WT Chapter 6 2

1/3/2012
FILTRATION
Water Treatment Course
AAiT, Z erihun Alemayehu
FILTRATION
Filtrationinvolvestheremovalofsuspendedandcolloidal
particlesfromthewaterbypassing it throughalayeror
bedofaporousgranularmaterial,suchassand.
AAiT
Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
1/3/2012
CLASSIFICATION
OF FILTERS
Basedonthefiltermedia
Sandfilters,e.g.naturalsilicasand
Anthracitefilters,e.g.crushedanthraciticcoal
Diatomaceousearthfilters,e.g.diatomaceousearth
Metalfabricfilters(microstrainers),e.g.stainless
steelfabricfilter.
AAiT
Water Treatment
CLASSIFICATION
OF FILTERS
Basedonthedepthoffiltermedia
Deepgranularfilters,e.g.sand,dualmediaand
multimedia(combinationoftwoormoremedia),
granularactivatedcarbon
Precoatfilters,e.g.diatomaceousearth,and
powderedactivatedcarbon,filters
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
CLASSIFICATION
OF FILTERS
Basedontherateoffiltration,sandfilterscanbe
furtherclassifiedas
Gravityfilters
Slowsandfilters
rapidsandfilters
highratesandfilters
Pressurefilters
AAiT
RATE
Water Treatment
OF FILTRATION
Rateoffiltration(loadingrate)istheflowrateofwater
appliedperunitareaofthefilter.It isthevelocityofthe
waterapproachingthefaceofthefilter:
va
As
whereva=facevelocity,m/d=loadingrate,m3/d.m2
Q=flowrateontofiltersurface,m3/d
As=surfaceareoffilter,m2
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
EXAMPLE
A city is to install rapid sand filters downstream of the
clarifiers. The design loading rate is selected to be 160
m3/(m2d).Thedesigncapacityofthewaterworksis0.35
m3/s.Themaximumsurfaceperfilterislimitedto50m2.
Design the number and size of filters and calculate the
normalfiltrationrate.
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
MECHANISM
OF
FILTRATION
Thetheoryoffiltrationbasicallyinvolves,transport
mechanisms,andattachmentmechanisms.
Thetransportmechanismbringssmallparticlesfrom
thebulksolutiontothesurfaceofthemedia.
a)
b)
c)
d)
gravitationalsettling,
diffusion,
interceptionand
hydrodynamics.
AAiT
Water Treatment
MECHANISM
OF
FILTRATION
Theyareaffectedbyphysicalcharacteristicssuchas
sizeofthefiltermedium,filtrationrate,fluid
temperature,sizeanddensityofsuspendedsolids.
Astheparticlesreachthesurfaceofthefiltermedia,an
attachmentmechanismisrequiredtoretainit.This
occursdueto
(i)electrostaticinteractions
(ii)chemicalbridgingorspecificadsorption.
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
AAiT
Water Treatment
SLOW SAND FILTERS
InSSFwaterisallowedataslowratethroughabedof
sand,sothatcoarsesuspendedsolidsareretainedonor
nearthesurfaceofthebed.
Loadingrateof2.9to7.6m3/d.m2
Therawwaterturbidityhastobe<50NTU.
Thefilteringactionisacombinationofstraining,
adsorption,andbiologicalflocculation.
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
SLOW SAND FILTERS
Gelatinousslimesofbacterialgrowthcalledschmutzdecke
formonthesurfaceandintheuppersandlayer,consistsof
bacteria,fungi,protozoa,rotiferaandarangeofaquatic
insectlarvae.
Theunderlyingsandprovidesthesupportmediumforthis
biologicaltreatmentlayer.
Slowsandfiltersslowlylosetheirperformanceasthe
Schmutzdeckegrowsandtherebyreducestherateofflow
throughthefilter.requiresrefurbishing
AAiT
Water Treatment
CLEANING SLOW SAND FILTERS

