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Legal!) 4S Lallal Layally S deadly US sp2 i SMa ley a yglaie poi US Lajliel Grill olexill ©$3 AAA [COSA ga gli Yi ce OVA) Sead 2 madly gis Loco (ILLU cp p03) Saclall le Gogaatly A atl ow Lush 2 O |B XC | ya saci ils BxC Ovy) Jeu 1(10Y) Site YD pee olen OM bl gilpte eae gigi <(A xB),C >=0 b Gime SVL obs ai OLS 13] (eee tog wb pdo dade SME Sl geil aot (i) opaslgie cilgeeie SOU Gye Cngecte (ii) Goals Soines C5195) daly og cewe 2 aS EDL col genill (iii) atl Oppel SUA ya oY! aba 4d paula SMU Opal! Juolay (i) = (ii) == DNs Golgd pictus (i), (i) oly! dere Gye Gani ©— — (VY) Sie eyed! fools gla A, =(a/),f=1,2,3 obgrte OSLS Lat gle If Lhei uses, gitly Det (a!) 2 chy 5 lua! SUL! sae 589 [4),4,,4,]= Det (ai) all 4« plan [4),4,,4,] Jah SCALA Sgn ype) deadly AUS Gye GdeeD GF ULI leg ()) Zgiuall 1OWY) Jide Zolgats C,A x B ots 1 [4,B, C] < 0 gi [A,B,C] > 0 sign eB yAll gle Cpe an U2. gh aa ly obec rgalt Boise ple Lge comet sl colslea!! alzeiuol Lgie 1S! pow sDlotal! jailed Wisoy ofegauall HLSW) Gayaill Lays 3B gyi Lull GaSliadll yay anayy.<) ZB gl) aly cpieus A, cleeill o5lg5 SS SSSI 6p pall do till [4,,43,4,]=0 Gad of p0 (only cgieue 2CVAY) Jlbe A, cesill cys Opa Gall al ger sory MOLY) JEM pace! sabcsy)) ACY ody or—S—OOSOSCOC—C*=*CO*ététét {gad Uae EDU olgall cusew [A,,45,4,] #0 US My DL aS las of Like Lal gay yal La (ABA pee oe oe) E" gad $1 al 2 ob geil Ge Legend sl wile ee3S Jas EB" ply ale @= 1,2... oben com baad oles Iaf cond k sae 0m sey tht. Linearly dependent Las its ps Lai oi JL kh =0,Va cls tly Ske, = 0 eee byl el Ligaen aa eslgaall 451 ols Ily. Linearly independent (3 Uzi. A, olgeill hia das ps ope Ay,V OF clgeitl old gpiue date A, ols JS ge glad ADM fall 2 GAN PLA LES V1 Golgs 12S ob bal Lull! AI Gall 101) Wyld 2B ongndly A,X A, =O, daa Naty 1) Lud GS ye AA, cnet! pladeuls do ybal Ugcis Glaydl) Qujlgte gf saly eels gle glad UL oe (pAb pall Gold 2( NN) Mayle oad LS Uily (51 Lud Lad ye 5p 5 AAAs SOE ob gel SoS iygeas gi Loly gies 2 2B Ul oe 2 clgeilly[A,,4,,4,]=0 be SY gy ad 5s Ls Le Lepsist Qe pe el ¢ 2 SLU Byyie gLay dD Guild saci k!, k? tus A, =k'A, +k 7A; igual (214A Gal sd alazcily 2 (8Y) Ag ytd ued Uae gpa ogee dai gi E? pa. op de Lal pe pe Lyle Sot) oes LoL Sly ULLAL Gs Lull yal Sh bs all C)abotesh Lah SCAN ) lad ya pelt pay A, cob gads GOL aL esd! SI peat Jeol Cpe Jedi Gas gsi ple Gages date pe tlie p89 Ax (A, A;) yal gSW GUL Gangs A, x A;,4, A, x(A, x Ay) =< A,,A5 > AQ? A; (2.24) lM Soy clojadll 2 Glyph! ple 2 shes olaybs Ly! Lalli) odag SESS Naa Ge Lealall 20049) Jide (glad Gilles) SLi oe: A, B ngrte GY |AxBP+=|APIBP (2.25) + gall eeylly A XB aS¥t peal pula) apc) yy Os splat ple Jaaod cently 2(&Y) Uae he Ol Ge Ga! oso Glgrte ani GY @ = — ey e e3 ey 2 &; (ii) (Ay An) «(AS KAGE fh 2 Gia) XH, ns Far Fara] |@s1 Aer Fas s A, = (4) 42 = (@y,)0A3 = (45, ),A4 = (44,),4 =1,2,3 Bygeall 2 si ()otis Lab! (iti) (A, Ay) (Ay Ag) = [A1,42,40]43—141,42,43]4y =[43,44,4]42 ~[43,44,4214, Vector function (Vector Field) dgatgoy! ania ( +1) ays (Saat Obs Lydall shave VI) CY! clue! Libse gt tay oe pls aghast Litera Assi gl patie 2 Slyat Lelag SG Lees! all Sole Ua ode 2 51 gi YG byes Comal Igo CL! Anil! Li yo Eat) ueloSW Wk eet! jouy UL ole 2 ALE Lye Cady Lol Ula pels Hap elle! GSaey OSaly dad 2 BS asd ype any (Qed Jl! gi + AVE Gabo 2 40Y ) liye GIR Rado lnc Y Sy2 (Gud eal 98 (4a! Jaosl) SyalaS Thal SS St gy BP gai Lal I! Ge Lilie gi a ghde 38) J Lge oh OAM) JG2 posesahe R= 2 Ais oste! CR R° QA) Jaane———— Bypeall le RP Co Leal ILeeg J ples (all Gals Ul oe pay f=fO=AMW=KHOLOSC) — (2.26) ANN ) lid ed Dh Le yallo tf EJ auats bLill EB? Ela 2 til Lal Jeo “Space CUIVE $173 inte fic f iuales¥l aay) Site FLU one 2 Ayala Mall gla FE Abed Joo f(t) Slgall estes If (OA) Jed) ast GalLGl Uh jhe pall 2 egies 455 r=tuta,teR (2.27) P uw Q OAY) Jens AR Caegll dete G=(G,)5 eet estt ole w= (U,) pall fee 2 Bygeall gle apes oud Last Makes Niky L etal! LSI! ole Legles r=r(t)=(tu,+a,,tu,+a,,tu,+a,) (2.28) Lele ye Jeo gi bs tualel Un fie euiiaall desl oi Spall pea Shby Soe f (tole R? plpall gall ga fe, } Lee tify daled deals lye $$ )—______—_aloud Lui pee ga LMI LIL oy ACV =P (te, pga ple Lees HHP HPC) cr tyial el GY oles El pall 2 tate aaleSYl Wl of Lae usd) Out leas! Gs Lie 3d Ubbiuy coh GLagg. 2 ddeats Ne Lilie pe ys fl (f) Eyseps Jes cil 13) det bale Us Lele peo fi (1) Gp Je ctl bbl italia f =f (1) oh gs MS Leal) all Lalas G81 as yall fesolai 2 Gog Sul 909 hao Lan Gail Lad! oe lad Gea SY UW Jy Gala GL - “ ) yf “dt” (2.29) = LO="- =( =e “ 4 = t =f"), a gAlail Sle gf Vector field axis Jim Llsi pond Gales¥l Uuly 1M) edged saclay! f RR” — OR" (uly!) Wal yi Jy F(X X gyeeX DEF (XEV (VT) Y 2), Pn ® )) X =(X),X 505%, ER", y, :R" —>R,y, (x eR (ee ald Iga) Lgl pe eV (N) Spe JS das jlerg LSS If thane Lg ies a(R" —>R Gage ACV ) dad yah ot Sys JS ils 1 Gala f :R”’ —OR"” Ula yi gla Hels Blo pa >=] —______ 8( 0) Agia oF LoL OLEAN JSS CLS IC" Gab ye Gaul I) Watt gf JL AAyLala Jigs 7 45 2( 004) Maw She aula! ola Ga R” IR" Gales! ole {pal TONEY) tia Goyal MXN Tyisall Glo irgage0 is LSjal OLE cole I! J NS HM ax, a, Dn Vn Fax, ox Ud d4pey LygSalodl dosieat! gi Jacobian matrix cyeole tagisoe pond deh OO 9-9 V mw) Ip XK yesX, ed, or an Bw YO) oF aie) AC WY) ate Ulut gradient joss) gs opcole Wyiee BF 4455 55! Gaal axis gh [ual gi y, (x) Wy, (Zep oe, Ge, CG)vy = 2) daa AVE) dda US op Saug Lape Ragdine yp Sad ug Sole Ma gdaene GL = MM CAL 13) Jacobian determinant Gy2ol> sane jou a0 AB Sy fA gles ye Lala ciLagles play P tad tic aySale sine regal Le IDLE 2 US ease giy Udall aC) Malad thet Gols slide LS dual Uls f IR’ —>R" cole Ist OLS 13! invertible sal 1113 4,<% continuously differentiable iplaall ye alee GySoly sicee AYN ) Mahe aes SUN obo p Ubags wie (WoL) age gSole see OLS Isl Orientation ass si! (u=43) 8 AN) Mae he gh 24S Joles pete P Ud wie UySol> suet (Lalli) Le gll Lesa! ALS gf SIS ai 2 pater ILL pads (ey Doe GIL) ame gals aah A0VWN) Side eee of on ee fk? —R (15% 25% 3) PV W203) Yi =5X 2,2 = 4x) —2sin(x x 5),¥ =2>%3SyLBY garde X),X) Cae (1,2 7,73) Heal! ge Grab aegll jue tall 04 lay rySol> ssme 0 a 0 Det| 8x, —2x,cos(x,x,) —2x,cos(x,xy) |=—40x,x,<0 0 os Xy OF GSS AN LLU! ye de gill pace f ist AyLSY Garde X10) Cae posal Ge alee gSole ates Ol any LEY Gare Shly Jol Slo Y onal 1B fla! lb glia Vl Joo! dad ye Lua ACY) Site av lobe Aaa do's Ul f IR—>R,y =f (x) cle Is} WLI ole 2 geal sume tgalt Ls al gle #40 OLS Idly “ gp Ub oe 2 yale sine (()) Jaleaitly JusLail spe gals) x =f (7) apenas ACYWY) She x— >y =f (x) « f :R"—R" ols ty SY X olglanY alia 2 eal pale ye Ibe galt dy =y.dx ya y= f(x) Ga SY! WL Lola! poi! 4 las eel peaic Ons EDLs gle Uagdvas YW, Cue $$")Se Om dy dy =| AP" dy de ly ,..dy, = | See ra) ee dx =dx,...dx,, ,dy =dy,..dy,,, (YEN) Side ae Ry Hf (0) We gee sae pal pt ca tgall ay y gangs 2 iy yecte tages 2 gai cuattgite ox, ox, Jp yx px [LZ ax,’ ax,’ dx, algae SOD pala BHT Opal ook BY Ds nop GY v¥ vs), =<, ax,Ox, Ox, O(% 1.295%) 2 ties SI 9 paul 2 GBlgie dois Lan) pip oY! phe wall (NOY ) bad pa ales hele peeay CALL F1 pall LoL tic dail! a> 4d pay cll acl! Vip) si V,, jap 5429 p deal vic Tangent vector 2(YOY) Jide Of TR" gyal bias wc Byes ants JV IR" —>R" ols ViEV (eX yeyXy) 9 V HV E)Y A yo V(X NER"=3—____— ob PH(X)=(X Pn X VER" Cale tly VV (pV (x)=, "=v V (Dv) aeaag V dalaily Pp Unaill sic aylay dais 5 VN) Shite ee VR} —>R gist V (x,y,z )=(xy yz x72 ty) opts Laas (-1,-2,1) aot R? 2 aie VW(1-1,2) =(-1,-2,1) ole p(I-1,2) v=(-1,-2,1) aalests p(1,-1,2) sie 0,815 Ua ules dae (DV IV, gigi elell EL all jeu p EIR” Aaa Lay Sb Lads AI algal! Le peme (THY) Jat edge ye bee TR" aptly dl jay p Uaaill aie RR" ¢L pall i R KEE oe oA on abel Fal! (Solgie date Jam (te¥) Jens 2(4Y) Maw Se east 04 05S ALS! flail ae p EIR" bs sie lal! fall El pall tas Soles ulall {1S Ley p Ubadl sl obec! cyend oLuLall ol gi hed© ES) dim R" =dim7,R” ,7,R"=V,:p eR" V, =(py)} 3C VY ) ld yah cgbbedl F1p8 op So3 abl que ie R” fh pall Goole GLEN aI case oI GITR" jab Yb jen Tangent bundle usta desout pony TR" = UT,R" ={((pV,),p eR", eT,R") peat ol silky dim7,R” =n ot dimR" =n ols tity dim7 R" =n+n=2n aed WV! USS NM ae Lape US ye 2 ya yee TR" 2 apie ci od v, Gabehl 4eill s4o5 251 USS I op deal ALS aya! Flue GS Gu Les TOWN ) tli ya isjoJ tangent bundle section jules iso clade g2 dail! Jas ONY) JEaS 2 ao ge ge Lace tubes y Tyuslae dam (V1.9) Jad(ke pi Bs plans flpdl Goll Ely ally ageobe ips aysd alas Cag ll (VARY) tli ya cee pb pad Li Libis by20 ales! Jae f IR” —>R" ples ti! of, TR" Ty) RK", FAWI=V yyy (P 5yy10) fp) aie 4) BUNT Gaball etl Jp sie V Gobel! all BSL gall celal cael Ih gf Lia Laall ual Mt gi gSole uly peu Bf, Sarl al pens (YY) JSn 2 pid ye 52 4 differential or tangent map z AL 2 v Pp Zz rR f,— 2 c 0 — oe J________» f o yy, x x Af ,0 =F) 4p) C =f C),pEC Ff (pje€ (YY) Jeu Tyo” TR” oe Aad Jagd po Ll pall OF oe ASE Saeey agSoly Tagine JE Ge byes AY sey ¥ nu) OY OX yX,) OX AUN LE Gf pic ually cally CILII OLUT 2 GS Sula Bgany SEEEEEEeeees Gi aanEeEnEn1 AgWhg 1 fa GLALSI Leip (e1) Differentiation of vector valued function : Sra EL pall 2 Lgedy soly patie 2 R(f) dyalest ls yl of ana AVS tapes R(t) C§R—VE" ee E" tel—f (1)=(, (0), 1 = 12,050 2 AVL Sys ld Jol Gable! aaa! (2.30) — = lim — = lim dR AR R(t +At)-R(t) dt 70 Af a0 At Cc R(t +At) R(t) (YY) Jeon Regie Lala!! eas Lin Syuhs Mf yp Sa Lote Si (TTY) JERS ope ely Oi do py Leyes (2.30) dL Pcie iia ules PP, = AR (5s!) Gay Letic Gi ago 50 Ugly Continuous thats R(t) Wal 4555 {0 )}-————_-alot aut dopds 0 Gage ste slau eae © Genge ste USI ULS I) 1g 31S be gi lim RO + AN=R}O (231) JAt}R', (uw?) R (uw?) =, (uu) A gla D CR? cabal Ne 18 pany deeds Mga x, (uu?) cil Nal AIL G5? shu! Ghats oY Leith Upal Lholaal oo a PRR = R= tim RE AEH) RUD (9 39) aul" au! -90 Au! Laan) Rit ay? = i =Ry= im Ae SAR) (2.40) RWW SLaily cal lgill one r5>9 de pty aC \en¥ ) dare Lei pe Cre Lupe JS yl poche pity yale) Ul! (YLeail) 5] pci LBS pe G0 SS ps JS UN gi agg ey Gals! UI lg Wsoy (Ne) Mare Belg ae Slats Be 2 Tals! Jig Spal Lola! 20193 wal pute 2 Seal S¥! Ui colall Jol eel 2 Leal eS¥l Bhal gi vector field act! Jas ole abd! ULI eYbLtly. f (x) ER” Gala Ulex ER" Jostaus f :R”—>R” n=1,m=3;n=2, m=3 coe Gayl le ye Lo OY 45 tL! saa le G— a(YVN) Sle dA . volalaie (A Slee of oy glaall 6 dabst dls A(A) ols Ia} It tall So jade iyi gi lad G6 Gall Ul A gi Ly =0 ol ten SL y at OF Aes iLal Cay dA dA 40g) opty A antl sisi at ON opty A aa oy og SNe ic pital) lal oles! ga J 9MI Mandel uni! tall of dad) AU) ALE go pl GLU 2 ad ph apes eget gl Nag Le Integration of a vector function : datas ¥) Ul Jol (0.4) Ving «Qublaill due lee ga Jolou gi dell) Wall Lealls ait bed eiles Ile yal SY! WW Ludths tglive das ybes Glee f= YF, e, mi G85 R? TCR gs ituata ls HO, dt d de f= 2 BO=S Yb (Oe, = TCR inal je tate tualadt Slyo BU) f(t) eae ———_:}—____.ilotislh dud [roa => fore, (2.41) ; ; mn dale Juans (sLeS¥l JLAL I gi aleS¥l Jaa) Geel) Wall Palas gi i & phe Jaen cllttlay J aphall Gadi ole Lgliea ye Oe Lee pa JS Jala i (tat = foeea =B(t)+C (2.42) ; jdt Ol os ead Liang JALSal apne 29 pre pe sae COB Lis! date Ce ajublaill qustne ile Jalenull SCV ) Mae She SUE 28 oi pee; LOLA eae Liber Jalen! gi LES Ge SLI BS octasy LAL! Gah of gees lly Jalal Guene Ulan Sigal (VAN) Jide L 0,7 ayuadl be A(A)=(sin f, COS 1,27) dualaS¥l Bll Jol3 > gi gall ja (tat = (fsintat Jeosrat, fdr) é 3 a 5 HL) estate 2(VRY) Sle AgaLsY UI Jaleas sai A(t)=e"e, +sin3te, - tante, C)Ja tod = (feat y, +( fsin3edt Je, -( ftantdt je, vanie Ji. ly 1 xe“e, --cos3te, + Incoste, +C (Soa ELA obiall Gala! f2,} cool gloat aie Ce 1CY ) Mae She ) da gids 528 jlo Capes GLU JL 2 Guelsyl Ut _, aa VO tf Sayer SHE Al ofa ay (AE) ity a TaN) Site 2 fa nha ogi ASN AS fo lal JB ante Jae A = A( Oe aJait d rf dd dA aA = —)=— a= +A an— > vile a aerate ers ces @ fa Sy= 044 4. “ie en dd, ad fan agit = [FU as yar dA =AA—+C Se Sa a Axle Jan Spe JBN ole Lela U3 Gall dls A(1) 40 last ay axis Ce Cyloth Wat 2(TNY) Site dA(t) dt >dt — Jalen a se gi fx, sal! ole d _ dA(t) =2 (pobaall apeall ool als a) BO ya =2 FE 4C =Sl4@hac tye Us A= A(t) yas! Ul Job & 25 |A (| He SC \&Y ) Male Gh Ny AS Sp ALS Jaleo! yi Los GsLat Leglall op0 SMa Jal GLB a ale g saLell paleaall ely oy Las S¥! Glatt pales HauhB Us Lagliel 54> le LS p0 JS ales ale Juans tusles9 Inverse Function Theorem + djSali Q(t) dy lad (1.1) Sigatt pe 1 JUS gs pee uly f U CR" —R" gi pope Wado ola ye 2 dado S 1 nuX"), 1Si Ualaieg x, tail! Vso yp Slain ange) off) diffeomorphism tats $3 f €C! yi ads f (x,) Vieey ole Vy, ga Qgalai pla ff! ya Jeoy C! tae Rabat! gle (FY EC! Sgall ga MIME ce Byay pean (UNM) Quel SY Gl peal Tagine Gag eane JR Qed fa holailly Vy, ol ia fia, FW yy" Implicit Function Theorem : dgisaatl 21421 yyla3(¥.Y) a ibaa UI! pi Ola pile ye eT 2 SIgall Jao lus 2 Be Syncs Sha Goes ne pes oy) Sey SVL ps Gulia de gent 43) be Saogll 5p 5lo Mad op ual ya SS Lagle gs Cale ols BL Sst R? grist! 2 dbl iegene ud x? ty?=l f :R?—(-1,)cR (x,y)—>x . (X.-y)—>x $C}Lad! ade 5 SIU Label 13 Id (fe Bgdeg galet BL gad fault oi gi oie wie XE Gols WS Yie pe pe YY ol gi dni, (£10) V1=x? cles (5) gi btaut ob y ay =x ox ona? [x [=] ue Sg 4 oa BNA peed gi 5ST fle f (x,y,z )=x? -a4+z°=0 OF tet Uae! pel! tel pay tT a(x? +z?) GU) og SI! hes Geel UU Lbs gigi a = 0 ales Ia) Je Ne gSaly Lopuedy Jy Y Lett oye g gill ue te Jas regily LoS pba! pleat 2 taal Ul Gl adi Ud Jal ye R" eel! yi se pdiy sal 5aguree fV¥ xU—>R" RY athe el gi wo eee Lae hf EC! Syste m JL ye bye V cR" .U CR" JP YV XU iaaill cites 13) Rubell OV sLaL Gye IM Sys ge all Gat YY=4—____ FI eX SV ey =O Jl Lay LLM ELA slgatt Globee 2131. CW se VM) Maal sie a Lr allaill of Gan PE 5X SY yeep )=0 151 Sm alla! glean yl ag! (x' yx"), 1Si Sm (x pygX 2) Masi SLI Iya ttle? BEC! Gan Np Scola Gapaig tell Gaye 2 ees 2 GE Ll gst haga 2(YVN) She Se Vy, ZU Ge me F(x,y,z)=x-yz+z7=0 satt J! JoeB deal Ul Gb by dy FR? +R Ut oe 2 oF 140 Ox xf (y.z)=y 2427 Ebola Ue gy Co)bets wal ACNTY) She celal pass F(x, y,z,u,v )=x7u? +xzv + y?=0 F,(x,y,z,yv)=yzu +xyv?-3x =0 BLL teal! GLU 2x, y, ZU dW, V Oe peel oS JO ow a=(x,,¥4.2,)=(3,3,-3) , b=(u,.v,)=(0,1) f IR’ —>R? (x, y,2,.uy) (FA) ee tgadt Mydcoll pias OF, OF, eOlFinks)_| bu Ov auyv) | OF, OF, ‘ou Ov [ee «| yz 2xyv (oar. =|. reprtl40.C=(a8) -9 18] Ol Gi iis Kiel UW Gayla dog Hig 33LE ut Wgauae I i i u=u(x,y,z) , v=v(x,y,z) Aaa! Jy> OUipboall (cial! poleal Jo C =(a,b)=(3,3,-3,0,1) ©a(NEN) She [OMB gla I alos dala se gi ——h—Ure—e (éaleoe Ul glawi) Fy(x,y,z)=z —x° =O — Cegundo5 Ul glaul) taal Se Ghee Ul Gls Gules OF,,F,) |1 0 J= i iF) _| » Det J=1#0 Oy.z) [O 1 yex? ,z=x? is Sygaall cle OSSlglas SN (gee alolats (ll p(t) dolaill JE ple Juan X =f adgey (0.0) ,teR Gly inte) AYEY) JSG 2 ASS mu gig Wales Ul gla. P(t) Hyun Hil gla (YEN) JesEES AC YON) Jide Malo Ul pla! alow abla sai F(x,y,z)=y -z7=0 choy Fell chang F(x ,y,z)=xz -y?