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Author

M.Rose
Barlow
et al

Year
2014

n
11
patients
were not
asked to
switch at
certain
times not
to certain
identity
but rather
given
their
choice
over
when and
whether
to switch

Goal
Address its
psychomet
ric
properties
and
relationshi
ps to other
measures

Huntje
n et al

2006

22
patients;
a guessor
groups
with no
knowledg
e of the
stimulus
material
and a
normal
control
group

Examine
the
simulation
of interidentity
amnesia
symptoms
by DID
patients

Bernet
M.
Elzinga
et al
(1)

2003

12
patients
who have
no
conscious
awarenes
s
between
states. No
control

Investigate
the extent
and the
nature of
explicit vs.
implicit
memory
for neural
and
emotional

weakness
Yes

No
control
group;
time
interval;
why the
mask of
word in
state 2 is
used? No

Method
DES; BBTS:
IM

Procedure
2 sessions;
no
instruction
s regarding
switching
among
alternate
identities

Multiplechoice
recognition
test;
Logical
memoryStory (LM);
Visual
Reproducti
on (VR)

2 sessions;
Session 1:
patients
were asked
to
complete
LM and VR;
Session 2:
switch to
another
identity;
were asked
to recall
and did
the
multiple
choice
recognition
test for LM
and VR

Dis-Q;
Directed
forgetting
study with
96 Dutch
words;
Picturefragment
completion
task

.Phase1states 1.
Phase 2state 2:Ask
if the
patients
can
remember
anything
from state

Results
Very high level of
trauma, much higher
in young adult (before
18)
Childhood trauma
high-betrayal trauma
was positively
correlated with
switching
Life time betrayal
trauma was positively
and strongly
correlated
Switches occurred
rapidly and
instantaneous
Trauma was
negatively associated
with integration
On the recognition
test, patients selected
the incorrect answer
above chance like
simulators
Use their
knowledge of
the correct
answer in
determining
their given
answer
Not to be
characterized by an
actual memory
retrieval inability
More accurately be
considered a disorder
characterized by
meta-memory
problems, holding
incorrect beliefs about
their own memory
functioning
DID patients showed
directed forgetting
between states, but
not within the same
identity states.
DID patients showed a
strong reduction of
explicit memory
performance between
states, whereas

participan
ts were
included.

Rafael
e et al
(1)

Lauren
L.Kong
et al

2007

2008

22 female
patients
and a
control
group

7 patients
with 34
matched
control
participan
ts

material
between
states in
DID
patients

clear
support
for the
self
reports of
patients
of having
no
conscious
recollecti
on of
informati
on that
was
presented
; it cannot
be said
that
patients
have
changed
states
completel
y

Explicit
retrieval of
emotionall
y valenced
material
between
identity
states in
DID

Examine
the extent
of explicit
memory
transfer
between
identities
in an
exclusion
paradigm
whereby
amnesia is
difficult to
stimulate

1; Implicit
memory
was
assesses
by
perceptual
identificati
on &
picturefragment
task.
. Phase 3state 3:
parallel
versions of
phase 2
.

DES; CEQ

yes

implicit memory was


mainly preserved.

DES;
Forcedchoice
recognition
test

2 session;
2 wordlists
were
showed to
different
identities.
(negative
positive
and
neutral
words
adding up
to 96
words are
showed).

2 sessions:
identity A
heard list A
and
Identity B
heard list
B. Identity
B was
subsequen
tly given a
visual
exclusion
memory
test for List
A,B and
distractor

Recognition of a
considerable amount
of words learned by
the other identity
No significant
differences in
remember and know
responses in
recognition between
words learned in the
same vs. another
identity states
Transfer of
information between
identities in DID
DID patients and
control participants
did not differ in their
pattern of response
across list.

words and
decided
whether
each word
were from
this B or
not.

Measuring fragmentation in dissociative identity disorder: the


integration measure and relationship to switching and time in
therapy
. DID: DSM-5 as a presence of two or more distinct personality states,
and it specifies that dissociative symptoms such as discontinuity in self
or consciousness may either be observed by others or reported by the
individual herself. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
. Alternate identity: some qualities of separate individuals, but they are
not completely separated from each other
. Fragmentation of information storage may occur only when that
information is personally relevant, or when attempting to transfer
information between different types of identities that serve different
roles. (Reinder et al, 2006)
. Switching between identities is one strategy DID patients may use to
block out ongoing awareness of unwanted information (Elzinga et al
2003)
. Complete integration is the fusion of all identities into one personality.
. Currently, there is no study existing empirical measure of intergration
versus fragmentation in a person with DID.
. DID is believed to be developed in order to hold various parts of
memory away from each other (Dalenberg, 2012); very high levels of
all kinds of trauma, including trauma in childhood.
Freyds (1996) betrayal theory proposes that for children who are
abused and betrayed by the caregivers on whom they depend for
attachment relationships, it is adaptive to remain unaware of the
abuse in order to preserve the relationship.
. Dissociative Experience Scale (DES; Berstein & Putman 1986): assess
different types of dissociative experiences
. Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey (BBTS; Goldberg & Freyd, 2006):
measure the frequency of various traumatic events, including natural
disasters, sexual trauma, physical and emotional abuse, and
witnessing violence. It distinguishes between interpersonal trauma
inflicted by someone with whom the victim was close to (betrayal
trauma) and the same trauma committed by not-closed perpetrators.
. Integration measure (IM): Questionnaire to measure components of
integration such as awareness of other identities, communication
between identities, shared executive control, and co-consciousness.
(By answering different questions, patients will be ranged from total
fragmentation to total integration).

They reported that there were identities they did not know about
or was not aware of.
Reports of how the identities communicated included sharing
thoughts, hearing voices, sharing memories and/or body
sensations. Some reported communication through writing or
drawing, or in dreams.
4%-91% of the time they felt they communicated and work
together with their identities/parts.

Explicit memory: A memory that can be intentionally and


consciously recalled.
Implicit memory: Experiential or functional form of memory that
cannot be consciously recall. (muscle memory: how to ride a bike
or how to balance)
The time interval of each study
Study
Peter et
al

Date
1998

N
4

Methods
Word-stem
completion

Huntjent 2002
s et al
Bernet et 2003
al

31

CR; PFT

12

DFS; PFT;
PIT

Huntjent
s et al

2006

22

VRT

Huntjent
s et al

2007

22

Results of amnesia
Both explicit and
implicit memory
are transferred
Implicit memory is
preserved
.Implicit memory is
presevered
. Directed
forgetting between
but not within the
same state
. No complete
interidentity
amnesia
. Explicit memory

Logical
memory
and Visual
Reproducti
on
CR= Cue Recall; PFT= Picture-fragment completion task, DFS=
Direct Forgetting Task, PIT= Perceptual Identification task; VRT=
Valenced Writing Task

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