adstratuli elementebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva
xalxebzec, romelTa eTnogenezsa da eTnikur istoriaSi erTmaneTTan
Serwymulia rogorc avtoqTonuri, ise ucxoTa migraciis Sedegad
motanili niSnebi. sxvaTa Soris, zogierTi xalxis eTnografiuli jgufi
marTlac sxva eTnosTa nawilis asimilaciis Sedegadaa warmoqmnili. amjerad
mxolod erTi magaliTis moyvaniT davkmayofildebiT: ungrul eTnosSi
ramdenime teritoriuli erTeuli anu eTnografiuli jgufi gamoiyofa. maT
Soris arian kumanebisa da iasebis eTnografiuli jgufebi, romelTa
winaprebi ungruli eTnosis warmoqmnis Semdeg movidnen aq aRmosavleTidan
da ungrul eTnikur garemoSi deeTnizacia ganicades, ungrelebad iqcnen.
kumanTa eTnografiuli jgufi Turqulenovani yivCaRebis STamomavalni
arian, xolo iasebi _ alan-osebisa.
Zalian mokled termin `eTnikuri jgufis" Sesaxeb. eTnikuri jgufi
ewodeba eTnosis (xalxis, naciis) nawils, romelic rigi mizezebis gamo
gamoyofilia eTnosis birTvisagan da funqcionirebs mis gareT,
ucxoeTnikur garemoSi. rogorc wesi, miaCniaT, rom eTnikuri jgufebi
mcirericxovania, romelTa erTobis safuZvels TiTqmis mxolod da
mxolod eTnikuri niSnebi _ ena, saerTo warmomavlobisa da istoriis
Segneba, kultura, yofa, SemorCenili tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi
warmoadgens. kategoriulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri jgufebi
yovelTvis maincdamainc mcirericxovnobiT ar xasiaTdebian. am
TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexTa da azerbaijanelTa
eTnikuri jgufebi SeiZleba davasaxeloT.
eTnikuri jgufebi kompaqturi da dispersiuli mdgomareobiT
arseboben. pirvelT eTnoarealur, meoreT _ eTnodispersiul jgufebs
uwodeben. eTnikuri jgufebi mas Semdeg Camoyalibdnen, rac maT datoves
eTnoistoriuli samSoblo da sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebSi
eTnokulturuli arealebi Camoayalibes. agreTve Tavisi eTnosisagan
gancalkevebuli adamianTa es erTobebi migraciebis, deportaciebis,
sazRvrebis Secvlis Sedegad gaCndnen. rusebis eTnikuri jgufebi
cxovrobdnen yofili sabWoTa kavSiris yvela mokavSire respublikaSi,
ruseTSi eTnikur jgufebad iTvlebian aq mcxovrebi bulgarelebi, berZnebi,
polonelebi, ungrelebi, finelebi da sxv. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
gansaxlebuli somxebi aseve eTnikur jgufebs warmoadgenen. rogorc
aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi,
berZnebi, qurTebi Sesabamisi eTnosebis eTnikuri jgufebi arian, radgan
isini aq TavianTi samSoblodan arian gadmosaxlebulni.
rogorc wesi, eTnikuri jgufebi, titulovan eTnosTan SedarebiT,
umciresobas warmoadgenen. Zalian xSirad eTnikuri jgufebis TavianT
eTnosTan kavSiri aris susti, iSviaTi da SemTxveviTi xasiaTis. samecniero
literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom eTnikuri jgufebi Taobidan Taobamde
asimilacias ganicdian im eTnosebisagan, romelTa Sorisac cxovroben. amas
ver vityviT yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mokavSire respublikebis
teritoriebze mcxovreb eTnikur jgufebze _ isini xSirad ufro
rusifikacias ganicdidnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saqarTveloSi mkvidri
azerbaijanelebisa da somxebis Sesaxeb. isini saqarTvelos saxelmwifos iseT
teritoriebze mkvidroben, romlebic TavianTi eTnosebis gansaxlebis
arealebs emezoblebian. zogad eTnologiur literaturaSi isic aris
aRniSnuli, rom ekonomikuri da socialur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT
Cveulebriv eTnikur jgufebs praqtikulad araferi aqvT saerTo im
eTnosebTan, romlebsac mowydnen. am mxrivac yvela eTnikuri jgufi
sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSia da TiToeul maTgans individualurad unda
mivudgeT. am terminzec imitom gavamaxvileT yuradReba, rom samecniero
literaturasa (ZiriTadad enaTmecnierTa naSromebSi) da presaSi
qarTvelTa eTnografiul jgufebs eTnikur jgufebadac moiazreben.
