;

,
(. Carrier Wave (
CW) Modulation);

. ,
.
(
).

 ( )

(
);

;

 fc , fm
;
:

 .
-.
:

SC (suppressed carrier);

(double-sideband SCDSB);
singlesideband (SSB);

(vestigalsideband (VSB)).

 SCDSB
(50%).
,
;
SSB
();
VSB
,
.
.
.

 (FM) ()
;

FM
( ).
FM .
,
, 15 kHz
200 kHz.
FM . FSK (phase shift
keying). GSM . .

 (PM)
(FM),
;

FM;
(. binary phase
shift keying (BPSK)), 0 (
) 180 ( );

 QPSK 4 : 0 (00), 90
(01), 180 (10) 270 (01);

8-PSK 3 8 ;
QAM
. . 16-QAM 3
12 ;
DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) -
64-QAM;

.

BPSK QPSK:

8-PSK 16-QAM:

;

( ).
,
;

( ).
100 MHz.



, ;
,

;
.
.
( ).
r baud/s
: B > r/2.


sinc(x)=sin(x)/x,

(x=t/W, t )

t=nW/2,

.
W = B.

r = 1/ = 2B


.
.
4 : 00, 01, 10, 11.
sinc
(
, ).
(bit/s)
(baud/s):
rb = kr
k .

Shannon 1948:
C = Blog2(1 + S/N)
C
bit/s, B
Hz, S/N /.
,
.
,
.


:
r<B
16QAM
16-BPSK.



;

, ,
;

,
S/N.

.
;

 :

.
,
;

(
);

;


Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)
0 1. ,
;
Return to Zero (RZ) .
, 0.
,

;
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) 1
;
High-Density Bipolar 3
. 3
,
;
Manchester 1 +
, 0 +.


;
.

.
3 dB S/N

0.001;

.


64 Kbit/s PCM :




.

;
FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
,
.

DM (Time-Division Multiplexing)

.

 FDM TDM

 PCM
PCM
;
32 , 30
.
, 16
;
2,048 Kbit/s.
50 ppm (50 parts per million);
1/8000 s = 125 s.
8 .

 PCM :

 PCMa
;
:
(.
frame alignment word (FAW))

(D4, D5, D6, D7, D8
);
cyclic
redundancy check 4 (CRC-4) (C- )
FAW
;
D2
0-1-0-1-0-1- ...
;

 PCMa:

 PCMa
1544 Kbit/s. 24
8 ;
, 6-
.
1 (.
S-bit) .
() 12
. 6 S-bit
, 6

;

 PCM


PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy);

4 .
-0, -1, -2, -3, -4,
64 Kbit/s, 2, 8, 34, 140 Mbit/s.
-2 20 ppm (100 b/s);

.
,
,
.
justification.

PDH ( ):

PDH ( ):