Formulation of Basic [Jos chaper presents the basic equations tat describ the transport 5 ofasinge phase fui throug porous medium. These mathematical E>) qjuaions describe the physical processes of interest nthe reservoie id arein the form of prtia-difterental cuatons(PDE"s) ha con- “tier the dynamic relationships between the Mui, the poraas me~ = Gm, andthe flow conditions present ia the system, In his chapter, E wedsivee mathematica] model that describes the most important as- F gets of single phased flow. The model equations are expressed | iterent coordinate system end are developed forthe most com <2 prehensive case, Later in the chapter, we reduce the comprehensive, “Beal diferenal equation to several special cass tht are simple bso the original model Fig. highligh the formulation step ihe development of a eservor simulator . 42 Continuity Equation in Various Flow Geometries {Te contin equation (ferential mass conservation equation) {i ‘ante developedby writing amass-balane equation overa contol © lume (stationary volume element) through which the Huid is FF flowing. The shape ofthe volume clement depends onthe coord = ue sytem usd to desribe the low problem, The coordinate sys- ‘em sould conform as closely as posible the flow geometry de- fined by the equipotent lines and steamtnes tata, in tn, fined by the shape ofthe physical boundaries and dssibution of “sesevoir properies, Figs 42 through 44 show thee flow geome- = es commonly used in reservoir modeling, Note tha, or homoge e0us rock properties, steamlines ae defined by the physics Soundares ofthe volume element in exch enordinate system, Teshoutd be noted that rectangular cylindrical, and spherical low ometies represent relatively simple, well-defined fw pater The rectangular coordinate system represents retilinear flow sys. tems, while both the cylindrical and spherieal coordinate systems | present curvilinear flow systems. In these two curvilinear sys- fom, th Now elements ae relatively simple pater formed fom weldetinedonogonal geometric element, such a eyinders tad ‘oheres, When equpotential ines and sveamlins are nonunifor- 'yandasymmetcally distrtéd bythe iegularly defined physical nares of helerogencous reservoir properties, a generlized _‘turvilinear coordinate system may be more convenient. ig. 45, where a wells located ae distance from an infinite lie source | Ri), presen ths situation. Any quadatera element enclosed ina par of neighboring eauipotentil ins anda pao neigh- oe _ FORMULATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE PHASE FLOW Equations for Single-Phase Flow boring streamlines will define a proper, onhogonsl volume element. in curvilinear coordinates. ‘Sec. 4:3 shows that ts necessary o define a representative elemen= {al volume tobe able to witea mass-balance equation, The continaam, ‘approach must be used to define the properties of the elementary vol~ ‘ume and the fui flowing through i. This approach simply teats the porous medium as @ continuum concerning rock and Aid (uch as porosity, permesbiity, uid viscosiy, and Pid density) as ‘signed to the contl volume, These proper describe the overall be- havior ofthe porous medium and the fluid contained in it Fig. 46 shows the application of the continuum principle to define the porosity ofthe representative elementary volume. ‘Applying the continuum approach results in the macroscopic defi- nition ofthe control volume. The representative elemental volume at- temps to summarize the system's macroscopic behavior by taking into consideration the net average ofthe microscopic effect, ‘Toexpress the flow of fluids through poroos media mathematica isnecessary wuse the following tree Fundemental laws or rules. 