LI CM N

Em xin gi li cm n n tt c thy c trong trng cung cp cho em nhng

kin thc v gi gip em chun b hnh trang trn con ng lp nghip sau ny.
Em cng xin cm n n cha m, nhng ngi nui dy em nn ngi v
nhng ngi than gip em rt nhiu trong thi gian hc v thc hin ti.
Em cng xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Tn Nhn trc tip hng dn
em thc hin ti, gip em t ti liu cho n phng php nghin cu. t cch
vit lun vn cho n cch thi cng mch, gip em nhng kinh nghim qu bu cng
nh tnh cm ca thy dnh cho em.
Em cng xin cm n n bn b, cc anh ch kha trc gip v to iu
kin cho em trong sut thi gian hc.
Vi trnh v kh nng cn hn ch v vy lun vn hon thnh khng trnh
khi nhng thiu st v c ni dung v hnh thc. Em rt mong nhn c s ch bo
v nh gi qu bu ca cc qu thy c, y l nhng kinh nghim qu bu cho cng
vic ca em sau ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Sinh vin: H nh ng

MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................................1
1.1

...........................................2
Tng quan ..........................................................................................................2

1.1.1 Pha pht ......................................................................................................2

1.1.2. Pha thu: ..........................................................................................................3
1.2 Ph tn sng in t:..........................................................................................4
1.3 Cc tham s h thng: ........................................................................................4
1.3.1 My pht ......................................................................................................4
1.3.1a Cng sut my pht ....................................................................................5
1.3.1b Nhiu my pht: .........................................................................................5
1.3.1c T s cng sut knh ln cn: .....................................................................6
1.3.2 My thu: ......................................................................................................6
1.3.2a H s nhiu my thu: ..................................................................................6
1.3.2b Di rng, im nn 1dB v tn hiu c th tch c nh nht .................7
1.3.2c im chn bc 3 v mo iu ch tng h IMD ......................................8
.........................................................................................9
2.1 Gii thiu: ..............................................................................................................9
2.2 Cc ng trn trong th ...................................................................................9
2.2.1 ng trn h s phn x ngoi cng .............................................................9
2.2.2 H ng trn ng r: ...................................................................................11
2.2.3 H ng trng ng x ..................................................................................13
2.3 M t th smith ................................................................................................14
2.4 Dn np trn th smith .....................................................................................18
2.5 Cch c th Smith ..........................................................................................20
2.6 ng dng c bn ca th Smith......................................................................24
2.6.1 Tnh h s sng ng, h s phn x v tr khng ng dy......................24
2.6.2 Tnh tr khng mch phc hp .....................................................................24
2.6.3 Phi hp tr khng.........................................................................................26
.......................................................................27
3.1 Phi hp tr khng bng cc phn t tp trung (cc mng hnh L) .....................27
3.1.1 Phng php gii tch ....................................................................................28
3.1.2 gii php dng th Smith ...........................................................................29
...........................................................................................32
ii

4.1 Gii thiu ng truyn vi di - Microstrip line ..................................................32

4.2 Phi hp tr khng trn ng truyn vi di .......................................................33
4.3 Thit k on truyn sng dng Microstrip Line .................................................36
........................................37
......................................................................39
.................................................................42
......................43
....................................................................................................43
.....................................................................................43
......................................................................................43
-31122...............................................................................44
.................................................................................................45
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5

..........................................................................45
n

..............................................46

....................................................................47
.......................................................................52
................................................................53
...................................................................................................................55
.............................................................................................58

iii

DANH MC HNH

Hnh 1.1 : Cc phn t c bn trong thu pht v tuyn...................................................2

Hnh 2.1 mt phng phc

..........................................................................................10

Hnh 2.2: Tr khng ti khi xem xt h s phn x ......................................................10

Hnh 2.3 H ng trn ng r .....................................................................................12
Hnh 2.4 H ng ng x ............................................................................................13
Hnh 2.5 th smith ....................................................................................................15
Hnh 2.6. th Smith hn hp ....................................................................................19
Hnh 2.7 : ly i xng qua gc ta ......................................................................19
Hnh 2.8 Mch in minh ha v d trn ......................................................................25
Hnh 2.9 th Smith minh ha v d trn. ..................................................................26
Hnh 3.1: Mng phi hp hnh L(a) Mng c dng khi zL nm trong vng trn 1+
jx (b) Mng c dng khi zL nm ngoi vng trn 1 + jx ...........................................27
Hnh 3.2: Li gii cho v d trn. th Smith cho cc mch phi hp L ..................30
Hnh 3.3 Hai kh nng cho mch phi hp L................................................................30
Hnh 4.1: Dng hnh hc v mt ct ngang ng truyn vi di..................................32
Hnh 4.2: Cc ng sc t trng v in trng .....................................................32
Hnh 4.3. V d v phi hp tr khng cho ng vo khi s dng ng truyn vi di
.......................................................................................................................................34
Hnh 4.4 V d v phi hp tr khng cho ng ra khi s dng ng truyn vi di ....35
Hnh 4.6 Mch khuch i thc hin phi hp tr khng v d trn. ........................35
Hnh 4.7 Mch khuch i phi hp tr khng ......................................................36
Hnh 5.1 (a) m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut. ..............................38
Hnh 5.1 (b) m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut. ..............................38
Hnh 5.2 .........................................................................................................................39
Hnh 5.3 Tn hiu nh ...................................................................................................40
Hnh 5.4. Tn hiu ln ..................................................................................................40
Hnh 5.5 M t mch khuch i cng sut loi B........................................................42
..........................................................43
.....................................................................44
iv

C .......................................................................44

-31122 ............................................................................45
-31122 ............................................................45
..........................................................................48
.........................................................................48
.............................................................................49
.............................................................................49
.................50
-31122 ..........................................................50
ALM-31122 ..........................................................51
-31122 ...........................................................51
-31122 ...........................................................52
-21122........52
C.......................................................53
................................54
-31122 trong datasheet.......................54
.......................................................54

LI NI U

LI NI U
Hin nay, mng vin thng Vit Nam a vo s dng cc thit b vi ba s
hin i, dung lng cao. Vic kho st nghin cu nguyn l hot ng ca thit b vi
ba l c s ban u kim chng kin thc c hc, thy c s ng dng t l
thuyt ti thc t cng nh l nn tng tm hiu khng ch cc h thng v tuyn
khc ang ph bin nh thng tin di ng v thng tin v tinh.
c s phn cng ca nh trng, trong thi gian qua em thit k v thi
cng phn cng cho ti thit k v thi cng b khuch i cng sut cao tn vi
s hng dn ca thy Nguyn Tn Nhn.
Ni dung ti g

chng c th chia nh sau. nm chng u ni v c

s l thuyt vi ba s, l thuyt v cc khi trong mt h thng vi ba s, l thuyt v

mng phi hp tr khng, l thuyt v mch khuch i v cc c s l thuyt mch
b sung lm nn tng cho vic xy dng.
Chng cui l phn thit k mch khch i cng sut.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

Chng 1:
1.1 Tng quan
Hnh 1.1 th hin cc phn t c bn ca h thng thu pht v tuyn. mi phn c
mt vai tr quan trng nht nh.

Hnh 1.1 : Cc phn t c bn trong thu pht v tuyn

1.1.1 Pha pht
Khi K v giao din ng s c cc chc nng sau:
Phi khng vi ng s
Khuych i v cn bng cp ng truyn s
Bin i m ng vo m my
Ti sinh tn hiu s
Khi phc xung ng h
Khi x l s bng gc pht:
Ghp thm cc thng tin iu khin v qun l ng truyn
Mt m ho cc thng tin quan trng
M ho knh chng li
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu s trc khi a ln iu ch
Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn:
SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

 iu ch sng mang bng tn hiu s chuyn i tn hiu s ny vo vng

tn s cao thun tin cho vic truyn dn
i vi cc my pht i tn vi iu ch thc hin trung tn khi bin i
nng tn cho php chuyn tn hiu trung tn pht vo tn s v tuyn trc khi
pht.
Khi khuych i cng sut:
Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng
trung.
1.1.2. Pha thu:
Khuych i tp m nh:
Khuych i tn hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m
Bin i h tn, khuych i trung tn v gii iu ch :
i vi my thu i tn trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu thu c bin i vo
trung tn thu nh khi bin i h tn. Trong qu trnh bin i h tn do sut
hin tn s nh gng nn khi bin i h tn thng lm thm nhim v trit
tn s nh gng.
i vi cc my thu i tn sau bin i h tn l khuych i trung tn.
Nhim v ca khi chc nng ny l khuych i, lc nhiu knh ln cn v cn
bng thch ng vng tn s cng nh cn bng tr nhm cc phn t ca
knh truyn dn .
Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s
X l s bng tn gc thu: Thc hin cc chc nng ngc vi khi x l s bng
gc pht nh:
Gii ghp xen
Gii m knh
Gii ngu nhin
Phn lung cho lung s chnh v lung s iu khin qun l ng truyn
Cn bng thch ng vng thi gian gim thiu nh hng ca fallding
Khuych i v giao in ng s:
Khuych tn hiu s n mc cn thit trc khi a ra ngoi my
Bin i m my vo m ng
Phi khng vi ng s

