Ti xin gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn v macro trong Excel 2003 (TI

LIU MI BIN SON NN CN C SAI ST- RT MONG C S GP

CA CC THNH VIN!)
Source : http://www.giaiphapexcel.com/forum/showthread.php?888-Kin-thc-c-bn-v-Visual-Basic-forApplications-%28VBA%29
y l cun sch ti dch t Introduction to using macros in Microsoft Excel 2003 trng Durham
Information Technology Service xut bn. Ngoi ni dung trong , ti c b sung t nhiu ngun ti liu v
kinh nghim ca bn thn.

2. Ghi v thc hin macro

Macro l g?
Macro l tp hp mt s cc dng lnh.
Bn s dng chc nng Macro Recorder l mt tng hay tng bc thc hin cc cng vic, nht l lc
u tm hiu v macro. Excel h tr ghi li (recorder) cc cng vic bn thc hin v ch khng ghi li
khi bn dng ghi.
V d, mt (cell) c chn (selected) hin ti s khng c ghi cho n khi bn thc hin cng vic
trong . Ngoi ra, Excel cng khng ghi li cc cng vic khi ang s dng bng iu khin (dialog box)
cho n khi bn n nt OK trn bng iu khin .

Hnh 1: Thc hin ghi macro

Hnh 2: Ca s Record Macro

Trong sut thi gian ghi, macro c lu li vi tn xc nh trong module, module c to ra trong qu
trnh ghi v l mt phn ca Workbook. Marco c ghi li c th c lu trong This Workbook (Workbook
hin hnh), New Workbook (Workbook mi) hoc trong Personal Macro Workbook (nhng macro s hu
ring). Nhng lnh (code) c lu trong Personal.xls, nhng macro s hu ring u s dng c khi bn
m Excel ra. Cc macro trong cc Workbook khc nhau c th s dng bt c lc no khi cc Workbook
ang m (k c s dng chng t Workbook khc).
iu kin c th tin hnh ghi macro:
1. Bng tnh Excel hin hnh (Activate Excel).
2. S dng Workbook mi.
2.1. Ghi macro trong trng hp s dng tham chiu a ch tuyt i
Bn hy ghi li macro trnh by tn bn v a ch nh sau:

1. Trong Tools/Macro, chn Record New Macro (hnh 1).

2.Trong Macro name: g Address_abs t tn macro (hnh 2).

c im l k t u tin l ca tn macro phi l ch. Cn cc k t khc c th l ch, s hoc k t

gch di (k t _). Cc k t c bit nh khong trng (Space), @, %, $, #, &, ... khng c chp nhn,
bn c th dng k t _ tch tn trong macro.

Hnh 3: Qu trnh ghi

3. Chuyn sang Shortcut key: trng (s thc hin sau).

4. Trong Store macro in: mc nh l This Workbook.
5. Trong Description: bn g ni dung sau
Enter address starting in cell B3
6. Bm OK.
7. Thanh Stop Recording s xut hin. Bn c th di chuyn n n v tr khc nu thy cn thit.
8. Trong thanh Stop Recording, n vo nt Relative Reference cho m i (khng tc dng- hnh 3).
9. Trong Sheet1, bm vo B3 v g tn bn. di g tn lp, tip theo l tn trng.
10. Cho ton b cc ch m v nghing.
11. Bm vo B6.
12. Trong Stop Recording, bm vo nt Stop Recording.
Nh vy, macro c tn Address_abs c ghi li. Nhng m bn s dng trong qu trnh ghi c
th hin di dng a ch tuyt i. V vy, nhng trong Worksheet s thc hin khi bn cho chy
macro, tn, lp v tn trng s c to ra ng v tr trong Worksheet.
Ghi ch: Bn c th la chn tham chiu tng i trong sut qu trnh ghi macro. Vn ny s c
cp mc 2.3.
2.2. Chy macro khi s dng bng iu khin macro (Macro dialog box)
Bn cho chy macro trn t Sheet2 nh sau:

1. Chn sang Sheet2 v bm vo no ngoi B3.

2. Trong menu Tools/Macro, chn Macros (hnh 1).

3. Bm vo macro c tn Address_abs trong danh sch macro (hnh 4).

4. Bm vo nt Run.
Sau bn s thy ni dung Sheet2 ging nh Sheet1.

Hnh 4: Chy macro Sheet2

Ghi ch: Nu bn mun hu qu trnh chy macro trc khi kt thc, n vo nt Esc.
2.3. Ghi macro trong trng hp s dng tham chiu a ch tng i
Macro Address_abs s dng a ch tuyt i. Tip theo bn s to mt macro cng ging nh trn. Macro
trc chn cc (select cells) c quan h vi v tr ca hot ng (active) trong qu trnh chy, macro
s ghi li quan h tham chiu tng i.

1. Chn Sheet1.
2. Bm vo B11.
3. Trong menu Tools/Macro, chn Record New Macros (hnh 1).
4. Trong Macro name: g Address_Ref t tn macro (hnh 2).
5. Trong Shortcut key: G ch A, nh vy phm tt s l Ctrl+Shift+A (Nu phm tt b trng vi phm c sn th Excel t
ng b sung thm phm Shift nh trng hp ny).
6. Trong Store macro in: mc nh l This Workbook.
7. Trong Description: bn g ni dung sau
Enter address starting in activate cell position
8. Bm OK.
9. Thanh Stop Recording s xut hin. Bn c th di chuyn n n v tr khc nu thy cn thit.
10. Trong thanh Stop Recording, n vo nt Relative Reference cho m i (khng tc dng).
Microsoft Excel s tip tc ghi macro vi quan h tng i cho n khi no thot khi Microsoft Excel hoc
bn n li vo nt Relative Reference.

11. G tn bn, lp, tn trng v a ch trong cc B11, B12, B13 v B14. Ni dung th hin nh sau:
Nguyen Van Hung
Lop DCCT-DKT K48
Truong DH Mo Dia chat
xa Dong Ngac, Tu Liem, Ha Noi
12. Cho ton b cc ch m.
13. Bm vo B15.
14. Trong Stop Recording, bm vo nt Stop Recording.
Ghi ch: Nu bn mun macro chn c bit, u tin chn u (active cell), sau chn c quan h
vi u, bn c th la chn hn hp a ch tuyt i v tng i trong qu trnh ghi macro.
s dng tham chiu tng i trong sut qu trnh ghi macro, nt Relative Reference lun sng (c tc
dng).

 s dng tham chiu tuyt i trong sut qu trnh ghi macro, nt Relative Reference lun ti (khng tc
dng).
2.4. Dng phm tt thc hin mt macro (shortcut key)
Macro Address_Ref c th thc hin nh m t trong mc 2.2. Lc trc phm tt c n nh thc
hin cng vic , hy s dng phng php thay th ny:
1. Ti Sheet2 bn chn vo 1 (v d H14).
2. n t hp phm Ctrl+Shift+A. Khi tn v a ch s xut hin di .
3. Bn hy th thc hin li macro ti cc v tr khc trong Sheet2.

3. Cch thc hin mt macro n gin

Di y l cc phng thc thc hin macro, bn c th cho thc hin macro t cc i tng sau:

i tng ho trong worksheet hoc biu

Nt (button) trong thanh cng c (Toolbar)
Dng lnh (command) trong menu ca Excel
3.1. Thc hin macro t mt i tng ho trong worksheet
Bn c th dng i tng ho trong worksheet thc hin mt macro.

1. Chn Sheet3, ni m cn trng.

2. Vo menu View/Toolbars v bn chn Drawing (tr trng hp thanh cng c Toolbar c trn mn hnh).
3. Chn i tng ho nh hnh Oval v v hnh oval .
4. G ch vo hnh oval bng cch n phi chut vo ri chn Add Text t thc n tt (hnh 5).
5. G ni dung Address ri bm ra ngoi thot.
6. Bn c th thay i kch thc hnh oval cho ph hp th hin ni dung ch trong v tnh m thut.
7. n phi chut vo hnh oval , chn Assign Macro.
8. Trong bng Assign Macro, chn macro c tn Address_Ref.
9. Sau n OK.
Sau , bn cho thc hin th macro:

1. Chn 1 no (v d nh J13).
2. Bm vo hnh oval trn, macro s thc hin.
Ghi ch: Nu bn mun di chuyn i tng ho (c macro) ra khi ch khc trong worksheet, s dng
phi chut di chuyn (v bm tri chut th macro s chy). Cn nu bn mun thay i macro khc th
bn bm phi chut trn i tng, chn Assign Macro v la chn macro no bn mun.
3.2. Chy macro t nt lnh trn thanh cng c
Ngoi ra, c th chy macro t nt lnh (button) trong cc cc thanh cng c t to (custom toolbar). V d
nh c th n nh macro Address_abs trong nt hnh mt ci (Smiley Face) nh sau:

1. Di chuyn chut n mt im no trong cc thanh toolbar.

2. n phi chut, trong thc n tt chn Customize.
3. Trong bng Customize, chn tab Toolbars (hnh 6).
4. Chn nt New.
5. Sau bng New Toolbar xut hin v bn g tn vo (Macro1) ri OK.
6. Trong bng Customize, chn tab Commands (hnh 7).
7. Trong hp Categories, chn AutoShapes.
8. Trong Commands, cun xung cho n khi bn chn c hnh ng (Smiley Face).
9. Ti hnh Smiley Face, gi tri v ko chut vo trong thanh cng c Macro1 (hnh 8). Bn c th chn thm cc biu
tng khc nu cn.
10. Bm phi chut vo nt Smiley Face, thc n tt s hin ra. Bn c th sa hay xo hnh v thay bng cc hnh
khc.
11. Chn Assign Macro trong thc n tt, chn macro Address_abs v n OK.
12. ng bng Customize vo.

