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J V E R E A N
AS
N
RK
YO N DE R
A N ES TE ZY
Klinik Aratrma
The Usage of Magnesium Sulphate During Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia
Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of MgSO4 used during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia
on anesthetic drug requirement, consumption of muscle relaxants, preoperative hemodynamics, postoperative recovery, and postoperative analgesia in patients scheduled for thyroid surgery.
Material and Methods: Fifty patients (ASA I-II) were randomly allocated into two groups; Group M received 30
mg kg-1 MgSO4 15 minutes before induction followed by 15 mg kg-1 h-1 MgSO4 infusion, and Group K 0.9 % NaCI.
Anesthesia was induced with intravenous administration of 20 mg propofol, 1 g fentanyl and 0.6 mg kg-1 rocuronium every 5 seconds keeping BIS at 60. 1 mg kg-1 i.v. for the maintenance of anesthesia sevoflurane was used so as to
keep BIS between 50, and 60. Tramadol (1 mg kg-1 iv) was used for postoperative analgesia. Postoperative analgesia
level was recorded at 10., 20., 30. min and 1., 2., 3., 6. h using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and 75 mg diclofenac
sodium iv. was administered to patients with a score of 5 or higher. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Students t, Man-Whitney
U and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Postintubation and intraoperative 15. minute MAP and HR values were significantly higher in Group K
patients. Propofol requirement at induction, and FI % for sevoflurane, at maintenance and total rocuronium consumption were significantly lower in Group M. T1 10 % and T1 25 % response times were delayed in Group M. Extubation
time, response to verbal stimuli, verbal response time, and time to reach a score of 10 modified Aldrete score of 10
were found to be prolonged in Group M. In Group M, 10., 20., 30. min VAS scores were lower, and time to the first
requirement for an analgesic was also delayed.
Conclusion: Peroperative MgSO4 use decreases intubation-related stress, and anesthetic drug usage during induction and maintenance phases of general anesthesia, potentializes the effect of rocuronium, decreases postoperative
side effects and has a positive effect on postoperative pain control.
Key words: Magnesium Sulfate, thyroid, rocuronium
167
GR
Geen yzyln balarnda, magnezyumun
santral sinir sistemindeki etkileri dikkate
alnarak genel anestezik etkinliinin de
olabilecei gndeme gelmi ve anestezi
uygulamalar srasnda magnezyum kullanlmas ile anestezik ilalarn potansiyelize olduu, kullanlan anestezik madde
gereksiniminde azalma olduu gsterilmitir.(1-3) Magnezyum NMDA reseptr
antagonizmas yaparak santral sinir sisteminde inhibisyona neden olmakta ve
genel anestezi ajanlarna adjuvan etkisi
bu zelliine bal olarak olumaktadr.
Adjuvan zellii bulunan eitli ajanlarn geleneksel anestezik ilalar ile birlikte
kullanm daha az yan etki, hzl derlenme
ve hasta memnuniyeti salamaktadr. ndksiyonda magnezyum kullanlmasnn
entbasyon srasndaki adrenerjik yantn
kontroln olumlu ynde etkiledii dnlmektedir.
Magnezyum slfat motor son plakta asetilkolin salnmn inhibe ederek nromuskler bloun ve nondepolarizan nromuskler blokerlerin etki srelerinin
uzamasna neden olmaktadr.(4) Bu nedenle magnezyum tedavisi alan hastalarda
uzam nromuskler blok ve rekrarizasyon dikkatle izlenmeli, nromuskler monitrizasyon uygulanmaldr.
almamzda; tiroid cerrahisi planlanan
hastalarda anestezi indksiyonu ve devamnda magnezyum slfat kullanlmasnn
anestezik ajan gereksinimi, kas gevetici
tketimi, peroperatif hemodinami, postoperatif derlenme ve postoperatif analjezi
zerine etkilerini aratrmay amaladk.
GERE ve YNTEM
Etik kurul onay ve almaya katlan tm
168
olgularn yazl onamlar alnmtr. alma randomize, ift kr ve plasebo kontroll alma olarak planland ve 26-61
yalar arasnda, American Society of
Anesthesiologist (ASA) I-II grubuna giren
ve tiroid bezi hastalklar nedeniyle operasyonu planlanan toplam 50 hasta almaya alnd.
Sinir-kas, karacier bbrek hastal olanlar, sinir-kas iletimini etkiledii bilinen ilalar kullananlar, sv elektrolit bozukluu
olanlar ve vcut kitle indeksi 30un zerinde olan hastalar alma d tutuldu.
Grup M (n=25) Magnezyum Grubu ve
Grup K (n=25) Kontrol Grubu olarak ayrlan hastalara operasyon masasna alndklarnda EKG, kalp atm hz (KAH), noninvaziv sistolik, diyastolik arter basnlar ve
ortalama arter basnlar (OAB), periferik
oksijen satrasyonlar (SpO2), Bispektral
Indeks (BS) ve nromskler monitorizasyon (TOF Watch) uyguland. Grup Mye indksiyondan 15 dk. nce 30 mg kg-1 magnezyum slfat yklemesi ve operasyon
sresince 15 mg kg-1 sa-1 magnezyum slfat infzyonu yapld. Grup Kya ise ayn
miktarda ve sreler iinde % 0,9 izotonik
NaCl verildi.