vfiqrobT, am statiis wakiTxvis Semdeg gauTviTcnobiereblad xmarebul
aRniSnul eTnologiur termins aRar gamoiyeneben, radgan mavanTagan is
qarTvelTa eTnikuri organizmis dasasusteblad iqneba mimarTuli.
vis SeiZleba vuwodoT eTnikuri umciresoba? eTnikuri
(nacionaluri, erovnuli) umciresoba ewodeba xalxis nawils, romelic
cxovrobs ZiriTadi nawilisagan mowyvetiT. eTnikur umciresobas sruliad
naTlad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli naTesauri kavSiri mis ZiriTad nawilTan.
amave dros, deda-eTnosisagan mowyvetili nawili inarCunebs
TviTsaxelwodebas, enas, kulturas da eTnikuri (nacionaluri) kulturis
zogierT sxva niSans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi nacionalur umciresobebs, ama
Tu im saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobis garda, yvela danarCen eTnikur
jgufs miakuTvneben. eTnikuri umciresobebi warmoiqmnebian sazRvrebis
Secvlis, mocemuli mTeli mosaxleobis anda zogjer misi nawilis
emigraciis, an kidev deportaciis Sedegad. rogorc wesi, nacionalur
umciresobas ara aqvs sakuTari nacionaluri saxelmwifoebrioba.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi termini `nacionaluri umciresoba" sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. CineTsa da vietnamSi nacionalur umciresobad
oficialurad iwodeba yvela xalxi, garda titulovani eTnosebisa, e. i.
Cinelebisa da vietnamelebisa. indoneziaSi nacionalur umciresobebs
mxolod imigrantul jgufebs miakuTvneben. rig muslimur qveynebSi
(magaliTad, iranSi) erovnul (nacionalur) umciresobebs gamoyofen ara
eTnikuri, aramed religiuri niSniT _ mas miekuTvneba yvela, vinc ar
aRiarebs saxelmwifo religias (Siizms). dasavleT evropaSi erovnul
(nacionalur) umciresobebad Cveulebriv mxolod iseTi eTnikuri
(nacionaluri) jgufebi iTvlebian, romlebsac titulovan an dominirebul
naciebTan SedarebiT Tanasworuflebiani statusi ara aqvT da romlebic
mis misaRwevad, anda zogjer avtonomiisa da saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis
ibrZvian. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ukanasknel aTwleulSi termini
"nacionaluri umciresoba" aRar ixmareboda. aRar gamoiyeneben
Tanamedrove ruseTSic. mas terminebi "mcirericxovani xalxebi" da
`eTnikuri jgufebi" Caanacvles. migvaCnia, rom termini `erovnuli
(nacionaluri) umciresoba" namdvilad miuRebelia, radgan
saxelmwifoSi erovneba (nacia) mxolod titulovani eTnosia,
xolo yvela danarCeni _ ara. amitom saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb
sxvadasxva xalxebs mxolod "eTnikuri umciresobebi" SeiZleba
ewodoT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ama Tu im qveyanaSi mosaxle xalxebi,
romlebic TavianTi eTnosis gansaxlebis ZiriTad areals arian mowyvetili,
`eTnikur jgufebad" iwodebian. es saxelwodeba ufro im eTnikur
erTeulebs unda miesadagebodes, romlebsac sadRac saxelmwifo anda
saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi gaaCniaT. saqarTveloSi aseTebad SeiZleba
miviCnioT somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, rusebi, berZnebi, osebi da sxva.
