Professional Documents
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HSC Course
Stage 6
Space
Part 2: Projectile motion
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................... 2
Projectile motion........................................................................ 4
The trajectory two separate parts.....................................................5
Introduction
gravitational constant
Space
Projectile motion
Space
trajectory with
air resistance is
reduced in height
and range
In which direction does gravity always work? Did you say, down?
Because the two motions are perpendicular, they are independent.
Therefore, you can treat them, and analyse them, separately. The
diagram below shows both of these motions within an x-y frame of
reference. This frame will become important.
uniformly
accelerated
vertical
motion
non-accelerated
horizontal
motion
x
The motion of a projectile can be analysed as two separate motions.
Acceleration equations
At this point you should take a few moments to recall some of the work
from the preliminary course topic called Moving about. In that module
you studied uniformly accelerated motion, that is, motion that is subject
to acceleration that is unchanging. This acceleration was defined by the
following equation.
Space
r r r
r Dv v u
a=
=
Dt
t
where
r
a = acceleration, in ms-2
r
Dv = change in velocity, in ms-1
r
v = final velocity, in ms-1
r
u = final velocity, in ms-1
t = time taken, in s
Although this is the defining equation, you will more often see this
equation in the following rearranged form:
r r r
v = u + at
Using this equation, two more equations describing accelerated motion
can be derived. (You dont need to know the derivations, but you can
look them up in a good physics reference if you are curious.) These
equations are:
rr
v 2 = u 2 + 2ar
where
r
r = displacement covered, in m
r r 1r 2
r = ut + at
2
As you examine each of the horizontal and vertical motions, you are
going to change these last three equations to more specific equations that
better suit your purposes.
The motion is not accelerated because the only force present, the
downward weight force, is at right angles to the horizontal motion, and
therefore does not influence it. In order to modify the three equations
above you need only note that acceleration equals zero. Also, you are
going to use different symbols for displacement and velocity, to indicate
motion in the x direction (horizontal). The changes are:
r
a =0
r
a = 0
r
v = vx
r
u = ux
r
r = Dx (displacement = change of position on the x - axis)
If these changes are substituted into the three equations then we get the
following:
r
v x = u x (that is, horizontal velocity is uniform)
Sample problem 1
Lets start to use these formulas right away. A rifle with a muzzle
velocity (the speed the bullet comes out of the barrel) of 450 ms-1 is fired
level at the horizon. Determine:
a)
b)
r
Our first formula tells us that v x = u x , that is, the final velocity
equals the initial velocity over any time period. In other words, the
horizontal velocity is the same all the way through the motion.
Therefore, the velocity after 0.3 s is still 450 ms-1 (horizontally).
Dx = u x t
= 450 0.3
= 135 m
That is, after 0.3 s the bullet has travelled 135 m.
Try this next problem out for yourself. These motion problems are quite
simple, however solutions are provided at the end of this booklet.
Space
An air hockey puck is pushed so that it glides along its table at 0.15 ms-1. If
the table is 1.2 m long, determine:
a)
how long the puck takes to travel the length of the table
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Sample problem 2
A stone is thrown horizontally at 8.0 ms-1. If it takes 0.5 s to fall to the
ground, how far horizontally will it have travelled in this time?
Solution
It is helpful to list the data as you read a question. It will help you to
develop the skill of interpreting numerical physics problems
ux = 8.0 ms-1, t = 0.5 s, Dx = ?
Dx = u x t
= 8.0 0.5
= 4.0 ms-1
That is, the trajectory of the stone will have a range of 4.0 m.
10
Space
You now need to adapt the three acceleration equations for the vertical
motion. To do so you will make the following changes to the variables:
a = ay = 9.8 ms-2 down
v = vy
u = uy
r = Dy (displacement = change of position on the y-axis)
Remember that the vertical direction corresponds to the y-axis in our x-y
frame of reference. Substituting these changes:
vy = uy + a y t
v 2y = u 2y + 2a y Dy
1
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
2
This now gives a set of three equations that can be used specifically for
uniformly accelerated vertical motion.
Sample problem 4
An arrow is fired directly upwards with a velocity of 55 ms-1. Assume
that it is fired from ground level and that there is no air resistance. There
are a number of things about the motion of this arrow that you need to be
able to calculate. Each is modelled below.
a) How fast is the arrow moving when it returns to the ground?
Solution: By the symmetry of the motion, you can say that the arrow
will have a velocity of 55 ms-1 down.
b) What is the time of flight of the arrow?
Solution: A useful strategy to solve this problem is to focus on the
arrows rise up to its peak height. Assume that up is the positive
direction. You can now say that:
uy = 55 ms-1, vy = 0 ms-1, ay = -9.8 ms-2, t = ?
The equation to use is:
vy = uy + a y t
0 = 55 + (9.8)t
\ t = 5.6 s
That is, the arrow will take 5.6 s to rise to its peak height.
By symmetry, it must take just as long to fall back, so:
trip time = 2 5.6 = 11.2 s.
11
In other words, the arrow will take 11.2 s to return to the ground.
You need to be careful about the number of significant figures that
you quote in the answer. The data used had only two significant
figures, the answer should be restricted to the same number of
significant figures. This is because in physics the number of
significant figures implies the accuracy with which a piece of data is
known. If the trip time is stated as 11.2 s you are implying that you
know the trip time more accurately than the data from which it was
calculated. This isnt possible! Therefore, you should state that the
trip time is approximately 11 s (two significant figures).
c)
\ Dy = 154 m 150 m
vy = uy + a y t
= 55 + ( -9.8 7.5)
= -18.5 ms-1
That is, the velocity of the arrow after 7.5 s is approximately 19 ms-1
downwards.
12
Space
This next problem is a bit harder. A tennis player tosses the ball into
the air to serve It takes 1.1 s between tossing and serving. Assume
that the racquet strikes the ball at the same height from which it was
tossed.
a) Calculate the speed with which the ball was tossed. (Hint:
displacement equals zero for the whole motion.)
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b) Calculate the height achieved, above the players hand, by the
ball.
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13
Vertical motion
x direction
y direction
vx = ux
vy = uy + a y t
v 2x = u 2x
v 2y = u 2y + 2a y Dy
Dx = u x t
1
2
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
This is the toolkit of equations that you can call upon to solve problems
that involve both horizontal and vertical motion, that is, whole projectile
motion problems. Even so, some strategy is required to determine
particular quantities. Now you are going to examine the methods you
should use to do this.
14
Space
x and y components
Often the first step you will need to do is to resolve the initial velocity of
the projectile into horizontal and vertical components, so that these can
then be used in the various equations. This is a simple application of
trigonometry, as shown by the following diagram.
uy = u sin q
ux = u cos q
Sample problem 5
What is the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity of a
tennis ball struck at 12.5 ms-1 at 30.0 above horizontal?
15
Solution
The horizontal component, ux = u cos q = 12.5 cos 30.0 = 10.8 ms-1
The vertical component, uy = u sin q = 12.5 sin 30.0 = 6.25 ms-1
Here is a problem for you to practice on. Check your answers with those
provided at the end of this unit after you have finished (not before!).
-1
A soccer player kicks the ball off the ground with a velocity of 7.0 ms at
8.0 above horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical components of
the balls velocity?
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Check your answer.
Consider the vertical motion and calculate the velocity vy after the
specified time.
Vx
q
V
16
Vy
or
Vy
V
Vx
Space
Sample problem 6
A tennis ball is struck, this time at 5.0 ms-1, 55 above horizontal.
What is the velocity of the tennis ball 1.2 s after being struck?
a)
2.87 ms-1
7.66 ms-1
V
17
18
Double this time to find the trip time. (Making use of the symmetry
of the motion here, because it takes as long to fall as it does to rise
up to the peak.)
Space
Sample problem 7
Back to the tennis player for this problem. This time the player plays a
half volley off the ground, so that the ball leaves the racquet with a
velocity of 7.2 ms-1 at 36 above horizontal. Calculate the maximum
height achieved by the ball, and the time it takes to bounce for the first
time (that is, the trip time).
Solution
The first step is to calculate uy:
uy = 7.2 sin 36 = 4.2 ms-1
Now considering the vertical motion up to the peak, noting that for this
segment, vy = 0. The available data is:
uy = 4.2 ms-1, vy = 0 ms-1, ay = -9.8 ms-2, Dy = ?
The calculation needed to find the maximum height is:
v 2 = u 2y + 2a y Dy
0 2 = 4.2 2 + 2( -9.8)Dy
Dy = 0.9 m
That is, the maximum height achieved by the ball is 0.9 m. To calculate
the trip time you need to find the time to reach the peak. The available
data now is:
uy = 4.2 ms-1, vy = 0 ms-1, ay = -9.8 ms-1, Dy = 0.9 m, t = ?
A suitable calculation to find the time to the peak is:
vy = uy + a y t
0 = 4.2 + ( -9.8)t
\ t = 0.43 s
19
D
=
x
x
tu
Returning to the soccer player once again. You have already calculated the
components of the initial velocity and the velocity of the ball just 0.05 s after
being kicked. Your task now is to calculate the maximum height achieved
by the ball and the time it takes to return to the ground.
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Check your answer.
b) Analyse the vertical motion to find the trip time as shown above.
c)
Consider only the horizontal motion and calculate the range using,
Dx = u x t
Sample problem 8
Back to the tennis shot played in the earlier sample problem. The ball
was struck from ground level at 7.2 ms-1 at 36 above horizontal.
What will be the range of its trajectory?
Solution
The first step, as usual, is to resolve the initial velocity into components.
ux = 7.2 cos 36 = 5.8 ms-1
uy = 7.2 sin 36 = 4.2 ms-1
Normally you would have to calculate the trip time by analysing the
vertical motion, but this has already been done in the solution to sample
problem 7. You know that the trip time is 0.86 s.
20
Space
The final step then is to analyse the horizontal motion to find the
maximum displacement. This is the displacement that corresponds to the
trip time. The available data is:
ux = 5.8 ms-1, trip time t = 0.86 s, Dx = ?
The required calculation is:
Dx = u x t
= 5.8 0.86
= 5.0 m
That is, the tennis ball travelled 5.0 m before bouncing for the first time.
1
Once again it is your turn to try the calculation. Returning to the soccer
player again. In the previous portion of this practice problem you
calculated the time taken for the ball to return to the ground, and you
have already calculated ux for the ball. Use these pieces of information
to calculate how far the ball travels horizontally before it bounces.
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The last practice problem is of the more usual sort. A hockey player
strikes the ball, giving it a velocity of 15 ms-1 but unfortunately lifts
the ball off the grass at an angle of 5.0 above horizontal. In hockey,
the ball is not supposed to rise above knee height. If we assume that
this is 0.4 m above the ground, is the hockey player playing an
illegal shot?
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21
You should now attempt exercises 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8.
a marble
a bench
a ruler which has ridges that can act as a track for the marble.
Method:
1
q
bench
plastic
cup
floor
22
Space
The upper end of the ruler should be propped up with a few books
and the lower end should be a few centimetres away from the edge
of the bench. The marble will be held at the upper end of the ruler
and then released. It will roll down the ruler, onto the bench, and
then over the edge of the bench. From that point it is a projectile.
2
Measure the height of the upper end of the ruler above the bench,
and record this.
Height of upper end of ruler = ________________ cm
Now use trigonometry to calculate the angle the ruler is making with
the bench.
-1
Angle q = sin (height of upper end of ruler / length of ruler)
= _________________
4
Your next step is to consider the acceleration of the marble down the
ruler in order to calculate the velocity of the marble when it reaches
the bench surface.
v = u + a t = _________________________________ ms-1
This velocity will now become the initial horizontal velocity of the
marble when it rolls off the bench and into the air.
23
Now it is time to put your prediction to the test. Place a plastic cup
this distance from the base of the cupboard. If your bench top has a
lip that extends beyond the base of the cupboard you will need to
compensate for this. Finally, place the marble at the top of the ruler
and release it.
Did your marble land in your cup? __________________________
If not, can you suggest reasons why? (It may have fallen short, and
this would indicate a loss of energy.)
