Numeral System

b - numeral system base

dn - the n-th digit
n - can start from negative number if the number has a fraction part.
N+1 - the number of digits
Binary Numeral System - Base-2
Binary numbers uses only 0 and 1 digits.
B denotes binary prefix.
Examples:
101012 = 10101B = 124+023+122+021+120 = 16+4+1= 21
101112 = 10111B = 124+023+122+121+120 = 16+4+2+1= 23
1000112 = 100011B = 125+024+023+022+121+120=32+2+1= 35
Octal Numeral System - Base-8
Octal numbers uses digits from 0..7.
Examples:
278 = 281+780 = 16+7 = 23
308 = 381+080 = 24
43078 = 483+382+081+780= 2247
Decimal Numeral System - Base-10
Decimal numbers uses digits from 0..9.
These are the regular numbers that we use.
Example:
253810 = 2103+5102+3101+8100
Hexadecimal Numeral System - Base-16
Hex numbers uses digits from 0..9 and A..F.
H denotes hex prefix.
Examples:
2816 = 28H = 2161+8160 = 40
2F16 = 2FH = 2161+15160 = 47
BC1216 = BC12H = 11163+12162+1161+2160= 48146

DecHex Oct

Bin

DecHex Oct

Bin

DecHex Oct

Bin

DecHex Oct

Bin

0 0 00 0000000 16 10 02 0001000 32 20 04 0010000 48 30 06 0011000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

0
0
0000000
00
1
1
0000001
00
0
2
0000001
00
1
3
0000010
00
0
4
0000010
00
1
5
0000011
00
0
6
0000011
00
1
7
0000100
01
0
0
0000100
011
1
01
0000101
2
0
01
0000101
3
1
01
0000110
4
0
01
0000110
5
1
01
0000111
6
0
01
0000111
7
1

DecHex Oct

Bin

64 40 10
65 41 0
66 42 10
67 43 1
68 44 10
69 45 2
70 46 10
71 47 3
72 48 10
73 49 4
74 4A 10
75 4B 5

0100000
0
0100000
1
0100001
0
0100001
1
0100010
0
0100010
1

17 11
18 12
19 13
20 14
21 15
22 16
23 17
24 18
25 19
26 1A
27 1B
28 1C
29 1D
30 1E
31 1F

0
02
1
02
2
02
3
02
4
02
5
02
6
02
7
03
0
03
1
03
2
03
3
03
4
03
5
03
6
03
7

DecHex Oct

80 50
81 51
82 52
83 53
84 54
85 55
86 56
87 57
88 58
89 59
90 5A
91 5B

12
0
12
1
12
2
12
3
12
4
12
5

0
0001000
1
0001001
0
0001001
1
0001010
0
0001010
1
0001011
0
0001011
1
0001100
0
0001100
1
0001101
0
0001101
1
0001110
0
0001110
1
0001111
0
0001111
1
Bin

0101000
0
0101000
1
0101001
0
0101001
1
0101010
0
0101010
1

33 21
34 22
35 23
36 24
37 25
38 26
39 27
40 28
41 29
42 2A
43 2B
44 2C
45 2D
46 2E
47 2F

Dec

0
04
1
04
2
04
3
04
4
04
5
04
6
04
7
05
0
05
1
05
2
05
3
05
4
05
5
05
6
05
7

He
Oct
x

96 60 14
97 61 0
98 62 14
99 63 1
10 64 14
0 65 2
10 66 14
1 67 3
10 68 14
2 69 4
10 6A 14

0
0010000
1
0010001
0
0010001
1
0010010
0
0010010
1
0010011
0
0010011
1
0010100
0
0010100
1
0010101
0
0010101
1
0010110
0
0010110
1
0010111
0
0010111
1