1. The principi of conservationof mass (Eq, 2.174), which states ‘thatthe total mass of fludenteringa volume elementin the reservoit ‘mast equal the net increase inthe mass ofthe fluid inthe element plus the total mass of uid leaving the element. 2. An equation of state (EOS) (Eq. 2.91) that describes the density ofa fiaid asa function of temperature and pressure, 3. The constitutive equation (Eq. 2.23), which describes the rate of| ‘uid movement into or out ofthe represenatve elementary volume. b 4.3 Derivation of Generalized Flow Equations 43.1 Flow Equation in Rectangular Coordinates. The continuity ‘equation i a mathematical expression of material bslance. Ibean be «developed by considering the flow of mass through a control vol lume, 28 discussed in Sec. 24.1 forthe simple case of one-dimen= sional (ID) flow. Because this section is concerned with developing the flow equation in rectangular coordinates, the control volume (shown in Fig 4.7), isa rectangular prism with dimensions Ax, Ay, and Az, with ts sides parallel t the principal diections ofthe rect ‘ngular coordinate system and its center at (x,y, 2). Por this rectan- ‘gular prism one can write mast-balance equation forasingle fluid ‘owing in the x,y end z directions, Atthe x A3/2 face ofthe rect- ‘angular prism, the fluid flow rate and density are gy—axra and ‘Pea, Tespectvely. Similarly, at they— Ay/2 and z= Ai? faces of the rectangular prism, the fluid flow rates and densities are 7THA e cersotrchs| es Fig. 4.1—Formulation step in development of a reservolr simulator (redrawn from Ret. 1). yey Py =a ad ~~ are espetively Likewise at thos TAB. raya, anda Ac? faces of he contol volume the flow rates and densities can be expressed a8 dees Prs a 4 ety Br yr A Pa a or the control volume shown in Fig, 4.7, one can wete a srass-balance equation inthe Form of Eq, 2.174 ve GD ‘Obviously, multiplication of heflow rate, q, and density, p, gives the amountof mass entering (or leaving) the control volume per unit time because (m4 = md +m, = Me zee ” Cy i © Fig, 4.2-—Rectangular flow geo = 42) [Ate] - He) Fig. 47 shows a crosshatched arrow indicating that an additonal amount of fluid may be injected into (or produced from) the contol volume ata mass rate of g(t) In this book, we use a positive sign for injection and a negative sign for production. In other words, we consistently wea positive sign to indicate the flaidentering thecon- ‘tol volume and s negative sign o indica the ui leaving thecon- trol volume. and volume element detsils; (a) 1D flow, x¢irection only; {@)20 flow, xand y directions only and (2) 90 flow, x, yand zcections, BASIC APPLIED RESERVOIR SIMULATION i i j jallow geometry and volume element detal (2) 1D flow, rlrection only; Fig. 43—cyi (8) 20 flow, rand @ directions only; and (c) 3D flow, 1,0, and zdrections, With these definitions, we ean writea mass-balance equation over 2 finite period of time, At, 6 -aadt + 0, -ayadt + Oc aenAl] = [Oesandt + Oca! + OD eeounAt] + dude FORAY Dey (ORAM) eccccee 3) ‘Because mass flux, i, has the dimensions m/L, the mass flow rate, i, can be defined 2s We MAyA2 = ty veceneees sees (ha) (4.40) Wy = tAXD2 = yyy and 9, = Hi Ay = cA E (44) ‘The definition of mass flux canbe stated in terms of density andvol- metic velocity as Tig = pty ve SQ) fy = Gel eafesesere (ase) and t= acpus. seceteeseeereelfasseeees (450) FORMULATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE PHASE FLOW Substituting Bq, 4.5 into Bq, 4.4 gives Wy aepiay cose 4.60) Wy, = Gypsy = (4.6) and we = apucA:. (4.60) In Eq, 4.6. A, Ay and A; = areas perpendicular