Computerise Gasoline Injection

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\cols2\colno1\colw10746\colsr-0\colno2\colw706\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {International Journal of Mechanical & Mechat}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Modeling and Programming for a Computer Controlled Direct}\b0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { Gasoline Fuel Injection System of SI Engine}\b0
\par\pard\li3586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Md. Nizam Uddin
and M. M. Syed Ali}\par\pard\li3546\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Department of Mechanical Engineering}\par\pard\li2666\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Khulna University of Engi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ne
ering & Technology (KUET)}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Khulna-9203, Bangladesh}\par\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {E-mail: engrnizam02@gmail.com }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\co
ls2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5640\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ABSTRACT }\b0
\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A computer contro
lled direct}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { gasoline fuel injection }\par\pard\li53
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(DGI) system has been modeled, p
rogrammed and}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cons
tructed for a four-stroke SI engine. Locally}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {available materials have been used for this}\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {experimental model. All th
e old model vehicle were}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {equipped with carburetor for air fuel mixing and}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {later on electronic fuel injection system
has been}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {introduce
d for maintaining better air fuel ratio and }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mixing in many late model vehicles. Later on Japan}\p
ar\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {introduced direct ga
soline fuel injection system in}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {their SI engine but it is}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { not yet com
mercialized in}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {man
y under developed count}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ries. Direct gasoline}\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fuel injection (DGI) sys
t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {em has the advantage of}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fulfilling proper air fuel ratio in various
operating}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conditio
ns and loads providing minimum air}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {pollution. In four stroke }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engine,
fuel needs to be}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
supplied once in every two revolution. A logic}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {control and program is necessary to control and}\pa
r\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supply fuel supply on
ce in th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e cylinder at every two}\par\pard\li53\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {revolution. A program has b}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {een made to control the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system. Fuel injection period was maintained by}\par\pa

rd\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {opto-isolator sensor in t
his}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { model. But fuel injection}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {period need to be varied depending on o
perating}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condition
and loads. Further }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {research is necessary to}\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {develop this model and p
rogram depending upon}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {engine loads. The designed DGI system is found to}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {work properly with the de}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {signed constant speed of}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3000 rpm. The development }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of this
model with}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {variabl
e speed and load is necessary for}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {improvement of v
ehicle performances and emission}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {control.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. INTRODUCTION}\b0 \par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nearly thirty percent of}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the population in USA is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx1106\*\tx1800\*\tx3146\*\tx4293\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involved}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automotiv}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {business.}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Internal}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {combustion engines are widely}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { used in th
e field of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transpor
tation, irrigation, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {power generation etc.}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cylinder is the heart of }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {energy generation of IC}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engine where energy is }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {generated from combustion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {of air-fuel mixture. The fu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el system mixe
s gasoline}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or simil
ar fuel with air to make a mixture which is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {burned in the engine cylinder. Early model}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automobiles used carburetor for
supplying the air-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{fuel mixture. The construc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion of the carburetor i
s }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relatively simpl
e and it has been used almost}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {exclusively on gasoline engines in the past.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {However, the recent demands for cleaner exh
aust}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {emissions, mor
e economical fuel consumption and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {improved drivability etc, the carburetor now must}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be equipped with various compensat
ing devices,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {making
it a more complex system. In place of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {carburetor, therefore, EFI system was used, assuring}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the proper air-fuel ratio
by injecting fuel in the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {intake manifold depending upon various driving}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conditions. EFI (Electronic }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Fuel Injection) system}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {was comparatively successful to maintain correct}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ratio fuel air mixture to }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {the cylinders in various}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {speed and loads. In EFI system air- fuel mixing is }\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {done in the intake ma
nifold}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { or intake port outside}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cylinder. An electronic control unit or

