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Culture Documents
Optimization
ZTE University
Content
Principle of Antenna
Antenna and Radio propagation Features
WCDMA RF Optimization Data Analysis and
Problem Locating
WCDMA RF Cases
What is antenna?
z
Blah blah
blah bl ah
When the conductive wire has alternating current, it can form radiation
of electromagnetic wave, with the radioactive capacity related to the
length and form of the conductive wire.
When the length of the conductive wire increases to a degree
comparable to wavelength, the current on the conductive wire sharply
increases, forming strong radiation. Generally the straight conductive
wire above that can form noticeable radiation is called dipole .
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
dipole
Gain of Antenna
The high gain of the patch antenna is formed by the antenna array of multiple
basic dipoles
Gain of Antenna
Pattern radiation of a
single symmetrical dipole
2.15dB
A omni homogeneous
radiator has the same
radiation in all directions
Gain of Antenna
EIRP
case
Antenna Gain
= + 18 dBi
jumper
-0.5dB
Ant Input
Power = + 39dBm
-3dB
Heliax
Cable
jumper
BaseStation
Transmitter
(20 watts)
-0.5dB
Convert to dBm
10Log(20) + 30 = +43 dBm
Antenna Direction
Antenna Pattern
Top view
Beamwidth of Antenna
Horizontal
pattern
3dB beamwidth
10dB beamwidth
- 3dB point
- 10dB point
120
(eg)
Peak
60 (eg)
- 3dB point
Peak
- 10dB point
Vertical pattern
Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 10dB
32 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
Radio parameter-Beamwidth
Omni antenna
At
820
MHz
At
890
MHz
Antenna
dipole
Polarization of Antenna
Vertical
polarization
+ 45 tilted polarization
Horizontal
polarization
- 45 tilted polarization
Dual-polarization Antenna
V/H
(vertical/horizontal)
Beam Downtilt
No downtilt
Electrical
downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
Phase Shifter
Front-to-Back Ratio
Rear power
Front power
VSWR
Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
VSWR
Reflection coefficient :
||=|(Za-Zo)/(Za+Zo)|
Za: Input impedance
Zo: Antenna standard input impedance
VSWR=(1+||)/(1-||).
RL=-20lg||,
( Reflection Loss)
eg:
if VSWR=1.5, then RL=-13.98dB.
Principles of Antenna
Content
Principle of Antenna
Antenna and Radio propagation Features
WCDMA RF Optimization Data Analysis and
Problem Locating
WCDMA RF Cases
Antenna
There are multi kinds of antenna down-tilt such as mechanical down-tilt, fixed
electrical adjustment down-tilt, adjustable electrical adjustment down-tilt and
remote control adjustable electrical adjustment down-tilt. Mechanical down-tilt
is to tilt antenna when setting up it. So the price of it is cheaper. It is usually
used for the down-tilt with the angle less than 10 degrees. When further
increasing the angle of antenna down-tilt, there appears obvious concave
pit right in the front of coverage area. The two sides of coverage area are also
pressed flat. The antenna pattern distortion causes that the front of antenna is
not sufficiently covered and the scrambling to the base stations on the side of it
increases. The other defect of mechanical down-tilt is that the antenna back
lobe will turns up which make scrambling to neighbor sector. That will cause
the call drop of the high floor user in the nearby cells.
The heavy traffic area mentioned here is mainly the urban areas,
especially the dense urban areas. The distribution of base stations in
these areas is intensive. And the scrambling is easy to form between
the base stations. In order to let the most of the energy radiate in the
covered area and reduce the scrambling to neighbor cells, we should
make the half-power points on the main lobe of the antenna aimed at
the border of the covered area.
H
= arctg ( ) + e _
L
2
Where,
a
is the initial mechanical down-tilt of antenna;
H is the effective height of the site which means the
different between the hung height of antenna and the average
height of surrounding coverage areas;
L is the distance between the antenna of the site and the
border of the sector needed to be covered;
??? is the vertical beam width of the antenna;
??? is the angle of antenna down-tilt.