=0 tall s-SEt)_)? _ = Ox,y) |z -2y ° Det J=-z aS Bygecall he ZVI XY ye pall Gi OLA! Jo gee Z #0 pS Quand hil 2 2 4 = Zz 3 yez?yyst =2 273 z 2 cle Jani Z = dng x=tyst?,z=t Ely’ pints) aly ably ule seid bla depers Bs (P7,1),fER ai gi (est GL 2 55 Les 2(N0 ) Masha Ply pinks 9A (VON) (TEN) Ske 2 Lake ¢glasal! alolat Gi dan Cw)=_______ (Y) gayle pb EP saab) Gh pall sales gjlaes Gulal Opes (u, }elgedll of aT) ce {uy} WIL fe} aesi 1 1 1 uy = 3a -2e, +e,), uy =36 + 2e, +2e;), u; = 3 (22, te, -2e;) LEAR glee Qs Gola! AygLacle Bale bly) abucy gall U decal! oLesl ue gi() On Lash O oe fu ~v|=2sin Die B ireg Sl gas U,V OLS M3! (1) (ju —v P==|u +|[v P -2 ssbayp Lace pet 2, Deak gettl gl Is] ast Rglill U8 Crpdso preg X=0,)= 0 lesic YI GaaS gi gen Y xat yb =0 ot ongeie Gb ee Katy b =x at yb oS Is! si csi (0) Vi Va X, =X y O13 capt pug wialusies A = (3,6,-2) , B= (2,3,-6) Loe edtari gue labs sll LEU Llg5 ce (1) gh Aung) Gall BH aryl ame sgl (V) A=(2,2,2), B =(4,3,4), C=(1,1,1),D =(5,5,6) celal pea al seacls 6LA YI Gell! do bine $= ay ae raldy) Cealestly ol eel! op ad (gt gts gly te gf I (A) alates dedi Sipe resigcnee ge A, =(3,-4,-1), 4, =(2,3,-6) (5aaleie 0 jUadi call) CO)cle AN ye Jeng A O ole Naf aii ws (A) = and AxB=AxC B# C lp add aly dant $05 13) oly B= C obs Ls lacey Aygpall Ba So BAST g 5 9 pall do yl Gi le Gay (1+) Ax(B xC)=(AxB)xC gi =0U gs Ao (34 (A xC)xB=0 oi ge : =0 cilgetll ygS5 Laie AN A a ene (11) A=(3, A, 5), B=(1,2, -3), C=(2,-1,1) sdaly Seine 2 Lsdly =- olos OD ROMs lL 25) Gpatly pulall Gya Naays plukol: Lay) (cos’ 6 + sin’ @=1 ol oy Ay, Ay, As, Ag Olerie CY VY) =< A,,A3 >< A),Ay >-< AQ,A; > (4 = A(1)A) Les eo a =u(t) eat ols uxt <9 esl 151) It cub date A coe pute ically Gy— —— r = 4a(sin’ te, + cos*fe,) +3b cos2te, eile 131 (10) : dr drd@r, @rdr pualjuteulgia, beg (ESE AE dt’ dt?’ dt?” at?’ at sage V0) gape 2 tye F(t) Cae fear Jalal aegi (1) o A(t)=(e",e 70%) te Aware aes) OY) j Se JDLEU Aly Denis LOW Sl gall oy Lal cab all to gf (VA) (i) V =V (t) =(sint,e' Int) (i) VV =V @#)=(n(4-1?)? (4 407)2,4 42) (iii) V =V ()=(2tan"t cosh) SMS Spall f IR? —R? ogill agcoly dagdsene ae gi (14) (x,y )——(rcos6,rsin8) (x,y,z )ER? coe f RIOR? Joyal pcole Wydsae tegi (1+) (7,02) ilglauY! OLSLoY Uy Ugic pave (x,y,z )ER® sue f :R7—OR? fuga GySle tagisee segl (11) Hag Soll olsun Yl Uy Lge pee eS gf Raa ODay SLES Hf Lad coy (TV) CV) V9) Guha 2 OY) daa gil ©(Ely Glial ier LA ig ACA Aaah ) LLY Sat! Sat tat PG Gi pall fp Glaiaait! Space Curves Elna 2 dey eid On Ball ead gy Giada a GL! he 2 A> tary srtal ld! Jielll gay ied eal le 5S yg piel Juied 5 plo ulieoy Spell {LUBY pay gel Lil Jel Ledley engi! MLL Guo! Lo pals psilly sageally Sued ggieall fie Al doLall Slagiaally Concept of a space curve s £1 pall ch cpitill aggie( 1.) pend op all ue Le Cl ieie el Lal Sobel ad ot ARD/ spall de f Bhan dy IR? pall 2 xx X53 GIS obs! eel pcs {teR:aP(x(t)eR (3.2) Epa ceaus Ri flpall 52 C isso Le geze ope ole lai! ke RDC path ts sens cya las C Aaipall de gach Spa gill gal Ll Jel ©Cx =x()=(¥ (0), (0,430) (3.3) Sobel pally gens hy C teil (pes) gaa Lall J bettly pesy patie 2 LoL Gyalail Ula x = x(t) eo representation Parameter TAB Ge Gargl GB Sill ole Helps Ua LG fad Oe LB JS. fol (3.3) do oyl Ul & 14) Site al S¥l Bul X(=(17,0), te/=0,)CR SK, Spel 2 (OS, <1) x) Sx) aleatl ahaa ope fh x,=t,x,=07 (tt) Qa She Pal Coe Lea sla l 2 Le dyguas ghd QdaL Ltt ort tel BS p> 2S Ayal eeem al glans Jd X(t) Gal SY! ashy a5 Jia colony sll G13 Jao Yl Abaas La5S yg Stag! Le bed Caen) 5 ySlo days gle Ua x(t)=(cost,sint,0) go 5 gh Le Ugie abs flail 2 pial! Juba hes Glo ua.gs Bygeall he SY sbes SLES IS Coeds abla yo QSL tell pes) FU% 1X 2.%3)50, Fy %2.%3)=0 (aos Jad) (ADEN Fa cy JS (GSLs Jlys) FB, ties Sly Cae ((4) Juslas)) Grell JAS 4 inte sew aila te J = Det (SAF) 49 lS I3ly ~ X 9X9 teygaall cle 3 Sym Usite iain 2 —_(@}—___—_.~~ ED =O), £3063) 255%5 Audi X3 Sue Ky Byes f= 0 6 P= 0 GYsthl Je ysaei ai Gi Xp gh Ky BE ually el yatly rely Ll ge + Eyguall ole Cylinders oilplout bolas Gye 5b (ieill pgias -Y x2 =F,(%), %3 =f3(%2) ISA SSX] Jom Genta Ge Ll Leal ola Silly ¥ =X 2 =f2(% 1) x3 =3F2(% 1) =O) le HX XOX; Coal 2 birie fied (GSLs) ff; Slgull yi aad scbiseill ole le Lalas SUI plaul Joe Hall 2 yeas GS ody Gs FF, oll gust cole tot F=axtby+ez+d=0 Soins ge clay ALLA yo iil Ob Lad ole 2 sgieve Males fied ty 04 clay F(x,y,z)=ax thy +ezt+d=0 , F(x,y,z)=0. hae) ALS Cpe GOLA! ALAA pies pons Splane pile 54 QSL! belly 4 lat alae 351s p-Saig bp Slo 5 Seine we 5p Sol abel as Wied cgially 3 pa) 5S pes og gia! aygaall ke Gl gyal Lal diaill ge Lyall 2 ital alll bel x, =x,(t), %,=%,(f),x;=x3(0) , aabb tel cR SS oy Legdins Label) 5 gio ill of gi bola Slgo X(t) Sle LOAN) JSa5 2 pudge 5a eso (CR lc Yad) eadtiuall ———-—_. }—_____—_— a0) Jide glu le ay inde pe Circular helix cSt gplt ieilt Lass SlgbasY! eutgy ce Lali oly} piney teil! Mie Gy) Cay Leild dyy5ho LOS) Jen 2 pub ge 7G x, OY) Jas OLB Tal La oe eagle gl Ligh plly OP Tipu be aaa OLS 15) Bygacl le glass SHI Ogos! eid gel Lal Jie! x;=pcost, x,=psint,x,=bt,b #0 (3.4) ell tS ahead Lula pied! [he Lalas gd Dyas anars.] olssy ol= 13! Line a segment eats b3 Jud x = X(t) Gal SY! Ui (i) xWax=0, Gi) x40, ase s[x\x'x"]=0 > = ot) =0 (ble, Le gi le Jase FJ] Kail S132 Jaleattlay =e eral gay EK (E) dal of gi ele ete Wax, +a,x,+ax,=C La cps dale deBLisll agaall ploy Q dail pa sell gle yogaall dae c “al Estey uot! o>3 2 Yo) Maw She LiSpe Lcgene ges inidl trace or image 591 9i us! LR ghatge r()cR® Lad opcialiiee Cnills to g3 lees UIAU SI gi eunrS> outly Was ayes Gill Y seAKS SEM JAK 0 AUS ee gig Lilizes Gibeiceis Lagil gi 39) gi aul nua 1079) Jide AON) Sys Lal Gals Jlgall ri —>R? ,r(u)=(cosu ,sinu),u €[0,27] 7:1 —>R’ ,F(w)=(cos 2u sin u)u € [0,7] Caray Legie NS gi Cup identical 5.Uais yeu ySaSy Lilies Glinis ay Baagll Le pled auaiy Jol tla ric LajZS ye cglull 2 35! 2 debs UL fT Rf W)=—(u),y(W) ole tat Bygecll le Ely pine Sys Lgild Seidl! 2 Galas! Ul ee rii—R’?xR=R? rw)=(F &),0)=(e &).y &),0) Byguall (ple Fale 255 ly ru)=(«@),¥@) plane curve (R? ssi! 2 gly) gina plaid of ULI ode 2 Slay 2( &f) Sle JSS pegs pe Ss Lye peoe Mw )=(u'u’),weR oii (re) Cm) a(YY) Jos AS any 5 Golene pines Jo ual GSaly pinis 58 Ula ci au ol mia y ling 2 ON) Shite rif] —3R?* Dag uae Ubsts we f J —oR cite 13 (Spas inka Guat 1(U) = (Uf (W)) saclay dapat! 1(toY) Mae She ule Us si sic 15: differentiable Justa Jolt intel) yolell Sraso dre 92 JB OSS9 a(t) Sie pad U= 0 Alaa oY = 0 aie Gules dyad r(u) = (Wu?) init! OY) Jeadtl 2 Case 9a LS not regular isbatis 3( tof) Marte SUS BUS Gals ob Le tabatiie p05 byes Soleil JSS Of eealy Gus Lew (ne) NarEy 1(¥.) Sie GLa Gasca Ugh sal aLL aS Gye SLAM pital cpiel LSI Jett a gi soLBNia Yl uot ad LajS> yag 20 La ed Casas 5 = a2 (4,0) L953 p2y tall (8 Bp Sally Big Ge JSS Wales gi Gop) F(x -ay +y?-a=0 Fyix?+y?+z°-4a°=0 gh le F, hey 22 Nass yall Jo oe ls J= Dei Fe y20 ol Ley XY (Ryall ANN AS) le Juans ZB MNS 3 Shae Cyalaball Sle v=2a-2-, yat2 4-2 2 | <2a 2a 2 a ct Spal Ll Ske! le Juans uw € (27,27) ee Zz = asin ees HBygeall le abla! jin (implicit) ecall Jicu! x =a(I+cosu), y =asinu , (3.6) . ou Zz = 2asin—.u €(-27,27). 2( 00%) Uae he dadlive gi Jeti aly 73 td gi 58d ine oy (3.6) pinil! £55 oe Regiene Shuts p2 (1 = 0) (x = 0) (2 = 0) aBlae YI otal gle CG) aeISB edge ga LoS GUI be Coles chad ys chay i yilay Oleouuied (wr) fa S pal HOE f Cy :Arc Length of a space curve 1€1 sll gh itil! yup Jgle(¥.") Ayal SY VII DE Goa gotal Lal Lath ylaes gly eis C gi yoyds Gxt) (3.7) MNS a yas piel ye = B= a nba oy inl jag Solo ayia! [ols cola! 42 (1-1) JLaal wag (a, 5) sal GSpa qplall ped ee (a, b) a=t, > sy +a) +03) a eae 591) Geog 12 Ula geny tell yasd Ig old b = Feike, tly s(t)= fix “lat (3.10) , cle ass FS! dail Jolley ds , cima (t)|>0 (3.11) (a, f] 33a) He a5 Ue s(t) gi gi t(AN) Se SIAN Cog plel plete u58 ole te gi xX, =cosf, x, =sint, x, =f dole Salle Uy Ly hel Ll Sob Caseig fF Lyles! dba i JI = 0 Ge = S gugall + Jat ele Juaos (3.10) plasinsiy[0, f] 2 alent te of gual ———(*SET PE ; s= f (-sinr? + cos? +1 dt = V21 a s pall S paudy = Sue S alld f Mages! Sas Gulu Yl [due ley (gli si Natural parameter (intel aut! eYolally riot praia) Slab Ll JAA pons 2 ABU Ryall gas Uebel UL Ly 2( Yat) yl —Lr—~—O—OOST_——sS—s—>s—s—s—s—s—s__ss [xD [=1 tess ley oles IC cx = x(t) ie splat Lad pe NSN (1) cited yap! Syl Ga foi Ygi Goya WS OLSY cle June (3.11) alaeiobs 0, =5 gigi ft, Syle! vigi ds=dt ols (3.9) alazinks ‘= 1S 3) acaally e dt fur =t-t,abolish Keabt (40) Jide crxiall x"(1) Bg9) Ut! Gly sint sint i “Ja yy 23 008 eal Stet etal al Ll ga Pal Lull ol fay [2 (QO) = 1 of ses Lay Grady fio LS Lajcope X) HX y spiel Bay tl ge ini saagll x Tangent Line and Normal Plane :gapeatl Gytaully gabell lad (¥.1) Psa whe intl Gulall X= X(S) eudall [Ae aes pieie yoied cet! DLE de gems I Pp Maal oye hig) depltah Sgt eee ll Gi par dle (OF) JEEZ pid ye 58 Loco p Unaill J! big! GIbi Jy Lente 6 59 P3 +9 a T ales Pp (ox) Jena oLaSY! (551g yelally 5 5als5 lad 50 T Galea Goo gll olay T=x(s),. G.12) “ds sepill Ugbe pall Sam Gael oll 2 jug! aaa pny {*)$5 aT =ZIx'O| acinndd gui decyl x =2(0) ole by By gual 20 4d “1x'Ol’ “dt (NNT ) lid ya Ordinary iste Aa ou |x (1/40 Leste Gix €C! ila Had jou |x (O[=0 Leste ati dau! Lei Regular iattie ibaa gi point Singular point G 5) 3a pa0 ed HM gage 28 (ail Lyle yal Las) hal Lut od 7 GM ons lee Ia 431 gad ay regularity aLLGY! pies eid yy Ming jinill f :IcR—>JCR , tel —of (t)=ueJ E> oid cals Ula 9] eau! y . du os ie (i) wee e/J , (ii) f(t)eC' ins GAL! Joka Lech eeu waf (t) Khu gi JL WIL oo Byguall ule euod iniel re parameterization C:x =x (t)—9C zx" =x (tw) ao CAS lly HANS Ul w= f(t) ole J sual ote “50 Hl Il y It It uel Ul w= f (1) gle Jasall te Joell gal eoy x =x (t) oad gal Lal Lda! yi LIL oe 2 SLaay MOT) Jie BS) ON) Joab 2 page gs eso x =x "(t) lacill gpal Ll G)G 2 x nt eens Cees rcs sare — 7 7 R I J Cy) Jens coteilly LLM sptel Ll Poel ons Ball B! Lie S18 O95 ye pa! Ie aay DUS [gory abil E40 GAS X= (U) Gales! Vo ga hl Gaal Ls foal © CM Lila Spe Lyell LES Spe ced p@ C" Ride (pe platill Ginill a pees Seeks Sages JAS Ge LS yy ceri Ie oe Ont gi tay C" ia Srl h Said cl ye Jews jinis ugh Jp © Aa de SS, usd Job Gelb Uy All Hadi! sie Gelal bad Dales SB ygaall 2 glassy N(S,,) dell silgp aalesl qdine ad Wales 2 X =X(S) (3.13) x(s,)tux(s,),weR Co -5 P(S =S,) Uns rie (inital T uLall te) gopeall goal! LUsleey co chsig ¥(5,,) ga dale cogently X(S,) Una po ggime Uslee =0,y=(y,) (ley be gi yityz-v2y,=0 Sarg! ante sles af (Iy]—V2) oloS¥ ad gazed! sieall gle agaall of aly P Medill sic (fie yolall) Gagan ola 2 ACM) Sie oP GLEN alaall eye Ji5 x (F)=(t,17,0) calsyl ait XX, Goal Z Cc )—_—_.217) Side XP SN AFH, Hata Grayhall Jeeedll aa gi sya Se ayy Lee CHtabell Low pg Uy Opeelan bls yo Leal! ieill cole Juaad gently aly Selb ple salad Al Jglall oa hi eek Gt plas Uysal Ll LpYolaay Xp X5 spall 2Gydlo Males pany x, =sint, x,;=cost (rely Ll Juba oy Sug X= SINE he Juass lal SVL 2 Lasalley : go (Gall Voll) x(t)=(sin’t,sint,cosr), O-ciel yas Spl all S Gam 8 =O Maal aie x) =H celeb tdall Gadly (ioeiall Lacel Ld oVoLaN 2 5 = 0) (1, 0, 0) dtaatt gi eesly (pA Galas lanl spiel! (Royse Lads) CBgll gad 2 yinilly goal! gle o:x,-x;=0 GO! tell pte (8) Cag ne daa opeall Up Qi A(s) GLAM its 2 Gi Glyal 2 bes Lusi) OF gull ol eels $(0)=9'(0)=9"(0)=0, "(040 = ds TSN Se GLAU, WN AS ys P(s) BLAIS = Os pasall aus ght it Agi 2( 87 ) lad ad cote tals ye Si LS) pe Gaal al gly iseiall otal gota! osculating plane joi ggiaal! 2 AQUI dy sLaill ye has Guo dU gghsall Males 1( 89) Qala 2 GH £18 Ginie YSN) = (4 (D4 (4 (7) oi ei ©agolist Kab! () x,eC?, (i) xkx"@)¥0 at t=2, Gt alas 11, UnRil) sic weg GLusill gguwe ad x = X(t) Liaill (yf [x -x@,).x'@,).2"@, )]=0 (3.18) gale Le gi xox) XG) ¥") xy-xa,) x4(t,) x"u,)/=0 G.19) x5-x36) ¥5(6,) 2 °G) AAS) JSa5 2 pidge ga Le x) Ax) Jas ” t Glatt Soll Oe inl! lef, Medill aay =0 (jail a X(t,) Repke Ua Aly Y dale Grp 00!) C)Louis Watt ot cb <7; y> SPeall Ne Gopeall gag co daie Y cae ole Juans Fo! deat Jaslatl SE N<7.7> POR O()= H(t, )=9"t, )=0 oles Ia 2“ ==0 d= (3.20) aaah ily 7 eel bt "(C,),0(,) 02 IS cle ogee Y Aaatl yl vi xE,)xx"G) WIESE, ai 2 ye Ne AS, 2 Epic edge ld G(T) TLL! Uy yf olins May 90, )=8'(t, = 9"(t, = Seen eae TL. Yall giles 2) KK ME,) al of ales Lay aalales SN) GuodUl spinal gag Jel os pled OS) ee Glial 4) ny Gules (3.19) i (3.18) (VET) Jide ell le (1, 0, 0) sie GuodtI! ic giall Usles ae gi x(t) =(cos—e,sin=,) v2" 2° V2 ———G. }—_____—rat Qypbul alae) (1, 0, 0) sic cit = 0 ric Gee dUl spiel Usles 2 (3.19) Bally x -l x, 0 2 al 2 él-2 2 A Bgdeally Bree Way (3.19) saat) x, = 15 gales be gi 4 OF ) dad ya VY =O(X) ead gs SSE AS yl oe Gods LY = flX) intl of UL Ga lx =x, Uaaill wie fF O(x )=@" "(x ),k =0,1,2 ie Ula X HX, sie GCG io ola! OL! gi si F(x, )= P(x, of (x)= P(x, )f "(= O(x,) 3.21) 20%) Jib ad os LEW LS gs Ged af (x)=2? Gatlin (0,0) daau! aie y =O(x) =x? -x4 a Jatt copii os LS te LaBlgy SSL Jui Lad 2 (0,0) Laat! aS CAN) Jen 2 ety pt es (3.21) Gendt shan Gaady f'(0)=0" (0), k =0,1,2 C)GN) Jaa UV) dao he ilgll eb I Gi de Gy nie le P Ua tie Gola LSI gf 5555 ne edna as Lente ini le pS yglentio atlas JUS pee Ul! dosed (Pp Usa! a(t) dao he ees i le da Se ie gle P ited) vic Gaol cial LG Gi Laie isi ple 5 yglte oS SS JS GU gota SL gul P Wakil 32 SI (CL gaa Jae) cgiaailt ple Mal gh use tl poaitl 9H (0.1) Moving Frame: Boog Olgas SW gol Y =r(/) el) dol ai 3s La Joo! ZSMU! o42 Orthonormal Vectors Tyn,b sais Ugig Less saaleia piel) slate! gle px! jy gi Frame field a _u Au 8 Co}_ixt 4 gy ~ |X(s)xe | ds wy =0 Se X(S) satel he bar gll aaa 1 Say X le oyee X(S) yi ci x(s (3.22) oa) oof an pial GLanthy ===0 <7 I >=== 1 (6.23) sal cos 2 Sol eS Lea ee Tynjb algal gi aay pala speally T tangent lel iio gI ob gxie oudy Lio YI mob Slesdially binormal 6 (cit!) oles! syastly principal normal Span peels agents Guba! dade pond ol geil ode Lge @Blsi! sa. at! eagle ogee Sel apaally Guo! sgieal! 2 ga pull sgeall Cue sgilill gt Ssiane E05 ye thee Tym, B calgel pda coe geal ADU agi ©abl normal plane ,cayeu!! sgisatl =0 G.24) rectifying plane psat! cially =0 (3.25) edu sally =0 (3.26) ON) SS 2 ead ge gt LoS ligieall ode 2 Meds CY ao gl dete X Gas Osx) Jens He Atle dyleg cgilill agent! le sein Gale soiiue pi gall ciel! i deny aged Gye pore ANBy calgertll Gpe A pactie AS se gy geil gle Ua Jes Jaq plane vector field ausiut! Soda a9 pixie LajdLe otpLb! ay glpall gail Gobel olga! Cu)— —— (4) Mae pS hes tail ple Uni si nie Upete jbl ogee (Tyn,b) 5d! pL 3» Say Uo Y\ (a jieill ple Uy Observer ssl) this gS RP Sus gad Gul (€),€),€;) call a(t) ibe Cable pint deity Ss =si Bory (ougll Jole ealybe 8) ce pill SUN do gly saas obits Tb Spat SU 129i s=0 iba! 1 dail 25) (3.24) (3.23) (3.22) c_Sdball pluses aly J ucLattly DESI gle Juans (3.26) _ Oe) n=(-1,0,0), b= 0- Fo) cel te (0) = (1,0,0) anal pou, catty = 0 jal bul sic os cae pgAll sgieally Geo Wl ggtaally capeell sual 31 X,4+x;=0, x,-x,=0,x,=0, Bll gle (4%) alae Se esl Job Sabb s oY ‘Set Geletl JEAN. [S app plasty ai ()[40 ope x =x (1) plat aaa LatLN ALY plea! Gall on Golly Gram Schmidt aayed ale Sygaadl le (T7240) raleill gplall AM Jaa Quyea5 Gees itl Osx) Jas ae Se (Sutued - le) Usgen Lgl Jprard! oe (3.27) ota! Wyu=x"—T. BHT XN oN grgeall ssagil ante ai «Tail cle Gagac 2 WE) diay cee XK (S) A pitt shal ote {Tb} Ayoettl S>tl -Frenet Frame field 12:1! 