o flow along the x, ‘wand z directions, respectively. The new definition, wi, Wy and ws, ‘can be substituted into Eg. 4.3 t give ~ [lee = Gtr Aeain * (tA sn = (01, aya + (PHeAD essen — (Asal +e = 1 AAA 2p ay — (OAxAVACD), ra Dividing Bq. 47 through by AxAyA znd noting that YB MARAGSED is the bulk volume of the control element gives - 4D 9x Fig. 4.5—Equipotential ines, and streamlines, v,deseribing 4b {theflowintoawellfromaninfinitelinesourceatauniformpoten:” — 31-2) tal after Ret.2). " a] o a fig, 4—Sphereal ow geometry and volume olement details; a) 10 low rlretion only (6) 2B tow, rane 9 atections ony; tna (o) 30 fom, 2, and 9 dections. 4 nt GP lnw ~ (97), a 4 lees 4a 4 "Now take the simultaneous limits overtime and space; thatis, look stan instat of time as the control Volume shrinks to the infinitesimal ii {[- (eden ~ [Pts m BASIC APPLIED RESERVOIR SIMULATION "=|ayaa) (xyayee aa) “Fig, 46) Assignment of porosity with tiveelemen- [2 “ny volume and (b) elamentary volume (redrawn from Ret 3). are (PM )y-aorr _ (OH a (9), (#0), abr Fig. 47—Control volume in rectangular céordinates. In Eq. 49, we can recognize the definition ofthe first-order partial (8) aa the dimensions of te a em te #-(ce? a9 ‘and the dimensions ofthe right side ce 8) - (2) ‘Therefore, Eq 413 is dimensionally consistent (48) Now incorporate the remaining two fundamental laws, the EOS, and the constitutive equation into the continuity equation, Remem ber thatan BOS relates the density of auido pressure and iempers ture. A simple way to express this lationship is chrough the uid {Formation volume factor (FVF), expressed by Ea, 2.80. anf eter In Eq, 4.17, B= FVE, which isthe volume at reservoir condi- tions divided by the volume at standard conditions. Accordingly, ‘Pz and p= densities of the fluid at standard and reservoir condi tions, respectively. Because Ey. 4.13 is written to describe ui flow in porous me- 4a, the velocity terms can be expressed with Darcy's la, Eg, 2.22, ‘which relates the superficial velocity ofthe fluid to the potential rae ient atte inflow and outflow faces of the control volume. aan ve G18) atta 4.18) ko and «, = ~ B22, ‘where velocities are expressed in RB/D-ft? [m?/(d-m?)]. ‘Before substituting Eas. 4.17 and 4,18 into Eq, 4.13, we will ex- ress the term asa volumetric rate rather then & mass rate This is done to conform with industry standard measurement practices that measure and express produced fluids in volumetric units rather than mass flow rates. That i, 2B) = 0( Bel o(B) OF an = Bet Pic .190) [Now substitute Eqs, 417, 4,18, and 4.19b into Ea, 4.13 0 obtain Beart Slee seers G88) + (4.194) ag Ack a@ Vp a ets acre BR) an btereapeemetonse te tren ihvten arama crores A car ere ore sei eee aire eee a ee be cope reer ei 2 direction; that is, VO = Vp), it takes the foem a ‘Table 4.1 presents the units of ll variables and functions appearing. | in low equation i ‘Bcample 42. Wet Eq, 420 in cusiomary units Sein Uses ii ores atacand. | eof in he definition of peal. Then, 420 ned uni ; 127A, a (1174,k, ao | Tae a) (Ht a0), i alrmt20), 5 i ae B Yate 5 4 iz AQ Its gut and ain dis, Yin cbf dal the other terms are a they appear in Table 4,1 under customary units 1 4332 Flow Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates. The continity ‘equation i cylindrical coordinates can be obtained by considering a ‘ylindrical element whose center is (70.2) as shown in Fig 48. The flow equation as expressed in cylindrical coordinates is used exci sively for single-well simulation problems. In these cases, a well is located at the center of acylindrcal drainage volume so that the well bore andthe onter boundaries