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    Hidrograma unitario geomorfologico

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    1997_KW-GIUH

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    Hidrograma unitario geomorfologico

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views8 pages

    1997 Kw-Giuh

    Uploaded by

    Franco Espinoza
    Hidrograma unitario geomorfologico

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    GEOMORPHOLOGY AND KINEMATIC-WAVE-BASED HyDROGRAPH DERIVATION By Kwan Tun Lee' and Ben Chie Yen, Fellow, ASCE AgsraAct: Geomorphology-based instantaneous unit hydrographs have been proposed by several engineers ‘as a tool to produce runoff hydrographs from rainfall for ungauged watersheds. A difficulty in applying the {geomorphology-based unit hydrographs isthe determination of travel time that is actully a hydraulic problem. In this paper, Kinematic-wave theory is used to analytically detenmine the travel times for overland and channel flows in a stream-ordering subbasin system. The resultant instantaneous unit hydrograph is a function of the time rate of water input (intensity of rainfall excess in application): hence the linearity restriction ofthe unit hhydrograph theory is relaxed. In applying the instantaneous unit hydrographs for hydrograph simulation, the ‘model deals with temporally nonuniform rainfall through convolution integration of the instantaneous wait hy- drographs applied to the rainfall excess of varying intensities with time. The proposed model is tested by ‘comparing the simulated and observed hydrographs of an example watershed for several rainstorms with good INTRODUCTION Sherman (1932) introduced the theory of unit hydrograph (UH) as basic tool to represent the hydologie response of & Watershed though which effecive ranfll i transformed direct runoft. Traditionally as suggested by Sherman and ex- plained in most reference books, the UH of a watershed is crivedffom observed runoff data minus baseflow and records of rainfall mime sbsictions Howeves for an ungutged wie terthed, runoff data are unavailable. Several synthete-unithy- drograph and dimensonless-unichyérograph methods have teen proposed (0 estimate foods for ungauged streams. One important aspect of these synthetic and dimensionless UH methods isthe manner the geomorphic information of the wa- tershed is incorporated ino the method to produce reliable i ‘The unit hydrograph is @ surface-runoff hydrograph result- ing from one unt of rainfall excess uniformly diutbuted spa ally and tcrporaly over the watershed forthe entre spect fied rainfall excess duration (Chow 1964) The detemaination of rainfall ences from storm rainfall i described in standard Teferences (eg, Chow (1968) and is aot explained here. If the duration of the rainfall excess is infitely smal, the unit iydrogrph is called an instantaneous unt hyéropraph GUH). Concept linear reservoirs and Hnear channels were ose by Nash (1987) and Dooge (1959) to develop TUHs. However the parameters in these conceptal models were determined through calibration and they have not been systematically linked to the geomorphology of the waterbed, On the other hand, witha specified amount of water fowing in the water shed, the unit hydrographs essenally a Bngerprint of the hydraulic response to the unt smount of water inp into the watershed. With the given geomorphic properties of the Wa- tershed, theoretically the UH ean be determined hydraulically ‘without using any recorded data of past rainfall or runoft ‘A significant advancement in modeling runoff from un- sa0ged watersheds was inated by Rodriguer-Iube and Val "Asoo, Pro, Dept of River and Hib, Engr, Now Thiwan Oran Un Reelg. Tatwan 202, RO "rot of Cv: Engrg, Univ of Ines at Urbent-Champign, Urban, 61801 : cs Not. Discussion open unt June 1, 1957. To extend he coving date ne monty writen Feqest must be fled with te ASCE Manager of Sournals. The manatript for this paper war submited for review hd posible publication on November 14, 1994. Thi pape i prt ofthe Journal f Hydrate: Engineering, Wo 123, Not, January, 1997 ‘DASE, ISSN 0733-94299710001-0073-O080iSA.00 + $50 per page Paper No, 9590 s. Sensitivity of surface runoff unit hydrographs to the model parameters is also investigated. des (1979) and Gupta et al. (1980), who developed the IUH using geomorphic stream-order information of the watershed. In this stream-order—based IUH each of the chan- nels is assigned an order following the Strabler streamm-order- i system (1950). The input of rainfall excess is considered ‘86a unit volume composed of an infinite number of raindrops. ‘A typical raindrop foliows a path starting in the overland re- gion, and then flows through a lower order channel into a higher order channel. Eventually, the raindrop arrives at the Watershed outlet For the raindrop travel times on overland areas and in channels, Gupta et al. (1980) obtained explicit solutions by assuming exponential and uniform probability 20, in which S, = overland