`eTnikur umciresobebad" ki SeiZleba is eTnosebi CavTvaloT, romlebsac
arsad politikuri warmonaqmni ar gaaCniaT. saqarTveloSi aseT termins
qurTebi imsaxureben.
cneba `eTnikuri (erovnuli, nacionaluri) umciresoba" zogjer Zalian
pirobiTia. aviRoT, magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli yazaxeTi,
sadac migrirebuli rusebi bevrad sWarbobdnen adgilobriv, titulovan
eTnoss _ yazaxebs. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi rusebi eTnikur
(nacionalur, erovnul) umciresobad miviCnioT? erTgvar Seusabamobas
hqonda adgili zogierT sabWoTa avtonomiur warmonaqmnSi. ruseTis
federaciaSi es Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. aseTive mdgomareoba gvqonda
afxazeTSic, sadac afxazi xalxi mosaxleobis mxolod 17%-s Seadgenda da
dominirebda yvela sxva xalxze, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebze. am sabWoTa
anomaliis Sedegi iyo postsabWoTa sivrceSi warmoqnili eTnikuri
konfliqtebi.
msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi eTnikuri (nacionaluri, erovnuli)
umciresobebi arcTu iSviaTad ganicdian sxvadasxva xasiaTis (eTnikur,
enobriv, religiur) Seviwroebas. aseTi jgufebis dasacavad saerTaSoriso
organizaciebs miRebuli aqvT mTeli rigi dokumentebi. zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom termin `erovnuli
(nacionaluri) umciresobis" nacvlad unda gamoviyenoT termini
`eTnikuri umciresoba".
samwuxarod, elementaruli eTnologiuri codnis deficitis Sedegs
yoveli fexis nabijze vxvdebiT qarTul sazogadoebaSi. zemoT termin
"tomis" uadgilo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRvniSneT. aranaklebi bedi adgaT sxva
eTnikur-eTnologiur terminebs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, rom qarTvelTa
teritoriul-lokalur danayofebs xSirad moixsenieben eTnosebad, eTnikur
erTobebad, eTnikur jgufebad, xalxebad (magaliTad, aWareli xalxi, svani
xalxi, xevsuri xalxi...). raze SeiZleba ilaparakos adamianma, rodesac
universitetis yofili profesori, romelic warmoSobiT xevsureTidan
anda imereTidanaa, dawers imas, rom is eTnikur niadagze idevneboda. raRa
unda vilaparakoT iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac qarTuli mecnieruli
eTnologiis fuZemdeblis, giorgi Citaias xuTtomeulis saZiebelSi misi
Semdgenel-gamomcemeli fSavelebs, kaxelebs, imerlebs, megrelebs da javaxebs
eTnikur terminTa saZiebelSi Seitans? qarTuli dialeqtologiis Sesaxeb
daweril ramdenime wignSi (avtori b. jorbenaZe) qarTlelebi, kaxelebi,
xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi da sxva eTnografiuli
jgufis warmomadgenlebi eTnosebad arian saxeldebulni. ufro metic, isini
`tomobriv eTnosebadac" moixseniebian. kidev ufro meti _ qarTuli
enis dialeqtebi Turme `eTnikuri dialeqtebi", `eTnikur-
teritoriuli dialeqtebia" da es eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebi
eTnikur niSansac emTxveva. kidev ramdenime amonaweri unda moviyvanoT:
`Tuki zemoimeruli da qvemoimeruli erT dialeqtad erTiandeba, amas
upiratesad eTnikuri faqtori ganapirobebs, vinem sakuTriv enobrivi
movlenebi". `saqarTvelos eTnikuri kuTxeebi"; `qarTvelTa yvela
eTnikuri gaerTianeba erTian saxelmwifoSia moqceuli"; `eTnosis
sacxovrisis teritoriaze gavrcelebul metyvelebas, Cveulebriv,
teritoriul dialeqts uwodeben. saqarTvelos eTnikur kuTxeebSi
(xevsureTSi, xevSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, guriaSi...) gavrcelebuli
metyveleba (xevsuruli, moxeuri, qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli, guruli...)
am gagebiT teritoriuli dialeqtebia, Tumca arsebiTad aq eTnikur
dialeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme, kerZod tomobriv metyvelebasTan".