computer}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {controls
one or more injectors. When the engine}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn106\margtsxn666\margbsxn
426\cols2\colno1\colw10746\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {International Journal of Mechanical & Mechat}\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn106\cols2\colno1\colw5813\col
sr-0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {needs fuel, a signal from ECU opens the injector. }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {After getting signal from ECU, the fuel is
injected}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in the i
ntake manifold of the engine. But it got some }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disadvantages and inaccuracy in providing}\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {measured fuel quantity in
each cylinder which can }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {be meet up by direct gasolin}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e fuel injection
system.}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In a direct gasolinefuel injection engine, the
}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injectors are mou
nted in th}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e cylinder head and they}\par\pard\li53\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spray fuel directly into}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { the combustion chamber.}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Compared with port fuel injection, GDI is more}\par\pa
rd\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difficult and expensive.
But the payback for the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {added complexity is highe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r torque, dramatical
ly}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reduced emissio
ns and increased engine efficiency.}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {This is because fuel can be injected in the measured }\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and exact quantity with in
jection time and location }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {that its needed. The high in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jection pressu
re and air}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tempera
ture help to atomize and vaporize the fuel in }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the combustion chamber. But more importantly the }\
par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {chamber shape, inje
ctor location and injection}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {timing and duration, all work together to create }\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {what is called a stratified charge. Th
e air -fuel }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mixt
ure is richer close to}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the spark plug and leaner}\p
ar\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {out towards the edge
s of the chamber. Engines }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {generate their worst emissions just after cold start. }\par\pard\li53\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {During worm-up of a DGI engine, a
small shot of }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fue
l is injected just before the exhaust valve opens. }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {There\uc1\u8217Xs still enough heat and oxygen
in the chamber}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {was measured on a wet basis while CO and CO2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {were measured on dry basi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {s. The prototype engine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {with Air-head stratified scavenging and leaner}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combustion reduced specific THC output
to 1/5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compared to
current Schnurle scavenging engine.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {This suggests that the engine can conform to CARB}\par\pard\li0