H
= arctg( ) e _
L
LOS
d
A
D
B
RFD
Multipath transmitting
Pass-through of buildings and cars
Reflection
Diffraction
transillumination
Indoor Loss
Material
Dielectric constant
Material
Dielectric constant
Wood
-2
Plasterboard
Bakelite board
Class
410
Marble
12
Cement
46
Floor
530
Water
80
Content
Principle of Antenna
Antenna and Radio propagation Features
WCDMA RF Optimization Data Analysis and
Problem Locating
WCDMA RF Cases
RF optimization includes
preparation of test, single
station check, data
collection, data analysis,
problem analysis and plan
establishment and plan
carrying out. The steps of
data collection, problem
analysis and plan
establishment and plan
carrying out, should be
executed repeatedly
according to the
optimization target and
current optimization status
untill the situation of the
network reaches the
optimization target.
Data Collection
Collecting data by UE
z
Parameter Analysis
UE data analysis
z
RF Optimization Policy
To check and really test whether the coverage signals in the areas are the
same as planning according to the result of single station test. To analyze
whether there is the condition of error feeder line connection.
The reason of the problem:
Generally for the three cells under a directional station, we use two feeder lines
for each antenna of the cells. One of them is used for receiving and
transmitting. The other is only used for receiving. On the station, the feeder line
connects to jumper and than connects to the NODE B cabinet. During the
works of engineering team, this series of connecting may bring mistakes.
Perhaps the two feeder lines connecting to one antenna are connected to
random two cells. So the appearance of feeder line connection error is that the
signals transmitted from three cells are from one or two of them.
Problem analysis:
During the optimization, we should check station one by one whether the test
coverage signals of every area is the same as planning. The normal situation is
that the strongest signal on the direction near each antenna is the cell
corresponding to the antenna. If strong signal of the other cells appears in this
cell, we should check whether there is feeder line connection errors firstly.
Solving method:
We should contact the equipment engineer to go up to the station to check the
feeder line connection if we find feeder line connection error.
According to the result of the whole network test, we can check whether there
is the situation of signal of over area coverage or the coverage being less than
expectation obviously among the real test coverage signal in every area. For
the cell with problems, we should go up to the station to check whether the
direction angle, down-tilt angle and hung height of the antenna are the same
as design. In additional, we can check whether there is any block on the main
lobe direction of the antenna, whether the pole direction is vertical and so on.
The reason of the problem:
The main reason of wrong direction angle, down-tilt angle different with the
design is that the engineer team doesnt work completely according to the
blueprint and planning data. On the other hand, the precision of equipments
such as the compass can also bring some errors. Generally the direction angle
of 5 degrees can be accepted. But if the error of down-tilt is beyond 2 degrees,
it will bring more obvious effects to coverage.
Sometimes we find that there is obvious block on the direction of main lobe of
the antenna when optimizing. This result will bring some blind coverage areas.
Properly adjusting the direction angle of the antenna can improve this kind of
situation. Sometimes the real down-tilt angle of antenna may be different with
the design because the pole of the antenna is not vertical with ground or the
measurement is not exact.
Problem analysis:
A simple method of measuring down-tilt angle is to use the paper with scale stuck on the
antenna applied by the manufacturer. With this method, we need stick the correct paper
with scale on the antenna, and then adjust it exactly according to the scale. Another more
exact method measuring down-tilt is to use gradienter to measure it. Both of the premises
of these two methods are that the pole and support of the antenna are installed vertical to
ground. Only this can guarantee that the down-tilt angle measured from antenna is just
the down-tilt angle to ground. For some antennas installed on the iron tower or installed on
the wall through pole, we must check whether the pole is vertical with the ground.
Solving method:
The above problems can be found through special measurement tools. If we find those
kinds of problems, we should notify the engineering team to modify them. For the situation
that there is block or pole cannot be vertical with ground, we can improve it by adjusting
the direction angle and down-tilt angle. The reduction of down-tilt angle may easily cause
over area coverage and scrambling increasing. Increasing down-tilt angle may easily
cause blind coverage area. At the same time, too large down-tilt angle may cause wave
beam distortion and bring new scrambling. So adjusting the down-tilt properly is very
important for guaranteeing performance of the whole network.
