From an old Indian storyteller's point of view and

Based upon some pretty dogged research,

The following is a story of the likely scenario of historical events about

How the West was won.

While even on your copy as we go along

It will ‘magically’ be revised, added to and corrected,

It uses links & it attempts to be objective

While evoking feelings of empathy for the victims and

The casualties of all wars.

It focuses upon the Colorado militia, the US 7th Cavalry,

Several chiefs of the Lakota and Cheyenne as well as

Cowboy & Indian outlaws in the Old West.

~ As told by an old Indian storyteller named Pemapomay

This following story is a creative approach to what happened to a western band of American Indians of the
Sioux Nation called the Miniconjou Lakota in 1890 at Wounded Knee. However, there is some preliminary
introductory information that we will want to discuss about Native American history and I will compare it
to an event that happened in Vietnam during the war in 1968 in a unit of Charlie Company of the US Army.

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As a brief introduction to this topic, first let me present you with an overall view of the Lakota Nation:

The Miniconjou people are a western band of the Great Sioux Nation (Click on image).

The term Lakota refers to the entire Sioux Indian Nation but in context the term can also refer to the Thítȟuŋwaŋ
or Teton band, a western band of Sioux. The Dakota or Santee, Isáŋathi is an eastern band of Sioux. The term Nakota
is inclusive of two bands: the Yanktonai, a north central band and the Yankton, a south central band of Sioux.
Previous attempts to bring up the topic of the Wounded Knee massacre have been compared with attempts to
prosecute the American soldiers who had brutally slaughtered whom American soldiers were calling “Gooks”
somewhere between 300 to 500 women, children and elders during the My Lai massacre in March of 1968.

It would be enlightening to find out the reasons behind these mass killings such as that of Wounded Knee and Mai
Lai. In the Vietnam War, United States soldiers were serving an average of 240 days of combat per year in a war
zone, however, most soldiers then would go back to the base at night as compared with 40 days in four years in the
South Pacific of non-stop war-zone combat for the average US soldier during World War II. By March 16th of ’68,
all of the killing on the ground was evidently taking a serious toll on the mental well-being of many of the US soldiers
of Charlie Company and it had bottomed out by the beginning of the North Vietnamese attack by the Viet Cong.

Charlie Company of the American Division of the 11th Infantry Brigade received word down from headquarters that
the Viet Cong guerrillas had taken control of Son My. The attack by North Vietnam into South Viet Nam was called
the Tet Offensive and it was launched on January 31st of ’68. Tet was a celebration of the first new moon that marked
the beginning of the Chinese New Year and the attack occurred during the celebration.

The brave little war-torn hamlet of My Lai had become a target for the miserably-much-too-often bombing attacks
of both the US and the South Vietnamese. The villagers were going about their daily routine of cultivating rice in the
rice patties, when the American soldiers of Charlie Company were ordered to go to the area of Son My in the Quang
Ngai province on a search-and-destroy mission. The war-weary and high-strung American soldiers of Charlie
Company were down to just about 100 men left after the rest of the unit had either been killed or injured. A unit of
Charlie Company, the unit of Lieutenant William Calley, was down to 28 men when Calley had been ordered to take
the unit to the area, which was believed to have been a stronghold of the National Liberation Front of the Viet Cong.
NLF had been building an ant-hill-like maze of an underground tunnel system complex that was about 120 miles
long, so it was not possible to know what was going on underground or where these tunnels were located.

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By the time the Americans realized what was going on, it was too late, Ho Chi Minh City, which was named Saigon
at that time, had been taken over by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese. Brave American soldiers (nicknamed
“tunnel rats”) who volunteered to crawl down into these tunnel complexes, were ordered to either shoot the enemy
occupants or to throw grenades into them to try to flush out the Viet Cong.

“Fire in the hole!” was often heard from the Vietnam scenes in the movie Forest Gump where Forest was ordered …
“To do whatever you tell me, Drill Sergeant!” ~ Forest Gump. Jimi Hendrix song: All Along the Watchtower* video-
stream. American sentiment during the war is reflected by this Jimi Hendrix version of the US national anthem*.
However, from the unit of Lieutenant William Calley of Charlie Company, a Soldier speaks out about the killing of
civilians. Combat behavior had long been becoming aberrant among some US soldiers with many of them saying
“Kill a Commie for Christ!” or “Kill ‘em all, let God sort ‘em out”, sanctimoniously à la “killing for killings sake”.

After the city had been taken over by the Viet Cong and then recaptured twenty six days later by the US and South
Vietnamese soldiers, the officers of the United States Army managed to cover up the story for a year and this is what
swayed the American public opinion against the war. The soldiers involved were eventually court-martialled yet only
their commander Lt. William Calley was ever tried and found guilty for ordering the perpetration of twenty six of
the homicides and had subsequently served two years of house arrest and was then released.

Quang Ngai Province in Vietnam Lt. William Calley Mai Lai matriarch pleads for mercy

Mai Lai was a little hamlet in the Province of Quang Ngai. A war-weary soldier and highly stressed-out
Lieutenant William Calley, evidently insane at the time of the mass killing, in the middle picture above is seen leaving
a building. Just minutes before they were all brutally slaughtered by Calley’s unit, the pretty females were then
raped and mutilated, much like the Miniconjou Lakota were all brutally slaughtered at Wounded Knee. In the
photograph on the right above, a Mai Lai matriarch is seen pleading for the lives of her family and all of her relations.
With just a few more minutes of precious life to live, they were all then shot to death without mercy.

No Congressional Medals of Honor were ever awarded for that brutal massacre so now before we get back to our
story of what happened at Wounded Knee in 1890 that led to the twenty Congressional Medals of Honor that were
awarded to the perpetrators for committing the brutal mass killing, first let us discuss the general aftermath and
then we will discuss some American history previous to the entire affair.

Between the years of 1864 to 1890, the Cheyenne, the Arapaho, the Lakota, the Arikara and other native nations
were being invaded by various rustic hordes of wayward cowboys, vile mass murderers and mercenary serial killers.

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Twenty Congressional Medals of Honor were awarded to the US 7th Regiment for the final such mass killing of a
minimally estimated 200 peaceful women and children and of 90 men and boys who were members of Chief Spotted
Elk’s band of Miniconjou Lakota at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in SD on December 29th
of 1890. When Senator John McCain was confronted by the US Congress and asked why to this day he still upholds
these awards, from a native standpoint, he seemed to trivialize and to even simply dismiss the subject of rescinding
the Congressional Medals of Honor that were awarded to the 7th Regiment for the perpetration of the mass killing.

Aghastly, these twenty awards to the US 7th Cavalry Regiment that was responsible for this mass killing still stand
even to this very day in this late year of 2017! By and large, such awards for similar military massacres are considered
utterly barbaric by the modern standards of American society. Yet in spite of this, for perpetrating the Wounded
Knee massacre upon the Miniconjou Lakota, who were a known ally of the United States, these twenty Congressional
Medals of Honor that have been awarded to the troopers for the mass murder of the civilians located at Chief Spotted
Elk’s encampment are still officially regarded as “honorable” by the modern day government of the United States
of America. Almost singlehandedly, Senator John McCain upheld these awards simply by saying:

“You have to understand the mentality of that time.” ~ US Senator John McCain before Congress.

The Old West mentality of that time in 1890 could quite oftentimes be accurately described as: “lynch mob
mentality”. Typical of lynch mob fever was such that: to get the lamplight off himself, the guiltiest perpetrator of the
wicked deed in question was the worst accuser of someone else. Such was the story of the outlaw justice of lynch mob
fever in the Old West which was sometimes exemplified on past shows of the 1950s and the 1960s like: The Big Valley,
Daniel Boone, The Rifleman, Bonanza and Gunsmoke. For example, in the State of Kansas a cowboy rides into Dodge
City, murders someone, is suspect by Marshall Matt Dillon (played by James Arness) and when his fellow cowhands
develop a possible lynching, completely without so much as even batting an eye, unflinchingly he becomes the first
man to grab the rope to string somebody else up for the crime. “Dead men can’t talk” the cowboys used to say.

Chief Spotted Elk

He-Aka-Gleska (Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká ~ 1823-1890) Miniconjou Lakota

The Wounded Knee massacre was perpetrated on Dec 29 th of 1890 by Col. James W. Forsyth, Maj. Samuel Whitside and the
U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment against Chief Spotted Elk’s band of Miniconjou Sioux Indians (Native Americans) who ancestrally
called themselves “Lakota” which means “The People” and which literally means “Ally”.

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Photo taken probably on or near the Pine Ridge Lakota Indian Reservation in 1891 “What's left of Big Foot's band” a mere
remnant of eleven Miniconjou left in a teepee village encampment the year following the Wounded Knee massacre. Photography
by John C. H. Grabill* and Click on this link and * and just scroll on down.

Twenty two years prior to the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890, the Washita River massacre was perpetrated in the
year of 1868 on Nov 27th by George Armstrong Custer, who was then a lieutenant colonel and his US 7th Cavalry
Regiment against Chief Black Kettle’s village of the Southern Cheyenne at Washita River. The site of the massacre
is near the city of Cheyenne in Oklahoma Indian Territory. This was the second of the two massacres perpetrated
against Black Kettle. Twenty six years prior to Wounded Knee and four years prior to Washita River, the first
massacre was perpetrated in 1864 on Nov 29th by John Milton Chivington, a colonel of the Colorado militia, against
the peaceful Chief Black Kettle. That year Black Kettle had undergone the massacre of his village and a very large
number of the members of his band at Sand Creek in Colorado Territory.

Throughout that twenty six year time span prior to the Wounded Knee massacre, the targeted victims of these
massacres of that day and age were strategically perpetrated by covert mass murderers and serial killers of Native
Americans. The mass murderers were wiping out friendly and unsuspecting Native American bands who as tribal
members trusted the government of the United States by allying themselves and flying the American flag. Even
though there were innumerable actual battles against fierce warriors, many of these massacres were being publicized
as major battles when in actuality they were perpetrated against villages of women and children while the men were
out hunting buffalo. At Sand Creek toward the end of 1864, Chief Black Kettle, who represented the Southern
Cheyenne, sought protection for his band at what was then called Fort Wise, and called Fort Lyon three years later.

Nevertheless, Black Kettle’s band was subsequently massacred at the nearby Sand Creek in 1864 by the corrupt
Colonel John Chivington of the Colorado militia. Chivington was openly vying for public acclaim for political office
by completely ignoring the well-known differentiation between the hostile Northern Cheyenne who refused to accept
the terms of the US Government and the friendly Southern Cheyenne who were allied with the United States. Black
Kettle and his wife survived the 1864 massacre as did the mixed-blood George Bent who hid his family and other
tribal family members by situating them under the embankment of the nearby Sand Creek.

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 PRELUDE TO THE * RUSHES

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was signed between the United States and the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow,
Arikara and other native nations and most of the ancestral territorial claims of the Indians in the region were
affirmed by this treaty [2]. The Lakota and other various tribes guaranteed safe passage for the numerous covered
wagon trains of newly arriving settlers traveling westward on the Oregon Trail in return for the US promise to pay
an annuity payment of fifty thousand dollars for fifty years; which was arbitrarily later changed to ten years for
supposedly an increase in the amount of each annuity payment.

European immigrants and settlers were often inspired by the slogan “Go West young man!” and used numerous
well-traveled Indian trails throughout North America to get there. In 1843 there were only 900 white settlers that
used the Oregon Trail which was only one of the innumerable Indian trails that settlers used for the long trek across
America; and by 1850, there were over 55,000 settlers that used it to travel farther into the Old West.

The main part of ancestral Lakota landholdings in the regional vicinity of Fort Laramie in the year of 1851 was
located in ancestral Lakota treaty land and is now located in the south central State of Wyoming about 22 miles west
of what is now the northwestern central State of Nebraska; 69 miles from what in ten years would become the
southwestern part of southern Dakota Territory in 1861; and about 300 miles southwest of the southwestern corner
of Minnesota Territory.

The 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the US and the Lakota compromised the regional Lakota vicinity by
allowing settlers free passage through treaty land and by allowing forts, roads and railroads to be built upon it. This
enabled the US to expedite settler encroachment upon ancestral Lakota land by fostering the killing off of the buffalo,
for which by the treaty, it was solemnly agreed that the Lakota would be repaid by the US.

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In exchange for the free passage of settlers through the territory, the US government completely failed to successfully
implement the 1851 treaty by not effectively supplementing the Lakota for the mass extermination of buffalo, their
main source of food. The solemnly promised annuity payments awarded by the treaty got compromised by the self-
serving politicians who had been appointed to distribute the food and supplies in the region and these politicians had
neglected and sometimes completely failed to pay these annuities.

With the US government’s deliberate mass extermination of the buffalo veritably as a sport and the voracious
hunting habits of the settlers for wild game and with the influx of an increasing number of thousands of new settlers
into the area, was resulting in famine among natives and many of the Dakota (the Eastern Sioux) were dying off
from starvation and malnutrition.

During the summer of 1846, a settler from Pennsylvania named Henry Lott was a trader of almost anything and was
a whiskey bootlegger. He had moved north from Red Rock to the mouth of the Des Moines River and on the north
bank of the Boone River in what is now Boone County in Minnesota. As a result of Lott’s locating his home in a
certain area, Sidominadotah, the head chief of the Wahpekhute band of Dakota, had warned Lott that he had built
his house on ancestral Dakota hunting grounds.

After the 1851 treaty between the US and the Lakota, of which the Dakota are part, the chief repeatedly insisted that
Lott’s house was situated on Dakota treaty land. However, Lott insisted that the land was not located on Dakota
treaty land and he had chosen to leave his house right where it stood.

After numerous warnings, Sidominadotah and his warriors finally responded by ransacking Lott’s house and stole
his livestock. During the attack of Lott’s home, they had repeatedly ravaged Lott’s wife causing her death a few days
later. Lott’s twelve year old son Milton Lott had fled from the scene up the cold icy river during mid-winter and this
is what caused him to freeze to death. These outlaws then terrorized Lott’s two small girls when they were forced to
flee from the scene in the dead of winter. Milton Lott’s frozen body was found was on Dec. 18th of 1846.

This ransacking of Lott’s family, wife, and home became his motive for revenge upon Sidominadotah. Eight years
later in January of 1854, Henry Lott with his stepson, murdered the Wahpekhute chieftain, Sidominadotah along
with multiple members of his family. Shortly afterward Lott and his stepson were said to have had “fled from the
state”.

In response to a written complaint by the family regarding the mass murder of Sidominadotah and of several
members of his family, Webster County authorities, while merely going through the motions, conducted a menial
“investigation” apparently letting the killers go free who were said to have been “too far away” to be captured.

Instead, evidently aiding the killers in their flight from the local justice system, over his house the local prosecutor
nailed the head of the decapitated Sidominadotah to the end of a long wooden pole. Nonetheless, despite receiving a
menial sentence, Lott was eventually convicted of the murder, yet he remained somewhat obscure while laying low
and finally he was said to have traveled west toward California.

Because of this incident and the failure of the US government to effectively implement many of the agreements made
in the 1851 treaty, six years later in 1857, three years after the 1854 murder of Chief Sidominadotah and his family,
a major misunderstanding came about between the Lakota and its newly-forming State of Minnesota.

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This included Minnesota politicians, Indian agents and traders in the vicinity who were holding back on supplying
the Eastern Sioux (also called Dakota or Santee Sioux) with the already-appropriated federal funds for the purchase
of food and supplies from the Dakota funds in accordance with the 1851 treaty. Instead, they were converting these
funds, for their own personal benefit. Simply stated, they were grossly ripping off the Dakota people as well as the
federal government in the process of the US fulfillment of the solemn treaty promises that it kept with the Dakota.

Inkpaduta, Scarlet Point, was now the head chief of the Wahpekhute band of the Dakota. In revenge for the 1854
murder of his brother Sidominadotah, Scarlet Point, on March 8th to 12th of 1857, led fourteen Cansa'yapi warriors
on a major campaign of rage and rampage. His Wahpekhute band was suffering from a shortage of food and had
undergone the end of a bitterly cold winter during that fateful year of early 1857. Inkpaduta then led his fourteen
warriors against settlements in northwestern Minnesota Territory. While reaching as far as the southwestern part
of the territory, they then headed southeast along the Minnesota River.

This outlaw band of renegades had then extended their reach of attacks trailing farther southward throughout
numerous settlements scattered about the border frontier of the State of Iowa from Spirit Lake near Okoboji to as
far south as Livermore. When they reached the settlement of Spirit Lake they committed the horrendous massacre
of 38 settlers, taking four young women captive from their scattered dwellings and then headed back north again.
The youngest captive, Abbie Gardner, was kept with the outlaws for a few months before she was ransomed early
that summer.

Five years later on August 4th of 1862, the United States government had kept its solemn promise that it made by
issuing an annuity payment toward the $1,400,000 (equivalent to $30,400,000 by the year 2010 value) of
compensation that was awarded to the Dakota. However, Minnesota politicians, Indian Affair agents such as,
Thomas J. Galbraith, Superintendent of the Lower Sioux Indian Agency on the Mdewakanton reservation, and
traders such as Andrew Myrick who had stores at the Yellow Medicine and Redwood Agencies, were stealing the
greater portion of the supplies that were being granted by the 1851 treaty. Thereby the payment was never actually
being made.

Consequently, on the 4th of August in 1862, a group of Dakota came to the Yellow Medicine Agency and promptly
started taking some of the food in the warehouse. Even in spite of the Dakota dying of mass starvation, Galbraith,
who was supposedly carrying out the wishes of the federal government by providing this already federally
appropriated food to the Dakota, instead only let them have the insufficient amount of food that they had already
taken.

The US government’s attempt to effectively fulfill treaty obligations were being thwarted by such Minnesota
politicians and this is what was leading the Dakota to mass starvation. The first promised annuity payments were
already allocated and inadequate compensation and the failure to pay it to the Dakota remained to be an ongoing
problem because of the avarice of these unscrupulous non-native Indian agents such as Thomas Galbraith.

While ignoring their plight, even though Galbraith already had the funds and provisions from the annuity allotments
secured in banks and warehouses, he refused to pay it on the basis of his contrived classifying of it as “credit” to the
Dakota. Traders were taking their own pay directly from the fund and, by this time, the federal government in
Washington DC would not allow the traders to be paid in such a manner any more during the next fiscal year because
of numerous drastic discrepancies resulting from this type of payment plan.

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So while the Dakota remained to be dying in mass numbers, the traders wanted the next annuity to pay the Dakota
instead. However, this was to lead to tragedy and it was met with disastrous results. At last, upon seeing thousands
of the Dakota dying of mass starvation, the traders in Minnesota finally relented and assisted them by extending this
so-called “credit” out of their already appropriated government funding.

Myrick and Galbraith would not stoop so low as to issue it directly to the Dakota. Instead, they then extended the
so-called credit directly to the federal government and it was to be deducted out of the next Dakota annuity payment
even though they had barely even received the previous one.

Then they provided the supplies that the Indians needed from only a portion of the funds, food and supplies that
were already in stock. Galbraith initially decided to issue a great deal more of the annuity food in-stock but ineptly
left the final decision up to the traders who insisted upon being paid back first and then told the Dakota: “You will
have to wait until the money owed to you arrives.” This next payment to the Dakota was supposedly being delayed
because of the advent of the forthcoming Civil War and because of a triviality such as Abe Lincoln’s wife, Mary
spending her entire four-year budget for the redecoration of the Whitehouse.

The Dakota on their various reservations remained in a life-threatening desperate need and were being grossly
cheated by these Indian agents, traders and politicians. Hence they were being relegated to destitution, malnutrition
and further deaths by starvation while they were benefitting very little from these so-called annuities which were
being usurped by several unscrupulous middle men in Minnesota who were similar to Myrick and Galbraith.

Andrew Myrick’s stores at the Yellow Medicine and Redwood Agencies were already completely stocked and filled
with a glut of the desperately needed food. Other traders in southwestern Minnesota also had stores and warehouses
that were stocked full with the direly needed food that was already allocated by the federal government as payment
to the Dakota in accordance with the solemn promises in the 1851 treaty.

Typical of Minnesota politics at that time, very soon the traders, while over-charging the pay for their services, they
were starting to deduct hugely outrageous amounts from the annuity payments that were being made by the federal
government to the Dakota because these payments were being almost entirely usurped and misappropriated by these
self-serving Indian agents.

The trader Andrew Myrick was recently informed of the “traders’ paper” for what traders were owed on the so-
called “credit” from the annuity payment funds. Since this was not going to be allowed anymore by the federal
government because of apparent gross discrepancies in their bookkeeping, Myrick’s response to the traders’ papers
was that they would not give any more of this “credit” to the Dakota.

However, Myrick failed to mention that this so-called “credit” was from the already over-stocked stores and
warehouses that were already well-supplied by the US federal government funds awarded to the Dakota by the solemn
promises of the US government in The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.

While seeing thousands of children and elders die from starvation, with white settlers breaking treaty law by seizing
prime ancestral Dakota land and while the Dakota were benefitting very little from these annuities, about one
hundred Dakota warriors, who by this time were quite possibly experiencing dementia during starvation, responded
to the abrogation of the treaty.

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This treaty abrogation by the gormandizing of Lakota funds was the direct result of the insatiable corruption of
these middle men in Minnesota country who were underhandedly stealing the already appropriated federal funds
from the US Treasury that were awarded to the Dakota. As a direct result of such gouging out of Dakota funds by
Minnesota politicians, a Sioux uprising, Little Crow's War, began in the mid-month of August to late fall in 1862.

Chief Little Crow

While the Dakota remained starving and dying in mass numbers every single day, an armed conflict erupted between
the United States newly implemented government of the State of Minnesota and several bands of the Dakota. On
August 15th of 1862, these Dakota warriors demanded the payment of their annuities [3] based on this so-called
“credit” from Thomas Galbraith, the Superintendent of the Lower Sioux Indian Agency on the Mdewankanton
reservation which today is near the Fort Snelling State Park.

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 Trader Andrew Myrick Indian Agent Thomas J. Galbraith

Following Galbraith’s predictable reply, within days of the 17th of August, the Dakota Uprising erupted and it would
lead to hundreds of deaths across southwestern Minnesota. A major confrontation occurred between Dakota tribal
leaders versus US government representatives, agents & the traders; when, in an inflammatory tone of voice, Andrew
Myrick, the leading trader, presumptuously sealed his own fate by infamously uttering his outspoken retort:

“So far as I am concerned, if they are hungry let them eat grass or their own dung.” ~ Andrew Myrick.

Dakota warriors took out their revenge upon the settlers who were dealing with them underhandedly and Myrick was
killed on the first day of the Uprising at the Battle of the Lower Sioux Agency. When they found Myrick’s corpse a
few days later, they found that grass (and possibly even his own dung) had been stuffed into his mouth so that the
warriors could say that they “made Myrick eat his own words”. Yet Galbraith escaped from being captured and died
a couple of years later.

The repercussions of the insatiable greed of the trader Andrew Myrick at the Yellow Medicine and Redwood Agencies
and of the Superintendent of the Lower Sioux Indian Agency, Thomas J. Galbraith, would ultimately cost several
thousand people their lives in Minnesota country. This includes thousands of the Dakota deaths that resulted from the
starvation of having their food supply almost completely cut off.

This also includes Dakota deaths that resulted from the conflicts with the settlers during Little Crow’s War. This also
includes over a thousand of the settlers and immigrants that died during the conflicts. And furthermore, the insatiable
greed of Andrew Myrick and Thomas Galbraith would ultimately cost them their own lives in the bitter end.

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 Siege of New Ulm, August 19th and 23rd of 1862.

The Dakota Sioux (Santee) were designated a reservation on the Minnesota River in the treaty of 1851 yet only half
of that reservation was officially recognized when Minnesota Territory became a state on May 11 th of 1858. The
Sioux Uprising of 1862, Little Crow's War, was an armed conflict between the United States new state government
of Minnesota and several bands of the Eastern Sioux who were designated a reservation along the Minnesota River
by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 which was amended on May 24th of 1852 and it was ratified by the US Senate
during that same year.

On August 19th of 1862, the one hundred Sioux warriors mentioned earlier were likely delirious and near the point
of death by starvation. They started the major conflict by firing their rifles upon the city of New Ulm from the bluff
behind the town and by attacking the 900 residents who lived there. This Little Crow’s War also became known as
the 1862 Dakota Uprising. This action resulted in 50 settlers being killed. A following battle on the 23rd resulted in
75 settlers being killed. This prompted about 2000 settlers and a large number of refugees scattered about the local
area of New Ulm to leave the area by boarding 153 coaches in a long covered wagon train and heading thirty miles
southeast to Mankato, southwest of Minneapolis.

During this Sioux Uprising of 1862 and the ensuing hostilities that followed created such great turmoil and tension
between the Dakota and settlers in the entire State of Minnesota that it led to the Dakota killing of as many as 800
soldiers, lawmen and settlers in various raids, armed conflicts and battles throughout the state that autumn. The
death toll of the Dakota is unknown and in the entire State of Minnesota there were innumerable lawmen and soldiers
as well as settlers, immigrants and even outlaws who became ever more so determined for revenge that very soon
there would be more Dakota killins a comin’.

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As the result of all of the skirmishes and killings of 800 soldiers, lawmen, outlaws, settlers and immigrants during
conflicts, the consternation and rage that this caused among white settlers in the area resulted in the US Army
being called in to restore order where 303 Indians finally surrendered after the war of that autumn which led to
the holding captive of more than 1000 Dakota leaders. And in all of the madness and mass hysteria after brief
mock trials in the carnival type atmosphere of a kangaroo court, the court had successfully condemned 38 Dakota
men to be hanged on the same scaffold at Mankato, Minnesota on December 26th of 1862. This could quite
accurately be referred to as an official state lynching.

By sending in the US Army to stop the spectacle and by ordering the hangings to desist, President Abraham
Lincoln saved from the same fate, the lives of 265 other Dakota and mixed-bloods many of whom were likely also
condemned by the mock court to be “Hanged by the neck until dead” on the same scaffold. This intervention of
Lincoln was met with the thundering shouts, noisy uproar and massive rumblings of the huge crowd of
disappointed Minnesota settlers and American public at large that was gathered to observe the event.

This was the largest mass execution in American history even outnumbering the Salem witchcraft trials during
Puritanical times where, in the year of 1692 nineteen witches were accused of witchcraft and then hanged in the
vicinity of Salem, Massachusetts. Following the Mankato executions, in the early part of the year of 1863, the
United States Congress thereafter abolished most of the Lakota reservations in Minnesota. This mass execution
was also followed by the official state banishment of the Dakota Sioux from their ancestral homeland in
Minnesota. Then in the month of April of that same year, they were forced to move to the Lakota reservations
in their western landholdings in southern Dakota and in Nebraska Territory.

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 THE ONSET OF THE * RUSHES

Several massacres followed a few years after the onset of the gold rushes with the joyful madness of the gold fever
that was taking place among immigrants and settlers in the 1800s. During the summer of 1857, a group of Spanish-
speaking prospectors originating from New Mexico, the first European-Americans who lived in the region, worked
a small placer deposit (a residual accumulation of gold mineral fragments formed by sedimentation) near the mouth
of Little Dry Creek about 4 miles above the confluence of Cherry Creek along the South Platte River running
northward through what is now Denver at the foot of the Rocky Mountains. About ten years after the California
Gold Rush that occurred in 1848, the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, also known as the Colorado Gold Rush, began on June
24th of 1858 when another small placer deposit near the mouth of Little Dry Creek (in the present-day suburb of
Englewood) run by Sam Bates and William “Green” Russell of Georgia yielded: 622 grams of pure 14 Karat gold
(20 troy Oz). Upstream from the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River, the placer deposit is now
under the concrete and pavement of the modern-day City of Denver near Confluence Park by the present-day
Alameda Avenue Bridge. This gold find is seen as the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountains.

The South Platte River in Douglas County, south of Denver in Colorado.

The South Platte River flows northward where it flows together with Cherry Creek through central Denver, which
was founded along its banks. The river is formed in the grassland basin 100 miles southwest of Denver where the
South Fork and Middle Fork flow together 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Fairplay. When the discovery of gold was
finally announced in 1858, the ensuing gold rush created mining camps such as the Denver camp, which by 1860,
later became known as Denver City when it then provided supplies for the mining camps. Golden City and Boulder
City also started off as mining camps and simultaneously developed into large cities that later supplied the camps.

14
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, later known as the Colorado Gold Rush, had boomed in 1858 and it peaked in 1859 and
lasted until around the year that the rapidly growing population led to the establishment of Colorado Territory in
February of 1861. At that point the gold boom brought over 100,000 immigrants and settlers to mining in
southwestern Nebraska and western Kansas Territory in Pike's Peak country of the southern Rocky Mountains.

The often-exclaimed departing shout “Pike's Peak or Bust!” was a reference to the outstanding mountain at the
eastern-most edge of the Rockies, that with an altitude of 14,115 feet above sea level, at certain angles and areas of
the West it can be seen at times from even as far “as the crow flies” to 108.5 miles away in Flagler, CO in ideal
conditions on a clear day. Pike’s Peak guided these early prospectors to the region westward over the Great Plains
of Midwestern America. The continual inflow of tens and eventually hundreds of thousands of new settlers was often
attacked by Indians of the region who could most-assuredly surmise the inevitable outcome of their allowing too
many settlers in wagon trains on their way to California to access free travel across their ancestral landholdings.

The South Platte River Valley

15
 Cherry Creek in the Denver suburb of Englewood in Colorado.
William “Green” Russell & Sam Bates on June 24th of 1858 mined a first placer deposit that was found and John Gregory
found the first gold lode and started mining it on May 6th of 1859 that led to the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush and which later
became called the Colorado Gold Rush.

CLEARING THE WAY FOR GOLD MINING

To clear the way for gold mining and prospecting, between the years of 1864 through 1890, many of the battles fought
by the US military, cavalry and the men of the various territorial militias were mercenary serial killings and mass
murders of the numerous and peaceful Native American tribes and bands who were allied with the United States.

True to the doctrine of Manifest Destiny as if hunting wild animals, the cavalry’s typical habit of approach was such
that many of these regiments were invading the bands while the warriors were out hunting for the vanishing buffalo
herds.

In this madness toward clearing the way toward this quest of gold, the end was “justified” by any means possible,
regardless of the extent of the infliction of human suffering upon the peaceful native tribes and various stragglers
who were simply being viewed as mere obstacles to be overcome in the homage that the covetous placed upon their
Sunday altars to American greed and with lust for their idol:

the power of gold, silver, coal, oil, cotton, timber and other resources. Ironically, this meant attacking the more
docile, friendly, vulnerable and unsuspecting Native American bands who allied themselves with the United States.
Absurdly, this they perpetrated through committing a series of campaigns of torturing, dismembering and
mutilations to multiple thousands of innocent native men, women and children.

16
Although there were innumerable battles with fierce warriors, many of these genocidal mass invasions are
fallaciously called “battles” and were actually plundering that occurred when the warriors were typically out hunting
buffalo or the invading hordes of cowboys, militia or cavalry had the overwhelming advantage against clearly
vulnerable victims.

In March of 1863, The Rocky Mountain News in Denver wrote: “They are a dissolute, vagabondish, brutal, and
ungrateful race, and ought to be wiped from the face of the earth.” In August of 1864, after several skirmishes
between the settlers and natives, the same Rocky Mountain newspaper wrote that the settlers and troops in August
of 1864 must “go for them, their lodges, squaws and all.” Many Americans called for mass extermination of natives.

PERPETRATOR #1
PROFILE OF MASS MURDERERS: JOHN MILTON CHIVINGTON AND JOHN EVANS

In 1864, Colonel John Chivington, a one-time Methodist preacher who had become a territorial Sheriff,
commandeered the Third Colorado Territory militia of 700 men, who mostly consisted of mountain men and rustic
frontiersmen, many of some among whom having been released from prison that year were pardoned for murder
and for other crimes by Gov. John Evans who was a supporter of Chivington's plan to kill all Indians.

And then “expeditively” so to speak, Col. Chivington enlisted them for a 100-day period to perform the grotesque
deed of a gruesome mass murder, which was something right up the alley of some of the released convicts and the
only thing they were any good at: the killing and torture of innocent human beings.

On June 24th of 1864, Governor John Evans proclaimed all peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho in the region to report
to their assigned reservation at Sand Creek in southeast Colorado Territory or to risk being attacked. Though his
band was somewhat distrustful at first, Black Kettle complied with the proclamation in November and moved his
band to Sand Creek about 40 miles northeast of Fort Wise (Lyon) on the southeastern Colorado border where Major
Edward Wynkoop, the commanding federal officer, said that they would be safe; however, Wynkoop was completely
unaware of Evans and Chivington’s real intention which was to eradicate the band.

By ordering the Indians to report to Sand Creek, Governor John Evans then set the stage for his second proclamation
which was to invite all settlers to “kill and destroy all hostile Indians”. Merely for expecting to gain politically, he
and Chivington contrived rumors that the Southern Cheyenne were hostile.

17
Chivington’s term was ending soon in the militia so he was planning to get himself elected into political office and so
by killing a lot of Indians he wanted to be going out with such a real bang that even rivaled the frontier exploits of
the famous Indian fighter Kit Carson. On Monday November 28th the night before the massacre with camaraderie
and bravado, the soldiers, militia and convicts drank heavily and were congratulating one another over their
imminent victory that next day.

As he was routinely accustomed to doing every morning, outside his lodge very early that next morning, on Tuesday,
November 29th an unassuming Chief Black Kettle was proudly raising the huge American flag he got from President
Abraham Lincoln when once he had gone to Washington DC.

White flags flew outside the village encampment to show his band’s friendly relationship with the United States.
Nonetheless, thereupon macabrely “Preacher John's” deranged and depraved despots stormed and then ravaged
and devastated the friendly village of Cheyenne and Arapaho by raping, torturing, dismembering and mutilating, in
the very least, a minimally estimated 70 to 163 of predominantly women and children as well as infants and the few
braves that were there while most were out hunting the dwindling buffalo herds.

The following is a direct quote from the perpetrator of the mass murder, “Preacher John” Col. John Milton
Chivington, Commander of the Colorado militia: “Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! ... I have
come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill
Indians.” ~ Colonel John Chivington

Chivington then gave the order for the militia to proceed to rape and scalp all of their victims with age no barrier
and due to the mass insanity of the militia at the time, they sliced off the females’ breasts and cut out their sexual
organs as well as the males’ and then they even included other body parts as well as human fetuses.

Sanctimoniously, the “Fighting Parson” otherwise known as “Preacher John” Chivington then ordered his men to
dress their gear, weapons and hats with the scalps and other body parts while they were still wet with blood, then in
a drunken reverie, they went into Denver City to celebrate in the town saloons proudly wearing and displaying them
as trophies [32].

Four days later on Saturday, December 3rd at the Apollo Theater, they boisterously exhibited them by throwing them
onto the center stage during intermission all to the thunderous applause of a somewhat aghast yet pleased audience
of gold miners, immigrants and settlers.

Meanwhile, pitifully the great peaceful Chief Black Kettle

was reviving and rescuing his badly injured wife …

And as their blood, tears and broken hearts filled the sand,

the fragile heart of Native

America lay there …

still beating …

18
 Underneath the embankment of that icy Sand Creek

in late November of 1864.

Famous American frontiersman Kit Carson.

Kit Carson was an Indian fighter who fought numerous hostile Indian tribes and bands who opposed American
interests yet he had the integrity to refrain from the killing of women and children even when they fought back.

After the massacre, Chivington and his buddy Evans ordered their men to spread grandiose rumors that the
Colorado militia had defeated a massive and epic legion of ferociously hostile Cheyenne and Arapaho braves.
Consequently, they were being viewed as great war heroes by the Denver public at large in the vicinity. In regard to
the massacre at Sand Creek, while in a conversation with Colonel James Rusling after he returned from fighting
fierce Indian warriors at the Battle at the Ruins of Adobe Walls in Texas, Kit Carson, made several pertinent
comments on this sad state of affairs regarding Chivington and the Colorado militia:

“Jis to think of that dog Chivington and his dirty hounds, up thar at Sand Creek. His men shot down squaws, and
blew the brains out of little innocent children. You call sich soldiers Christians, do ye? And Indians savages? What
der yer 'spose our Heavenly Father, who made both them and us, thinks of these things? I tell you what; I don't like
a hostile red skin any more than you do. And when they are hostile, I've fought 'em, hard as any man. But I never
yet drew a bead on a squaw or papoose, and I despise the man who would.” ~ Kit Carson

19
Settler John S. Smith, United States interpreter, told Congress regarding Sand Creek:

“I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all
to pieces ... With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there,
from sucking infants up to warriors ... By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops ...”

THE HORSEBACK RIDE OF THE “CONQUERING HERO” FROM SAND CREEK TO DENVER.

“ h c ip r *” bragged “Preacher John” while he and his militia were mounting their horses for the two
hundred mile horseback ride northwestward from Sand Creek to Denver. When they arrived in Denver on Thursday
evening on Dec 1st and of Friday Dec 2nd quite a few people in town were heralding him as a conquering hero. The
townspeople joined in while they were celebrating in several of the town saloons. He went on bragging on Saturday
Dec 3rd during the macabre exhibit of their conquest at the Apollo Theater during intermission.

Repeatedly boasting “ h c ip r *” perhaps even while he was being an honored guest on Sunday Dec.
4th at the Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church* service in town or even while feigning a sermon *
(video: *) to a crowd of onlookers, sometime during the charade, a brave cavalryman named
* who was an eyewitness to the massacre and did not take part in it, stood up and publicly accosted Chivington
(Bob Dylan* jam w/ friends.) [“Get back to God*” Roy Moore*. Woman tells story of when 16 got molested by him*.]

By denouncing Chivington’s actions, Soule let the Denver public know how the raid was actually a depraved act of
cowardice. By pointing out the specimens of Chivington’s grandiose exhibit of his conquest the night before at the
Apollo, the dried scalps and body parts that they threw onto the stage, specifically the pudenda (sex organs) of women
and little girls and boys, the cavalryman Captain Silas Soule* completely unmasked Chivington to the Denver public
for being the *( *) that he really was. Early that next year of 1865
before Congress, Chivington called him a liar. One of Chivington’s henchmen during the massacre later murdered
this brave cavalryman named *.

Even though Chivington had provided a glowing deposition to Congress in 1865, he never recovered his reputation
and he remained to be a fugitive from the justice of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people. Congress merely determined
that Chivington acted wrongly at Sand Creek. Nonetheless, this completely obliterated any of Chivington’s political
dreams and aspirations for public office in the future. His life ultimately spelled out a fate of doom to wander off in
shame* and eventually he began roaming the Old Western frontier, a lone and destitute fugitive from Indian justice.
He became a fugitive from US justice as well, when he became wanted, among other things, for the attempted
extortion by the assault of a woman. And in a completely separate lady battering incident,
* for her objecting to his forging of her signature in
order to obtain a loan.

Chivington had soon continued to be a lonesome fugitive wandering the Old West, a homeless refugee in an unending
flight from justice until the year of 1883 when he returned back to his hometown of Denver laying low and settling
down to a relative degree of obscurity where he lived upon the kindliness of his friends and relatives until the year
he died in 1894. Governor John Evans however, was almost completely immune to any political repercussions
resulting from the Sand Creek massacre and thereafter. By other than being forced to resign by President Andrew
Johnson, who was a quarter Cherokee himself, Evans resiliently proceeded to prosper with leaps and bounds in the
railroad business where he had the total sanctum and the complete protection of the United States government.

20
And thus John Evans lived out the remainder of his life in relative comfort and luxury. The massacre created so
strong a feeling in the eastern United States that it prompted a congressional investigation, however, such sentiment
was inadequate and it failed to proceed with apprehending the perpetrators of the atrocity:

the sanctimonious “Fighting Parson” Chivington and political bed partner, his buddy Johnny Evans, who in his later
years, much more than likely, was haunted nightly . . . by the sins of his youth . . . and by the ghosts of the women,
little girls, boys and little baby infants at the Sand Creek massacre.

THE *

The 1864 Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado was six years after the gold boom in 1858 and five years after the acme
of the Colorado Pike’s Peak gold mining in 1859. The United States was apparently turning its back to what was the
devastation of their whole world, the Sand Creek massacre, which was strategically designed by Chivington and
Evans to entrap Chief Black Kettle’s band for the slaughter.

Twenty six years later in 1890, regardless of the careless cost of American lives on both sides, America and its allies,
Col. Forsyth and Maj. Whitside would use such strategic entrapment on the Miniconjou band of Lakota at Wounded
Knee in South Dakota.

In late January of 1865, about two months after the 1864 Sand Creek massacre, 1000 Cheyenne and Arapaho
warriors of the Dog Soldier Society responded to the US government’s lack of recognition of their plight. Thereby
they retaliated by going on a plundering rampage along the South Platte River through an area that had numerous
settlements near the gold mines scattered all along the river valley in the regional vicinity of Colorado Territory in
the western part of the State of Kansas and southwestern Nebraska Territory.

A mixed-blood Cheyenne Indian named George Bent, who was a Confederate Civil War veteran and a survivor of
Sand Creek, was one of the Indian outlaws who rode in an Indian army of the 1,000 braves of the Dog Soldier Society
who attacked Fort Rankin at Julesburg in Colorado Territory and killed several soldiers and a few townspeople in
the ensuing gun battles.

21
 George Bent and his first wife Magpie in 1867.

Ho-my-ike (1843 – May 19, 1918) Mixed blood Southern Cheyenne.

George Bent hid his wife and family, Chief Black Kettle and his wife and several other tribal family members by
situating them underneath the embankment of the river at Sand Creek on the early morning of November 29th of
1864 and kept them safe from the assault of Colonel John Chivington’s Colorado militia.

Many of these militia men who had been released from prison were pardoned for murder and for other crimes that
year by the corrupt, Governor John Evans to commit the gruesome deed of the ruthless mass murder of Black
Kettle’s village encampment.

Merely for political gain, individuals like Chivington and Evans fraudulently “suspected” that the barren land that
Black Kettle’s band dwelled upon was on gold rich land and they contrived such stories that the Southern Cheyenne,
who were not allies of the US and instead were “hostile”.

22
 Chief Red Cloud.
Maȟpíya Lúta (1822-1909) Oglala Lakota.

Due to the continual mass killing off of the buffalo by settlers and their encroachment upon Lakota land, on
December 21st in 1866, several Lakota braves confronted a wagon train carrying supplies on the Bozeman Trail and
signaled them to halt. Lieutenant Colonel William Fetterman and his 2nd Cavalry Regiment escorting the covered
wagons enacted their resistance but all 80 of his cavalrymen were slaughtered by the Lakota Chief Red Cloud and
his small army of fierce Lakota sharpshooters and warriors (Fetterman Massacre).

As a response to the Fetterman massacre in 1866, U.S. Army General William Tecumseh Sherman wrote to Gen.
Grant in favor of the mass extermination of the Lakota: “we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux,
even to their extermination, men, women and children” [111 up arrow]. Sherman, in essence, was proposing the
decimation of all Lakota people including women and children even when the warriors were absent.

Subsequently, following Grant’s orders, several conflicts followed including the Hayfield Fight and the Wagon Box
Fight near Fort Phil Kearny. The Wagon Box Fight had led the historian George E. Hyde to cite that only six warriors
were killed and six wounded [38b] and it had left the cavalry boasting that they killed as many as 1500 Lakota
warriors [42 up arrow] by the breech-loading Springfield rifles that they brandished during the conflict.

23
These highly efficient rifles could fire 8 to 10 shots per minute compared to 3 or 4 shots the muzzle-loading muskets
the soldiers had used previously [39 up arrow]. Hyde further reported that Lakota warriors themselves did not consider
the Wagon Box conflict a defeat and that they had also managed to raid a huge herd of mules and horses.
Accordingly, the soldiers suffered only five killed and two wounded with the Lakota suffering between 50 and 120
casualties who expected the soldiers to delay firing with the older muskets before being able to fire again. However,
only six of the wounded Lakota had actually died from the battle.

And as he was signing the treaty two years later in 1868, Sherman sternly warned the faction of the Lakota peace
chiefs who signed the treaty that if they showed any sign of resistance to the will of the US government, he was
ordered to enact what he called was “a new kind of war”. This order for a new kind of war came from Gen. Ulysses
Grant and not from President Andrew Johnson who himself was a quarter Cherokee Indian and even though
through the political underpinnings in Washington DC, he was relegated to being a lame duck president.

So over any infraction by the Lakota to the will of the US government, Gen. Grant was ordering the slaughter of the
Lakota people, including women and children while the warriors were absent. And to the greatest extent of their
powers, immediately Generals Sherman and Sheridan started deploying such imperialistic madness as a means to
insure a vacuous victory that was completely devoid of true honor and integrity. The US opted for the “less drastic”
approach of decimating the natives who had not yet made it to their assigned reservation and by this time, however,
the US had the power to decimate all Indians many of whom by this time had become blood relatives of the settlers
through a certain amount of intermarriage.

These confrontations resulted in the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 which had established the official protection of
the Black Hills from white settlement [11d]. When the treaty was finally made, whatever the recognized Lakota head
chief Red Cloud sought; Red Cloud got, by making it stipulate that: “no white person or persons shall be permitted
to settle upon or occupy any portion” … thereof the said Powder River Country … “without the consent of the
Indians first had and obtained, to pass through” the said river country* [48 up arrow*].

PERPETRATOR #2

PROFILE OF MASS MURDERER: GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER.

(wife “Libbie” with Custer)

24
During the Civil War, on April 15, 1865, the Union General Philip Sheridan appointed a Union Army Civil War
hero, George Custer (movie) temporarily as a brevet major general [*] of the Volunteers [8b]. After the war Custer
returned to his former rank of captain. A year later, he was promoted to Lt. Colonel of the US Army 7 th Cavalry
Regiment when it was formed in 1866 at Fort Riley in Kansas for patrolling Native Americans who raided forts and
settlements on the Great Western Plains in the State of Kansas, in Montana Territory and in Dakota Territory. The
US Army 7th Cavalry Regiment was deployed there to protect the covered wagon trains of the pioneers on the Oregon
Trail in their movement westward.

George Armstrong Custer was the charismatic lieutenant colonel commander at Washita River in 1868 and even
though he was addressed as “General” by many of the members of his regiment, he still held the same rank of
lieutenant colonel at the Little Bighorn in 1876. The temporary brevet major general rank he held during the Civil
War was only an honorary title thereafter because of his charisma among the cavalrymen of the 7th Regiment and
with the American public at large who lived in settlements, villages and homes that were scattered about the region.

The mass murderer’s victims: Has specifically targeted peaceful and vulnerable Native American bands
when the warriors were out hunting buffalo or entirely absent.

On August 10th of 1868, three years after the Julesburg rampage, 200 Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors,
who were members of the Dog Soldier society, were sent as a war party by Chiefs Black Kettle and Little Rock at
the behest of the US military to fight against the Pawnee, who ironically were also allied with the United States. This
was obviously the divide and conquer ploy that they were being given indirectly by Custer and Sheridan, characters
akin to Chivington and Evans, to keep their “Uncle Sam’s boys”: the Southern Cheyenne and the Pawnee, under
their thumbs, so that they would fight and destroy one another in the divide and conquer strategy.

During that late summer, George Bent was among 200 warriors, who were dissatisfied with living under the
deplorable conditions that were being bestowed upon them for being friendly with the US. The United States
government seemed to a certain level to be and it was actually continuing to completely ignore the Sand Creek
massacre and let the perpetrator Chivington go completely unpunished.

To the natives it was known that Evans was under the protection of the US government because of his involvement
with the railroad business yet it was not known to native warriors that Chivington remained to be a wandering
refugee on the Western frontier, a lone and destitute fugitive from native justice as well as US justice.

The US government dealt with the matter by simply proposing another treaty that displaced the remnant of Black
Kettles band to another deplorably barren location in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Hence in response, George
Bent’s 200 warriors had formed a war party that refused to honor the wishes of Chiefs Black Kettle and Little Rock,
and had chosen to raid white settlements instead. Thereby, they had begun attacking settlements all along the
Solomon and Saline Rivers in Western Kansas.

25
This horde of enraged Dog Soldiers began marauding on the 10th of August in 1868. Unlike in the 1865 rampage this
one was less restrained. Since they were acting contrary to the will of the US government they were considered
renegades by the US. Acting contrary to the wishes of Chiefs Black Kettle and Little Rock, they were considered to
be Indian outlaws. These braves then went on a horrifying rampage of rape, burn, pillage and plunder that killed 15
white settlers in settlements, wounded others and were reported to have committed several depredations against
white women by stealing them off on horseback.

While speedily riding by, they scooped these hapless ladies up onto a horse with the lady on her belly on the horse’s
back. They also had taken other numerous captives of women and children to be adopted into various tribes in place
of the loved ones they had lost at Sand Creek. They committed other depredations like the poaching of livestock
because of the vanishing buffalo herds. In addition to this, an alliance of war parties of the Kiowa, Comanche,
Northern Cheyenne, Brule, Oglala Lakota, and Pawnee warriors attacked forts and settlements in Southeast
Colorado and Northwest Texas.

When the leaders of the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho war party returned back home to Black Kettle and Little
Rock, the head warriors who were responsible for the raids were dealt with according to tribal law, were delivered
up to the white authorities in the territory or they remained free and many were still at large. Nevertheless, Chiefs
Black Kettle and Little Rock were personally held responsible for the raids in 1868 by the corrupt Lt. Col. George
Armstrong Custer. The vengeful Custer, for the peaceful Chief Black Kettle and his wife’s audacity of even having
survived through the 1864 Sand Creek massacre, surely Custer would decimate him in the year of 1868. And then
he would officially begin “finishing off the job” started by the equally corrupt John Chivington and the Colorado
militia in 1864, just four years earlier, toward exterminating all Native Americans in the United States.

One year prior to 1868, Custer was court-martialed and convicted at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas for the
mistreatment of soldiers by ordering the refusal of medical attention to deserters and for ordering many of them to
be shot without trial. Ironically, this was shortly after he abandoned his own post for a crucial night to see his wife
Libbie (Elizabeth). As a direct result of his absence, several of his men were killed by Indians.

However, after Custer was court-martialed and convicted, he was eventually released from serving nine months of
a one year suspension from rank without pay and he was reinstated to lieutenant colonel by General Philip Sheridan
to deliver the final blow of the incisively ruthless massacre against the peaceful Black Kettle and the rest of his
Cheyenne and Arapaho following in Indian Territory in Oklahoma.

26
 Chief Black Kettle
Moke-tav-a-to [*] (~1803-1868) Southern Cheyenne

Custer ignored the white flags flying outside the village and the gigantic American flag flying outside a lodge
indicating the peaceful intent of Black Kettle’s band. Nonetheless, the mass murderer Custer then flagrantly
tarnished an enduring old Irish drinking ballad of war that was used by the Irish in Ireland to free the poor from
the English Crown and in the early American history of New York and Boston to free poor Irish immigrants.

While ordering the 7th Regiment’s musicians to play the song “Garryowen”, Custer adopted it as the regiment’s
marching tune and nickname, he then ordered 250 men and re-enforcements to ride in full force and then decimate
103 poor Cheyenne and Arapaho allies of the United States, peaceful and unsuspecting Black Kettle’s family: relatives,
women, children and little infants at the encampment site at Washita River on Nov. 27th of 1868.

The 7th Cavalry’s storming of Black Kettle’s village at Washita River on Nov 27th of 1868. Warriors drew near from the east at
the Arapaho, Cheyenne and Kiowa camps 4 - 5 miles away yet by the time they got there the damage had already been done.

Chief Black Kettle was born about ~1803 and died on November 27th of 1868. He was the leader of the Southern
Cheyenne after 1854 and at first he opposed the settlers in the Kansas and Colorado territories. Very soon Black
Kettle discovered that it was advantageous to be co-operating with the treaties and soon he became known to be a
peacemaker between Indians and whites as well.

27
However, his brand of peaceful diplomacy did not work very well when finally during an ensuing massacre at
Washita River, the women and the few braves that were there, shot back at the cavalrymen when these women were
trying to save their precious loved ones who were then expediently mutilated by the long shanks of the Seventh.

“Where the river ran red with blood”

This is a picture of the Washita River where most of the remnant of mainly women and children of Chief Black
Kettle’s band was decimated by Lieutenant Colonel George Custer’s 7th Regiment. It is often said among the
Cheyenne and the Arapaho that even to this day when one gazes at the river, it seems to still have a reddish tinge to
it, reminding them of their wiped out ancestors and relatives. Black Kettle along with his wife, family, friends and
many of the other members of his band were killed here while they were trying to cross the river on their horses.

In Washington DC, these chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne were recognized as allies of the United States, which had
signed several treaties with them. Nevertheless, even Chief Black Kettle, the head chief of the Southern Cheyenne
and his wife were executed by Custer’s 7th Cavalry who invaded his village and slaughtered his people. Then by
convincing themselves that they were disciplined soldiers, by not committing as many rapes of the young females as
at Sand Creek, the army then mutilated them and his entire family and the remainder of his band, leaving only a
remnant of 53 women and children to …

…… walk many trails of tears …….

…… to some barren far off location.............

... … And as they looked back when they walked away,

…… they remembered Black Kettle’s dream … and thought….

...... “American hearts it was ….. that lay there in the ashes . . . .”

28
On the following day on the 28th of Nov. 1868, while relocating them at sword and at gunpoint, the army of
cavalrymen abducted the defenseless 53 surviving women and children captives to Camp Supply where, they were
later transferred to Ft. Hayes, Kansas as prisoners of war while being marched off to some distant land in northern
Dakota Territory.

Typical of Custer, he took one of the abducted female captives for his own use and personal amusement. Custer’s
estimate of the number of braves killed was 103 Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors, however, other estimates widely
vary the figures from 17 to over 100. The total camp population was in the very least 250; with “Some” (Custer’s
description of it) to 75 women and children being killed. Aside from the façade of all his rhetoric, Custer’s report
has been regarded with skepticism, and his somewhat shady figures are not believable.

Ron McNeil

A video documentary Sitting Bull* (narrated). A 3rd great grandson of Sitting Bull, Ron McNeil, who like many
Native Americans has Cheyenne and Arapaho relatives stated that 93 of the 103 killed
at Washita River were in actuality women and children.

29
Custer reported that the natives killed at Sand Creek were “braves” however, afterwards privately qualified his
statement. In other words, since the women and children would fight back and did not just let the cavalry kill them,
Custer referred to them as “braves” or “males” or “men” in his reports documenting the event; and to document
“females and children killed” he merely wrote “Some”.

The Washita River invasion is regarded as the first victory for the US Cavalry in the Southern Plains War and it
enabled the United States government to force the Southern Cheyenne onto an assigned reservation elsewhere.

Thirty eight years earlier in 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed The Indian Removal Act which was originally
designed to leave removal to a new location completely at the volition of each individual tribe; however, by the 1860s
Indian removal became basically a modified policy of extermination of the red man.

At the Capitol in Washington DC, there were many social forces that were working for and against the survival of
the Native American and there was even talk about the complete annihilation and extermination of American Indians
throughout the highest officials of the American Government, Ulysses S Grant for one.

Prior to the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, Grant was a major proponent of Indian removal which in essence
had become meant for Indians to remove themselves from their homelands and to relocate to the barren location set
aside for their habitation or to be wiped out, even the children.

A great number of Native Americans had served under Grant in the Civil War when Grant was promoted to
lieutenant general in late 1863 and it was that same year that President Lincoln made him Commander of the Union
Army. The year of 1863 was two years before the end of the Civil War and six years before Grant became President
of the United States in 1869.

Soon after becoming the US President, Grant changed his policy of Indian removal to a “peace” policy by reducing
the number of Indian “battles” from 101 per year at the beginning of his administration in 1869, to 43 per year at
the end of his administration in 1877.

In actuality these so-called “battles” were most oftentimes invasions of innocent and unsuspecting native dwellings
while the warriors were typically out searching for the vanishing buffalo herds.

In essence, Grant reduced the country’s number of invasions, mass murders and many times actual battles against
natives from about 100 at the beginning to about 50 per year by the end of his administration.

Grant insisted that American Indians accept the reservation system or to be faced by the complete annihilation from
the intrusion of hundreds of thousands of new settlers and incoming European immigrants with many from other
areas of the world.

At the start of his administration in 1869, toward somewhat of a reconciliation for Indians
and in a very short-lived stroke of godliness, Grant told Congress:

“Wars of extermination... are demoralizing and wicked.”

~ Pres. Ulysses S. Grant

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 US President Ulysses S. Grant

In 1873, during his tenure as president (1869-1877) Ulysses Grant became concerned about the US economy resulting
from the stock market crash that year and decided that even on Indian lands the US must perform geological surveys
of all the gold within the reach of the United States which recognized the Black Hills, located between the North
Platte River and Yellowstone River, as belonging to the Lakota in the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868.

Furthermore, the treaty obligated the government to pay the Lakota $50,000 annually [11 up arrow] however; thereafter
implementing the actual payment of these annuities was being direly neglected because the distribution of these
annuities was being assigned to unscrupulous non-native individual Indian agents in the respective territorial or
state bureaucracy.

In response to rumors that the Black Hills contained large deposits of gold, in 1874 Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer
led the 7th Cavalry Regiment of 1200 men with 110 covered wagons to protect a team of geologists, engineers and
miners to brazenly investigate Lakota treaty land. They found small placer deposits of gold flakes on the roots of
some clumps of grass on a tributary of the Cheyenne River called French Creek located in southwestern Dakota
Territory northwest of the present day town of Custer.

The mere announcement of this in 1874, caused such a joyous uproar of major excitement among settlers and
immigrants that in the town saloons and dwellings and even in the streets one could often hear the loud shout of
“There’s gold in them thar hills!” that led to the Black Hills Gold Rush.

After this initial find, the geological survey continued to look for more favorable locations. However, regardless of
even being within Indian Territory, once the presence of the Lakota gold in the Black Hills was known by white
settlers and immigrants, in a brief matter of a few months, well over fifteen thousand immigrants, settlers and
prospectors flocked into the area.

Upon entering one of the newly built saloons in the Old West, the settlers were overcome with the joyful uproar of
an ebullient excitement and gold fever that was so great that it became contagious and widespread among incoming
European immigrants and even among some of the mixed blood natives. As a result that year in 1874, the Fort
Laramie Treaty of 1868 became completely disregarded and abrogated by the US. President Grant’s survey of all
the gold in Indian country finally hit pay dirt when in November of 1875. Prospectors came upon large placer
deposits of gold near Deadwood Gulch and Whitewood Creek in the northern Black Hills. By April 9th of 1876, these
prospectors had come upon a gold bonanza outcropping near present day Lead, South Dakota and then claimed it
and called it the “Homestake”.

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 In a matter of four months, tens of thousands of gold-seekers, flocked to a new rapidly-growing town that was being
built and it became known as Deadwood. Very soon it started drawing in fortune hunters, outlaws, gunslingers and
harlots and it was becoming notorious for lawlessness. At Nuttal & Mann’s Saloon on August 2nd of that year, James
Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok, the famed gunslinger, got shot in the back of the head at the age of 39 when he was dealt
a hand of “Aces and Eights” while playing a game of poker. His murder was for having killed the father of the young
upstart 24-year-old named “Crooked Nose” Jack McCall who was eventually found guilty of murder and hanged.

Even though numerous miners had already claimed all the land around the creeks and washouts by that time, several
thousand more immigrants still flocked into the region with hopes of finding a lucrative niche of the Lakota gold.
Hence there were numerous white prospectors and miners who looked upon Lakota land with great envy and
murdered many as well as each other in a bid to gain the total control and ownership of these glistening piles of
golden fragments and those glittering nuggets of that shiny Lakota gold.

mine in the year of 1889.

The pile of gold rubble in the foreground was worth well over a billion dollars by today’s terms. A single shovelful of
this gold-rich rubble contained a veritable fortune, enough to conceivably even keep a man happy for well over 100
years. Ironically, ever since the Black Hills Gold Rush began in 1874, the Lakota have lived in abject poverty and they
still do to this day. Many Americans placed the target of blame for Custer’s death on the Lakota people for having the
courage and the bravery to stand up for all native people at the *. In fact, while attending
an annual Sun Dance, it was innumerable Native Americans from various native nations who had stood up for
themselves in their defense against a formidable policy of the mass murder and serial killings of Indians which were
all perpetrated in the name of their new American god: the A eri n g ed d l t r gold*.

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The Lakota had merely become the target of blame for the death of the Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer* who was
being viewed by the general American public *, when he was really nothing less than
*. Most of the crimes that he ever committed were performed in the
American quest for the Black Hills gold on Lakota treaty land.

Once Custer was not visited by his wife “Libbie*” when she would not accompany an officer named Smith to Fort
Hayes to see him. So embittered, Custer said if he heard nothing soon that he would “try to kill time by killing
Indians.*”

~ Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer.

Deadwood Treasure Wagon and Guards; Wells Fargo Express Co. with $250,000 of gold bullion (equivalent to $6,000,000 by the
year 2010 value) from the Great Homestake Mine, Deadwood, SD in 1890, the year of the Wounded Knee massacre. Pictured here
are five guards traversing Lakota treaty land, holding rifles, in a horse-drawn, uncovered wagon on a country road.
*, this was a major temptation for * who wanted to rob the treasure coaches and
get rich quick or die trying, most of whom were summarily killed in the resulting shootouts and crossfire that inevitably followed
the first shot. Photography by John C. H. Grabill* and Click on this link: * and just scroll on down.

