Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENEL
BLGLER
00
M. Gven KUTAY
2010 Eyll
2012-11-08/Ku
00_genel_bilgiler.doc
Genel Bilgiler
NDEKLER
gen................................................................................................................................................12
Drtgen .............................................................................................................................................13
Kiriler drtgeni ................................................................................................................................13
Teetler drtgeni...............................................................................................................................13
Yamuk...............................................................................................................................................13
Paralel kenar (Rhomboid) .................................................................................................................14
Ekenar drtgen (Rhombus): ............................................................................................................14
Dikdrtgen ........................................................................................................................................14
Kare...................................................................................................................................................14
Dzenli ekenar okgen ....................................................................................................................15
Daire .................................................................................................................................................15
Daire yay..........................................................................................................................................16
Daire Kesiti .......................................................................................................................................16
Daire Dilimi ......................................................................................................................................16
Dzlem halka paras........................................................................................................................17
Daire Halkas (Dzlem yuvarlak halka)............................................................................................17
Kesik koninin anm .......................................................................................................................17
Elips ..................................................................................................................................................17
Kp ...................................................................................................................................................18
Dikdrtgen prizma ............................................................................................................................18
Prizma ...............................................................................................................................................18
gen prizma....................................................................................................................................18
Piramit...............................................................................................................................................19
Kesik Piramit ....................................................................................................................................19
Kesik Dikdrtgen Piramit (Obelisk) .................................................................................................19
Kama.................................................................................................................................................19
Silindir, taban daire..........................................................................................................................20
Silindir, taban elips ..........................................................................................................................20
Silindir, taban daire ve kesik............................................................................................................20
Silindir, kaval, boru ..........................................................................................................................20
Silindir kesiti, Silindir kama .............................................................................................................21
Birbirini kesen iki Silindir ................................................................................................................21
Koni ..................................................................................................................................................21
Koni, kesik ........................................................................................................................................22
Kre ..................................................................................................................................................22
Kre, ii bo......................................................................................................................................22
Kre kapa.......................................................................................................................................22
Kre dilimi........................................................................................................................................23
Kreden disk paras.........................................................................................................................23
Kreden karpuz dilimi ......................................................................................................................23
Elipsoid, iki kesitte elips ...................................................................................................................23
Elipsoid, Dnen elips dik kesit daire ................................................................................................24
Paraboloid, yz- ve xy-kesiti parabol .................................................................................................24
Paraboloid, dnen parabol, dik kesit daire ........................................................................................24
Paraboloid diski ................................................................................................................................24
Profiller......................................................................................................................................................25
4.1
4.2
Boru ..................................................................................................................................................25
Yuvarlak profil..................................................................................................................................27
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Genel Bilgiler
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5
eitli formller.........................................................................................................................................34
5.1
Kama.................................................................................................................................................34
5.2
Eik dzlem ......................................................................................................................................35
5.3
Kaygan yatak, radyal ........................................................................................................................35
5.4
Kaygan yatak, gbek ykseklii .......................................................................................................35
5.5
Kaygan yatak, eksenel ......................................................................................................................35
5.6
Yuvarlanma direnci...........................................................................................................................36
5.7
Makarada srtnme kuvveti..............................................................................................................36
5.8
Palangalar .........................................................................................................................................36
5.8.1 Sabit makarada ekme kuvveti .....................................................................................................36
5.8.2 Hareketli makarada ekme kuvveti ..............................................................................................37
5.8.3 ok makaral palanga ...................................................................................................................37
5.9
Fren veya Kaldra............................................................................................................................37
5.9.1 Dayanma noktas srtnme dzleminin stnde ..........................................................................37
5.9.2 Dayanma noktas srtnme dzleminin altnda............................................................................37
5.9.3 Dayanma noktas srtnme dzleminle ayn ................................................................................38
5.9.4 Basit fren ......................................................................................................................................38
5.9.5 Toplamal fren ..............................................................................................................................38
5.9.6 karmal fren...............................................................................................................................38
5.9.7 Srtnme katsaysnn bulunmas .................................................................................................39
5.10
krklar ............................................................................................................................................39
5.10.1
krk, basit ..............................................................................................................................39
5.10.2
krk, dili sistemli .................................................................................................................39
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Genel Bilgiler
6.10.2
Yarm parabolle dik kenarlar arasnda kalan para ..................................................................45
6.10.3
Tam parabolle dik kenarlar arasnda kalan para .....................................................................45
6.11
eitli profiller ..................................................................................................................................46
10
Hesaplama sistemi.................................................................................................................................52
10.1
Kesit yntemi iin rnekler...............................................................................................................53
10.1.1
lk belirleme; Hesaplanacak kesitin tanmlanmas ...................................................................53
10.1.2
Sistemi etkileyen F kuvvetini eksenlere gre Fx, Fy ve Fz bileenlerine ayrlmas .............53
10.1.3
Btn d kuvvetlerin arlk merkezi veya ntr eksenine getirilmesi. ....................................53
10.1.4
eitli kesitlerde Hesaplama ....................................................................................................56
10.1.4.1
Dolu kesit hesaplamas ....................................................................................................................... 56
10.1.4.2
Kaval kesit .......................................................................................................................................... 57
10.1.4.2.1 Kapal form .................................................................................................................................. 57
10.1.4.2.2 Ak form..................................................................................................................................... 58
10.1.4.3
Adacklar konstrksiyonunun hesaplanmas....................................................................................... 59
10.1.4.3.1 Normal kuvvet ve normal kuvvetten doan eilme momenti....................................................... 59
10.1.4.3.2 apraz kuvvet ve apraz kuvvetten doan torsiyon momenti ...................................................... 60
10.2
Konu ndeksi.....................................................................................................................................61
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Genel Bilgiler
Z
z
Zeta
H e
Eta
th Teta
I
K
L
M
N
X
O
P
j
k
l
m
n
x
O
p
Yota
Kapa
Lamda
M
N
Ksi
Omikron
Pi
P
S
T
Y
F
X
r
s
t
y
f
h
psi
o
Ro
Sigma
Tau
psilon
Fi
Hi
Psi
Omega
Temel birimler
Tanm
metre
kilogram
saniye
Amper
Kelvin
Candela
Mol
Say ad
on
yz
bin
milyon
milyar
bilyon
bilyar
trilyon
Sembol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
Ad
desi
santi
mili
mikro
nano
piko
femto
atto
n tak < 1
Sembol
kuvvet
d
10-1
c
10-2
m
10-3
10-6
n
10-9
p
10-12
f
10-15
a
10-18
ok kullanlan byk saylar: Milyon 106, Milyar 109, Bilyon 1012, Bilyar 1015
Amerikada (USA) ; 109 = 1 Bilyon ; 1012 = 1 Trilyon
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Say ad
onda bir
yzde bir
binde bir
milyonda bir
milyarda bir
bilyonda bir
bilyarda bir
trilyonda bir
Genel Bilgiler
SI-Birimi
Dier balantlar
Tanm
Radyan
Birim
rad
asal hz
alan
radyan bl saniye
metrekare
rad/s
m2
basn
Newton bl metrekare
N/m2
n
W
bir bl saniye
Joule
1/s
j
frekans
gerilme (mukavemette)
f
,
Hertz
Newton bl metrekare
Hz
N/m2
1 rad = 1 m/m = 1
1 = / 180 rad
1 gon = / 200 rad
1/s = s-1
1a = 102 m2 = 100 m2
1ha = 104 m2 = 10 000 m2
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 N/m2
1/dak = 1/(60 s)
1 kWh = 3,6 106 j
1 j= 1Nm = 1Ws = 1kgm2/s2
1 Hz = 1/s = s-1
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
gerinme
metre bl metre
m/m
Watt
1 kW = 103 W
hacim
metre kp
m3
1 l = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
hz
i
v
W
metre bl saniye
Joule
m/s
j
a,g
m/s2
s
s tutar
T
W
metre bl saniyenin
karesi
Kelvin
Joule
ktle
Kilogram
kg
1C = 1 K
1 kWh = 3,6 106 j
1 j= 1Nm = 1Ws = 1kgm2/s2
1 g = 10-3 kg, 1 t = 103 kg
kuvvet
Newton
1 N = m g = 1 kgm/s2
moment
zgl arlk
Newton metre
kilogram / metrekp
Nm
kg/m
1 Nm = 1 j = 1 Ws
1 kg/dm3 = 10-3 kg/m3
uzunluk
viskozite (dinamik)
metre
Paskal saniye
m
Pas
1 mm = 10-3 m
1 Pas = 1 Ns/m2 = 1 kg/(sm)
Viskozite (kinematik)
m2/s
yol
zaman
s,f
t
metre
saniye
m
s
K
j
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Genel Bilgiler
SI (MKS)
CGS
rad
rad
m kp s
fps
rad
rad
asal hz
rad/s
rad/s
rad/s
rad/s-1
alan
m2
cm2
m2
ft2
basn (Pascal)
Pa=N/m2= kg/(ms2)
g/(cms2)
kp/m2 = 10-4 at
lb/ft2
devir says
s-1
s-1
s-1
s-1
enerji
J = Nm = kgm2/s2
erg = g cm2/s2
kpm =kcal/427
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
frekans / asal
f,
s-1
gerilme
N/m2
dyn/cm2
kp/m2
lb/ft2
gerinme
W=J/ = kgm /s
gcm /s
kpm/s = PS/75
ftlb/s=1,815.10-3hp
hacim
m3
cm3
m3
ft3
hz
m/s
m/s
ft/s
-1
cm/s
2
J=Nm = kgm /s
a,g
m/s
J = Nm = kgm /s
m
m /s
C
2
kg
ft/s2
C
2
erg = g cm /s
deg F
kpm =kcal/427
g
2
kpm =kcal/427
2
cm/s
2
ktle
erg = g cm /s
kps /m
lb
pdl=0,31081 lbf
kuvvet
N = kgm/s
dyn = gcm/s
kp
moment
Nm
dyn cm
kpm
zgl arlk
kg/m
g/cm
kps /m
lb/ft3
uzunluk
cm
ft
viskozite, din.
viskozite, kine.