Hnh 6: To thanh cng c mi

Hnh 7: Gn hnh vo nt lnh mi

Hnh 8: To cc nt lnh trong thanh Macro1 v gn Assign Macro vo.

Ghi ch: Thanh cng c t to thuc s hu ca workbook m n c to ra.
Bn hy th s dng nt lnh va to ra thc hin cng vic nh sau:
Code:
1. Xo sch ni dung ca Sheet2.
2. Bm chut vo nt Smiley Face trong thanh cng c Macro1.

Kt qu s th hin trn Sheet2.

3.3. Chy macro t lnh trong menu ca Excel
T menu ca Excel bn c th thm cc menu mi m khi la chn chng th macro s chy. V d: To
menu mi c tn l Work Address c th cha menu con Macro2 trn thanh tiu chun nh sau:

1. Phi m bo rng workbook ang cha macro ca bn ang hot ng.

2. Thm mt worksheet mi bng cch vo menu Insert/Worksheet (t l Sheet4)
3. Trong menu Tools/Customize, chn tab Commands trong bng Customize.
4. Cun xung dng cui cng v chn New Menu trong Categories (hnh 9).
5. Gi tri chut New Menu trong Commands v ko vo dng menu cnh Help.
6. n phi chut vo New Menu trong menu ca Excel, thc n tt hin ra.
7. Thay tn mi trong Name l &Macro2. Nu ch cn 1 menu ny th bm vo Assign Macro chn (hnh 10). Cn nu
cn thm cc menu con (menu item) th khng cn.

Hnh 9: To New Menu trong menu ca Excel

Hnh 10: To menu Maro2 trong menu ca Excel

K t v (&) trc M s gch chn ch M trong menu Macro2 (tr thnh Macro2), chnh l phm tt

chy macro Macro2 (ch cn n Alt+M).

Tip theo ta tin hnh to menu con trong Macro2:

1. Trong Categories (trong trng hp bng Customize vn ang m), chn Macros.
2. Ti Commands, chn Custom Menu Item (hnh 11), gi tri v ko chut n phn trng di Macro2 (vng c
khoanh ).
3. Bm phi chut vo Custom Menu Item trong menu m Macro2.
4. Ti thc n tt, i tn trong Name thnh &Work Address (hnh 12).
5. Sau vo Assign Macro chn macro chy.
6. Cui cng l ng bng Customize.

Hnh 11: To cc menu con

Hnh 12: i tn menu con v gn Assign Macro cho n.

Menu mi to c lu gi trong workbook . K c bn ng workbook nhng khi bn bm vo menu
th workbook cha menu t ng m ra v thc hin lnh lun.
3.4. Thay i la chn trong macro
Nu bn mun thay i cc lc chn chi tit trong macro, bc u tin bn vo menu Tools/Macro v chn
Macros. Sau chn tn macro m bn mun thay i v bm vo nt Option. Bn c th thay i phm tt
v m t li cng vic macro trong Description.

4. Sa macro
Khi bn ghi macro u tin, Excel to ra molule trong workbook . Module cha cc lnh (code) c
vit trong VBA. Cc bc thc hin nhn thy module:
[code/1. T menu Tools/Macro chn Macros.
2. Chn macro Address_abs v bm vo nt Edit.[/code]
Ca s Microsoft Visual Basic hin ra nh hnh 13. Bn c th thy r c cc dng code tng macro khi
cun xung.
4.1. Dng form chung (General form)
T kho (keywords) l s hng c bit trong VB, c th hin bng mu xanh l cy. Tt c cc macro
u bt u vi Sub v kt thc bi End Sub (cn gi l th tc).
Dng mu xanh vi du u dng c gi l ch thch (comments). Li ch thch khng anh hng
n macro v bn c th thay i ni dung ca n. Tn ca macro v li m t s dng (description) trong
qu trnh ghi macro xut hin di dng ch thch. Bn c th dng comments ch thch trong qu trnh
xy dng macro. Khi bn s d dng hiu c cc bc cng nh ni dung thc hin macro.
ng en lin c ngha phn chia cc macro, function (hm) trong module.
ng gch di (_) thnh thong gp cui dng code. Khi code qu di th dng (_) xung dng,
nhng c hiu l code vn lin tc.
Khi bn ghi macro phc tp hn, bn c th gp mt s code khng phi l bn cht ca n (essential).
Excel ghi li tt c nhng g bn thc hin mt cch c th nht, k c nhng i s (arguments) ci t
mc nh trong Excel s dng. Khi bn di chuyn chut n macro no th tn ca macro hin phn

khoanh nh hnh 13 (Addres_Ref).

Hnh 13: Ca s Microsoft Visual Basic.

4.2. To ra nhng thay i
Trong ca s Visual Basic Editor(VBE) (hnh 13) c cc module. C th coi module l ni lu tr cc th tc
(sub) v hm (function). y cng l ni khai bo cc hng s, bin s, kiu d liu ngi dng. Mi module
c th cha mt hay nhiu Sub hoc Function. Phn ca s chnh hin ni dung code trng gn ging nh
Word, bn c th d dng to nhng thay i trong , nh b sung hay bt i ni dung nu thy cn thit.
V d, bn c th thay i tn macro Address_abs thnh Dia_chi chng hn, ch cn g ni dung Dia_chi
thay th Address_abs trong Sub Address_abs(). Khi con chut nm trong macro Dia_chi, bn vo Run v
chn Run Sub/UserForm (phm tt F5). xem kt qu nh th no th bn vo View/Microsoft Excel (phm
tt Alt+F11). Lc ca s VBE vn hin hu trong Task bar.
ng ca s VBE v tr v Excel, bn vo menu File, sau chn Close and Return to Microsoft Excel
(phm tt Alt + Q).
Ghi macro v xem li nhng g n thc hin l cch hc rt hay, gip cc bn c th hc hi thm nhiu
lnh, nhiu i tng v cc thuc tnh ca n, hiu r trnh t cc bc thc hin. Nhng n mt lc no
, bn mun vit mt macro cho ring mnh hoc b sung thm mt vi code trong macro hin ti thc
hin cc bi ton phc tp hn. Khi vic s dng ghi macro tr nn khng hu dng na.

5. Ng php VB (Visual Basic Grammar)

5.1. Cc i tng (Objects)
Visual Basic l ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng (object-oriented). iu c ngha l cc thnh phn
trong Excel c th coi l cc i tng. Excel c hn 100 i tng. cho cc bn d hnh dung chng ta
c th ly mt v d nh sau: Ta c mt chic xe my ca Honda, c th xem l mt i tng. Honda c

nhiu chng loi xe my nh Future, Future II, Future neo; Super Dream; Wave anh-pha... Vy ta c th
xem Xe my ca hng Honda l mt tp hp, trong tp hp ny c cc i tng cng nm trong mt nhm
nh Future, Future II, Future neo.
V d di y l nhng i tng trong Excel:
Code:

the Excel application (l ng dng trong Excel- i tng ln nht- hnh 14)
a workbook (chnh l file excel)
a worksheet (l cc sheet trong workbook)
a range (l vng)
a chart (l biu )

Hnh 14: Cc i tng trong Excel

Bn c th coi nhng i tng trn nh l danh t (v d: ci bnh l danh t). Trong macro bn lp, m
Range(B3) chnh l i tng.
i tng ny c th cha cc i tng khc trong n. i tng Application bc cao nht (i tng
m), bao gm ton b i tng trong Excel. Nhng thay i xy ra trong i tng Application nh hng
n ton b ni dung trong n. i tng Application c cha i tng cng ln nh Workbooks. V d nh
sau:
Application.Workbooks cp (refer) n tt c workbook ang m trong Excel.
Workbooks.Item(1) cp n workbook u tin v thng c gi tt l Workbooks(1).
Workbooks(Seles.xls) s cp n workbook tn .
Trong workbook thng cha cc worksheet, trong mi worksheet cha nhiu (cell). Bn c th cp
n B3 nh sau
Workbooks(Seles.xls).Worksheets(Sheet1 ).Range(B3)
Trong lc workbook ang lm vic th n c gi l active workbook (workbook hin hnh), worksheet no
ang hin th th c gi l active worksheet. Nu bn c vi worksheet ang hin th, worksheet no ang
c tr (cursor) trong n th c gi l avtive. Nu bn c vi workbook ang hin th, workbook no ang
cha active worksheet trong n th c gi l avtive workbook.
Nu bn khng mun thc hin ring trn workbook hay worksheet no, VBA s thc hin trn active
workbook hay active worksheet (mc nh). Cn nu bn thc hin theo mun, th cn thc hin nh
trn (Range(B3)).
Cn Sheets la chn ton b sheet trong workbook, k c chart sheets (biu ) v worksheets.
Sheet(Year2006) s tham chiu n sheet c tn l Year2006.
Chart(1) s tham chiu n chart sheet theo th t tab.
5.2. Cc phng thc (Methods)
Cc i tng c cc phng thc m c th thc hin cc hnh ng trong n.
Nu ta xt n i tng l Range, v d di y l cc phng thc c th thc hin:
Code:

Activate (Hot ng hay hin hnh)

Clear (Xo)
Copy (Sao chp)
Cut (Ct b i)
Delete (Xo ni dung trong Range)
Select (La chn)

Cc phng thc c th c coi l ng t (v d: bake l ng t).