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24
Space
Escape velocity
25
The Earth has an atmosphere that causes friction with anything that tries
to pass through it quickly, leading to a heating effect. The speed of a
spacecraft out of such a cannon would be so great that the spacecraft
would burn up almost immediately after hitting the atmosphere.
Additionally, occupants of this spacecraft would never survive the
enormous g force suffered during this launch.
If these practical problems are removed, by assuming that the spacecraft
has no living occupants and the Earth has no atmosphere, then it is quite
possible to calculate just how fast it must be fired directly up so that it
completely escapes the Earths gravitational field. This may surprise you
to read this, given that the idea is such an old one. In order to determine
this escape velocity you will need to recall some of the ideas about the
Earths gravitational field that were discussed in the previous part.
Firstly, recall that a mass has not escaped the Earths (or any planets)
gravitational field until it is at an infinite distance away (theoretically,
anyway). A more practical term is a very large distance away. At this
point its gravitational potential energy is zero, and at any point closer it
has a negative potential energy.
Jules Vernes cannon will be giving the spacecraft kinetic energy (recall
1
that E k = mv 2 ) and if this equals the magnitude of the spacecrafts
2
Ek = Ep
m m
1
mv 2 = G E
2
rE
v=
where
2 Gm E
rE
= escape velocity, in ms-1
24
-11
Nm2kg-2
A more general form of this equation that can be applied to any planet
would be:
Escape velocity =
26
2 Gm planet
rplanet
Space
where
mplanet
rplanet
Notice that the escape velocity depends upon just two variables the
mass of a planet and its radius. Interestingly, it does not depend upon the
mass of the spacecraft or projectile involved. With this formula you can
now calculate what the velocity of the spacecraft fired out of Jules
Vernes cannon would have to have been:
Escape velocity =
=
2 Gm Earth
rEarth
2(6.67 10 -11 )(5.97 10 24 )
6.38 10 6
That is, the escape velocity of Earth is about 40 000 kmh-1. To put this
into some perspective, an FA/18 jet fighter plane can fly at
approximately twice the speed of sound, or mach two. Expressed in the
same terms, the escape velocity of the Earth is approximately mach 33!
This is a very high velocity and now you can see why, in practice, it
would present several problems.
Sample problem 9
What is the escape velocity of the planet Mercury, given that its mass is
3.6 1023 kg and its radius is 2439 km.
Solution
escape velocity =
=
2 Gm Mercury
rMercury
2(6.67 10 -11 )(3.6 10 23 )
2.439 10 6
27
28
Space
Summary
A projectile is any object that is projected into the air but does not
continue to be propelled.
vx = ux
v 2x = u 2x
Dx = u x t
vy = uy + a y t
v 2y = u 2y + 2a y Dy
1
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
2
where
2 Gm planet
rplanet
mplanet
rplanet
29
30
Space
Suggested answers
b) vx = ux = 0.15 ms-1
Balloon problem:
a) uy = 0 ms-1, ay = -9.8 m s-2, Dy = -8.4 m, t = ?
1
2
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
1
2
-8.4 = 0 t + ( -9.8)t 2
\ t = 4.1 s
v 2y = u 2y + 2a y Dy
= 0 2 + 2 ( -9.8)( -84)
\ v y = 41 ms-1
31
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
1
2
0 = u y 1.1 + ( -9.8)(1.1)2
\ u y = 10.5 ms-1
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
1
2
x and y components
The horizontal component, ux = u cos q = 7.0 cos 8.0 = 6.9 ms-1
The vertical component, uy = u sin q = 7.0 sin 8.0 = 0.97 ms-1
( )
v
0.48
q = tan -1 y = tan -1
= 4o above horizontal
6.9
v
x
32
Space
\ Dy = 0.048 m = 4.8 cm
That is, the maximum height achieved by the soccer ball is 4.8 cm.