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

1.2 Ph tn sng in t:
Tn s

Bc sng

Di tn

3Hz 30KHz

108 - 104

Very low frequency (VLF)

30 300 KHz

104 103

Low frequency (LF)

300KHz 3MHz

103 102

Medium frequency (MF)

3 30 MHz

102 - 10

High frequency (HF)

30 300 MHz

10 - 1

Very high frequency (VHF)

300MHz 3GHz

1 - 10-1

Utrahigh frequency (UHF)

3 30 GHz

10-1 10-2

Superhigh frequency (SHF)

30 300 GHz

10-2 10-3

Extremely high frequency (EHF)

103 106 GHz

3.10-4 3.10-7

Infrared, visible light, ultra violet

B khuch i ang thi cng c tn s 900 MHz nn nm trong di tn UHF.

1.3 Cc tham s h thng:
1.3.1 My pht
Mt my pht ni chung gm mt b dao ng, mt b iu ch, mt b nng tn,
cc b lc v b khuch i cng sut. my pht n gin ch c mt b giao ng v
nu phc tp, my pht c th bao gm mt b giao ng kha pha hay b tng hp
tn s v cc thnh phn nh trn. Hnh 1.2 ch s khi my pht in hnh. Thng
tin s iu ch dao dng thng qua phng thc iu ch AM, FM, PM hay iu ch
s. khuch i cng sut tng cng sut pht trc khi pht i bi anten. c nhiu
pha thp, b dao ng c th c kha pha vi dao dng thch anh tn s thp. b
giao ng cng c th c thay th bi b tng hp tn s t ngun dao ng thch
anh n nh cao.
Mt s c tnh my pht cn quan tm l:
- Cng sut ng ra v tn s hot ng: mc cng sut RF ng ra bi my pht ti
mt tn s xc nh hay mt di tn.
- Hiu sut: hiu sut chuyn i DC-to-RF ca my pht. Hiu sut ny c xc
nh bng

PRF
100% i vi mch khch i cng sut ln, hiu sut cng sut
Pdc

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

c thm vo (PAE) c xc nh bng

Pout Pin
100% Vi Pout v Pin ln
Pdc

lt l cng sut RF ra vo tng ng.

- S bin i cng sut ng ra: s bin i cng sut ng ra i vi di tn hot
ng
- Di tn hot ng: di tn ny ph thuc vo linh kin v mch.
- n nh tn s: kh nng ca b dao ng ( my pht) tr v hot ng ti
im lm vic ban u sau khi chu tc dng ca nhiu t hay nhiu in.
- Nhiu : nhiu AM, FM, hay nhiu pha. Nhiu AM l s bin i bin khng
mong mun ca tn hiu ng ra. Nhiu FM l s bin i tn s khng mong mun,
cn nhiu pha l s bin i v pha khng mong mun.
- T s cng sut knh ln cn: nh gi theo mo IMD ca b khch i cng sut
c thit k cho h thng thng tin v tuyn s.
1.3.1a Cng sut my pht
Cng sut my pht l mt trong nhng ch tiu thit k h thng, vi yu cu
cng sut ra v hiu sut my pht cc i do mch khuch i cng sut c thit
k v hot ng ti vn nn hoc vng bo ha nhm tng di ng mch v t s tn
hiu trn nhiu ca my thu. Tuy nhin cc vng ny l cc vng phi tuyn nn sinh ra
si dng nh si dng AM sang AM v AM sang PM.
Vic thit k cc mch khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh thng c chn ti im nn
1dB, y l gii php tha hip gia yu cu cng sut, hiu sut ti a v si dng ti
thiu. v vi cc linh kin cng sut siu cao tn di tn 2GHz hin nay, cng sut ti
im nsn 1dB ti u t cc ch tiu k thut cng nh kinh t trong thit k h thong
nm trong khong +30 dBm n +40dBm.
1.3.1b Nhiu my pht:
Khi b dao ng l mt thit b khng tuyn tnh, in p v dng in nhiu c
to ra. Nhiu c chia lm 3 loi: nhiu AM, FM v nhiu pha.
Nhiu AM gy ra s bin i bin ca tn hiu ng ra. Nhiu FM c ch nh
bng tri rng ca ph tn s.
Thng thng ngi ta nh gi nhiu bng t s:
( fm) =

Thng s trn chnh l s phc bit v cng sut gia sng mang ti tn s f0
V nhiu ti fm . n c n v l dBc/Hz . dBc ngha l dB di cng sut sng
mang.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

Phn ln nhiu ca giao ng l nhiu FM hay nhiu pha. Nhiu ny i din cho
dch pha hay n nh ca b giao ng. cng sut b dao ng khng tp trung
ti mt tn s n m phn b xung quanh tn s .
1.3.1c T s cng sut knh ln cn:
S pht trin nhanh chng ca thng tin v tuyn s yu cu my pht r hn v
vn ti u v cng sut ng ra, PAE, v tuyn tnh. ACPR c dng nh mt hnh
c gi tr nh gi b khuch i cng sut v tnh tuyn tnh ca chng:
ACPR =

V cng c o bng dBc

1.3.2 My thu:
My thu c dng x l tn hiu vo thnh thng tin c ch vi mo nh
nht. s thc thi ny ca my thu ph thuc vo vic thit k h thng, thit k mch
v mi trng lm vic. mc mo hay nhiu c th chp nhn c ph thuc vo
tng ng dng.
Cc tham s ca my thu bao gm:
- nhy: nhy my thu xc nh kh nng p ng ti mt tn hiu yu. c th
l yu cu v SNR i vi h thng tng t hay BER i vi h thng s.
- chn lc: chn lc my thu l kh nng loi b cc tn hiu khng mong
mun trn cc knh ln cn hot ng ng thi trn cng h thng co hay trn
cng nhiu min a l.
- Nhiu spur: kh nng trit cc p ng knh khng mong mun th quan trng
trong vic gim s giao thoa. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch chn v
dng cc b lc.
- Mo iu ch tng h IMD: my thu c khuynh hng t to ra s giao thoa
trong knh t tn hiu RF. Cc tn hiu giao thoa ny gi l mo iu ch tng h
IMD.
- S n nh tn s: s n nh ca ngun LO th nh ng n qu trnh iu ch,
nht l trong iu ch FM v iu ch pha. Cc bin php n nh thng dng l
k thut vng kha pha hay tng hp tn s.
- S bc x: tn hiu LO c th r r qua b trn n anten v bc x ngoi. S bc
x ny hay ra s giao thoa v cn phi tun theo quy nh FCC.
1.3.2a H s nhiu my thu:
H s nhiu l mt tham s nh gi mc nhiu m mt linh kin hay mt h
thng c. H s nhiu ca mt h thng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh suy hao trong
mch. Loi thit b, loi thit b, loi phn cc v vic khuch i.
SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

H s nhiu c nh ngha nh sau:

F

Si / N i
S0 / N 0

Vi m hnh ca mt mng 2 ca c li l G v mc nhiu u vo l

Ni = kTB th
F

G0
GkTB
0

K)

Vi h thng nhiu tng ta c cng thc sau:

F

F1

F2 F1
G1

F3 F1
Fn F1
....
G1 G2
G1 G2 ...Gn

Nh vy nu h thng gm nhiu tng khch i th h s nhiu ca h thng s do

tng u tin quyt nh.
Nhit nhiu tng ng:
Nhit nhiu tng ng ca h thng c xc nh:
Te = (F 1).T0
Vi T0 = 290 0K
1.3.2b Di rng, im nn 1dB v tn hiu c th tch c nh nht
Trong mt b trn, mt b khch i hay mt my thu, vic hot ng thng c
thc hin trong vng m cng sut ng ta tuyn tnh vi cng sut ng vo. Min ny
gi l di rng Dr nh hnh bn di. nu tn hiu vo vt qu di rng ny th nhiu
tri hn. Di rng c xc nh l khong gia im nn 1dB v mc tn hiu c th
tch c nh nht MDS. Trong mt h thng chng ta cn mt di rng cao c th
hot ng mt di ln hn cc mc cng sut tn hiu vo.
MDS c xc nh nh l mc nhiu nn cng thm 3dB.
Hay
MDS = Ni + 3dB
Cn im nn 1dB c xc nh:
PD = Pout G +1 dB
Hay
PD = Pout Lc +1 dB
Vi G l li ca my thu
Lc suy hao chuyn i ca b trn th ng.
Nh vy di rng :
SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