The treasure wagons carrying up to $300,000 worth of gold (equivalent to $7,200,000 by the year 2010 value) to
Cheyenne in Wyoming Territory became ever-enthralling targets for *. The last major hold-up
th
happened on September 26 of 1878 in the mid-afternoon about 35 miles south of Deadwood at the Canyon Springs
station. The outlaws bound and gagged the stableman who worked there then placed their guns through the spaces
they rustled up between the boards and waited for the treasure coach to arrive. As it was approaching, they opened
fire upon the guards killing one and wounding two others.

The head guard, plainly a renowned sharpshooter, hid behind a large tree of White Pine and then, along with the
bandits, took several shots back and forth. Finally, he was forced to relent and then he agreed to let them have the safe
full of loot and the coach, if they agreed to let him go free.

After the head guard left, the outlaws* tied the driver up to one of the coach wheels, sledge hammered and chiseled
the safe open and then split the booty and scattered off into various directions. The stage coach company offered a
$2,500 reward (equivalent to about $50,000 reward by the year 2010 value) for information leading to the arrest of the
perpetrators.

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Citizens in the area organized a massive area manhunt and then overcome by the lynch mob fever mentality that
oftentimes characterized the Old West, speedily lynched several possibly innocent suspects and after brief trials other
suspects were charged, convicted and expediently hanged! In the end, not even half of the gold was eventually
recovered and it was quite possible that several innocent men got blamed by any fellow cowhands involved.

Over the next one hundred and twenty five years, the Homestake and other Black Hills mining companies produced
well over ten percent of the entire world’s gold supply. New processes of mining developed and gold fever and the gold
rush on Lakota Indian lands continued on into the 1890s and even to the modern day.

After the year of 1874, President Grant ordered Generals Philip Sheridan and William Tecumseh Sherman to decimate
the buffalo herds until veritable extinction to reduce the native ability to continue an armed struggle against the
American imperialistic conquest of the West: “How the West was Won” through the ruthless enforcement of Indian
removal upon Indian tribes against their own volition and through the ignominiously barbaric policy of the mass
extermination of American Indians who resisted removal from their ancestral homelands.

The United States government continually broke treaty agreements as it moved farther westward and this resulted in
a multitude of violent acts of depredation on the part of white settlers and natives as well.

Inclusive of all the battles: “The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than
40 in number. They have cost the lives of about
*” ~ 1894 US Bureau of the Census Report.

After the 1868 Washita River massacre, the United States usually had the upper hand during the better part of the
battles and in the 1870s, the US Army strategically planned to eventually take complete possession of all of the gold
deposits in the Black Hills. Therefore, in order to stop the Indians from raiding white settlements, the U.S. government
decided to corral all free roaming Indians on the Great Plains onto designated reservations.

During the middle of one of the last bitterly cold winters at the end of the global “Little Ice Age” which lasted from
about the years A. D. 1300 to 1870, President Grant set a deadline of January 31st of 1876 for all Lakota, Cheyenne
and Arapaho in the unceded territory to report to their designated agencies on their assigned reservations or they
would be considered “hostile”. This was Grant’s pretext for the mass extermination of those American Indians that
remained. And naturally, Sitting Bull refused to comply with Grant’s deadline and this was what inevitably led to:

The Greasy Grass Fight by the Little Bighorn River.

Subsequent to all of the numerous massacres perpetrated by the US military and the 7 th Regiment, the year before
the end of Grant’s administration in 1876, a huge number of Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho braves and from other
native nations were being led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall while they were performing an annual Sun Dance
medicine ceremony on June 25th by the Little Bighorn River in what is now Montana.

Sitting Bull had finally caught up with these mass murdering serial killers. Their commander Lt. Col. Custer lusted
for political office by staging another incisively invasive maneuver against the prospect of Lakota presence on the
gold rich land that Sitting Bull’s people dwelled upon 270 miles away in their landholdings in the Black Hills.

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With just a single strategic massacre of Chief Sitting Bull and his retinue, Custer could conceivably win public favor
enough to even become the President of the United States! Indeed, merely one more, bloody massacre would do it.
As a result, “General” George A. Custer pursued a major campaign of the forcible removal of Sitting Bull and the
Lakota from their ancestral landholdings.

This resulted in a historic confrontation of 647 of America’s notoriously best-trained, well-equipped and many of
whom were some of the most-seasoned soldiers of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment that had at last come face to face with
900-1,800 warriors who were some of the bravest and some of the most ferocious on the North American continent
belonging to the encampments of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall.

In the far off distance of the grassy and somewhat hilly terrain, Custer’s Crow scouts could plainly see an
encampment extending all along the greasy grass by the Little Bighorn River. Just previous to the battle, the large
assemblage of warriors that were encamped there were all singing Lakota songs* as well as many were singing
numerous songs from other native nations such as warriors of the Anishinaabe: the Ojibway, Menominee, Sauk,
Fox, Kickapoo, Cheyenne and Arapaho and Crow and Arikara warriors and Lakota relatives the HoChunk who
were all attending the annual Sundance that would take place in Crow country during that time of year.

When Custer was advised by his Crow scouts of the encampments they were about to face, audaciously he said:

“There aren’t enough Indians in the world to defeat the 7th Cavalry!” ~ George A. Custer
A longtime enemy of the Lakota, Custer's Crow scouts reported sighting the enormous encampments and inevitably
when they were confronted by Sitting Bull and his braves, Sitting Bull had given the signal of fair warning for Custer
and the cavalry not to advance any farther. Nonetheless, Custer failed to heed the warning signs and at 3 pm that
day, presumptuous of his victory, the vainglorious and the undaunted commander, Custer proceeded with his attack.

So Custer took a battalion of 210 men on horseback and circled around to the north end of the encampment; the
battalion of Major Marcus Reno’s 170 cavalrymen were dispatched on horseback across the river to attack from the
south and Captain Frederick Benteen’s battalion of up to the rest of the regiment of 267 men were dispatched on a
reconnaissance to the southwest in order to attack from the left flank.

When Custer and his men were eventually coming over the ridge and discovering the actual enormity of the mile
and half long and a quarter of a mile-wide encampment of Crazy Horse and realizing that the 7th Regiment was
coming upon the most humongous native village that they had ever seen before. Not completely realizing yet that
they were outmatched that day at the Little Bighorn River, an impetuous Custer said:

“Custer’s luck! The biggest Indian village on the continent!” ~ George A. Custer.

Major Marcus Reno’s battalion was the first to engage in the fearsome battle. However, being an extremely hot day,
while in preparation, instead of being engaged in the imminent conflict, Captain Benteen’s soldiers were watering
their horses in the shallow ford of the river and some of his men were encircling the water wagon to fill their canteens.
With the wide expanse of the Lakota land and the hilly terrain, down in a valley Custer’s battalion was expediently
being led into an ambush and was being overwhelmed by the fierce and unrelenting warriors of Crazy Horse.

And by the time that Maj. Reno’s men fought their way to the hidden valley where Custer’s battalion was being
over-powered pushed back and almost being forced to retreat, they galloped their horses to the over-powered
battalion as the battle was raging on.

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Major Reno and Captain Benteen were beyond a doubt, some tenaciously tough-minded cowboys; yet they were not
foolhardy and vainglorious like Custer was and they were about to keep themselves alive that day by not rushing in
where angels would fear to tread; into an all-out fight right on the home ground of the massive legion of the fierce,
the ferocious and the intrepid warlords of the Greasy Grass by the Little Bighorn River.

Once this mass legion of warriors caught wind of the whereabouts of the regiment’s divisions, singlehandedly, Crazy
Horse, completely without a weapon, bravely initiated the victorious charge of his war party by boldly galloping his
pinto directly into the heart of Custer’s battalion and caught it off guard causing it to become disorganized. This
precipitated the unthinkable, the massive charge of the remainder of the original number of warriors from the
encampments of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall pouring into the area in massive droves of vengeful warriors.

Approaching its fateful climax was the most famous battle in the Old West: The Battle of the Little Bighorn River
between the brave and the ferocious warriors of Chiefs Sitting Bull, Gall and Crazy Horse and Lt. Col. George
Armstrong Custer’s brave and the formidable soldiers of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment. The Lakota still call it the
Greasy Grass Fight. This pivotal event became known in the American history books as “Custer's Last Stand”.

However, there was no real “stand” about it; Custer and his battalion were simply being bushwhacked and forced
to retreat and when they had eventually become overwhelmed, they were becoming pursued and then they scattered
off into various directions.

“The Custer Fight” a painting by Charles Marion Russell.

On their horses, while one hundred cavalrymen of Major Marcus Reno’s battalion were finally retreating through
all of the fighting while making their way through their assignment, to gain their only possible advantage at that
point during the battle, they sought refuge there high on the ridge.

36
And from their vantage point, while overlooking the conflict being played out in the valley below, with just the single
choice of anticipating an uphill assault while still waiting for Captain Benteen’s battalion to arrive, they were then
compelled to steadfastly fend off innumerable warriors by shooting them with their rifles as they tried to attack the
hill they were on. They then just had to watch Custer and his men being decimated or to try to rescue them and to
risk being severely decimated themselves by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall’s men. Sitting Bull, who realized
that an uphill assault of Reno’s men was somewhat futile and completely aware of Reno’s only possible remaining
maneuver of staying put, merely let his battalion go to spread the news of the native victory.

Whereby 268 cavalrymen of Custer’s battalion were being overwhelmed and slaughtered right in plain view of Reno
and 100 of his men. At any one given moment, a great number of the cavalrymen of Custer’s regiment were being
slain at scattered locations where ultimately many of their corpses were later found dismembered, looted and naked.

And those 70 brave souls of the original 170 of Maj. Marcus Reno’s battalion who weren’t already killed off in the
conflict, by disobeying Reno’s command to stay put, were partaking in the day of glory for Sitting Bull and Crazy
Horse, so they were completely free to try to rescue Custer and his men. Some of Reno’s men were even still willing
to risk sacrificing themselves to try to save them and though foolhardy, the bravest of these brave men chose
as such . . . and were tortured . . . many were dismembered . . . and for buzzards some were left there dying during
that hot summer sun of June.

Such torture was contrary to Sitting Bull’s sacred vision at the Sun Dance where he told his warriors to leave the
bodies of the dead or the dying cavalrymen undisturbed and that they were not to be tortured or mutilated or looted.
Yet even by 100 of Reno’s men the sight of such torture was not paramount to the torture of seeing your precious
loved ones being mutilated before your very eyes during the innumerable massacres to the multiple thousands of
Native American elders, men, women, little girls, boys and infants committed by the bloody hands of the mercenary
a.k.a. “General” George Armstrong Custer and the long knives of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment.

This was the 7th Regiment that had perpetrated innumerably many of the miserable massacres of Native Americans
while enforcing Grant’s policy of the mass extermination of American Indians who resisted removal from their
ancestral homelands.

Early on during the battle, Custer got shot through his ribs right below the heart and rather than being tortured or
taken prisoner, the left-handed Custer then shot himself in the left temple with one of the three pistols he kept on
himself during the battle.

Because he broke a promise to Chief Stone Forehead that he would never fight Indians again, a couple of native
women, so he would hear better in the afterlife, stuck a bone sewing awl deeply into both of his ears.

Yet not disturbed any further . . on a warm summer’s eve . . . Custer’s corpse was later found . . . .
in the valley . . . where it lay there naked . . . on the greasy grass by the Little Bighorn River . .
. . . . a scarlet sunset glowing on the western sky . . . . . on June 25th of 1876 .
Thereupon by slaughtering the cavalrymen on the spot, these braves avenged the deaths of their people. These slain
invaders were only a very few of the perpetrators of similar massacres that were perpetrated against Native
Americans previous to the Wounded Knee massacre fourteen years later in 1890. In relation to Native Americans,
the 7th Regiment was merely one of the countless marauding hordes of wayward cowboys who followed Grant’s
orders for the mass extermination of the Lakota who were situated away from their assigned reservations.

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 The US 7th Cavalry Regiment was thereby decimated in a setting of war.
The 7th Cavalry Regiment was dealt such a disgraceful defeat in the eyes of the American public and in the eyes of
the entire world that for fourteen years afterwards in secret, out in the open and in dark corners, it plotted its revenge
and it continued to conspire, nurture and replenish its nightmarish vendetta toward the Lakota people.

Immediately after the Custer massacre, which was ten years after the Fetterman massacre in 1866, U.S. Army Maj.
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, the Union general who, in the Confederate State of Georgia, declared war on
Southern civilians by deliberately and strategically burning the grand city of Atlanta and thousands of its inhabitants
during the Civil War, responded to being in favor of the mass extermination of American Indians.

Again he was further ordered emphatically by Grant, president in 1876, to command his troops that “during an
assault, the soldiers cannot pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age.” [111 up arrow]
Immediately Generals Sherman and Sheridan were in essence ordered to enact the complete decimation and
genocide of even non-warring Lakota women and children when the warriors were absent.

As he had been ordered to deploy by Grant’s policy of American imperialism eight years earlier in 1868, this is what
he called his “new kind of war” which employed such tactically strategic madness and the lack of human compassion
as a means to insure a morally vacuous victory, one completely devoid of true honor and integrity.

Crazy Horse*
Tȟašúŋke Witkó (1842-1877) Oglala Lakota

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 There has never been a photograph of Crazy Horse*
(at 18 min and 50 sec into Season 7 Episode 5 is a definitive report on images of Crazy Horse).

Images of Crazy Horse live on only in artwork, paintings and sculptures and in American legends as
told by Native American storytellers. He refused to have his spirit captured
in photographs and in real life.

Crazy Horse* was the head chief of the Oglala Lakota and his
name in Lakota is Tȟašúŋke Witkó, literally meaning “His-Horse-Is-Spirited”.

He was born in 1842 and became the Lakota leader of the Oglala people who took up arms against
the U.S. Cavalry to fight against the US encroachment upon the territories and
way of life of his people.

Crazy Horse, singlehandedly and completely without a weapon, bravely initiated

the victorious charge of his war party of braves by boldly and gallantly galloping his pinto named
“Inyan” directly into the heart of Custer’s 7th Regiment causing it to become disorganized
and scatter which led to its demise at the Battle of the Little Bighorn River.

Over a year later, on the morning of September 5th in 1877, with his family destitute and starving,
Crazy Horse* was on the run and, he came to Fort Robinson in Nebraska because of a promise
made by General Crook that he was entering the fort under a flag of truce.

Yet he very soon realized that he would soon be imprisoned in the post guardhouse at Camp
Robinson, he resisted capture and a military guard stabbed him with a bayonet in his kidneys.
He died sometime later that night. According to an eyewitness drawing by one of the inmates,
in the struggle with the guard, Little Big Man*, a Lakota warrior, also assisted in his
murder and helped the guards entrap him and then kill him.

The guard who killed him received a military commendation

award and Little Big Man evidently was also rewarded for assisting in his murder.

Crazy Horse is known for having been the greatest and the bravest warrior at
the battle of the Greasy Grass by the Little Bighorn River*.

Crazy Horse died just like he had lived his life …. forever brave …. and truly free at last.

