BONE AND

CARTILAGE

W H AT IS BO N E?
BONE IS A CALICIFIED, LIVING,CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT

FORMS THE MAJORITY OF THE SKELETON. IT CONSISTS OF AN

INTRACELLULAR CALCIFIED MATRIX, WHICH ALSO CONTAINS
COLLAGEN FIBERS AND SEVERAL TYPES OF CELLS WITH IN
THE MATRIX.
BONES OF THE SKELETON ARE COMPLEX,DYNAMIC ORGANS
CONTAINING ALL TISSUE TYPES.
THE PRIMARY COMPONENT IS BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
,ALSO CALLED OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
THEY ALSO CONTAIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER,
CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ,SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
,FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE,EPITHELIAL TISSUE AND
NERVOUSE TISSUE.
THE MATRIX OF BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS STURDY AND
RIGID DUE TO DEPOSITION OF MINERALS IN THE MATRIX
CALCIFICATION.

FU N CTIO N S O F BO N E

PROVIDES LOCOMOTION.
PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND SERVE AS
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ENTIRE BODY.
PROTECTS DELICATE TISSUES AND ORGANS FROM
INJURY AND TRAUMA.
E.g. RIBCAGE PROTECTS HEART AND THE LUNGS,
CRANIAL BONES ENCLOSE AND PROTECT BRAIN,
VERTEBRAE ENCLOSES SPINAL CORD.
RESERVOIRS OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS.
PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS.

STRU CTU RE O F TH E BO N E
Epiphysis: The rounded ends of

a bone.
Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone.
Articular cartilage: which
reduces friction and absorbs
shocks at free movable joints.
Spongy bone
Endosteum : Membrane that
lines the cavity of the bone
Periosteum: tough membrane
that surrounds the bone where
ever they arent covered by the
articular cartilage.
Medullary cavity: the cavity
inside the bone which consists
of bone marrow ( yellow in
adults).
Nutrient foramen: external
opening of the nutrient canal in
the bone.
Epiphyseal line: the part of the
bone which replaces the
epiphyseal plate.
Spongy bone
Compact bone

CLASSIFICATIO N TH E BO N ES
BONES ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF :
SHAPE AND STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
REGION
MACROSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION
MICROSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATIO N O N TH E BASIS
O F SH APE AN D STRU CTU RE
LONG BONES
SHORT BONES
FLAT BONES
IRREGULAR BONES
SESAMOID BONE
PNEUMATIC BONES

LO N G BO N ES
MOST COMMON BONE SHAPE
HAVE GREATER LENGTH THAN

WIDTH
ELONGATED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT

SH O RT BO N ES
HAVE LENGTH NEARLY EQUAL TO THEIR

WIDTH
EXTERNAL SURFACES OF SHORT BONES
ARE COVERED BY COMPACT BONE AND
INTERIOR IS COMPOSED OF SPONGY
BONE.
E.g. CARPELS AND TARSELS

FLAT BO N ES
THEY HAVE FLAT ,THIN SURFACES
COMPOSED OF ROUGH PARALLEL SURFACE OF

COMPACT BONE WITH A LAYER OF INTERNALY

PLACED SPONGY BONE
E.g. SCAPULA , STERNUM

IRREG U LAR BO N ES
HAVE AN IRREGULAR AND COMPLEX SHAPE
E.g.vertebrae, ossa coxae

SESAM O ID BO N ES
ROUND OR OVAL BONES THAT DEVELOP IN

THE ARTERIES
E.g. PATELA

PN EU M ATIC BO N ES
THESE BONES HAVE AIR SPACES
THESE AIR SPACES KEEPS THE BONE LIGHTER

IN WEIGHT
E.G.MAXILARY BONES, SPHENOID , ETHMOITAL

M ACRO SCO PIC

CLASSIFICATIO N
COMPACT BONES

SPONGY BONES

M ICRO SCO PIC

CLASSIFICATIO N
LAMELLER BONE

NON LAMELLER
BONE

CLASSIFICATIO N O N TH E BASIS
O F D EVELO PEM EN T
ENDOCHONDRAL

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

CARTILAG E
IT IS A SEMI RIGID CONNECTIVE

TISSUE WHICH IS WEAKER THAN

BONE AND IS MORE RESILIENT.
IT CONSISTS OF SPECIAL CELLS
CALLED THE CHONDROCYTES ALONG
WITH COLLAGEN
IT IS INSENSITIVE AS IT DOES NOT
HAVE ANY NERVE SUPPLY

TYPES
HYALINE

H YALIN E CARTILAG E
MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF CARTILAGE
IT PROVIDES SUPPORT THROUGH FLEXIBILITY

AND RESILIENCE AND ITS EXTRACELLULAR

MATRIX HAS TRANSLUCENT APPEARANCE,
WITH NO CLEARLT VISIBLE COLLAGEN FIBERS
WHEN VIEWED IN A MICROSCOPE SECTION.
MOST HYLAINE CARTILAGE IS SURROUNDED
BY A DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING
CALLED PERICHONDRIUM.
FOUND: TRACHEA, PORTIONS ON LARYNX, THE
ARTICULLAR CARTILLAGE ON BONE.

FIBRO U S CARTILAG E
IT HAS AN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX WITH

THICK COLLAGEN FIBERS THAT HELP RESIST

BOTH TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE FORCES.
IT ACTS AS A SHOCK ABSORBER
IT LACKS A PERICHONDRIUM BECAUSE STRESS
APPLIED AT THE SURFACE WOULD QUICKLY
DESTROY THIS LAYER.
FOUND:PUBIC SYMPHOSIS, INVERTEBRAL
DISCS,MENISCI OF THE KNEE

ELASTIC CARTILAG E
ELASTIC CARTILAGE CONTAINS

HIGHLY BRANCED ELASTIC FIBERS

WITH ITS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
IT IS SURROUNDED BY A
PERICHONDRIUM
ITS TYPICALLY FOUND IN THE
REGIONS REQUIRING A HIGHLY
FLEXIBLE FORM OF A SUPPORT.
FOUND: AURICLE OF THE EAR
,EPIGLOTTIS.