ofthe drainage volume are concentric. Note thar the extemal souretsink term tha is included a8 yin the rectangular coordinates is often avoided in cylindrical coordinates be- cause the well is atthe center of the drainage area and the wellbo Specifications and extemal conditions are incorporated in he form of boundary conditions as is done in classic welL-est analysis ‘We again write the mass-balance equation as expressed in Eq 4.1 ‘without an external source/sini term. To simplify the appearance of ‘the equation, write the lft side foreach direction over a short period : = i | Flow Term for the r Direction. 6m, — m0), = [00 ,-aypt ~ earn se (423) Tre areas perpendicular‘ low along ther direction can be writen Arar = (ABBA), ay (42m) 4 eA oan ‘Then, mais fortes along r rection become 4 rea = GelPtrAd, ayy 426) | and Weg act. = SelPUA ata severeseees GOD, 4 ‘Combining Eqs. 4.23 through 4.27 gives 4 m= ma, ad (o4002,. 3 (9, B02). p]Qt pestiereesseene 428) 4 Flow Ter forthe 0 Direction, - 4 (0m = mp = [0p sapst ~ Op sop At] 429) ‘Ags, define the areas perpenicular to flow slong the @ direction as 430) Aacana = Asana = Ariz, BASIC APPLIED RESERVOIR SIMULATION =!oe: ” » 9 ®) ‘TABLE 4.1— VARIABLES USED IN FLOW EGUATIONS AND DARCY'S LAW ‘System of Uns Quantity ‘Symbol Gustomary Unit _ Metre Unit Conversion Factort Length : Mar * m 0.3088 ‘Aeon A "e me 08280908 Permeability k darcy a 0.939233 Phase viscosty “ @ Pas 0.001 Gas FVE 4, ison init mo 55519314 Lauid EVE BB revsTa* rnPlte en? 10 Solution-gas/l ratio R solSTB std etd m? 0.180117, Pressure op pela kPa 6894757 Pressure gracent 50,» pave kal 2262089 Phase graviy ’ potte kai 2262050 Gas fow cate Ge ye scl sta mira 0.02863840 Liquid Now rate es Mone: se sTaD sti mila 0.159873, Volumetric velocity ua RE(O-) mile) 1.7103717 Gidbiock buik volume, % 8 m8 0.0283 1685, Phase densiy ° ees gir? teors6 Gravitational acceleration 9 s2.174We® 9.808835 me? 03048 Compressiollty e pert kext 0.148087 ‘Absolute temperature T - K o.ss65550 lative permeabity k traction fraction 19 Porosity ’ fraction fraction 10 | Praseseturaton s fraction fraction 19 Compresetbity factor z ‘mensioniess _dimonslonioss 10 Time ' cay aay 19. Rogie 00 rad ad 19 ‘Transmissibfty convorsion factor be 127 seaxto~8 - Giavity conversion tector te o21sesx10-3 10" . Volume corversion factor a 5.614583, 1 - “Bist te Damned SPF nd tet pa Uae eae 1 a 00K Bg, 4.29 can be writen as (m, = mo ow Term forthe Direction (m= mo, = [Oren ~ esses ‘This time the aes perpendicular to ow along te z direction is writ ten as (see Example 43) Acasa = Acyacra * PAPAB. Bq. 433 can be used to redefine Eq. 4.32 ax (43) (m= md), = afon.rBrB8), a ~ (te P8VA0 oa] 4a Mass-Aceumuuaton Term. Imn(t + 1) — mai) = ¥l60), a ol 35) FORMULATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE PHASE FLOW were the bulk volume ofthe element is defined as (see Example 43) Vi = rArdoa vette 436) Now, bring all the my— mts and my terms together into a mass-bal- ance staement, [ (ou BOSE y= MBA y+ (tor) ava ~ [pup rAzlp_ apy + loterPA8),. sp = pmrhrB), aya = ders: [lor —Cool} - vevseeeee 430 Dividing Ea 437 by rkrQ98 2 yes 6ake ke 3 iz ° is ole de fe j, Es de heb oe STETTT fe le BS of ole Fig. .8—Control volume in eytinrieal coordinates. A [iets = i} 438) Athis stage ofthe development ake the simultaneous limits as ‘hr, 8, Az, 2nd Ar approach zero. In other words, = (ay - 438) After taking the limits and applying the definition ofa partial derivs- tive, Eq: 4.39 reduces to ~1 Bou) - 4-3, 1 2¢ou)-43 Zou) ~ & Rep. eeeeeees (4.40) a, 4.40 isthe conti equation for tes-timensional (3D) ra: iat-ylindrical coordinates without an