Generally, adjusting direction angle can help to solve the problem of weak coverage over
large areas. And adjusting down-tilt angle can help to solve the problem of coverage
distance. Engineering team constructs according to the flow strictly is the premise of
quality assurance. The check of equipment engineer after installation is also very
important.
Weak
coverage area
Antenna
feeder
reverse
Over
covera
ge
Having no
dominant
cell
High
transmitting
power
Uplink/downlink Coverage
Balance Analysis
Uplink/downlink coverage
balance analysis needs to
combine the Tx Power
andBest EcIo in NBlistof
of UE. The analysis
combining uplink/downlink
coverage can determine
whether the problem is
uplink/downlink coverage or
uplink scrambling. On the
condition of uplink/downlink
coverage unbalance, we
should determine whether
there is uplink scrambling
such as PHS scrambling. If
there is no uplink scrambling,
we should solve the problem
by adjusting the direction and
down-tilt angles of antenna
and increasing tower
amplification.
Ec/Io>=-12db
Ec/Io>=-15db
Ec>= -85dBm
Ec>= -95dBm
Tx power<= 10dBm
Tx power<= 10dBm
Coverage
area
is
different
with
planning,
over
coverage
Before optimization
The coverage areas of cell (353) of
Xinya Hotel is different with planning
coverage areas. The antenna feeder
between cell (353) and cell (337) is
wrong. Its signal has over area
coverage which brings scrambling to
cell (267).
After optimization
On the stage of optimization after new site launched, the overlaps of sectors
are usually a little large and the signals are complex because of the light load
of network. This may cause pilot frequency pollution.
Forms of pilot frequency pollution:
z
Over area coverage of high station. If the space link loss of antenna pilot
frequency signal from far and high station to the test point is the same as that
from near and low station to the same test point, it has much possibility to
cause several pilot frequency pollution areas with nearby Ec/lo at the test point.
Otherwise, because of the existence of high station, the down-tilt angle of the
antenna is usually a little large. This can make the antenna beam distortion.
The coverage wave form is pressed to the direction of minor lobe. This can
cause the pilot frequency pollution of minor lobe coverage area.
Loop distribution of base stations. Because of the loop distribution of base
station, on the central of the loop, several nearby pilot frequency signals can be
received, and pilot frequency Ec/lo of them is closed.
Signal distortion cause by canyon effect, strong reflector and so on. Because of
the transmitting characteristics nearby the downlink 2000M frequency of
WCDMA, the reflecting power of downlink signal is stronger. Far pilot frequency
signal transmits along the street looks like a tube. This may forms scrambling to
the coverage areas of other cells. Otherwise, some buildings and walls also
has strong reflection to signals which can bring pollution to nearby pilot
frequency.
Access difficultly and increase call failure rate: Before UE originates a call, it keeps doing
the operation of cell reselection. Because of the existence of pilot frequency with similar
Ec/lo and reselection delay, UE cannot reselect the cell with best Ec/lo. Especially on the
condition of rapid movement, UE generally originates calls in the cell with worse Ec/lo of
pilot frequency. At the beginning of the call, UE originates uplink random access firstly and
waits the ACK message. If success, UE will originates the RRC signal interaction with
UTRAN. Because there is no measurement control and report, UE will not do the operation
of handover. After the RRC interaction, RNC can send measurement control message and
wait the measurement report of UE. Thats to say during the above period until the
measurement report of UE, UE does operation with UTRAN in the same cell with the
originating call. The movement of UE can cause the signal of the cell becoming worse and
the following signals can not be received and transmitted. So it causes call failure.
(2) Call failure rate of high-speed data service increases obviously. In general, high-speed
data service need higher pilot frequency Ec/lo and more stable radio environment. On the
condition of pilot frequency, it is difficult to find a stable pilot frequency keeping the
strongest position. This is very harmful for high-speed call access.
