EKT 241-2 - Vector Analysis 2013 DR Ruzelita

3.
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Ruzelita Ngadiran
Overview
Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

Dot Product and Cross Product
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems: Cartesian,
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems
Transformations between Coordinate Systems
Gradient of a Scalar Field
Divergence of a Vector Field
Divergence Theorem
Curl of a Vector Field
Stokess Theorem
Laplacian Operator
This chapter cover CO1

Ability to describe different coordinate system and
their interrelation.
Scalar
A scalar is a quantity that has only

magnitude
E.g. of Scalars:
Time, mass, distance,

temperature, electrical potential
etc
Vector
A
vector is a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction.

E.g.
of Vectors:
Velocity,
force, displacement,
electric field intensity etc.
Basic Laws of Vector

Algebra
Cartesian coordinate systems
Vector in Cartesian
Coordinates
A vectorA
in Cartesian Coordinates
maybe represented as
A Ax , Ay , Az
OR
A xAx y Ay zAz
Vector in Cartesian
Coordinates
Vector A has
magnitude A = |A|
to the direction of
propagation.
Vector A shown may
be represented as
A xAx yAy zAz
The vector A has

three component
vectors, which are
Laws of Vector Algebra stop

Unit vector
magnitude
magnitude
Unit vector
Example 1 : Unit Vector
Specify the unit vector extending from

the origin towards the point
G 2,2,1
Solution :
Construct the vector extending from

origin to point G
G 2 x 2 y z
Find the magnitude of
2 1 3
2
Solution :
So, unit vector is
aG
G
2
2
1
x y z
G
3
3
3
0.667 x 0.667 y 0.333 z
Properties of Vector
Operations
Equality of Two Vectors
Vector Algebra
For addition and subtraction of A and B,
D A B x A B y A
B z A
C A B x Ax Bx y Ay B y z Az Bz
x
Hence,
Commutative
property
Bz
Example 2 :
If A 10 x 4 y 6z
B 2 x y
Find:
(a)
The component of A along y
(b)
The magnitude of 3 A B
(c)
A unit vector C along A 2 B
Solution to Example 2
(a)
The component of
along
Ay 4
(b)
3 A B 310,4,6 2,1,0
30,12,18 2,1,0
28,13,18
28x 13y 18z
is
Cont
Hence, the magnitude of 3 A B is:
3A B
(c) Let
28
13 18 35.74
2
C A 2 B
10,4,6 4,2,0
14,2,6
14x 2 y 6z
Cont
So, the unit vector along
C
c
is:
14,2,6
2
2
2
14 2 6
14
2
6
x
y
z
15.36
15.36
15.36
0.911x 0.130 y 0.391z
Position & Distance Vectors

Position Vector: From origin to point P
Distance Vector: Between two points
Position and distance Vector
rP 3a x 4a y 5a z
Example 3
Point P and Q are located at 0,2,4
and 3,1,5 . Calculate:
(a)
The position vector P
(b)
The distance vector from P to Q
(c)
The distance between P and Q
(d)
A vector parallel to
PQ
with magnitude of 10
22
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
(a)
rP 0a x 2a y 4a z 2a y 4a z
(b) r r r
PQ
Q
P
3,1,5 0,2,4
3a x a y a z
(a) The position vector P

(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q
(d) A vector parallel to
with magnitude of 10
(c) Since rPQ is a distance vector, the distance

between P and Q is the magnitude of this
distance vector.
23
Distance, d
d rPQ
1 1 3.317
2
(d) Let the required vector be A then
A Aa A
Where A 10 is the magnitude of A
24
Since
A is parallel to
PQ , it must have
the same unit vector as r or r

PQ
aA
rPQ
rPQ
3,1,1
3.317
3
,
1
,
1
So, A 10
3.317
QP
Multiplication of Vectors
25
When two vectors A and B are multiplied,

the result is either a scalar or vector,
depending on how they are multiplied.
Two types of multiplication:
Scalar (or dot) product A B
Vector (or cross) product A B
Scalar or Dot Product

26
The dot product of two vectors, A and B is

defined as the product of the magnitude of ,
the magnitude of B and the cosine of the

smaller angle between them.
A B A B cos AB
Dot Product in Cartesian

27
The dot product of two vectors of Cartesian

coordinate below yields the sum of nine
scalar terms, each involving the dot product
of two unit vectors.
A Axa x Aya y Az a z
B Bx a x B y a y Bz a z

28
Since the angle between two unit vectors of

the Cartesian coordinate system is 900 , we
then have:
ax a y a y ax ax az az ax a y az az a y 0
And thus, only three terms remain, giving
finally:

A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz

29
The two vectors,

are said to be
A
Band
perpendicular or orthogonal (90) with
each other if;
AB 0
Laws of Dot Product

30
Dot product obeys the following:
Commutative Law
AB BA
Distributive Law
A A A A
A B C A B A C
Properties of dot product

31
Properties of dot product of unit

vectors:
ax ax a y a y az az 1
ax a y a y az az ax 0
Vector Multiplication: Scalar Product or

Dot Product
Hence:
Vector or Cross Product

33
The cross product of two vectors, A and B is a

vector, which is equal to the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the sine of smaller

angle between them
A B n A B sin AB

34
A B n A B sin AB
Direction of n is
perpendicular (90) to
the plane containing
A and B

35
It is also along one

of the two possible
perpendiculars
which is in
direction of
advance of right
hand screw.
Cross product in Cartesian

36
The cross product of two vectors of Cartesian

coordinate:
A Axa x Aya y Az a z
B Bx a x B y a y Bz a z
yields the sum of nine simpler cross products,

each involving two unit vectors.
Cross product in Cartesian

37
By using the properties of cross product, it gives

A B Ay Bz Az B y a x Az Bx Ax Bz a y Ax B y Ay Bx a z
and be written in more easily remembered
form:
ax

A B Ax
ay
Ay
az
Az
Bx
By
Bz
Laws of Vector Product

38
Cross product obeys the following:
It is not commutative
AB BA

It is not associative A
B C A B C
It is distributive
A B C A B A C
Properties of Vector Product

39
Properties of cross product of unit vectors:
ax a y az , a y az ax , az ax a y
Or by using cyclic permutation:
Vector Multiplication: Vector Product or

Cross Product
41
Example 4:Dot & Cross

Product
Determine the dot product and cross
product of the following vectors:
A 2a x 3a y 4a z
B a x 5a y 6a z
42
The dot product is:

A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz
(2)(1) (3)(5) (4)(6)

41
43
The cross product is:
ax
ay
az
A B Ax
Bx
Ay
By
Az 2
3 4
Bz 1 5 6
ax
ay
(3)(6) (4)(5)a x
(2)(6) (4)(1)a y
(2)(5) (3)(1)a z
2a x 8a y 7a z
az
Scalar & Vector Triple Product

44
A scalar triple product is

A B C B C A C A B
A vector triple product is

A B C B A C C A B
known as the bac-cab rule.
Triple Products
Scalar Triple Product
Vector Triple Product
Example 5
46
GivenA x y z 2
.
B , y z
C
x 2 z 3
and
Find (AB)C and compare it with

A(BC).
47
A B 1 1 2 x 3 y z
0 1 1
x
y
A B C 3 1
2 0
z
1 x 3 y 7 z 2
3
A similar procedure gives
A B C x 2 y 4 z
Cont
Hence :
Example From Book
Scalar/ dot product
Solution
Solution
Cont
Coordinate Systems
53
Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z )
Circular Cylindrical coordinates( , , z )
Spherical coordinates
(r , , )
Cartesian coordinates
54
Consists of three mutually orthogonal

axes
( x, y , z )
as
and a point in space is denoted
P ( x, y , z )
Cartesian Coordinates
55
Unit vector a
ofx , a y , a z
in the direction
of increasing coordinate value.
56
Differential in
Length
dL dxa x dya y dza z
57
Differential Surface
58
dS x dydza x
dS y dxdza y
dS z dxdya z
59
Differential Volume
dV dxdydz
Cartesian Coordinate
System
Differential length vector
Differential area vectors
61
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
z
62
Coordinates
Form by three surfaces or planes:
Plane of z (constant value of z)
Cylinder centered on the z axis with a

radius of
. Some books use the notation
.
to x-y plane and
Plane perpendicular
rotate abouta the
, a z, aaxis by angle of
Unit vector of
in the direction
of increasing coordinate value.
Coordinates
63
Differential in Length
dL da da dza z
Coordinates
64
Increment in
length ford
direction is:
is not
increment in
length!
65
Coordinates
dS ddz
dS ddz
dS z dd
66
Coordinates
Differential volume dV d d dz
Calculus Basic
y 2x
dy
2
dx
2dx 2 dx 2 x
x2
y
2
dy
2x
x
dx
2
x
xdx 2
Cylindrical Coordinate
System
Cylindrical Coordinate
System
Example 6
70
of
A cylinder with radius
and length
L of
Determine:
(i) The volume enclosed.
(ii) The surface area of that volume.
FORMULA
71
Differential volume dV d d dz
72
(i) For volume enclosed, we integrate;

V dV
v
2 z L
d d
dz
0 z 0
2
0
2
2 L

2
2 L
zL
0
FORMULA
dS ddz
dS ddz
dS z dd
73
74
(ii) For surface area, we add the area of

each surfaces;
S
ddz dd ddz
0z 0
0 0
sides
0 z0
bottom
top
2
zL
z 0 z
2L 2 L
2L 2 L
2
0
zL
z 0
Example 7
75
The surfaces 3, 5, 1000 , 1300 , z 3, z 4.5

define a closed surface. Find:
(a)
(b)
The enclosed volume.

The total area of the enclosing
surface.
76
(a) The enclosed volume;

5
2.269
4.5
1.745
z 3
2
3
dddz
2.269
1.745
4.5
3
(8)(0.524)(1.5)
6.288
z
Must convert
into radians
77
(b) The total area of the enclosed surface:

5
4 .5
2.269
z 3
1.745
4.5
2.269
4.5
z 3
1.745
z 3
2.269
Area 2
1.745
20.7
dd
3ddz
5ddz 2 ddz
From Book
From Book
EXERCISE
1
A circular
2
cylinder of
radius r = 5 cm
is concentric
with the z-axis
and extends
between z = 0
cm and z = 3
= 471.2 cm^3
cm. find the
cylinders
volume.
Spherical Coordinates
81
82
P(r , , )
Point P in spherical coordinate,
r distance from origin. Some books use
R
the notation
angle between the z axis and the line
from origin to point P
angle between x axis and projection
in z=0 plane
83
Unit vector aof

in the direction of
r , a , a
increasing coordinate value.
84
dL dra r rda r sin da

Differential in length
85
86
dS r r sin dd
2
dS r sin drd
dS rdrd
87
Differential VolumedV r 2 sin drdd
88
However, the increment of length is

different from the differential increment
previously, where:
dr
rd distance between two radius

r sin ddistance between two angles
distance between two radial

planes at angles
Spherical
Coordinate
System
Example 8a
90
A sphere of radius 2 cm contains a volume charge

density v given by;
v 4 C/m 3
Find the total charge Q contained in the sphere.
Solution: Example 8a
91
Q v dv
v
2 210 2
2
4
R
sin dRdd
0 0 R 0
210 2
2
R
dR
R 0
R
4
3
?? C
3
sin d d
210 -2
cos
2
0
Example 8b
92
The spherical strip is a section of a

sphere of radius 3 cm. Find the area of
the strip.
Solution : Example 8b
93
Use the elemental area with constant R,

that is
dS R R R 2 sin d. Solution:
d
SR
60
30
sin
9 ( cos )
60
30
2
0
18 (cos 30 cos 60)

20.7 cm
Exercise
Answe
r
Coordinate Transformations:
Coordinates
To solve a problem, we select the coordinate

system that best fits its geometry
Sometimes we need to transform between
coordinate systems
Coordinate Transformations: Unit

Vectors
98
Cartesian to Cylindrical
Transformations
Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, , z) are
shown.
r x cos y sin
x sin y cos
x r cos sin ,
y r sin cos
Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations
99
Relationships
between (x, y, z)
and (r, , ) are
shown in the
diagram.
Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations
100
Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, , ) are

shown.
R x sin cos y sin sin z cos

x cos cos y cos sin z sin
x sin y cos
sin cos cos cos sin ,
x R
sin sin cos sin cos ,
y R
cos sin
z R
Example 9
102
Express vector A x x y y y x z z in
spherical coordinates.
Solution
Using the transformation relation,
AR Ax sin cos Ay sin sin Az cos
x y sin cos y x sin sin z cos
Using the expressions for x, y, and z,
AR R sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 R cos 2

R sin 2 R cos 2 R
Example 9: contd
103
Similarly, substituting the expression for x, y,

z for;
A x y cos cos y x cos sin z sin
A x y sin y x cos
we get:
A 0
A R sin
Hence, A RAR A A RR R sin
Ex: Cartesian to Cylindrical
in
degree
Distance Between 2 Points
Transformations
107
Distance d between two points is
d R 12 x2 x1 y2 y1 z 2 z1
1
2
Converting to cylindrical equivalents
d r2 cos 2 r1 cos 1 r2 sin 2 r1 sin 1 z2 z1

2
2
r 2r1r2 2 1 z 2 z1
2
1
1
2
1
2
Converting to spherical equivalents
d R R 2 R1R2 cos 2 cos 1 sin 1 sin 2 cos 2 1

2
2
2
1
1
2
Gradient of a scalar field

108
Suppose T1 x, y, z is the temperature at P1 x, y, z ,

and T2 x dx, y dy, z dz is the temperature at P2
as shown.

109
The differential distances dx, dy , dz are the

components of the differential distance vector dL :
dL dxa x dya y dza z

However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
T
T
T
dT T2 T1
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z

110
But,
dx dL a x
dy dL a y
dz dL a z
So, previous equation can be rewritten as:
T
T
T
dT
a x dL
a y dL
a z dL
x
y
z
T
T
T

ax
ay
a z dL
y
z
x

111
The vector inside square brackets defines the

change of temperature dT corresponding to a
vector change in position dL .
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.
For Cartesian coordinate, grad T:
dT T
T
T
T
ax
ay
az
dL x
y
z
The symbol is called the del or gradient
operator.
112
Gradient operator in
cylindrical and spherical
coordinates
Gradient operator in cylindrical
coordinates:
r
z
(cylindrical)
r
r
z
Gradient operator in spherical coordinates:
1
1

(spherical)
R
R
R sin
After this, Go to
slide 115
Gradient of A Scalar
Field
Gradient ( cont.)
Example 10
115
Find the gradient of these scalars:

(a)
(b)
(c)
V e sin 2 x cosh y
2
U r z cos 2
2
W 10 R sin cos
116
(a) Use gradient for Cartesian coordinate:

V
V
V
V
ax
ay
az
x
y
z
z
2e cos 2 x cosh ya x e sin 2 x sinh ya y

z
e sin 2 x cosh ya z
117
(b) Use gradient for cylindrical coordinate:
U
1 U
U
U
ar
a
az
r
r
z
2rz cos 2a r 2rz sin 2a
2
r cos 2a z
118
(c) Use gradient for Spherical coordinate:

W
1 W
1
W
W
aR
a
a
R
R
R sin
2
10 sin cos a R 10 sin 2 cos a

10 sin sin a
119
Directional derivative tahun

2
Gradient operator del,

has no physical
meaning by itself.
Gradient operator needs
to be
dL a L dL
scalar quantity.
Directional derivative of T is given by,
dT
T a L
dl
Example 11
120
Find the directional derivativeTof x y z

2
along the direction

x 2 y 3 z 2
evaluate it
at (1,1, 2).
and
121
2
2
2
y
z
x
2
x
y
2
yz
z
y
GradT :
x
We denote L as the given direction,
L x 2 y 3 z 2
Unit vector is
2 y 3 z 2 x 2 y 3 z 2
L
x
and a L
L
17
2 2 32 2 2
dT
dL
1, 1, 2
4 x 6 yz 2 y 2
T a L
17
1, 1, 2
10
17
Divergence of a vector field

122
Illustration of the divergence of a vector

field at point P:
Positive
Divergence
Negative
Divergence
Zero
Divergence

123
The divergence of A at a given point P is

the net outward flux per unit volume:
div A A lim
v 0
A dS
s

124
What is
A dS ??
s
Vector field A at
closed surface S

125
Where,
dS
front back left right top
A dS
bottom
And, v is volume enclosed by surface S

126
For Cartesian coordinate:
Ax A y Az
A
x
y
z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
1
1 A Az
rAr
A
r r
r
z