Bin

0110000
0
0110000
1
0110001
0
0110001
1
0110010
0
0110010

0
06
1
06
2
06
3
06
49 31 4
50 32 06
51 33 5
52 34 06
53 35 6
54 36 06
55 37 7
56 38 07
57 39 0
58 3A 07
59 3B 1
60 3C 07
61 3D 2
62 3E 07
63 3F 3
07
4
07
5
07
6
07
7

Dec

He
Oct
x

11 70 16
2 71 0
11 72 16
3 73 1
11 74 16
4 75 2
11 76 16
5 77 3
11 78 16
6 79 4
11 7A 16

0
0011000
1
0011001
0
0011001
1
0011010
0
0011010
1
0011011
0
0011011
1
0011100
0
0011100
1
0011101
0
0011101
1
0011110
0
0011110
1
0011111
0
0011111
1

Bin

0111000
0
0111000
1
0111001
0
0111001
1
0111010
0
0111010

0100011
0
0100011
1
10 0100100
6
0
10 0100100
7
1
76 4C 110 0100101
77 4D 111
0
78 4E 112 0100101
79 4F 113
1
114 0100110
115
0
116 0100110
117
1
0100111
0
0100111
1

Dec

He
Oct
x

12 80 20
8 81 0
12 82 20
9 83 1
13 84 20
0 85 2
13 86 20
1 87 3
13 88 20
2 89 4
13 8A 20
3 8B 5
13 8C 20
4 8D 6
13 8E 20
5 8F 7
13
21
6
0
13
21
7
1
13
21

Bin

1000000
0
1000000
1
1000001
0
1000001
1
1000010
0
1000010
1
1000011
0
1000011
1
1000100
0
1000100
1
1000101

92 5C
93 5D
94 5E
95 5F

Dec

12
6
12
7
13
0
13
1
13
2
13
3
13
4
13
5
13
6
13
7

He
Oct
x

14 90 22
4 91 0
14 92 22
5 93 1
14 94 22
6 95 2
14 96 22
7 97 3
14 98 22
8 99 4
14 9A 22
9 9B 5
15 9C 22
0 9D 6
15 9E 22
1 9F 7
15
23
2
0
15
23
3
1
15
23

0101011
0
0101011
1
0101100
0
0101100
1
0101101
0
0101101
1
0101110
0
0101110
1
0101111
0
0101111
1

Bin

1001000
0
1001000
1
1001001
0
1001001
1
1001010
0
1001010
1
1001011
0
1001011
1
1001100
0
1001100
1
1001101

5
14
6
3
14
10
7
4
15
10
0
5
15
10
6B 1
6
6C 15
10
6D 2
7
6E 15
10
6F 3
8
15
10
4
9
15
11
5
0
15
111
6
15
7

1
0110011
0
0110011
1
0110100
0
0110100
1
0110101
0
0110101
1
0110110
0
0110110
1
0110111
0
0110111
1

7
5
1
11
16
0111011
8
6
0
11
16
0111011
9
7
1
12
17
0111100
0
0
0
12
17
0111100
1 7B 1
1
12 7C 17
0111101
2 7D 2
0
12 7E 17
0111101
3 7F 3
1
12
17
0111110
4
4
0
12
17
0111110
5
5
1
12
17
0111111
6
6
0
12
17
01111111
7
7

Dec Hex Oct

Bin

DecHex Oct

Bin

16 A0 24
0 A1 0
16 A2 24
1 A3 1
16 A4 24
2 A5 2
16 A6 24
3 A7 3
16 A8 24
4 A9 4
16 A 24
5 A 5
16 A 24
6 B 6
16 A 24
7 C 7
16 A 25
8 D 0
16 AE 25
9 AF 1
17
25
0
2

1010000
0
1010000
1
1010001
0
1010001
1
1010010
0
1010010
1
1010011
0
1010011
1
1010100
0
1010100
1
1010101
0

17 B0 26
6 B1 0
17 B2 26
7 B3 1
17 B4 26
8 B5 2
17 B6 26
9 B7 3
18 B8 26
0 B9 4
18 B 26
1 A 5
18 B 26
2 B 6
18 B 26
3 C 7
18 B 27
4 D 0
18 BE 27
5 BF 1
18
27
6
2