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 Chief Sitting Bull
Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotanke (~ 1831-1890) Hunkpapa Lakota

Chief Sitting Bull, Tatanka-Iyotanka, Lakota for “A buffalo bull sitting on its haunches” was born about 1831
near the Grand River in ancestral Lakota Territory. He became elected a chief in 1857 and eventually
became the head chief of the Lakota Nation in 1868. The respect he earned as a leader of his people
and his skill and cunning as a warrior down through the years led him to be given great prestige among
his people. Some Lakota chiefs led attacks upon white settlers in 1862, a year after Dakota had become
an official territory in 1861 at the beginning of the Civil War. For the Lakota people themselves,
peace reigned until June of 1863 during the Civil War when Sitting Bull took up arms against the United States
and fought American soldiers for the first time when he was about the age of thirty two. That year he and
other Lakota leaders led attacks on white settlements on ancestral treaty land in the State of Iowa (Territory:
1838–1849) and the State of Minnesota (Territory: 1849–1858). Again the following year in 1864, he fought
American soldiers at the Battle of Killdeer Mountain; and in 1865, he led an attack on the newly built Fort Rice
in northern Dakota Territory (1861-1889). After the creation of the 7th Cavalry Regiment in 1866, he agreed
to keep the peace, however, thereafter, he frequently led attacks on settlers’ encroachments onto ancestral
Lakota territories. A treaty made in 1889 reducing Lakota territory led to an outbreak in 1890 which resulted
in the loss of even greater territory. Rumors of a coming Messiah and the religious fervor connected with the
Ghost Dance and stereotypes connected with it by settlers and immigrants created such turmoil during that
year such that, as a precautionary measure, the US Army decided to arrest Sitting Bull.

40
Members of the Lakota Indian Affairs tribal police became concerned that there would be repercussions on the
entire tribe, so before the US Army chose to apprehend him, the Indian Affairs decided to arrest him. Forty three
Indian police arrived at the home of Sitting Bull at the Standing Rock Indian Agency to arrest him on December 15th
in 1890. Even though at first he did not try to resist arrest by stepping out of the door to deliver himself up, he
changed his mind when his son, Crow Foot, who was a young man, started goading him to resist arrest and to be
free or to die bravely like Crazy Horse.

A large group of supporters gathered outside and then suddenly one of his followers named “Catch the Bear” became
aroused and fired off his gun wounding one of the policemen named Bull Head who in turn, while he was down, then
shot Sitting Bull and maimed him severely. Then Bull Head got back up, and aimed his pistol at the back of the head
of Sitting Bull and then ruthlessly finished him off, killing him instantly.

“We have it rich” was the prospectors’ saying while working their claim in the Black Hills in the year of 1889, a year before the
Wounded Knee massacre. The old timers Spriggs, Lamb and Dillon, with only a faithful dog for protection, were hard at work
painstakingly collecting gold fragments by washing and panning for the Lakota gold from a hillside stream in the Black Hills
about twelve miles south-southwest of Rapid City near Rockerville in southern Dakota (Territory: 1861 Statehood: 1889).
Photography by John Grabill. To see more of the Old West click on: Get a Glimpse of the Old West and just scroll on down.

THE EUROPEAN MISCONCEPTION OF THE GHOST DANCE

European American immigrants were dismayed and in complete consternation at the sight of the Plains and many
of the Great Basin tribes’ performance of the Ghost Dance and they were worried that “Redskins” would soon go on
the warpath against the whites. In consternation, immigrants soon rallied for protection against an imagined enemy.

However, their fear was completely fictional and was a direct result of political hopefuls similar to Chivington, Evans
and Custer who attempted to sway the public and who had employed the immigrants’ fears of the red man and the
avarice toward gold for the purpose of political gain. This misconception was being fed into new settlers’ minds in
order to win votes. To an extent settlers were playing upon immigrant naiveté and they told the immigrants out on
the American frontier that “Injuns are a bunch of bloodthirsty savages” and then watch them be terrified of them.

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The misconception of the Ghost Dance and the lust for gold is what led to the lynch mob type mentality toward the
annihilation of the American Indian. It led to a historical attempt at genocide of the Native Americans by the
American settlers and incoming immigrants and it was beginning to foment in the American public perspective of
natives during the mid to late 1800s.

In the drawing below on the left, with raised knives, war club waving, tomahawk in arms extended up, the raised
arm with a clenched fist on the right of the drawing one can see the misconception of the Ghost Dance is that it was
war dance. The drawing exemplifies this immigrant misconception that was being fed to them by American
politicians. Because of the danger of such motions to other dancers, these motions it is safe to say, have never typically
been done even during war dances where war clubs were held and only raised occasionally, tomahawks held in a
non-threatening manner to other dancers and for safety reasons knives were commonly kept in their scabbards.

In reality being a religious event, the Ghost Dance was a peace dance in which there were no war clubs, knives or
spears involved whatsoever. The picture left below from Harper’s Weekly Dec 6, 1890 is more like the real Ghost
Dance.The sketch above on the left depicts this European misconception of the Ghost Dance of the Sioux and it was
printed in the London News in 1891. On the right above is only a bit more of a real-life image and it is merely entitled
Ghost Dance Painting. Immigrants were being told by their relatives on the frontier that Indians were preparing for
war and seeking revenge against the white man for encroachment upon their ancestral homelands in the Old West.

On the left, this sketch was drawn on the spot by Frederic Remington of the peaceful Ghost Dance of the Oglala
Sioux at the Pine Ridge Agency in Dakota. Remington was known to have accurately depicted native life and scenes.

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During this time of the late 1880s particularly the year of 1888, the news had spread among the reservation tribes
about a 24-year-old Paiute prophet named Wovoka had founded the Ghost Dance. In his sacred vision, Wovoka saw
a resurrected Jesus Christ return to earth, was walking among the Indians and that he fit right in and that he Ghost-
danced and looked just like an Indian. This Messiah was about to raise all of the native believers of his divine message
above the Earth and the continual threat of white encroachment and invasion would disappear from across the land.

Through the performing of the sacred Ghost Dance, once again the buffalo would become plentiful and the ghosts
of the ancestors would return to earth and they would live in peace and harmony with all of their relatives. The
prophet, Black Elk had the sacred vision that whenever they did the Ghost Dance that they would wear these special
shirts which were envisioned by Kicking Bear and that these bullet-proof shirts would repel the white man’s bullets.
Short Bull and Kicking Bear were the disciples of Wovoka and propagated their conception of his divine message.

The Paiute Prophet Wovoka.

Wovoka was a Northern Paiute Shaman who was born about ~1856 and died on September 20 th of 1932. Having
been adopted when he was a young boy by devout Christians, David and Abigail Wilson, he was named Jack Wilson
and he learned his Christian tenets from them. He was also familiar enough with his native beliefs and customs that
eventually he became the religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance. However, immigrant Europeans of white
ancestry, who did not understand frontier life, were becoming highly apprehensive and thought that the Indians
were preparing to go to war against the settlers, immigrants and gold miners.

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The Ghost Dance, however, was completely misunderstood by these immigrants; and in reality it was a movement
of peace among the Indians who in quiet desperation had a diet of food that was almost completely subsistent upon
the vanishing buffalo herds, that from their mass extermination by whites were rapidly becoming extinct. While
thousands of his people were dying of mass starvation, Wovoka gave the people hope, although it may have been an
unreal hope, amidst the hopeless circumstances that were surrounding natives during that day and age.

American press writers, sometimes being pressured by military personnel and villainous cowboys, in effect had
actually become an accomplice to the mass murders and serial killings of Native Americans by inundating the pages
with sensationalism, by glorifying the perpetrators of massacres and by spewing racial rhetoric across the headlines.

Printed headlines such as: “Governor calls the 7th Great Heroes!”
Often printed expressions such as: “The only good Indian is a dead Indian”!
Often used the expression: “Extermination of the Red Man”

As a response to the Wounded Knee massacre a year after it occurred, the general American public received it
favorably. As an example of this, the following was written by the editor of the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer a year
after the massacre on January 3rd of 1891: “The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the
total extermination of the Indians. …we had better … protect our civilization … and wipe these untamed and
untamable creatures from the face of the earth.” ~ L Frank Baum, who authored The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Dehumanization is the closing of one’s eyes to the humanity of other human beings and by seeing them as “creatures”
“gooks” or as “hostiles” it becomes a lot easier to pull the trigger and kill a target than it is another human being.

PERPETRATOR #3

PROFILE OF MASS MURDERERS: JAMES WILLIAM FORSYTH

AND SAMUEL MARMADUKE WHITSIDE.

7th Cavalry Regiment Coat of Arms James William Forsyth Samuel Marmaduke Whitside

44
James Forsyth, a colonel at Wounded Knee in 1890 fourteen years after the Seventh Regiment’s disgraceful defeat
by the Lakota and other native nations at the Little Bighorn in 1876, perpetrated the Wounded Knee massacre which
decimated up to as many as 400 Lakota men, women and children. After the entire episode, he was promoted to
major general for committing this horrendous atrocity. By labeling them as “hostiles” he was the main proponent in
the 7th Regiment’s premeditated act of genocide against Spotted Elk’s band which had been widely known to have
been an ally of the United States.

Samuel Whitside was a major in 1890 and was the faithfully corrupt Second in Command in the 7th Regiment’s
genocidal act. He intercepted Spotted Elk’s band and delivered it up for the slaughter by positioning Spotted Elk’s
band at Wounded Knee Creek where they were completely surrounded on all sides by the entire 7th Regiment of 500
heavily-armed effectives. His detachment of the 7th Regiment escorted Spotted Elk’s band from Porcupine Butte on
Dec 28th to an advantageous location five miles west of the butte so that the army could “keep an eye on them” with
four state of the art Hotchkiss cannons and an entire arsenal of weapons pointing in their direction.

While cornering the band in on all four sides, the heavily armed regiment was preparing for war under the fraudulent
pretence that Spotted Elk’s band was “hostile” which was resulting from the Ghost Dance. While bullying the band
around, Whitside and Forsyth’s plan was to deliberately deliver up Spotted Elk’s band to the 7th Regiment for the
slaughter. Chief Spotted Elk’s band of the Miniconjou Lakota, much like Chief Black Kettle’s band of Southern
Cheyenne, also flew the American flag and allied themselves with the United States. To save face with the rest of the
world for the disgraceful defeat of Custer’s 7th Regiment that was slaughtered 14 years earlier by the Lakota and
other natives, under the pretence of the certainty that natives would soon go on the warpath because of the Ghost
Dance and as a contrived excuse for the complete extinguishment of any remaining Lakota claim to gold in the Black
Hills, the 7th Cavalry Regiment strategically premeditated the decimation of Spotted Elk’s band, a peaceful Lakota
ally of the United States, merely as a halocaust.

The newly revived 7th Cavalry Regiment comprised of numerous idolizers of Chivington and of their martyred idol
Custer, overcome by the lynch mob fever mentality oftentimes typical in the Old West, and had gone insane by the
agenda of a racial vendetta. Gen. Nelson Miles, the commander of the 7th Regiment, left Colonel James Forsyth in
charge whom he was assured would handle the event with integrity. The army of men commandeered by the corrupt
Col. James Forsyth as well as his faithfully corrupt subordinate Maj. Samuel Whitside included 438 troopers plus
62 reinforcements who strategized and aimed at the unassuming band its huge arsenal and the four state-of-the-art
Hotchkiss cannons.

A colleague had this to say about what was about to happen:

“The pinnacle of the highest American honor in the United States is the Congressional Medal of Honor ... and
we recognize uncommon valor. In the case of the massacre at Wounded Knee, this honor could only be bestowed
upon those Americans who, in the face of overwhelming odds and under heavy enemy fire, attempted to save
their comrades without regard for their own survival. Using their own bodies to shelter others; rushing the
enemy positions even though unarmed; carrying the wounded to safety under a rain of bullets... these are acts
of uncommon valor and deserving of recognition.”

“Firing upon the Miniconjou people whose only crime was trying to help each other survive is an act of
uncommon cowardice and not of uncommon valor. It is a disgrace to associate the Medal of Honor with these
perpetrators. The only appropriate step for Congress to appropriately deal with this ungodly and untenably
vile injustice is to restore this award's true meaning and to .” ~ DH Goodner

45
However, to the Lakota, the Wounded Knee massacre was an armed cake walk for the US Army against the unarmed
and it was perpetrated against a group of predominantly women and children. Fourteen years after the Little
Bighorn, the vendetta of the great American people became like the people of the great City of Rome during the
reign of Nero Claudius Caesar in 64 A. D. scourging the empire of multitudes of Christian families of men, women
and children by pitting them against countless cages of hungry lions in the gladiatorial games at the Colosseum.

For the Little Bighorn, the American public wanted to see blood and so Col. James Forsyth ordered the 7th Regiment
to give them the blood of Chief Spotted Elk’s band comprised of mainly women and children of Miniconjou Lakota
on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota at Wounded Knee on Saturday, December 27th of 1890.

In the Sunday papers, the military and the American press had gone mad that night and in the newspapers that next
day on the 28th of December by describing the four Hotchkiss howitzers as “rifles” thereby miniaturizing them and
preparing the American public to view the participants in this barbarous act of inhumanity as an act of American
heroism against insurmountable odds. With wild pandemonium and frenzy by that time, the public cried for blood!

Soldiers posing for picture behind three of the four state-of-the-art Hotchkiss cannons used at Wounded Knee.

That next morning, the 7th Regiment, similar to their slain idol Custer, enacted the morbid act of vengeance by
targeting the peaceful Miniconjou Lakota band at Wounded Knee: elders, men, women and children, many fellow
American relatives, in the macabre butchery by their slaughter. And on that morning of Monday on December 29th
in deference of the right to bear arms, Colonel James Forsyth ordered his troops to go to the village encampment to
collect all the rifles and even the cooking knives of the Lakota in Spotted Elk’s encampment.

A few of the troopers tried to take a rifle from a deaf man named Black Coyote who didn’t know what was going on
and was trying to say in sign language that he bought it for a high price. A scuffle escalated when a rifle went off
supposedly “by accident” and immediately, the 7th Cavalry indiscriminately started shooting every Lakota in sight
including the unarmed and even the little infants and children and even possibly, with all the bullets going every
which way, as well as the troopers inside the teepee who came to apprehend the weapon when a gun went off.

46
The few Lakota people who still had weapons began shooting back at the troopers who suppressed their fire in a
brief matter of time. The Miniconjou who survived the massacre reported that numerous young girls were being
raped while the insanity of the military’s genocide was going on. There are various estimates of the number of Lakota
killed because assembling the body parts to the respective individuals was a difficult task and was most likely
neglected anyway. Dee Brown in the book: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee placed the number of dead at 300.

Since this horrendous atrocity evidently was being minimized by many officials in the US Government, some
apparently less suspicious estimates have counted the number of victims slaughtered at 400. While the predominant
composition of the band was women and children, over 200 women and children were being terrorized and hunted
down like wild animals and most of them were barbarically tortured, dismembered and mutilated by the guns,
bayonets and the long knives of the 7th. The surviving Lakota, mostly who were women and children, ran off into the
hills and the bushes but the cavalrymen hunted them down anyway and then they killed them in cold blood.

Two of the perpetrators, John Gresham, a 1st lieutenant and Thomas Sullivan, a private, chased the Lakota women
who were holding their little infants and children and were fleeing to as far as two miles away from the encampment
into a ravine.

And while the women and children were being incomprehensibly terrorized and hunted around in the bushes, they
finally sought refuge there in the ravine where they were sadistically pinned down, trapped and were forced to watch
the psychotic Gresham and Sullivan mass murder their neighbors and their playmates.

While these children were being mutilated, they horrifyingly had to wait their turn to be mowed down by the
howitzer cannons and as if they were real military combatants, then afterward they were ran through with the
troopers’ bayonets.

Past Lakota elders who have descended from the eleven survivors of the massacre have spoken about how while
each child was being bayoneted, Gresham and Sullivan, that while holding the skewered child high into the air,
and while bellowing loudly they would blare out these excruciating words:

“ *”
~ 1st Lt. John C. Gresham and Pvt. Thomas Sullivan while executing ~160 Lakota children.

