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References

Anderson, J., Kalra, N., Stanley, K., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C., & Oluwatola, O. (2014).
Autonomous vehicle technology: A guide for policymakers. Retrieved from
http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-1.html
This lengthy report from the RAND Corporation (a nonprofit organization) covers
many major topic areas in the field of autonomous vehicles. These fields include the
history of autonomous vehicle technology, some basic potential pros and cons and
legal aspects of the technology. The majority of this report focuses on legal aspects
such as liability and individual state policy. This report suggests the possibility of a
section of this research paper being dedicated to legal challenges of implementing
autonomous vehicle technology.
Gerla, M., Lee, E., Pau, G., & Lee, U. (2014). Internet of vehicles: From intelligent grid to
autonomous cars and vehicular clouds. IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things.
This paper discusses communication between vehicles, comparing the future of self
driving cars to the evolution of the internet. Several common characteristics seen in
emerging vehicle technology are described. Also, several challenges in designing this
"vehicular cloud" are discussed.
Howard, D., & Dai, D. (2013, August). Public perceptions of self-driving cars: The case of
Berkeley, California. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.
This is a report detailing survey reports on public perception of self-driving cars. Like
the other survey, there are useful visuals included, however this survey is more indepth and has slightly different content than the other survey. Since this survey has a

sample size of 107 people, it can be compared to the other survey, which has a sample
size of about 1500 people. Perhaps different results will be found.
Kala, R., & Warwick, K. (2015). Motion planning of autonomous vehicles on a dual carriageway
without speed lanes. Electronics, 4(1), 59-81.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010059
This journal article addresses problems in using autonomous vehicles on roadways
with vehicles driven by people. There is mention of the frequent disorder in traffic and
the need for autonomous vehicles to be able to adapt to situations where overtaking
other cars may be necessary.
Llaneras, R., Salinger, J., & Green, C. (2013). Human factors issues associated with limited
ability autonomous driving systems: Drivers' allocation of visual attention to the forward
roadway. Seventh International Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment,
Training, and Vehicle Design, pp. 92-98.
This paper details a study of human behavior in a highly (but not fully) automated
vehicle. The purpose of the study was to determine how driver behavior would change
in a more highly automated, yet not fully automated environment. An important idea
brought up by this paper is the danger of people not being focused enough on driving
to take over when necessary unless they are fully in charge of the vehicle. Some useful
graphs are included, which illustrate the change in driver behavior when transitioning
from a car with cruise control to a more highly automated car.
M, S., & Schoettle, B. (2015, January). Road safety with self-driving vehicles: General
limitations and road sharing with conventional vehicles.

This report discusses safety issues with autonomous vehicles, and raises the question
of how much safer autonomous vehicles would be. There is a discussion of the
likelihood that autonomous vehicles will need to interact with vehicles drive by
people.
Schoettle, B., & Sivak, M. (2014, July). A survey of public opinion about autonomous and selfdriving vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia (Research Report No. UMTRI-201421).
This survey provides data on consumer awareness and opinion of self-driving car
technology. There are several potential visuals included. Hopefully, this survey will
show how much automakers will have to work to make self-driving cars more
appealing.
Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism
increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52,
113-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005
This article describes the influence of anthropomorphism on people's perception of
self-driving cars. The focus of the article is on psychological aspects of adding more
human characteristics to cars in order to help people trust them. This article should
explain reasons behind design strategies of automakers.
Xu, W., Pan, J., Wei, J., & Dolan, J. (2014, July). Motion planning under uncertainty for on-road
autonomous driving. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and
Automation.

This report describes challenges in accounting for uncertainty on the road when
designing autonomous vehicles. There is a useful quote in the introduction, while the
rest is very technical information.
Yang, J., & Coughlin, J. (2014). In-vehicle technology for self-driving cars: Advantages and
challenges for aging drivers. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 15(2), 333340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s1223901400346
This source describes the necessity of an increased focus on car-driver interaction in
developing self-driving cars. the article focuses on older drivers and the specific
challenges faced by these drivers as they learn new car technology. The discussion
includes mention of characteristics of older drivers. There are no visuals included,
however, this article should help raise important questions that automakers will face in
the future.

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