LL. Bode Plots na For a transfer function H(s), Bode magnitude plot is: 20 log |HGo)| dB versus log o (4B is for decibel) Bode phase-angle plot is: phase angle of H(ja) versus log © ‘A semi-log paper, with one axis linear and the other logarithmic, is used to plot these, Frequency axis is taken as log @ instead of @ to accommodate frequencies from a few radians/sec to many kilo-radians/sec. Two frequencies are said to be 1 decade apart if their ratio is 10; if the ratio is 2, then they are said to be apart by an octave. ‘Any transfer function H(s) can consist of only the following terms: (a) a constant (b) pole/zero at the origin; s, s*, 1/s, I/s*...in general s where N is any non-zero integer. (c) pole/zero along the real axis (except at the origin); (sta), (sta)’, 1Msta), 1(s+a)’,.....in general (sta) where N is any non-zero integer (d) complex pole/zero; (s*+bste) (N is any non-zero integer and the roots are complex) 11.2 Bode plots for each specific case 1 H(s) = K, a constant magnitude = 20 log |K| dB for all phase angle = 0° if K is positive, 180° if K is negative for all u@)=4 (single pole at origin) _. Be ABldee < uw 1 % =20N d5/dec ode < wo or : te ini a ' ‘oe of -F0.N* Circuit Concepts = 364. H(s)=s (single zero at origin) ac" 20 a8 tana ws osB oO wo ot ; vo ies et 7 rr 98 20 dB, “20d Bb ° Ebon 5. -H(s)=s" (> 0, multiple zeros at origin) oo R 20m AB /4e0 Se od is o us or v 70 ie a 7 1S 120 6. -— Simpl it -1/ H(s) us (simple pole at -1/r) Note: (1/1) is called the 3-dB frequency since at that frequency the actual magnitude is ‘Spproximately -3 dB; other names are break frequency OR comer frequeney odB tH Ye, fe ~20 BL 7. H(s) = (141s) (simple zero at -1/t) 2.dPldee a O88 °° ss 2. ate el = © Circuit Concepts - 378 H@)= (N> 0, multiple pole at -1/) (esey o} £ Ae 4 os owe . = = ws os Fi : = be4sn” —20 NAB — Tae ag 9. As) = (1+ts)% (N > 0, multiple zero at -1/r ) 420. ABldoe 45n° ods us ; a 2 1 0 et 3 8 7 < e “ < 10. He) = — (complex poles; ¢ <1) 1422545 oe oa8 78 &, us Magnitude adjustments for ¢ = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 are 20, 13, and 8 dB, respectively, We H)=142-£54 (complex zeros: ¢ <1) @, oe The plots for complex poles are just inverted Circuit Concepts - 3811.3 Steps for drawing the Bode Plots: 1, Express the transfer function in the form "(4 tys)(1+ t5)1 + Ta (14 ty 51 + FS) 1+ Fy) (1+ cs +035") 1+ks+ks*) Tis) = where N may be positive, negative or zero; m is the number of real zeros, n is the number of real poles; ¢1,€2, ki, ko result in complex roots Exampl 2. Te)= T(s)= ony Asta >TO = ye #441) 10)" Tasos BaF 2. The desirable frequency range for the plots is from 1/10th of the lowest comer frequency to 10 times the highest comer frequency. For example 1, corner frequency = 1/0.01= 100; range is 10 to 1000 rad/see For example 2, comer frequencies are, 1/0.2, 1/0.1, and 1/0.005 OR 5,10, and 200, Range is 0.5 to 2000 OR 0.1 to 10000 for the log scale. For example 3, corner frequencies are | and Vo OR 1 andff0. Range is 0.1 to 100 rad/s 3. Plot the individual straight line plots for each factor (except the constant, K, if any): use the semi-log paper. 4. Add the plots to get the final plot. 5. Add 20 log K to the magnitude scale to adjust for K. For examples | and 3, K = 0.1; 20 log K = 0.0125: 20 log K =~ For example 2, 6, _ If'desited, add approximations at comer frequencies to make the plots perfect. 7. Check the accuracy by calculating the magnitude and phase angle at any frequency. 11.4 Steps to decide the transfer function from the Bode plots. 1. Start with the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude plot. Circuit Concepts - 392. “Break” this plot into individual plots corresponding to each comer frequency. + Find the terms corresponding to each of these individual plots. ‘4. Find the constant factor K from the dB value of the given plot at any’ frequency: prefer very low values of frequency to simplify the calculation, 5. Check the accuracy by calculating the magnitude at some other frequency Example 11.1: Find the transfer function ‘whose Bode magnitude plot is given. \qtettec TFN Fe aiden to eal us ~40 dB Solution: There are two comer frequencies, 10 and 100; the plot has three straight line approximations, 1/s, (1+0.1s), and L/(1+0.01s)? To find K, at $ » Mag = -20 4B; 20 log K = -20;K = 0.1 O.10+ 0.18) _ yp —(5+10) s0+0.01s)" (54100)? ‘The transfer function is Practice problems: 11.1. Draw the Bode magnitude and phase plots for the following functions © _ s ___G+D OTO-ip MTH= Gre 40 OOF a io 11.2. Determine H(s) from the Bode magnitude plots shown. Circuit Concepts - 40