m /s
cm /s
m /s = 10 St
ft2/s
yol
cm
ft
zaman
Pas = kg/(ms)
P = g /(cms)
lb ft
kps/m =9,81 P
2
-4
lb/(fts)
atm
atmosphere (atmosfer)
ft
foot
lbf
pound force
btu
gal
gallon
pdl
poundel
cwt
hundredweight
hp
horsepower
yd
yard
cal
calorie (kalori)
in
inch
UK
United Kingdom
degF
degree Fahrenheit
lb
pound
US
in
square inch
in
cubic inch
in/s
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Genel Bilgiler
fps
SI (MKS)
1 ft = 144 in
1 ft2 = 0,092903 m2
ivme
1 ft/s2
1 deg F = 0,5556 C
s , zgl s kapasitesi
s , s iletme zellii
s , s iletme says
alan
basn
g
hacim
hz
i
1 ft lb/s = 1,35334 W
1 ft3 = 0,0283169 m3
1 ft/s = 0,3048 m/s
1 ft lb = 1,35582 J
1 btu = 1,05506 kJ
1 lb = cwt/112
1 slug = 32,174 lb
1 lbf
1 pdl = 0,031081 lbf
1 lb/ft3 = 5,78704 10-4 lb/in3
1 lb/gal = 6,2282 lb/ft3
uzunluk
1 ft = 1 yd/3 = 12 in
1 ft = 0,3048 m
viskozite, dinamik
1 lb/(ft s)
viskozite, kinematik
1 ft2/s
ktle
kuvvet
zgl arlk
atm
atmosphere (atmosfer)
ft
foot
lbf
pound force
btu
gal
gallon
pdl
poundel
cwt
hundredweight
hp
horsepower
yd
yard
cal
calorie (kalori)
in
inch
UK
United Kingdom
degF
degree Fahrenheit
lb
pound
US
in
square inch
in
cubic inch
in/s
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Genel Bilgiler
kp
Mp(t)
dyn
1N
102
102.10-3
102.10-6
105
1p
9,81.10-3
10-3
10-6
981
1 kp
9,81
103
10-3
9,81.105
9,81.103
106
103
9,81.108
10-5
1,02.10-3
1,02.10-6
1,02.10-9
N/mm2
Pa
kN/m2
kp/cm2
kp/mm2
106
103
10,2
0,102
1 Pa
10-6
10-3
1,02.10-6
102.10-9
1 kN/m2
10-3
103
1,02.10-3
1,02.10-6
1 kp/cm2
9,81.10-3
9,81.103
98,1
0,01
1 kp/cm2
9,81
9,81.106
9,81.103
100
1 MP (t)
1 dyn
1 N/mm2
kW
kcal/s
kcal/h
kpm/s
PS(BG)
1W
10-3
239.10-6
860.10-3
102.10-3
1,36.10-3
1 kW
103
239.10-3
860
102
1,36
1 kcal/s
4,19.103
4,19
3600
427
5,69
1 kcal/h
1,16
1,16.10-3
1/3600
119.10-3
1,58.10-3
1 kpm/s
9,81
9,81.10-3
2,34.10-3
8,43
13,3.10-3
1PS(BG)
736
736.10-3
0,176
632
75
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10
Genel Bilgiler
bar
Pa
kp/m2
at
1= 1000 mbar
102.103
10,2.103
1,02
10-5
0,102
10,2.10-6
0,981.10-6
9,81
10-4
0,981
98,1.103
9,81.103
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kp/m2
1 at = 1 kp/cm2
kJ
kWh
kcal
PSh
kpm
10-3
27,8.10-6
23,9.10-3
37,7.10-6
0,102
103
27,8.10-3
0,239
37,7.10-3
102
1 kWh
3,6.106
3,6.103
860
1,36
367.103
1 kcal
4,19.103
4,19
1,16.10-3
1,58.10-3
427
1 PSh(BGh)
2,65.106
2,65.103
0,736
632
27.103
9,81
9,81.10-3
2,72.10-6
2,34.10-3
3,7.10-6
1J=1Nm=1Ws
kJ = 1 kWs
1 kpm
1 mm WS (Su stunu)
= 1 kp/m2 = 9,81 N/m2
1 m WS = 100 cm WS = 0,1 at
0,1 kp/cm2 = 0,981 N/cm2
10 m WS = 1 at
1 kp/m2 = 9,81 N/cm2
1 mm Hg (cva) = 1 Torr
bar
mbar
bar
Pa (N/m2)
100
0,1
0,1.10-3=10-4
9,81
105
100
0,1
9,81.103
106
103
9,81.103
1,33.103
1,33
1,33.10-3
133
Yardmc olarak eitli birimlerin evirisi iin aada verilmi olan internet sitesine baknz.
Umaine Quick Conversion Factors
http://www.umeciv.maine.edu/ce/Features/convert.htm
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Genel Bilgiler
11
. x
: /
=
<
>
art
eksi
arp
bl
eit
eit deil
den daha kk
daha kk veya eit
den daha byk
daha byk veya eit
hemen hemen eit
den ok ok kk
den ok ok byk
...
lim
log
ln
n!
x
i j
lg
yeye paralel
a
gen
limes (snr deer)
iki deer fark
tam diferensiyal
ksmi diferensiyal
integral
logartma
tabii logaritma,
e tabanna gre logaritma
e = 1+1/1!+1/2!+1/3!+...
10 tabanna gre logaritma
= 2,718282
= 7,389056
= 0,367879
= 0,434294
= 1,648721
= 2,302585
ln 10
1/ ln 10
2
2
3
gn
1/
2
180/
= 2,302585
= 0,434294
= 1,41421
= 0,70711
= 1,73205
= 9,80665 m/s2
= 3,14159
= 1,77245
= 0,31831
= 9,86960
= 57,29578
= 0,017453
a
c
cos
b
c
tan
a
b
cot
b
a
sin
b
c
cos
a
c
tan
b
a
cot
a
b
h
B
sin
b
C
Dik kenar a
b tan
b cot
c sin
c cos
c2 b 2
Dik kenar b
a tan
a cot
c sin
c cos
c2 a 2
Hipotens c
a / sin
a / cos
b / sin
b / cos
a 2 b2
a c sin
2
b c sin
a 2 tan
2
2
b tan
b c cos
2
a c cos
b 2 cot
2
2
a cot
Alan A
a b
2
2
c sin cos
Ykseklik h
b sin
a sin
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pq
12
Genel Bilgiler
Formller
2.1 gen
genin alar:
+ + = 180
b
m
/2
/2
C
A 0,5 a h
ma
genin alan:
ha
mc c
b
r
S
A u u a u b u c u 0,5 a b c
A 0,5 a b sin
sin sin
A a2
2 sin
2
A 2 R sin sin sin
A r 2 ctg ( / 2) ctg ( / 2) ctg ( / 2)
A r u a b c /(4 r )
a
ekil 1, gen
A 0,75 u 0 u 0 m a u 0 m b u 0 m c
u 0 0,5 m a m b m c
b
Su
c ha
h S h a / 3 m a / 3 ...
hSK
eitli byklkler:
ha = 2.A/a ; hb = 2.A/b ; hc = 2.A/c
r = A/u
r = u. tan(/2).tan(/2).tan(/2)
R= a.b.c / (4.A)
ekil 2, gen
C
a
hc
q
c
Dik gen:
A 0,5 a b 0,5 c h
A 0,5 a 2 ctg 0,5 b 2 ctg 0,5 c 2 ctg
a 2 b2 c2
a2 c q
b2 c p
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h2 q p
Genel Bilgiler
13
Tablo 17 devam
Kesit
c
h2
SD2
b
D2
2.2
Drtgen
u a u b u c u d abcd cos 2
SD2 D 1
SD1
SD1
h1
Formller
a
A
ekil 4, Drtgen
D
c
A
D2
a
A
B
ekil 5, Kiriler drtgeni
D
c
C
Arlk merkezi S:
D1 ve D2 kegeni ile ortaya kan drt genden
karlkl genlerin arlk merkezlerini birletiren
dorularn kesitii noktadr.
2.4 Teetler drtgeni
Alan:
A=r.u
u 0,5 a b c d
r
d
b
a
Alan:
D2
c B
hs
Arlk merkezi S:
D1 ve D2 kegeni ile ortaya kan drt genden
karlkl genlerin arlk merkezlerini birletiren
dorularn kesitii noktadr.
2.5
u a u b u c u d
u 0,5 a b c d
D1 D 2 a c b d
D1
Yamuk
ac
D D2
h 1
sin
2
2
D1
ekil 7, Yamuk
hs
h a 2c
sin
3 a c
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14
Genel Bilgiler
Tablo 17 devam
Kesit
C
2.6
Alan:
D2
D1
A a h a b sin
D1 D 2
sin
2
Arlk merkezi S:
Konstrksiyon ekilde grlmektedir ve kegenlerin
kesitii noktadr.
Formller
D
2.7
D1
Alan:
D1 D 2
2
A a 2 sin
Arlk merkezi S:
D2=D1
Alan:
B
C
S
a
a
A
ekil 11, Kare
Dikdrtgen
A a b sin
D2
sin
2
Arlk merkezi S:
Konstrksiyon ekilde grlmektedir. Kegenlerin ve
karlkl kenar orta noktalarn birletiren dorularn
kesitii noktadr. Bu ayn zamanda kegenlerinde orta
noktasdr.