1011000
0
1011000
1
1011001
0
1011001
1
1011010
0
1011010
1
1011011
0
1011011
1
1011100
0
1011100
1
1011101
0

8
13
9
14
0
14
1
14
2
14
3

2
21
3
21
4
21
5
21
6
21
7

DecHex Oct

0
1000101
1
1000110
0
1000110
1
1000111
0
1000111
1
Bin

4
15
5
15
6
15
7
15
8
15
9

2
23
3
23
4
23
5
23
6
23
7

Dec Hex Oct

0
1001101
1
1001110
0
1001110
1
1001111
0
1001111
1
Bin

17
1
17
2
17
3
17
4
17
5

25
3
25
4
25
5
25
6
25
7

Dec Hex Oct

1010101
1
1010110
0
1010110
1
1010111
0
1010111
1

Bin

18
7
18
8
18
9
19
0
19
1

27
3
27
4
27
5
27
6
27
7

Dec

He
Oct
x

1011101
1
1011110
0
1011110
1
1011111
0
1011111
1

Bin

24 F0 36 1111000
0 F1 0
0
24 F2 36 1111000
1 F3 1
1
24 F4 36 1111001
2 F5 2
0
24 F6 36 1111001
3 F7 3
1
24 F8 36 1111010
4 F9 4
0
24 FA 36 1111010
5 FB 5
1
24 FC 36 1111011
6 F 6
0
24 D 36 1111011
7 FE 7
1
24 FF 37 1111100
8
0
0
24
37 1111100
9
1
1
25
37 1111101
0
2
0
25
37 1111101
1
3
1
25
37 1111110
2
4
0
25
37 1111110
3
5
1
25
37 11111110
4
6 11111111
25
37

19
30
2
0
19
30
3
1
19
30
4
2
19 C0 30
5 C1 3
19 C2 30
6 C3 4
19 C4 30
7 C5 5
19 C6 30
8 C7 6
19 C8 30
9 C9 7
20 C 31
0 A 0
20 C 31
1 B 1
20 C 31
2 C 2
20 C 31
3 D 3
20 CE 31
4 CF 4
20
31
5
5
20
31
6
6
20
31
7
7

1100000
0
1100000
1
1100001
0
1100001
1
1100010
0
1100010
1
1100011
0
1100011
1
1100100
0
1100100
1
1100101
0
1100101
1
1100110
0
1100110
1
1100111
0
1100111
1

20
8
20
9
21
0
21
1
21
2
21
3
21
4
21
5
21
6
21
7
21
8
21
9
22
0
22
1
22
2
22
3

32
0
32
1
32
2
D0 32
D1 3
D2 32
D3 4
D4 32
D5 5
D6 32
D7 6
D8 32
D9 7
D 33
A 0
D 33
B 1
D 33
C 2
D 33
D 3
DE 33
DF 4
33
5
33
6
33
7

1101000
0
1101000
1
1101001
0
1101001
1
1101010
0
1101010
1
1101011
0
1101011
1
1101100
0
1101100
1
1101101
0
1101101
1
1101110
0
1101110
1
1101111
0
1101111
1

22
4
22
5
22
6
22
7
22
8
22
9
23
0
23
1
23
2
23
3
23
4
23
5
23
6
23
7
23
8
23
9

34
0
34
1
34
2
34
E0 3
E1 34
E2 4
E3 34
E4 5
E5 34
E6 6
E7 34
E8 7
E9 35
E 0
A 35
EB1
EC35
E 2
D 35
EE 3
EF 35
4
35
5
35
6
35
7

1110000
0
1110000
1
1110001
0
1110001
1
1110010
0
1110010
1
1110011
0
1110011
1
1110100
0
1110100
1
1110101
0
1110101
1
1110110
0
1110110
1
1110111
0
1110111
1