By thre anchor The Calas am (ete wih an ttt a Ralph Wii 4 " SLAVES AND SLAVERY ‘IN MUSLIM AFRICA a VOLUME II ‘The Servile Estate Edi by JOHN RALPH WILLIS Pre he Deparment of Ne Earn Sa ui FRANK CASSik EAS AND COMERN TED. ean CA AND COMPANY CnirED apr © Fk C8 a OAR 1 2 i009 imap vu vin CONTENTS rte Ackaowedgements ‘he Uli of Fa Mola Isai nd he Ese of the Haran of Far oe Abts Baron ‘Notes on Slavery inthe Songbay Empire JO. Hs ‘Compra West Aan Fara-Shvery Systeme rata ‘mad Rasim Pasha athe Suppression of the oan Save Trae, 1831-390 ‘Shavey and Sacey in Dar Fur |A-obaye Pasha and the Zaria Bae Slave Trae in ‘he ahr ak Gl 165-1819 Lewin ie “The Ethiopian Slave Trae an It Relation tothe Intamie Werid Mondch ae ‘lack Sivery in Egypt Daring the Nineteenth Conary f Reflsted a the Mablams Archives f Cao Tene Wale ‘The Slave Mode of Production Along the Bast African (Cot, 10-13. Aan She Ginsry lx f Arabi word and terms Genera dex ® a 13 17 182be The Serie Bare ‘Atwiog Unban ee Sat de Oraephi, Pay Vl 17, U0 Se ian san ah dee cae irae Ree neti kena, it ee "toma SE oToaGe mie haicmncclae ei G&D. min Be ee ae en palmer rie eeeemee ne ee REE a comma Yt apr 19164, Rd 1011168) Aru, Gol TV, per Head dele Real Chr of Abin, Seba ipa hn, Boa ath REALM Saeed abarmmge act ee a ae ‘ries Shore Hay Va pt Jhon, Vl Tp 1-9; ln Of Soe aan are ae ea ‘a, nc 268 8a, Morsay Maeve A Mamas Seen ee amt Be fee are LS mica moh vi Black Slavery in Egypt During the Nineteenth Century As Reflected in the Mahkama Archives of Cairo Terence Walz “Tue codiion of servitude by bac Africans in gps krown, The few peor store ofeslated ba, sialyl f whch have een publiked in Exropesn guages, cncetrte on the Pecans of the sive trade fn Sdanc aes an the trae ‘aperince ves eoduted inane wo each mets in ype Lathe Inerary frm atone Europeans who vsted the Nile ally, bathe envy dose of romances the retling has made dct spate fas fom fon? The bet eigen, fit hand accounts ween tive or former slave such a bare ben writenin thi county by former ser = it ming from modern Arabic iterate. Fe porate of ve te, howerer, reouse may be made he archive of the religous aur ef Caro, the Mabama’alSbarya, Which ‘sane amass of information aboot swe markt conditions, Sere, em, marrage hence and estate The folowing ‘yi aed agly on dsiment cs om at archie in he ‘tun of eseach ona diferent bat relted sje thera Saharan ‘on of Egype inthe einen century The Mablara achive ong sw aca i-depeh stad of tery ype ca be =a desert be = ten Stae in Marke very inpotane ton in nietenth-century Egypt hal «slave ‘mare the pf which ws ened Cai That kao ‘© Walaa a-ale, the Traveling Merchans? Carvanseal ws Shane pte Herta" Grand Calo ner he Azhar mosques Khan ab-Rbail he ci’ chest and mot fxm market whee the 17bs Phe Serle Bate usurious textile, carpets and snanfactres of Tukey were sl ‘Walia a Jala lp served a the sain dlstbuton point For al. Sodan goods brought to Cary sch story, father, tai, ‘tony gum aed tinaceros hoe and in heyday a oe of he Tele and gest set nthe “The commerclimportana of Walt a-alaba was undermine, however in 184 when the Egypn Goverment, unde abl nist Prost fom Eusopenn power bed thea of ves the eet. Chiro and forced erent teaser the pals a saves the ouskists of the chy. This order mare the Begining abet « Felutntone of the Goversiens effort pores the seve trade, {rh ine onwards tesa of nes was lrg onde the privacy of sve merchants homes, Thesalecf sive was ofcaly ried in 855 and orders were gen friding the portato ives fom the Sudan This seve decree Bad de actual eee Tejon ihe regulation that slave lesa longer De eared oli out registers btn 877 2 new contention beeen FEV ad {Grea Bran pu teeth ao exiting antslavery mest anda more inble devine inthe suave tee fesuled. A surepitows trade ‘oneticlscontined 9 fneson unt te beginning ofthe present ‘nl abolished, pie marks remained basing fc ofthe slave ‘nade ano acount of he sve mat Sn Cao, hey apea 0 five been set public peta Drawings of Waka a aba {he 90s and carly SdOs pire epidared two-storey sure bursting witht. Sal group ofslnes st nce inthe cel ‘Shurtyard wewed Ay mercaats and cent in baggy tows a ‘torent daggers, wile about them move a procession of Fst ‘yr isiding weed women on Sonkys lel By sal oye Boxy ‘nals and crates ae pled hgh everywhere, The sive market (Cro wa inact ut hough by spices, inking a Sanaa ‘Sct and han a-Kall and passenges vou the markt ane ‘Somme wee amano by oering ana gulzzng sles eho rated there patently tobe sid Considering the pubic areca he Thu, noc supisig ht forte sake econ) Terma les ‘rere removed fom pul scrutiny a cstered in second-floor oom Many were removed aot ro the uke eb quad IR the homes of sare merchant” Wola Jala stained is sls Crm several sources. New slave from bac Afric, tre quarts of whom wre female, were troop aby mechan coming