2.9
Kare
D2
2
Arlk merkezi S: D a 2
Alan:
2.8
A a2
h s D / 2 sin 45
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Genel Bilgiler
15
Tablo 17 devam
Kesit
Formller
2.10 Dzenli ekenar okgen
180 / n
A 0,25 n a 2 ctg
A 0,5 n R 2 sin 2
A n r 2 tan
n = kenar says
U n a 2 n R sin 2 n r tg
a = 2 . r . tan
R = a / (2 . sin
r = R . cos
R=a.x=r.y
a = 2 . R . sin
R = r / cos
r = a / (2 . tan)
r=a.x=R.y
A = a2 . x = R2 . y = r2 . z
n
kenar
says
3
1.732
3.464
0.577
2.000
0.289
0.500
0.433
1.299
5.196
1.414
2.000
0.707
1.414
0.500
0.707
1.000
2.000
4.000
1.176
1.453
0.851
1.236
0.688
0.809
1.720
2.378
3.633
1.000
1.155
1.000
1.155
0.866
0.866
2.598
2.598
3.464
0.868
0.963
1.152
1.110
1.038
0.901
3.634
2.736
3.371
0.765
0.828
1.307
1.082
1.207
0.924
4.828
2.828
3.314
0.684
0.728
1.462
1.064
1.374
0.940
6.182
2.893
3.276
10
0.618
0.650
1.618
1.051
1.539
0.951
7.694
2.939
3.249
12
0.518
0.536
1.932
1.035
1.866
0.966
11.196
3.000
3.215
14
0.445
0.456
2.247
1.026
2.191
0.975
15.335
3.037
3.195
16
0.390
0.398
2.563
1.020
2.514
0.981
20.109
3.061
3.183
18
0.347
0.353
2.879
1.015
2.836
0.985
25.521
3.078
3.174
20
0.313
0.317
3.196
1.012
3.157
0.988
31.569
3.090
3.168
2.11 Daire
A r 2 d 2 / 4 U d / 4 0,785'398'1634 d 2
evre
U = . d = 2 . . r = 3,141593 . d
www.guven-kutay.ch
16
Genel Bilgiler
Tablo 17 devam
Kesit
Formller
2.12 Daire yay
hs
s
ekil 14, Daire yay boyu
b s2 b2
h 02
3s
A 0,5 r 2
sin 0,5 r b s s h
180
b
h
S
r
s
s 2 r sin / 2
hs
h r 1 cos / 2
Arlk merkezi:
hs
2 r sin 3 / 2
s3
3 / 2 sin / 2 cos / 2 12 A
r 2
A 0,5 b r
0,5 r 2
360
b
s
S
b r / 180
Arlk merkezi:
hs
2 r s r2 s
3 b
3 A
hs
s 2 r sin / 2
h s 4 r /(3) 0,4244 r
h s 4 r 2 /(3) 0,6002 r
www.guven-kutay.ch
h s 2 r / 0,6366 r
Genel Bilgiler
17
Tablo 17 devam
Kesit
Formller
2.15 Dzlem halka paras
A
S
2
2
D 2 d 2 / 4 R or t
180
180
Arlk merkezi:
R r
Ro
hs
2 R 3 r 3 sin( / 2)
veya
3 R 2 r 2 arc( / 2)
38,1972 R 3 r 3 sin( / 2)
hs
R 2 r 2 ( / 2)
hs
Ro
A R 2 r 2 D2 d 2 / 4 2 R or t
r
S
d
D
A
R2 r2
180
dm
r
Dd
Dd
180
m
S 2 R sin( / 2)
m h
D d
R mr
s 2 r sin( / 2)
b
F2
r1
r2
A a b
F1
evre :
a b
a 2 b2
U
2
2
a
ekil 20, Elips
www.guven-kutay.ch
18
Genel Bilgiler
Formller
3.1
S
a
Hacim:
V a3
Yzey alan
AY = 6.a2
D a 3
Hacim kegeni
hs
Kp
a
a
ekil 21, Kp
Yzey alan
b
a
ekil 22, Dikdrtgen prizma
AT
Hacim kegeni D a 2 b 2 c 2
Arlk merkezi: Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir ve
hacim kegenlerin kesitii nokta veya hacim kegenin
orta noktasdr. Koordinatlar (x;y;z).
hs = a/2 ; b/2 ; c/2
3.3 Prizma
Tabanlar paralel ve yanal yzeyler tabanadik
Hacim:
Yzey alan
Hacim:
c/2
ATOr
b/2
AY = 2.AT + AYY
AYY = Yanal yzey alan
V AT h
AT = Taban veya tavan alan
AYY
a/2
V A TOr
abc
3
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
19
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
3.5 Piramit
Taban ekline gre adlandrlr. rnein: gen, drtgen,
okgen, v.b.
h
S
hs
AT
AT h
3
Hacim:
Yzey alan
AY = AT + AYY
AYY = Yanal yzey alan
AT = Taban alan
3.6
Kesik Piramit
a S A1
h
A1 A 2 A1 A 2
3
2
h A2 a a
V
1
3
b b
V
Hacim:
hs
A1 = Tavan alan
;
A1 = Taban alan
Arlk merkezi: Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
A2
b
hs
h A1 2 A1 A 2 3 A 2
4
A1 A1 A 2 A 2
3.7
a1
S
b1
hs
b
a
h
S
Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
Hacim:
Arlk merkezi:
b
a
h
2a a 1 b 2a1 a b1
6
h
V ab a a 1 b b1 a1b1
6
V
Arlk merkezi:
3.8
a1
hs
Hacim:
hs
h a a1
2 2a a 1
www.guven-kutay.ch
bh
2a a1
6
Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
20
Genel Bilgiler
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
3.9
h/2
Hacim:
V r 2 h 0,25 d 2 0,7854 d 2 h
h
ekil 29, Silindir, taban daire
Arlk merkezi:
hs = h/2
Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
h/2
V AT h
Hacim:
AT
AT = Taban alan
Arlk merkezi:
hs = h/2
U = Taban evresi
Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
h1
Hacim: V 0,5 r 2 h1 h 2 d 2 h1 h 2 / 8
ys
xs
h2
xs
Arlk merkezi:
r tan
4h
2
Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
ys
ortalama ykseklik
h r 2 tan 2
2
8 h
h = (h1+h2)/2
Ror
d
D
Hacim:
h/2
V h R 2 r 2 h D2 d 2 / 4
V h s 2R s h s D s
V h s 2r s h s d s
V 2 h s R or h s R r
ve d yzey alan:
AY = 2..h.(R+r) = .h.(D+d)
Arlk merkezi: Konstrksiyonda grlmektedir.
hs = h / 2
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
21
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
3.13 Silindir kesiti, Silindir kama
Kesit taban merkezinden geiyorsa:
h
r
Hacim:
2.r 2 h
V
3
h
r
AY = 2.r.h
3b
180
2.r h
b r
a
b
180
16 r 2
V r h 1
3 sin
2
Hacim:
r
r
h1
A Y 2 r h 1
h2
16 r 2
sin
d
ekil 34, Birbirini kesen iki Silindir
3.15 Koni
Hacim:
r h d2 h
3
12
hs
Arlk merkezi:
Dolu koni iin:
Yanal yzey iin:
www.guven-kutay.ch
hs = h / 4
hs = h / 3
22
Genel Bilgiler
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
3.16 Koni, kesik
Hacim: V
h
h
R 2 Rr r 2
D 2 Dd d 2
3
12
S
hs
R r 2 h 2
h R 2 2Rr 3r 2
4 R 2 Rr 3r 2
h R 2r
hs
3 Rr
hs
AY = .m.(R+r)
Arlk merkezi:
4 r3
4,1886 r 3
3
d3
3 V
V
0,5236 d 3
r3
0,6204 3 V
6
4
Hacim:
A = 4..r2 = .d2
st yzey alan:
3.18 Kre, ii bo
D
Hacim:
R 2 r 2 D2 d 2
3
6
Arlk merkezi:
i bo tam krede, krenin merkezindedir.
3 R 4 r4
8 R 3 r3
Hacim:
S
r
2a
ekil 39, Kre kapa
hs
h
h2
3a 2 h 2
3r h
6
3
st yzey alan:
Arlk merkezi:
3 2r h
4 3r h
3
hs r
8
www.guven-kutay.ch
hs
Genel Bilgiler
23
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
Hacim:
A = .r(a+2h)
st yzey alan:
2 2
r h 2,094'395 r 2 h
3
hs
Arlk merkezi:
hs
ekil 40, Kre dilimi
3
3
r h / 2 r 1 cos
4
8
Hacim:
h
3a 2 3b 2 h 2
6
st yzey alan:
A = 2..r.h
a b2 h 2
burada a>b olmaldr.
r 2 a 2
2h
1
S
Arlk merkezi:
hS r
h1
hs
ekil 41, Kreden disk paras
1
r cos 2 cos 1
2
genel
cos1 = (h+h1) / r
cos2 = h1 / r
h
h s h1
2
yerletirince
4 r 3
0,011'636 r 3
3
360
st yzey alan:
r2
0,034'906 r 2
90
z
b
Hacim:
Hacim:
4
a bc
3
Arlk merkezi:
Elipsoidin orta noktasdr.