Her iki grupta da hastalarn bireysel zellikleri (cinsiyet, ya, boy, kilo) ve operasyon sreleri kaydedildi. Anestezi indksiyonunda BS 60n altna inene kadar
her 5 saniyede 20 mg propofol yapld ve
sonrasnda 1 kg-1 fentanil ve 0,6 mg kg-1
rokuronyum kullanld. Anestezi uygulamasnn srdrlmesinde BS deeri 5060 arasnda tutulacak ekilde, sevofluran
kullanld. Sevofluran inspire edilen gaz
karm iinde younluu % deer gsterecek ekilde monitrize edildi. Taze gaz
akm % 50 oksijen, % 50 azot protoksit
olacak ekilde 6 lt dk-1 olarak ayarland.
Cinsiyet (E/K)
Ya (Yl)
Boy (cm)
Kilo (kg)
Cerrahi sre (dk.)
Grup M
Grup K
4/21
49,248,74
166,325,00
74,58,62
85,808,37
3/22
44,710,98
166,64,86
73,928,13
83,008,03
1
0.117
0.842
0.801
0.234
169
nfzyon ncesi
nfzyon sonras
Entbasyon ncesi
Entbasyon sonras
Entbasyon sonras 15. dk.
30. dk.
45. dk.
60. dk.
75. dk.
90. dk.
Ekstbasyondan nce
Ekstbasyondan sonra OAB
Grup K
Grup M
105,611,11
104,369,76
83,367,23
104,0010,17
96,408,30
97,009,68
96,007,97
91,3210,66
96,728,84
98,248,90
98,126,71
104,0410,91
106,289,65
101,286,88
81,487,77
98,087,45
91,208.04
93,849,55
95,449,54
94,9611,98
97,0010,08
97,969,86
96,3511,33
103,048,45
0.705
0.204
0.381
0.023*
0.029*
0.251
0.823
0.262
0.917
0.917
0.507
0.719
Grup K
Grup M
77,2810,52
76,448,07
71,288,09
95,928.33
76,927,68
73,607,33
73,765,55
72,566,88
71,528,15
72,969,78
74,809,53
94,529,39
78,0412,50
77,2411,22
70,927,43
89,209,27
76,728,69
72,767,31
73,605,98
72,767,75
72,367,46
73,009,62
72,8410,35
92,0411,49
0.817
0.774
0.871
0.010*
0.932
0.687
0.922
0.924
0.706
0.988
0.490
0.408
*p<0.05
nfzyon ncesi
nfzyon sonras
Entbasyon ncesi
Entbasyon sonras
15. dk.
30. dk.
45. dk.
60. dk.
75. dk.
90. dk.
Ekstbasyondan nce
Ekstbasyondan sonra
*p<0.05
15.
30.
45.
60.
75.
90.
dk.
dk.
dk.
dk.
dk.
dk.
Grup K
Grup M
1,4880,10
1,5120,12
1,520,15
1,4720,11
1,480,13
1,3920,13
1,3640,15
1,4120,126
1,3640,16
1,3480,17
1,3640,15
1,5960,16
0.002*
0.006*
0.001*
0.004*
0.007*
0.019*
Grup K
Grup M
28,91,99 dk.
38,43,57 dk.
43,842,64 dk.
41,081,93 dk.
48,92,05 dk.
52,842,76 dk.
p<0.001
p<0.001
p<0.001
Grup K
Grup M
3,80,63
4,50,52
4,70,48
4,360,48
4,720,67
4,680,69
3,801,00
3,20,63
3,60,69
3,80,78
4,240,59
4,560,58
4,640,56
3,320,74
0.048*
0.004*
0.006*
0.441
0.376
0.824
0.061
*p<0.05
10. dk.
20. dk.
30. dk.
1. sa.
2. sa.
3. sa.
6. sa.
*p<0.05
171
magnezyum slfat kullanmnn stres yant ciddi lde azalttna ynelik veriler bulunmaktadr.(6-9)
Puri ve ark.(10) elektif koroner arter bypas
greft operasyonu uygulanacak ve entbasyona stres yantn tehlikeli olabilecei ngrlen koroner arter hastalar ile
yaptklar almada, laringoskopiye stres
yant azaltmak iin sklkla kullanlan lidokain ile magnezyum slfat karlatrmtr. Magnezyum grubunda entbasyona hemodinamik yantn daha az olduu
bulunmutur.
TARTIMA
nhalasyon anesteziklerine ksa etki sreli
opiyoidlerin eklenmesi dengeli anestezide byk bir adm olmakla beraber, halen
hzl derlenme salayan, zellikle kardiyak depresyon yapmayan ve postoperatif
analjeziyi olumlu etkileyen rutin anestezi uygulamalarnda kullanlmayan yeni
adjuvanlarn aratrlmasna devam edilmektedir.(5) Bu amala, NMDA reseptr
antagonizmas yoluyla SSSde depresyon
yaparak anestezik etkinlik gsteren magnezyum slfat, son yllarda genel anestezi
uygulamalarnda adjuvan olarak kullanlmaya balanmtr.(1)
Magnezyumun in vitro artlarda adrenerjik sinir ular ve adrenal bezlerden
katekolamin salnmn inhibe etmesi, insanlarda da katekolamin salnmn inhibe
edebileceini dndrmtr. James ve
ark.(6) tiyopental ile anestezi indksiyonunda 60 mg kg-1 magnezyum slfat uyguladklarnda, trakeal entbasyona bal katekolamin salnm ve kardiyovaskler
yant baskladn ve entbasyon sonrasnda llen epinefrin ve norepinefrin
dzeylerinin dk olduunu gstermitir. Bu almaya benzer ekilde yaplan
birok almada da entbasyon ncesi
172
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