C php ca cu lnh trong VB nh sau:
Object.Method (Cake.Bake)
Trong macro bn lp nh sau:
Range(B3).Select
5.3. Cc thuc tnh (Properties)
Mi i tng u c cc c im ring. Thng thng thuc tnh iu khin hnh dng xut hin ca i
tng.
i vi i tng Range, cc thuc tnh c trng nh sau:
Code:

ColumnWidth
Font
Formula
Text
Value

Thuc tnh c th c coi gn nh l tnh t. N c thit lp s dng trong cu lnh nh sau:

Object.Property = Value hay Noun.Adjective = Value
Vi macro trn:
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = Nguyen Van Hung
Tt c cc i tng u c thit lp cc phng php (methods) v nhng thuc tnh (Properties) trong
chng.
Cu lnh nh
Range(C3).ColumnWidth = 14
s thit lp chiu rng ca ct cha C3 rng 14. Excel mc nh chiu rng ca ct l 8.43 im (point).

5.4. Cc bin (Variables)

Cng nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, bn c th s dng cc bin trong vic tnh ton. Bnh thng, VBA
khng yu cu khai bo (declare) nhng bin. VBA lun t ng lu gi i vi nhng bin vo ln u tin
bn s dng. Nhng bin c to ra t ng l cc dng ca bin th (Variant) v c th l nhng kiu d
liu nh cc chui (strings), s (numbers), gi tr Boolean, cc li (errors), cc mng (arrays) hoc nhng
i tng (objects).
V d di y l khai bo n nh l s 34 i vi bin X.
X = 34
Trong v d di y, bin s Number1 v Number2 c a ra gi tr ban u v s dng chng trong
tnh ton (v chng l s).
Number1 = 3
Number2 = 9
Mynumber = Number*Number2
5.4.1. Kiu d liu trong VBA
Mi ng dng thng x l nhiu d liu, ta dng khi nim bin lu tr d liu trong b nh my tnh,
mi bin lu tr 1 d liu ca chng trnh. Mc d VBA khng i hi, nhng ta nn nh ngha r rng
tng bin trc khi truy xut n code ca chng trnh c trong sng, d hiu, d bo tr v pht trin.
Nu bn cn nhng s liu c c trng ring (nh s nguyn, thp phn, chui, mng,...) s dng trong
macro, bn c th khai bo bin .
Cng nh quy nh t tn ca macro, cch t tn cho bin nh sau:

Tn bin c th di n 255 k t.
K t u tin phi l mt k t ch (letter), cc k t tip theo c th l cc k t ch (letter), k s (digit), du gch
di (_).

 Tn bin khng c cha cc k t c bit nh cc k t : ^, &, ),(,%, $, #, @, !, ~, +, -, *,

VBA khng phn bit ch HOA hay ch thng trong tn bin.
Nn chn tn bin ngn gn nhng th hin r ngha.
Khi vit tn bin ta nn vit hoa ch u tin ca mt t c ngha.
Khng c dng tn bin trng vi cc t kho nh : Print, Sub, End(t kha l nhng t m ngn ng VBA dng
cho nhng thnh phn xc nh ca ngn ng).
5.4.2. Khai bo kiu d liu
Cch khai bo bin s:
Dim variable_name As data_type
C cc kiu d liu (data_type) c trnh by nh sau:

Khai bo bin s l th tc tc ng n quy trnh x l v khng b thay i bi th tc khc. Nhng bin

s m vt qu vng ca loi d liu quy nh (trong bng trn) th bin s b li Overflow (trn b
nh).
V d v s dng Dim trong khai bo bin s:

Sub Kieudulieu()
Dim Tuoi As Integer Tui l s nguyn
Dim Caodo As Single Cao l s
Dim Ten As String Tn ngi l chui
Tuoi = 22 Khai bo tng gi tr Tuoi, Caodo, Ten
Caodo = 6.75
Ten = "Nguyen Van Hung"
MsgBox "Ho va ten: " & Ten & vbTab & vbTab & "Tuoi la " & Tuoi
MsgBox "Cao do ho khoan la + " & Caodo & " (m)"
End Sub
Kt qu th hin hnh v di y:

Hnh v 15: Kt qu th hin kiu d liu

Vi nhng gi tr khng thay i th nn thit lp nh nhng hng s (constant). iu ngn cn chng b
bin i do nhm ln.
V d:

Const Pi = 3.14159
Dientich = Pi*2
Nu bn mun th tc (Sub) khc truy cp nhng bin s , hy khai bo chng dng u tin ca
Module, trn c cu lnh Sub (hnh 16). Trng hp ny hay s dng khi bn c mt bin s dng chung
cho chng trnh.
Ngoi ra, bn c th yu cu phi khai bo ton b bin s bng cch s dng Option Explicit. Nu c bin
no cha c khai bo, VBA s bo li ngay (hnh 16)

Hnh v 16: Khai bo Option Explicit v bin dng chung trn cng
Trong v d tip theo, bin s khai bo gi tr ban u (bng 0) v sau khi s dng phng php m
cc trong vng B1:B10 tho mn iu kin gi tr (value) trong nh hn 40. Bin s D s b thay i.

Sub VD_Bienso()
Dim Marks As Range

Dim C, D As Integer
Set Marks = Range(B1:B10)
D=0
For Each C in Marks
If C.value < 40 then
D=D+1
End If
Next C
MsgBox Gia tri moi cua bien so D la & D
End Sub
5.5. S dng mng (Array)
Mng l kiu d liu c bit v hay c ng dng trong vic thng k, tnh ton,... nn c trnh by
mc ring. Cc mng (Arrays) cha cc bin s c sp xp theo trnh t quy nh. Mi bin s c gi l
phn t ca mng. Mng c bin trn v bin di, cc phn t trong mng l lin tc. V d nh danh sch
hc sinh trong mt lp, gi tr ch tiu n l trong i vi mt ch tiu trong mu. C hai loi bin mng:
mng c chiu di c nh v mng ng.
5.5.1. Mng c chiu di c nh
Th tc Dim c th s dng khai bo trong mng c chiu di c nh m khng cn a gi tr no vo.
V d:
Code:
Dim Arr(4)
Dim Myfriends(1 to 30) As String
Dim Noisuy(1 to 20, 1 to 30) As Single

Mng Arr(4) to ra mng 1 chiu cha 5 phn t. Vi kiu khai bo ny (4), phn t u tin (bin di) l
Arr(0). phn t u tin bt u t 1 th bn phi khai bo Option Base 1 trn u ca th tc (Sub).
Mng Myfriends to ra mng 1 chiu cha c 30 chui (l tn ngi).
Mng Noisuy to ra mng 2 chiu vi kch thc cnh 20 x 30 (tng ng 600 gi tr l s).
Hm s c tn l Array c th to nn mng t cc bin s trong n.

Dim Array(Michael, David, Peter, Jackson)

Khi s dng hm Array, nhng bin s mc nh l kiu bin Variant.
xc nh thng s ca hm Array, ph bin dng 2 hm sau:
Hm UBound tr v phn t cui cng ca mng.
Hm LBound tr v phn t u tin ca mng.
V d: Hnh 17 l kt qu ca Sub di y

Option Base 1
Sub assignArray()
Dim Arr(4) As String
Arr(1) = "Thang 1"
Arr(2) = "Thang 2"
Arr(3) = "Thang 3"
Arr(4) = "Thang 4"
MsgBox Arr(1) & Chr(13) & Arr(2) & vbNewLine & Arr(3) & vbCrLf & Arr(4)
End Sub

Hnh 17: Cc phn t trong mng

Hm Msgbox s cho hin hp thng bo nh bn cnh, cc bn s hc mc 11.1.
Ngoi ra cc bn cn thy hm Chr(13), vbNewLine, vbCrLf c cng tc dng l ngt dng trong hp thoi
(ging nh phm Enter ngt dng trong Word).