Arlk merkezi: Oktant
a
ekil 43, Elipsoid, iki kesitte elips
3
xs a
8
www.guven-kutay.ch
3
ys b
8
3
zs c
8
24
Genel Bilgiler
Tablo 18 devam
Cisim
Formller
3.24 Elipsoid, Dnen elips dik kesit daire
Hacim:
st yzey alan:
a>r
a
ekil 44, Dnen Elipsoid, dik kesit
daire
4
a r2
dn ekseni x
3
4 2
V
a r dn ekseni y
3
V
a<r
a sin
A 2 r r a
1
a 2 r2
a
r
ise
A 2 r 2 b 2 ln 1
b
1
r2 a2
a
ise
y
h
a
Hacim:
a bh
2
hs
r
z
h r 2 1,570'796 h r 2
2
Arlk merkezi:
hs = h /3
3.27 Paraboloid diski
ror
r
h
R
R 2 r 2 h ror2 h
2
Hacim:
Veya
V = Aor . h
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
25
4 Profiller
Tablo 19, Boru deerleri
S
s
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
s
mm
10
12
14
10
12
14
16
10
12
14
16
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
16
18
20
4.1 Boru
Scak haddelenmi boru llerine gre belirtilmesi u ekilde
yaplr:
Borunun d ap mm olarak
d = 100
Borunun cidar kalnl mm olarak s = 10
Malzeme
St 50-2
Borunun tanm:
Boru St 50-2 100x10 150
Ix = Iy = . (D4d4 )/ 64 = . (R4r4) / 4
Wx = Wy = . (D4d4 )/ (32.D)
Kesit
alan
A
cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
ap
D
mm
22.0
25.6
29.0
25.1
29.4
33.4
37.2
28.3
33.2
37.8
42.2
31.4
36.9
42.2
47.2
52.0
34.6
40.7
46.6
52.3
57.7
37.7
44.5
51.0
57.3
63.3
48.3
55.4
62.3
69.0
75.4
17.3
20.1
22.8
19.7
23.1
26.2
29.2
22.2
26.0
29.7
33.1
24.7
29.0
33.1
37.1
40.8
27.1
32.0
36.6
41.0
45.3
29.6
34.9
40.1
45.0
49.7
37.9
43.5
48.9
54.2
59.2
137.4
152.8
165.2
204.2
228.9
249.5
266.5
289.8
327.1
359.0
385.9
396.6
450.2
496.8
537.0
571.5
527.0
601.0
666.2
723.5
773.5
683.3
782.3
870.6
949.2
1018.7
996.9
1113.3
1217.9
1311.5
1394.9
34.36
38.20
41.29
45.38
50.87
55.45
59.23
57.96
65.42
71.79
77.18
72.11
81.85
90.32
97.63
103.91
87.83
100.16
111.04
120.58
128.91
105.12
120.35
133.95
146.03
156.73
142.42
159.05
173.99
187.36
199.27
150
160
170
180
190
s
mm
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
www.guven-kutay.ch
Kesit
alan
A
cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
52.0
59.8
67.4
74.6
81.7
88.5
95.0
64.2
72.4
80.3
88.0
95.4
102.5
68.6
77.4
86.0
94.2
102.3
110.1
7301
8244
9161
10053
10920
11762
7741
8746
9726
10681
11611
12516
40.8
47.0
52.9
58.6
64.1
69.4
74.6
50.4
56.8
63.0
69.1
74.9
80.5
53.9
60.8
67.5
74.0
80.3
86.4
57.3
64.7
71.9
78.9
85.7
92.3
60.8
68.7
76.4
83.8
91.1
98.3
1247.8
1397.6
1533.4
1656.0
1766.4
1865.3
1953.7
1726.7
1899.3
2056.5
2199.1
2328.2
2444.6
2104.0
2319.6
2517.2
2697.8
2862.6
3012.4
2533
2798
3042
3267
3474
3663
3016
3338
3636
3912
4167
4401
166.38
186.35
204.45
220.80
235.51
248.71
260.49
215.84
237.41
257.06
274.89
291.02
305.57
247.53
272.89
296.14
317.39
336.78
354.40
281.4
310.9
338.0
363.0
386.0
407.0
317.5
351.4
382.8
411.8
438.6
463.3
4.26
ap
D
mm
200
210
220
230
230
240
Genel Bilgiler
s
mm
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
18
20
22
24
Kesit
alan
A
cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
9249
10292
11310
12302
13270
14213
15130
16022
9752
10857
11938
12994
14024
15029
16010
16965
10254
11423
12566
13685
14778
15846
16889
17907
10757
11988
13195
14376
15532
16663
17769
18850
12554
13823
15067
16286
72.6
80.8
88.8
96.6
104.2
111.6
118.8
125.8
76.5
85.2
93.7
102.0
110.1
118.0
125.7
133.2
80.5
89.7
98.6
107.4
116.0
124.4
132.6
140.6
84.4
94.1
103.6
112.9
121.9
130.8
139.5
148.0
98.5
108.5
118.3
127.8
3944
4303
4637
4947
5234
5499
5743
5968
4619
5047
5447
5819
6166
6487
6786
7062
5367
5872
6346
6789
7203
7589
7948
8282
6192
6784
7340
7861
8351
8809
9237
9637
7785
8432
9042
9615
394.4
430.3
463.7
494.7
523.4
549.9
574.3
596.8
439.9
480.7
518.7
554.2
587.2
617.9
646.3
672.5
487.9
533.9
576.9
617.2
654.8
689.9
722.6
752.9
538.4
589.9
638.2
683.6
726.2
766.0
803.2
838.0
648.7
702.7
753.5
801.3
ap
D
mm
250
260
270
280
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
s
mm
26
28
30
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
20
26
30
20
26
30
20
26
30
20
30
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
www.guven-kutay.ch
Kesit
alan
A
cm2
Ar-lk
m
kg/m
Ix
cm4
104mm4
Wx
cm3
103mm3
17480
18648
19792
13119
14451
15758
17040
18297
19528
20735
23072
15080
19113
21677
15708
19930
22619
16336
20747
23562
16965
24504
17593
32673
18850
35186
20106
37699
21363
40212
22619
42726
23876
45239
137.2
146.4
155.4
103.0
113.4
123.7
133.8
143.6
153.3
162.8
181.1
118.4
150.0
170.2
123.3
156.5
177.6
128.2
162.9
185.0
133.2
192.4
138.1
256.5
148.0
276.2
157.8
295.9
167.7
315.7
177.6
335.4
187.4
355.1
10154
10659
11133
8880
9628
10335
11002
11630
12222
12778
13789
10933
13244
14578
12350
15001
16540
13886
16907
18673
15544
20982
17329
28262
21300
35186
25836
43165
30976
52276
36757
62593
43216
74192
846.2
888.3
927.8
710.4
770.3
826.8
880.2
930.4
977.7
1022.2
1103.1
841.0
1018.7
1121.4
914.8
1111.1
1225.2
991.8
1207.6
1333.8
1072.0
1447.0
1155.3
1884.1
1331.2
2199.1
1519.8
2539.1
1720.9
2904.2
1934.6
3294.4
2160.8
3709.6
Genel Bilgiler
27
x
R
y
ekil 49, Yuvarlak profil
ap
mm
5
6
8
10
12
15
16
18
20
22
25
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Kesitalan A
mm2
19.6
28.3
50.3
78.5
113.1
176.7
201.1
254.5
314.2
380.1
490.9
615.8
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2375.8
2827.4
3318.3
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
5674.5
6361.7
Arl
mI
kg/m
0.15
0.22
0.39
0.62
0.89
1.39
1.58
2.00
2.47
2.98
3.85
4.83
5.55
7.55
9.86
12.48
15.41
18.65
22.20
26.05
30.21
34.68
39.46
44.54
49.94
Ix
10 mm4
Wx
103mm3
0.031
0.064
0.201
0.491
1.018
2.485
3.217
5.153
7.854
11.5
19.2
30.2
39.8
73.7
125.7
201.3
306.8
449.2
636.2
876.2
1178.6
1553.2
2010.6
2562.4
3220.6
0.012
0.021
0.050
0.098
0.170
0.331
0.402
0.573
0.785
1.045
1.534
2.155
2.651
4.209
6.283
8.946
12.3
16.334
21.2
26.961
33.7
41.4
50.3
60.3
71.6
ap
mm
95
100
110
120
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
Kesitalan A
mm2
7088.2
7854.0
9503.3
11309.7
13273.2
14313.9
15393.8
16513.0
17671.5
18869.2
20106.2
22698.0
25446.9
28352.9
31415.9
34636.1
38013.3
41547.6
45238.9
49087.4
53092.9
57255.5
61575.2
66052.0
70685.8
www.guven-kutay.ch
Arl
mI
kg/m
55.64
61.65
74.60
88.78
104.19
112.36
120.84
129.63
138.72
148.12
157.83
178.18
199.76
222.57
246.62
271.89
298.40
326.15
355.13
385.34
416.78
449.46
483.37
518.51
554.88
Ix
103mm4
3998.2
4908.7
7186.9
10178.8
14019.8
16304.4
18857.4
21699.1
24850.5
28333.3
32169.9
40998.3
51530.0
63971.2
78539.8
95465.6
114990.1
137366.6
162860.2
191747.6
224317.6
260870.5
301718.6
347185.7
397607.8
Wx
103mm3
84.2
98.2
130.7
169.6
215.7
241.5
269.4
299.3
331.3
365.6
402.1
482.3
572.6
673.4
785.4
909.2
1045.4
1194.5
1357.2
1534.0
1725.5
1932.4
2155.1
2394.4
2650.7
28
Genel Bilgiler
X
S
I-Profilinin tanm:
14%
Y
b/4
b
Ksa tanm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
eitli boyutlar
h
mm
b
mm
s
mm
t
mm
R1
mm
R2
mm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
42
50
58
66
74
82
90
98
106
113
119
125
131
137
143
149
155
163
170
178
185
200
215
3,9
4,5
5,1
5,7
6,3
6,9
7,5
8,1
8,7
9,4
10,1
10,8
11,5
12,2
13,0
13,7
14,4
15,3
16,2
17,1
18,0
19,0
21,6
5,9
6,8
7,7
8,6
9,5
10,4
11,3
12,2
13,1
14,1
15,2
16,2
17,3
18,3
19,5
20,5
21,6
23,0
24,3
25,6
27,0
30,0
32,4
3,9
4,5
5,1
5,7
6,3
6,9
7,5
8,1
8,7
9,4
10,1
10,8
11,5
12,2
13,0
13,7
14,4
15,3
16,2
17,1
18,0
19,0
21,6
2,3
2,7
3,1
3,4
3,8
4,1
4,5
4,9
5,2
5,6
6,1
6,5
6,9
7,3
7,8
8,2
8,6
9,2
9,7
10,3
10,8
11,9
13,0
Kesit Arlalan
A
mI
mm2 kg/m
757 5,94
1 060 8,34
1 420 11,1
1 820 14,3
2 280 17,9
2 790 21,9
3 340 26,2
3 950 31,1
4 610 36,2
5 330 41,9
6 100 47,9
6 900 54,2
7 770 61,0
8 670 68,0
9 700 76,1
10 700 84,0
11 800 92,4
13 200 104,0
14 700 115,0
16 300 128,0
17 900 141,0
21 200 166,0
25 400 199,0
www.guven-kutay.ch
veya
0,778
1,71
3,28
5,73
9,35
14,5
21,4
30,6
42,5
57,4
75,9
98,0
125,1
157,0
196,1
240,1
292,1
369,7
458,5
564,8
687,4
991,8
1 390
19,5
34,2
54,7
81,9
117
161
214
278
354
442
542
653
782
923
1 090
1 260
1 460
1 740
2 040
2 380
2 750
3 610
4 630
32
40,1
48,1
56,1
64
72
80
88
95,9
104
111
119
127
135
142
150
157
167
177
186
196
216
234
0,063
0,122
0,215
0,352
0,547
0,813
1,17
1,62
2,21
2,88
3,64
4,51
5,55
6,74
8,18
9,75
11,6
14,4
17,3
20,9
24,8
34,9
46,7
3
4,88
7,41
10,7
14,8
19,8
26,0
33,1
41,7
51,0
61,2
72,2
84,7
98,4
114
131
149
176
203
235
268
349
434
9,1
10,7
12,3
14,0
15,5
17,1
18,7
20,2
22,0
23,2
24,5
25,6
26,7
28,0
29,0
30,2
31,3
33,0
34,3
36,0
37,2
40,2
43,0
Genel Bilgiler
29
Malzeme
h = 200
St 37-2
1.0037
I-Profilinin tanm:
Y
b
Ksa tanm
IPB
eitli boyutlar
Kesit Aralan l
A
mI
mm2 kg/m
veya
100
h
mm
100
b
mm
100
s
mm
6,0
t
mm
10,0
R
mm
12
2 600 20,4
4,5
89,9
41,6
1,67
33,5
25,3
120
120
120
6,5
11,0
12
3 400 26,7
8,64
144
50,4
3,18
52,9
30,6
140
140
140
7,0
12,0
12
4 300 33,7
15,1
216
59,3
5,5
78,5
35,8
160
160
160
8,0
13,0
15
5 430 42,6
24,9
311
67,8
8,89
111
40,5
180
180
180
8,5
14,0
15
6 530 51,2
38,3
426
76,6
13,6
151
45,7
200
200
200
9,0
15,0
18
7 810 61,3
57,0
570
85,4
20
200
50,7
220
220
220
9,5
16,0
18
9 100 71,5
80,9
736
94,3
28,4
258
55,9
240
240
240
10,0
17,0
21
938
103
39,2
327
60,8
260
260
260
10,0
17,5
24
11 800
93
149,2 1 150
112
51,3
395
65,8
280
280
280
10,5
18,0
24
13 100 103
192,7 1 380
121
65,9
471
70,9
300
300
300
11,0
19,0
27
14 900 117
251,7 1 680
130
85,6
571
75,8
320
320
320
11,5
20,5
27
16 100 127
308,2 1 930
138
92,4
616
75,7
340
340
300
12,0
21,5
27
17 100 134
366,6 2 160
146
96,9
646
75,3
360
360
300
12,5
22,5
27
18 100 142
431,9 2 400
155
101,4
676
74,9
400
400
300
13,5
24,0
27
19 800 155
576,8 2 880
171
108,2
721
74
450
450
300
14,0
26,0
27
21 800 171
798,9 3 550
191
117,2
781
73,3
500
500
300
14,5
28,0
27
23 900 187
1 072 4 290
212
126,2
842
72,7
550
550
300
15,0
29,0
27
25 400 199
1 367 4 970
232
130,8
872
71,7
600
600
300
15,5
30,0
27
27 000 212
1 710 5 700
252
135,3
902
70,8
Ix
Wx
106 mm4 103 mm3
www.guven-kutay.ch
ix
mm
Iy
Wy
106 mm4 103 mm3
iy
mm
30
Genel Bilgiler
Malzeme
X
S
h = 200
St 37-2
1.0037
I-Profilinin tanm:
Y
b
Ksa tanm
IPE
eitli boyutlar
Kesit
alan
A
mm2
Arl
mI
kg/m
h
mm
b
mm
s
mm
t
mm
R
mm
80
80
46
3,8
5,2
764
100
100
55
4,1
5,7
120
120
64
4,4
6,3
140
140
73
4,7
160
160
82
180
180
200
veya
106 mm4
103 mm3
106 mm4
103 mm3
6,0
0,801
20
0,085
3,69
1030
8,1
1,71
34,2
0,159
5,79
1320
10,4
3,18
53,0
0,277
8,65
6,9
1640
12,9
5,41
77,3
0,449
12,3
5,0
7,4
2010
15,8
8,69
109
0,683
16,7
91
5,3
8,0
2390
18,8
13,2
146
1,01
22,2
200
100
5,6
8,5
12
2850
22,4
19,4
194
1,42
28,5
220
220
110
5,9
9,2
12
3340
26,2
27,7
252
2,05
37,3
240
240
120
6,2
9,8
15
3910
30,7
38,9
324
2,84
47,3
270
270
135
6,6
10,2
15
4590
36,1
57,9
429
4,20
62,2
300
300
150
7,1
10,7
15
5380
42,2
83,6
557
6,04
80,5
330
330
160
7,5
11,5
18
6260
49,1
117,7
713
7,88
98,5
360
360
170
8,0
12,7
18
7270
57,1
162,7
904
10,4
123
400
400
180
8,6
13,5
21
8450
66,3
231,3
1160
13,2
146
450
450
190
9,4
14,6
21
9880
77,6
337,4
1500
16,8
176
500
500
200
10,2
16,0
21
11600
90,7
482,0
1930
21,4
214
550
550
210
11,1
17,2
24
13400
106
671,2
2440
26,7
254
600
600
220
12,0
19,0
24
15600
122
920.8
3070
33,9
308
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
31
ek
k2
k1
S
R1
ex
R 2 R1 /2
e k2
e k2
k1
k2
R2
ey
e k R 2 0,5 2 h t 2 e x R 2
h
ekil 53, Standart Kebent
Ksa
tanm
20x20x3
20
3 3,5 0,88
112
5,97
3,908
0,28
6,19
0,93
1,5
0,18
25x25x3
25
3 3,5 1,12
142
7,22
8,016
0,45
12,70
1,51
3,1
0,3
30x30x3
30
1,36
174
8,35
14,0
0,65
22,25
2,16
5,7
0,48
35x35x4
35
2,09
267
10,02
29,5
1,18
46,77
3,95
12,4
0,88
40x40x4
40
2,42
308
11,19
44,7
1,55
70,83
5,17
18,6
1,18
45x45x5
45
3,38
430
12,78
78,3
2,43
124
8,1
32,5
1,80
50x50x5
50
3,77
480
14,03
109,5
3,05
174
10,2
45,9
2,32
60x60x6
60
5,42
691
16,86
227,7
5,28
361
17,6
94,3
3,95
70x70x7
70
7,38
940
19,69
422,6
8,40
670
28,1
176
6,31
80x80x8
80
8 10
9,63
1227
22,53
721,8
12,56
1144
42
296
9,25
90x90x9
90
9 11 12,18
1552
1834
60
478
13,3
1915
2798
82
733
28,4
2754
5823
143
1520
31,6
2997
7478
169
1940
37,7
4302
279
3700
61,6
4606
319
4530
71,3
6191
484
7570
105
7635
667
11600
144
www.guven-kutay.ch
32
Genel Bilgiler
4.7 L-Profili
Tablo 4.2, L-Profili deerleri
Scak haddelenmi L-Profilinin llerine gre belirtilmesi u
ekilde yaplr:
e k12
R2
e k21
k1
R2
y
R 1 /2
e k11
k2
e k13
k1
ey
ex
R1
k2
e k22
ller
R1
mm
3,5
3,5
4,5
4
6
6
6
6
6,5
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
13
13
14
15
A
mm2
1,85
2,25
3,53
4,27
4,29
5,68
5,54
6,88
8,30
6,30
8,66
6,89
9,01
11,0
8,69
11,4
8,73
11,5
14,1
14,2
15,1
15,5
19,1
22,7
18,6
24,2
28,7
26,2
29,2
mI
kg/m
1,45
1,77
2,77
3,35
3,37
4,46
4,35
5,40
6,51
4,95
6,80
5,41
7,07
8,66
6,92
8,96
6,85
8,99
11,1
11,1
11,8
12,2
15,0
17,8
14,6
19,0
22,6
20,6
23,0
ex
mm
1,03
1,47
1,52
1,56
2,15
2,00
1,99
2,34
2,48
2,31
2,40
2,85
2,94
2,47
2,89
2,97
3,49
3,59
3,67
3,32
3,15
3,83
3,92
4,00
4,65
4,80
4,89
6,28
6,93
ey
mm
0,54
0,48
0,78
1,07
0,68
1,01
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,33
1,41
0,88
0,95
1,73
1,41
1,49
1,04
1,13
1,20
1,59
1,91
1,87
1,95
2,03
1,45
2,34
2,42
1,85
2,01
konu
mu
k2
tan
0,423
0,252
0,430
0,625
0,256
0,433
0,583
0,497
0,433
0,530
0,525
0,259
0,253
0,645
0,442
0,437
0,263
0,258
0,252
0,415
0,549
0,441
0,438
0,433
0,259
0,442
0,439
0,262
0,266
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
33
4.8 U profili
Tablo 24, U profili deerleri
xM
R1
%8
M
x
ey
F
S
ller
b
s
mm mm
15
4
33
5
20
5
35
5
25
5
38
5
30
6
42 5,5
45
6
50
6
55
7
60
7
65 7,5
70
8
75 8,5
80
9
85 9,5
90
10
95
10
100 10
100 14
100 14
112 13,5
110 14
h
mm
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
65
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
350
380
400
M t= F.a
t=R1
mm
4,5
7
5,5
7
6
7
6
7,5
8
8,5
9
10
10,5
11
11,5
12,5
13
14
15
16
17,5
16
16
18
30x15
30
40x20
40
50x25
50
60
65
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
350
380
400
R2
t
y
UProf
ilin
tanm
A
cm2
2,21
5,44
3,66
6,21
4,92
7,12
6,46
9,03
11,0
13,5
17,0
20,4
24,0
28,0
32,2
37,4
42,3
48,3
53,3
58,8
75,8
77,3
80,4
91,5
m
kg/m
1,74
4,27
2,87
4,87
3,86
5,59
5,07
7,09
8,64
10,6
13,4
16,0
18,8
22,0
25,3
29,4
33,2
37,9
41,8
46,2
59,5
60,6
63,1
71,8
www.guven-kutay.ch
34
Genel Bilgiler
eitli formller
ekil
Formller
Bu formllerdeki birimler:
boyutlar = m ; kuvvet = N ; zaman = s olarak verilmitir.
Eer srtnme etkisi yok kabul edilirse = 1 alnr.
rnein: devir says n = s-1 , hz v = m/s , basn p = N/m2
5.1 Kama
Tek ve eitli konstrksiyonlarda kullanlan, ilk konstrksiyon eleman.