Dr = PD MDS
1.3.2c im chn bc 3 v mo iu ch tng h IMD
Khi hai hay nhiu tn hiu ti tn s f1 v f2 vo mt thit b khng tuyn tnh nh
b trn th chng to ra cc mo giao thoa IMD mf1 nf2 . bc ca tn hiu mo ny l
(m+n). trong thc t ngi ta thng quan tm n mo bc 3 v chng nm trong di
tn IF th nht.
V tn hiu ng ra c quan h bc nht tuyn tnh vi tn hiu ng vo trong khi
mo bc 3 c quan h bc 3. Tc l khi tn hiu vo tng 1dB th tn hiu ng ra cng
tng theo 1dB nhng mo IMD bc 3 tng 3dB. Nh vy n mt lc no mc mo
ng ra s ln hn mc tn hiu ng ra. Khi th khng th phn bit c gia tn
hiu v mo nn khng th thu c.
im chn bc 3 o c bng dBm l im m ti mc tn hiu ng ra v mc
mo IMD bc 3 bng nhau.
Gi tr im ny cho bit kh nng trit mo IMD bc tng ng. gi tr cng ln
th vic chn cng tt.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

Chng 2: TH SMITH

Chng 2:
2.1 Gii thiu:
c pht trin nm 1939 bi Phillip Smith ti phng Lab Bell, n gin vic
tnh ton, gii cc h phng trnh di dng v phc tp trong k thut siu cao tn.
mc d kt qu cha c chnh xc cao nhng php gii bng th Smith c th ni
l cng c kh quan trng vi ngi thit k mch siu cao tn.
th Smith c xy dng trn mi quan h gia h s phn x

( x) v tr

khng ng dy Z(x) ti mt im x bt k trn ng dy truyn sng.

Ta c:
Tr khng ng dy:
Z ( x)

1
1

Z0

( x)
( x)

(2.1)

Tr khng ng dy chun ha:

z( x)

1
1

( x)
( x)

(2.2)

H s phn x:
( x)

Z ( x ) Z0
Z ( x ) Z0

(2.3)

z( x) Z0
z( x) Z0

(2.4)

Hay
( x)

Vi z( x)

Z( x )
Z0

Ta c mi quan h trn l 1-1, ngha l ng vi mt gi tr z(x) ta ch tm c mt

gi tr

( x) m thi.

2.2 Cc ng trn trong th

2.2.1 ng trn h s phn x ngoi cng
y l ng trn tng ng vi h s phn x c bin bng 1. V h s phn
x c nh ngha l t s ca sng in o phn x trn sng in p ti, nn bin
ca h s phn x lun nh hn hoc bng 1. Min bn ngoi ng trn bng 1 ny
xem nh khng c ngha khi xem xt trong th Smith. y l ng trn c tm
(0,0) bn knh l 1.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Hnh 2.1 sau minh ha mt mt phng phc

Hnh 2.1 mt phng phc

Trc khi xt cc ng trn khc ta xem xt mt s tham s khc trn ng dy
truyn sng. Hnh 2.3 sau minh ha mt tr khng ti khi xem xt h s phn x.

Hnh 2.2: Tr khng ti khi xem xt h s phn x

Ta c biu thc ca h s phn x nh sau:
ZL
ZL

( x)

Z0
Z0

(2.5)

Hay
r

(2.6)

Trong :
r

Re( )

Im( )

(2.7)

Tr khng ng dy:
Z(x) = R(x) + jX(x)

(2.8)

Hay vit ngn gn:

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

10

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Z = R + jX

(2.9)

Trong :
R l in tr ng dy.
X l in khng ca ng dy.
Tr khng ng dy chun ha:
z(x) = r(x) + jx(x)

(2.10)

(2.11)

hay
r

jx

Trong :
r

R
l in tr ca ng dy chun ha.
Z0

X
l in khng ca ng dy chun ha.
Z0

2.2.2 H ng trn ng r:
Theo cc cng thc trn ta c quan h sau:
1
1

z( x)

( x)
( x)

(2.12)

Thay cc cng thc (2.6) v (2.11) vo (2.12) ta c:

r

jx

1
1

j
j

r
r

(2.13)

Cn bng phn thc v phn o trn ta c:

2
r
2
r

(2.14)

2
r

(2.15)
By gi ta xt cc phng trnh (2.14) v (2.15). trong phng trnh (2.14) th r
c biu din theo

, do n c c trng bi mt h cc ng biu

din trong mt phng . Phng trnh ny ch ph thuc r m khng ph thuc x (

ngha l x bt k). ln lt cho r cc gi tr khc nhau ta c mt h cc ng biu
din, c gi l h cc ng ng r.
Tht vy, thc hin mt s php bin i phng trnh (2.14) ta c:
2

r
r

SVTH: H NH NG

r 1

1 r

LP: D10CQVT01-N

(2.16)
11

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Phng trnh (2.16) l phng trnh ng trn c tm l
1
r 1

r
r 1

;0 bn knh bng

Cho cc gi tr r > 0 khc nhau ta s c mt h cc ng trn nh trong hnh

2.4:

Hnh 2.3 H ng trn ng r

- Khi r = 0, suy ra vng trn ng r = 0
Tm (0;0) bn knh bng 1
y l vng trn c tm gc ta ca mt phng phc
V bn knh bng 1 n v. tt c cc im h s phn x nm trn vng trn
ny u tng ng vi tr khng ng dy l thun khng, thnh phn in tr
trit tiu.
- Khi r = 1, suy ra vng trn ng r = 1.
Tm

1
1
;0 , bn knh .
2
2

y l vng trn c tm nm trn trc honh

, honh

1
1
, bn knh .
2
2

ng trn ny i qua gc ta ca mt phng phc . Mi im nm trn

vng trn ny u tng ng vi tr khng ng dy, c thnh phn thc R
ng bng in tr chun ha R0 .
- Khi r
tr thnh mt im trong mt phng phc
vi mt h mch.

SVTH: H NH NG

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. y l im tng ng

12

Chng 2: TH SMITH
2.2.3 H ng trng ng x
Tng t ng trn ng r. ta thc hin mt s php bin i phng trnh (2.15),
ta c:
r

2
i

1
x

1
x

Phng trnh (2.17) l phng trnh ca mt ng trn c tm l 1;

knh bng

(2.17)
1
x

1
.
x

Cc im tm ca cc ng trn ng x lun lun nm trn ng

r

v bn

1 . V

ta ch xt cc im nm trong phm vi ca ng

1 , nn trong mt phng phc

trn n v.

Hnh 2.4 H ng ng x
- Khi x = 0 th vng trn ng x = 0 c:
Tm 1;

bn knh

ng ng x = 0 bin thnh ng thng v trng vi trc honh

ca mt

phng phc . Nu tr khng ng dy l in tr thun th h s phn x

tr thnh s thc.
- Khi x
vng trn ng x
Tm (1,0) bn knh 0

SVTH: H NH NG

c :

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Chng 2: TH SMITH
ng x bin thnh mt im trng vi

1 . im ny tng ng vi tr

khng l mt h mch.
- Vi cc gi tr in khng x tri du, cc ng trn ng |x| tng ng s i
xng nhau qua trc honh.
2.3 M t th smith
th Smith l cng c c s dng rt nhiu trong phn tch v thit k cc mch
siu cao tn. Ta c th thc hin nhiu php tnh ton trc tip trn th Smith, n
gin ch bng cch v hnh v c tr s m khng cn dng cc cng c ton hc
khc. Hiu su sc v vn dng nhun nhuyn th Smith gip ngi thit k nm
c bn cht ca mch siu cao tn, ng thi on trc c kt qu thit k v
cc kh khn trong ch to mch.
th Smith ban u c to ra nh mt cng c h tr cho vic xc nh tr
khng u vo ca ng truyn, c xy dng da trn php biu din tr khng z
trong mt phng h s phn x trong bao gm cc ng trn ng r v ng x
nh tho lun phn trn. iu cn nhn mnh y l v bn cht ca th
Smith - l mt mt phng phc trn mi gi tr tr khng chun ha z = r + jx ti
mi im ch l cc gi tr gn ghp cho im () tng ng m thi. Do , cc
php ton v h s phn x c thc hin trc tip bng cc php cng (tr) vct,
trong khi cc php ton v tr khng chun ha z tr thnh cc php c v cng tr
s trn th Smith.

SVTH: H NH NG

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14

Chng 2: TH SMITH

Hnh 2.5 th smith

th Smith chun c cho trn Hnh 2.6 . c th vn dng tt th ny
trong phn tch thit k mch siu cao tn chng ta cn phi hiu cn k v cu trc v
ngha ca cc k hiu, cc thang o tr s v cc php tnh, cc php bin i trn
th Smith. C th nh sau:
Trc ht cn lu rng tt c cc gi tr tr khng trn th Smith u l tr
khng chun ha theo mt gi tr tr khng chun ha (Z0) cho trc. Khi c c
gi tr ca z ta phi suy ra gi tr thc ca tr khng theo biu thc
Z = z Z0.
th Smith nm trong phm vi vng trn n v v h s phn x l mt s
phc c module nh hn hoc bng 1. Ta s khng xt cc im nm ngoi phm vi
ca th Smith.
Cc ng ng r l h cc vng trn c phng trnh tham s r xc nh bi
(2.16), mi vng trn tng ng vi mt gi tr r duy nht. Trn th Smith, gi tr r
ca mi vng trn ng r c t tn l "Thnh phn in tr (R/ Z0) hoc thnh phn
in dn (G/ Y0 ) - RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Z0 ) OR CONDUCTANCE
SVTH: H NH NG

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15

Chng 2: TH SMITH
COMPONENT (G/ Y0 )" v tr s ca n c ghi dc theo trc honh ca th. Gi
tr ca r tng t 0 (ngn mch) n (h mch).
Cc ng ng x l h cc vng trn c phng trnh tham s x xc nh bi
(2.17), mi vng trn tng ng vi mt gi tr x duy nht v ch phn nm trong vng
trn ||=1 c v trn th Smith. C hai nhm vng trn ng x
Vi cc gi tr x dng (cm khng), cc ng trn ng x nm pha trn
trc honh ca th. Gi tr ca x tng t 0 n , c ghi dc theo chu vi ca vng
n v na trn ca trc honh v c t tn l "Thnh phn in khng cm
khng (+jX/ Z0 ) hoc in np dung khng (+jB/Y0 ) - INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
COMPONENT (+jX/ Z0 ) OR CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE (+jB/ Y0 )".
Vi cc gi tr x m (dung khng), cc ng ng x nm pha di trc honh
ca th. Gi tr ca x gim dn t 0 n , c ghi dc theo chu vi ca vng trn
n v (ch ghi gi tr tuyt i |x|) na th pha di trc honh v c t tn l
"Thnh phn in khng dung khng (-jX/ Z0) hoc in np cm khng (-jB/ Y0 ) CAPACITIVE REACTANCE COMPONENT (-jX/ Z0) OR INDUCTIVE
SUSCEPTANCE (-jB/ Y0)".
Cc ng ng r v cc ng ng x hnh thnh h cc ng trn trc giao
vi nhau. Giao im ca mt ng ng r vi mt ng ng x bt k u tng
ng vi mt tr khng z = r + jx chun ha theo Z0.
Tm ca th Smith l giao im ca ng ng r = 1 v ng ng

x=0

(trc honh ca th). Do n tng ng vi tr khng chun ha z = 1 (tc Z = Z0

). im ny c bit quan trng v n i din cho trng hp ti hon ton phi hp
tr khng vi ng dy hoc mch thit k c phi hp tr khng (s cp n
cc phn sau). y cng l im c h s phn x
= 0 (c phi hp tr khng).
im mt tri ca trc honh ca th Smith l giao im ca ng ng r = 0
v ng x = 0, do n tng ng vi tr khng chun ha z = 0 (hay Z = 0) v im
ny i din cho mt ngn mch. y cng l im c h s phn x = 1.
im mt bn phi ca trc honh ca th Smith l im c bit m tt c
cc ng ng r v ng x u i qua (mi gi tr ca r v x ). Ta coi im ny
tng ng vi tr khng chun ha z l mt h mch. y cng l im c h
s phn x = +1.
Chng ta bit h s phn x (x ) ti im z bt k trn ng truynsng
c th c suy ra t h s phn x (0) ti ti v khong cch
(z ) = (0).e-2 l

t z ti ti
(2.18)

Mt khc, mi im trn th Smith u tng ng vi mt h s phn x trn

ng dy. Do ta d dng suy ra im (z ) trn th Smith nu bit v tr ca im

SVTH: H NH NG

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Chng 2: TH SMITH
(0) bng cch xoay vng trn mt qu tch hnh xon c quanh gc ta (i vi ng
truyn khng tn hao th qu tch l mt ng trn c tm l tm ca th Smith). Biu
thc tng qut cho h s phn x ti im z c vit li nh sau:
z

Trong biu thc trn,

0 .e

.e

j2

(2.19)

l khong cch t im z ang kho st ti im ti

z = 0.

Khi tng mt khong /2 th im h s phn x s quay ng mt vng quanh gc

ta ca th Smith. Trn th Smith, quanh vng trn chu vi c ghi thang chia t
1800 n +1800 tng ng vi gc quay ca khi di chuyn dc theo ng truyn sng.
Nh vy khi di chuyn khong cch

3600.

bt k th s quay mt gc tng ng l

/2

7200.

(2.20)

Cng thc (3.18) thng c s dng ng vi k hong cch khi di chuyn t ti v

ngun. Tuy nhin n c th c m rng cho trng hp tng qut: im khi u v tr
bt k trn ng truyn sng v di chuyn v pha ngun ( tng) hoc v ti ( gim).
Vnh ai bao quanh chu vi ca th Smith ta cn thy c hai vng thang chia t 0,
0.01, 0.02, ... 0.49 trn :
Mt vng nh s theo chiu kim ng h t 0 n 0.49, tng ng vi "s ln bc
sng khi di chuyn v hng ngun" hay "WAVELENGTHS TOWARDS
GENERATOR".
Mt vng nh s theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h t 0 n 0.49 tng ng vi
"s ln bc sng di chuyn v hng ti" hay "WAVELENGTH TOWARDS LOAD"
Nh vy gc quay ca h s phn x khi di chuyn trn ng truyn sng c th
c xc nh theo n v o gc () bin thin t 1800 n +1800 hoc theo s ln bc
sn g bin thin t 0 n 0.5 ln cho mi vng quay, ng thi ch v chiu quay:
V hng ngun: Thun chiu kim ng h
V hng ti: Ngc chiu kim ng h
iu ny c th cho php ngi thit k c th v, o c v tnh ton trc tip trn th
Smith.
0 ), khi di chuyn dc theo ng truyn sng
i vi ng truyn ti c tn hao (
theo (2.19) th module ca h s phn x cng bin thin t l vi e

. iu ny c ngha

khi di chuyn v hng ngun ( tng) th || gim dn v khi di chuyn v pha ti ( gim)
th || tng dn.
Module ca h s phn x || ti bt k im no cng c th c xc nh theo gi tr
"H s phn x - Reflection coefficient" phn di bn tri ca th Smith. Gi tr ny c
th c tnh theo
H s phn x in p |v | (RFL. COEFF, E or I), vi thang chia l tuyn tnh bin
thin t 0 n 1.0.

SVTH: H NH NG

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17

Chng 2: TH SMITH
H s phn x cng sut (RFL, COEFF, P) t l vi logarit ca |v|2 , vi thang chia
logarit t 0 n 1.0.
H s sng ng S trn ng truyn khng tn hao cng c th c xc nh theo
th Smith. Trong phn trc, chng ta bit rng vi ng truyn khng tn hao, gi tr ca
|| v S u l hng s trn sut chiu di ca ng truyn.
Nh vy, cc vng trn tm l gc ta trn th Smith c th c coi l cc ng
ng || hoc cc ng ng S, mi vng trn tng ng mt gi tr ca || v mt gi tr
duy nht ca S.
H cc ng ng S ny khng c v c th trn th Smith nhng chng ta c th
xc nh chng mt cch d dng nh thang gi tr "H s sng ng - Standing Wave Ratio
(SWR)" phn di bn tri ca th. Gi tr ny c th c tnh theo

Vmax
), vi thang gi tr t 1 n (T s in p)
Vmin

H s sng ng ( S

H s sng ng tnh theo dB (dBS), vi thang gi tr t 0 dB n .

