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M.Rose
Barlow
et al
Year
2014
n
11
patients
were not
asked to
switch at
certain
times not
to certain
identity
but rather
given
their
choice
over
when and
whether
to switch
Goal
Address its
psychomet
ric
properties
and
relationshi
ps to other
measures
Huntje
n et al
2006
22
patients;
a guessor
groups
with no
knowledg
e of the
stimulus
material
and a
normal
control
group
Examine
the
simulation
of interidentity
amnesia
symptoms
by DID
patients
Bernet
M.
Elzinga
et al
(1)
2003
12
patients
who have
no
conscious
awarenes
s
between
states. No
control
Investigate
the extent
and the
nature of
explicit vs.
implicit
memory
for neural
and
emotional
weakness
Yes
No
control
group;
time
interval;
why the
mask of
word in
state 2 is
used? No
Method
DES; BBTS:
IM
Procedure
2 sessions;
no
instruction
s regarding
switching
among
alternate
identities
Multiplechoice
recognition
test;
Logical
memoryStory (LM);
Visual
Reproducti
on (VR)
2 sessions;
Session 1:
patients
were asked
to
complete
LM and VR;
Session 2:
switch to
another
identity;
were asked
to recall
and did
the
multiple
choice
recognition
test for LM
and VR
Dis-Q;
Directed
forgetting
study with
96 Dutch
words;
Picturefragment
completion
task
.Phase1states 1.
Phase 2state 2:Ask
if the
patients
can
remember
anything
from state
Results
Very high level of
trauma, much higher
in young adult (before
18)
Childhood trauma
high-betrayal trauma
was positively
correlated with
switching
Life time betrayal
trauma was positively
and strongly
correlated
Switches occurred
rapidly and
instantaneous
Trauma was
negatively associated
with integration
On the recognition
test, patients selected
the incorrect answer
above chance like
simulators
Use their
knowledge of
the correct
answer in
determining
their given
answer
Not to be
characterized by an
actual memory
retrieval inability
More accurately be
considered a disorder
characterized by
meta-memory
problems, holding
incorrect beliefs about
their own memory
functioning
DID patients showed
directed forgetting
between states, but
not within the same
identity states.
DID patients showed a
strong reduction of
explicit memory
performance between
states, whereas
participan
ts were
included.
Rafael
e et al
(1)
Lauren
L.Kong
et al
2007
2008
22 female
patients
and a
control
group
7 patients
with 34
matched
control
participan
ts
material
between
states in
DID
patients
clear
support
for the
self
reports of
patients
of having
no
conscious
recollecti
on of
informati
on that
was
presented
; it cannot
be said
that
patients
have
changed
states
completel
y
Explicit
retrieval of
emotionall
y valenced
material
between
identity
states in
DID
Examine
the extent
of explicit
memory
transfer
between
identities
in an
exclusion
paradigm
whereby
amnesia is
difficult to
stimulate
1; Implicit
memory
was
assesses
by
perceptual
identificati
on &
picturefragment
task.
. Phase 3state 3:
parallel
versions of
phase 2
.
DES; CEQ
yes
DES;
Forcedchoice
recognition
test
2 session;
2 wordlists
were
showed to
different
identities.
(negative
positive
and
neutral
words
adding up
to 96
words are
showed).
2 sessions:
identity A
heard list A
and
Identity B
heard list
B. Identity
B was
subsequen
tly given a
visual
exclusion
memory
test for List
A,B and
distractor
Recognition of a
considerable amount
of words learned by
the other identity
No significant
differences in
remember and know
responses in
recognition between
words learned in the
same vs. another
identity states
Transfer of
information between
identities in DID
DID patients and
control participants
did not differ in their
pattern of response
across list.
words and
decided
whether
each word
were from
this B or
not.
They reported that there were identities they did not know about
or was not aware of.
Reports of how the identities communicated included sharing
thoughts, hearing voices, sharing memories and/or body
sensations. Some reported communication through writing or
drawing, or in dreams.
4%-91% of the time they felt they communicated and work
together with their identities/parts.
Date
1998
N
4
Methods
Word-stem
completion
Huntjent 2002
s et al
Bernet et 2003
al
31
CR; PFT
12
DFS; PFT;
PIT
Huntjent
s et al
2006
22
VRT
Huntjent
s et al
2007
22
Results of amnesia
Both explicit and
implicit memory
are transferred
Implicit memory is
preserved
.Implicit memory is
presevered
. Directed
forgetting between
but not within the
same state
. No complete
interidentity
amnesia
. Explicit memory
Logical
memory
and Visual
Reproducti
on
CR= Cue Recall; PFT= Picture-fragment completion task, DFS=
Direct Forgetting Task, PIT= Perceptual Identification task; VRT=
Valenced Writing Task