X L NH Y T

(Medical Image Processing)

MC CH
KIN THC

- Cc phng thc to nh y t c bn v cc yu
t nh hng n cht lng nh ca tng
phng php
- Cc phng php x l c p dng
K NNG
- C kh nng nhn bit v x l nh y t

YU CU
- i s tuyn tnh
- Xc sut thng k
- X l s tn hiu

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Biomedical Image Analysis R. M.
Rangayyan
2. Digital Image Processing using Matlab R. C.
Gonzales
3. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing K.
Najarian, R. Splinter
4. Medical Image Analysis Atam P. Dhawan

nh gi
im danh+bi tp:

10%

Kim tra gia k:

20%

Bi tp ln+bo v:

30%

Kim tra cui k:

40%

CHNG 1

TNG QUAN

1.1. X L NH Y T?

- Cc thc th to nh y t (medical imaging

modality) khc nhau cung cp cc thng tin c
tnh ring bit v cc c quan bn trong hay ca
cc t chc m.
- tng phn v nhn thy ca nh y t ph
thuc vo thc th to nh, hm p ng cng
nh ph thuc vo cc vng bnh l.

V d:
- Thm khm vt rn c th khung xng sn
(chp X-quang ngc) th cn nhn r cu trc
xng cng
- Kim tra kh nng c b ung th v hay khng
(chp X-quang v) th li cn thy r s vi ha,
cc khi bt thng, cc cu trc m mm
x l nh y t

1.2. CC THC TH TO NH T
- Mc tiu ca to nh y t: thu nhn cc thng
tin hu ch v cc qu trnh sinh l hay cc c
quan ca c th bng cch s dng cc ngun
nng lng.
- Phn loi theo
Ngun nng lng bn trong
Ngun nng lng bn ngoi
Kt hp c hai

Radio
Waves

103

TV
Waves

102 101

Radar
Waves

10-1 10-2

Microwaves

10-3

Infrared
Rays

Visible Ultraviolet
Light
Rays

-6
10-4 10-5 10

10-7

10-8

Gamma
Rays

X-rays

Cosmic
Rays

10-9

10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14

1017

1018 1019 1020

Wavelength in meters
105 106 107 108

11
109 1010 10

14
1012 1013 10

1015 1016

1021 1022

Frequency in Hz
-8
10-10 10-9 10 10-7 10-6 10-5

10-4

-1
10-3 10-2 10

101

102

103

104

105

106

Energy in eV

MRI

X-ray
Imaging

Gamma-ray
Imaging

Cc ngun nng lng

107

Thc th
to nh
y sinh

Nng lng
s dng

Bn ngoi

Chp X-quang thng

Chp X-quang v

Chp ct lp CT
Siu m v ct lp
bng siu m
To nh dng phn x
v truyn qua quang

Bn trong

Y hc ht nhn
Chp ct lp pht x
n photon (SPECT)
Y hc ht nhn
Chp ct lp pht x
pozitron (PET)

C trong
v ngoi

Chp cng hng t

(thng v chc nng)

To nh dng
hunh quang
To nh da trn
tr khng in

Phn chia theo loi ngun nng lng

S khi h thng to nh y t
Scanner
i
tng

Scanner

THU
NHN,
TI
TO
NH

X
L,
PHN
TCH
NH

LU
TR,
HIN
TH
NH

nh X-quang
v s ha

nh tng cng
tng phn

nh cn bng
mc xm

- Cc vn cn quan tm
Mi trng to nh y t

Bn cht vt l ca vic to nh
Thc th to nh

Phng php thu nhn d liu

X l v phn tch nh

MI TRNG TO NH

- La chn thc th to nh y t.
- Thit k cc k thut x l v phn tch nh y
t.

Bao gm cc c tnh tnh hay ng ca cc

i tng c to nh nh cc t chc, cc m,
cc bnh l c trng ca c th.