… as the children were being forced to watch and to experience with infinite catatonia and terror in the living hell
after each bayoneting, that they were going to become the next; and in excess of 160 children, Gresham and Sullivan,
completely bereft of all feelings of compassion, had butchered in such fashion, they then had become the next!

And for this brutally macabre act, the perpetrators of this particular facet of this atrocity were awarded the most
prestigious American honor that can be bestowed upon soldiers for “conspicuous bravery” in action: The
Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest honor that can be awarded upon American soil. When President
Benjamin Harrison awarded Thomas Sullivan the Medal on Dec 17th in 1891, the citation for his meritorious award
of Congressional Medal of Honor read:

“Conspicuous bravery in action against Indians concealed in a ravine.”

47
When President Grover Cleveland awarded his accomplice, John C. Gresham, the Congressional Medal
of Honor four years later on March 26th of 1895, the citation for his meritorious award of Congressional
Medal of Honor read:

“Voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians

concealed therein. He was wounded during this action.”

After the perpetration of this act of barbarity, the mutilated bodies of most of the women and children
were then dumped into a mass grave along with the rest of those who were killed in Spotted Elk’s band. It
is of extreme importance that Americans have these Medals of Honor rescinded for the Wounded Knee
massacre because after all, it could happen again!

I say this simply because it always has in world history again and again and again. And don't think it can't
because it always has and it always will. By honoring such depraved and macabre behavior, if we fail to do
anything about this recurring pattern in human history, by failing to rescind such inappropriately awarded
Medals, then history could be forever doomed to repeat itself again and again.

This writing has been seriously revised again and again in my own attempt, no matter how small, to prevent
history from ever repeating itself upon you, me, them or all Americans or other members of the entire
human race and all of our descendants. This recurring pattern in human history will occur again.

And undoubtedly it has and already is in some lost and forlorn land someplace on earth. Let’s hope that
the lost and forlorn land is not once again your own homeland next because on that fateful morning on
December 29th of 1890, that was what once happened in America!

Every time a mass murderer kills a group of people in America, the type of atrocious behavior at Wounded
Knee is applauded by allowing these Medals to stand and still be given homage by the American people at
large.

By rescinding these awards it is the rooting out of America, the kind of policy that is supposedly regarded
as completely archaic by modern day American society yet astonishingly is still officially regarded as
“honorable” by the modern day government of the United States here in such a late year as now.

“It is extremely offensive and deeply hurtful to Native Americans that these acts of inconceivably
monstrous cruelty that were perpetrated upon our relatives, can even be officially regarded as “honorable”
to this very day by the modern day US government when in fact all over the World, unanimously it is
considered a national disgrace to American honor and integrity in the eyes of all free nations of the
human race across the face of the entire Earth.”

~ G R Boyd, Pemapomay

48
 The Lakota People
The Brave and the dauntless American soldiers of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment in the aftermath of what was to Chief
Spotted Elk’s band, a known ally of the United States, an armed cake walk by the US Army, against the veritably
unarmed, many of whom were mixed-blood white. While being bullied around by the Forsyth’s men, this band of
Miniconjou was fraudulently branded as “hostiles”.

Chief Spotted Elk’s band consisted of 120 men and boys and 230 women and children and was surrounded on all
sides by all of the units and divisions of the entire United States 7th Cavalry Regiment of 500 heavily-armed effectives.

After committing this atrocity, the soldiers are seen below posing for a picture behind their so-called “honorable”
kill. When the entire world places this pathetic atrocity under the microscope of history, it will soon show that it was
really the cowardly act on the part of its instigators particularly two of the commanders and several troopers of the
US 7th Cavalry Regiment.

Modern day investigators into the Wounded Knee affair are particularly focusing in on Colonel James William
Forsyth and Major Samuel Marmaduke Whitside and troopers such as 1st Lieutenant John Chowning Gresham
and the Private Thomas Sullivan.

49
In the picture above, the mutilated bodies and body parts of the victims, including most of the 200 women, young
children and little infants and 90 men and boys were dumped into a mass grave outside the site of the Wounded Knee
massacre in 1890. In this very picture, the truth was taken that day and it was buried up so that the American public
and the rest of the world could not see. America refused to see what it had done and America still refuses to really
admit the terrible mistake that we, as Americans, had made by refusing to rescind the Medals that were awarded to
Gresham and Sullivan. Some of the soldiers refused to partake in the unconscionable bloodbath by chosing to disobey
their unlawful orders to kill the entire Miniconjou band of the Lakota.

Many of these brave soldiers were summarily shot to death by their commanding officers and many of these soldiers
were caught in the army’s own crossfire. Only the good died young that day and only the strong survived. What
evidently motivated its perpetrators Forsyth, Whitside and troopers like Gresham and Sullivan was merely revenge
and sadistic cruelty against the innocent Lakota relatives of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Not very long after the
brutal mass murder, US President Harrison promoted Col. Forsyth to major general for perpetrating this
horrendous act of the barbarous mass murder of Chief Sotted Elk’s Miniconjou band of the Lakota. Many of the
commanders at the Wounded Knee massacre were veterans of the Battle of the Little Bighorn River. Twelve years
later in 1902, US President McKinley promoted Maj. Whitside to brigadier general. The US government awarded
20 Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers for committing this atrocity.

The promotions given to the commanders in the army, cavalry and militias and for the innumerable such mass
killings as Sand Creek and Washita River in the 1800s, are precisely equivalent to and in principle are nothing less
to = the Nazi promotion of * to commandant of the concentration camp at Auschwitz in Poland. The
awards for these massacres are in principle nothing less than the Nazi regime’s awards to soldiers for mutilating and
exterminating over one million people whom they suspected of mixed Polish-Jewish descendance and then dumping
them into a mass grave outside the Auschwitz concentration camp during *.

50
We Americans must finally awaken a long-deadened sense of empathy for the victims of this massacre and at last
feel saddened, horrified, ashamed and outraged that such an atrocity could have ever possibly even have happened
in the great country that was once America perpetrating an atrocity against the First Americans. This horrendous
act was committed by the Custer-idolizing 7th Cavalry Regiment that had committed that grotesquely macabre deed.
Now is the time for Americans to come to terms with this country’s past history in relation to Native Americans yet
will Americans rescind the Medals awarded to the 7th Regiment? Mass murderers today are idolizing these outlaws.

Leaving these awards to stand is leaving the possibility of it ever happening again to any Americans. Mankind’s
history shows us that it could happen to anyone of us, rich or poor anywhere on Earth. Let us wait and see what
history has in store for “We the People” when the next mass murder happens again to any Americans, all Americans
or some people someplace here on Earth.

Or let us open our eyes up and admit this major flaw in the American character and see what its harmful effects are
upon international relations. Let us put a stop to what the rest of the whole world can clearly see and laboriously
never fails to use as propaganda against America in their own countries by making America out to be
*. May our American character open up our eyes and see what
* simply by our own failure to rescind the Medals of soldiers such as Gresham and Sullivan.

“The greatest evil is when good men stand idly by and do nothing” goes the old adage. America is now experiencing
the greatest evil by all of the endless mass murders that keep occurring here practically each and every single day.

President at the time in 1890, Benjamin Harrison enforced a policy of assimilation of Native Americans into white
society. Incredibly, despite the massacre, Harrison believed that his Indian policy which included mass murdering
his country’s loyal native subjects at Wounded Knee to have been successful; and for the last time, he put into
practice, the rampantly popular platitude among the settlers, “The only good Indian is a dead Indian.”

Even though, on both sides of the natives and immigrants, there were actually innumerable epic and heroic
battles involved in early American history out on the frontier, fortunately, for the sake of American honor
and integrity in relation to Native Americans, this invasion was an the last one of these ruthless invasions
of mainly women and children that were fallaciously-called Indian “battles” during the 1800s.

51
 The soldiers mocked the corpse of Spotted Elk, by giving him the name “Big Foot” (Si Tȟáŋka).
Seen here in the photograph, Chief Spotted Elk is lying frozen dead in the snow at Wounded Knee, South Dakota*.

During the massacre over 90 Lakota men and boys died heroically while defending their people. These Lakota
American braves, the ones who died gallantly trying to save their precious loved ones, should be given such great
honor and not the ones who committed a barbaric mass murder by just following the orders of the corrupt
commander Colonel James Forsyth and his corrupt subordinate, Major Samuel Whitside.

By Clicking on this link notice: * while the insane and barbaric acts
that were being performed upon Chief Spotted Elk’s innocent band of Miniconjou at Wounded Knee.

That very massacre ravaged lives, slaughtering, in the very least, according to one minimal estimate, between 165
and 300 Lakota and in another estimate up to as many as 400 entirely innocent, unarmed and unsuspecting elders,
men, women, children and...

little baby infants………

The Sacred Hoop was broken……

52
Chief Spotted Elk's Band of Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890.

53
Four months and three weeks before they would be mass murdered at Wounded Knee Creek.

“I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can
still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain
as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud,
and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. It was a beautiful dream.”

“And I, to whom so great a vision was given in my youth, — you see me now a pitiful old man who has done
nothing, for the nation's hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree
is dead.”

~ The prophet Black Elk, on the Wounded Knee massacre.

54
 General Nelson A. Miles*

General Nelson Miles was the head commander of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment, however, for unknown reasons; he
was not present on the day of the massacre and had arrived a whole day after the entire event occurred. Miles was
reassured that Col. James Forsyth would handle the event with integrity, however, after the 7 th Cavalry Regiment
perpetrated the mass murder, Gen. Miles suspected that Forsyth had premeditated the massacre since he finally
became aware that behind the scenes; the colonel was in favor of the mass extermination of the American Indian.

Subsequently, the general then relieved Colonel Forsyth of his command. Not very long after that, however,
President Benjamin Harrison completely exonerated James William Forsyth of any wrong doing and promoted him
to major general for committing this depraved act of barbarity.

Ten days prior to the massacre, Gen. Miles sent a telegram from Rapid City to Gen. John Schofield in Washington,
D.C. on December 19th of 1890 explaining the deplorable conditions of the Lakota but was unable to stop the
Wounded Knee bloodshed. Several settlers, citizens and other members of the US military and government tried to
assist the Lakota during this time period but it was all to no avail.

Gen. Miles’ telegram to Gen. Schofield read:

“The difficult Indian problem cannot be solved permanently at this end of the line. It requires the fulfillment of
Congress of the treaty obligations that the Indians were entreated and coerced into signing. They signed away a
valuable portion of their reservation, and it is now occupied by white people, for which they have received nothing.”

55
“They understood that ample provision would be made for their support; instead, their supplies have been reduced,
and much of the time they have been living on half and two-thirds rations. Their crops, as well as the crops of the
white people, for two years have been almost total failures.”

“The dissatisfaction is wide spread, especially among the Sioux, while the Cheyennes have been on the verge of
starvation, and were forced to commit depredations to sustain life. These facts are beyond question, and the evidence
is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses.”

~ Gen. Nelson A Miles.

There were so many social dynamics that were going on in the American society at the time during the 1800s that
the value of human life was losing out to the madness for the acquisition of gold and other resources such as coal,
minerals, land, cotton or timber and oil. If it got in the way of progress, human lives were becoming expendable and
mere commodities to be discarded and disposed of, by any way or means possible.

Incomprehensibly, this even meant by committing the inhumanly numerous mass mutilations of Native Americans
and other fellow Americans like the early descendants of pioneers, allied with the United States, who were the only
obstacle to this acquisition of gold or other resources in a number of decades before the turn of the 19th to the 20th
century. Historically, as Americans, we are merely coming out of the last dark days of racism.

In actuality, very probably because of President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, the last major vestiges of
slavery in America finally ceased to exist only 70 years before 2015 in as late as the mid-1940s after the Second World
War and in actuality, greater civil rights for black Americans was only initiated in the 1960s, only 52 years before
the year of 2015 since the time of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr and the Civil Rights Movement.

This got to the point of even if it meant inflicting immense suffering upon other human beings such as: the horrors
of slavery of the black man in both the North but mainly the South throughout American history and the Civil War
era. Another example of the oppression of a group of Americans is the bullet-arsenal laden exorbitant demands of
mine managements’ treatment of the primarily Irish coal mine workers of West Virginia* ( *
by Loretta Lynn*) by not allowing them to unionize in the year 1920 during union strikes and several decades
previous to the turn of the century. And in actuality, the unionization of Polish o l i w rs o W t V g i *
is only a late occurrence since the end of the Great Depression at the start of the administration of Franklin Delano
Roosevelt in 1933, only 84 years before 2017.

The US government finally awarded the First Americans US citizenship in as late as June 2 nd in 1924 but all states
weren’t completely issuing voting rights to all Native Americans until 24 years later in the year 1948, only 67 years
before the year of 2015. And in actuality, the horrors enacted in those killing fields at Wounded Knee occurred only
127 years before the year of 2017 over a century ago.

Such a mass killing does not represent the true greatness and integrity that America is really all about. And merely
by doing nothing, Americans are allowing this atrocity to represent America. Is there possibly anyone who can even
imagine the unimaginable horror and human suffering that was experienced by these innocent victims? Could the
great and honorable country of America really be proud of such an atrocious act of barbarism at Wounded Knee by
allowing the 7th Regiment to retain these medals of so-called “honor” for committing this debased act of depravity?

56
Many people wonder why America has so many mass murders, killings and serial killings today? One likely reason
is that some Americans have taken these atrocious individuals like Evans, Gresham, Sherman, Sullivan, Chivington,
Custer, Forsyth and Whitside who were previous mass murderers and serial killers of Native Americans and
Southern civilians and have placed them into a great big hall of honor. All of this seems completely inconsequential
to many people. Yet how many Mai Lai massacres does it take before Americans finally wake up and really see
ourselves for the heartless and the godless people that we’ve become by allowing such acts to be highly honored just
by doing nothing to rescind the Medals of Honor for the troopers such as Gresham and Sullivan and the other military
personnel who participated in the extreme barbarity of the massacre?

Likewise sometimes, we Americans admire the bad guys, ruthless individuals such as the outlaws Billy the Kid or
Jesse James or like John Wesley Hardin* or the 1930s gangster John Dillinger. Yet we have placed these outlaws
into an outlaw hall of honor and have labeled them as “freedom fighters” who were fighting an unjust system. Even
though to some people, they may have even been as such, our idolization of these outlaws seems completely
inconsequential. This image of the outlaw freedom fighter has become so very extremely distorted among street
outlaws such that, prior to performing their wicked deeds, how many of these street outlaws have fancied themselves
as being like Billy the Kid*, like Jesse James* (music video: I’m Bad Like Jesse James* by John Lee Hooker*) or
like John Wesley Hardin* ? In the photograph in this link is Bob Dylan* w/ Allen Ginsberg* *&
lyrics* [la canción en español* or in English by *].

Should the anti-thesis of freedom fighters, the dishonorable Forsyth, Whitside, Gresham and Sullivan be given
badges of honor? Where is the honor in this dishonor? And what about just obeying the laws of our Creator? The
recognition of true honor only belongs where only truly brave and honorable men should go! For the brave and
courageous American people that we are, who come from the “Home of the Brave” it is unfathomable for us to allow
such dark days in our past to represent our American character any longer by allowing the perpetrators of the
Wounded Knee atrocity, such as Gresham and Sullivan, to retain their medals of “honor”. Rescind their Medals that
were inappropriately awarded! No longer will we allow this atrocity to represent America to the World community.

So many intrepid, young and brave American men and women of all races and nationalities have sacrificed
everything they had; have prevailed over the many insurmountable obstacles in their paths; have defeated the
formidable adversaries they encountered and have even penetrated the impenetrable depths of space, where only
the truly boldest and the bravest have dared to go; have laid their lives on the line against incomprehensibly
insurmountable circumstances and have placed themselves in harm’s way, fought, or have died on the fields of war
upholding and defending the American freedoms that all Americans now enjoy, the American Dream and the
American Way of Life.