2.4 Dn np trn th smith

Chng ta bit rng quan h c bn xy dng th Smith l quan h gia h s phn
x vi tr khng chun ha z c xc nh theo (2.2). T ta cng c th xy dng mi
quan h gia v dn np chun ha y nh sau:
nh ngha dn np chun l nghch o ca tr khng chun Z0

Y0

1
Z0

(2.21)

nh ngha dn np chun ha theo dn np chun

Y
Y0

1/ Z
1/ Z 0

1
Z / Z0

H s phn x c tnh theo (2.2) thnh

1
1
z 1 y
z 1 1 1
y

1
z

(2.22)

y 1
y 1

(2.23)

Hay

1
1

(2.24)

Quan h gia v y theo (2.23) v (2.24) l quan h tng ng, hay ni cch khc,
mi im ca h s phn x trong mt phng phc tng ng vi mt v ch mt gi tr
ca dn np chun ha y. Do , ta cng c th gn cho mi im phc mt gi tr dn np
chun ha y tng ng (hon ton tng t nh php gn cho mi im mt gi tr chun
ha z nh trnh by phn trc), v ta c th xy dng th Smith theo dn np.

SVTH: H NH NG

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18

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Mt khc nu so snh (2.2) vi (2.23) v (2.24) ta cng nhn thy rng quan h gia v
z hon ton ging ht nh mi quan h gia (- ) vi y. iu ny c ngha th Smith xy
dng theo tr khng chun ha z v th Smith xy dng theo dn np chun ha y l i
xng nhau qua gc ta ca mt phng phc .
Ni cch khc, th Smith theo dn np chun ha y c suy ra t th Smith theo
tr khng chun ha z bng mt trong hai cch sau
Ly i xng ton b th Smith qua gc ta (Hnh 2.7)

Hnh 2.6. th Smith hn hp

Gi nguyn th Smith nhng ly i xng ca im h s phn x ang xt qua
gc ta thnh im h s phn x - (Hnh 2.8)

Hnh 2.7 : ly i xng qua gc ta

Trn Hnh 2.7, th Smith theo tr khng chun ha (ng mu ) c ly i xng
qua gc ta c th Smith theo dn np chun ha (ng mu xanh l cy). Mt
im trn th ny cng chnh l im trn th kia v ngc li. Trn Hnh 2.8, im
c ly i xng qua gc 0 thnh im (- ), cn cc thang o trn th Smith khng
thay i. C ngha l gi tr c c trn th Smith tr khng ti im s chnh l gi
tr ca dn np chun ha y(g,b ) vi y = g + j b , v y = 1/z .

SVTH: H NH NG

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19

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Ch nu tr khng chun ha z c th c vit
z = r + jx
th dn np chun ha y cng c vit tng t
y = g + jb
Trong :
g = G/Y0 - gi l in dn chun ha
b = B /Y0 - gi l in np chun ha
Nh vy, trn th Smith theo tr khn g chun ha ta c cc ng ng r v ng x th
trn th Smith theo dn np chun ha, cc th vng trn ging ht nh trn s tr thnh
cc ng ng g v ng b . Cc thang tr s trn th khng thay i (gi tr r
gi tr g
; gi tr x
gi tr b ).

2.5 Cch c th Smith

- Biu din trn th Smith:

- Cc c im s dng c:

SVTH: H NH NG

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Chng 2: TH SMITH

SVTH: H NH NG

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21

Chng 2: TH SMITH

- H s phn x:

- H s sng ng:

SVTH: H NH NG

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Chng 2: TH SMITH

- Dn np ng dy:

SVTH: H NH NG

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Chng 2: TH SMITH

- Bng sng v nt sng trn th Smith:

2.6 ng dng c bn ca th Smith

th Smith l mt cng c h tr c lc cho vic thit k, tnh ton v phn tch mch
in siu cao tn. Trong phn ny chng ta s xt mt vi ng dng c bn ca th Smith,
qua s cho thy mi vic tnh ton da trn cc cng thc u c thay th bng ng tc
v v o trc tip trn th Smith em li kt qu trc tip v nhanh chng bng vic c
cc tr s trn th. Cc ng dng trong trng hp c th s ty thuc vo s vn dng linh
hot ca ngi s dng.

2.6.1 Tnh h s sng ng, h s phn x v tr khng ng dy

Trn ng truyn sng (c tn hao hoc khng tn hao), nu bit gi tr tr khng ti
chun ha zL u cui dy (hoc tr khng ng dy chun ha z(z0) ti im z0 xc nh
trc), ta lun c th suy ra gi tr ca h s sng ng S, h s phn x (z) v tr khng
ng dy chun ha z(z) ti im z bt k trn ng dy, vi v tr ca z c xc nh
tng i so vi im ti (hoc im z0).
Tt c cc tnh ton trn u c thc hin trc tip trn th Smith m khng cn s
dng cc cng thc phc tp. chng ta s dng cch c th Smith ni trn xc
nh.

2.6.2 Tnh tr khng mch phc hp

Mch phc hp ny c hiu l mch in bao gm nhiu phn t th ng tuyn tnh
gm in tr R, in dung C v in cm L c ghp hn hp vi nhau. Ti mt tn s cho

SVTH: H NH NG

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24

Chng 2: TH SMITH
trc, tr khng hoc dn np ca mt mch phc hp c th c xc nh bng cc cng
thc ton hc ca nh lut m.
Php ton trn c th c thc hin trc tip trn th Smith ch bng cch v v o
m khng cn dng cng thc ton hc no. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi ngi thc hin phi
s dng thnh tho th Smith.
Chng ta c th hiu r hn qua cc v d minh ha sau.
V d: Cho mch in phc hp trn Hnh 2.9. Cc tr s linh kin cho nh sau: R=50 ;
C1 = 10pF ; C2 = 12pF ; L = 22.5nH . Tn s lm vic = 109 rad/s . Tnh tr khng Z gia
hai u ca mch in.

Hnh 2.8 Mch in minh ha v d trn

Gii: Trc tin ta chn tr khng chun ha ca th Smith. Thng thng thun
tin ta chn tr khng chun ha Z0 = 50.
Tr khng gm R v C1 mc ni tip c tr s chun ha l:

R
zRC1

1
j C1
R0

50

1
10 10 10
50
9

12

1 j2

Tr khng ny c biu din bng im A trn th Smith (Hnh 2.10). Do tr khng

zRC1 ny li mc song song vi t in C2 nn trn th Smith ta chuyn ton b gi tr tr
khng ca RC2 v C2 thnh gi tr dn np.
lm iu ny, ta ly i xng ca im A qua gc ta thnh im B . Ngay chnh
trn th ny, im B chnh l dn np ca zRC1 . c gi tr ca B ta c
yRC1 = 0.2 + j0.4. Dn np ca C2 c chun ha l :

yc2

j C2
1/ Z0

109 12 10
j
1/ 50

12

j 0.6

Khi in dung C2 c mc song song vi RC1 th dn np ca C2 s c cng vi dn

np ca RC1 . V yC2 = j0.6 (thun np ) nn in dn tng khng thay i v bng in dn
ca yRC1 nhng in np tng l tng ca in np 2 nhnh. Kt qu l trn th Smith, t
B ta di chuyn trn ng trn ng in dn g = 0. 2 theo hng tng ca in np mt
lng l b = +0.6 n im C c dn np yRC1C2 = 0.2 + j1.0
V L c mc ni tip vi (RC1C2) nn ta chuyn sang lm vic vi th Smith theo tr
khng tc chuyn ( RC1C2 ) thnh tr khng. lm iu ta ly i xng im C qua gc
ta c im D . c tr s ti im D ta c zRC1C2 = 0.2 j0.95.

SVTH: H NH NG

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25

Chng 2: TH SMITH
Tr khng chun ha ca L l:

zL

j L
Z0

109 22.5 10
50

j 0.45

2.6.3 Phi hp tr khng

- Dng cc phn t th ng (R, L, C).
- Dng ng dy chm ( dy /4, chm ni tip, song song, mt si hay nhiu si)
Phn ny s ni r hn chng k tip

Hnh 2.9 th Smith minh ha v d trn.

V zL = j0.45 (thun cm khng) nn in tr tng khng thay i nhng in khng tng
l tng ca in khng ca zRC1C2 vi in khng ca zL . Kt qu, trn th Smith, t im
D , ta di chuyn dc theo vng trn ng r = 2 theo hng tng ca in khng (tc l gim
v gi tr tuyt i) mt lng l x = +j0.45 ta c im E . c gi tr tr khng ti E ta
c:
z = 0.2 j0.5
Lu thang gi tr ca in khng na di trc honh c ghi theo gi tr tuyt i,
du mang du m (-).
Nh vy tr khng thc ca mch l:
Z = z . Z0 = (0.2 j 0.5) 50 = 10 j25 ().