extern sourcesnk term Darcy's law gives the supéficial-velocity components in radial- ‘vlndricl coondinates (forthe 6 component se Example 4:3) as AB ce ceecteeeeeneeeene AM) (ate) (ate) ‘Substituting these expression of velocity into Bq, 4.40 and setting Pm ball gives Se eee a HERG) cee eres MD ‘Table 4.1 gives the units fork, Ko, ke, the values of de, ey and Ye 1 9.7.0, z,and f and Example 43 L. Bind the expressions shat define the areas perpendicular tothe flow along the» 6, and: directions ofthe control volume of Fig. 48. ‘Also, obtain an expression that defines the bulk volume. 2, Obtain the expression that defines the @ component ofthe ve- locity term in radial-cylindrical coordinates ‘Solution. 1, Consider the plan view ofthe two concentic eylinders with a height of Az, as showa in Fig 4.9. “The crosshatched section in Fig, 4.9 represents the top view of the conto volumecf Fig. 48, Tocaleulate the rea of tie inner boundary, ‘Ar —sern 8 necessary to calculate the inner surface area at radius i, whichis 2a(r~ Ari2)Az. Because the contol volume ex- ‘poses anly Az fraction of this area, Ay ave at radius 7 Arf2is Arnaen=2atr— BBE oe eseesceseseenss (443) OF Arar HO— APIO scescseseeseeeseeses (AS) Simla, A car at rains r+ Ar?2 will be 7 Arcee (r+ ArP2)AZN8. ay) ‘To Find the area perpendicular to the < direction, consider the ring- shaped area, afr # 1/2} = afr = Ar/2P = Qaboos. 40) BASIC APPLIED RESERVOIR SIMULATION8) Fig. 4.9—Plan view of two concentric eylinders. [Agein. only A6/2 fraction ofthis ring-shaped element appesrs in ‘our contol volume, so ag Acoaun= tara aan Oren PAB eco : 448) Because the area slong the = direction doesnot change Acsaen=rBrA8 cesses (M9) ‘The areaperpendculrto the directions areetangle ands simply Aicsn = Mesto = ANB ees cesneee 650) ‘Wecdin die similar strategy to calculate the bulk volume of the contol slement. The wl volume berween the two concent eylinder is air + Ar/2)'&2 — alr ~ Ar/2)'Ae = 2ardrAz sy ‘The contol volume represents A@/2x fraction ofthe above volume: therefore, Y= tararae tea og or Vy = rAra@ae, : cesses E52) 2. Fig, 410 shows tha ay is tangent othe contol volume along Are, which passes though the enter of te contol vole ‘me rom Day's aw, k y= pee n= pg, o eevee SB) ere =i, o teva 654) 44 Different Forms of Flow Equations ‘The provious sections ofthis chapter developed the ow equations. fora omogeneous (single-phase) fui without specifying whether the fluid was incompressible, slightly compressible, or compress- ibte. The following sections modify the general flow equation ac cording tothe dependency ofthe uid density on pressure. We con 'inue to consider only single-phase flow. 44.1 Incompressible-Fluid-Flow Equation. If he th om bresible, the density is constant; in other wards, B is constant. If thermal effects going up the wellbore are negligible, B= i if ther- FORMULATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW, Fig. 4.10-—w component ofthe velocity. ‘mal expansion is significant, the constant is something other than unity. Furthermore, for an idea incompresible fluid, viscosity is also constent, Accordingly, Eq, 420 can be rewriten as 2(9.4,6,29\ar + 2 a0) 2 (Prt 2@)ax + Sean Zhan +2 (er kis clear thatthe solution of Eq, 4.55 is independent of ime, The time dependency of Eg. 420 is removed when Fis treated as constant for incompressible ud (also porous medium is assumed. to be incompressible). This indicates that Eg. 4.35 represents 2 steady-state-flow problem as long asthe boundary conditions are independent of time. Eq, 455 also implies tha a pressure surface (Gsoberie map) over the reservoir develops instantaneously and