44) jUo{ 21%) Side (Sel ua Heed OdLES x =x "(9°) cx =x (9) estes 1 s =+ts" +const. tgall ins =s(s") oles ds ds ds ds’ ds‘ds"” FF ds’ ds ds” Leal geod ten OLAS XX ol day dx, dk |—I=l4I=1 ds ds “ jeje or Sis ds ds le Juaod Jaleattlsy s =+s" +const. ASUS] gllall gay —_©——Abotidl aed aC ) dae Se dyeall lady Gulell dad SYsles ule jeans T41, olaL SY alasiul Cx =x(s) inl fe p=X(5,) Mads sic csilill spestt Lady ula! LON) Sao 2 ea ge gt eS R,=x(s,)+AT R,=x(s,)+un ,A,uveR (3.28) R,=x(s,)+vb n OW) Jasee} CT) Gayhes BN gla! he a SOU 6 SIU! og del teil Lata LI VoL aegi (1) ssi any Jo -(V2,V2,V2), (2,0,0) saat YE pay xP +22 =4 Se gl Ie oe sy5h oghl> Oe real jLtl SEeil a 651! pple! pizeie ralay)) cad = 2 gi cas Lied! dogs GargeLay 1(9)=(acos6,asin6,b0) 42 a ab Spa L ah all Lab! clash iil Uyieb Ll oYaLall agi OD LOX, ype gh paul dygmeg XX Corel) 2 dy EW oygreey a 2 . (a>b ee «X¥, =acost .x,=bsint :st4,)) HSV! OblglawY! abl 52 (4 = b= C= 1) pyaeaill Gini gi ow (7) 2 3 19%; =X, Cx (()=(@t,bP ct) yest Ginilly x) =f gue saldy) (pieiall Spall! Jail! aa gi (4) Cory ene Octo 7, (xp +x} =1x, =sint,x,=cost,x,=sin’s sta) intel GAalLl LAeill ae gi (0) By Ng ie Og Coe ccs calieD Sygplal lll Jglaill Uae Uf all liad! a Co)$5 oe ? B(x .x5) WP) oy a et tine TSS £0 ol 2 4S y Gl! Slyall Gy) paced saLdy)) AX, HX 5 SoM 2 SSIs ell Gi es) UY 14.04 X\Xx,=h x7 =x yp cietell great Joell agi CO (Golaall cya pill Jas: abby) ceeded Laat abd (1) Supe 2 pyacoill vinill fe (V) 1+7u ? x,=Itu,x,=-1+Su,x U pag B se gly ie LS ps Os ual de Sel OL ptt ggly aL!) Reames) Japhel LSI GYsLLL Llaall jieill ga Le (A) x, =l+sint, x, =-1-sin¢, x, =2sint ? ((2.2) & (2.1) sb pbaill eat ala) ail Ja (A) x, =cose’,x, =sine',x, =sine’ SPs siccie gi eye dad ((2.2) & (2.1) spa! eal :abay) eM Jen St CP ENE Gada yo fA) Sigal Jeo ae gi (V+) ssf) xX, =cosf, x, =sint, x lite Ly tate les IC! Lab ye Li JL AN) halt obey) (fx) 20 gat Wissgk tay je thats hols aSpt wagig = 4a7,x) =a 5M gael Lal Jel sgl (1) Jalil Garb ye Lgares La pay 2a La ed aia 5p ge spies abl ai (po iba 5 Stall sala) Ajuol thas 1, Mt=O 50 x)= (67, V2t) intl usa Jyh agi OY) 2056 MN1= 0 oe x(t) = (66,3070) paral Ginill gb agi (VY) 2 Heeiall yl! USS si ie copell sc gheally uLeill Lad Galen aa gi (1) OY) iy}! ioviall 625—eall sgiea tly ol oll OYaL_oe s_ogi (10) So peadl stall ated U3 P aylodi da si wie x(t) =(cost,sint,t) XX, Seal oily: PO euitaall Oi ons «O tdaas 2 15 pyree Onze no Lagh MI sagl 1) (i) xp =x,,x?=2-x, (qpSitbleoe nil gla) (ii) X50 x, 50, x,=0 (pues ine) (1, 1, 1) taal aie TasN5IN ie Cant cy Lash gi) aia goal Ll Joell aa gi tab) CogintLl Syatl oauaLall ons cobdzeiall Gogen!l sgielly alall Vales so gi (VY) Gx, =f) x; = 8) (ii) F(x,,x,)=0, GQx,,x,)=0 (ili) F(%),x2,25)=0, G(x,,x2,%5)=0 oe)aN ull dala Uys olyiniall Qteldl [tel aegis SLA) -GUlaall Slgall Vaal! VLSI Jeo UsbLing Copselaws alolii) jineiald ola die LSS yo sgl QA) XPHBX PH IXZ =I — Cesleay) ead pene claw) xptxz+x} =6 Spl) (2,1, 1) desu wie MOY) gaya Sie aL) E(t) = (t7,00,04) ital bo pal Sih ic Lal! dete oledl uagi (14) (200) = 0 oe cued 5 pal! La! LE) (sata Salyl) iaiall yas8 Job sell 98 Cab de (1) Vests Ve +4-t 2 Vte+44t x, =————_.,x, = —__, x, = v2 In— —_.. 2 2 2 (x/|=1 gig gaad: slay) Laat ie x (t= (t,1-0,0 +27) ete GU gg tl glows (11) 0 yg le Gagac seieall de Gagasll) X53 y920¢ sity (1,0,2) =0 gladly B sagi sald) ALES) Mads gi aie ial! ineial Geo Ul sgisall se gi (1Y) TS ade GuodUl glad ge 0 =HF, XP SLX, go! Glad yg, ws cry (1,0,0) Acyl pled lola ait cam cial esial all ill an gf = abby) —___(,}—____—_.———— Ashe Wl cbse oe dS oe AN R(LO CP) et Sled ye FOr “SG cn 48 QI sll shall 90 Gyles Giail God! solu! OF ow (V0) (Heil slated ple Lal! sie Ge dU! obgiaall Jeo I Gl Geil of ow (YD Goines giles 50 call 5 giaus 65135 ciiniel Tb clgaill Jam ssi (TY) (i) x(t)=(2sin’r, sin2r,2cost) (ii) Sony denon (5251) eae Qe U1 Ayj5lo Gl glassl bolas nie) (inl Gleatll US angi (VA) x(t) =(A(t -1),-6(¢ + 2cost),3(1-e?")) Vous fa « (-4,-12,0) eat! wie X) +X, -X34+16=0 cotlee Simi GioY Goiees 5 Soil Spal hal feel GF oy (YA) x(8)=( ahs oa Floss (8), f(s)>0 76 s) z f (8)=8 V5? +1 coe gant dts dx (Fel oi adi atayp ag ot of atl sattul (rental ganda gyal LU) Jail segi (T+) =(e' cost ,e' sint,e’),teRdx Joao Latag 2 U8 ole Jeans = [|= Ia BDL ake saldy)) é ( =H(s) Gte Aaa Soll of au (7) x =(t,sint,e’),-200 X53 =0 gud U UyLsd Maa Gi aie C inde lal! ales aegis aldy) cis Jha pty LG LL le Juans (GuLal Usles 2 LIT Spl) AX, =0 Soul 2 Slyej Slat ghatl El pall inh Quy Lt uuiatt Extrinsic Geometry of Space Curve pete 2 Lalas Cale Uo JUS Gps EL pall teks Hay Lied Gi sey Layee g piiell Al gyal Lal feito Jpuaodl Spb ies Latds soly pS IT ual NU Jy ALU J Gye lil Ge Lgl TaLll Blo Liye Jy GEN JUS Gs de pall does Jd olka Lyall GL tell cle tad oi rie AI Golo obsieally (Quy jLbo}) och! Lb ws LEY) dy aly gpl ill dete ue Moke OV dead z play CO! SIpaully teil Vang AM Btls JUS Ge Ally EL pal teing sgleall 2 pita on Gps Geog + dapat hat g (pllly elise line pb ple spins GAN LI! laa Epub ge isla tail gle ald Galas LS Ty qd bY GeoLall GLalall 2 2G Ly cylin gid YN ( fae) Atta 1.) Curvature Function of Space Curve: (Nb) tig ya (SOU anal joladie ity baie $18 jiseie gle Le tad tie «Las! Byes Hag A tie Gaball dad Gye Lasts pine yguy ate ABV OS Gagall pb Sal UV) Gals! Voll al él pall 2 inte yaa X=x(5) (4.1) eal olga Jaas 52 SHS, pol Lt Us all Ueaill sic (4.1) intel cls! O cany We1 Ad == lim|—| 4.2 z lim)| ie | (4.2) ae THAT Gulally S, Chaat sic To lel ons Leslie AO Cae (Vt) JSnb 2 pidge sales, tAs, deal T+ AP cut olast (NG) Jitbe 98 GptaljLl Lgldiady Of Layla’ Case a 5 )SIall Liss! ae gf 260) =(Fesin = Fe sin = acos) (agi! Solo ualbs 5) tgatt ch 5, +AS,, 8, tyglaill doa! sic (5 SIS!) pixie coLuLaLl obec Sa Se cos—*,-sin—), (saa)! ante) a as,tAs, 1 s,tAs, .. s, +As, s »—= COs s-sin a V2 a a ot had eal Gs AO Hugh jt 1S) Sal gle s s,+As, .. 8, . 5, +As, cos A@ = cos—*. cos-*—— + sin 2 sin-2——* a a a a os As As =cos—* => AP=—* (SEY otal! aluaiuL) a a S$, +AS,,8, cpibeaill aie Crude on Sot 2 AD tum A@ 1 7 ‘| Age le I —s=-, ie, lim —=-=— As, a aso0 As, a R plies Legacy plea asa iglie cglins Lins coy Soy 5 SL Luau tl iT Gt OF SY 2 sla GLI 2 AS 633 gs LS Lins! 13 Cae pany eli Xp =X, Soiaall 2 Bly 5 y5lo go ill Uae 1 YE) edagyedd ball dette Ulygs Jaes diy Le Abadi wie C ini Lint die Bey sLLaill ote wie 0b) Qype dies clint! A (OS pe Ju Lal ulds Junie) Cir=r(s) ebauikl piel! Siaill so r=r(s)cm k =F), 8 clans Abad (ye Una JS sic k C sixtall ganda token Srpaslly To ge P sae golall gig C init! le Le Udi P gi yo pai cobalt gi P ge Liles Ly8 tu 8 LS Ogi copay oe P sic pula Or pHmn Zedge pe So nt ON ga (lid) SoM! cazeally T+ OT 52 Q sic VA) Jen (Yt) Joos tape fears SI LE) Sah Gye (1) Sasi al ttetenkas or = asin k a> (V4) J age ga lass OT lal 2 olgaitliany ke Ir|=L+or|=1 . OL _2sinet 60 6s 50 Os a Wi ae as an és ds ds aa Seon oEa=kn (43)T.