FSi
FR
FN
= atan
ZME
FN
FS
FS
FY
s1
tan =
F FR tan
tan
tan
Sktrmada verim:
Kilitlenme:
Hareket boylar:
s2 = s1 . tan
F
F
Boy ve hareket orantlar: SI Y
F SI
s1
www.guven-kutay.ch
FR
FR
SIKISTIRMA
h=s 2
FSI
FR
FN
FN
FEs
FEs
FR
FN
FS F
FS
FEs
FS
Genel Bilgiler
ekil
35
Formller
5.2 Eik dzlem
F=m.g
sin = h / s
F1
F.h = F1 . s
5.3
Mt
Srtnme momenti:
n
MS
L
LF
F
p EM
dL
MS F R
p or
A hz
Srtnme gc
5.4
F
h
FN
FS1
FN
FS2
PS MS F d n
h > 2 . . LF
d
ekil 65, Gbein ykseklii
5.5
F
R
Srtnme momenti:
r
Eer mil dolu ise
Ror
ekil 66, Eksenel kaygan yatak
Srtnme gc
www.guven-kutay.ch
MS F R or
2
R 3 r3
MS F
3
R2 r2
2
MS F R
3
PS MS
36
Genel Bilgiler
ekil
Formller
5.6
Yuvarlanma direnci
F FR
FS < 0 . FN
F / R < 0
Yuvarlanma art:
veya
FR
Tiren
hd 0,0025
Rulman yatakl tramvay
hd 0,005
Kaygan yatkl tramvay
hd 0,018
Kamyon ve ar vasta asfaltta
hd 0,025
5.7 Makarada srtnme kuvveti
FS
F2
f
R
F1
eken kuvvet:
F1 F2 e
Srtnme katsays
deme as radyan olarak, yani = /180
Halat, kay ve bantl tekerlein tayabilecei srtnme
kuvveti:
FS F1 F2 F1 (e 1) F2
e 1
e
Palangalar
5.8.1
n
s1
ekme kuvveti:
h=s2
FCe
F
FCe Y
ekme boyu:
s 1 = s2 = h
www.guven-kutay.ch
Genel Bilgiler
ekil
37
Formller
FCe
s1
5.8.2
ekme kuvveti:
F
FCe Y
2
Kaldrma ykseklii:
h = s2 = s1 / 2
h=s2
FY
ok makaral palanga
s1
ekme kuvveti:
FY
1
FY
m M
1 m
Kaldrma ykseklii:
FCe
h = s2 = s1 / m
s1 = m . s 2
h=s2
FY
FCe
1 m
bir makarada verim: M
m 1
Burada bir makara iin
M 0,96
deeri nerilir.
F FN
LA
h
D
FN
FS
R
FN
FS
R
sola dnte
F FN
LA
5.9.2
saa dnte
LA h
L
saa dnte
LA h
L
sola dnte
www.guven-kutay.ch
38
Genel Bilgiler
ekil
Formller
5.9.3
F
h=0
LA
D
FN
FS
R
F FN
LA
L
Fren momenti
Kitlenme olamaz
MF = FS . R = FN . . R
FS
5.9.4
F
F2
F1
Basit fren
Fren momenti: M F FS R F R
L
e 1
LA
D
LA
5.9.5
FS
L e 1
Fren momenti: M F FS R F R
h e 1
F2
F1
Toplamal fren
L
ekil 76, Toplamal fren
5.9.6
FS
L1
F2
F1
karmal fren
Fren momenti: M F FS R F R L
D
L2
L
www.guven-kutay.ch
e 1
L 2 L1 e
Genel Bilgiler
ekil
39
Formller
FS
5.9.7
n
R
F1
Srtnme kuvveti
FS = F F1
Srtnme katsays
F
S
2F
Srtnme as
a tan
Yaplan i :
h 2R n
W = FY.h
FY
Kaldrma ykseklii:
F L FY R
RT R 2
R1
n
L
FY
R
F L 2 FY R T
R1
Kaldrma ykseklii:
Yaplan i :
www.guven-kutay.ch
h 2 R T n R1 / R 2
W = FY.h
40
Genel Bilgiler
Formller
6.1 gen
A=b.h/2
ex = h / 3
Iu = b . h3 / 12
Iv = b . h3 /4
x
ex
Ix = b . h3 /36
Iy = b3 . h /36
b
y
Wx = b . h2 /24
Wy = b2 . h /24
ekil 81,gen
Ekenar
gende:
h = 0,8660.b
A = 0,4330.b2
6.2
ey
Ix = 0,01804.b4
Iy = Ix
Wx = 0,03125.b3
Wy = 0,03608.b3
Rombus
A=b.h/2
Ix = b . h3 / 48
Iv = b3 . h / 48
ex = h / 2
ey = b / 2
Wx = b . h2 / 24
Wy = b2 . h / 24
ex
ex = 0,2887.b
ey = 0,5.b
y
b
ekil 82,
y
6.3
Dikdrtgen
A=b.h
Ix = b . h3 / 12
Iv = b3 . h / 12
Iu = b . h3 / 3
ex = h / 2
ey = b / 2
Wx = b . h2 / 6
Wy = b2 . h / 6
ex
y
b
6.3.1
b
ex
ey
Dikdrtgen, ortas bo
A = b.(Hh)
ex = H / 2
ey = b / 2
Ix = b.(H3 h3) / 12
www.guven-kutay.ch
Iy = b3.(H h) / 12
Wx = b.(H3 h3) / (6.H)
Wy = b2.(H h) / 6
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
Formller
k2
ex
k1
k2
k1
y ey
h
h
Kare
Ix = Iy = h4 / 12
Ik1 = Ik2 = h4 / 12
A = h2
ex = e y = h / 2
e k1 e k 2
Wx = Wy = h3 / 6
h
2
2
Wk1 Wk 2
k2
ek
k1
y ey
H
h3
2
12
6.4.1
ex
e k2
H
h
k1
6.4
k2
41
1 H4 h4
6
H
2 H4 h4
Wk1 Wk 2
12
H
A = H2 h2
ex = e y = H / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,7071.H
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2 = (H4 h4)/12
Wx Wy
k1
d
y
ek
e k2
k2
k1
y ey
H
R
y
ex
k2
k2
k1
e k2
k1
s
y
x
k2
h
k1
A = H2 d2 / 4
ex = e y = H / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,7071.H
Ix=Iy=Ik1=Ik2
Ix=( H4 d4 / 16) / 12
6.5
Altgen, altke
3 2
h = 0,866 . h2
2
h R 3 R h/ 3
ex = h / 2
ey = R
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2
s h / 1 2 = 0,4142.h
t s 2 / 2 = 0,2929.h
ex = e y = h / 2
e k2
ey
1 4 3 d 4
H
6 H
16
I k1
Wk1 Wk 2
0,7071 H
Wx Wy
5 3 4
h = 0,06014 . h4
144
5 3 3
Wx Wk1
h = 0,12028.h3
72
5 3
Wy Wk 2
h = 0,10417 . h3
48
Ix
ex
k2
Kare, ii yuvarlak bo
6.4.2
e k1 e k 2 s h / 2
ek1 = ek2 = 0,5412 . h
www.guven-kutay.ch
Ix = Iy = Ik1 = Ik2
Ix =0,05473 . h4
Wx = Wy = 0,1095 . h3
Wk1 = Wk2 = 0,10107 . h3
42
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
c
b
y
6.7
Yamuk
ex
ey
ex
6.8
Wx = Ix / ( h ex )
Wy = Iy / ey = 2 . Iy / a
Daire
A = . R2 = . d2 / 4
U = evre = . d
Ix = Iy = . d4 / 64 = . R4 / 4
Ix = Iy 0,05 . d4 0,7854 . R4
ex = e y = d / 2 = R
Wx = Wy = . d3 / 32 = . R3/4
Wx = Wy 0,1 . d3 0,7854 . R3
h a 2b
3 ab
ey = a / 2
h 3 a 2 4 a b b2
Ix
36
ab
h
Iy
a 3 a 2 b a b 2 b3
48
A=h.(a+b)/2
Formller
6.8.1
ex
S
x
R
ex
R
x
d
ex = 4.R/(3.) = 0,4244 . R
ey = R
6.8.2
A = . R2 / 2 = . d2 / 8
A = 1,57080 . R2
Daire yarm
y
dm
8 4
4
Ix
R = 0,1098.R
8
9
Iy = .R4 / 8 = 0,3927.R4
Wx = 0,1907.R3
Wy = .R3 / 8 = 0,3927.R3
A = Dd2) / 4 = Rr2)
ex = e y = D / 2
Ix=Iy= Dd4) / 64
Ix=Iy= Rr4) / 4
D4 d 4
Wx Wy
32
D
4
R r4
Wx Wy
4
R
I1 = I2 =
6.8.3
d 3m s
8
W1 = W 2 =
d 2m s
4
1,1098 ( R 4 - r 4 ) - 0,283 R 2 r 2 ( R - r )
R+r
e1
e2
I1 =
W1,2 =
ekil 94, Yarm boru
4 ( R 2 + R r + r 2)
I1
; e1 =
ve e 2 = R - e1
3( R + r )
e1,2
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Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
43
Formller
6.8.4
d
I b = 0,01 D 3 (5D - 8,5d)
2
W b = 0,1 D (D - 1,7d)
ek
A = . R2 / 4 = R2
ex = e y
ex = 0,4244 . R
e2 = 0,5756 . R
ek1 = 0,6002 . R
ek1 = 0,7071 . R
S
1
x
ex
ek
e2
k1
x
v e y
y
e2
k1
6.8.6
ex
u
y
em
Daire dilimi
180 b
4R4
I x Is
sin / 2
9
360
R4
Iy
8
R
A
sin
2 180
A R b s s h / 2
em = s3 /(12.A)
ex = em R. cos(/2)
ey = s / 2
s = 2.R. sin(/2)
s2 h
R
8h 2
h = R.(1- cos(/2))
ex
Wx = Wy = 0,09534.R3
Wk1 = 0,1009.R3
Wk2 = 0,06399.R3
sin
180
ex = 2 . R . s /(3.b)
2
360 R
R 4
e x sin / 2
sin
s
3
8 180
I
Ix
I
y
Wx max
Wx min x
Wy
s
R ex
ex
6.8.7
b
y
S
Ix = Iy = . R4
Iu = Iv = . R4
A = b . R / 2 = R2 . / 360
b = R . / 360
s
x
Daire eyrek
b = . R . / 180
b = 0,01745.R.