Consider the vertical motion to the peak in order to calculate the time
taken:
vy = uy + a y t
0 = 0.97 + 2( -9.8)Dy
\ t = 0.049 s
Dy = u y t + a y t 2
1
2
-50 = 0 t + ( -9.8)t 2
\ t = 3.2 s
33
\ Dy = 0.086 m = 8.6 cm
Escape velocity
mMars = 6.57 1023 kg, rMars = 6.795 106 m 2 = 3.398 106 m
escape velocity =
=
2 Gm Mercury
rMercury
2(6.67 10 -11 )(3.6 10 23 )
3.398 10 6
34
Space
Exercises Part 2
Name: _________________________________
Complete the exercises and return them to your teacher if you are a
distance education school student. If you are an Open Learning Program
TAFE student your teacher will supply you with the answers to these
exercises.
By doing these exercises you should learn whether or not you have
understood the main concepts taught, and achieved the outcomes for this
section of the course. Your teacher will send comments back to you to
help you achieve any outcomes you are not currently achieving.
Data:
r
acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms-2
Exercise 2.1
a) Describe the shape of the trajectory of a projectile, launched into the
air at an angle to the horizontal.
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b) You analyse projectile motion as two separate motion a horizontal
and vertical motion. Why are the two motions independent of each
other?
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c) Describe the difference in the nature of the horizontal and vertical
motions.
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35
Exercise 2.2
a) A snooker ball is struck so that it has a velocity of 0.25 ms-1. If the
snooker table is 1.3 m long, how long does this ball take to travel the
full length of the table?
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b) A spherical bomb is rolled across a smooth floor. It has a velocity of
2.7 ms-1 and explodes 4.8 s after being released. How far has it
travelled when it explodes?
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Exercise 2.3
A science teacher conducts a demonstration of gas pressure. The test
tube containing water was fitted gently with a cork, and then held
vertically in a clamp. It was then heated over a Bunsen burner until the
cork popped out with a velocity of 4.2 ms-1.
a) Calculate the height to which the cork rises.
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b) Calculate the time taken for the cork to rise and fall back to the level
of the mouth of the test tube.
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36
Space
Exercise 2.4
Ernie loves to eat his peanuts by throwing them up in the air and catching
them in his mouth. When he throws them up his hand is level with his
mouth. Each peanut is in the air for 1.4 s.
a) How fast is Ernie throwing the peanuts?
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b) How high above his mouth do the peanuts rise?
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Exercise 2.5
Scary McLairy, the famous stuntman, is planning his next job. In this
stunt he will stand on the bonnet of a car travelling at 72 kmh-1 as it has a
collision with another car. Just prior to the collision, Scary will jump up
with an initial velocity of 4.9 ms-1. His resultant projectile motion will
catapult him over the collision so that her can land on the boot lid of a
third car. How far away must the third car be, for Scary to successfully
perform his stunt?
4.9 ms-1
72 kmh-1
range = ?
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37
Exercise 2.6
When trying to bowl, Tim, a novice ten-pin bowler, slightly lofts the
ball a practice that is frowned upon. This means that he released the
ball to late and lifted it into the air, so that it crashes down upon the
wooden flooring of the lane. If the ball was released with a velocity of
3.5 ms-1 and at an angle of 15 above horizontal, calculate:
a) the x and y components of the initial velocity.
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b) the maximum height achieved by the ball.
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c) the time of flight of the ball.
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d) how far down the lane the ball lands, measured from Tims release
point
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e)
Exercise 2.7
a) A coastal defence cannon is positioned at the top of a 150 m vertical
cliff. It is able to fire a one kilogram shell at a velocity of 120 ms-1.
If fired horizontally out from the cliff, how far out to sea will the
shell land?
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38
Space
Exercise 2.8
A rifle is fired up at an angle of 55 above horizontal. If the initial
velocity of the bullet is 570 ms-1, what will be its velocity 2.5 s after
firing?
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Exercise 2.9
a) Upon what variables does the escape velocity from a planet depend?
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b) Describe Isaac Newtons explanation of escape velocity.
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Exercise 2.10
a) The planet Venus has a mass of 4.9 1024 kg and a radius of
6052 km. Determine its escape velocity.
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b) Determine the escape velocity of the planet Pluto, given that its mass
is 1.8 1022 kg and its diameter is 2320 km.
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39