plane slope; L = overland plane length; h, = equilibrium water depth at the end of the plane; and F, = Froude number atthe end of plane atthe equilibrium state. ‘For channel flows, Ponce (1989) recommended that 15.Vih = 85 for atleast 95% accuracy in one period of water translation, where 1, = the time-of-rise of the inflow hydro- ‘graph; S, = the channel slope; V = the average channel flow ‘Velocity; and h = the average How depth, ‘As to the second kinematic-wave constraint of downstream backwater effect, Samuels (1989) suggested that the channel length affected by backwater conditions atthe downstream end Le is equal to 0.7 A/S... Dooge (1986) quoted a length Ly G31 ~ 0.25F)4/5,, where F = Froude number. This back- water length approaches Samuels’ as F approaches zero. These conditions are usually present for most upland watersheds Where the channel length is large in comparison with the length significantly affected by backwater. Thus, application of the kinematic-wave approximation for watershed routing has been considered acceptable for small watersheds provided the watershed slope is not too flat while the aforementioned criteria are satisfied (Ponce 1989; Fread 1993). Early kinematic-wave applications assumed the watershed as a single unit of one or two planes (Wooding 1965; Akan 1985), On the other hand, in this paper, the travel times for the overland and channel flows in a stream-ordering subbasin system are solved analytically from lower order subbasins to higher order subbasins. Moreover, field observations indicate (Minshall 1960) that the unit hydrograph depends on the amount of water input to the watershed, and the relation be- ‘ween water input and outflow hydrograph is nonlinear. This nonlinear effect can be incorporated into the proposed GIUH approach through the travel time estimated by the kinematic ‘wave approximation. Finally, instead of the exponential dis- ibution or uniform distribution adopted by Gupta et al- (1980) for the probability distribution of travel time, the math- ‘ematical framework of the GIUH is improved by combining the exponential distribution with the uniform distribution. This ‘model promises to be a useful too! in runoff simulation for lungauged watersheds. ‘TRAVEL-TIME ESTIMATION In the kinematic-wave simulation of the surface-runoff pro- ‘cess resulting from rainfall excess, theoretically one can model ‘each subbasin precisely according to its shape, length, slope, ‘and surface condition. However, the requirements for geo- morphic data and their handling for this approach are exces- sive, Therefore, a more practical approximation that has been used by a number of previous investigators (Wooding 1 ‘Akan 1985) is adopted. An ith-order subbasin of the watershed is conceptually simplified as consisting of two identical rec- ‘angular overland-flow planes. Each plane contributes a lateral discharge into a channel of constant cross section and slope (ig. 1). The mean length of the ith-order V-shape overland- flow planes is AP on a a 741 JOURNAL.OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING / JANUARY 1997 | ViShape Subbasing where A = total area of the watershed; Poy, = ratio of the ith- order overland area to the total watershed area; N, = number of the ith-order channels; and L, = mean channel length of the ith-order subbasins. The continuity equation and simplified ‘momentum equation for the overland flow are Bey Mag, o 4% ® where x = flow direction; h, = ith-orde ovetland-flow depth; y= ithorder overland-flow discharge per unit width; m= a Sonstant; a, = parameter reflecting the hydraulic characteris tics ofthe overland flow; and q, = lateral flow rate joining the main flow q,- In free surface flow, q, can be the inflow rate (Gositive) of rainfall or from tributaries, or the outflow rate (Gegative) of seepage (Yen 1986). In this paper of GIUH de- velopment, q is simply the lateral inflow of rainfall excess to be simulated when applying the TUH afer iis derived, with the unit of intensity; tis not the rainfall excess intensity of the TUH set in the TUH derivation, which theoretically is infinity. The constant m can be recognized as 5/3 from Man- Tne equadon, The” coctcient a can be estimated 5%, from Manning's equation, in which S, isthe mean ith order overland slope and’, isan effective roughness cacti ‘ent for the overiand planes for which the values have been given in early investigations (Engman 1986; Hydrologic En- Bincering Center 1990) “The flow rate at the end of a plane increases with time until itreaches equilibrium. The longest time fora raindrop to travel through the ith-order overland plane T,,, is the Lime for the flow foreach equilibrium in the plane. Tus, the discharge for the ith-onder overland subbasin at any timer < T,, is = aur ® ‘Once the flow equilibrium state is reached, the discharge af- terward, > Tay 15 © = dn Where qq, and hy, represent the ith-order overland discharge and water depth at equilibrium, respectively. From (4) and (5), the travel time for the ith-order overland