-,

(BS).

.
(
),
.
1970-
, .

 1970-
-,
. .
.

60-
.

.

 -
:
,
;
. Handover

, ;


;

;

(Common Chanell)
.


-
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
.
,
PCMa (2 Mbit/s, 1,5 Mbit/sec
);
BS (base stations) ,
.
- MS ( ,
);
.
(Access Networks).

.


,
.
;
BS MS
;

,

;


.
.
;
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

.
.

HLR VLR
HLR (Home Location Register)

.

HLR-. HLR

( VLR-),
,
... HLR
o ,
.
,
HLR- .

 VLR (Visitors Location Register)

.
VLR HLR

(HLR ).
VLR
, HLR
.
VLR
.

-
(BS)

:
CCC (Common
Control Channel).
DDC (DeDicated Channels).
CCC
(Idle Mode).
. Call Request
,
. Paging .

 DDC .
()
. Dedicated . DDC
,
(.
,
BS- MS-).
DDC .
MSC (
) , (
)



,

o (MS).
.
MS Idle ,
CCC,
,
BS . MS
, VLR.
VLR ,
.
HLR-,
.
HLR-. HLR
MS-. MS , BS.

 ,
Call,
BS- CCC
. BS MSC-,

PSTN BS-
DDC . MS BS
DDC ,
.
HLR-, MS,
.

 MS-, HLR
VLR- .
VLR ,

.
MSC/VLR-, MSC/VLR
BS, MS . MS
,

DDC. MS BS
DDC , .
CALL
.

Handover Handoff
,
(
, ).
MS ,
. ,
, S/N ,
.
DDC ,
BS-
MS- (
). Handover Handoff.

.

.

GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications);

CEPT- 1980- ,
ETSI- (European Telecommunications Standards
Institute)
DCS-1800,
1.8-GHz , GSM-1900,
1.9-GHz .

SIM-
(SIM - Subscriber Identity Module),
. (MS)
SIM-.

 GSM

 -: MS MSC
(mobile switching center),
BSS (base station subsystem). BSS
BSC (base station
controller)
BTS (base transceiver stations)
BSC.
MSC:
,
, .
VLR MS-.
,
Handover . SMS
(Short Message Service) . , SMS
GSM.
GMSC (Gateway MSC)

.

PLMN (public land mobile network).

 HLR:

. ,
HLR- :
,
;
;
( ,
,
...)
SMS .
HLR


.

 VLR

/

.
VLR- MS
VLR.
VLR HLR-
,

,
.
VLR- :
,

,
, ,
Handover.

 AuC (Authentication
Center)
AuC ,
, . AuC


HLR-, VLR-.
PLMN AuC,

HLR-.
SIM (
).
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

.
,
,

.

 Interworking Function
(IWF)
GMSC-. PLMN-
,
.
GSM PSTN-.
(TC)
GSM (13 or 7 Kbps)
PCM (64 Kbps),
.
.
(Rate
Adapter Unit - RAU)
GSM- (14,4-Kbps)
. .
ISDN-, RAU 64-Kbps
,
GSM-.

 - Echo Canceler (EC)

GSM- .
GSM- ,

,
.
Short Message Service Center (SMSC) paging
GSM-,
SMS ( )
. SMSC
SMS ,
SMSC- ,
,
.
- Operation and
Maintenance Center (OMC)
GSM . GSM

, .
,
.

 GSM :
MSC BSC A-.
BSS- MSC-

.
PCM .
BTS and BSC Abis.
GSM .
BTS-
and BSC- .
Ater-
BSC- MSC-. GSM ,
Ater- 1/4
A-.
.

 GSM-
GSM- FDMA (frequencydivision multiple access) TDMA (time-division multiple
access).
200 kHz
(FDMA), 0,577 ms (TDMA).
CCC,
BTS.
, 45
MHz (900-MHz ) 95 MHz ( 1,800-MHz
). frequencydivision duplex (FDD). ,
,

( ).
8 ,
8 .


. CCC DDC
. ,
, .
,
(raffic Channel TCH)
(Slow Associated Control
Channel SACCH). SACCH
MS- MS-a .
CCC (Common Control Channels) .
( TS0),
. BTS- MS- .
:

;
CCC ;
;
Paging ,
;
MS- BTS- CCC n
.

 e GSM-a

1)

2)

LA (location area)
.
MS.
, Y
MS- X:
MS (roaming) LA
CCC . CCC ,
LA
. ,
.
MSC/VLR
( international
mobile identity subscriber (IMSI) SIM.

CCS7 .
VLR
MS

3) HLR
VLR-
.
4) VLR
MS- .
5) HLR MS-a,
VLR-
, .
6) VLR ,
MS- ,
. MS
Y .

 GSM-a:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

X Y:
A B.
MSC.
MSC B ,
HLR- B.
HLR B ako je ,
B VLR-
B .
VLR HLR-
B (
Y).
MSC/VLR X .
;
,
.

 , ,
: