Celluar GA String 1[Page[1] Evolution copes with problems in ways that might never occur to people, who tend to think linearly. Witness the leafy sea dragon, whose limbs and back take on the form of the surrounding vegetation, concealing it [6] In a recent game of chess played on-line, David1101's moves were secretly determined by an evolved neural network, whereas Decepticon12345 was a human competitor with an expert rating. At the point in the game shown, the fi predators neural network, playing white, has just (Source: A Natural Selection: Marvels camed a king and the human expert has and Oddities of the Natural World, R. acknowledged the move by typing Morecroft, Simon and Schuster, "gm," meaning "good move." 1993 -volutionary algorithm was used to solve a 100-city traveling salesman problem. At the start, the researcher selected 100 possible solutions, each of which was used to generate one offspring by means of inversion (Fig. 3], yielding a total of 200 solutions. The best 100 (in terms of shortest route) were selected, with the top solution from this first generation shown at far left. The best solutions after 500, 1000, and 4000 iterations indicate the progress made as the process was repeated. Inall, only 400 000--or one out of every 10150--possible solutions were examined, an infinitesimally small fraction of the whole. This is in line with the operating credo of evolutionary practitioners: "Solutions should be good enough and generated fast enough to be useful." 2|PageProblem Specific Crossovers * Goldberg’s Partially-mapped crossover (PMX) — The PMX uses a series of swapping to avoid duplication of cities. For example, there are two tours: + tourd: abedefeh + tour 2: Crossover site Offspring 1 * David’s order crossover (OX) — OX tries to maintain the original city order in the parents in the condition of no duplication. For the same example as above + tour 1: abcldef|gh + tour 2: bdfagh|ce Crossover site: Offspring 1 agh|deficb 3[PageMore on Crossover Operators: The inversion operator * For any selected sting, randomly choose two cut sites, and invert the order of the sub-string specified by the cities. * Keep the result of the swap only if it results in an improvement. alPageGenetic Algorithms for Knowledge Enhancement in Control Systems InitialKno wledge _ PH ee ORTIZ System Outputs Fuzzy Controller Control|Parameter RAY 277 [PageThe Interpretation Function * Interpretation Function: — The transformation between a potential solution in GA-domain and problem domain. . (xi,yi) Cold Fair Hot * Fuzzy Parameters: Temperature — Domain Knowledge: * Input and Output Membership Functions — xand yvalues * Rules — Consequents and Antecedents (symbols) — Meta Knowledge: Ways of Handling Rules/Knowledge * Example: — Temperature : {Cold, Fair, Hot} — GA Domain Representation of Temperature — Genetic Operators: Mutation, Crossover, Reproduction + Length of aGA Binary String: # of Parameters x # of Significant Bit 6| PaceBle Ahk Arrays for Rule Representation palralralra ra Po [ra|Pa Pal Pa ra [Pa|Pa|Pal Ps Pa[re[Pal alr r2[Pa[Pa[ralPe 7[PagePoint Radius CrossOver Parents Pit) Paz| Pia Pus Pus he P2| Pal Pa Pa Ba Pe] Pa Pa Pa a| Pe Pa Pa Pas Pa| Px PR Ps PSs an| a2 die a4 aus ja[ ae] 4a da aa 4a[42 4a fa 4a [A ar| aa 4a) q# das aa| ax qa an aa Bl Page Crossover Ble Ahk Offsprings Pu Pil Pre! Pus Pas| Py az Pa Pa Pal “4 42 4a Pa Pal qe Pa! Pa Pa Ps Ps Px Pst Ps an Fue| ae aM ais ai Pa 4a da aa rf Pe Pas da Ba \ah Pe aa qas| a4 as az ax aa aape heb — Te Mutation ~ Axa ORO a ym coe a oO D > Mutation 9] Page