127
For Spherical coordinate:
1 A sin
1 A
2
A 2
R AR
R sin
R sin
R R
1
128

Tahun 4
Example: A point
charge q
Total flux of the
electric field E
due to q is
Total Flux E ds
S

129
Net outward flux

per unit volume i.e
the div of E is
E x E y E z
E div E
x
y
z
Example 12
130
Find divergence of these vectors:
(a)
P x yza x xza z
(b)
Q r sin a r r za z cos a z
(c) W
1
R2
cos a R R sin cos a cos a
131
(a) Use divergence for Cartesian

coordinate:
Px Py Pz
P
x
y
z
2
x yz 0 xz
x
y
z
2 xyz x
132
(b) Use divergence for cylindrical

coordinate:
1
1 Q Q z
rQr
Q
r r
r
z
1 2
1 2
r sin
r z z cos
r r
r
z
2 sin cos
133
(c) Use divergence for Spherical

coordinate:
W sin
1
1 W
2
W 2
R WR
R sin
R sin
R R
1
1
cos
2
R sin 2 cos
R sin
R R
1
cos
R sin
2 cos cos
1
Divergence of a Vector Field
Divergence Theorem
Useful tool for converting integration over a

volume to one over the surface enclosing that
volume, and vice versa
Curl of a Vector
Field
Curl of a vector field

138
The curl of vector A is an axial

(rotational) vector whose magnitude is
the maximum circulation of A per unit
area
Curl direction is the normal direction of

the area when the area is oriented so as
to make the circulation maximum.

139
The circulation of B around closed

contour C:
B dl B dl
C
ab bc cd da

140
Curl of a vector field B is defined as:
1
B curl B lim
n B dl
s 0 s
C
max

141
Curl is used to measure the uniformity of

a field
Uniform field, circulation is zero
Non-uniform field, e.g azimuthal field,

circulation is not zero

142
Uniform field, circulation is zero

143
Non-uniform field, e.g azimuthal field,

circulation is not zero
144
Vector identities involving

curl
For any two vectors A and B:
(1) A B A B
(2) ( A) 0
for any vector A
(3) (V ) 0
for any scalar function V
145
Curl in Cartesian
coordinates
For Cartesian coordinates:
ax
A
x
Ax
ay
y
Ay
az
z
Az
Az A y
A y Ax
Az Ax
A
ay
ax
az
z
z
y
y
x
x
146
Curl in cylindrical
coordinates
For cylindrical coordinates:

ar
1
A
r r
Ar
ra
rA
az
z
Az
1 Az A
Az Ar
A
a
ar
z
z
r
r
Ar
1 rA

az
r r

147
Curl in spherical
coordinates
For spherical coordinates:
a R Ra
Rsina
1
A 2
R sin R
AR RA R sin A
1
A
R sin
1

R
sin A
1 1 AR RA
aR
a
sin
( RA ) AR
a
R

Example 14
148
Find curl of these vectors:

(a)
P x yza x xza z
(b) Q r sin a r r 2 za z cos a z

(c) W
1
R
cos a R R sin cos a cos a
149
(a) Use curl for Cartesian coordinate:

Pz Py
Py Px
Pz Px
P
ay
ax
az
z
z
y
y
x
x
0 0 a x x 2 y z a y 0 x 2 z a z
x 2 y z a y x 2 za z
150
(b) Use curl for cylindrical coordinate

1 Q z Q
Q
z
r
Q r Q z
a
r
r
z
sin r 2 a r 0 0 a
r
1
3r 2 z r cos a z
r
1
z sin r 3 a r 3rz cos a z
r
Q r
1 rQ
a
r x
y
az
151
(c) Use curl for Spherical coordinate:

1
W
R sin
sin W W
a R
RW
1
1 W R
a

R sin
R
1 ( RW ) W R

a
R
R

continue...
152
continued ...
1
W
R sin
1

R
cos sin R sin cos
a R
cos 2
1
R R cos a

sin
cos 2
2
( R sin cos )
1

R
153
(c) continued
1
1
cos 2 R sin sin a R 0 cos a
R sin
R
1
sin
2 R sin cos 2 a
R
R
cos
cos 2
sin a R
a
R
R sin
2 cos 3 sin a
R
Stokess Theorem
Stokess Theorem
155
Converts surface integral of the curl of a

vector over an open surface S into a line
integral of the vector along the contour
C bounding the surface S
B ds B dl
S
(Stoke' s theorem)
Example 15
156
A vector field is given by

B z cos / r
Verify Stokess theorem for a segment of a

cylindrical surface defined by r = 2, /3
/2, 0 z 3 as shown in the
diagram on the next slide.
Example 15
157
158
Stokess theorem states that:
B ds B dl
S
Left-hand side:
First, use curl in cylindrical coordinates
1 Bz B
1
Br
Br Bz

rB
B r
z
z
r
r z
z
r
sin
cos
r 2 2
r
r
159
B
The integral of
over the specified
surface S with r = 2 is:
2
sin
cos
S B ds z0 3 r r 2 r 2 rrddz
3
3 2
sin
3
3

ddz
r
2r
4
0 3
160
Right-hand side:
Definition of field B on segments ab, bc,
cd, and da is
b
B dl B
C
ab
dl Bbc dl Bcd dl Bda dl
161
At different segments,
B ab Bcd z cos / 2 0 where dl rd 0
Bbc z cos 2 / 2 where 2

Bda z cos / 3 / 2 z 4 where dl zdz
a
1
3
1
CB dl d z 4 zdz 3 4 dz 4
Thus,
which is the same as the left hand side

(proved!)
Laplacian Operator
Laplacian of a Scalar Field
Laplacian of a Vector
Field
Useful Relation
Laplacian of a Scalar
163
Laplacian of a scalar V is denoted by

2V
2V V
V
V
V
ax ay az
ax
ay
az
y
z x
y
z
x
2
2
2
V V V
2 2 2
x
y
z
The result is a scalar.
164
Laplacian Cylindrical
Laplacian Spherical
Example 16
165
Find the Laplacian of these scalars:

(a)
(b)
(c)
V e sin 2 x cosh y
2
U z cos 2
2
W 10r sin cos
166
(a) 2V
(b)
U 0
(c)
10 cos
1 2 cos 2
W
r
2e sin 2 x cosh y
Laplacian of a vector
167
For vector E given in Cartesian

coordinates as:
E xE x yE y zE z
the Laplacian of vector E is defined as:

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ez
x
y
2
2
2
y
z
x
Laplacian of a vector
168
In Cartesian coordinates, the Laplacian of

a vector is a vector whose components
are equal to the Laplacians of the vector
components.
Through direct substitution, we can
simplify
it as
2
E E E

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3.

Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

This chapter cover CO1

A scalar is a quantity that has only

Time, mass, distance,

vector is a quantity that has both

magnitude and direction.

electric field intensity etc.

Basic Laws of Vector

Cartesian coordinate systems

A xAx yAy zAz

The vector A has

Laws of Vector Algebra stop

Example 1 : Unit Vector

Specify the unit vector extending from

Construct the vector extending from

Find the magnitude of

So, unit vector is

Equality of Two Vectors

For addition and subtraction of A and B,

The component of A along y

A unit vector C along A 2 B

Hence, the magnitude of 3 A B is:

So, the unit vector along

Position & Distance Vectors

Distance Vector: Between two points

Position and distance Vector

The position vector P

The distance vector from P to Q

The distance between P and Q

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

(a) The position vector P

(c) Since rPQ is a distance vector, the distance

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

(d) Let the required vector be A then

Where A 10 is the magnitude of A

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

the same unit vector as r or r

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

When two vectors A and B are multiplied,

Scalar (or dot) product A B

Vector (or cross) product A B

Scalar or Dot Product

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

The dot product of two vectors, A and B is

the magnitude of B and the cosine of the

Dot Product in Cartesian

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

The dot product of two vectors of Cartesian

Dot Product in Cartesian

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Since the angle between two unit vectors of

Dot Product in Cartesian

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

The two vectors,

Laws of Dot Product

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Dot product obeys the following:

Properties of dot product

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Properties of dot product of unit

Vector Multiplication: Scalar Product or

Vector or Cross Product