y R 2 z2 R h
z = 8.sin() sin(2)
Iy
Ix
R4
48
s 2 h 2 R h
h r R 2 s / 2 2
tan(/2) = s/(2.(R.h))
20 R 4 1 cos 3
R 4
sin(2)
180 sin
16 90
z
30
Wx
Ix
h ex
Wy
2 Iy
s
44
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
2
k1
e1
Formller
R
ex
k
k1
e2
e1
e3
k1
ek
u
v
6.9 Elips
A = .a.b
ex = a
;
ey = b
3
Ix = . a . b/4= 0,7854. a3.b
evre
ex
ey
b1
bm b2 s
P1 1
= .(a+b)
Iy = . a . b3/4= 0,7854 . a . b3
Wx = .a2.b / 4 = 0,7854. a2.b
Wy = .a.b2 / 4 = 0,7854.a.b2
a b 3 a 2 b2
(a-b)/(a+b) 0,10
0,20
3,1495
3,1731
0,50
0,60
0,70
3,3412
3,4314
3,5401
6.9.1 Elips, kaval, ii bo
I1 = ( a 3 b1 - a 3 b 2 ) / 4
1
2
2
3
3
P2 I 2 = ( a1 b1 - a 2 b 2 ) / 4
a2 s
a1
I1 = a 2m ( a m + 3 b m ) s / 4
6.9.2
ex
x
u
u
y
0,40
3,2686
0,90
3,8208
W1 = ( a13 b1 - a 32 b 2 ) / ( 4 a1 )
W2 = ( a1 b13 - a 2 b 32 ) / ( 4 b1 )
Elips, yarm
0,30
3,2127
0,80
3,6691
A = .a.b/2 = 1,571.a.b
ex = 4.a / (3.) = 0,4244. a
Ix = 0,1098. a3.b
Iy = . a.b3/8 = 0,3927. a.b3
Iu = . a3.b/8 = 0,3927. a3.b
Wx = Ix / (aex) = 0,1907. a2.b
Wy = .a.b2/8 = 0,3927.a.b2
6.9.3
ey
S
u
b y
A = .a.b/4 = 0,7854.a.b
x
ex
Elips, eyrek
u
v
Ix = 0,05488. a3.b
Iy = 0,05488. a.b3
Iu = 0,1963. a3.b
Iv = 0,1963. a.b3
Wx = Ix / (aex) = 0,09534. a2.b
Wy = Iy / (bey) = 0,09534.a.b2
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
Formller
6.9.4
x S
45
x
ex
ey
A = (1.a.b = 0,2146.a.b
ex = 0,7766. a
ey = 0,7766. b
Ix = 0,00755. a3.b
Iy = 0,00755. a.b3
Wx = Ix / ex = 0,00972. a2.b
Wy = Iy / ey = 0,00972.a.b2
6.10 Parabol
A= 4.a.b/3
ex = 2.a/5
Ix = 16.a3.b/175 = 0,09143.a3.b
Iy = 4.a.b3/15 = 0,2666.a.b3
ex
u
y
Iu = 32.a3.b/105 = 0,3048.a3.b
Wx = 16.a2.b/105 = 0,1524.a2.b
Wy = 4.a.b2/15 = 0,2666.a.b2
ey
S
A= 2.a.b/3
ex = 2.a/5
ey = 3.b/8
Ix = 8.a3.b/175 = 0,04571.a3.b
x
ex
x
u
u
v
Iy = 19.a.b3/480 = 0,03958.a.b3
Iu = 16.a2.b/105 = 0,1524.a2.b
Iv = 32.a.b2/105 = 0, 1333.a.b2
Wx = 8.a2.b/105 = 0,07619.a2.b
Wy = 19.a.b2/300 = 0,0633.a.b2
x
ex
ey
A= a.b/3
ex = 7.a/10
ey = 3.b/4
Ix = 37.a3.b/2100=0,01762.a3.b
ex
b = c/2 ise
Iy = 1.a.b3/80 = 0,01250.a.b3
Iu = 19.a2.b/105 = 0,1810.a2.b
Iv = a.b2/5 = 0, 2.a.b2
Wx =37.a2.b/1470=0,0252.a2.b
Wy =a.b2/60 = 0,01667.a.b2
u
v
A= a2/6
c a 2 /2
ex = ey = 4.a/5
Ix = Iy = 11.a4 / 2100
Ix = Iy = 0,00524.a4
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Iu = Iv = 47.a4 / 420
Iu = Iv = 0,1119.a4
Wx = Wy = 11.a3/1680
Wx = Wy = 0,00655.a3
46
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
Formller
b
B
b2
h
H
h
H
h
H
B
b2
b1
b1
h
H
h
H
h
H
B1
B2
B H3 - b h3
6H
B H3 + b h3
W1 =
6H
b2
e 2 e1
B1
h1
h1
B2
B
h
H
B
1
1
h
h
H
b1
W1 =
e 2 e1
I1 =
e 2 e1
st sra iin:
b = b 1 + b2
Alt sra iin:
B = B1 + B2
I1 =
I1 =
B H3 + b h 3
- ( B H + b h ) e12
3
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W1 =
I1
; b = b1 + b2
e1,2
W1 = 2
2+
I1
bh 2
; e1 = BH
H
2 (BH + bh)
Genel Bilgiler
47
Formller
7.1
Daire
It =
2
1
Wt =
d3
16
It = 0,15 d 42
max d evrededir
It =
W t = 0,2 d32
d4
32
( D4 - d 4 )
32
Wt =
( D4 - d 4 )
16 D
It =
Wt =
d 2m s
2
7.1.2
d3m s
4
It = 0,1d4
W t = 0,2 d3
It = 0,006 ( D + d )
W t = 0,024 ( D + d )
mil
W t = 0,2 D2 ( D - 1,7d )
W t = 0,162 d13
d2
d1
2.e
I t = 0,02 D3 ( 5D - 8,5d )
7.2
2b
2
P2
2a
am
b1
bm b2 s
P1 1
2
P2
Elips
a2 s
a1
It =
n3 ( b14 b42 )
n2 + 1
www.guven-kutay.ch
Wt =
a b2 n b3
=
2
2
Wt =
n ( b14 - b42 )
2b
48
Genel Bilgiler
Kesit
Y
P2
Formller
P1
I t = 0,141 a 4
W t = 0,208 a 3
2
It = 0,13 b A
W t = 0,223 b A
A = 2 a b = 0,83 b2
A = 2 a b = 0,83 b2
It = 0,108 b4
W t = 0,185 b3
X
a
b
2
P
I t = 0,133 b 2 A = 0,115 b4
23 3
A= R
2
W t = 0,217 b A = 0,188 b3
1
X
Eer h / b = n 1 I t = c1 h b3 = c1 n b4 ; W t = c2 h b2 = c2 n b3
h/b
1,5
10
c1
0,141
0,196
0,229
0,263
0,281
0,298
0,307
0,312
0,333
c2
0,208
0,231
0,246
0,267
0,282
0,299
0,307
0,312
0,333
c3
1,000
0,858
0,796
0,753
0,745
0,743
0,743
0,743
0,743
Am
S tS =
T
2 Aor
= sabit
It =
t2
t2
t2
hm
t2
bm
2
4 Aor
ds
t (or)
drtke iin:
2 t
4 Aor
U
4 b2 h 2
It =
b h
2 +
t1 t 2
It =
www.guven-kutay.ch
W t = 2 Aor t
W t = 2 b h t min
Genel Bilgiler
49
Aadaki tablolarda verilen deerler nerilen yaklak deerlerdir. Kk deerler kaba, byk
deerler hassas yzeyler iin kullanlr.
Tablo 27, elik ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile elik
Malzeme
elik
pik dkm veya bronz
tesfiyeli bakr
Al-Cu-Mg cilalanm
Al-Cu-Mg cilalanmam
Al-Si-Mg zmparalanm
Al-Si-Mg
G-Al-Si
mee
buz
akik ta
ta
deri, deri kay
*)1 sabunlu
srtnme katsays
yal
slak
0,05-0,1
--0,05-0,1
--------------------------0,24-0,26
0,2-0,08
-----0,12
------0,2
0,36
*)1
----------------0,2
-------
Tablo 28Bronz ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile bronz
Malzeme
Bronz
Pik dkm
mee
*)1 sabunlu
srtnme katsays
yal
slak
0,20
--0,10
--0,02-0,08
0,24-0,26
*)1
----0,2
Tablo 29, Pik dkm ile aadaki malzemeler veya aadaki malzemeler ile pik dkm
Malzeme
Pik dkm
Bakr
Deri, deri kay
*)1 sabunlu
www.guven-kutay.ch
srtnme katsays
yal
slak
0,10
0,31
----0,20
0,36
*)1
-------
50
Genel Bilgiler
Malzeme
srtnme katsays
kuru
yal
sabunlu
slak
0,50-0,70
0,2
0,20-0,40
0,05-0,15
0,04-0,16
0,25
---
---
0,38-0,75
---
---
0,31
---
---
0,27-0,47
---
---
---
0,6
0,25
0,25
0,12
---
---
Tahta ile ta
---
---
0,40
---
---
---
---
---
0,53
---
---
0,33
---
---
0,25-1,00
---
---
---
---
---
1,00
---
---
---
---
---
0,31
---
---
---
---
---
0,81-1,11
---
---
---
---
---
0,51
---
---
---
---
---
0,33
---
---
---
---
---
0,60-0,70
---
---
---
Tablo 31, elik, pik dkm, elik dkm ile eitli malzemelerden yaplm Fren ve kavrama
Malzeme
Srtnme tutukluluu
katsays 0
Srtnme katsays
kuru
yal
kuru
yal
sabunlu
slak
0,20-0,40
0,08-0,13
0,18-0,30
0,06-0,09
---
---
Malzeme
organik ise
0,30-0,50
---
0,28-0,40
0,06-0,10
---
---
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Genel Bilgiler
51
Kalite belgesi ISO9000 ve ISO 9001 in artlarndan biride, firmada yaplan ilemlerin
belgelenmesidir. Bu gerektirme unu istemektedir: Herhangi bir yerde bir sayfa bulunduunda, bu
sayfann neye ve nereye ait olduu, o sayfada grlmelidir. Bunun iinde "K+4N-lkesi" kanlmaz
arttr. Evrakn her sayfasndada en az K ve ilk N bulunmaldr.