SVTH: H NH NG

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Chng 3
Mc ch khi phi hp tr khng:
- Cng sut ti a c pht i khi ti c phi hp vi ng truyn (gi thit l ngun
c phi hp), v tn hao cng sut trn ng cp (feed line) c gim ti a.
- Phi hp tr khng cc phn t nhy cm ca my thu (nh anten, b khuch i nhiu
thp vv ...) ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca h thng.
- Phi hp tr khng trong mt mng phn phi cng sut (nh mng cp cho mng
anten) s gim cc li v bin v pha.
Cc yu t quan trng trong vic la chn mt mng phi hp c bit bao gm:
- phc tp - Cng nh phn ln cc gii php k thut, thit k n gin nht tha
mn cc yu cu v c tnh k thut lun l gii php a chung nht. Mt mng phi
hp n gin hn thng r hn, tin cy cao hn v t tn hao hn mt thit k
phc tp.
- rng bng tn - Bt c mt loi mng phi hp no v l tng cng c th to ra
mt s phi hp hon ho (khng c phn x) ch mt tn s duy nht. Tuy nhin,
trong nhiu ng dng ngi ta mun phi hp ti trong mt di tn s. C mt s cch
khc nhau thc hin iu ny nhng tt nhin s lm tng phc tp thit k.
- Thc thi - Ty theo loi ng truyn hay ng dn sng c s dng, mt loi mng
phi hp c th c chung hn so vi loi mng khc. V d, cc dy chm iu
chnh thng d thc hin hn l cc b chuyn i mt phn t bc sng a on
(multi-section) bng ng dn sng.
- Kh nng iu chnh - Trong mt s ng dng, mng phi hp phi c kh nng iu
chnh c nhm phi hp vi mt ti c tr khng thay i. Trn quan im ny, mt
s loi mng phi hp d thc hin iu ny hn mt s mng khc.
C rt nhiu cch phi hp tr khng. Di y trnh by mt s cch nh sau:

3.1 Phi hp tr khng bng cc phn t tp trung (cc mng hnh L)

C l loi mch phi hp tr khng n gin nht l on mch hnh ch L s dng
hai phn t thun khng phi hp mt ti bt k vi ng truyn. C hai cu hnh cho
mng ny nh trnh by trn Hnh 3.1.

Hnh 3.1: Mng phi hp hnh L(a) Mng c dng khi zL nm trong vng trn
1+ jx (b) Mng c dng khi zL nm ngoi vng trn 1 + jx
SVTH: H NH NG

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Nu tr khng ti chun ha zL = ZL /Z0 nm bn trong vng trn 1 + j x trn th Smith

th mch in trn Hnh 3.1(a) c s dng. Cn nu tr khng ti chun ha nm ngoi
vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith th mch in trn Hnh 3.1(b ) cn c s dng. Vng
trn 1 + jx l vng trn in tr trn th Smith c r = 1.
Trong c hai cu hnh trn Hnh 3.1, cc phn t thun khng c th l cc cun cm hay
t in ty thuc vo tr khng ti. V th, c tm kh nng khc nhau cho mch phi hp i
vi nhiu loi tr khng ti khc nhau. Nu tn s l thp v/hoc kch thc mch l
nh th cc phn t tp trung nh cun cm hay t in c th c s dng. Cu hnh ny
kh thi i vi cc tn s ln ti 1 GHz mc d cc mch tch hp cao tn hin i c th
nh cho cc phn t tp trung c th c s dng cc tn s cao hn. Tuy nhin c mt
phm vi rng cc tn s v kch thc mch cc phn t tp trung khng th thc hin
c. y l hn ch ca k thut phi hp tr khng s dng on mch L.
By gi chng ta s i tm biu thc gii tch cho cc phn t ca mng phi hp trong
hai trng hp trn Hnh 3.1, sau minh ha mt quy trnh thit k thay th s dng th
Smith.

3.1.1 Phng php gii tch

Trc ht xt mch in Hnh 3.1(a) v cho ZL = RL + jXL . Chng ta pht biu rng
mch in ny s c s dng khi zL = ZL /Z0 nm trong vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith,
iu ny ng rng RL > Z0 cho trng hp ny.
Tr khng nhn vo mng phi hp ng trc ti phi bng Z0 , phi hp th

Z0

1
jB 1/ ( RL

jX

JX L )

(3.1)

Sp xp li v phn tch thnh cc phn thc v o ta c hai phng trnh cho cc n s X

v B:

B(XRL XLZ0 ) = RL ZL

(3.2)

X 1 BX L

(3.3)

BZ0 RL

XL

Gii (3.2) cho X v th vo (3.3) cho ta mt phng trnh bc hai cho B. Nghim ca
phng trnh ny l:
B=

XL

RL / Z 0 RL2
RL2

X L2 Z0 RL

X L2

(3.4)

rng do RL > Z0 nn i s trong hm cn th hai lun dng. Khi in khng ni

tip c th tm c nh sau:

1
B

X L Z0
RL

Z0
BRL

(3.5)

Phng trnh (3.4) ch ra rng hai li gii cho B v X l c th. C hai li gii ny v mt
vt l l c th thc hin c do c gi tr m v dng ca B v X u c th chp nhn

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

28

c (X dng ng l mt in cm, X m ng l mt t in, trong khi B dng ng l

mt t in cn B m ng l mt cun cm.) Tuy nhin, mt li gii c th dn ti cc tr s
nh hn ng k i vi cc phn t in khng v c th l gii php c quan tm nu
rng bng tn ca vic phi hp l cao hn hoc t s sng ng SWR trn ng dy gia
mng phi hp vi ti l nh hn.
By gi xt mch in trn Hnh 3.1(b). Mch in ny s c s dng khi zL nm ngoi
vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith tng ng vi RL < Z0 . Dn np nhn vo mng phi hp
trc ti ZL = RL + jXL phi bng 1/Z0 , c phi hp

1
Z0

jB

RL

1
j( X

XL)

(3.6)

Sp xp li v phn tch thnh cc phn thc v o chng ta nhn c hai phng trnh
hai n s l X v B:
BZ 0 ( X
(X

XL)

XL)

Z0

RL

BZ 0 RL

(3.7)
(3.8)

Gii cho X v B ta c:

X
B

RL (Z0 RL )
(Z0

XL

RL ) / RL
Z0

(3.9)

(3.10)

Do RL < Z0 nn cc i s trong cc cn bc hai u lun dng. Mt ln na, cn lu

rng hai li gii l kh thi.
phi hp mt ti phc bt k vi mt ng dy tr khng c tnh Z0 th phn thc
ca tr khng vo i vi mng phi hp phi l Z0 trong khi phn o phi l 0. iu ny
mun ni rng mng phi hp phi c t nht hai mc t do; trong mch phi hp L hai mc
t do ny c cho bi cc gi tr ca hai phn t in khng.

3.1.2 gii php dng th Smith

Thay v cc cng thc trn, th Smith c th c s dng thit kt mt cch nhanh
chng v chnh xc cc mng phi hp L. Sau y chng ta s xt mt v d minh ha quy
trnh thc hin.
V d: Thit k mt mng phi hp L phi hp mt ti RC ni tip c tr khng
200 j100 vi mt ng dy 100 ti tn s hot ng 500 MHz.