re- ‘main intact as long asthe boundary conditions are aot changed with time. Funthermore, Eq 438 does not contain any porosity term be. ‘cause the reservoir rock is also trested a incompressible. This im plies that incompressile-fuid flow does not allow for accamula- tion or depletion. In other words, whatever crosses the piysicel boundaries into the reservoir must displace en equivalent volume from the reservoir, Bathe 0 cesccecee (39) erates re neglerted, he poi zien (215) becomes equivalent to presse godin fe To) and 433 wil have pss ste depend abe 2 (part lar + 2 (3.4,4,2 ElPeaitiSan + 3 (tcak lay 30) For an anisotropic (=f =) but homogeneous (Ky and are uniform) medium, Ea, 4.56 becomes LE a te + ee Te cece GST) Note tht, o ave at Bq. 4.57, Vy = Ard = Avy = AyDe. Furthermore, ifthe medium is isotropic (= y= hy =8) a ell ‘as homogeneous, obtain ee %. te ant at” Get Bay, and if no wells within the domain of interest (je = 0), we obiin (4.8) secre 59) Eq. 4.59 desribes the pressure distbition p=plxy,2) in the low ficld ofan incompcessble uid in & homogeneous ad isotropie me- «dium where there is no extemal sourcesink ter (wel) Eq 4,59 is called the Laplace equation, One interesting observation from Eq, 65‘439s that it dos notcontanany permeabiliy ter Tis implesthat te distibution ofp is governed by the geometrical configuration of the zeservoi and the imposed boundary conditions. The effect kis not reflected onthe pressure dstrioution, but only on Mow rate, SESE esr occ ese eeEeeCCCEecee ‘Example 44, Shawna Ba. 458 dimensionally consistent. Fae A eee Maiecendal terms Oplox?, pl? and O2pldx? have the dimensions (afl) (altel = (a)... se acesaruteiaur aes (n/a) (L278) (as) co ©) ~ (be) Because Eqs. 4.60 and 4.61 have the same dimensions, Ba. 4.58 is Aimeasionally consistent. + 460) - G60) Exaniple 45. The following PDB describes a specific fuid-low problem in porousmedium, After examining the given mathemati cal formulation, describe the flow problem tothe fullest extent. a wee where C0. Solution. Obviously, ®p/ax2=C represents a 1D flow problem, We can sat with the mst comprehensive Form ofthe ncomprest- ible flow equation, Eq 4.55, in one dimension and ty to reduce it tothe form of Eq, 4.62 sae In one-imension, £4 4.55 is (esuming Fb = Hp) am) cos G63) Elta las ua, therefor, flow is through a borizoital medium, Ifthe system is ho- smogeneous, we have (6.66) where C> 0. Because the entries, and Vp in Eq. 4.67 ae all pos- itive ents, the low-rate entry, gyn must be a negative entry (im- ig production) for the equation to hold. After this analysis one n describe the flow problem as 1D incompressile-Muid flow in ‘ horizontal, homogeneous, porous medium that has a producti wel producing at arate of| STB [std m2) pees 468) 4.42 Slightly.Compressible-Fluld-Flow Equation, For slightly. compressible liquid flow. sssume that fu compressibility is small and remains constant within the pressure range of interest. There- fore, the FVF can be approximated a in Eq. 2.81, BmB ULE CPI eeepeeeeeeeeyes (469) where ¢= fui compressibil 6 ‘Retuming the general form ofthe low equation, Eq 4:20, sub- sttutng for on he igh side with Eg, 4.9. and assuming incom. ressible porous medium, veka wae a ole 4 Sta te@-enye) Vide ap a ar a cess (670) Although this development assumes an incompressible porcus me- dium, Chap. 8 allows for the change of porosity with pressure. The flow equation fr a slightly compressible fluid then becomes a (pst: 8a, « 2 (yoke a A (0a Bs 5 (oct stor fee ate + R(0Ag aD + ae = MBE am Again gnving te depth grates (8 = Fp) yes fg Aste a) a. 4 ag Arty a b(o-te ax} * ay (Pam ay) 2.