+0T or. T (rt) Joos dr dr T=2. reer a(S ae G Vessas all le P(s)« O(s +As) Usaill sic Tal WI JS ge yall ke ail! (4.4) ds Ke cliscYl ga aacll Ue Sob 4 9ouy Curvature Vector clinsYl ania jaw 04 lay 2, 2, sgt a . ? 4.5 ed dire (4.5) Qpbll lays J! Lio 5 48 oS) Mogg 220 Lizylls suscy clint! date oles OpSsy Loo! GL pinill ge CONVEX 3p aAlf Ugatl Gab m basi tal 09535 Kegs iid! gs CONVEX Hill Agel Gob date 1 GIST |S) Led eye ‘ ‘ ' 1 Ot Gaiivy radius of curvative «LosY! ba da O= yee al Cr)$3 2 (L(s),2(5)) gap! ose of cle OW 68) SIL cee pes EP =R fae k>0 ange sina] eds slit} (24) Jas ceed F(8)#0 Sey H(s)=A HS) si H(8)=Ougery Late pil teat! Lead pats all Abell ci GUbei! ih35 i Inflection Point xis dias! das uatoall gh ge J tbe Oa ails! eit! dr ds? hee pS ALES OLS yuSoLall oLaSM LI g5lp2 OLS 1! Lad teed (0.8) ead pbasi) spend Lait T= OLS 3) age ial Lins! gb Jy all Saag QW2) GLY Ne Gadtdes (0.4) Jas onl! ieiel GMail ds O oi edly Sota 2 eB ll laid Gaal (Sly call pad pl pall 2 pieeill elisa of PMB obj Lie Yl padeiad SLE oka satdy Lac cola 5 LS! LiL glad ola tail le 435 p> Li gay P= (E) tata 1 (E) Galeill date Olga oles pe sLeie Yh tLe gf Cage gay elias Sly Gaal ,Lll) f3b5 OS) SEatIL cage ga ase r'(P) anil!(Neb) Mare straight point tqgios 2b3 Gls) 4405 SLES sf LEY! Las k= Oem a Yt) Agylad dad iil GLb dle ala) JSS sie pak piel eLeoal gles 1 Ghat ak Sone Jeleailles doz QalLSY! aL ud c(s)=a sth Uobbly woke a,b ew ie patel Lisctl at gil Gin! oF GID Unktl poy @ cabled! gall ediull 52d gl qFine dos Lal ypcey dle alas Jeo eae ucla ad oye (Regt Labed) Ln ghia Torsion function of a space curve 1G) pall pial ltl Ania Ya) aS pital Fe 5 pleat peau syteall 2 obiatals Guat ait bad ———OOOSCSCO—OCNCUwétCN doeial! Gusdt) gyieall gigs Leila (8 2 ils B) Leese Hka ysSay Y ELall Jotae peal Ip Ogee ANS UID Gleey tail! dad Se Ua Je aie dalesl pak DB ahygs Jane gi ieiel iLSIl ag aall ylygo Jone Bgl aed 2 ge tye - -_ db 2B ayy sll plas Uy eee 2 : jp Oe SEER Ct anee} 2% ) blip (Hixill oade Gil Joell lias ail ELA Gieie ple Ua tic IB ya CAM spied teil py dale g baal oie Lic 4 Gus dUl sgiall Ge Ei spusie (jiald torsion (UN jou 7) ola T jell [B |B Bp be ao t=|b|=|—| 4.6 Ibl-IaeI (4.6) peed y Lay ga cool date igi B= 2038 7=0 ole tt LS sO SECS) ga tail Males CLS 13! US Ge cling B, Lygline © ===0 AY oi gig Wag T te gagae b, oF = const. Sian Uslas ga Id 1(8) Wall oleae 2 ad Vales ay all coe elect oa) tel of it Lite = 0 ites SPs ele Lal ols 2 teil ey (Ged! sgt) T, Nealgath SO sg gay sini yl Sgieue pinks La oles laf Lyi -plane curve (So geell og Say Mogg giell sle (punks agen!) Syl Gagaatly Gulall ggiow Gi Gi oLQS YI eagle 4d es GOI gieall Ute db T=|B=0 oi gle laey 6 = ds 0 2 ASY Gy bl olay J! Lhe g a3 gyn Hhby (ww) \rarer sy) 45 ll of 5 apie Epa teeta Cage p> SLES 639 pt dep! abl Quen Gi Lislbs .a9ty 2( Yo) Maw She 2B pay T GU Ld eo dUl gs gheall Loy yyy All ash ga Y edles I] -L=r(s) ail gal abil soe = Ju LS 1( 48) Qyylad ie agacee Gillan HAI (colpe 95 Yu laill uldy poieue) Lill! yinill FELL hay peal! ye tidy k eLiss Yl Lasic (ally dled Ge Ua JS (4.7) cnt saplall gael lll Joell 2 P= r(s) oe gla Yigg paeall pe ty P(S) Coal wie (intel Liss gl 15) Shai duals Cee POS) ge Lae dypdll Laaill quae tie pisall glen b(s + As)pheal ye BUSS #5), FS) clgeall ogo ke O lesb call daaill JS wie EAB JS Ate og age Og Soy Guo plea Ml GL Ly L5lghe pe dy elgnie pt (5), BOS +As) of Gay P(6) Lani glee O(6 + AS) (8) al slanel He a te Ph QO sae (gil) ALES aga ol Lg Af) J 2 Las eng ops Lali] s Ay lb sang cle B(s),b(s + As) |b(s + As)- b(s)|=2sin ae (SEH SLUT Ga,ld 2.0 Gap pbad : in St 2 in (LURE) so As ol As inde = lim I A asco AY As d = Far LS Of teh GUN aps placing db alae [S oltwes db d mo ee CB G5 oa) ole db dT dn dn = Sant n= FT A= = (4.3) ) ds ds EEG ENG, AS (ww) NYSE a dn . dn ae BONS A Ae Sager = Di berg = 9 Ts JS le Gopee b i gin Laing ds. ds (4.4) (4.3) 60) ogee Miley NS3\y2 SLAW QED Ss lV E Ged! shall Olygo gle JB Sep gl LEY Gy DSN pel © Shoal oi le JG Lut 2( YS) laa ole ta Bhat gal Lola DY Gig ew iat k LST LU dlyast sat Lule dey glee TCU ey eatin bd gy S Fane pieis 9a Oi Se QW)(Yet) ide ell eliss! gf dT r =(acos8, asin6,b@) OZ yy0 po KAS dag! inary pimiall Gulell gly cull a jalt oi bes dr — =(-asin@, acos0,b) do dr 772 _ as of E eve +e? = "76 | do a (asin ,acos6,b) va +b cabanas) ate Jae path a ao “ds dO ds a . =a ae (-cos6,-sin 6,0) ole ele eee 1a Ir’ do ds Ja? 4b? * dO Oe class clint als [34 “kh =|k)==—z = Const. ito Gay eo Gi aod) a+b ASO cites 13k <0 cist a> 0 cil 13) k> 0 client of aia gs Ning 0 ha OZ jymny gietal T ull on G ght ww=const. Gag clgxie Te; ) 1 OZ ya clas! 2 cilgeill juny @; Gum ced T elatly OZ yyene Ow aght [al g=cos" ee Va? +b? 1( 4h) Mar he AOS) Seeds pii) 59513 Oghle jeans Gobel JEM Z fall take Maaco decks i dey fesse ( Tt ) Serret — Frenet Differential formulas egal Ugo Sabb gS cae ELAR Far (8) inte lal of pend ee (Tinh) ADEN tongs inl Na gle P Ubi ie Si chad Ligh one Leal Go soul po OM Kg tally T =T(s),2 = n(s).b =b(s) f= 1, Sev (s) serth Cyn,b) DY papioutts. Ts) (5),B(5) col gi2,3 Old saleie gylie LADES Ike Gi Cam y <¥, uv, >=6/ (4.8) cole dks Jae BUS JULY, (5) Lgede Lilo gi Jeol Laue abl Vi, Cb gedll pe Lied 23S Vi (S) GS ye 45d ily iil! facial rolgi 3 : d s)= , —=,Vi 4.9 ¥,(s) 2 i (4.9) GC.)=3—____— Laks pina! sgleas Vy eggs Lastney LILI 2S! os degaeee Gs (a) Se (AS) JES 2 page gi (At) Jas sole Juans (4.8) placed ivy 2 Leld bya (4.9) dala! 2 yb ope <¥ vy >=< Daye >= Vad, =a, (4.10) yet el “Ay HSV Vy > cle Juans (4.10) slushy (4.8) Brti Laliirs +=0 a, +a,=0 or a, =a, (4.11) ote bas (4.11) 2 1 =f eow a, =0 (4.12) Alas 44 (a, ) Uegdvall oi eats (4.12) (4.11) oe roi as (4.12) (4.11) plazas (4.9) Solel 27 =1,2,3 dy Vy we$$ Vi(s)=Z(s)= an tab, V¥,(s)=A(s) =- aT +43, (4.13) ¥5(8)=8(s)=-a,0.-a,y0 ay) =k, a3 =0 gi ses (413) 2 We Dall ge b! Taka piles (4.6) 0) Sly B(S) == dyn te Juans (4.13) 2 CL LaLa gay .a,=tr iy [hPa 2? ele aL ll obey Late Lezyy op Say DUI OLS HB eg! LAY Sb Lay = @£#3%C=~7Estrti‘ iseeiitst_C—rt_C—rit_C_Cr—_CtC SEE Qybail lays GI lho g ub ugeai lldag 1( Oot} Myla Boxy P= (5) olecill ¢1 pall Lint T=kn,i=rb-kE b= 2 (4.14) ds Gla plain pins oY ULL Lub. pres ie bpd Rune olny ——LUr—~—“——OOSsSsS0) (7 <0) (At) JessS egal Jobe aly UY si Lamba yea 2 hoes eb ell ole 13) Lad fel op ead PET (U) gi Med Si taljb i Wy oSaly Sal bees Su ual Ll UY (4.15) © Gi pled lj Lhe te SLAW dr dr ds ru 4e 46 B ays 4 |yas'40 du ds du du eruy= Ls )= Ts"4Fs? du ce Junot (4.14) ces cMu)= Ts"tks Pn (4.14) +8) Jab 2 AUS ead gig T (+t) Jad vw— — (Wk) Mare fe pdt pans | 7"(U)| ind Lain Velocity dc pull dais jouw 1(U) dill : ,_ds acceleration vector r"(w) 52 ¢jludll axiegv =S al (Sgluig speed pe 10 Yak ) More “ coe r(u)av'T +hv? nn isla tee it sly Le pacts Le peal Ve poll ped Jes a "(U) platen S"T =v'T telat Spl weg FU) obese Jates oa KVP Raagasll Geo yl Lei CTU) ded) Apa agent ple 9555 53 fed cola yl elke OF sp) Gigail Xe pol Ons gd AS > old) (Yk) Side padi 9h 7355 All be gl bg all OLB eudiuee Gabe cle tylus Aaym LAT 18"T =V'T Kuala Spall a de pull GaBLS gi 1155 oLBi Gilad! Le 1( £4) jibe (unbounded aly> 53.4) amie So pball ols M3) Gol! SLAM 2 KVP oo Sapa alle le 5 5Ul bya GB Vt te pully 1 Ak ) Aor She LV? gp de peal pig Ga plat! oles! pS ce uae A Lis Galudl JEM US OgSag US! teeny (4.14)! ri op dT ape Ledley EQ) =Ts "+ kns's"+ks® nt 2ks's "n+ ks ?