(3) Handover failure. When MS moves in the area, more strong pilot frequency signals
and rapidly changing may cause MS to handover frequently. When MS is on the status of
this soft handover, it needs to communicate with multiple base stations at the same time.
Although the dieversity gain can improve the quality of connection of that MS, the
handover gain is negative at the moment of handover according to the research of ZTE.
Thats to say there is no gain on this condition and the possibility of handover failure is
also increased.
(4) Capacity loss: Frequent handover may cause the system capacity dropped. Especially
the downlink capacity is limited. One UE communicating with multiple cells increases the
downlink load of base station and decreases system capacity.
Handover Problem
Cause of problem :
The cause of handover is usually the length of handover region
and the strong and weak changing of signals in the handover
region. If the handover region is too small and the car speed is
too fast, UE may have not enough time to complete the
handover flow. That will cause handover failure. However, too
large handover region may occupy too many system resources.
Besides, if signals in handover region change frequently which
is not the universal changing as one signal turning weak and
the other turning strong, handover will happen frequently. That
will bring ping-pong effect which occupies too many system
resources on the one hand and increases the probability of call
drop on the other hand.
Handover Problem
Analysis of problem:
The key method solving handover problem is to control the position and length
of handover areas and to guarantee the signal intensity in the handover area
can change smoothly as far as possible. The position and length of handover
area should be considered during planning and be adjusted according to the
real environment during optimization. We should determine the length of
handover area by the average time for completing one handover and the
general speed of a motor vehicle in the area. We should try to avoid to choose
the corner to be the position of handover area because the block of corner
brings additional transmitting loss, causes the rapid attenuation of signal, and
then shortens the length of handover area. If we cannot avoid this kind of
situation, we also should guarantee to remain enough allowance of signal
intensity for the corner to deal with the loss. We also should not take the
crossroad, heavy traffic area and VIP service area as the handover area.
Please refer to chapter 5.3 to see the relationship between the antenna downtilt angle and coverage distance.
Solutions:
We can change the position and the signal distribution of handover area by
adjusting the direction angle and down-tilt angle of the antenna. If the handover
area is too small, we can decrease the down-tilt angle or adjust antenna
direction properly. If the signals change frequently in the handover area, we
can consider to adjust down-tilt angle and direction angle properly to guarantee
the signal strength of single cell to change smoothly.
Use the data of scanner and the neighbor cell configuration data of
RNC to analyze. We can import the data of scanner and neighbor cell
configuration data into WiNOM RNA. The neighbor analysis tool of
WiNOM RNA can generate neighbor cell configuration report
automatically. The report includes one-way neighbor configuration and
the neighbor cell configuration need to be added.
Analyze the UE test data generated by WiNOM RNT. Firstly by
comparing the active set Ec/lo distribution figure of UE and scanner,
we can find the areas in which the Ec/lo of UE is much worse but the
Ec/lo of scanner is very nice or the areas in which call drop occurs
when handover. And then we combine the signals and the data
playback of these areas with the above data to determine the missed
configuration of neighbor cells.
If we have no data of scanner, we can firstly determine all the cell
scrambling of active set and monitoring set tested by mobile phone
before call drop. And then we can determine the cell scrambling of the
new cell in witch the mobile phone stay in after call drop. We can
compare the above two kinds of data. If the latter cell is not included in
the former cells, that cell may be a missing neighbor cell.
Call drop
crossroad.
Can be solved by adjusting handover parameters if necessary.
If the soft handover rate is too high, we should decrease or
change soft handover areas by increasing down-tilt angle,
adjusting direction angle, lower the height of antenna, lower
pilot frequency power and so on which are the method of
decreasing the coverage area range. The premise of adjusting
is not to bring new blind coverage areas and pilot frequency
pollution.