Fo the Suan Kw jlo bp mechan rom "up cousey” wo purchased them fom alba Blah Stason Bp 19 soa afer the lau riven Upper Hey. Some ves were then {21d merchants atschod to the take, Bu rt probaly pa fom jabato pier indvdca through aber broke, Brokers ‘Reevlaone oftwo yecencommisonon cachslse sola Irth sls tax led on Dk sees was pdf the proper fuori. Ae lest 150 saves mere sod snowy at Watait ae Silla atthe ura f the mineenah cetury, aire that one ‘stant afer Mhamsmad As coagus ofthe Sudan i 1820- 2h Astording to Dr Bowring the nomber of ves on sl atthe ‘ket wae never as than teen one nd vo Bundt hoe mete sho Important leat sree. Saves came onto the snake fom dsgrontid bwners who wished to exchange the oF ‘ellen ad romslave-ovnin hoseolds whos belonging were ‘Scene of pon the eu of the master (Inthe eghcertcetary ownhold sive: were eso inasepurate market Tnsome insane, ‘very have tec rslble thei own with, a they ere {uarantecd he phe By hw if uluppy with tee present owner, Exec, snes were rite to the market by the Goverment ‘nich could no enn tne they captured the Sudan inthe ay ‘rvieegletblshmen and some aver on ale my hve Been Sicad up by lel governors and provacal pace who fund them Taking suite paper indczng tee stats ‘lever were gen ches by thelr owas Be they merchants primate ind Men were rested in art oi ator loser Ti’ women na owing rate of white o tue cloth, Some mast ‘nc boa earings ethrthongenge sie,broug om. the Sadan Merchants were or lle to tke say these ark of {hihing when slave war sold. Some wotnen were decrsted with ends ab sver teks; thers a accumate wardrobes of eae (hese vesty vib and Hehe, They were alowed to anoint ‘emis with ute o ptt heir skins rom he harsh Catene ‘Dr Bovsing evaminat the di given to slaves during his sin 1837.8, With the excpton of mea fh and beverages iesembed ‘he usual Egyptian fare fle lpins o aie, mie bred ard ‘egeubls, ats and sugar. The cot ofthe ood was bebe by the {elk (ocowner ifthe sve were mes consigned tothe ele) nd ‘fee enteed acon bento eran under thehadg msi) Imaal oe masab rap, Cons an Berea 20 at 25 pastes pe ‘Sve ot month n he nneeoth cet, and sw continuing ran ‘Gn ercant blac hey were no doubt as cement for sees 0 ‘Some oan agreement with prospective buyers ws soon as possible, IMo The Serie Bate sccm ult etcp dving exceptional ines uch sepiemi of Plague = that lve stayed for mae han 4 moat i the make ‘Walaa ala seen to ave been open everyday” Acight the rea doors wer closed and locked, was thease in every Wha nthe ‘iy Despite thc opeaess ofthe market ring aie, aes wee farely shackled. andes or leglons do not apear in save erhan isenoies and inany event would pratt hae ben ecesary forse just aed fom the Su sie they Weel Sanger to Cairo. They may sosthless have been teed op ‘elelrantlaver who had Seen sent othe market ore Ace pont ta dapute ded 1797 eleig wot sive named Naty Semtecd by bs overs Ani Metin Agha to Frere al thenctname ofa stave merchant whem the historian a Jebart ced heist fhe Grek in Caio” His oe amie Nea baud ‘Nase with leony "or fear of his escaping” bere ea Been delrered to Frat anche thatthe mean had bee een byleaing open the dora he room nich Nase had ba Bet that when he bokeh tbckes be could emi exape There a, onc, rely ew cases nthe Mabkama archive erg ‘ve essing fom he mart, nd sem ily tat hose (SS go un ay ted to do so unl they were laded in private ars. This sje lhe resumed er. "Slever were temted common mercandiein the mart, the ae cf them fling under octet le repuling gent conte racic. Th fom raga ota neck, "bone oe ‘asap vo them wo chickens, ney, ots of sheep. Though raw fom many atom ip back Ac, emlaved Acars wre ‘negoraed by eo rahe han by nationality meal ines eg ‘ted describe them by sig mary color inching such oddone 8 oli geen an blue ~alleleing vying tas of anes bat by the aineteenth cenury tre cles became standard: Black (cad) tows (amar) and hash Habe denote of cous, a ave of Ethiopia, bin Egypte erm ae apes oy ‘bo tecome sunburnt, uch othe confusion of genealogists." Tete {cem tp have eens rks perlerence or Ethiopian sees, who Wate {osidered exceptionally badame and inteligent, so tha mn Stroma’ ney though lige end therefore handomer by fel ‘andes of bent, may Bev ped for haat. Merchants were prohted, however, rom advertsing thet gods aude, adit {buyer discovered his newlypurchsed sive were Black and ot aba ssupulated in barging procedures, then he could se fr Black Sry Bp ua Saves were abo sok according 1 sine and agegrade, the sizes ranging foc cepa sevenspan, each of which cared an age ‘Sjutaleny”Fivespan sliver were believed tobe Been ib ad ‘tv jets eli susan vs, the most upht fle, were abd ‘eewee orien and ten. Egyptians ae sao ave prefered ‘Sh sives inthe bel! hey wereaenough tobe ward and young, ‘Hough not to have developed bad habe. Newy-irived saves, Irene, oud be expected develop oval tothe new masters While oder slaves, mot often taken from auton tae, were ‘hou to etna loyalty to members heal household Dripte shi parscularpredlecson, slaves offered Tor sale at wala alla were fen on sosinment there om pees ‘nme I ecned tho tone saves inthe posession of Ha ‘Aba-Karin gh shayol he market 436-5, ‘sudden deat out 2) percent cae om priate sours nai, ving hoe ven Bi "on consignment” (als a aman) ‘aelting numbers f slaves analy imported nto Fy, ee ‘count Rar een taken of thi phenomenoa.”) The Bt) of Zoli bn Hamad a-abiJwhyavunj ested Shaye roman min sed or hereon in 1852, exemplifies the susan. ‘Shercounted mort her marrage a 18369. amanfrom het ome hunts the Shen who sbeoquenty brought hero Cao and sols fer to sive merdhunt The mertant sol Be oa Turkish ny, Jena, daughter of ies pashs Yape,whosubsequeny ok bert Mustafa Ag a Shams ethno ert lattey, apalice tifier, who sold her to aut Ro, shay of Waal Jaa ster the deth of Ab Kari, who sal ber to Nasir Agha, ¢ ‘mecha inant Tetefe her testimony contin hess ‘olde ne untilomingintotbepsssson aber presen ste, SEM! Aah ar Hath She haha in stort, Eileen ownes a ‘tony Jews and hal teen onsale inthe slave markets ast tice, Zalit's try may ve Been exten, but tes Me Sou a ‘any aives posed throvgh the musket sete tines in thet ie. ‘Names given slaves by merchant nd owners appears en on Mabkama documents that ceraun of them must have Been Sony wah site The commonest mames fr women Hive been Fata and Zaynb, names general’ poplar amen all CGhss of Hepp women, bot Dakhit, Maal Sad Zr, ‘team a Hala appt wha bec served foe eal sve in Gi Zataee, mewing salon, was almost vas leo 10 ‘Ehipan women ecrse of ther ih ski eames sch at Kaden1 The Servite Bare (een bc} Nila indigo Hulk ich lack or Hira nk) were ‘hriouly opted fr darter note, Toews fet erred rca i Sodan olen ore ufamiar “Sudan” nares which weredeles ‘hanged ater beng aes in esate Egyptian used Aman ‘men the mort popula mes were “AR Allah, Moran, Sed nd Baki, masculine equivalents in many cts to eal sve nates Slaves tended to be named afer sent ris or flower, ee Silo Quan personales, or wee gen nes suggesting Inppy ee pleaing sere asposiion or an alluring ysl spparanc. Caran samet ere afected by changer fo fishin, ‘Maryam and Bilal, popla female tnd wale names nthe ihc ‘atu, proved far ee common inthe intent, Sine al people ave father ten sires whose fabes were pagan, ‘cat conventional sent saves a som and daopers oA ‘Allah, the nme of the Prop’ (psn fer Serle bayer wasusuly given hte daysto dscoer sy “egal ee in el-purehasl sive, er which the sale ma considers complete {hd the fl istalent ofthe purchase peice pad. Asamatero at ‘Nltenr™ were often not rcipized vat scveral wees end re ‘monte hc sl Nad ben purchase, sd ones west Suet {o prove they had heen defaueby the sie’ seer. nate of lege fess such ese gies tart night int nid ‘lakes were sully sige heavier Rowsehol vies. These woul have ncladed wanking eaing,cnking preparing caller {etiostkrater han iiculone “and unig ean Slaves ‘Nee used as tales and urs” and were asked to ‘Benages Between houncholt "Cooking wercepetal ies And slaves carrying the ile tora so for igh pices Tasch ceumatances, the bah of saves we mporan. Tose tine as unwell” (masa) or "igels” axa) in mechan Inverse valued fr teow the aeragesinse owners wold ak ‘rat totale on snes wh could nt perfor common bowel ‘rrk One pustacr omplsined hi lve "sou got ita decane Tied with waters nvber dared hs seve wns enppled in the et leg. Mines or impaired vision someties cause b acho, as ‘obvious impede” "Yer seems trac hat the heath general eye by slaves wa se the lnetenthcetury term, "delete" Dr Frank, who stud ‘he psc contin of slaves nthe Cairo sla art at the end of ‘he eighteenth cotury, found they were parsuty arcpube to ‘bronchial sfatons and slp, fen with dest Gnsequencs, ‘nu sere from darren, ener dsc warns and seabion™ Plague and choker affected themapparenty more thant ndigenas population. Burctsarde clamed that eight thoatand lve ied Skring he 1815 plague season in Cai dans, poss mich ast thirds or the exsting slave poplasne.” From Dr Coles: pu Stas of marty fo thecholersepiemis of 80a 1835 is ‘ident thatthe combined groups of Nubians”, "Ehipians nt Blacks" scouted fr I percent and 36 percent of vite ding these wo pide whe hey numbered no mote tn 4 perc ‘he popaliio of Caio." The dangers of wit might be ough the ‘mot oiayilineser were andere in cmon saying that crciy maker an Ars taper Kec down sive ‘Mahan fecords show that sive sfferd fon "cough and shivers, dies and eter ices seer, etry, headaches {nd inontinenee: hve as ‘could be anulled onthe ba of Iecurrent fever snd incontinenes, bt levi ube ‘he cout inet nses peer eccurredater teslve ss Purchased” Certain dsorders sch n"herehrobbing a tbe Powse bowels