ZL =

Gii: Tr khng ti chun ha l zL = 2 j1 c v trn th Smith Hnh 3.2. im ny

nm bn tro ng vng trn 1 + jx v vy chng ta s s d ng mch phi hp trn Hnh 3.1(a).
By gi, sau khi b sung in np song song ta c yt = yL + jb v chuyn v tr khng chng
ta mun tr khng n y nm trn vng trn 1 + jx chng ta c th b sung mt in khng
ni tip kh i thnh phn jx v phi hp ti.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

29

Hnh 3.2: Li gii cho v d trn. th Smith cho cc mch phi hp L

Quy trnh thc hin c m t nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh im ti chun ha zL = 2 j1 trn th tr khng Smith.
Bc 2: Do phn t u tin t ti l mt in np song song (jb ) nn gi cho ta nn
chuyn i sang th dn np Smith bng cch v vng trn SWR qua ti v mt ng
thng t ti qua tm th nh trn Hnh 3.2. Khi ny dn np ti c c trn th l yL =
0.4 + j0.2. Do jb l thun np nn yt chnh l im di chuyn ca yL trn ng ng g = 0.4.
im yt l giao ca ng ng g = 0.4 (hay r = 0. 4 trn th tr khng) vi nh ca vng
trn ng r = 1 qua gc ta . Nh trn Hnh 3.21 ta thy c hai im yt1 v yt2 tng ng
vi hai li gii cho bi ton ny. Trn th Smith ta xc nh c

Hnh 3.3 Hai kh nng cho mch phi hp L

Phng n 1: yt1 = 0.4 + j0.5. Nh vy di chuyn yL ti yt1 ta cn c
jb1 = j0.5 j0.2 = j0.3 b1 = 0.3
Phng n 2: yt2 = 0.4 - j0.5. Nh vy di chuyn yL ti yt2 ta cn c

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

30

jb2 = -j0.5 j0.2 = -j0.7 b1 = 0.7

Bc 3: Do phn t ng trc yt l mt in khng mc ni tip nn n gin ta chuyn
ngc tr li sang tr khng. Khi ta c
Phng n 1: T im yt1 trn th k mt ng thng i qua tm th ct vng
trn 1 + jx ti zt1 (xem Hnh 3.2). Trn th xc nh c im ny c tr khng zt1 = 1
j1.2. a im ny v tm th ta cn mt in khng jx1 = j1.2 x1 = 1.2
Phng n 2: T im yt2 trn th k mt ng thng i qua tm th ct vng
trn 1 + jx ti zt2 . Trn th ta c c im ny c tr khng zt2 = 1 + j1.2. a
im ny v tm th ta cn mt in khng jx2 = j1.2 x2 = 1. 2
Bc 4: T Bc 2 v Bc 3 ta rt ra
Phng n 1: b1 = 0.3 v x1 = 1.2. By gi, t cc kt qu ny ta cn xc nh cc gi tr
in cm hay in dung cho mch in phi hp. Do b1 v x1 u c gi tr dng nn
chng i din ln lt cho cc t in v cun cm c cc tr s c xc nh nh sau:

b1
2 fZ 0

0.3
2 500 106.100

0.95 pF

V
L

x1.Z 0
2 f

1.2 100
2 .500 106

38.2nH

Mch phi hp cho phng n 1 c minh ha trn Hnh 3.3

Phng n 2: b2 = 0.7 v x2 = 1.2. Lu rng b2 c tr s m nn n i din cho mt
cun cm v x2 cng mang gi tr m nn n s i din cho mt t in. Tr s ca cc
phn t ny c xc nh nh sau:

Z0
2 fb2

100
2 .500 106 0.7

45.5nH

1
2 fx2 Z 0

1
2 .500 106 1.2 100

2.65 pF

Mch phi hp cho phng n 2 c minh ha trn Hnh 3.2.

Ngoi cch thng dng ny ra, chng ta cn c nhiu cch khc phi hp tr khng nh
dng ng dy chm ( dy l/4, chm ni tip, song song, mt si hay nhiu si),ng
truyn vi di, ng truyn ng phng coplanar-CPW

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

31

Chng 4 GII THIU NG TRUYN

Chng 4.
4.1 Gii thiu ng truyn vi di - Microstrip line
ng truyn vi di l mt trong nhng loi ng truyn phng ph bin nht, l do
chnh l v n c th c ch to nh cc qu trnh photolithography (quang khc) v d
dng c tch hp vi cc linh kin cao tn tch cc v th ng khc. Dng hnh hc ca
ng truyn vi di c minh ha trn Hnh 4.1. Mt di dn rng W c in trn mt
tm in mi c ni t c b dy h v hng s in mi tng i

.ng sc t

trng v in trng c v trn Hnh 4.2 .

Hnh 4.1: Dng hnh hc v mt ct ngang ng truyn vi di

Hnh 4.2: Cc ng sc t trng v in trng

Nu lp in mi khng c mt (

= 1), chng ta c th coi ng truyn gm hai di dn

phng rng W , cch nhau mt khong 2h (mt phng t c th c b i theo l thuyt

nh). Trong trng hp ny ta c mt ng truyn TEM n gin vi p = c v
= k0 =

0 0

S c mt ca cht in mi v c bit l cht in mi khng ph kn vng khng kh

pha trn di dn (y>h), lm phc tp vic phn tch ng truyn vi di. Khng ging ng
truyn di, ton b trng u b giam trong vng in mi ng nht, ng truyn vi

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

32

Chng 4 GII THIU NG TRUYN

di c phn ln ng sc trng nm trong vng in mi, tp trung gia di dn v mt
phng t, cn mt phn nm trong vng khng kh pha trn lp nn (substrate). V l do ny
ng truyn vi di kh ng th h tr mt sng TEM thun ty, do vn tc pha ca cc
trng TEM trong vng cht in mi l c/

, cn vn tc pha ca cc trng TEM trong

vng khng kh l c. V vy, s bt phi hp v pha ti min tip gip in mi-khng kh s

khng th t c mt sng TEM.
Trong thc t, cc trng chnh xc ca ng truyn vi di hnh thnh mt sng TM-TE
hn hp, v i hi cc k thut phn tch cao hn m chng ta khng trnh by y. Tuy
nhin, trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t, lp in mi rt mnh v mt in (tc h ), v
v vy trng l cn TEM (quasi-TEM). Ni cch khc, cc thnh phn trng v c bn
ging nh trng trong trng hp tnh in. V vy, cc gi tr gn ng cho tc pha,
hng s truyn lan v tr khng c tnh c th t c t cc nghim tnh hoc cn tnh
in. Khi vn tc pha v hng s truyn lan c th c biu din bi

vp

k0

trong

l hng s in mi hiu dng ca ng truyn vi di. Do mt s ng sc

trng nm trong vng in mi v mt s trong khng kh nn hng s in mi tha mn

quan h,
1

v ph thuc vo b dy ca lp in mi h , b rng ca di dn W.

4.2 Phi hp tr khng trn ng truyn vi di

tn s cao khi s dng t in v cun dy phi hp tr khng s d xut hin in
cm v in dung k sinh, nn trong khuch i cao tn thng dng phng php mch di
hoc mch vi di phi hp tr khng.

Phi hp s dng th Smith

V d cho

0.29 1010 v

0.2 1220

Hnh di y s ch r cch phi hp

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

33

Chng 4 GII THIU NG TRUYN

Hnh 4.3. V d v phi hp tr khng cho ng vo khi s dng ng truyn vi

di

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

34

Chng 4 GII THIU NG TRUYN

Hnh 4.4 V d v phi hp tr khng cho ng ra khi s dng ng truyn vi di

Ta xc nh

v jb sau xc nh dn np y tnh khong cch nh 2 hnh 4.4 v 4.5

Ta s c:

Hnh 4.6 Mch khuch i thc hin phi hp tr khng v d trn.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

35

Chng 4 GII THIU NG TRUYN

4.3 Thit k on truyn sng dng Microstrip Line

Thit k on truyn sng Z0 = 50 dng Microstrip Line, Substrate FR4 r = 4,6. Gi
s dy ca on truyn sng l h1, v rng l W1. Ta thc hin tm t s W1/h1, d on
W1/h1< 2

W1
h1

8e A
e2 A 2

Trong A = 1.5577
Vy

W1
h1

8e A
e2 A 2

= 1.849 < 2

Ta chn h1 = 1 mm v W1 = 1.849 mm.

Kim tra li tnh ton vi phn mm APPCAD ta c kt qu nh sau:

T kt qu tnh ton trn APPCAD ta c cc thng s ca ng truyn sng nh sau

H = 1mm, W = 1.835mm, T = 0.01mm, Z0 = 50.01, = 179.386mm.
T kt qu trn ta c c mch phi hp tr khng nh sau:

Hnh 4.7 Mch khuch i phi hp tr khng

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

36

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

Chng 5
Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch
ti. Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut
lm vic vi bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng
ng tn hiu nh kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng
php th.
Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i
cng sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
- Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh,
ngha l tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360o ca tn hiu
ng vo (Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng.
Tn hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng
hn mt na chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti VBE =0 (vng
ngng). Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch
i.
- Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng
ch mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny
thng c dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong
cc ng dng c bit.
Hnh 5.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

37

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

Hnh 5.1 (a) m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 5.1 (b) m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

38

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

5.1

A:

Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 5.2 l m hnh ca mt mch khuch i cng sut

loi A n gin.