Scrapping:thetopfewmmofsandiscarefullyscraped
offusingmechanicalplantandthisexposesanewlayer
of clean sand. Water is then decanted back into the
filter and recirculated for a few hours to allow a new
Schmutzedecketodevelop.Thefilteristhenfilledtofull
depthandbroughtbackintoservice.
wetharrowing:lowerthewaterleveltojustabovethe
Schmutzdecke, stirring the sand and thereby
suspending any solids held in that layer and then
running the water to waste. The filter is then filled to
fulldepthandbroughtbackintoservice.
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
TYPICAL
SLOW SAND FILTER
Raw water
Supernatant
water
Weir
Schmutzecke
Sand filter
bed
Grave
l
Systemofunderdrains
AAiT
Water Treatment
TYPICAL
AAiT
Finished
water
SLOW SAND FILTER
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
TYPICAL SSF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
AAiT
Water Treatment
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Simpletoconstructandsupervise
Suitablewheresandisreadilyavailable
Effectiveinbacterialremoval
Preferableforuniformqualityoftreatedwater
Disadvantages
Largeareaisrequired
Unsuitablefortreatinghighlyturbidwaters
Lessflexibilityinoperationduetoseasonalvariationsinraw
waterquality
AAiT
Water Treatment
1/3/2012
DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR
SSF
Parameter
Recommended level (UK experience)
10-15 year
Design life
24 h/day
Period of operation
0.1 0.2 m/h
Filtration rate
5-200 m2/filter (minimum of two filters)
Filter bed area
Height of filter bed
Initial
0.8-0.9 m
Minimum
0.5-0.6 m
Effective size
0.15-0.3 mm
Uniformity coefficient
< 3
Height of underdrains + gravel layer 0.3-0.5 m
Height of supernatant water
1 m
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE. SSF
DESIGN
Designaslowsandfiltertotreataflowof800m3/day.
Solution:
assumingafiltrationrateof0.15m/h,
Requiredtankarea=(800/24)x(1/0.15)=222m2
Useatank23mlongx10mwide.
FromTable6.1,theheightofthetankrequireis:
Systemunderdrain+gravel0.5m
Filterbed0.9m
Supernatantwater1m
Therefore,totaltankheight=2.4mandtankdimension
becomes23mlongx10mwidex2.4mhigh
AAiT
Water Treatment
10
1/3/2012
RAPID SAND FILTERS
Themostcommontypeoffilterfortreatingmunicipal
watersupplies.
Duringfiltration,thewaterflowsdownwardthrough
thebedundertheforceofgravity.
Whenthefilteriswashed,cleanwaterisforcedupward,
expandingthefilterbedslightlyandcarryingawaythe
accumulatedimpurities.Thisprocessiscalled
backwashing.
AAiT
Water Treatment
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Turbidwatermaybetreated
Landrequiredislesscomparedtoslowsandfilter
Operationiscontinuous.
Disadvantages
Requiresskilledpersonnelforoperationandmaintenance
Lesseffectiveinbacteriaremoval
Operationaltroubles
AAiT
Water Treatment
11
1/3/2012
TYPICAL
GRADATION
OF
RSF
after backwashing, the larger

sand grains settle to the bottom
first, leaving the smaller sand
grains at the filter surface.
Allows in-depth filtration:

provides more storage space for
the solids, offer less resistance to
flow, and allows longer filter runs.
AAiT
Water Treatment
TYPES
OF
RSF
RSFbasedonfiltermaterial,threetypes:
Singlemediafilters:thesehaveonetypeofmedia,
usuallysandorcrushedanthracitecoal
Dualmediafilters:thesehavetwotypesofmedia,
usuallycrushedanthracitecoalandsand.
Multimediafilters:thesehavethreetypesof
media,usuallycrushedanthracitecoal,sand,and
garnet.
AAiT
Water Treatment
12
1/3/2012
RAPID
AAiT
SAND FILTER
Water Treatment
OPERATION
OF A RSF
Terminal head loss.