`nebismieri qalaqisaTvis niSandoblivia: a) erTi eris sxvadasxva
eTnosis warmomadgenelTa Tavmoyra". moyvanil citatebSi imdeni
gaugebrobaa, eTnikuri da eTnologiuri terminebis iseT aRrevasTan gvaqvs
saqme, dawvrilebiT maTze laparakic ki ar Rirs. magram, mainc unda iTqvas,
rom erTi eri erTi eTnosisagan Sedgeba da ara ramdenime eTnosisagan.
sainteresoa, sad amoikiTxa zogierTma enaTmecnierma aseTi terminebi? aq
ubralod TviTSemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ise, sxvaTa Soris, raRas
verCiT zogierT ucxoel mkvlevars, rodesac maT nawerebSi msgavs
Secdomas aRmovaCenT xolme. isini, rogorc Cans, eTnologiis sferoSi
mavanTagan gaukuRmarTebul, uadgilod damoyenebul mkvlevarTa naSromebs
eyrdnobian. sruliad samwuxarod, 2007 wels enaTmecnierebis institutis
mier gamocemul enisa da dialeqtis problemisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi
kvlav afiqsireben termins `eTnikuri dialeqti". yovelive amis mizezi ki
isaa, rom umaRles saswavleblebSi filologebi eTnologiis safuZvlebs ar
swavlobdnen (da istorikosebi, eTnologebi _ enaTmecnierebis
safuZvlebs). amave dros, kvalificirebuli mecnierebic ki momijnave
mecnierTa saTanado naSromebs ar kiTxuloben. es im dros, rodesac
wignebi, romelTaganac citatebi movixmeT, bevrad gvianaa gamosuli prof.
m. gegeSiZis monografiaze (`eTnosi da eTnikuri kultura", Tb., 1978 weli).
am TvalsazrisiT seriozul da sayuradRebo monografiaSi m. gegeSiZem
saTanado mecnierul doneze daasabuTa aRniSnuli terminebis uadgilod
xmarebis ara mxolod aramecnieruli, aramed antiqarTuli da mavnebluri
xasiaTi. termini "eTnosi" mxolod xalxis, rogorc eTnikuri
erTobis, aRmniSvnelia. `eTnosi" ixmareba mxolod `qarTveli
xalxis", `frangi xalxis", `somexi xalxis" da sxvaTa aRsaniSnavad.
saqarTvelos ama Tu im istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi mcxovrebi
qarTvelebi, e. i. erTiani qarTuli eTnosis warmomadgenlebi
ranairad arian an eTnosebi, an xalxebi, an eTnikuri jgufebi, an
eTnikuri erTobebi? es xom faqtobrivi gagrZelebaa im Segnebuli
politikisa, rasac ruseTis imperiuli xelisufleba erTiani
qarTveli eris, erTiani qarTuli eTnosis, erTiani qarTveli
xalxis mimarT atarebda, rodesac mis teritoriul-lokalur
danayofebs araqarTvelebad, e. i. sxva eTnosebis (xalxebis)
warmomadgenlebad acxadebda. saqarTvelos nebismieri mxaris
macxovrebeli, svani iyo Tu mTiuli, pirvel rigSi xom erTiani
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb locvas aRavlenda da Semdeg - Tavisi mxarisa (XIII-
XIV saukuneebSi svani jer `erTobil saqarTveloze" loculobda, mTiuli
ki Zveladac da axlac ase loculobda da loculobs: `RmerTo uSvele
qveynierebasao, qveynierebaSi - saqarTvelosao, saqarTveloSi - mTiuleTsao
da mTiuleTSi - mleTesao").