Hnh 5.2
Kho st phn cc
Ta c I B
V I C

Vcc 0.7V
RB
IB

V VCE Vcc RC I C
Dng IC c gii hn ti a l

Vcc
RC

I Csat do khi c tn hiu vo, dng IC c

bin i ln nht v tt nht, im tnh Q phi c phn cc sao cho

I CQ

Vcc
tc VCEQ
2 RC

Vcc / 2 y l im phn cc mch cho hiu sut ln

nht.
Kho st xoay chiu:
Khi a tn hiu vi vo ng vo (hnh 5.2), dng IC v in th VCE (tn hiu
ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh 5.4), v
dng in cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in IC v in th VCE ng ra
cng thay i t quanh im iu hnh.
Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh iu hnh.
Dng IC s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v VC /RC . in th VCE thay i
gia hai gii hn 0V v ngun VCC (hnh 5.3,5.4).

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

39

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

Hnh 5.3 Tn hiu nh

Hnh 5.4. Tn hiu ln

Kho st cng sut
- Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha:
Pi(dc) = VCC . ICQ (5.1)
- Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l RC, c nh ngha:
P0(ac)

VCE ( rms ) .I C ( rms ) (5.2)

P0(ac)

RC .IC2 ( rms )

P0(ac)

2
VCE
( ms )

RC

(5.3)
(5.4)

Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:

2

P0(ac)

RC .I

2
C ( rms )

SVTH: H NH NG

IC ( p )
2

.R C

I 2C ( p )
2

.RC

(5.5)

LP: D10CQVT01-N

40

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

V 2CE ( p )

Hoc P0(ac)

(5.6)

2RC

VCE ( p ) .I C ( p )

Hoc P0(ac)

(5.7)

Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:

P0(ac)

VCE ( p

/2

p)

IC ( p

p)

/2

VCE ( p

2
I C2 (p

Hoc P0(ac)
Hoc P0(ac)

p)

8
2
VCE
(p

p)

.IC ( p

p)

.R C

p)

(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10)

8RC

Hiu sut:
Hiu sut mch khuch i c tnh theo cng thc:
%

P0(ac)
Pi(dc)

(5.11)

. Hiu sut ti a:
Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, VCE c th thay i ti a:
VCE(p-p) max = VCC
Dng IC thay i ti a:
IC(p-p) max = VCC/RC
Cng sut ra ti a:
P0(ac) max

Vcc2
8RC

Cng sut cung cp ti a:

Pi(dc) max

Vcc2
2RC

Hiu sut ti a ca mch:

P0(ac) max
Pi(dc) max

.100%

SVTH: H NH NG

Vcc2
8RC
.100% 25%
Vcc2
2 RC

LP: D10CQVT01-N

41

Chng 5. L THUYT KHUCH I CNG SUT

5.2

- mch khuch i cng sut loi B

Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi VB =0V nn bnh
thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do
phn cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca tn hiu (bn k
dng hay m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn c c chu
k ca tn hiu ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor, mi transistor dn in mt
na chu k ca tn hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).

Hnh 5.5 M t mch khuch i cng sut loi B

Tnh ton tng t phn trn ta c thng s sau:
Hiu sut ti a:
% 78.54%
Hiu sut ca mch khuch i loi B cao hn nhiu so vi loi A. thm vo loi
B s khng tiu hao cng sut khi khng c cng sut tn hiu ng vo. y l u
im ln nht trong nhiu ng dng.
-

Mch khuch i cng sut loi C

c im: + phi tuyn
+ hiu sut cao, thng c dng trong mch tn s cao
+ Mch khch i loi C c th t c hiu sut 100% khi gim
gc ti 0. V

trong khong 0-900 hiu sut l 78.5%.

+ d t c hiu sut cao hn cc loi A,B nhng ng thi n

cng to ra mo nhiu hn 2 loi .
+ mch khuch i lp C thng s dng thm mch cng hng
lc hi tn hiu ng ra.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

42

-31122
6.1 C
5V

6.2 T
6.2.1 T
BG13D l

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

43

LM-31122
-31122:
900 MHz; 5V, 394mA (typical)
15.6 dB Gain
47.6 dBm Output IP3
31.6 dBm Output Power at 1dB gain compression
52.5% PAE at P1dB
2 dB Noise Figure

= 25 C, Vdd =5V, Vctrl

SVTH: H NH NG

900MHz

LP: D10CQVT01-N

44

-31122
-

-31122

-31122

f = 900MHz

dd

IC

S11

S22

BG13D

0.148

ALM-31122

0.183 105.8

79.53

0.314

S12
90.77

0.235 176.4

0.032

= 5V, T = 250C,

S21
23.22

0.077 65.3

17.28 96.74
6.124 87.6

6.3.1
BG13D

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

45

N
1 S11S22 S12 S 21

S11

S 22

1.167

2. S21 . S12

ALM-31122
1 S11S22 S12 S 21

S11

S 22

1.227

2. S21 . S12

6.3.2

BG13D
Ds

S11S22

B1 1 S11

S12 S21
2

S22

MAG 10log

C2

S22

0.575

Ds S11

B2 1 S22

0.922

0.28

S11

K2 1

10log K

Ds

B2 2 4 C2

B2

Ds

S21
S12

110.64

2 C2

105.93
2

0.746

0.452
2

24.85dB

0.452 105.93

S11

S12 S 21 L
1
L .S22

0.305 149.39

ALM-31122
Ds

S11S22

B1 1 S11

S12 S21
2

S22

SVTH: H NH NG

0.5

Ds

30.9
2

0.728

LP: D10CQVT01-N

46

N
MAG 10log

C2

S22

B2 1 S22
B2
L

S21
S12

Ds S11
2

S11

K2 1

10log K

16.1dB

0.185 155.2
2

Ds

B2 2 4 C2

0.772

0.43

2 C2

0.43

155.2

S11

S12 S 21 L
1
L .S22

0.077 142.1

IC

BG13D

0.452 105.93

0.305 149.39

ALM-31122

0.43

0.077 142.1

155.2

6.3.3
xut hin in cm v in dung k sinh, nn ta dng phng php mch vi d
phi hp tr khng.

BG13D
-

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

47

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

48

N
-

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

49

8
ALM-31122
-

SVTH: H NH NG

-31122

LP: D10CQVT01-N

50

-31122

10

-31122

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

51

10

-31122

-21122

6.3.4
Thit k on truyn sng Z0 = 50 dng Microstrip Line, Substrate FR4 r = 4,6. Gi
s dy ca on truyn sng l h1, v rng l W1. Ta thc hin tm t s W1/h1, d on
W1/h1< 2

W1
h1

8e A
e2 A 2

Trong A = 1.5577
Vy

W1
h1

8e A
e2 A 2

= 1.849 < 2

Ta chn h1 = 1 mm v W1 = 1.849 mm.

Kim tra li tnh ton vi phn mm APPCAD ta c kt qu nh sau:

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

52

T kt qu tnh ton trn APPCAD ta c cc thng s ca ng truyn sng nh sau

H = 1mm, W = 1.835mm, T = 0.01mm, Z0 = 50.01, = 179.386mm.
T kt qu trn ta c c mch phi hp tr khng
2 IC nh sau:

2
6.3.5
BG13D

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

53

3
ALM-31122

ch ALM-31122 trong datasheet

5.
SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

54

KT LUN

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

55

HNG M CA TI

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

56

T VIT TT

AM
ASK
BER
CPM
FM
FSK
IF
IMD
IMR
IP
ISI
LNA
LO
MDS
NF
PCM
OOK
RF
PM
PSK
SNR
VSWR

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

SVTH: H NH NG

Amplitude modulation
Amplitude shift keying
Bit Error rate
Continous Phase Modulation
Frequency modulation
Frequency shift keying
Intermodulation Frequency
Intermodulation distoertion
Intermodulation distoertion ratio
Intercept point
Intersymbol interfering
Low noise amplifier
Local oscillator
Minimum detecable signal
Noise figure
Phase coding modulation
On-off keying
Radio frequency
Phase modulation
Phase shift keying
signal-to-noise ratio
VOLAGE standing wave ratio

LP: D10CQVT01-N

57

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS. Hunh Ph Minh Cng, MICROWAVE INTERGRATED CIRCUITS,

Chapter 4, Microwave Amplifier, Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, 2014.
[2] Ahmed Sedek Mahmoud Sayed, ULTRA WIDEBAND 5W HYBRID
POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN USING SILICON CARBIDE FESFETS, Master
of Engineering, Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universitt
Berlin, 2005.
[3] Guillermo Gonzalez, MICROWAVE TRANSISTOR
Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Prentice Hall.

AMPLIFIER

[4] Marian K.Kazimierczuk, RF POWER AMPLIFIERS, First Edition, A

John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication, 2008.

SVTH: H NH NG

LP: D10CQVT01-N

58