and shivers” and “fe” ay even be costo © seul in ri, rug so bythe ean of waging a The beh of snes scm ako central another ape of thei cxplton, the lea ight fasta ero eapot en his ele ‘She. The degree tut hs Kit of eplatn cccured mat be ‘weighed aint at eas bing ates hecoset ei rom ‘inns fesfabe were the le'sowner andthe hott wich woul fave been provoked in 9 mits household i the sae were fund regu I he asta resting to neta of 38 ne tons of dca ee sve ding fom the inseth ctu erst ae enti former sees of yp eel lc nd ‘hte women, Tie cment lowing te hisnd ane tha aes ‘sori Lane, "ver sd gen" Sate protle "in emer of sie were owned al Bn pal ‘SsncesBeween kr meer wee iia. The nda of an “nui” flor itso compar saci wuld cae trae ‘par the wife eared for er on Sex gh we sean er ‘ldy fered for heres shes" On te ther hand the ‘bly of some Kypian womens bear hin ene smi to Fay tie shale slaves to genet eiua The Serie Bate ‘Whiter the particu esion the mater sexu expitation of bison saver ww sph whichbrought him "bine" they ot (God nd the Law, Malan oct re ocetsoaly expt about the eerse of ttre, thogh maser had starbing soon ‘hugh whan hs sve was found pregnant and he was unsure the ‘hid tert The lay evidence preted ese Vang Pregnant slaves was bus onthe timing of the slave's mets aad tthether or otoccuered winds ance within erent = ‘of ber porcas, Mshmud fed, for example, tes ror ‘luton, sought return Zafaran al San on gros ha she a {ado menstruehiy dys fer ea purchase ee. These, "Als a Karin l-Bagh oo er back nd wal thee da ae she na merstruated. According to Mahmud een tbeslave dd ot mento ntl she ha tye wth "Abt a Ke foto months thd thea he wee onvined she had abated the fete Akad Shagrune-Aagsiheugi ocance dave rnc on groaned thar the won he borht ba esl eros and proved the {ge with specie erence of heir clatoneip Aer be bought {ara a-Habashny, esate, se meastuated within vedas, ‘hen te oupld with her fe tht an ad vena interne with her repeated coming wih er a this wa fortwo mans tbe ‘he mersrasted asesndtine.” Bat wes be decked tel ber ae two mons the merchant who was oy her deca she wa out Zafar a Sada succumbed plague before he dispute inalving ‘he pregnancy a soled and the judge fefued to allow Aba ‘Shagran to rtur Zar Hasty, butte unilngess oF ‘merchants he back “ed property nd he dues ive Epeving pecrity di oe ote Cavne buyer from oe charge ‘live meshants wth using thei own sites themes. Merchant ‘eh in this regard was decried byte Sis uavelesBurhbur= ‘er whch Latter ncorparatd ito is Manes Casts of {ie Mater ipso another western observer have tine the open petition of blak and Ethopian women by save ‘merchants In Egype.” In ssssng sch cares, cme adges col ny rely onthe esimeny of merchants who would not nab ese fave wate to undercut th potent luca goods decd rslctance of buyer to parchave pregnant saver Beni ofthe Crt tnd “tote” of ediag ¢ pewbora chy proving ets and finding ain space ons cmmercl earn fr meres ‘oleae female ses aloe, Court judges could ab ey on appointed lostors and midwives (gasat) who at cour order rfid te | condition of suspect vs In amon every inane, they stu nga evidence and in oe ese prounaad tbe woman #0 Be ‘Sern from teats dahon” NNonetees, Mahia erence suggest that merchants fie 0 bee ound commerl ave rom ine totic and ha some lave ‘merchants were nor inti rerpet* In ace Brg 1859, {other Zana Haba sated that wie she ad Bsn ite ses of Sultan Ramadan, site mere, heh ae es ‘Reoocubne” and ha when she was two months pregnant he had eens toaother She gate th to ason ued Triad as ‘oid wih him doco. (lear be who presumably ncn Ret to plead freedom w the mabe of the merchants cil) Slt ‘eee, have, wacked here the mother of son" and fer ea wus ted ders In tote compe, Henn Mette slaves fom Ibn (Nubia) complied da ashe bought {ler rom Kay (adr, mal hi heme fen mien For Jprosy, adding that "he ot kept he company unl the [egining ef the present moa and then found her pregeant for ‘months The llr, a merch fom Ken fied the el harge~ ot tat she wns peegane but hat se slr Bagby ring the buyer knew of er son when he purchased het ‘Charges of prepnany among slaves were mae and then disproved so tlten tat ne susp th Yala Tn gto general bith ‘ater among Hac slave monn = whch wil he dena low =o ‘he ones, a stone tendency co abort ote, sh ager sy hve heen snp pretext ge ri sles no longer want or ‘ese ‘Whatever personal degradation female slaves endured a ea of scnleavin iy mmeiea/ the btn acl cel cheese Dston This did po aleays lead tothe efarcisement though often happen” "even when owned by aolabe men Mita, ine women ho a borne eno termes Ba ere a Imamumited, were not covered By inheritance vy being eee rom any pro he masters estate, but their eile, econ, ‘were considered is legal her an they themselves often seine Posthumous bequests aus Taman easy, he