( Acts 28 = Vibe a +b (eg Htc + on = ee an Atthis point, one can ciher keep the B terms onthe leftsie, as shown, in Bq. 4.72, ormake further modification by substituting Eq, 4.69 00 the left side and treating 1 asa constant. Bg. 4.72 then becomes 2 Efpnastan + ec on + faa + elo ~ ai = Nets a Expanding the drvavs on the lef side gives an a ssomrrgleAeB)ars al Hiren rn (ts B)ay + ayhe( 2) ay tUre@p IZ (Ad B)ar+pAke(Z) ar | gue nd ccc (IO In many cases it can be safely assumed that [1+ e(p—p*)]=1 for slightly compressible Fluids because cis very small, Consequently, Bear dlan +S (2sday + Reaadtloe = stinnal BASIC APPLIED RESERVOIR SIMULATIONsee 13) previous assumption becomes more explicit if Ax= Ay = Az, Joke and Ar=4, =A, resulting in oe Be we = 4.76) _- The validity of this assumption becomes obvious when one recalls. thatcompressibilityc,isa very small mrss for slightly compress= fle liquids and that pressure gradients are also celatively small (ence their squares become even smallx), Obviously, this is true ‘only if @p/s< | psift (kPa) for s=.x,.2. This condition may be {folate in areas of high Velocities around wellbores. Referring to Ea. 4.74, assuming that (1+ ¢(>~p°)]= 1, and ne= _ glsstng the square of pressure-gradient terms yields © Eonn Bars $(nandelar + SA Nague ap + Bae = = am "Ba, 4.77 represents the flow ofa single-phase, slighly compressible \iguid in a heterogeneous and aniscropic formation, Fora homoge © neous anisotropic Formation, this equation can be simplified to obtain He, Bhan de ap zs Get” BAY,” Beak oF ‘uthermore if there is no external sourcelsink (well) inthe systems, 9,478 becomes & ae a8) ® a (47) Eq. 4.79 is also known as the diffusivity equation, It should be reel= ied, however, that tie flow dynamics described in Bq, 4.79 are not Aifusional Now but laminar Day flow. Eq 4.79 i called the diffa- sivity equation because ofthe mathersatical analogy to diffusional ‘low. With the same analogy, the coefficient (guc\V(B. ck), that ap- ‘ears on the eight side is often referred to asthe inverse of the hy: tale diffusivity constant. A quick check onthe dimensionality of ‘his proup reveals thatthe (a, £)(Gy.c) group has he same dimen- sons as the diffusivity constant, as, ‘ (eae 4) wy/LyL | : =| fortatum| = V9 + (480) Incontrast tothe ncompressible-uid low equation the slighty compressble-flow equation describes time-dependent problem so thatthe solution of Bq, 4:79 yields a pressure surface that isa fune- tion of the independent variables x,y, 2. and Example 4.6, Write the low equation in 1D (+ direction) radial sylindtical coordinates for aslightly-compressible liquid in an in- compressible, homogeneous, porous medium (= constant), ‘Soluon. Stat by writing Eq 4.42 in the r direction only and as- suming that VO = Fp 43 (ate ®) + [/ FORMULATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW. Bese 8D) On the left and right sides of the equality sign, substitute for BV [1 +e p—pVB to obtain s3fad Apu + cw - pi% zt * ma + elp~ PPV" = (4.82) Invoke the approximation that is constant fora slightly compress: ible liquid; carry the dtferetitions on both sides Of the equation; and teat kas a constant, teeo-p 2 duc op eS es) ‘Asin recalig that U+e@-phl= aso fora small compressibility, and realizing that secceeseeeeee BD 436) ‘This equation fms the basis ofthe classic pressure transient analy- sis theory. In writing this equation we assumed tha fad propectos tare constant, ow is horizontal, pore compressibility is zero, pressure gnidiens are small, and gravitational effects ace negligible, Example 4.7. Rewrite the slightly-compressible-flow equationin 1D rectangular coordinates fr situations