K + 4N - lkesi
K
KM ?
1. N
NE ?
2. N
NE ZAMAN ?
3. N
NEREDE ?
4. N
NASIL ?
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52
Genel Bilgiler
10 Hesaplama sistemi
Hesap ilemleri ne bir kr ddr nede boa greidir. Hesaplar mantkl bir sistemle
yaplmaldr. Bunun iinde aada verilen nerileri uygulamak hesab yapann yararnadr.
1. Her ide ve hesaplamada temiz, ak ve belirli allmaldr.
2. veya dev gayet gzel okunulmal ve btn yazlm terim ve ifadelerin tam ve ak
anlaldndan emin olunmaldr. Tereddtte ii verenle konuulmal ve tam anlamaya
varlmaldr. Gerekirse hesaplanacak para iin bir hesaplama artnamesi yaplmal ve bu
teyit veya tastik ettirilmelidir.
3. lk u soru Ne sorul mu? sorulmal ve hemen genel cevap not edilmelidir.
4. Temiz ve anlalr bir taslak izilmelidir. Tpk gen problemlerinin zmnde olduu
gibi. Unutmayn bir genin konstrksiyonunda en nemli unsur, izilen krokidir. Bu kroki
olmadan bir gen konstrksiyonu yapmak hemen hemen imkanszdr. Btn bilinen ve
kabul edilen deerler bu taslak veya krokide grlmelidir.
5. Kroki izilirken, devaml olarak izilen kroki ile i veya devin uyup uymad kontrol
edilmeli ve bundan emin olunmaldr.
6. Hesaplar ilk evvela genel olarak saylar konulmadan, teorik olarak yukardan aa
(genelden detaya) zlmelidir. Buradada matematik ve fizik (mekanik) kanunlarnn
inenmediinden emin olunmaldr.
7. Genel ve teorik olarak yaplan zm saylarla yaplp, gereken ve mhim olan sonular
hemen bulunacak veya grlecek ekilde ak ve temiz yazlmaldr.
8. Cevap temiz okunakl ve ak olarak, ahsi dnceler ile yazlmaldr.
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Genel Bilgiler
53
x
S
x
S
XY-Dzlemine dik
LY
LX
Fz
F
Fy
Fx
LZ
y
S
x
z
Fz
Fy
Fx
ekil 120, Kuvvetin etki dorultusunda ve paralel olduu
eksene gre kaydrlmas
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54
Genel Bilgiler
b) Kuvvetin etki dorultusunun dnda kaydrlmas:
Kuvvetin hesaplama kesitine dik olarak kaydrlmas,
Yn: Z-eksenine paralel.
y
y
x
z
Fx
Fz
Fy
M egyFx
Fy MegxFy
Fx
Fz
MegyFx
M eg Fx, y, z L Fx, y, z
Meg
Fx,y,z
LFx,y,z
x
z
Yelkovana kar
Eilme momenti
Kuvvet bilekenleri
Kuvvetin ilk bulunduu yer ile yeni
kaydrld yer arasndaki mesafe
Fy MegxFy = Fy . Lz
Yelkovan ynnde
x
z
Fz
Fy MegxFy
Fx
x
z
Fy
M egxFy
Fz
Fx
M tzFy
M egyFx
M egyFx
ekil 123, Kuvvetin etki dorultusunda
kaydrlmas
Burada Fx kuvveti ve MegyFx momenti kuvvetin
etki dorultusu olan X-eksenine boyunca
kaydrlr.
Deien bir ey olmaz. Kuvvet ve moment Xekseni boyunca istenilen noktaya kadar
kaydrlr.
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Yelkovana kar
Genel Bilgiler
55
y
x
z
MegxFy
Fz
Fy
M egxFz
MegxFy
Fy
x
Fz S Fx
Fx
M tzFy
MegyFx
M egyFz
MegyFx
M egyFz
ekil 125, X-eksenine paralel
M tzFy
z M tzFx
Yelkovana kar
Fz
Fy
Megy
Megx
Fx
M tz
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56
Genel Bilgiler
v 2 3 ( 0 ) 2
Fz
Fy
S
Megx
x
z
Megy
eg , b
t k
Normalgerilmeler:
Fx
Kayma gerilmeleri:
Mtz
Fz
F
z
A
Megx
Burada alan
A 0,25 d 2 dir.
eg
M egx
Weg
d3
dir.
32
Weg
Fx
Mtz
M tz
Wt
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d3
dr.
16
Genel Bilgiler
57
Dkm
M egy M tz
BEH
Fy M egx
Fz S Fx
v 2 3 ( 0 ) 2
eg , b
Normalgerilmeler:
B
t k
Kayma gerilmeleri:
ekil 131, Kapal form, bileik gerilme
F
z
A
Burada alan A (H h ) (B b) dir.
M egx
Fz
eg
W eg =
B H3 - b h 3
6H
dr.
F
k x
A
Weg
M egx
Fx
M tz
M tz
Torsiyon kar koyma momenti
Wt
Bredt e gre
Wt 2 A or a
ortalama alan
A or (b a ) (h a ) dr.
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dr ve
58
Genel Bilgiler
10.1.4.2.2 Ak form
b
Fz S
Fy Megx
Fx
Megy M tz
v 2 3 ( 0 ) 2
BEH gre
v 0,5 2 2 4 (0 )2
NGH
eg , b
Normalgerilmeler:
t k
Kayma gerilmeleri:
ekil 134, Ak form, bileik gerilme
Megx
Fz
Burada alan A 2 a b a h
k
x
Fx
Fx
A
A 2 b a dr.
Weg
M egx
eg
dr.
F
z
A
M tz
Kuvvet
Alan
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M tz
dr ve
ha
A a b dir.
FMtz
Genel Bilgiler
59
Fz
Megx
Fx
Fy
S
Megy
Mtz
f
b
L1
F2
M bx
Fz
F1 = Fmax
L2
H/4
D
B
Fn Fz / n
FMeg
M eg
Bylece burada:
FMeg
M egx
Fmax Fn FMeg
n
z
L1
L L ... L2n
2
1
2
2
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L1
L L22
2
1
60
Genel Bilgiler
F6
FMt
r6
r2
M tz
FMt
F5
FMt F4
FMt
x
z
F3 F
Mt
Fk Fx / n
F max Mt
M tz rmax
r 2
Bylece burada:
Fx F2 2
n
r
r1
F7
r3
M tz
r8
Fx 2
1
FMt
F8
r4
r7
FMt F1
FMt 8
r5
M tz r1
4 r 2 r22 2 r42
2
1
r2
r1
r
F1Mt 4
r1
F2 Mt F6 Mt F1Mt
F4 Mt F8 Mt
maksimum yklenen bir adann toplam zorlanmas bu sonutan hangisi bykse odur.
Hesaplanr
Hesaplanr
F4 Fk F4 t Hesaplanr
F2
F3
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Genel Bilgiler
61
Altgen................................................................ 41
Altke .............................................................. 41
Atalet momentleri, torsiyon................................ 47
B
Basn ve basn ykseklii birimleri................. 10
Basit fren ............................................................ 38
Birim sistemleri .................................................... 7
Birimlerde n tak................................................. 5
Boru.................................................................... 25
Boru.................................................................... 20
Boru kesiti .................................................... 42, 47
Boru kesiti, yarm ............................................... 42
Bredt................................................................... 48
Buhar birimleri ................................................... 10
ekme kuvveti.................................................... 36
eitli gerilme birimleri ....................................... 9
eitli kuvvet birimleri......................................... 9
eyrek daire ....................................................... 43
C
CGS sistemi.......................................................... 7
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62
Genel Bilgiler
Kesik Piramit...................................................... 19
Kesit yntemi ..................................................... 53
Kiriler drtgeni ................................................. 13
Koni.................................................................... 21
Koni, kesik ......................................................... 22
Kebent ............................................................. 31
kps sistemi ............................................................ 7
Kp ..................................................................... 18
Kre.................................................................... 22
Kre dilimi ......................................................... 23
Kre kapa ........................................................ 22
Kre, ii bo ....................................................... 22
Kreden disk paras .......................................... 23
Kreden karpuz dilimi........................................ 23
L
L-Profili .............................................................. 32
M
Makarada srtnme kuvveti ............................... 36
Mukavemet momentleri, torsiyon ...................... 47
N
NPI-Profili .......................................................... 28
O
R
Rhomboid............................................................14
Rhombus .............................................................14
Rombus ...............................................................40
Romen rakkamlar.................................................5
S
Sabit makara .......................................................36
Sekizgen..............................................................41
Sekizke ............................................................41
SI-(MKS) sistemi ..................................................7
Sk kullanlan birimler ........................................6
Silindir kama.......................................................21
Silindir kesiti.......................................................21
Silindir, birbirini kesen .......................................21
Silindir, kaval......................................................20
Silindir, taban daire............................................20
Silindir, taban daire ve kesik..............................20
Silindir, taban elips ............................................20
SI-Temel birimleri ................................................5
Svlarda basn birimleri ....................................10
Srtnme as.....................................................39
Srtnme katsays ..................................36, 39, 49
Srtnme kuvveti ................................................39
T
Obelisk ............................................................... 19
P
Palangalar ........................................................... 36
Parabol................................................................ 45
Parabol, yarm .................................................... 45
Paraboloid........................................................... 24
Paraboloid diski.................................................. 24
Paraboloid, dnen parabol, dik kesit daire ......... 24
Paraboloid, yz- ve xy-kesiti parabol................... 24
Paralel kenar ....................................................... 14
Piramit ................................................................ 19
Prizma ................................................................ 18
Teetler drtgeni.................................................13
Toplamal fren.....................................................38
U
U profili............................................................33
gen ............................................................12, 40
gen prizma ......................................................18
Y
Yamuk...........................................................13, 42
Yay......................................................................16
Yuvarlak profil....................................................27
Yuvarlanma direnci.............................................36
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