ibertance ened Dyaslve's children and vicariously by the motes proved fr rete ‘han if the ater had ben fed od tre Iie merce, tha begets o some mtv actly exceed the one-eighth ‘area husbands estate given to the wie Such economic eons ‘vere no doube strong individual guess jing aston nig.6 The Sere Baa Ac read the prot ie of ives amor all became Mastin ve thor me by Citi an Jews an they seco hve Drought tothe pec felon an unoua el Es the note ceatry they. teeame asocated with performances of airy & pychor ‘Rerapeie everett tempted oes ema cums om the fpf evil spa” Penal sliver were abo erent fron: nous ALJabar commented tt when plc res anounced {nthe spring of 1787 tat women mast stop wearing acs as ‘allel “Quays a Boome so widepred tht even the ‘lack slives wore [bought cost upto cna thei done Oa feat dys a dring mie and even 90 ret days when they ‘ere fee to kav th hous, dey could be found ine sop, “inking oc fermented foe. These sbops has bwevet Bad ‘epuaton and tras had somerins to te sete i court "Though the save poplaton of Ciro Muctsted between 12000 av 1500 dig mort ofthe nineteenth cetary, aes ce tobe fad a hin tine ciaping, Enowhle owners incading ive Imercans, had an uncanny ably to cle ray sles, eve if “ours at Mablana documents eupemistialy pat emewhere ‘Uppec yor many eae beeen this reir, Government paid firs an ea pole Hep a watchfl eye on cs wo col ot ‘Stsleory eplin hr presence muna! places. About a deze ‘ort css rl to snes who nd bee "lst by owns in places faraway « Nubi Kendafa apt Dat ur on to be found against (Cir "In one cate, amerchan rom Shan he famous markt own Inthe Sadan an tha sae be ohne, sed Bah al-NI ha efron him a ear an lf caer chews sn Kebbel the ‘commercial capita of Dar Fu, ad that when he reed Cao he ino her with another save merchant. An owner oul prove Bis ‘enrshpy producing Wowie, ute ale doth the theslve aye whi caren omer Ths Bane abNi was ered tober fone, bot anther tae who climedalave ad Dal from hi nine mont err when be was ia Kurd, could not Jroduce the soret evidence of hs evnershp, and ib case Was “The manvmision (ig) of slaves was comidered a merous religious act in Tan, andthe Matkana achive conta copies of thowrents of cmmeipaton dade reginered by indidual sal ‘owners over a prio fanart for huned years Manion Block Sas in agp cou be rt oc onions feed eng sipltedon upon ‘Beet of the master whichenethesiave weal at or {in tewot future compensmion i wich beer hab was ed. fa the midis century, British cour acy ast Sle cde neo repsters aa Myo iy documents were tecorded by Bekah protege in 1818, but the veritable fod of ‘Shipton acs tha ceed thei dees ofthe entry — ‘Ome [e000 between 1677 and 1889" — were reper in ‘unumision barns, ota the cous, ‘ecodng to Mis: Tonge, slaves io inerial service were costar fed ae ine fers of teitades he case of Whites, ‘Shei theese of blake Among les pble hss there seems wo five Beet to Tac rule about uable years of service. Manan thcumente thw neveries the concer tht a masters ‘Bout rsig sive wo a if tain ther than domestic ‘Sis who wee often without noma connections toast them, Ths, Socuments repre fm en ees oot nly the Imumumision of sve butts the pi of sum of money. Ta the Inst per of the intent entry th sum usally amousted to Sho plasters (15), about hal te east of new ae.” ‘Mata slves when thee woul come tan geement whe meter oer the sus oe pan the pein which wot edetnerd Thi was uly dnc by installing, tc mtr oe Pil pyent othe nt ntti es ta awh how fea is ‘Spel acement mids be nntcent etry ths one example ond sconce a 105 eee wuld rately ne ben ‘ech beeen mt dn ele sv ies hey ora ano {eae of ln outside te bebo. “Stnery a vel known, no biden othe Quan, but he colovenent of cetera penons, ama tose having 2 Muslin ater and/or father, ws gal (Nether Msi men bor women tnere permed pagan spowen) The problem af he eslveent of ost proved aneapectey rel nthe intent entry a ares AW black Atoca tha ada soppied sites to FEYpC were fradually Mamize, Core were oot infequeniy ated to stn Felgen on ene Brought by people who clined they Bad ben Uj eave, any of wom came from Wada and hal been ‘pared in war th uighboring Dar Fur or kiapped by pasing ‘iechan or ang pars. The testinony Tories imeesing (Shas about he ale sivesandwilbeprenasome length What is surprsing, eras is the suport such indivi eee fom ia ad sive metas”ry The Sree Bnd justly erlaved Alicea were often tscued from servitude eon, thre document revel Affe fom many prt ad ‘Sudan came trough Cao oa thelr We the Holy iss ant ‘aye therefor busines reson i ode ote clases ae ‘aha. Sometimes they ete of wer eolied inte army. ‘AL ‘ahh abr for expla asl in an Egyptian ‘epmen, haup he ae iil rom dar Sel Wad at now his ime In 1803 be found his ster, atin tthe save ‘mutta Ca. With the suport of th shit of Waar alls, the veteabe aj Solan fom, he