plane is (Wooding obey 1968) = (aS) - ‘Since the subbasin model is conceptually composed of two {identical rectangular planes, the lateral discharge into the cen- tral channel is contributed from both side planes. The rain falling directly onto the channel is assumed negligible. For an ith-order channel with a width B, the lateral discharge in the ‘equilibrium state contributing to the channel is 24..,.. Hence, ‘the continuity equation and simplified momentum equation for the channel flow are Te o 2, 20k ® Where h, = ith-order channel-flow depth; Q,, = ith-order chan- nel-flow discharge; and a. = parameter reflecting the hydraulic characteristics of the channel flow. The valve of a. can be approximated by B,SY"n., where S,,= mean slope of the ith- ‘order channels and n, = roughness coefficient for the channel ow. This approximation is most accurate for wide rectangular channels and is acceptable for estimation of travel time in ‘ther open channels ‘As the flow in the ith-order overland planes gradually in- creases with time to reach equilibrium, an additonal time 7, is needed for the ith-order channel flow to reach its equilib: ‘ium. A first-order channel conveys only the lateral discharge contributed by two first-order overland slopes. Thus, the dis- charge of the first-order channel at any time ¢ <,, is = y o 10) and for ¢ = T, 2, = Qu where Qu, and ho, represent the frstorder channel discharge and water depth at equilibrium, respectively. Therefore, the rainwater travel time for the firstorder channel is (Wooding 1965) 7, = Bib Bs (26) cn Dail,” Daub, BSE? Since the watershed is considered as a multiple subbasins system, the water is transported successively fom lower-order to higher-order channels. Comparing with (), the discharge for an ith-order > I) channel at any time #< ,, is 88,26) up where hay = water depth at the entrance of the ithorder chan nel, By considering that the rainwater waves from upsteam Subbasins though slfferen paths towards the ih-ordersub- basins, can be expressed as gumNidy ~ APog) BS Likewise, fort = 7, the channel discharge at equilibrium is ay, aS! ase 0, = Qa, = AT Ko, + Really = Oho, where Qn, and ho, = ith-order channel discharge and water depth at equilibrium, respectively. The fs term afer the ec- ‘ond equal sign represents the low from upstream subbasins, and the second term represents the flow contzibution from the {wo ith-order overland planes. Hence, by replacing the hy term in (11) with ha ~ fy (ich represents the increase ft flow resting from lateral low) and deriving the ha, term from (14), the travel time for the ik-order channel is [t= 89)-4] ‘From the equations presented, the travel times for different order subbasins can be estimated analytically from overland and channel hydraulics instead of relying on watershed-spec- ifled empirical formulas. GEOMORPHIC INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH STRUCTURE ‘When a unit depth of rain excess falls uniformly and stantaneously onto a watershed, the unit rainfall excess is as- sumed to consist of a large number of independent, noninter- action raindrops. Thus, the whole rainfll-runoff process can be represented by tracing the rainfall excess moving along different paths towards the watershed outlet to produce the ‘outflow hydrograph. The amount of rain that falls directly onto the channels is small compared to that falling on overland areas and can therefore be neglected. ‘Based on the Strahler (1950) stream-ordering scheme, a wa- tershed of order 11 can be divided into different states. The ith-order overland regions is denoted by x4, and x, represents the ith-order channel, in which i= 1, 2,..., 2. Each raindrop falling on the overland region will move successively from lower to higher order channels until it reaches the outlet. Fig. 2 depicts schematically the network ordering scheme ac- ‘cording to the Strahler method. It also shows the possible ‘tavel paths of the raindrops for a third-order watershed. The following presentation of the GIUH is based on previous re- sults of Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes (1979) and Gupta etal (1980, in which the watershed geomorphology is represented probabilisticaly based on the stream order, instead of simulat- ing the overland surfaces and channels by their individually actual geometry as in a deterministic modeling. If w denotes a specified path 2 x, > %) > °° > Xa, the probability of a drop of rainfall excess adopting this path can be expressed as POW) = Pa Pag °° Pag, *** Pasa a9, where P,.,, = transitional probability of the raindrop moving from the ith-order overland region to the ith-order channel: and P,,.,= unity by definition; P,, is the transitional proba- bility of the raindrop moving fromt an ith-order channel to a Jjthorder channel and is computed as Ho) = Xt 28 rol 1X9 fea 9 FIG. 2. Flow Pathe of Third-Order Watershed with Strahler Stream-Ordering System JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING / JANUARY 1967/78 Ms aN, where N., = number of ith-order