amrigad, qarTveli xalxi aris erTi eTnosi erTiani da
mtkice eTnikuri kulturiT da rom saqarTvelos ama Tu im
xeobasa Tu mxareSi, anu istoriul-eTnologiur mxareSi
mcxovrebni arc calke xalxi SeiZleba iyos, arc calke eTnosi da
arc calke eTnikuri erTeuli (eTnikuri erTeuli udris eTnoss
viwro mniSvnelobiT). qarTveli xalxi aris erTi eTnikuri
mTlianoba, erTi eTnosi da aRniSnuli terminebis xmareba
saqarTvelos nebismier mxareSi mcxovrebTa aRsaniSnavad
gaumarTlebeli da didi uxerxulobis Semqmnelia. aseve
miuRebelia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiul
mxareSi mcxovrebTa aRsaniSnavad iseTi terminis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa `subeTnosi", radgan is gaqarTvelebul eTnikur
erTeuls gulisxmobs. CvenTan ki arc erTi eTnografiuli jgufi adre
sxva eTnoss (xalxs) arasdros ar hkuTvnebia. ufro metic, mixeil gegeSiZe
termin `eTnografiuli jgufis" gamoyenebis winaaRmdegac ki gamodioda da
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom ivane javaxiSvili mis nacvlad Zveli qarTuli
wyaroebis termins _ `Tems" gamoiyenebda [sxvaTa Soris, zemoxsenebuli
avtoris (b. jorbenaZe) mixedviT, `eTnosis sawyisi saxea Temi". esec
absurdia. arc gvarovnuli, arc teritoriuli, arc sasoflo, arc
samezoblo Temi eTnosis sawyis saxed eTnologebs arsad ara aqvT
dadasturebuli. Temi mxolod socialuri erTeuli (sociumi) iyo. fSavSi
TerTmeti teritoriuli Temi arsebobda. ra, isini eTnosebi, eTnikuri
erTeulebi iyvnen? ar gveyofoda fSavelTa calke eTnosad, eTnikur
erTeulad da zogjer tomad gamocxadebac ki da axla erTi an ramdenime
soflis erToblioba eTnikur erTeulad gamovacxadeT. ruseTi sasoflo
TemebiT iyo mofenili. teritoriuli, sasoflo Tu samezoblo Temebi
yvela evropuli eTnosisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. gamodis, rom es
soflebi, sawyis etapze eTnosebi, sxvadasxva xalxebi yofilan]. upriani
iqneboda `eTnografiuli jgufis" magivrad `eTnologiur-dialeqturi
danayofi (erTeuli)" gvexmara. Tumca es sakiTxi mxolod mecnierTa
SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli. eTnikuri nomenklaturis - gamoyenebis
nebismierobis aRkveTa mxolod eTnologiuri codnis gavrcelebiT aris
SesaZlebeli. es gansakuTrebiT axla gvmarTebs, rodesac saqarTvelos da
qarTvel xalxs arakeTilmsurveli sakmaod moumravlda.
bolo dros ucxour gamocemebSi xSirad qarTvelTa eTnografiuli
jgufis warmomadgenlebs xalxebad/eTnikur jgufebad moixsenieben.
bunebrivia, aseTi ramis damweri qarTvelebisadmi antipaTiurad da zogjer
siZulviliTac aris Sepyrobili. am TvalsazrisiT Tavi gamoiCina `kavkasiis
eTnopolitikuri istoriis atlasis (1774-2004)" avtorma artur cucievma.
atlasSi svaneTis, samegrelos, aWaris mkvidri qarTvelebi araqarTvelebad,
sxvadasxva xalxebad, eTnikur jgufebad arian gamocxadebuli. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas qarTvelTa eTnografiul jgufze - wova-TuSebze,
romlebic bacbebis saxiT aseve Turme calke eTnosi yofila. a. cucievs
rusul eTnologiur literaturaSi rom Caexeda (magaliTad, s. aruTinovis
monografiaSi), naxavda, rom wova-TuSebi qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufia
da ara sxva ram _ adamianis da adamianTa jgufebis eTnikuri cnobiereba
mxolod TviTSegnebiT ganisazRvreba. wova-TuSebi axlac da yovelTvis
mxolod qarTvelebad gaicnobierebdnen Tavs. aRniSnul atlasSi afxazeTis
teritoriaze saerTod versad ver SexvdebiT qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel fers,
sadac Turme afxazebTan erTad megrelTa eTnikur jgufs ucxovria. amave
dros, Turme samurzayanoSi megrelebi afxazebTan erTad Tanaswori
raodenobiT mkvidrobdnen. a. cucievis mixedviT, mTeli samxreT-dasavleTi
saqarTvelo, lazeTTan erTad, Turme dasavleTi somxeTi yofila.