sc her owner, ttn "ha rod the year (9%, when the ber ied is ste a one oto er village nam War," aha os er ay" that he Yes reborn, having come "From town (ald Inhabited by ‘Musi and ua ben Unusy enslaved The defendant aoa lstance merchant whore isa sugets be ume rom Ban “Ad the “trepoc in Upper Hepp for caravans traveling the arb arn Sted he a bought bee eom ane merchant ss Regan the ‘epin f the Sian” nd that Fina had een Bog ao sod fuer times over tbe hst st yea" Following hs tesa Tana pect ec ents teh ieee “Fatima bat "Ute, so of Adan uit of her fates by Bs wile ZabeaTndar, ad [as] « Mas, feat bt, for Dar Sula a the seboes of te Side” Her trther wet ured fpr ‘rites, hietinony by nel eing mele idence anda ‘month's Jy rough wo oe soldiers, "Uae Jum and Ab ‘Alo Ahm, who vetied his satemet nl ser wm et A ‘resusalinsoch posed, the owner waisted recovers [Gn from the man whosold er tot Inc ene tamountedss 1 albu about 525 od pistes ‘Another ise dosed the light and lima vindication of Maryam alSamrs: She cited she was the daupier of Arad Aa of vig of Miskin sled Karan he egos of Sula Upp gyre ee fut of her fnther by ber decesed meter Eva a Aa, and tha some eople rom the area Da Fur ne et ila ha made war on a xprred be, bging hr to Cia She tho state tat ner mater lve merchant med sharma Wah ‘You, who tended the soure proceeding bad fathered thes lec by hr inthe sete years he ba owe he Inbis estoy Muhammad replied be hd purchase rom another merchant a ‘Walaa lib for930 pases nd ad prodacedehidrendy Ret ine bloncias fashion” Margunts ce ere suppected by {80 ‘Wodaians i Cio, aa Jair a-Fgh Ada fom Abu Quran ‘lac Savery in Bayps 9 Haj Tugel Muhammad from “Nine ab'Adaipys thie Testimony tun es supported by wo more Walas whe ast, te ther honest charac Maryam was noon feed ba mart her former maser who granted Dera bidepece of 300 pastrs, Nest AU Shugo one ofthe me erat Walt al ai, as pnd er rprsentaie (ok) im this mater inal, thee isthe example of Sah a Habs who cained sexton tts having bee born nan Epi lige Meni a= ‘Hie He was granted rsdom with tebe of Ethiopian stent {he aya Jabart aA sae "reed ses ba meee oe ht manus papers with ‘em. Witoot sch papers they auld be picked up bythe plc, peso and sent tothe sve mit. This happened o Sue a ‘star in U2 wha war tested whom the way tov te Shao ‘Mees, resting temporary at sn estat In Gua. Once inthe slave ‘malt he we abet contac ren and tbls hs ced tates" Other fed sles were faved to gp tothe cours fo preven heir former mares rem renping «dae tmtision ot stp slave merchants fom sling them" Marroge Socil ister intrested in the persona lives of saves their mariage lfapriglveiboeds a nnectons ip ebansocty ni ‘Endestae vente ara copes eran. The vente praia to the peroal Relongnge of feed sles, unieed slaves were ‘Sosideted pr ofthe me's chal ned sted opie is ‘fle cosy ce or water Dll and thir marl pres, tilipeng and terial possestoos ware net separately enumerted ‘Slaves were allt ary oter ves, on the maser’ consent tring required; hut they could aot marty ee psoas witha ‘hemles tes oe “The data blo arch n 85 erate inventories of red Black slaves who de Heonen 70 and 1873, Considering thousands of fread laes bo lie in Ca ding this og ner f yur te ‘Scembled data can ny be submited a repreenttvot what afer ‘uly would noe dear abouldshebavebeteagon he endian ot “hlared lacs hough svi blacks were ore orate The bak ofthe invertor, 8 ot of 8, date rom two aetecth- enrury peas anne their dat can be somewhat beter ‘Sold, pair empbaseiiven to ninetenthcemtary ‘arationi The Sorile Ente ‘The material als no the oioing chronologic arangerent ighyperoent of freed back ves were mated Of this number, snot othe were ured ore cite fe red ale ot Temae Fifteen percent contracted marines were between black sales and white females, about evealy dived between ed white female save, usualy Circasan and fee wht females of Egyptian ‘igi often daughters of former arr or of snes neat On Sumi sae evence thre someone been oteleerearige teewesn bls cs snl whe feels fn te ile cea ‘eleing, perhaps a ighe stats enjoyed eed lack ses at {ine teas ratio, cording Ms. Tge for ck ema len tobe fcdeod mart off ac alesis yet ony 36 peat feed back ariags in Egype flowed this parca pater." ‘Sitea perce fed Biche rene sing he eal stan of ‘ote our percent nw know, The percentage a crs higher {han among feetorn Eaypins. Masta the UntriedDcks were ‘women, Eunuchs hom one would expec ob sing, followed {eaonal ouseold paterns ad tok wie eed whit saves {ro examples fund." They may hae done this toon Soll (Siz ith poked wasted me tes Iving apts hae Black women a ule appeato hae ben mare omen of abe average socal sanding, those who were numbered amas tbe ‘merchant community were alae Io varus pang orgie Teas, of were employed m rete (ub) importa altary Persone (i the ld Mamluk