Constant rate
filtration
AAiT
Water Treatment
13
1/3/2012
GRAIN
Geometricmean(Xg)and
Geometricstandarddeviation(Sg)
Effectivesize,E,or10percentile,P10,
CHARACTERISTICS
Sieveanalysisaplotonsemilogpaperofthe
cumulativefrequencydistribution,
SIZE
E=P10=(Xg/Sg)1.282
Uniformitycoefficient,U,orratioofthe60percentileto
the10percentile,P60/P10.
U=P60/P10=(Sg)1.535
AAiT
Water Treatment
RSF FILTER MEDIA TYPICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTY
UNIT
Effective Size,
ES
mm 0.2 - 0.4
Uniformity
Coefficient, UC
UC
Density,
Porosity,
Hardness
AAiT
GARNET
1.3 - 1.7
g/mL 3.6 - 4.2

%
45 - 58
Moh 6.5 -7.5
LMENITE
SAND
ANTHRACITE
GAC
0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8
0.8 - 2.0
0.8 - 2.0
1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 2.4
4.5 - 5.0
2.65
1.4 - 1.8
1.3 - 1.7
Not
available
40 - 43
47 - 52
Not
available
5.6
2 - 3
Low
Water Treatment
14
1/3/2012
FILTER HYDRAULICS
The loss of pressure (head loss) through a clean stratifiedsand
filterwithuniformporositywasdescribedbyRose:
wherehL=frictionalheadlossthroughthefilter,m
va=approachvelocity,m/s
D=depthoffiltersand,m
CD=dragforcecoefficient
f=massfractionofsandparticlesofdiameterd
d=diameterofsandgrains,m
=shapefactorand= porosity
AAiT
Water Treatment
FILTER HYDRAULICS
AAiT
Water Treatment
15
1/3/2012
FILTER HYDRAULICS
Thehydraulicheadlossthatoccursduringbackwashingis
calculatedtodeterminetheplacementofthebackwashtroughs
abovethefilterbed.
where De = depth of the expanded bed, m

= porosity of the bed and s= porosity of the expanded bed
f = mass fraction of sand with expanded porosity
Laminar
AAiT
Turbulent
Water Treatment
SETTLING
VELOCITY
AAiT
Water Treatment
16
1/3/2012
REYNOLDS
NUMBER
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE 3
A dual medium filter is composed of 0.3 m
anthracite (mean size of 2.0 mm) that is placed
over a 0.6 m layer of sand (mean size of 0.7 mm)
with filtration rate of 9.78 m/h. Assume the grain
sphericityis=0.75andaporosityforbothis0.40.
Estimatetheheadlossofthefilterat15oC.
AAiT
Water Treatment
17
1/3/2012
SOLUTION
Calculateheadlossforanthracite
Calculateheadlossforsand
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE 4
Estimate the clean filter
headloss for a proposed new
sandfilterusingthesand.Use
the following assumptions:
loading rate is 216 m3/d.m2 ,
specificgravityofsandis2.65,
the shape factor is 0.82, the
bedporosityis0.45,thewater
temperature is 10oC, and the
depthofsandis0.5m.
AAiT
Sieve No
% retain
d(mm)
8-12
7.3
12-16
17.1
1.42
16-20
14.6
20-30
20.4
0.714
30-40
17.6
0.0505
40-50
11.9
0.0357
50-70
5.9
0.0252
70-100
3.1
0.0178
100-140
0.7
0.0126
Water Treatment
18
1/3/2012
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
19
1/3/2012
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE 5
Determine the depth of the expanded sand

filterbedbeingdesignedforExample4.
AAiT
Water Treatment
20
1/3/2012
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
Any
Questions?
AAiT
Water Treatment
21

WT Chapter 6 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WT Chapter 6 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1/3/2012

AAiT, Z erihun Alemayehu

SLOW SAND FILTERS

SLOW SAND FILTERS

CLEANING SLOW SAND FILTERS

SLOW SAND FILTER

SLOW SAND FILTER

TYPICAL SSF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

RAPID SAND FILTERS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

after backwashing, the larger

Allows in-depth filtration:

Terminal head loss.

RSF FILTER MEDIA TYPICAL PROPERTIES

g/mL 3.6 - 4.2

Moh 6.5 -7.5

0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8

1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7

where De = depth of the expanded bed, m

Determine the depth of the expanded sand

You might also like