when the pore volume va- es with pressure. Soluiion. When porosity becomes a function af pressure, its vari- ation with time needs tobe considered inthe flow equations; thers fore, we cannot bring the g term out of the time derivative on the ‘ight side ofthe equation. Stating wit the original form of the right side of Eq. 4.13, (Wolag)(@/20\@p), proceed by substituting for (P= pyelBbut do notremoveg to the ont ofthe differential opera- tor, /at. The net effect of this on the slightly-compressible-Aow equation (when written only in the « & { g Acks ap’ = al? 20M Bee BEE ene aan ‘Substituting for (1/B)=(1-+e(—p?)VB” and making the neoes- ‘sary manipalations on the lft side, Ea, 4.87 ean be written as Hts Zot +e@-o. 2 (earhdZ)ac+ one. (ss) Now, we can concentete onthe ight side Bh Moti tev} Hef reo ZeoeFh ass ‘With Bq, 4.89, ue the chain rule to write 36 a 4.50) “pat vo‘With Bg. 2.35 for pressure-dependent porosity, O= GT + eeP- PH as vats 8 ep «99 ance. 2 = et ss) The righ ste of Eq 48 can 0 be express as Hit loli + dor" = ABIL + lp — pike" + of] 2 = Bieeg” + cceplo ~ 0") + cE 90) ‘Because bath ¢ and cy are smal terms hee prodact wil yield a much smaller term whose contibation to the summation within he brakes ‘wll be negligible, (cep =0). Therefore, the final form ofthe sightly compressible flow eqUation in 1D rectangular coordinates is, Neste Beata rae = WME, 499 see na comp ofthe ii ade oman ee ea Inmumerical reservoir simulation, the treatment ofthe accurmlation (Gime-dervative) term is critical for a mess-conservative formula~ tion. Sec. 85 discusses the approprats procedures to handle the ex pansion ofthe accumulation term, resulting in 4 material conserv five formulation 443 Compressible-Fluid-Flow Equation, Forgas ow itis impos- sible oassime constant compressibility and viscosity. Therefore, the real-gas law is used a an EOS to express the variation ofthe density of gas with pressure. Starting with Eq, 4.13, substute forthe velocity terms and u3e Bq, 2.191 for gyg end Eg. 283 for By, foe = Ole asn tod pe Pela ’ 2. 498 wwobtin a[g Perdske a0), a (g Powdals 20 (6: win te )O*+ ge me) 2). He, Bac pee veeeeeesssees 9) Bq. 4.99 assumed that 8b = Fp, Dividing the entire equation by Ose yaks “ag duke a Ake) Blea oe aia) a (pA P) a, 4 Ele face : / 7 22(f) Sonnet, (4.100) “6 Assuming that porosity is independent of pressure and subitituting for the gas-phase FVF (as expressed by Eq. 2.83), PoE. B, = Pale, Tap ‘nthe right side of Bg 4100 yields the final form of the compress- ible flow equation, Eide Bla + $ (A Blas (a101) 402) ih th units ab eprted in Tabi, Bq 4 102i nonlinear PDE thd canonly beselve oumetcaly Thononinearty arses om the Stong dependency og, J and 2comprssbiity fate) on res Sure, the dependent vaRab ‘Example 48, Linearization of Eq, 4.102 is possible in several ‘ways. One optionisto assume ideal-ga behavior. Simply substitute for By in Bq. 4.102, set Z= 1, and treaty as aconstant, Can you ec- ‘ognize the resulting equation? ‘Solution. To simplify the development, consider only 1D flow and substitte By =pacTZiaeTocp with Bg, 4.101 into Eq, 4.102. Asks aT ep 9p) BORE Se Bast (4.103) + 4.108, » a rnottbars anit Yatted op a a Recalling that paps 4ap?, ifesacB an + 028 = eked 1 ope (4.105) 2p “aT rr ae Fora omogencous porous medium with no well, pt _ de 1 a Bak? + 4.107) “Again for an ideal gs, ¢ = Ip (See Example 24); then _- a8 _ bag oo ee eres + 108) ‘which is the 1D form of the diffusivity equation in the pressure~ ‘squared form, This form ofthe compressibieflow equation has ap Plications in lowepressure gas eeservoirs (usually up to 500 psia) [BASIC APPLIED RESERVOR SIMULATION