5.6. S dng With - End With

With - End With dng thc hin nhiu thao tc i vi i tng n l. Phng php ny c s dng
i vi i tng no c nhiu thuc tnh. hiu c cch s dng With - End With trong cng vic, v d
di y th hin quy trnh thc hin. Chng trnh con ny s lm thay i 5 thuc tnh ca vng nh
dng.
Code:
Sub ChangeFont1()
Selection.Font.Name = Times New Roman
Selection.Font.FontStyle = Bold Italic
Selection.Font.Size = 12
Selection.Font.Underline = xlUnderlineStyleSingle
Selection.Font.ColorIndex = 5
End Sub

Trong th tc trn, bn thy on Selection.Font. c lp li nhiu ln v bn c th vit li khi s dng

With - End With. Di y l th tc sa li:
Code:
Sub ChangeFont2()
With Selection.Font
.Name = Times New Roman
.FontStyle = Bold Italic
.Size = 12
.Underline = xlUnderlineStyleSingle
.ColorIndex = 5
End With
End Sub

Bn s thy khi s dng With- End With, vic qun l cc i tng v thuc tnh ca chng d dng hn.
6. S dng gip Help
Trong qu trnh vit macro, chc chn bn phi cn n tr gip. Khng c sch no c th vit c ht v
VBA ni ring v cc ngn ng lp trnh ni chung, v nhng kin thc trong rt rng ln. V vy bn nn
s dng tnh nng Help ca VBA. iu c bn nht s dng Help l bn phi bit ting Anh c v
hiu c cc hng dn . Nhng ngi c trnh v lp trnh cao nh ti bit u ch yu s dng sch
ting Anh v c trong Help. Ni dung trnh by di y s cho cc bn hiu c mc tin dng ca
Help nh th no.
6.1. Ti thi im ang vit code
Trong qu trnh vit macro ti ca s Microsoft Visual Basic, bn c th truy cp vo help ti nhng mc
chn chi tit (v d nh Select) nh sau:
- Chn mc c th (di chuyn chut vo ch Select).
- Sau n phm F1. Khi hin ca s Microsoft Visual Basic Help nh hnh 19.
6.2. S dng hp thoi gip vi ch c th
s dng hp thoi gip vi ch (topic) c th, bn thc hin cc bc sau:
- Vo ca s Microsoft Visual Basic ang m (nu cha m th bn vo menu Tools/Maros/Visual Basic Editer
hoc phm tt Alt + F11).
- T menu Help, bn chn Microsoft Visual Basic Help.
- Bn c th thc hin bng cch s dng chc nng Search (v d g ni dung commandbar, ri Enter)
hoc c th chn ch m bn ang cn tm trong danh mc.

Hnh 19: Ca s Microsoft Visual Basic Help

Hnh 20: S dng Visual Basic Help

6.3. Trnh duyt i tng
Phng thc trnh duyt i tng (Object Browser) c s dng xem cc i tng, cc phng php
v nhng thuc tnh trong vic b sung thm cc hm s (functions) v cc lnh (statements) c xy
dng trong Visual Basic for Excel.
Code:
1. Vo ca s Microsoft Visual Basic ang m.
2. T menu View, bn chn Object Browser (hoc n phm F2).

Hnh 21: Chn ch c th bng search hoc trong Table of contents

Sau ca s hin ra gia cha danh mc cc nhm - lp (classes) khc nhau ca i tng.
Nhm (class) chnh l phn m t cc dng ca i tng (v d nh particular chart thuc v nhm Chart) .
Nhm thuc d n (project) hay th vin (library).
Code:
3. Bm vo hnh tam gic i xung bn cnh <All Libraries> v chn Excel (hnh 19). Khi cc nhm
thuc Excel s xut hin.
4. Trong vng Classes, ban cun xung v chn Range.
5. Trong Members of Range bn bm vo ClearContents.
6. Ch dn bn cnh ClearContents m c k hiu mu xanh cho bit i tng l phng php
(method).
7. Nu mun bit thm thng tin v ClearContents, bn bm vo nt Help (hnh du ? mu vng).
8. xem v d, bn n vo Example mu xanh (hnh 20).
9. ng ca s hng dn s dng ClearContents v tip tc cun tm cc thnh phn khc trong
Members of Range.
10. Ch dn m c biu tng khc bn cnh (hnh bn tay ch) cho bit hm l thuc tnh
(property).
11. ng ca s Visual Basic Object Browser vo.

Hnh 22: Ca s Object Browser

Hnh 23: Cc nhm thuc i tng Excel

Hnh 24: Ca s Help i vi cc i tng trong Excel.

6.4. Cc file v d
Excel a ra mt s file v d c tn l Samples.xls. Hu ht i vi mi phin bn Excel khc nhau th
ng dn n file ny cng khc nhau. Trong Excel 2003, bn c th tm thy file ny ti ng dn sau:
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office10\Samples.xls ???
Samples.xls cp nhiu ng dng ca Excel. Mi sheet hng dn mt phn cng vic. Ni dung c lin
quan n VBA l Chart Labeling, Repeating Tasks, Arrays, API examples, Events, Automation, ADO,... Hnh
nh v file Samples. xls trong Excel 2000.

Hnh 25: Ni dung File v d Samples. xls

7. Mt s chc nng iu khin trong VBA

Cng nh VB, VBA c nhng tnh nng iu khin trong qu trnh vit code rt thun li. Bn c th tu bin
thay i nhng thng bo hoc giao din ca ca s son code Microsoft Visual Basic (MSB).

Hnh 26: S dng Options trong menu Tools ca MVS

Hnh v 27: Ca s Editor v Editor Format trong Options

7.1. S dng Options
Bn vo menu Tools, chn Option (hnh 26), ca s Options hin ra nh hnh 27. Trong Editor c cc la
chn chnh sau:
Auto Syntax Check: Trong trng hp khng chn, m khi bn thc hin sai th dng c mu ,
khng xut hin hp thng bo nh hnh 37.
Require Variable Declaration: Khi c chn, dng Option Explicit lun xut hin u Module.

Hnh 28: Ca s Auto List Members

Auto List Members: Khi c chn, VBA s t ng cho hin danh sch cc thuc tnh v phng thc
ca mt iu khin hay mt lp, khi ta g vo tn ca iu khin (hnh 28).
Auto Quick Info: Tng t nh trn, nhng n hin th c php ca 1 hm hay th tc, tham s u tin
c in m.

Hnh 29: Ca s Auto Quick Info

Auto Data Tip: Hin th danh sch cc d liu khi khai bo bin.

Hnh 30: Ca s Auto Data Tip

Trong ca s Editor Format c cc la chn chnh sau:
Code Color: Bn c th la chn mu ch, mu nn ca tng loi code, mc nh l Auto.
Font: Chn loi font ch tu thch, mc nh l font Courier New.
Size: Chn kch c font ch, ph hp vi ngi mt km
Ngoi ra cn mt s la chn khc, cc bn t tm hiu.

Ghi ch: VBA c rt nhiu i tng, phng thc v thuc tnh. Bn khng th no bit c ht hoc s
b qun. VBA cung cp cho bn nhng tnh nng gi nh trn gip cc bn c th khai thc tt hn VBA.
7.2. S dng VBAProject
Trong menu Tools, chn VBAProject Properties, ca s VBAProject hin ra nh hnh 31.
VBProject: nhn dng d n ca bn trong Window Registry (khai bo trong Window) v trong Object
Browser. iu quan trng l n c tn duy nht.
Project Description: M t tn ca d n ca bn trong Type Library. Th vin Type Library cha ton
b nhng m t v i tng v giao din ca d n ca bn.

Hnh 31: S dng VBAProject Properties

Hnh 32: D n Su_dung_VBA trong <All Librairies> v bo v code trong Protection

C nhng d n (project) ca bn lp ra m khng mun ngi khc xem code, bn c th kho li. thc
hin cng vic ny, trong tab Protection bn la chn nh sau:
Lock project: Kho code trong module, khng cho nhn thy v khng cho sa cha. Bn phi chn mc
Lock project for viewing.
Password to view project properties: Bn phi g ni dung m kho trong hp Password, ni dung m
kho bin thnh du sao *. Sau , bn phi xc nhn ni dung m kho trong Confirm password bng cch
g li ni dung m kho va vo. Nu bn g khng ng ni dung, VBA s bo li v bn phi g li cho
ng. S k t ti a l 24 k t, c th l s, ch v cc k t c bit.
Sau , mi khi m file trn, c th xem c code, bn vo menu Tools/Macro, chn Visual Basic Editer
(hoc n Alt + F11). Ca s Microsoft Visual Basic hin ra, tuy nhin ton b ni dung code u khng hin
ra (hnh v 33). xem c ni dung code, bn nhy kp vo Su_dung_VBA Project, ca s Su_dung_VBA
Password hin ra. Bn phi khai bo ng Password th ni dung code mi hin ra.

Hnh 33: Hp thoi hi m kho khi bn m Project b kho.

Ghi ch: Lu khi s dng m kho, nu bn qun th s khng th m c project. V vy, bn phi nh
ni dung m kho v nn chn ni dung no d nh. Nu mun i m kho th bn vo ca s Password
thay i.
7.3. S dng chc nng Security
My nm gn y, do virus macro pht trin nn Microsoft b sung thm ch an ton trong cc ng

dng. Chc nng Security iu khin s lm vic ca macro, tc l c th cho hot ng hoc khng.
1. Bn vo menu Tools/Macro v chn Security (hnh 34), ca s Security hin ra.
2. Trong Security, ti tab Security Level c 4 trng hp chn nh sau:
- Very High: t ch an ton rt cao, cc macro khng th chy c, ch tr macro ca Office.
- High: Ch nhng macro c xc nhn mi c th chy, cc macro khc cng b v hiu ha. c macro
c xc nhn, bn phi ng k trong menu Tools\Option\Securitry\More Macro\Trusted Publisher.
- Medium: t ch an ton trung bnh. Khi chn trng hp ny, nu bn m file c cha macro th n s
cnh bo nh hnh 35. Bn c th la chn Enable Macros cho macro hot ng hoc Disable Macros
macro khng hot ng. Trong trng hp file ca bn khng s dng macro (th tc hay hm t to) m
khi m Excel cnh bo nh hnh 31 th file ca bn b nhim virus macro.
- Low: Khng t ch an ton, tc l Excel khng cnh bo bt c vn g c.
3. Nh vy, khi bn s dng VBA th nn t Security Level mc Medium hoc Low. Khi cc th tc,
hoc hm mi hot ng c.

Hnh 34: Vo menu Security v ca s Security

Hnh 35: Cnh bo macro cha trong file

8. Vit macro
Khi bn tin hnh ghi (record) macro, Excel s t ng to module v b sung n vo trong workbook v
vit li nhng hnh ng bn ghi thuc v module .
Khi bn mun vit m (code) trong workbook, bn c th b sung module trong workbook . S ghp ni
cho pht trin macro c gi l Visual Basic Integrated Development Evironment (IDE). Macro c trong
module c hin ra trong IDE thay th cho bng tnh trong workbook (nh Excel i trc 97).
8.1. Vit macro
Trc tin chuyn sang workbook mi (nhng cho php workbook c vn m) nh sau:
1. Tip theo bm chut vo nt New trong thanh cng c (toolbar), hoc vo menu File ri chn New.
2. Bm chut phi ti tn ca Sheet1 v chn Rename trong menu tt.
3. G ni dung Text ri n Enter.
Vit macro:
1. T menu Tools/Macros bn chn Visual Basic Editor.
2. Trong ca s Microsoft Visual Basic bn vo menu Insert v chn Module (hnh 36).
3. Nu cn, bn c th thay i tn ca module theo mun. Trong ca s Properties, bn cnh (Name) bn
chn Module1 v sa thnh Chuongtrinh.
4. Bm vo vng trng ca ca s Chuongtrinh (phn code).
5. G Sub MyFirst ri bm Enter. Khi Excel s t ng in () v End Sub, th hin nh hnh 36.
6. G cc lnh tng bc mt theo s m t di. Bn c th c c nhng gip trong Sub
Address_abs() ti mc 4 v hnh 13.
Trc , macro ca bn cha cc lnh n gin.
- Bc 1: Chn sheet c tn Text (dng Sheets(Text).Select)
- Bc 2: G on I can write macros! trong B2 trong sheet .
- Bc 3: Bi m ch.
Cui cng, bn kim tra (test) li macro Text:
1. Quay tr v sheet Text.
2. T menu Tools/Macros chn Macros.
3. Trong ca s Macros, bn chn macro c tn l MyFirst v chn Run.
Mi vic s tt p, on ch m I can write macros! s c nhp vo B2.
Khi code b li th s c bng thng bo li, v d nh hnh 37.

Hnh 36: To Module v Sub trong workbook

Hnh 37: Li gp phi trong vic xy dng macro

Hnh 38: Sa li gp phi khi vit code

Khi gp li, bn tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
1. Bm vo nt Debug v tm kim li sa li. Li ca cu lnh u tin s c bi nn mu vng (hnh
38).
2. Sa nhng cu lnh sai trong phn c bi vng .
3. Mi tn vng l s cho bit rng macro ang ch dng (break mode).
4. Ngoi ra bn c th bm vo Run, sau chn Reset xc lp li (hnh 38) hoc chn Design Mode
xc lp ch thit k. Cn nu mun macro chy tip th chn Continue (hoc n phm F5).
5. Quay tr v sheet Text v xem macro lm vic c chnh xc khng.
8.2. Sa cha li
Khi bn g mt dng code trong macro v g Enter, Excel s kim tra dng . Nu n tm c s hng m
hiu c, v d nh range, th s tr thnh Range (ch r t ng chuyn thnh ch hoa R u).
Nu code thiu hoc tm ra li, Excel s bin ni dung thnh mu v hin ra bng thng bo li
(hnh 39). C nhiu loi li khc nhau, tu vo li c th m c tng kiu ni dung bng thng bo.

Hnh 39: Bo li code

Nu bn mun bit thm thng tin v li th bm vo nt Help. sa cha li , bn bm OK v sa
ni dung dng c mu cho ng.
C nhng trng hp gp phi nhng li m khng c thng bo cho n khi Visual Basic bin dch n
trc khi chy. Trng hp m bn gp l li compile-time. Visual Basic s cho bit v tr ca li v s
gi cho bn thng bo v li .
Cn cc li khc ch xut hin khi macro chy tht s. c gi l li run-time. sa cha li ny th
bn bm vo Goto ri sa on code .
Mt s li gp phi khng hn l li, n ch xut hin khi macro chy. V d nh chia mt s cho khng
(zero) c th xy ra ngoi mun. Da vo hon cnh m bn c th s dng cu lnh On Error by
li (xem mc 13).

9. Tham chiu n v vng

Bn c th s dng macro tham chiu n cc hoc vng trong worksheet. Nu bn mun gn d liu
vo worksheet, bn s phi s dng n i tng Range. i tng Range c s dng vo loi nhiu
nht trong Excel tham chiu n ring l (a cell) hoc vng (range). C vi cch cho gi tr i tng
Range c m t pha di y.
9.1. Tham chiu kiu A1
Di y l bng v d cc dng tham chiu n , vng ca theo kiu A1 khi s dng phng thc
Range.( CP N THAY BNG THAM CHIU N)

V d 1:

Range(A1:A3).Select
th vng A1:A3 s c chn (bi en)
V d 2:
Vi workbook c tn Popupmenu, trong worksheet Sheet1, bn gn ni dung Bo mon DCCT vo B3. Sau
cho ni dung ch m, nghing, mu v nn mu vng.
Code:
Sub Thunghiem()
Workbook(Popupmenu).Sheets(Sheet1).Range("B3").Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = "Bo mon DCCT"
Selection.Font.Bold = True
Selection.Font.Italic = True
Selection.Font.ColorIndex = 3
With Selection.Interior
.ColorIndex = 6
.Pattern = xlSolid
End With
Range("B4").Select
End Sub

Hng dn chn vng tt:

Bn c th dng ngoc vung [ ] chn vng thay v (). So snh vi v d nh sau:

[A1:A3].Select l cch chn vng ging nh Range(A1:A3).Select

9.2. S ch mc (Index numbers)
Thuc tnh Cells c th s dng tr v i tng mng l n. S ch mc hng v ct ca cung cp
cho Cells(row_no,col_no). Nu m khng c s hng v ct th Cells() s tr v i tng l ton b trong
sheet (ging nh phm tt Ctr + A).
V d 1:
Cells(4,1) tr v A4
Cells() tr v ton b trong sheet
V d 2:

Worksheets(Sheet2).Cells(3,2).Value = 2000
tr v s 2000 trong B3 ti Sheet2, trong workbook hin hnh.
Ghi ch: Thuc tnh Cells c ng dng nhiu khi vit cc vng lp gia cc .
9.3. S hng v s ct (Rows and Columns)

y l mt cp thuc tnh c gi l Rows v Columns, chng gip bn c th lm vic vi ton b dng

hoc ct.
Code:
Tham chiu
cp n
__________________________________________________
Rows(4)
Hng s 4
Rows
Ton b dng trong sheet hin hnh
Columns(4)
Ct D (ct th 4)
Columns(D)
Ct D
Columns
Ton b ct trong sheet hin hnh

V d:

Worksheets(Week4).Rows(2).Font.Bold = True
cho kt qu l ton b hng 2 trong sheet Week4 ch m ca workbook hin hnh.
Ghi ch: Bn c th thc hin i vi nhiu hng v ct khi s dng phng thc Union.
V d v s hp nht gia hai vng Range1 v Range2 khi s dng phng thc Union c in y bi
cng thc =RAND()

Worksheets("Sheet1").Activate
Set Vung = Application.Union(Range("Range1"), Range("Range2"))
Vung.Formula = "=RAND()"
9.4. t tn cho vng (Named ranges)
Vi mt s trng hp bn phn chia vng cc ra vi tn xc nh d truy cp v nghin cu. Cng vic
ny gn ging nh khi bn s dng chc nng t tn cho vng trong Excel (xem trong menu
Insert/Name/Define...). Khi bn chn tn nhng vng th Excel s truy cp n vng m bn la chn.
Bn phi t tn nhng vng trc khi vit macro hay dng chnh macro to tn ca vng.
9.4.1. Tn c to ra ngoi macro
t tn cho vng, u tin bn chn chn nhng bng cch bi en, sau bn bm vo phn
Name Box (phn gc trn bn tri, cng hng vi thanh cng thc). Sau t tn ca vng ri Enter.
Gi thit rng bn t tn Congty cho cc C2:C8 trong sheet Danhsach ca workbook Quanly (hnh 40).
V d 1: s lm cc trong vng C2:C8 m ln.

Range([Quanly.xls]Danhsach!Congty).Font.Bold = True
V d 2: Nu workbook Quanly v worksheet Danhsach ang hin hnh, th

Range(Congty).Font.Bold = False
s lm cc trong vng C2:C8 mt m (ch bnh thng).

Hnh 40: To tn ca vng

9.4.2. Tn c to ra trong macro
Tn vng c th c n nh khi s dng macro lp, v d di y:

Workbooks(Congty.xls).Names.Add Name:=Congty, _
RefersTo:==Danhsach!D1:D10
Range(Congty).Font.Italic = True
Kt qu l cc trong vng D1:D10 s b nghing.
9.5. Nhiu vng (Multiple ranges)
Trng hp ny hay c s dng tham chiu n nhiu vng trong macro, c th xo sch ni dung
trong cc .

Worksheets(Bang).Range(A1:C3,H4:L8,P14:Z3 4).ClearContents
s xo sch ni dung nhng ch nh trong worksheet Bang.
Cn i vi nhng tn vng bn t (nh trn), c th thc hin nh sau:

Range(Danhsach1, Danhsach2, Danhsach3).ClearContents

Ghi ch: Trong macro, cc vng c th c xc nh, t tn v c phi hp khi s dng phng thc
Union. Xem mc 9.3.
9.6. Offset cells
Thuc tnh Offset thng c s dng tham chiu n khc m c quan h vi ang hot ng.
Cng thc dng tng qut:

Offset(no_rows_down, no_cols_to_right)
no_rows_down
l s nguyn v c hiu l xung di bao nhiu dng.

no_cols_to_right
l s nguyn v c hiu chuyn sang phi bao nhiu ct.
V d 1:
Nh hnh 41, gi thit B1 l hin hnh. By gi bn dng Offset ch trong C2 c mu , C5 m,
C8 nghing, C9 c ni dung X nghip kho st a k thut.

Sub Offset()
Range("B1").Activate
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 1).Font.ColorIndex = 3
ActiveCell.Offset(4, 1).Font.Bold = True
ActiveCell.Offset(8, 1).Value = "X nghip kho st a k thut"
ActiveCell.Offset(8, 1).Font.Size = 12
Range("E9").Activate
ActiveCell.Offset(-1, -2).Font.Italic = True
End Sub
Kt qu th hin hnh 41.

Hnh 41: S dng Offset tham chiu n cc

Ghi ch: Khi gi tr no_rows_down hoc no_cols_to_right c gi tr m th s c hng ngc li.
9.7. Kiu tham chiu R1C1
Khi s dng kiu R1C1, Excel s tham chiu n m c xc nh bi s hng v ct. V d tham chiu
R4C2 s truy cp n B4.
Khi s dng kiu tham chiu ny, mi quan h gia cc trong tnh ton s c th hin trong cng thc.
R[m]C[n] s tham chiu n (truy cp n) c m dng pha di v n ct pha bn phi so vi hot ng
(hin hnh). Gi tr m,n c th l s m, khi hng s ngc li, ln trn v sang bn tri.
V d 1: Nhp vo cng thc Sum(B2:B4) trong B5.
B5 c a ch hng 5 v ct B v c gi tr l tng cc ca 3 hng trc , gm dng th 2 n dng
th t nhng cng ct.
T xy dng macro nh sau:

Range(B5).Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = =Sum(R[-3]C:R[-1]C)
V d 2: Nhp vo cng thc = F2-F4 trong D5.
Ni dung R1C1 trong FormulaR1C1 c th khng cn dng n v nu bn mun, 2 dng trn c th ghp
thnh 1 nh sau:

Range(B5).Formula = =R[-3]C[2]-R[-1]C[2]
V d 3:
Thay i cng thc thnh gi tr kt qu.
G6 c cng thc l =G5*G4. V d G5 c gi tr l 2, G4 c gi tr l 3, nh vy gi tr nhn c ca

G6 l 6. Ta s thay ni dung hm thnh gi tr l 6.

Range(G6).Select
ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = =R[-1]C:R[-2]C
Selection.Copy
Selection.PasteSpecial Paste:=xlValues
Application.CutCopyMode = False
Dng lnh cui cng l lnh hu b ch trng thi Cut/Copy (ng gch nhp nhy bao quanh
chn).

10. Cu trc iu khin

Mt s trng hp, bn phi s dng macro kim tra nhng iu kin c bit trong worksheet v iu
khin chng p ng c yu cu ra. Vi mi iu kin khc nhau th macro s thc hin cng vic
khc nhau.
Vi cu trc iu khin nh vy khng th t ng ghi c, bn phi vit chng trong Visual Basic.
10.1. Cu lnh IF
y l kiu n gin nht, mu ca cu lnh IF nh sau:

If <iu kin> Then <dng lnh 1> [Else <dng lnh 2>]
Trong ch dn trn, cc thng s trong [ ] l tu chn, c th b qua nu thy khng cn thit.
Nu <iu kin> c toi nguyn (ng - True) th <dng lnh 1> c thc hin, cn nu khng c
toi nguyn (sai - False) th <dng lnh 2> c thc hin.
Thng thng, bn hay s dng cu lnh If ... then ... Else m khng cn phi gii hn s dng lnh. Mu
nh sau:

If <iu kin1> Then

<Khi lnh 1 thc hin>
[ElseIf <iu kin2>
<Khi lnh 2 thc hin>]
[ElseIf <iu kin3>
<Khi lnh 3 thc hin>]
[Else
<Khi lnh 4 thc hin>]
End If
Trong mu tng qut trn, t kho ElseIf v Else l tu chn (nh biu th trong du ngoc vung). u
tin VB kim tra iu kin th nht, nu sai th s chuyn sang iu kin th 2,... cho n khi iu kin
ng. VB thi hnh khi lnh tng ng v sau , thi hnh dng chng trnh ngay sau End If.
V d:
Macro di y tm kim gi tr ti A1 (l im trung bnh mn hc).

Nu
Nu
Nu
Nu

10 > A1 8.0 : Hc lc gii;

8 > A1 6.5 : Hc lc kh;
6.5 > A1 5.0 : Hc lc trung bnh;
5 > A1 0 : Hc lc km.

B2 th hin kt qu hc lc.

Sub Hocluc()
Sheets(Sheet1).Select
Range(A1).Select
If ActiveCell >= 8 Then
Range(B2).Value = Hc lc gii
ElseIf ActiveCell >= 6.5 Then
Range(B2).Value = Hc lc kh
ElseIf ActiveCell >= 5 Then
Range(B2).Value = Hc lc trung bnh
Else
Range(B2).Value = Hc lc km
End If
End Sub
Ghi ch: Bn c th b qua dng Range(A1).Select v thay bng If Range(A1).Value >= 8 Then.
Ngoi ra, bn cng c th s dng If kt thc macro, cu lnh nh sau c th s dng kt thc macro.

If ActiveCell = Then End Sub

(nu hin hnh m trng th s kt thc Sub, khng cn phi c End If)
V d:
Gi s bn tm kim gi tr ca mt v bn mun kt qu nh sau
Dng macro khi trng.
Nhp gi tr Tt vo ngay bn phi nu c gi tr ln hn 40.
Nhp gi tr Km vo ngay bn phi nu c gi tr nh hn 40.

Sub user_If()
If ActiveCell.Value = "" Then Exit Sub
If ActiveCell.Value >= 40 Then
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Value = "Tt"
Else
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Value = "Xu"
End If
End Sub
10.2. S dng Select Case
Select Case l mt dng ca If ... Then ... Else, c s dng khi c nhiu iu kin chn lc gi tr. Cu
lnh nh sau:

Select Case <biu thc kim tra>

[Case <biu thc 1>
<khi lnh 1>]
[Case <biu thc 2>
<khi lnh 2>]
[Case <biu thc 3>
<khi lnh 3>]
....
[Case Else <biu thc n>
<khi lnh n>]
End Select
Mi danh sch biu thc c 1 hay nhiu gi tr. Cc gi tr cch nhau bng du phy (,). Cn gi tr bin i
trong vng th bn s dng t kho To. Mi khi lnh c th cha 0 hay nhiu dng lnh. Nu biu thc no
tho mn iu kin th khi lnh tng ng s thc hin. Case Else khng nht thit phi c, dng trong
trng hp cn li ca cc Case trc.
V d:
B2 cha gi tr st ca t, C2 s th hin trng thi ca n.

Sub Trangthai()
Sheets(Sheet1).Select
Doset = Cells(2,2).Value
Select Case Doset
Case 1, 1 to 10
Cells(2,3).Value= Chy
Case 0.75 to 1
Cells(2,3).Value= Do chy
Case 0.5 to 0.75
Cells(2,3).Value= Do mm
Case 0.25 to 0.5
Cells(2,3).Value= Do cng
Case 0 to 0.25
Cells(2,3).Value= Na cng
Case < 0
Cells(2,3).Value= Cng
End Select
End Sub
10.3. Xy dng cc iu kin
Trong nhiu trng hp, iu kin lc d liu tr nn kh phc tp. Nu ch s dng If hay Select Case
th cng vic s rt cng knh, rc ri. Trong hon cnh , And v Or gip bn thc hin cng vic , gip
chng trnh sng sa v d c.
10.3.1. S dng And

Cu lnh nh sau:

If <iu kin 1> And <iu kin 2> Then

<khi lnh 1>
Else
<khi lnh 2>
End If
`
<khi lnh 1> ch thc hin khi c hai iu kin 1 v 2 u ng. Ch 1 trong 2 iu kin sai th <khi lnh
2> s thc hin.
10.3.2. S dng Or
Cu lnh nh sau:

If <iu kin 1> Or <iu kin 2> Then

<khi lnh 1>
Else
<khi lnh 2>
End If
<khi lnh 1> thc hin khi mt trong hai iu kin 1 v 2 ng. C 2 iu kin sai th <khi lnh 2> s
thc hin.
10.3.3. S dng nhiu And v Or
Cu lnh nh di y:

If <iu kin 1> And <iu kin 2> And <iu kin 3> Then
<khi lnh 1>
Else
<khi lnh 2>
End If
<khi lnh 1> ch thc hin khi c ba iu kin u ng. Ch 1 trong 3 iu kin sai th <khi lnh 2> s
thc hin.
Tng t i vi Or.
V d:
Bn c th xc nh tn t da vo h s rng t nhin, ch s do, st.

Sub Ten_dat()
Dim Hsr, Chisodeo, Doset As Single
Hsr = InputBox("Vao gia tri he so rong:")
Chisodeo = InputBox("Vao gia tri chi so deo:")
Doset = InputBox("Vao gia tri do set:")
If Hsr > 1.5 And Chisodeo >= 17 And Doset > 1 Then
MsgBox "Day la dat BUN SET!"
ElseIf Hsr > 1.0 And Chisodeo >= 7 And Doset > 1 Then
MsgBox "Day la dat BUN SET PHA!"
ElseIf Hsr > 0.9 And Chisodeo >= 1 And Doset > 1 Then
MsgBox "Day la dat BUN CAT PHA!"
Else
MsgBox "Chua ro ten dat!!!!"
End If
End Sub

11. Hp thoi trong VBA

Hp thoi (Dialog) l mt trong nhng cch thc Windows giao tip vi ngi s dng. Di y l 2 loi
hp thoi m bn d dng to ra iu khin trong sut qu trnh chy macro (MsgBox v InputBox).
11.1. Hp thng bo (Message box)
Cu lnh MsgBox s cho hin ln trn mn hnh mt hp thng bo, gi tr nhn c l bin s (variable)
trong macro (nh hnh 18). S dng MsgBox gip bn rt hiu qu trong vic g ri (hoc tm ch sai, gi tr
trung gian,...) khi xy dng chng trnh.

Hm MsgBox dng tng qut

MsgBox (prompt [, buttons] [, title] [, helpfile, context])

Trn mn hnh s hin hp thng bo v i bn bm chut vo nt chn v tr v gi tr nguyn no khi
bn chn loi nt.

prompt l ni dung li nhc ca hp thng bo.

buttons l tu chn loi nt iu khin (nh Yes, No, OK)
title l tu chn ni dung ch trn u hp thng bo
helpfile l tu chn v iu khin file tr gip no s dng.
context l tu chn v l s th t tnh hung trong helpfile. Nu helpfile c th mc context cng phi c.
11.1.1. Cc loi thng ip trong buttons

11.1.2. M t thng s cc nt

11.1.3. Cc biu tng thng ip

Ghi ch: Ti mi kiu thng ip, m thanh bo khi hin th thng ip i km theo s khc nhau.
11.1.4. Xy dng tham s cho MsgBox
s dng tu bin hp thng bo, bn phi bit phi hp cc thng s v nt lnh. Vic s dng hp
MsgBox c ngha rt quan trng trong vic iu khin chng trnh. hiu chi tit, cc bn xem v d
di y.

Sub Nhangui()
Dim Truonghop As Integer
Truonghop = MsgBox("Ban co muon thoat khoi chuong trinh khong", vbYesNoCancel + vbQuestion +
vbDefaultButton1,Chuong trinh tinh lun)
If Truonghop = vbYes Then
MsgBox "Ban vua chon nut Yes.", vbInformation
ElseIf Truonghop = vbNo Then
MsgBox "Ban vua chon nut No.", vbCritical
ElseIf Truonghop = vbCancel Then
MsgBox "Ban vua bam nut Cancel.", vbExclamation
End If
End Sub
Hnh v di th hin kt qu chy Sub trn v hp thng bo khi bn chn nt No. Trong Sub trn, bn c
th thay

ElseIf Truonghop = vbNo Then

bng
ElseIf Truonghop = 7 Then

Hnh 42: V d v cch to MsgBox trong VB v khi chn nt No

11.2. Phng thc InputBox (Inputbox Method)
Nhm th hin hp thoi ngi s dng nhp d liu vo.
Khi s dng phng thc ny, mt hp thoi s cho hin ra bn vo d liu, ch cho ngi dng nhp d
liu vo hoc l bm vo nt OK hoc Cancel, gi tr nhn c c coi l chui (string). y l mt cch
vo gi tr n l hoc a ch ca cc trong qu trnh chy macro. Bn khng th gn c lnh khi
chn nt OK hay Cancel nh trong MsgBox. chnh l hn ch ca hm ny nn t c ng dng khi u
vo nhiu s liu.
Phng thc InputBox dng tng qut

expression.InputBox (prompt [, title] [, default], [, left], [, top] [helpfile, context] [, type])

Expression: mt biu thc tr v i tng Application.
Trong :

prompt l ni dung li nhc ca hp vo d liu.

title l tu chn ni dung ch trn u hp vo d liu.
left l tu chn khong cch t gc bn tri hp thoi n gc bn tri mn hnh (mc nh l hp thoi nm gia mn
hnh). n v tnh l l im (point), mt im bng 1/72 inch hay khong 1/28 cm. Chc nng ny t s dng.
top l tu chn khong cch t nh hp thoi n nh mn hnh (mc nh l hp thoi nm gia mn hnh). n v tnh
l l im.
helpfile l tu chn v iu khin file tr gip no s dng.
context l tu chn v l s th t tnh hung trong helpfile. Nu helpfile c th mc context cng phi c.
type l tu chn bin s u vo. Trong trng hp b qua, gi tr u vo coi nh l chui.

V d:

Sub VD_Input()
Dim Dangmang
Dim Cot, Hang As Integer
Set Mang = Application.InputBox("Vao mang:", "Linh tinh", Type:=8)
Cot = Dangmang.Columns.Count Tnh s ct chn
Hng = Dangmang.Rows.Count Tnh s hng chn
MsgBox "So cot la: " & Cot

MsgBox "So hang la: " & Hang

MsgBox "Dia chi o dau la: " & Dangmang.Cells(1, 1).Address
MsgBox "Dia chi o cuoi la: " & Dangmang.Cells(Cot, Hang).Address
Address l thng tin a ch
End Sub
Kt qu vo d liu l mng di y. Ngoi ra bn cn thu c mt s thng tin v mng nh s hng,
s ct, a ch ,...

Hnh 43: V d v s dng InputBox

12. Hnh ng lp (Loop)

Hnh ng lp cho php bn thc hin mt on chng trnh nhiu ln. Chc nng ny ht sc c ngha
khi bn x l cc i tng l mng. Bn c th iu khin hnh ng lp theo quy nh t ra. C cc kiu
hnh ng lp nh sau:
12.1. Do ... Loop
Thc hin mt khi lnh vi s ln lp xc nh. Trong , mt biu thc iu kin dng so snh quyt
nh vng lp tip tc hay khng. iu kin phi quy v False (0) hoc True (khc 0). Mu tng qut:

Do
<khi lnh>
Loop
V d:

Sub VD_Do()
m = 4 m nhn gi tr ban u l 4
Do bt u vng lp
m = m + 1 t gi tr m tng (+ 1)
MsgBox m hp thng bo gi tr m
If m > 10 Then Exit Do nu m > 10 th s thot khi Do
Loop Tip tc lp
End Sub
12.2. Do While ... Loop
Thc hin khi lnh khi iu kin True. Hnh ng s lp vi iu kin True, cho n khi iu kin False th
s thot ra. Mu tng qut:

Do While <iu kin>

<khi lnh>
Loop
V d:

Sub VD_DoW_Loop()
i = 1 t i lc u bng 1
Do While i <= 10 t gii hn cho i, nu False th thot

Cells(i,1) = i Gn i vo
i = i + 1 Cho gi tr i tng dn
MsgBox i Hp thng bo gi tr i
Loop Tip tc lp
End Sub
12.3. Do ... Loop While
Tng t nh Do While ... Loop, thc hin khi lnh khi iu kin True. Hnh ng s lp vi iu kin True,
cho n khi iu kin False th s thot ra. Mu tng qut:

Do
<khi lnh>
Loop While <iu kin>
V d:

Sub VD_Do_LoopW()
i=1
Do
Cells(i,3) = i
i=i+1
Msgbox i
Loop While i <= 10
End Sub
12.4. Do Until ... Loop
Bn c th thc hin cc khi lnh t u vng lp cho n khi iu kin vn True. n khi iu kin False
th s thot ra. Phng thc ny ging nh vng lp For ... Next. Mu tng qut:

Do Until <iu kin>

<khi lnh>
Loop
V d:

Sub VD_DoU_Loop()
i=1
Do Until i = 10
Cells(i,5) = i
i=i+1
MsgBox i
Loop
End Sub
Tng t i vi Do ... Loop Until.
12.5. For ... Next
Bn c th lp hnh ng vi s ln bit trc. Ta dng bin m tng dn hoc gim dn trong vng lp.

For <bin m> = <im u> To <im cui> [Step <bc nhy>]
<khi lnh>
Next [<bin m>]
Bin m, im u, im cui, bc nhy l nhng gi tr s. Bc nhy c th l gi tr dng (tng) hoc
m (gim). Nu Step khng c ch nh ra, mc nh bc nhy l 1.

V d 1: Khng dng Step

Sub VD_ForNext()
For i = 1 To 5
Cells(10, i) = i
MsgBox i
Next
End Sub
V d 2: Dng Step
Sub VD_ForNext_Step()
For i = 1 To 7 Step 2
Cells(12, i) = i
MsgBox i

Next
End Sub
Trong v d ny, gi tr i tng tng bc 1, 3, 5, 7.
12.6. For Each ... Next
Tng t nh vng lp For ... Next, nhng n lp khi lnh theo s phn t ca mt tp hp i tng hay
mt mng, thay v theo s ln lp xc nh. Vng lp ny rt tin li khi ta cha bit chnh xc bao nhiu
phn t trong tp hp.

For Each <phn t> In <nhm>

<khi lnh>
Next <phn t>
xc nh tn v s lng sheet trong workbook th bn dng th tc sau:

Sub ShowWorkSheets()
Dim mySheet As Worksheet
Dim i As Integer : i = 1
For Each mySheet In Worksheets
MsgBox mySheet.Name
i=i+1
Next mySheet
MsgBox "So sheet trong workbook la " & i
End Sub
12.7. Lnh thot (Exit)
Trong mt s trng hp, bn c th thot khi cng vic no khi tho mn yu cu cng vic. Bn c
th s dng th tc Exit nh Exit Do (thot khi vng lp Do ... Loop), Exit For (thot khi vng For ...
Next), Exit Function (thot khi hm), Exit Sub (thot khi chng trnh), Exit Property (thot khi thuc
tnh ang lm vic).
V d:

Sub ExitStatementDemo()
Dim I, MyNum
Do ' t vng lp Do Loop
For I = 1 To 1000 ' Lp 1000 ln
MyNum = Int(Rnd * 1000) ' To s nguyn ngu nhin
Select Case MyNum ' Tnh ton vi s nguyn trn
Case 7: Exit For ' Nu l 7, thot khi For...Next
Case 29: Exit Do ' Nu l 29, thot khi Do...Loop
Case 54: Exit Sub ' Nu l 54, thot khi vng Sub
End Select
Next I
Loop
End Sub
12.8. Vng lp lng
Vng lp c th c lng vo nhau. ng dng ny rt c hiu qu khi bn tnh ton vi mng hay i vi
bng tnh nhiu chiu.
V d:

SubCellsExample()
For i = 1 To 5
For j = 1 To 5
Cells(i, j) = "Row " & i & " Col " & j
Next j
Next i
End Sub
Kt qu th hin hnh v di y:

Hnh 44: Sn phm to ra khi dng vng lp lng.

Khai bo bin cho ct (Col) v hng (Row)

Xin cc bn cng ch cho khi khai bo bin
Code:
Dim x, y As Integer

th y chng ta hiu l x l bin kiu Variant v y mi l kiu Integer.

Trong Excel 2003 (V by gi c Excel 2007!) th bin kiu integer dng 2 bytes. Tc l t -32,768 n
32,767. Cn s hng trong Excel 2003 l 65,536. S ct trong Excel 2003 l 256. V vy khi khai bo bin
cho hng, trnh li ng tic xy ra th nn khai bo l kiu Long, 4 bytes, -2,147,483,648 n
2,147,483,647.
L Vn Duyt

Byte hay Integer?

Trong Help ca Excel nh sau:
[Help]
Byte variables are stored as single, unsigned, 8-bit (1-byte) numbers ranging in value from 0255.[/Help]
Vy chc khng c ri anh SA_DQ :(
L Vn Duyt

Excel help
Anh vo Excel Help (not VBA help) v tm theo ng dn trong hnh (Excel < 2007). Excel 2007 trong
MSDN mi c.

MasceHuy

khi gn gi tr cho bin, lc th anh dng: variable = "value", khi th dng: set var = "value". Anh gii thch
gim nh. Cm n nhiu.

PhanTuHuong

Khi bin l kiu gi tr nh single, integer, long, ... th dng lnh gn. Cn khi bin l kiu i tng (bin
i tng) th bn phi thm t kha Set u (v d nh Range).

PhanTuHuong

Ti b sung thm file Sample.xls ca Excel 2000 ( cp) cc bn nghin cu thm, khng hiu sao
Excel 2003 khng thy c file ny.
Samples.rar

Po_Pikachu

Cho em hi cht nh!

Em thy trong file File Samples.xls c cc hp Textbox. Vy l sao khi nhn vo cc hp y th hin ra
ng dng code ng vi tn ca chng vy? Em khng thy (hoc ko bit) code no iu khin phn ny c.
Mong c ch gio thm. Thanks
Mi ngi gip em Pht!

PhanTuHuong

ng l khng c code cho nt tht, h dng siu lin kt nhng ti cng khng hiu cch thc hin.

anhtuan1066

Th cng ging nh lin kt bnh thng m ta vn lm thi... bn r chut vo nt, im s thy c 1

ung link hin ra..
Xem cc bi vit v Hyperlink s bit lm nt ny nh th no.. ni chung l y chang
ANH TUN
hung007007
Nguyn vn bi anhtuan1066

Th cng ging nh lin kt bnh thng m ta vn lm thi... bn r chut vo nt, im s thy c 1 ung link hin
ra..
Xem cc bi vit v Hyperlink s bit lm nt ny nh th no.. ni chung l y chang
ANH TUN
Mun bm vo m nt khng chy, hy gi nt Ctrl khi click, khi click vo ri, n cho php sa cha nt ,
v d thay i kch thc, thay i text pha trong, nu mun xem hyperlink th nhy phi phn vin ca
i tng v chn Edit hyperlink

cadafi
Nguyn vn bi bj189

.... cho mnh hi v msgbox c th to ra c mt thng bo

theo kiu yes / no , nu bm vo yes th s gn cho mt bin l true v n No s gn bin
thnh false thc hin mt macro khc
i khi bn c th lm nh sau:
[highlight=vb]
Sub Test()
Dim bMyCheck As Boolean
a = MsgBox("Do you want to do This ACTION ?", vbInformation + vbYesNo, "InFo")
If a = vbYes Then
bMyCheck = True
Else
bMyCheck = False

Call MyMacro 'Ten Macro can chay

End If
End Sub
[/highlight]
ndu96081631

Th ci ny xem:
PHP Code:

Sub Test()
Dim Check As Boolean
Check = MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6
MsgBox "Bien 'Check' c gia tri = " & Check
End Sub

Hong Trng Ngha

Nguyn vn bi ndu96081631

Th ci ny xem:
PHP Code:
Sub Test()
Dim Check As Boolean
Check = MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6
MsgBox "Bien 'Check' c gia tri = " & Check
End Sub
Code ngn n khng ng!
Tha Thy, Gi tr 4 v 6 ca Thy l g vy? Lm n gii thch dm em ti sao ra False v True?
Xin cm n Thy!

ndu96081631
Nguyn vn bi minhthien321

Code ngn n khng ng!

Tha Thy, Gi tr 4 v 6 ca Thy l g vy? Lm n gii thch dm em ti sao ra False v True?
Xin cm n Thy!
Cho lun ln cho cc ng ch t tham kho:
Ni chung l n nm trong Help thi

Hong Trng Ngha

Nhng vn cha hiu nguyn l MsgBox "Bien 'Check' c gia tri = " & Check

ndu96081631
Nguyn vn bi minhthien321

Nhng vn cha hiu nguyn l MsgBox "Bien 'Check' c gia tri = " & Check
Tri i.... sao ta?
Th Check c gi tr l TRUE hoc FALSE, ty thuc vo vic ta bm YES hay NO trc
Vy th "gn" Check vo 1 MsgBox th 2 ny na l ra thi
Hic...
Tm li ti cng chng bit gii thch th no (mc d ti thy n qu n gin)

Hong Trng Ngha

Vn em thc mc l nh vy! V Thy t Check nh 1 msgbox. nhng khi msgbox2 = Check, em nhng
tng n cho ra msgbox ban u, nhng n khng phi vy m li thay th = true or false.
cadafi
Nguyn vn bi minhthien321

t Check nh 1 msgbox. nhng khi msgbox2 = Check, em nhng tng n cho ra msgbox ban u, nhng n khng phi
vy m li thay th = true or false.
Lu nha:
1. Check l 1 bin Boolean nh khai bo t trc.
2. [MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6] l mt biu thc tr v gi tr l TRUE hoc FALSE
Hong Trng Ngha
Nguyn vn bi cadafi

Lu nha:
1. Check l 1 bin Boolean nh khai bo t trc.
2. [MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6] l mt biu thc tr v gi tr l TRUE hoc FALSE
ng l i lc mnh ngo p thit, bin Boolean tr v gi tr True or False, mnh qun mt i ci Dim,
trng g ho cuc (thy 4 v 6 lm mnh ng ngn).

ndu96081631
Nguyn vn bi minhthien321

ng l i lc mnh ngo p thit, bin Boolean tr v gi tr True or False, mnh qun mt i ci Dim, trng g ho cuc.
Chuyn thng thi (l con ngi m)
Sn y tng ng ch 1 ci "lu thi" ny, va n va ngm cu
PHP Code:

Sub Test()
MsgBox "Ban da chon " & Choose(1 (MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6), "'No'", "'Yes'")
End Sub
Hong Trng Ngha
Nguyn vn bi ndu96081631

Chuyn thng thi (l con ngi m)

Sn y tng ng ch 1 ci "lu thi" ny, va n va ngm cu
PHP Code:

Sub Test()
MsgBox "Ban da chon " & Choose(1 (MsgBox("Ban chon 'Yes' hay 'No'?", 4) = 6), "'No'", "'Yes'")
End Sub
n cho nng, tuy cay nhng cng kh ngon y nh
(m ng l LU tht, v n "trn" 1 rng cc loi gia v)
gn ging ci trn ---> Cm gic c g c bit hy pht biu nh!
c... c...
Khi Test bit c bit ri, dng hm Choose thay lun Dim, ch cn khai bo g ht! Thy ng l thin
ti!
ndu96081631
Nguyn vn bi minhthien321

Khi Test bit c bit ri, dng hm Choose thay lun Dim, ch cn khai bo g ht!
c bit nm ch: MsgBox vit trc th li xut hin sau v ngc li
c.. c...

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