For these brave acts, God has truly blessed America with the freedoms that Americans now cherish and enjoy and
that Americans are now living during this present day and age in this brave and wonderful country that America is
really all about. Yet the travesty of the massacre at Wounded Knee fails to pay the real American men and women
of true great honor and bravery in the American Halls of Great Honor: the integrity, the justice, the dignity and the
homage they truly deserve.

Restore the true homage of the true American war heroes and rescind the Congressional Medals of Honor to Forsyth,
Whitside, Gresham and Sullivan and other such troopers who were responsible for the barbarity of the massacre at
Wounded Knee during that disastrous year to American freedom, honor and integrity.

57
 A Brave and Honorable Native American Warrior

MSgt. Woodrow W. Keeble

Congressional Medal of Honor

Korean War Veteran

Such an award of Medal of Honor for the perpetrators of the Wounded Knee atrocity inappropriately places all
brave and noble American service men, such as a Lakota American who risked his life above and beyond the call
of duty to save his fellow soldiers, Master Sergeant Woodrow W Keeble, Korean War Veteran; and also women of
all races and nationalities who have been awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor into the same class with all
other Medal of Honor recipients which unfortunately and inappropriately includes the perpetrators Gresham and
Sullivan. These mass murderers were merely Custer-idolizing genocidal maniacs of a 7th Cavalry Regimental lynch
mob armed for a cake walk against the veritably unarmed Chief Spotted Elk’s band who were helpless victims
predominantly comprised of women and children at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890.

The Lakota Sioux Indians are notably some of the fiercest warriors upon the face of the earth and for all of the brave
battling that they have done for America in all US wars and even only possessing three such Congressional Medals
of Honor, it is a wonder why in heaven and upon the good Mother Earth that in America that they even have the
highest poverty level in the entire United States today. By allowing the 7th Regiment to retain these 20 Medals of
Honor, it places a shameful dishonor upon our present day American people that the rest of the entire human race
across the face of the entire globe is not blind to and with laser vision can clearly see, from their very mountaintops.

58
Rescind the Medals of Gresham and Sullivan and troopers like them. The Wounded Knee massacre of 1890 is merely
a reflection of sometimes how differences were resolved with American Indians during the 1800s. And for the mass
murders committed against their relatives by the ones who ordered others to commit them, the very names of: John
Evans, John Chivington, George Custer, William Sherman, Philip Sheridan, James Forsyth, Samuel Whitside and
troopers such as: John Gresham and Thomas Sullivan; in the heart of the Native American,
*.

Infamous cowboy outlaws who have committed atrocities belong over there in that same class with infamous Indian
outlaws who have committed atrocities and they should not be retained in an American Halls of Great Honor, where
only the truly honorable and the brave should go.

So there shall only go the brave . . . and there shall only go the honorable . . .

There is no honor, guts or glory for the acts that were committed by the perpetrators of the barbaric massacres such
as that of Wounded Knee. And such awards to the grossly undeserving are a shameful travesty and do not even
belong to the 7th Regiment itself; or horrendously will it forever tarnish, the very name of the:

“American Halls of Great Honor”!

Written by: A Native American Veteran of the Underground

~ Gary R Boyd, Pemapomay (Watching Over You)

The carnage: Miniconjou Lakota Indians killed by the 7th US Cavalry at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890.

Spotted Elk’s band was being “safeguarded” by the 7th US Cavalry Regiment in 1890. This led to the deaths of
roughly 300 Miniconjou civilians and to numerous other civilians being wounded. This also led to 25 soldiers being
killed and to 38 soldiers being wounded. May Americans understand that this mass killing is not worthy of honor
for the ones who orchestrated it: James Forsyth who was then a colonel and Samuel Whitside who was then a major.
May America rescind the Congressional Medals of Honor that were awarded to the troopers: 1st Lieutenant John
Gresham and Private Thomas Sullivan for their part in the perpetration of the massacre at Wounded Knee Creek.

59
Lakota delegation after possibly expecting to get a small piece of some of that “Big Money” that in accordance with the
solemn Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 with the US government, they were entitled to as the sole proprietors of the Black
Hills. When they returned from the conference this picture was taken. As a result of the complete abrogation of the
treaty, they got no money instead and were told to return back home to their separate reservations. Today the Lakota
live and work for their families and loved ones and in the internal social turbulence and squalor of their abject poverty.

Chief Spotted Elk* as a young man about in his late thirties.

What makes true American greatness and courage is that Americans have even the freedom to express a native
perspective such as this on our experience here in this great American land of our ancestors. What exercises our
American greatness and courage is what Americans do about the legacy of ever having performed the Wounded Knee
massacre or doing nothing about what represents America as a nation and as the American people to the entire world.

60
Fort Laramie when it was founded as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller.

Alfred Jacob Miller painting from memory of the inside the original Fort Laramie as it looked before 1840.

61
Chief Red Cloud (on right as an older man) standing with American Horse, his armed body guard.

62
 The real war hero (in the center with rifle) at Chankpe Opi Wakpala (Wounded Knee Creek).

A Lakota man shot numerous times in the face died honorably & bravely while defending his people. One mixed
blood and three Miniconjou identified the war hero as Sits Straight, known as Stosa Yanka (Good Thunder).

The cost of our freedom lay buried underneath the ground.

The glorified myth of Custer’s Last “Stand”

In reality the cavalrymen were forced to retreat by basically just fleeing from the assault of the raging warriors.

63
As the battle began to rage, Custer and his men most likely began to hunker down farther. However, relatively early
on during the battle and likely in a standing position, Custer got shot through the ribs right below his heart and
rather than being tortured or taken prisoner, the left-handed Custer then shot himself in the left temple with one of
the three pistols he kept on himself during battle. At first, the above picture here seems more of a likely scenario
where the soldiers for their mutual protection focused around him, but as the battle raged on, Crazy Horse boldly
and gallantly galloped his pinto directly into the heart of the regiment which made the soldiers suddenly become
disorganized and they had begun to scatter by making a horrifyingly mad scramble for escape from the onslaught
of the mass legion of assaulting braves who were simply avenging the cruel and innumerable mass mutilations and
massacres of their beloved relatives by the long knives of the 7th Cavalry Regiment and at the hands of George Custer.

Myth

This painting is reflective of the glorifying and fictitious myth of Custer as a great American hero who without
crouching down, valiantly stood up erect while braving the barrage of bullets and arrows that were flying by all
around him. Lakota braves who were veterans of the Little Bighorn stated that early on during the battle, Custer
got shot through the ribs right below his heart and then shot himself in the head and that the cavalrymen were forced
to flee for their lives by scattering out into various directions in an attempt to escape the onslaught of the mass legion
of raging warriors.

64
65
 Tȟašúŋke Witkó
The BRAVE
A Portrait of Crazy Horse.

Oil Painting by Hal Sherman in 2013.

66
Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotanke
LEGEND
A Portrait of Sitting Bull.

Oil Painting by Hal Sherman in 1983.

67
 Little Big Man

Little Big Man, Charging Bear, who was a fierce Oglala warrior, fought for the Lakota to keep the Black Hills and he
also fought at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. With his being known as a competitive rival of Crazy Horse, he is known
for likely having laid the trap for Crazy Horse by directing him to come to “talk terms over” with the cavalry which led
to Crazy Horse, with his family destitute and starving, to go to Fort Robinson in Nebraska on the morning of September
5th in 1877, because of a promise being made by Little Big Man and General Crook that he was entering the fort under
the flag of truce.

And realizing that he would soon be imprisoned in the post guardhouse at the Fort Robinson Camp, he resisted capture
by struggling with the guard and Little Big Man and in the ensuing scuffle; the military guard finally stabbed him and
killed him with a bayonet and then he was joined in by the rest of the guards who repeatedly stabbed him in the kidneys.
Little Big Man who had become an agency policeman was involved with the murder of Crazy Horse by helping the
guards to entrap and kill him.

The guard who killed him and the guards who assisted him received military commendation awards and upon viewing
all of the invaluable items in this glamorizing and obviously well-propped photograph, Little Big Man was also
handsomely rewarded for his murder.

68
69
Photograph a third of a mile away from Fort Laramie in Wyoming Territory in 1858, the year that gold was
discovered at Cherry Creek near Denver in Colorado Territory and prompted the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush. At a
distance of over 200 miles from Denver, Fort Laramie became a major connection to the eastern United States.

After the discovery of gold in 1874, like many of the new towns in the Black Hills, Deadwood was founded.

70
A Drawing that some descendant relatives say reflects the true likeness of Crazy Horse:

Pike’s Peak in Colorado.

71
72
73
“It is of extreme importance that we as Americans get those Medals of Honor for Wounded Knee rescinded
because after all, it could happen again! I say this simply because in human history it always has again and
again and again. And don't think it can't because it always has and it always will. If we fail to do anything
about this recurring pattern in human history, then history will be forever doomed to repeat it again and
again and again. Respectfully, this writing has been seriously revised again and again and again in my own
tiny attempt no matter how feeble, to prevent history from ever repeating itself upon you, me, them or all
of us as Americans and as members of the entire human race and all of our descendants. Rescind those
Medals now!” ~ Gary R Boyd, Pemapomay

On that fateful day in June of 1876, when Custer was coming over the ridge and said:

“Custer’s luck! The biggest Indian village

on the continent!”
… those were his famous last words.

74
 “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil
is for good men to do nothing.”

~ Edmund Burke, British statesman who was born in

Dublin, Ireland.

Dolly Parton sings Color Me America (video).

Links:
After reading this writing, please Sign this:

Petition to rescind the Congressional Medals of Honor awarded to the perpetrators of the Wounded Knee
massacre:

Click on one of these blue links below to Sign Up, then Sign In and Sign by listing your email.
Click on this blue link: Petition for No Medals for Wounded Knee Massacre:

https://secure.avaaz.org/en/petition/No_Medals_for_Massacre_Justice_for_Wounded_Knee/?cTHoqeb

Or Left Click on this blue link: Justice for Wounded Knee Massacre:

https://secure.avaaz.org/en/petition/No_Medals_for_Massacre_Justice_for_Wounded_Knee/?dTHoqeb

Picture on page 2:

Photo taken probably on or near the Pine Ridge Lakota Indian Reservation in 1891 Title: “What's left of Big Foot's band”
Library of Congress: Prints and Photographs Division; Washington, DC 20540 USA Click on this blue link:
http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2011/02/23/from-the-archive-frontier-life-in-the-west/2713/#photo12

To read about the Pike's Peak Gold Rush

Click on this link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush

To read about the farthest visibility of mountains Click on this link: http://www.city-data.com/forum/general-u-s/950840-
whats-farthest-distance-you-can-see-2.html

To get the story on the Black Hills Gold Rush from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Click on this link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush#mw-navigation

"We have it rich" Photo taken in 1889 of Spriggs, Lamb and Dillon in the Black Hills. Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 Click on this blue link: http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2011/02/23/from-
the-archive-frontier-life-in-the-west/2713/#photo59

75
Deadwood Treasure Wagon and Guards; Wells Fargo Express Co. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, DC 20540 Click on this blue link: http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2011/02/23/from-the-archive-frontier-
life-in-the-west/2713/#photo46
To read about the plundering of Julesburg, Click on this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg
[Interview between E. W. Wynkoop and Cheyenne Chief Little Rock: held at Fort Larned, Kansas, August 19, 1868, in the
presence of Lt. S. M. Robbins, 7th US Cavalry, and John S. Smith, Interpreter and James Morrison, scout for the Cheyenne
and Arapaho Indian Agency. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Interview_between_E._W._Wynkoop_and_Little_Rock]
To read about the story of the Sand Creek massacre
Click on this link:
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/colorado-militia-massacre-cheyenne-at-sand-creek
Also, to read more on the massacre
Click on this link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre
Confer quote to review the Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, Washington, March 14, 1865 exclusively,
Click on this link:
https://books.google.com/books?id=yMtPako6cbAC&pg=PA303&lpg=PA303&dq=Congressional+Testimony+of+Mr.+John+
S.+Smith,+Washington,+March+14,+1865&source=bl&ots=vOeLloXPYB&sig=vjzdQRGJYG8ltCsDmmHD4KGnq8Q&hl=e
n&sa=X&ei=cebgVIXBHceJoQT2-
4GYCg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Congressional%20Testimony%20of%20Mr.%20John%20S.%20Smith%2C%
20Washington%2C%20March%2014%2C%201865&f=false
To get Editorial from the Rocky Mountain News (1864)
And a Deposition by John M. Chivington (1865)
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/sandcrk.htm#chivtest
Click on this link: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/sandcrk.htm
To read about Kit Carson, American frontiersman: ~ Click on this blue link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson
To read his quote on Page 14: “Jis to think of that dog Chivington”:
https://books.google.com/books?id=1vI4SwD_1gMC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Jis+to+think+of+that+dog+Chivington&sour
ce=bl&ots=eloP7I4nj4&sig=Dc1aOvkWMH3zETIF_vS0SpFh4Wo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRngVNSlIIayoQTb4ICQBA&ved=0C
EMQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Jis%20to%20think%20of%20that%20dog%20Chivington&f=false
To read the story of the Washita River massacre,
Click on this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River

Ulysses S. Grant; Click on this blue link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant

To read about Crazy Horse: Click on this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse
For the 1862 Dakota Sioux Uprising Click on this link: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dakota-sioux-uprising-
begins?catId=2
To read about the Spirit Lake Massacre in southern Minnesota Click on this link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Massacre Page 54: Forsyth’s displaced vengeance:
https://armyatwoundedknee.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/col-james-w-forsyth-jan-1891.jpg

Portrait of Sitting Bull on page 57 by Hal Sherman in 1983; E-mail Joan Sherman: hsherman002@woh.rr.com
Portrait of Crazy Horse on page 58 by Hal Sherman in 2013: E-mail Joan Sherman: hsherman002@woh.rr.com

* Lakota Man Good Thunder shot numerous times in the face on page 53:
http://www.fold3.com/page/1303_lakotathe_massacre_at_wounded_knee/photos/14656737/ of this document can be found on
page 111 in the book: Eyewitness at Wounded Knee by Richard E. Jensen, R. Eli Paul and John E. Carter; University of
Nebraska Press 1991 *

Chivington wanders the Old West (on page 15 of this writing) Click on this blue link: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-
history/colorado-governor-orders-indians-to-sand-creek

76
Dolly Parton sings Color Me America: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gY3nQqmFCE&index=2&list=RDA7-pnAPcSN4

Page 28

There’s gold in them thar hills:

https://books.google.com/books?id=vlWRAJS1LnMC&pg=PT7&lpg=PT7&dq=There%E2%80%99s+gold+in+them+thar+hil
ls!+1874&source=bl&ots=eQxrsMCzc0&sig=sfB7kd-
1pcOm9uY7gAWRJgP0KMk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SrgTVe7tFNCuogShuoKIDQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=There
%E2%80%99s%20gold%20in%20them%20thar%20hills!%201874&f=false

And in regard to the ensuing 1874 black hills gold rush see:

https://books.google.com/books?id=iEwwIrI5LTAC&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=There%E2%80%99s+gold+in+them+thar
+hills!+1874&source=bl&ots=YdftzIalPc&sig=dsbZTbsHOQ-atdQh4zn_Ok-
E5Rg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SrgTVe7tFNCuogShuoKIDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=There%E2%80%99s%20gold
%20in%20them%20thar%20hills!%201874&f=false

77