shin), who eld igh 0 Inediumanking postions the Goverment. Among. eran, hisbane are ead ar save merchants, peruners coh sel, stones and broke. Among higher ranking Government efits Se found provincia povernors officers ling thei hin fuser fends employ inthe Testy Department Toward ihe Tater arta the stent century, bande len ented as ‘iran sade at al- Asha or x Suda res Thsugget= tint the ieee in the sumer of drs Egypt brought abo ah ‘overall omerig of tas tha lacs oncenoye, abd that tesa ack Slaery i Bp 1st system was no longer accommodating them wih marcas to soialy publ men, ‘Oneof the puzls in made Egypcan soc iso the inna impact black Aicans have had on the biological mae-up af Egyptians If is sue that as any 2 800,000 Ata were foretiy setled im tbe coune} during de eghteenth and nineteenth ‘Sure ey there <0 ide “Aca” impeintom the genera ‘opolaon? Lentng aide the important question of mortality rts Smngbacks- hh leary ha fondant bearing on thes {nlavetigtion ao birth rater among biscs mip ao be pertinent {itu the fll snawer may never be known sine thee te 0 stats for tose centr eating fo the mmber of weenie firing tore by bles wo Egypsan mastery of by black saves finanpstthemelres or indeed om eld mot and bith ras oe yptas asa whol Nonetieles Makar documentation gives ‘ome tana che the central question 0 Beth fates song ‘ists rt ent among one segment of tht poplin, hat ma ott ptt explanation of why 0 fee "Alan tas sox mong te geal popula Yas (OF BS invoworer surveyed, spouses ae intel in 72. Eleven feed snes were unmaed the marta ts of 0 oes i nak own To avenues pertain co cunach who, though tecnicaly tare, eld not prodose len The ta amber of postal ‘Eile pops ast scoingy #158, afgure tical nctader mutt who ae speiealy sented sp the texts. The nur (STottspag produced by these vara reltonsiys and ted a rir nett proceedings -anoums to 2, Forty-six inventories at tpg whaterer, andi that number ade to unsere nd ‘rtd slaves, thn limos 70 pce the ed black populton ‘i Caio eto pens’ Moener the vst jot aac rite al eupls pode only on id The th ae anger ‘hor cee fave bee stoning low "No asta exlnation cn eget thi phenomenon Therecan he il doubt th inventories ref the hah reais of ‘gh infant moreiy ates and tg sence morality rates duet ‘paenicof lesand page One sures woud vest Chace tinker Lao possible at any black women were ‘aried when potter cil-bearng yer hating been fed aly {ite ong yao serve and then sande who dese ony 2 ‘roman f nmap: Household. Catal urbe eerch ino the role aedet For prpocee af cms-checing oust, the 1858 census ofjyptisusefl, counted as “Nubians, Abyssinian and Sane,” the Dick popubiog, (ee and ree, numbered 164, Thi gue seas broken down by age" 15955 ale and 667 crea T represents a probable negative growth rate even higher tan that rele in ou findings. The 1868 cents, however at ave Included Mal-gypuan ciren under the eaepory "Succ" ‘tie wuld cen have inched fuiy lager of Nut ‘nen who worked as domestic ad eonerges Cao, evn wives {nd Yams Nubia wells Nab and Sans eas With "Yer alo ec ler tht demwgripic esearch ino bh wd death nactensng nincte=treeiary Egypcnes 0 poker whl ‘is be undertaken onthe bass of Malai docunetaton = il Show hat high infant more an det fom fecure eden were not factors inpendiig the growth of india hae ‘Smmunie In my sty of Sadanstade and seve mers ithe Pieter entry based an avatars dated 182-65, foun tht 536 merchants with 35 wives and concubines produced 66 chee, dence tat negative bith eves preville seo song idea ‘ommunies Buc wheres 90 percent of fee acs et no Progeny, the corsyoning fue among Sodan-tade merchants hiro wat 27 pecan. “Thee ws an Arabi saying that went, “The Etna ar bck ‘he Hgypinn hits, ehe North Acts cul the Bese iy tnd of thse four peoples the Black wh wl soonest ve he lnpea ofthe stamp tic mars is mtoe.”? While ay ete for bilgi rerons beyond ordinary competence tit Chien of Intermariages between Hack Ac snd Egyptiss toed to le much of the lack population in Egypt = certain in Caio = aed uvive beats of iw bisth and igh morality rte Inert ond sate ‘The wife of a decsed husband recived one- having Bech nitary personne reaners, merchants and sok ot the hulk ‘emancipate Aftcas probly fnctiond oa the age of act, Finding obscure velioods snes and ocala sand top, eral perio and wood-gatrers When inthe te nteteeah ‘tary the number of freed lacs reply iaresed, may ete Torco tke over fran, andang oes lack es ‘operat inseverl Da provi brought unde control the pulice=* Chronic unempkyrent asag them may bave ben on af the veaons proming the Goverment to ent Sica cxped ‘onury frat ont apt the Mahan the ery 18606" Cocation ‘This paeris no meant a a defritve study of bss in aypt The ‘bets as ben pit outa inprtat aspects ol he bes 1 slaves and exslives seni survey af court documenta i (Caro A store exteive search