\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1999 or Tier 2 emission st}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {andards regarding THC,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
*\tx600\*\tx1213\*\tx3026\*\tx4026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CO}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {and}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {NO}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { emission}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {without}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sacrificing}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mechanical simplicity and light weight.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nuti, et al. [2] extended the research experiment on }\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the 'phylogeny' of t
he Hi-Tech 2T SI engine in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Piaggio started on the early 70s. Several solutions to}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {this problem have been introduced fo
r the past}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {twenty y
ears. An analysis has been conducted to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {determine the extent of research activities in this }\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx800\*\tx1920\*\tx2546\*\tx3666\*\tx4253\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {area,.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Through}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {this}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {analysis,}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {the}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultimate }\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possibilities of the 2T SI e}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ngine have been clarified.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fans
ler et al. [3] perf}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormed individual-cycle}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {exhaust-hydrocarbon measurem
ents on a direct-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
njection two-stroke-cycle}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { engine. Time-resolved}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrocarbon (HC) conce
ntra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion data were obtained}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {using a fast flame-ionization detector. Th
e resulting}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {data we
re converted to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individual-cycle exhaust}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mass flow. Two types of ai}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r-assist fuel injectors}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {were evaluated using simultaneously acquired}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individual-cycle heat-r
elea}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se data, exhaust-HC mass}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn106\cols5\colno1\colw5813\col
sr-0\colno2\colw946\colsr-0\colno3\colw840\colsr-0\colno4\colw1546\colsr-0\colno
5\colw2320\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for this cha
rge to ignite and the heat from that after}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {data,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {in-cylinder}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {spray/combustion}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn106\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {burn gets the catalyst up
to operating temperature}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {just seconds after cold start. The injectors are either}\par\pard\li53\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {open or closed, not pulsed as in a
port injection}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sys
tem. Since the fuel flows directly into the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combustion chamber instead of impinging on the}\par\pa
rd\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intake valve, the nozzle
can be designed to form a }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8217Xcloud\uc1\u8217X of fuel with a sp}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ecific size and shape. }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sawada et. al. [1] inves}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tigated and confirmed the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possibility of using strati}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {fied scavenging and lean}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {combustion as alternative }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {technolo
gies for reducing}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3413\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {THC and CO emissions, in a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two-stroke
cycle}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engine. Two
different type}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s of engines were used.}\par\pard\li5
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {One is a prototype two-stroke c
ycle engine with }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx920\*\tx2320\*\tx3680\*
\tx4306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {leaner}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combu
stion}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {technology}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {and}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {air-head}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stratified scavenging, the ot}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {her one is current two-}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {stroke cycle engine with}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Schnurle sc
avenging. THC}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{visualization. Results of this study were used in }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjunction with previous }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {imaging and heat-release}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {studies to clarify the principal mechanisms leading}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to unburned HCs from this two-st
roke engine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Johnson et al. [4] applied an}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { electronic direct fuel}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {injection (EDFI) system }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to a 1100
cc two-stroke}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PWC e
ngine. This effort proved to be very}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {successful. In particular, it demonstrated the ability}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to meet the EPA regulated}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { spark ignited marine}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engine HC + NOx emission standard for the model}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {year 2006. The syste
m showed a 76.3% reduction in}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {weighted mass hydrocarbon emissions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Zhao F. e
t al. [5] designed to inject gasoline directly}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in to the combustion chambe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {r of four stroke, spark}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ignition engines which is an important worldwide}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn106\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\colno1\colw10746\colsr-0\colno2\colw826\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {International Journal of Mechanical & Mechat}\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1186\*\tx1666\*\tx2240\*\tx3600\*\tx4720\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {initiative}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {the}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automotive}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {industry.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The }\par\pard\li53\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thermodynamic potential of such engin
es for }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {significan
tly enhanced fuel economy, transient}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {response and cold start hydr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ocar
bon emission levels}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{has led to a large number of research and }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {development projects that have the goal of}\par\pard\
li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {understanding, developing an
d optimizing gasoline}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {direct injection (GDI) combustion systems. The}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {process of fuel injecti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on, spray atomization and}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation}\par\pard\li53\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the control of in-cylinder air
motion are all}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bei
ng actively researche}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d. The new technologies}\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as high-pressure, }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {common-rail, gasoline}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injection systems, and swirl-atomizing gasoline
fuel}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injectors, al
ong with comput}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {er control capabilities,}\par\pard\l
i53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have enabled the current new
examination of the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{direct injection, stratified-charge (DISC) gasoline}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {engine.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn0\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5760\pard\l
i53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {2. DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLES}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {OF DIRECT GASOLINE FUEL INJECTION}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {(DGI) SYSTEM
}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The design and fundamental operation principles
of}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {direct gasoline
fuel inj}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ection system is done by thee}\par\pard\li
53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vital units i.e. sensing }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {units, controlling unit and}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {actuating units. The sensing }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {units provide signals to}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {microprocessor or computers. Microprocessor or}\par\pard\li53
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {computer which processes the inp
ut signal and}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prov
ide signal to actuato}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs. Actuators receive }\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {senses from processor or
computer and provide}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {output signals to actuators }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or fuel injector in
the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cylinder.}\pa
r\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Fig.1: Schematic Diagram of Direct Gasoline Fuel}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Fig 2: Circuit Diagra
m of Direct Gasoline Fuel
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Injection System }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The fuel injector i
s an electro-mechanical device}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {which meters, atomizes and directly supplies fuel}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {into the cylinder based on signals fr