Summarize
Content
Principle of Antenna
Antenna and Radio propagation Features
WCDMA RF Optimization Data Analysis and
Problem Locating
WCDMA RF Cases
Problem location:
Under the left and below base station, Beribi_Industri, the
coverage towards the direction of southeast should be the
range of the 2nd cell (112). But during the test, the scrambling
of the area is the signal of the 3rd cell (120). And in the
coverage area of the 3rd cell, the scrambling is the signal of
the 2nd cell (112). So we can take the conclusion that the
feeder lines of the two cells are connected on the contrary
completely. After entering the base station to check, the
condition is the same as analysis before.
Solutions:
Notify equipment engineer to ask engineering team to check
the antenna feeder and modify the connection.
Problem location:
This phenomenon explained that the signals of two
cells were transmitted from the same antenna. All
the antennas of cell (183) transmitted the signals of
cell (183) and cell (191). So we made the conclusion
that the connections of the antenna feeder lines of
cell (183) and cell (191) were wrong. Perhaps the
cell (183) connected two transmit-receive antennas
and cell (191) connected two receive. This caused
that there were the signals of two cells in one sector.
The signal of the 2nd cell (206) in GADONG PROP could be received in the
rooms on the 5th floor of CENTREPOINT hotel near the station of Brunei,
CETTREPOINT. The strength of the signal was similar with that of cells in
CENTREPOINT. So there was frequent handover between cells in the room
which affected the performance a lot. The rooms of the hotel located on the
back direction of the cell (206). The lower floor couldnt receive the signal of
cell (206). In front of cell (206), there was a building with about 10 floors.
Problem location:
Because the lower floor couldnt receive the signal of cell (206),
and the point was on the back direction of the antenna, we
doubted that it was caused by the reflection of the building in
front of cell (206). Through querying the base station
information table, we knew the planning mechanical down-tilt
angle of the antenna was 1 degree and the electronic down-tilt
angle was 2 degrees. During the scene check, we found that
the wall hanging the antenna pole of cell (206) tilt inwardly for 2
degrees. So the mechanical tilted angle was up-tilt for 1 degree
in fact. That caused the reflection seriously . We increased the
down-tilt angle to 3 degrees which is 2 degrees in fact.
Solutions:
Problem description:
During the test of call completion rate of the Shenzhen test network,
we called failed for ten times at the corner of the Taolin Road and
Nanhai Road in the area of Shenzhen University. If we didnt consider
the effect of coverage, the call completion rate should be above 99%.
This corner is the softer handover area of cell (356) and cell (324).
Problem analysis:
Ec distribution figure of best scrambling code generated by Scanner:
The figure shows that the handover area between the cell (324) in the area of dorm of
Shenzhen University and the cell (356) in the area of Shenzhen University is too small.
The distance is only 10 meters. The system of ZTE doesnt support signal handover
currently. Mobile phone can start handover only after completing RB assignment. However,
during the 4 to 5 seconds from the mobile phone starting call to RB assignment completing,
the mobile phone will stay in the original cell. Take the test as an example, although the
speed of test car is kept at 30km/h, it will run 40 meters. On most conditions, the strongest
cell signal within 40 meters can support the mobile phone completing various services
although it becomes worse. But on the corner, the strongest cell signal will become worse
rapidly (see the following figure). So if the mobile phone begins to set up call near the
handover area, it will stay in the cell (356) for 5 seconds. The receiving signal will become
worse rapidly. So call drop will occur before completing RB assignment because the
quality of signal is too bad. On this condition, the signal of cell (356) changes too fast and
the handover area is too small is key reason to affect the call completion rate. Increasing
the signal strength of cell (356) in handover area and extending the handover can make
the call completing the signal process smoothly and then handover to the new cell. The
signal of cell (356) has the characteristics of becoming worse rapidly in the handover area.
This causes the quality of signal for call flow of reselection in cell (356) becoming worse.
The flow can not be completed the call failed. This usually appears with radiobearer setup
complete.
Solutions:
Decrease the antenna direction angle of cell (356) for 10 degrees to improve the signal
strength of cell (356) in handover area.