in there docments would produce (ther aes, woul evalsh bith and moray rts ons stronger Tass and would aster queiton abot oseupaton, mugs sd wealth Lthis paper serves any purpose, wile to enarae mare smvve reser ito the ub pene cae coc cee aia See eer eee Rise Saar anocomearams ‘Zn Os De We Cae i oy, sa Black Stacy a Bye 15 sey ee me a tra oaye Seay Gy naa) om Pane Su Qa ‘cha ae The Me A tee or Net Fesiprogrumand te Aree Reser EEN Sa “Waa pa te Coa Aa Sa Gon ion Soe eee Ee eeneerel nt ete ipnee rian Thos wean, py eis spurafiniatloaleedenn ceoeeenctacenetasapars clea Sue wa ‘etary mart ae Sie Asien “Suma a Sy, ed cl an Sey he Sn ‘ea an et Wwe Deri of Ne a pe an a ng Sevres mae th ts Ri tw da es was sit tog ns 9 eae ‘ae Fr pee ie a Seep ono oe a Ft la ope an on, Pater Pen Rees om Se ‘i te “ese ove mrp ee ARE ie!" EI ome wee MUU, 7m. 06@ Jum (ep ss i Rt Mi feb eae ‘Ti, a a veces BAA Th TC a ‘She during hee mom; pte et se va alt by Mabummad iene nage ip Mac Someta eee See are oe ee eee ee eS eoeeetene aban See ere teeta meets ee eaten156 The Soro Eotate 15 Te gio my trey pct Ea wu rceerereey arcane ener ae SialNee crarcceundaneeytens tre eae £Sosaexrmimber, mene toed ha 1s LSTA oe cone SACS en ebebl Sh lih ta soe ed See eres eee neem SSeS ei rancihie ivieetana ‘Sin acne pret set vy Bop S Site a Loa May Lh eb ee a a ane ea Siete fon Ooh St eractacae mont eae Sultiiaren Thome etc heme einen a $i MlmoaUn ts vm Pom ma a ve sn a a Age ech Mutat eaters cee aoe Tecate SE ea nme A mt ee ae ‘it tran mp mas ie oc cheig haetcin tgp taa Svare 2, The ventory of ata Aku Khai a-Mtagheib wn ied in Katee ers lam acsbee te e Sree Sa ee To a (SES, he panne nl ee 22 BIOET Se yn tof ea pin, Syn Ei, oa enraged Garena io ‘Si si ae tr dnc eK ere ad Aa a eae as IG ee Se El 24, Th wa tsk Merman and Bei loping a x hie figs eb eS a in er eee ane a SES Tee Back Stavry in Beppe 1s 2 peat an ct mane Sale ceearme en weer Sere ieee cers SER eee ae nba tice tae Bees eat naeiane meres ie eee tes ees pean ethanol “i, J Cac ey, "Quesges sates sure choker gi sim Cai em 185 185," ar ere Sos ceecrae cae a SS ee eae eae Sete 1 ER tc cm 1 BE sakes emi ee ee rie cere (eee eee ee eens ee ee ean ee Peon ari naar SEES esintae, Sets ees eet re eee ee ee ee eee Sree fe homaen imei 4, REO ercee I aon nna 8 2 Eee eee18 The Serie Bate la: eee geet ee ee Seite eet near aa A mac ee anna 9% Bitatg ban cae a rae, 4 Naa ut Cae . or eae ft een ‘Sa, Ay Sida cdots pen pa spb phe thas the pout stringing Show are meena comer Sac e eee Wiican Cametoeeere sen ea eee eerie entire See een men fie ei ers agate ‘yptn arms be wes eed, s.756 (2 Sh STASI en ol eee Ging 9 een a Pech 0 rad ons rant ee Sr $0 ey ir See zaicran Baa aay a re Be a ere eta Noch Blak Sey in Bore 159 vee a te o SESE tern ah sora Eo et fierce maa im Sort ‘a yo or ping sali 1 ro 8 «ere premeeiea vue Sarees ™ Sm ua ks ra mg at ‘ae Thcopan oe fersmeln Up Ep poe 4. 7 Aan aa tg Abas As -Tw ioKalaa 7 en cues mates ate ‘ope sce imi, Supe oe, Ph 25 Heep tc dee tat gua sav cena {Soi hn ter Ca a rs 5 Siena te On, 1 Ane so = Sees See ee aed |160 The Soro Etate ee eae Seas coerce Sor cee gu aem ener fae pr 22 Hck mal 90 ii ud ees: if + Diacsierniennassats Diesen e een oy eae {Gaia 196} 1959, pec 17885-The edwin wal went ope SE i Senin oe Mai pt aa ‘recall Omen aap Hd Pray HIP 4H oa oo Feny 8a ah RES Be 2 my Ix The Slave Mode of Production Along the East African Coast, 1810-1873 A.M. H. Sheriff 1. The Slee Made of Proton: The Argument ‘Pecoetialy sme mode of production can exis autonomously, ‘producing its productive labour through save breeding, Hower {hs ierenes the cst of harbour sine reuites the aires ff momen and children daring the oposite prod a is ‘he amin of surpsprodut that canbe appropri, tig els “To overcome his contradiction to alates ae open to the slave owners. The ist tous he snes exten ig lange numberof simes who proce thar own subratnce Ieee llc plots oft during ceria asic das ofthe week Under such system, approaching a squater ser he slave help the production of anistufs oe sosistence The creme une sae, Fowerer, increas the ot of sperm and enn th le oF the omparavely srl slae-onning cas, The secu ternative tas the ver inesively by developing ‘hee sland imprvig Ui fol toincree ter peeductg ‘ubustenc kept othe minimum nessa for uta ing ners can ince the proportion af thei approprnion af pies Product fom the slaves. However, withthe nce in the vate of ‘aptaton and the more developed consciousness of the Sled slave there may Bean increase in cla ningonism a ean ‘eform of deseucion of th more dete ol orccape Attn ‘ile saves have exe history inayat the wre ‘he une save whois he common feature of the sive nate of ‘roducon. Thus the slave ‘atoms af produto bile the ‘evelopment of sls ed predicate slaves the depose ‘the produtve force nw save mode of proton, 1