(th-kL) oe cla EME" ongetal Q8 SY! peal fucka "Kr = 3ks's"b kts" 5"n ks 2s" ks )b +k rs 8, ©ole east 1! 2 Leh pally = kts" (4.16) [ep UW ale sialyl gi Uy laws fl pall 2 pei SY My Las Gano (8 olkny #( 0) Jide ABS! Gini kelly K clic ete angi lo., , ra (w5u 3Y juweR UT al Ll A al Abas! sie rgatt cle Juaad leit! Dales ye d du WM S353 nb pba asl 3b ru)=Ts'= (lu?) , "= sP=ltur tut, ds ps lew? tu? lu WY— ——— ——Lr—~—e—— gi aso USI taal Jlahy T's (L4u? +u4)3(0,1,2u)-(L+u? +u*)2 Qu +203 \(yuu?) le Jasad agunll quends jai Yl es Di =-(tu? 4u*)i(u + 2u3,u4 -1u? + Qu) aD _p, du _T ds ds ol bey Iyguatl Sst ko plac) ate Ia k=T =(14u? +u*)?(u + 20 u4 -1u? +2) opSs U= | Maal wie 1 k =-=(1,0,1), or. A 36 ) 1b) Jae etal ote tea si wie (Tn 4b) Att ne r(u) = (3u -u?,3u?,3u +u°) weR vole be Ua gi sie k ST ol adi gh gay tall ole Juans (Geli! JIM fics) isi | alee Gye Ts'=(3-3u?,6u,3 +31?) ,'=- du wT s'=3(1-u?,2u,l+u’) =(1-u? YP + 4u? + (140?) =18(1 407)?ALotadl Lact Saguall gle ela! ate ule uaa leleg itt u?,2u,l+u) st 2320402) du ST Leslan! onitls cpus Quols Qala) le uass TU uv J! death GLESYL, Cl -4u,2(1- toy yee (1-u?),0) i dea a u?,0) cole Juans Lins dais Gas yah Oye a ds “Ey Hy (-2ul- -u?,0) = Co hats pus ayaa 13] 1 =— (-2u,1-u?,0) tue cle Lease B is silill sogeall Gad Gag i ) =P xn= t=? Qu +? ~ l+u?) a Beanery -u leu? 0 oh : 8 bee a lu? Dey -2u @s +140 2,) cole Jeans W J] teal SLES YLy ©Nal (L+u?)(Qu)- we" =1(Qu) (+ u?)(-2)—(-2u)(2u) , 0 b= (lewy (+a? ; te) gy 2(u? -1),0 Fase #2u"-1),0) v2 A = Gaye su’ -1,0) cle Juan b Gays ay serait ees asy b= : Tn f = ~ 30l+u?P 83 eu? ? (Vt) Se r= (u?,6u,3u*) wR plpall piel Guay cited) ly els! sagt (i) (1,63), (-8,-12,12) oeitaaill sie axial! esledl gpg aed! of esi (ii) slsalahe (-1,-6,3) daa! sic ireiald Guo MI! ig gisall Wales ae gi (iii) see giy CO ole we Gulb dagl) ainay dled Quam tic intel yulall of cat (iv) wal gSYI Ne tgall r= (w,6u,3u?) gi by cle Guan UJ! Leal oni pe GLEE YLy r'=(u?,6,6u)=Ts' (4.19) ("+SEE (6u,0,6) =Ts"+ks "in (4.20) d ag8ll Jobe ual 8 =" Sas du rele Juass Lualedt (4.19), (4.20) os peas r'Ar" = (36,18«7,-360)=ks 8b (4.21) H(=87) le Juans (4.19) Bdball gosh Ou! +36+36u? = (3? +2) ds ‘ . sta Paty? +2) au LS UR 2555 Ua SF 955 STM 2155 oles 2S LS LES ode LR! Le 1313 - ds oF gi ten LAY! tbs AUby Lange Ges iu s'=3(u? +2) (4.22) Ke ghee tect cys pel Lea Ll oLeSl Gulu spect! peau of Liaail Le thf ues Sst LIAL” apill las Labs Gulley bolas! of 223 (4.21) gay dee ge ose —rr—r——SO—S ((8W2+2) (4.24) S Ww)=3]—_____ S! 0 (4.22) 40 gargtilley Linge SK oi Laas ce pap ll hall ele uans 2 (4.25) “30242 eats b he Jett tall be dats Soil ee (4.20) Julai 7 Gl aly (4.14) auinye Garo plazeiol) ile r"=(6,0,0)=(.JL +(.)n +(ks"r)b (4.26) cle Juans Luuld (4.26) 2. (4.21) capes 216 Of 4e5 (4.24) dbo! alaseiolsy 216=k’s*r Sra (4.25) p-_2 3(u? +2)° (-8,-12,12) cota! Una sic g w= Lael Lal you (1,6,3) J g¥l dea! sie, FV (4.23) ge w= -2, U= Date b lee pees WEH2 fal LSI ogee 21 2 Dyas = Crh 2) Dye: yar Gy 3 (0),-.2 Cr oi aaly lalate (B),295(B) 1 ober! oseay Sly DAUD ageall s5lye (36,18u7,-36u) azctl of aes (4.21) Uabatl o = rr————S—S——T—S—S—sX—MN|’__s_=s_s_sST——_ (-1,-6,3) deal aie pimia GrodMl ssi de Gagec gagu=-] sic (A cigllall GodDUl sg! Vales Tal 0)$$) ctl) + (yt6) + 2z3)=0 or Iw+y+2z+2=0 45S GA AM ilps deta To GeLatl of wes (4.19) Catal gs ATL lansy (u?, 2,20) 2 p = —032,u) fe W?,2,2u) 22,2u) T = _ or ui +4u? +4 w?+2 1 gh a stil gle @ cilgeill ding ce @ = (11,0) coll! dal! pod 1 1 =(—~,-—~,0), = o Ber Fe dh SEP =e ol eels Toe ual O te cosO = 2 Lge sl Hieae daieey Gy Slplad pod Glut JULI Ja Liyybe edb Bg Lis plall od} coulis guile Gali Jac Gore Cur Esill Ide oe oypei vetays Lass QiLaHTT Ly Stal gL sell oles elle) agai UL 1( Ak) Site Eskall ty LBM te C8 pg pe ll iil Jp le GT Si ox P= E(S) talesyt=3—__ gs 4h Pre] ae fe. (agai Jy al L) pela alll Sa iS gat! oie r=r(s) dail Uses ys FT kn (4.27) cole Jun § J] Huuills 6,513 pe Jolly F=-k°T +knt+ckbh (4.28) EAR = rE +keb (4.29) A alayd. apes fuse plaids (4.29) 2d SSI daa 65152 Lali cle Juans AL SY pall olal Lola 1elg8 slelys ae Ga Lasl 4 d Ear” =(Lityb tern —rhen + Lk yr ds ds d d =(=k*)b += (ck?) 4.30 CG yb. ae we (4.30) cele Juss Lund (4.30), (4.28) ances rl sack Lg ge gg? ds ds =3rk3k —k (ck? + 2k ck )= Th k — ke agi choke ae Gi ee yl “EB =e ds kohh The Helix gigtats cpinill (t) 1( 86) lady shi TT abel! pies tl Cail Gk ae till Gp JONV.8) Jad 2 Lads cull ole! as GUE gly ae Ua LA pinay doy Diglawl ole agus pleat! i te Laat ape ol peas Ulla! uly eo Cob dygl intel! De Blgbass Vl uly, oLaSl 2 coi calill ail) ola 2 siagil dake ge 2S ol =cosa@ = const. = cub (4.31) Sa gh OF spe Babs 1 (5) stall otal Je (5) Sam (4) Jeads cole Juaas duis yd dines slabs SW] Gul (4.31) Bob! Jota, =0 glad waslgy doi pe pigjlel piel Lad pes A UL! ye all Saks ©—C——C—== LEN LL gf Routine LE Ys Oph gi “.=0 (4.32) glad! uslgy cle Lopac geay pig pla! intel pula spaall of yay Way JOYA) Jad 2 Lace ciel Uke Ugale agen phl (Culill oS) 5 (Y8) Jens cle Juan daisy dase alacciondy S Jf Guaitl, (4.32) obs) olay <(th-kT),e>=0, “. -=0 (pasha! petal Golgd G2) Soy Gal Soleall si inde agi stall 2 awe dali gie ln oes, 19h} gives C dail Gi cue DT le GB lg} eer WasyT ee ele densa tte b ex (F 2) Lajlaie =cosa ,=sinw (4.33) CoO(ZB clas le ed Lall ali) oi ii e=T cosatbsina (4.34) sol Aad dala fuse plants S J! Goal LA | ode JasLats 0=k ncosa-rnsina=(k cosa -rsina)n ‘ k ©. kcosa-—tsina=0 or —=tana=const. T 0 k - pete yp Sn Oh EY (ell ols Mae cl SC icin CY GIS 13) ually : 2 gBWl pad GUS OLS Yg Gig he LO +eb)=f +eb ds k =kn-ctn=0,—=c T . T+cb a cull LG le 2 baa gl date ge golSV cui date T +06 13) Vl+c? T.+cb HAST BMA Lud pus @ wey 1 c = 2= 1+c? vite? See ola Wt 1 cosa= , tan@ =c =const. V1+e? HES Ayal! lays J! hog ab yg lly Gn}=j—___ 2( Vk) Oya Cr H(S) Eyal ie ope Ss ASI y opp pall byl cinta My elisodl Loa kT oo tee Gay Of 52 ie (V6) Mae he OL ask GAN) Jini Ob yj pied S71 Gy abel pe SG (yg 4d Uy cL Gre Cull 2( Ook ) lad ya Co pinie g0 dale Gapec seins ple C plall pigjleul iil! dds bt chy C’:x'=x(s)-e . pp aS =COSA Zaryy gpl ppxe oleil 2 bing! dae Ce (OVE) Sead 2 ne e QOY.4) Jane (wy VYTeale sb] 33 Laysl Gigli ee Je ayaa ptt Al 58 65144 yg} Lal (eyll oLeSVD gill yghladl pyres 58 Biglaul yyme ogeoug x7 + y? =a" (Bil glau dl aanlgy Gilg) Ulplawl yyree 9 Z pyre Cam (V8.8) JBN) Lente Cpe Lg litied Geer Ct! gg platl OYales Ap au (V8) Jeo boy @ 1 (a jhe asa 5y5la ye asd PO po a PPO EEN e ee *, OP =z,P,0 =au Cg p5hs eUb8 y+ 5453 Job) “. Z =aucota Bilge gle P(x,y,z)EC cur $$ («. }»——___—— ——— cllallag U pial La Lpealsd 5S po Lap! cing 55 2 God PD ol woly rol sed x =acosu, y =asinu, z=aucota (4.35) C8 lead g SIA aS ieee by aI Leola ¥ UII GLb auley r =(acosu,asinu,aucota) (4.36) (VV) dla Me Splash, 27 shade U piel LZ pai pL pine! ple eh all peu ote P isl aus 2 O =P P coe sje! init! pte the pitch Gilg) saela x7 +p? =a? 5S ple aig XY yuaall fill am Pla 2 lait ne g pall yd ASIN Load! OWI Qupates ig tall aed A a eS Ut pas (4.36) ee bal dr du _dr du T_=(-asinu,acosu,acot a@)— =—.— ds ds du ds “|Z P=l=(@ +a’ cot? ai? =a’cosec’a ui”, ._ sina us #0, (@#na,neZ) a —sinu sina,cosu sina,cosa) tele feaas Aulayd dase alarianl ys SJ! deni spdi dps Juolaitley #=T =kn=(-cosu sina,—sinu sina,0)i 7 lea cosw sin? @,-—sinu sin? a,0) (4.37) a OF Apt ova pball Gol Gl aye RL (wr) \/or sin‘a@ sin’ a = or k= a a ke = const. (4.38) Lal o3ea2 (4.37) 2 Gasgel n=(-cosu,—sinu ,0) iyguall gle dle Spear! pene B= TA siti agent! 