Informatica =Informatii+Automatica

POST - Power on Self Test

ROM - Recall Only Memory
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
RAM Random Access Memory
HDD Hard Disk Drive
FDD Floppy Disk Drive
CON Consola (tastatura+monitor)
Porturi Interne/Externe
COM Communication Port Serial
LPT Line Printer Port parallel
USB - Universal Serial Bus
MCA Micro Channel Architecture
SCSI Small Computer System Interface
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Code
CPU Central Processing Unit
FSB Front Side Bus
VGA Video Graphic Array
PCI Peripheral Component Interface
AGP Advanced Graphic Port
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
TFT Thin Film Transistor
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
SVGA Super VGA (800x600)
XGA Extended graphic array (1024x768)
BIT Entitatea in care se reprezinta valoarea 0-nimic / 1 am ceva

.TXT text file

.INI initializare (setari, parametri) sub forma textual
.INF fisier de informare 2 versiuni pag de internet / la fel ca INI
.FOR / PAS/ BAS / CBL fisiere ce contin elemente afisabile
.RTF Rich text FileFormat text imbogatit
.DOC document Word
.HLP help fisiere RTF transformate
.CHM Compiled Help Menu
.HTM / HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
.PDF Portable Document File
.PS Post Script
.EXE Executable (program)
.COM Command trebuie incarcat in memorie
.BAT Batch fisier executabil alcatuit din comenzi in forma de linie
.SYS System
.BIN Binary
.DLL Dynamic Link Library
.BMP Bitmap harta de puncte
.TIF sau .TIFF Taged Image File Format
.GIF Graphic Interchange File Format
.JPG / JPEG Joint Photographers Expert Group
.DXF Data Exchange File Format

Componentele SO (sistemului de operare)

DOS Disk Operating System

Identificare BOOT se gaseste in sect 0, pista 0 si contine modul de stocare

al INFO pe Disk
Continut : DOS(MSDOS.SYS,IBMDOS.COM) / IO (IO.SYS,IBMBIO.COM)
Sistemul de stocare si gestiune al datelor ROOT

FAT File Allocation Table

NTFS New Technology File System creeat de niste tipi plecati de la SUN la
Microsoft-> Windows 2000
DATA modele fizice ale informatiilor / Elemente
Stocare Date Suport Magnetic - HDD, FDD,IOZIP / Suporturi Optice (CD, DVD,
BluRay)

Format Actiunea poate fi folosita la nivel fizic sau logic (se sterge doar TOC- table
of contents)
Formatarea Pregatirea unei suprafete in vederea utilizarii

FISIER Colectie organizata de date tratate uniform

-

Datele sunt in fisier

Datele alcatuiesc o colectie
Colectia este organizata
Toate Datele sunt tratate uniform

FOLDER Colectie organizata de referinte tratata uniform

Comenzi INTERNE / EXTERNE

Etapele Necesare Creearii Programului :

1
2
3
4
5

Recunoasterea si definirea problemei

Alegerea si descrierea unei metode
Transformarea , Transpunerea descrierii metodei intr-un limbaj de programare
Compilarea si editarea programului
Rularea Programului

Metode
-

paradigme -modul de formulare al unei probleme in scopul rezolvarii ei

bazata pe :
o Proceduri
o Functii
o Logica

Metoda Bine Conditionata daca se schimba minor parametrii initiali, nu

altereaza semnificativ rezultatul

Metoda Slab Conditionata daca se schimba minor parametrii initiali, apar

perturbari majore de rezultat

Perturbari Modificare

Metode Directe ne conduc la un rezultat exact intr-un numar finit de pasi

Metode Indirecte ne conduc la un rezultat exact

INSTRUMENTE de a alege o metoda :

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

LNS limbaj natural structurat

Pseudocod
TD tabele decizionale (intrari si iesiri simple si multiple)
Arbori decizionali
Diagram Jackson (titlu, continut, referinte) logic
DFD Diagrama de Flux de Date
Schema logica

ERORI
-

Inerente (Firesti, care depind de natura lucrurilor)

De Metoda
De Calcul

FORTRAN
Tipuri de date :
-

constante / variabile
numerice : intregi, reale, complexe
nenumerice : logice, sir de caractere, byte,referinta

Expresii = operatii + operatori

Operatori utilizati in expresii numerice :

o

** ridicarea la putere

* inmultirea

/ impartire

+ adunare

-scadere

Operatori sir de caractere : || concatenare

Operatori Relationali :

F77

F90

LT

U<U / <=

LE

=<

EQ

==

NE

/=

GE

>=

GT

>

Operatori Logici :
NOT - negatie
AND - conjunctie
OR - disjunctie
XOR SAU exclusiv
EQV - echivalenta
NEQV neechivalenta

TABLOURI (ARRAYS)
-

Tip
DIMENSION
ALLOCATABLE
POINTER, TARGET

Alocarea Dinamica se declara tablouri la care nu se cunoaste nici dimensiune, nici

forma
1
2
3

Automat
ALLOCATABLE
Pointer

Intructiuni de INTRARE/IESIRE

Fisiere (Unitate Logica) :

Organizare :
-

Secventiala
Relativa
Indexat

Acces :
-

secvential
direct
pe baza de cheie (indexat)

Unitati de Program
-

program principal
proceduri externe
module
blocuri de date

Proceduri :
-

externe
de modul
interne
intrinseci
functie instructiune
dummy (de umplutura)

Retele :
-

Host/Slave
P2P (Peer to Peer) perete la perete

Topologii ( clasificare dupa forma)

-

Lineara
Inelara (circular) introdusa de IBM : Token-Ring
Stea
Altele
Mesh
Wireless

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access

GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
EDG : Enhanced Data GSM Environment
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telephone Service

Internet :
-

LAN Local Area Network

Wan Wide Area Network

2 moduri de adresare :
-

IPv4 : __.__.__.__
IPv6 : __.__.__.__.__.__

WWW World Wide Web

DNS : Domain Name Server

HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
XML : Extra Markup Language
VRML : Virtual Reality Modeling Language

IAI International Alliance for Interoperability

Aec XML : Architecture, Engineering & Construction

Bc XML : Building & Construction
Ce XML : Civil Engineering
Gb XML : Green Building
Ifc Industrial Foundation Classes
COS Common Object Scheme
UML - Unified Modelling Language
PDT Product Data Technology

Misc :

Testul Turing : daca un interlocutor uman interactioneaza cu o masina , crezand

ca are de a face cu o persoana , atunci aceasta masina este inteligenta

Sisteme Expert :
-

Dendral
Mycin
R1

Limbaje de Inteligenta Artificiala

-

LISP
PROLOG
SIMULA