channels contributing to jth ‘order channels; N= number of ith-order channels; and Poa, = ratio of the ith-order overland area to the total watershed afea 4 given in (1). In a channel network system, Poy, can De Pay an Paced (wai ~ 3 MAP) co) where A, = mean of the drainage area of order i. Specifically a adda ow i should be noted that Ay in (19) denotes not only the areas ‘of the overland-flow regions that drain directly into the jth ‘channel of order i, but it also includes overland areas draining into the lower-order channels tributary to this jth channel of ‘order i, Let T,, be the travel time of a raindrop in state x,, and T, be the total travel time of a raindrop moving through path W to the watershed outlet. Then T. is given by Te2Te,+T, + Ty + Ty eo In QO), the travel time in each sae can be computed from ©) (1), and (15). Let the probability of a raindrop moving through path w within a tine rbe equal to PCTs = 0) Tae probability ofa raindrop taking a path, which has a travel ime Tess than a specie value f, canbe represented by perso Spa. =0-Po) en where w & W, W being the path space given as W = (xa, x. p++ Xa) and PGW) is given by (16). For a geomorphoiog- ically complicated watershed, instead of using a single mean ‘value to represent the travel time in an ordering state, a prob- ability density function is more appropriate to represent the travel time, Ifthe tavel time of different states in the water- shed is statistically independent, and f,(f) denotes the travel time probability density function in state x, with a mean value of T,, then substituting (20) into (21) yields the following result (Feller 1960) PT so= 2 [fae «| Pow) > [ i) LEV LAY AIO) co ‘where the asterisk denotes a convolution integral. Since the raindrops do not interact strongly along their paths, the deten tion storage $ in the watershed at time 1 should be equal to the volume of raindrops whose travel time is greater than That is (2) = (total volume of rainfaly -CUBPEE Of raindrops, T> 0 ‘S10 = (oul volume of sinflD “ay number of raindrops, N) = (ota volume of rinfatd-{1 — PCT's 91 es Substituing (2) into (23, and diferentiatng the result with respect to yields, “ Treo For an instantaneous unit input, 10) = 1 fort = 0, and 10) = O fort #0, the corresponding watershed outflow hydograph 781 JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING / JANUARY 1057 DLO + fale P) 4 is the instantaneous unit hydrograph u(0). From consideration of continuity, dSidt = —u(e). Thus, the’ geomorphologically ‘generated IUH is m= D0 £40 + 500 (Ole-PO) 3) ‘The travel-time probability density function has been as- sumed to follow either an exponential or uniform distribution by early researchers. When using the exponential distribution, the watershed is conceptualized as linear reservoirs in series and/or in parallel (Gupta et al. 1980). This conceptualization is considered acceptable because the lengths of the channels in a watershed can be fitted to a gamma distribution, which is simply a natural generalization of the exponential distribution (Smart 1972). Moreover, a unit depth of rain excess that falls uniformly on the watershed and flows through the outlet can be thought of as a pure death queuing model (Cheng 1982). ‘The probability density function of @ pure death queuing model is known to follow an exponential distribution. The assumption of a uniform probability distribution is based on ‘the concept that the variation of rainwater velocity in trans- lation component is small within each state. Thus, the wate shed can be conceptually considered as composed of linear channels in series and/or in parallel (Gupta etal. 1980). Based on Dooge’s (1973) concept, Cheng (1982) combined exponential and uniform distributions to determine the travel- time probability density function. The travel time forthe over- land-flow region is assumed to follow an exponential disti- bution. The travel time forthe storage component of a channel is also assumed to follow an exponential distribution, but the translation component of a channel is assumed to follow a uniform distribution. Thus, the hydrologic response of a wa tershed can be treated conceptually as a combination of linear reservoirs and linear channels in series and/or in parallel. Kit- shen and Bras (1983) applied perturbation methods to solve flow continuity and completed momentum equations ignoring the downstream boundary condition. Their solution is very similar to the result proposed by Dooge (1973). For the stale 2%, the travel time for the channel-storage component and ‘channel-translation component are T,,, and T,,,. respectively, and the total travel ime in this stae'is T,, ="7,, + TA simple time ratio may be defined as (Cheng 1983) 6, ‘The parameter C, reflects the hydraulic characteristics of the ‘watershed and it can be related to the network structure and ‘channel geometry. Hence, from (25), the IUH ean be further represented by the convolution of two groups of probability

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