om the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {controller.
All engines }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {used one injector per}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cylinder. The injectors are installe
d with an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {insulator
/seal on the cylinder wall to isolate the }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injector from heat and to prevent pressure leakage}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of the cylinder. The fue
l }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {delivery pipe serves to}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {secure delivery of fuel to }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {the injector. In a direct}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {fuel injection engine, the fuel must be injected in a}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {short period of time and }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at pressures at least 40}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {times higher than in port fuel injection.}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { The electric fuel pump supplies the fuel to the}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injectors under pressure. As}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { soon as the injector}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {receive signals from the computer, its needle valve
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is opened by elect
rically operated solenoid valve }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {and fuel injection start w}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ith desired
spray pattern.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An
electric solenoid valve in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { the injector opens and}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {closes the valve. T
he so}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lenoid valve is magnetized}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to lift valve against spring force whe
n a voltage is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {appl
ied. Fuel sprays out as}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { long as the valve raised.}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When the computer cu
t off signals the solenoid}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn0\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
njection System for a Four Stroke SI Engine
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\par\pard\li5813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {back down onto its seat. This stops the fuel spray.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn0\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\s
hp
{\*\shpinst
\jpegblip
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}}}}\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn93\margtsxn666\margbsxn400\cols
2\colno1\colw10746\colsr-0\colno2\colw733\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {International Journal of Mechanical & Mechat}\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn93\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw5666\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Each
opening and closing of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the injector valve is an}\pa
r\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {injector impulse. }\
par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.1SENSORS AND ITS OPERATION}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {PRINCIPLE }\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {In this research work, an}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { opto-isolator has bee
n}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {used as a sensor
. }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Opto-isolator:}\b0 \par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li12
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li120\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Fig. 3: Circuit
Diagram of an Opto-isolator}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An opto-isolator (or optica
l}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { isolator, optocoupler or}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {photocoupler) is a device that uses a shor
t optical}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transmis
sion path to transfer a signal between}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a}\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {receiver, while keeping
them electrically isolated. }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A common implementation in
volves an LED and a}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{light sensor, separated so}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { that light may travel}
\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {across a barrier b
ut elec}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trical current may not.}\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {When an electrical signal is applied t
o the input of}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the
opto-isolator, its LED light}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s, its light sensor th
en}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {activates, and
a correspondi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ng electrical signal is}\par\pard\li53
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generated at the output. }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Unlike a transformer, the}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {opto-isolator allows for }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {DC coupling and generally}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {provides significant protect}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ion from se
rious over }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {voltag
e conditions in one ci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rcuit affecti}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ng the other.}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {With a photodiode as a dete}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ctor, the outpu
t current}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is propo
rtional to the am}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ount of incident light}\par\pard\l
i53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supplied by the emitter. The
diode can be used in a }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\

slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {photovoltaic mode, the diode acts like a cur
rent}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sou
rce in parallel with a forward-biased diode. The }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {output current and voltage are dependent on the}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx760\*\tx2146\*\tx2826\*\tx4840\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {load}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impedance}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {and}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {light intensity.}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supply voltage and the magnitude of the cu
rrent}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conducted is
directly}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { proportional to }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {the intensity of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{light. An opto-isolator can also be constructed using}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a small incandescent lamp in place of the LE
D;}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such a device, b
ecause the lamp has a much slower }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {response time than an LED., will filter out noise or}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {half- wave power in the input}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { signal. In so doing, it}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will also filter out any audio or higher frequ
ency}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signals in the
input. It ha}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s the further disadvantage,}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of course, that incandescen}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t lamps have finite life }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {spans. Thus such an unconventional device is o
f}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extremely limited
usefulness, suitable only for}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {applications such as scie}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nce projects.
The optical}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {path ma
y be air or a dielectric waveguide. The}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {transmitting and receiving elements of an optical }\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isolator may be contained w
ithin a single compact}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {module, for mounting, for example, on a circuit}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {board; in this case, the module is often called
an}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {opto-isolator.
Thr photo sens}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or may be a photocell,}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx480\*\tx986\*\tx2106\*\tx3253\*\tx3986\*\tx4466\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {or}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {optically}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {triggered}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {SCR}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Triac.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oc
casionally, this device }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {will in turn operate a}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {power relay or contract
or}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Several types of opto-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {couplers. The figure indi}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {cate above, detect the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {presence of an object in between them. They are}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interruptible. The middle one detect
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ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2 CONTROLLER}\b0 \par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Contrary to some "informed" opinions and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {numerous suggestions from movies, computers
can}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx600\*\tx1973\*\tx3413\*\tx4226\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {not}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {think for}\tab \fs24\c