V d:
- c tnh tnh: mt m
- c tnh ng: chuyn ng ca dng mu,
chuyn ng ca tim
Ti to v phn tch nh y t hp lxem xt
ti c tnh ng

BN CHT VT L CA VIC TO NH

- Nguyn l to nh c s dng thu c d

liu
CT scanner: s truyn tia X qua c th
SPECT: s pht x tia gamma do tng tc gia
cht phng x vi m

- Nguyn l khc nhaumc thng tin cung cp

cng khc nhau:
SPECT, PET: nh c tng phn, chi tit gii
phu km.
CT scanner: nh c sc nt hn, phn gii
chi tit gii phu ln.
MRI: nh c phn gii chi tit gii phu ln,
tng phn m mm xut sc.

THC TH TO NH

- Quyt nh cht lng nh theo cc tiu ch:

T s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N.

phn gii.
Kh nng cho thy cc thng tin chn on.

-Thng s k thut ca ngun nh hng trc

tip ti kh nng to nh.
- phi tuyn, hiu sut thp, thi gian phn r
di, loi b tn x thpnhiu (artifact) trong
nhto v x l nh thng minh

PHNG PHP THU NHN D LIU

- ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh to nh.

- Yu t quyt nh xc nh phn gii khng

gian v thi gian tt nht.
- Quan trng i vi vic lm gim nhiu
(artifact) trong nh thng qua lc tch cc v tin
x l.

 phn gii khng gian:

Kch thc nh nht ca i tng m ton h
thng (gm c qu trnh ti to nh) c th phn
bit c.
phn gii thi gian:
Thi gian thu c tn hiu to thnh 1 nh
n. Khng phi l thi gian ti to nh m l
thi gian ly mu tt c thng tin cn thit
ti to nh.

V d: X-ray CT scanner
- Da vo s photon X-ray ti b thu nhn
(detector) trong 1 khong thi gian.
- Qut: chm song song, nn, xon c.
- Thi gian qut khc nhaub tr gia phn
gii khng gian v thi gian.
Qut nhanh, phn gii khng gian thp v
ngc li.

X L V PHN TCH NH

- Nhm tng cng thng tin chn on, h tr

cho vic din gii cc nh y t (thng thng
hoc c s tr gip ca my tnh).
Din gii nh tnh v nh lng nh cho cc
chn on, theo di can thip, iu tr khc nhau.
Hiu c cc qu trnh sinh l cng vi cc
bnh v phn ng chng li iu tr ca chng.

1.2. NGUYN L TO NH

- nh 2 chiu ca vt th: qua cc dng c quang

hc nh camera hay knh hin vi.
- nh 2 chiu hay 3 chiu ca mt t chc: qua
cc thc th to nh y t bng cc phong php
truyn qua, pht x, phn x, tn x hay cng
hng t ht nhn

H quy chiu nh
b

i tng
f(a,b,g)

nh
g(x,y,z)

H thng to nh
h
g

Khng gian
i tng
a

Khng gian
nh

G=R(F-T)

G, F: nh v i tng trong cc h quy chiu min nh, vt

tng ng. c th hin nh l cc vector ct
R, T: ma trn quay v ma trn trt

i tng

nh

H thng to nh

Mt ct
ngang c
la chn

h
g

Khng gian
nh

Khng gian
i tng
x
a

Ngun chiu x

nh mt ct ngang
c ti to

S khi chung ca h thng to nh 3-D

(c ngun chiu x t bn ngoi)

i tng

nh

H thng to nh

Mt ct
ngang c
la chn

h
g

Khng gian
nh

Khng gian
i tng
x
a

nh mt ct ngang
c ti to

S khi chung ca h thng to nh 3-D

(khng cn ngun chiu x t bn ngoi)

Tng qut: gx, y, z hx, y, z, f a, b, g

Tuyn tnh:

hx, y, z, f a, b, g hx, y, z, a, b, g .f a, b, g

Tuyn tnh, bt bin (SLI)

gx, y, z

hx a, y b, z g .f a, b, g .dadbdg

gx, y, z

hx a, y b.f a, b,.dadb

Cc h quy chiu mu

1.3. CC BC X L NH
Thu
nhn
nh

Tin x l
(Tng cng,
khi phc nh)

Hin th nh
Phn tch nh
(Phn vng,
trch chn c im)

Gii thch,
ch gii
M ha
Knh truyn
lu tr

Knh truyn
hoc
lu tr

Gii
m
ha

Tng
hp
nh

Tng
cng
nh

Hin
th
nh