qarTul presaSi eTnikuri terminis uadgilo xmarebis magaliTad
gamogvadgeba gazeT `rezonansis" 2008 wlis 17 ianvris nomerSi dabeWdili
statia saTauriT `afxazebi megrulenovan radios qmnian, romelic
quTaisamde gavrceldeba". bunebrivia, yvela qarTvelis SeSfoTebas
gamoiwvevs afxazTa xeliT ganxorcielebuli rusuli avantiura. cxadia,
rom ukve karga xania Tanamedrove ruseTma ganaaxla carizmis droindeli
politika erTiani qarTveli eris, erTiani qarTuli eTnosis sxvadasxva
eTnografiuli jgufebis (teritoriul-lokaluri erTeulebis) sxvadasxva
eTnosebad (xalxebad) gamocxadebisa. gareSeTagan, miT umetes mterTagan,
aseTi gamoxdomebi moulodneli araa, magram erTob guldasawyvetia,
rodesac eTnikuri terminebis gamoyenebaSi miutevebel Secdomebs
qarTvelebi uSveben. aseT qarTvelTa Soris, samwuxarod, gazeTis erT-erTi
respondentic aRmoCnda, romelmac eTnikuri termini "tomi" Seusabamod
gamoiyena. Sors rom ar wavideT da citatebis amonaridiT Tavi ar
SegawyinoT, pirdapir aRvniSnav, rom respondenti qarTvelTa
eTnografiul jgufebs `qarTvelur tomebs" uwodebs; am SemTxvevaSi
ki saubaria megrelTa eTnografiul jgufze. tomi eTnosis erT-erTi,
pirveladi formaa. gamodis, Cven mtrebs vudasturebT, rom megrelebi
tomia, e. i. isini calke eTnosi (xalxi) arian. saqarTvelos mTeli istoria
ki gvidasturebs, rom samegrelos istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebi aravisze naklebi qarTvelebi ar yofilan da
qarTuli eTnikuri kulturis SeqmnaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlilic aqvT
Setanili, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini saliteraturo enisagan SedarebiT
daSorebul kiloze metyveleben (iseve rogorc svaneTSi mcxovrebi
qarTvelebi). meore: Tu CavixedavT nebismier saistorio Tu eTnologiuri
xasiaTis leqsikonSi, vnaxavT, rom "tomi" es aris pirvelyofili
sazogadoebis eTnikuri erTeuli. qarTvelma xalxma (qarTulma eTnosma)
tomobriobis etapi saukuneebis miRma ganvlo. amdenadac aris am terminis
gamoyeneba damamcirebeli qarTveli eris nebismieri eTnografiuli jgufis
mimarT (eTnografiul jgufebad dayofa ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, nebismier
civilizebul xalxs axasiaTebs, maT Soris, evropis iseT erebs, rogorebic
arian: germanelebi, italielebi, espanelebi, ungrelebi da sxvebi.
zemoT dasaxelebuli terminis Sesaxeb Cveni replika maleve dabeWda
gazeTma `rezonansma", magram, rogorc Cans, zogierTi Jurnalisti sakuTar
gazeTSi dabeWdil werilebsac ar kiTxulobs. aba, ras unda mivaweroT
imave gazeTis sakvirao gamoSvebis _ `bastis" 16 martis nomris bolo
gverdze erT-erT interviuSi svanTa eTnografiuli jgufis eTnosad
moxsenieba? am terminis qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebis mimarT
gamoyenebiT Cven, dRevandeli qarTvelebi imaves vakeTebT, rasac XIX
saukuneSi ruseTis imperia Segnebulad akeTebda da qarTvelTa lokalur-
teritoriul erTeulebs `narodnostebad" anu cal-calke eTnosebad,
xalxebad acxadebda. termin eTnosis svanTa da sxva qarTvelTa mimarT
misadagebiT maT xelovnurad saukuneebis miRma Camoyalibebul erTian
qarTul erovnul organizms vaSorebT.
ase rom, Cveni moqalaqeebi Zalian xSirad Seusabamod iyeneben
eTnikur da eTnologiur terminebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa: eTnosi,
eTnikuri erToba, eTnikuri jgufi, erovnuli umciresoba
(saqarTveloSi erovnuli anu nacionaluri umciresobebi ar arian,
mxolod eTnikuri umciresobebi cxovroben).
kidev erTi terminis Sesaxeb unda aRvniSnoT. esaa termini
`aborigeni". Zalian xSirad am terminsac uadgilod qarTveli xalxis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneben. ramdenjerme gamoiyena es termini erT-erTma
iuristma telekompania `maestros" wamyvanTan saubarSi. `aborigeni"
mecnierebaSi mxolod da mxolod tomobriobis doneze mdgomi
pirvelyofili xalxebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. qarTvelebis mimarT, rogorc
Cvens teritoriaze mcxovrebi adgilobrivi, ZirZveli xalxis mimarT termin
"aborigenis" gamoyeneba Seusabamo da damakninebelia.
ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT kidev erTi terminis Sesaxeb, esaa
`fratria", romelic sruliad uadgilod gansakuTrebiT lingvistTa
naSromebSi gvxvdeba. Cvens literaturaSi `fratria" xevsureTSi mkvidri
gvarebis danayofebis aRsaniSnavad pirvelad fSav-xevsureTisadmi miZRvnil
wignSi profesiiT eqimma g. TevdoraZem gamoiyena. mecnierebaSi ki es
termini pirvelad l. morganma Semoitana da is tomis (pirvelyofili
tomis!) ori an ramdenime gaerTianebuli gvaris aRmniSvneli
cnebaa. "fratriaSi" gaerTianebuli gvarebi erTmaneTis monaTesaved
iTvlebodnen. fratria SeiZleba erTi gvaris or damoukidebel gvarad
gayofis Semdeg warmoqmniliyo da agreTve _ aramonaTesve gvarebis
xelovnurad gaerTianebis Sedegad. rogorc wesi, fratrias hqonda
sakuTari saxelwodeba da garkveuli sazogadoebrivi da ideologiuri
funqciebi. amrigad, fratria tomobrivi organizaciisaTvis,
gvarovnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri
instituti iyo da, aqedan gamomdinare, mas araferi aqvs saerTo
qarTuli gvarebis danayofebTan, miT umetes, rodesac is
gvarovnul organizaciaSi ara gvaris danayofebis, aramed ramdenime
gvaris gamaerTianebeli termini iyo.
eTnologiuri terminebis uadgilod gamoyeneba, rac Zalian
guldasawyvetia, Cveni eris konsolidaciis ki ara, dezintegracias uwyobs
xels. yovelive aRniSnuli saistorio da eTnologiuri mecnierebebis
codnis deficitiTaa ganpirobebuli da am sferoSi codnis deficitis
aRmofxvra erovnuli mniSvnelobis saqmed migvaCnia.

ROLAND TOPCHISHVILI

ON THE MISUSE OF ETHNOLOGIC TERMINOLOGY

Modern scientific texts and the written media often suffer from the improper usage
and misapplication of the ethnologic terminology.
Almost all ethnos is composed of its constituent parts, that is, ethnographic groups.
Along with the "ethnographic group" they sometimes use the term "sub-ethnos".
The term "sub-ethnos" has been introduced in the Russian scholarship for political
purposes of the Soviet Empire to advise certain ethnographic groups that at some period
of history they belonged to a different ethnos and that they had been assimilated to the
present ethnos, thus there is a possibility to return to the initial position.
"Ethnos" is a term designating the ethnic unity of a people. "Ethnic group" is
reserved to mean a part /parts of an ethnos (people, nation) who, due to the various
reasons, functions within the foreign ethnic environment detached from the original
nucleus.
"Ethnic minority" is a term to refer a part of a people who lives separated from the
principal part and maintains conscious memory of its relation to it. At the same time
upholds its name, language and culture and other signs of ethnic (national) culture.
The term "aborigine" is to apply to call a people who are at the tribal level of
development and its use for the Georgians or other people is improper and pejorative.
"Fratria" is a concept meaning the union of two or more tribes or families. "Fratria"
was a social institution characteristic to the communal-tribal development and it has
nothing to do with the division of the common Georgian family names.
The Georgian people is one ethnos, one ethic entity with common and strong ethnic
culture. Kartians, Kakhetians, Javakhians, Megrelians, Gurians, Acharians, Svans,
Khevsurians….are local territorial units or ethnographic groups. To refer territorial
divisions as ethnos or ethnic units or ethnic group, tribe, people is improper and
unjustified.