f0\f0\charscalex100 {themselves;}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {when}\tab \fs2
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}}}}\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn373\col
s2\colno1\colw10653\colsr-0\colno2\colw786\pard\li1400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {International Journal of Mechanical & Mechat}\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw5626\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
2.2.1 COMPUTER PROGRAM AND FLOW}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2226\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CHART FOR}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CO
NTROLLING FUEL}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {INJECTION SYSTEM }\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The Program for the control}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ling of direct gasoline}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fuel injection system has been developed and its
}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {flow chart is des
cribed herewith.
}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Fig.4: Flow Chart for Cont}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rolling Fuel I
njection}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {System }\
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.2 COMMUNICATIONS SIGNALS}\b0 \par\pard\li53\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A computer uses voltage values as communication }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signals, thus voltage is often referred
to as a signal}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or
a voltage signal. There are two types of voltage}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signals: analog and digital. An analog signal's
}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {voltage is contin
uously va}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {riable within a given}\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {range and time is used for the voltage
to change. An}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ana
log signal is generally used to convey}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {information about a condition that changes}\par\pard\li53\r

i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gradually and continuously}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { within an established}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {range. Temperature-sensing }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{devices usually give off}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {an analog signal. Digital signals also vary but not}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {continuously, and time is no
t needed for the change}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {to occur. Turning a switch on and off creates a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digital signal; voltage is either there or it
is not. }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Digital si
gnals are often re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ferred to as square wave}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signal.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {2.2.3 BINARY CODE }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A Computer converts a series}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { of digital
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signals to a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {binary number made of 1s or Os; voltage above a}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {given value converts to one
and zero voltage. Each}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1 or 0 represents a bit of information.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2.2.4 INTERFACE}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The microprocessor is the h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {eart of a computer, but it}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {needs several support functions, one of which is}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interface. A computer has an input and
output}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interface c
ircuit. The inte}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rface has two functions: it}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1106\*\tx1733\*\tx2826\*\tx4213\*\tx4746\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {protects}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {delicate}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electronics}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {microprocessor from the }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {higher voltages of the }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {circuits attached to the computer, and it translates}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {input and output signa
ls. The input interface}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {translates all analog input da}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta to binary cod
e; most}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sensors pro
duced an analog signal. It is sometimes}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {referred to A/D, analog to digital. The output}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {interface, D/A, translates }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digital signals to analog}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for any controlled functions that need an analog
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {voltage.}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {Interfacing to the PC }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Paralle
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l-346\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {8 output pins accessed via the DATA Port.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {5 input pins (one inve}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rted) accessed via
the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {STATUS Port}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 output pins (three inve}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {rted) accessed via the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {CONTROL Port.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The remaining 8 pins a
re grounded.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { Use of a PC Printer Port for Control and

Data}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Acquisi
tion}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A PC Printer port is an inexpensive and yet}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {powerful platform for i
mplementing projects}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {dealer with the control of real world peripherals.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The printer port provides eight TTL outputs,
five}\par}

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Computerise Gasoline Injection

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{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system. Fuel injection period was maintained by}\par\pa

-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cylinder. An electronic control unit or

0\charscalex100 {This suggests that the engine can conform to CARB}\par\pard\li0

mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {possibility of using strati}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

tly enhanced fuel economy, transient}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0

sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {into the cylinder based on signals fr

x100 {photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\

f0\f0\charscalex100 {not}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {think for}\tab \fs24\c

f0\f0\charscalex100 {information about a condition that changes}\par\pard\li53\r

slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { Use of a PC Printer Port for Control and

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