13) 5 =(sinu cosa@,—cosu cosa, sina) cle Jeans 4393 Guo alarialy S J! duuill Jaslailly ina cosa@(cosu,sinu ,0) 1. “. ~Tn =--sinacosan a Sagal cle gShall gjlad ceil GU gga Allg sinacosa T=————— = const. (4.39) a Pon const. le Juans (4.39) (4.38) sey T 3 guall ie (dane fall B ginta gi Lagecy r =(acosu,asinu,bu),b =acota €>0,b £0 cul ad cum gy5lo ya5l> aie 5 yb! olay Gf! like 5 43 oy Wag a( Vek) Myla Sb Uy eas Ge JES Open Gla! Og ple! etl Huaailly vere3—______— a(t) dao dhe 5% cll O18 F138 iis LG cred Col My LY Ge Jeo gle 13! ag r8ls bape 1( 48) Se cgoS1a Syjledl ill sal le (Lyn,b) tl Lb Jes one 14 chy = (-asinu acosu,b) Va? +b? n=—(cosu,sinu,0) (4.40) ‘b sinu,—b cosu,a) t Jatt Lalasl GI oblinly b =acot@ Coe GLa! & Bul 5S pet! (4.40) sterbat St uni (At) JEN (Vek) Sie dais ola! 2 Stoll dates LST) dads Lalo! ped si euny Edy HSS imi pul sgeell deteg clint Is x =te,+xte, 3 idall oe las Sal inetd T Gulell olest 1 2 x =——=e, +t" e, dt aT tye ren) x | >Eones) ot chy ko slic axisy pep Tat at ds dt ds 1, ax 2) =T lalate) (Ce, -e,) Liss doe clas! 2, bagi doing OG ALS eg 1 = 0 sic gi misty oe lan k _ ot | [eidery! las (te, -e,) > 4 clad LES Ub Qe k=|k|=2i¢\(+0'y 2ler)? .1>0 eS 0 5t=0 -2r (1+) 2, 7<0 Se 10 ell dale coe 1> 0 eid dale ogy Uy SLLy limu, =e, , limu, =—e, ro ro (0.8) JERE 2 ones gt Loe(8) Gayhes 203 uo ree ay cixiall k elissdl gi eat () 23k =2 Gay = 1 pol Lal ul daa! sic slated jte d date fis seg Gio C tr = r(s) gpa eit Gah (1) Gao call Ted nl, Sadan Gnd ab cle Layee So GIS Zhe fi & hee d=fT +g nthb ws :std,)) Ot feat saa SLL 2 be Ling uy Rane placcunly ioe alcal (d=tbh+kb os ples Darboux Vgajla daeie pou A doit! cogllal! pixill clisdl one (1) r(u)=(a(u -sinu),a(l-cosw),bu), (a, b cul) x Gay oa Be Ty, QWleu=0 sic tT, Ml oions 1 a+b? (US Nie 2 Sle gi Slyhd Gadd asl sale) TT ei = 7 0 pl Aa Spall 2 ales aa r(u)=(U,]+—,——u),u #0 inl of audi (4) uu CU 8 Quer pats Gi Gi cnSi sale) emia [Ally Lins Yl angi (0) r(u)=(acosu,asinu,acos2u), cub a —_(°)—____Lovell Watt Spb yaalyly Uy Sheng CP tage ga Ci = 1(s) pbatie fly Giada YO) 2 Qh eASTS ugall =kk (@) =-k? (ii) =-k oe Ss C yiwiell Liss y Ql gdm Le kT Ce Cilio La! duis 9? Gane places § Jf duuttl Lola : ale.) FPP] (Bb8] estat SEN pall role tnd un! (Y) Elpb tie slatel ple siLill apanlly lal gate Joie Le b, Toe Crr=H(s) pis Lad ne Cir =r(s) bsiill iil ple Und CY ud sll dade Gi cu8i (A) TASLEN Doll Gas Gagdll Ug geal bs te C4 d dr d_odr par fo GP at nie ar cll! gle Had gi aie (ly eis) Udi Ghali Les Tp dae 9B oghle Cir = 1(S) iil ogee So BASSI y yg ll dll Gf adi (4) d’r d’r d*r - Pipes =O, Casall Usb ebb) ((A4) Jlieg og5Lal Cayys5 pascal aby) pbatiie G15 pire Leah Mhbeaie 259) Gols! gi ead (1+) cl opal as TYE dash OySo5 pinta cabled (i) scl lost ee 195 9295 (QSL) Hyg saseM (ii) vey— Les g giawe o5lg3 petal Rul! srec¥! (ili) Sgt Nake cglud pineal Gil Liss ny duuill (iv) Noe Lge biti 65 aN plat yg tall Gol gd 8 TasLut Qolp ll aban) (out Cir = 1(5) laiie pieil cglUl agents Gulall Lgeivas (al Lig slf calles 131 (11) Of bia Sl de PO pe culd oladl eo Fla aoe T =F sind _9 do" k sing ES le LUly clio 2 Tk cae fee plakinly Loliths =cosg « =cos@ :stdy)). Coopllall J! lead S agAll Solo el b 2 Spo OG Soe day HAS Gite LaLa! gf etl ay) r(u)=(20?,3u?,6u) eal Lge bas AT a ea! oll gly col olel ce G15 dagl} ginal eglogpke ch 52x = 0 spill pho Spl Se Lo as Rar (U) + AE ps pull Vales slay) GB A dad sargly UN 18 gles ssiuue 55195 elaiie pint Golulell ciles If i adi CY) ws peak 2 olail ga sisal! ple sageall olele@ cue =0 wo :s14,)) Sob b gigi e = d ols Shills =0 le Juans fuslatlyy col Coda 7 lll obs sSlilley Crraeial kelsey TU gi r(u)=(a fsinf (ade ,a foosf (u )du bu) CO tad ye tebe Uo Alt) cculsgia, b,c ewe kh HCT BN Ga si Bs Jessig r'(u)=(asinf (w),acosf (W),b) 359! add) sale) (ANN los aol Uae ae ols! Ie 2 Sie Cresta GU aa gi (10) r(u)=a JR AR wdu ' -£ cub jlaaea,| R(w)|=1, Ru) #0, Gad Galt Blo R(u) or"=aR AR" Watlamat. r'=aRAR' 358! td 1 13d) pbs A LDL! plakaaly r™=aR' AR" +aR AR" Gai ass (algae 29 ALY! 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Las Ces guleall G opty ikl Jail Weal (3b dale Ulead ci wie ends ppeertly G(T) init S (1) sao gll iS eps JI LSB ital! Sree sf Rag pall B ygucatl gl ugh uly pommsy Sur gll 52> cle ads Tolulell eee C tata T ulead go Sal G(T ):n(s)=T (s) (5.1) 0.0) SS 2 ped ge 5 Lass=—_____ 1018) liga dpeall olesl 2 (g¥! ogeall) Mob gettl buoy foo) adi sic Liu, 1) Chae le Oks eis aS iil Le wi ole Corr = 1(5) imi pull Hag SN ype pees (tee Vein (Jeol Gags Loco) S7(1) saagll 5 Se GM) jar tly ad japag Sg urlsdll opaall G(n):7,(8)=n(s) (5.2) ACY ) talaga iba J! d(s) GSN spent (10) (1.0) Cazy0 2 LoS) coil Ja Se GSH agen oy Satl uel! G(D) cle Geant Wild OLS Y Jol G(b):r(s )=b(s) (5.3). 1010) are lg Hes Ledge coe [gourd 381 G(D) «G(n) «G(T) dg , 0 SY 8 2 Gals le 5) Sas Gegll LEY! baat cle Jeans (5.6) 2 argeley T,=n (5.8) C xia sll agesl 55152 G(T) 59 pS! jaeald Gulell Gi ce Jean 5 S| tantly (5.8) Bria! foley aT, ds —t—ten ds, ds coke Juans G(T) citlly C yiniall ually inyb iuue playkn Dhetb - kT (5.9) ds le dunes gusty By =k? 47? (5.10) ole Juans (5.7) play eae kik? =k? +2? or oe = 4Gy _ cle Juans (5.9) 2 Gargailey th —kT n= (5.12) kee? Lgl, gl cell 2 oa G(T) 9p Sssl paced my ull sgeall gi gi AC intel) agall cgisall) TL b ole jeans (5.12) (5.8) alazinty (tb -kT) 6, =T, An, =21x———= vores Ve +k? wT +kb ; jy (5.13) Nr ek? C intel! agAll gst 2 Least 3) G(T) paced by gsiltll ageall of yi 118) Ja S9rSSN pasa Gapestl soteell olay C teial ag all spiel of owe ale Ui ci sie C jiniat G(T) votsdall S2geall GLB Milly b eT eabgeill pe gginy C imi agit geal! By cry clgeeihl Ne gsiny G(T) sin iall capall sgieall I ail Jam ge ale GL GET) = gi aes (5.8) BLA eg. xD, HT, 52 dale Gagan! Sty G(T) jpeall gagastl gsieadly C pimiell ap all ggteall pe JES le Gopeall Gok lly C plated ay ail sheath LS Sahay M Sg! ele ageall ily Cegageall padi Lop) Gjlsie ga n2all jueall pages! 1 YD) Jide Segall ie tag Ciel ps PS pe ay) GLB! ces TED La gi Abed age! JUS G2 G(T) go ,55H1 tgatl Bigduae Jb 2 Lelie 4 eae (5.13) (5.12) (5.8) atari T,)(0 1 OYT n j=|-kKé 0 re | n|, 5, rE 0 kENb Tagine Wpdsall GLb lily Ban gll gpl Lass agai ie Wgiuae Of edly SHS G9 ad G(T) 6 C 2 JSS ile KS ya SILLY Ox BLA GI gi Lozee (a pel 2 Ga dal DI! aay) (5.14) gogee Ghd Lago 1( 46) Sle wie Cr = r(S) etsiie pik goleat! G(T) 595s)! jreell QU se gi SEER CG Sinaiaaati Bb =D (Ss) RyleSy Saws Jl ud Jes lattls (5.13) cara! ye (G(T) ital tails a8 ine) le Jars ds,_(ki—kr\kT —tb) WN 2,228 ds (ro +k°y a Pek? Meta? th-kT dot “ ink =r gan ‘—D dot =n—t = (5.12) 0) * cies @ (5.12) 5 Lido a “.T=——ta on 5.15 ca (5.15) 1( 00) Juke sinc Cr = 1(s) plate nih G(b) 55,5) Seal 7, GU of ati 4 Glas Ale Ua (5.16) t Jal ee Gt! JN 2 olin! 5S glu alee Cr glesl JEM Lae 2 G(b):r,=b(8) pa G(d) jaca Galesyl Ut! ies F1nd pints LU) fas atl (4.18) dime! puri 7, GU! Lady Spey UL obs 2 ae ale Gall UY (in) Secle Juans Leliiles aise due Ge b 6B 6B SUREN Luss b=—tn ,b =-in-1(tb-kT) b =-#n-t(tb —kT)-2rtb +'nt(k rT +k en =(kit(k rT +(e +k? r-t)n+(-3rtyb sbxb=r( +kb), |bxbleryrtk? [b.b.b]=kri+kce—2kre ake -krd =r(kr—kt) cle ease Ty gill plas al (*) tnall 2 Gaagtly a Cs a Tyr = an Tr +k" tds k isllall p09 2(%0) dao de Voi cad cae (10) JEN 2 Lacs Lgule Jgue oll Soy Le cil ote sll JI ad s Jl deals Jolatlyy T,(s)x 5(8) =55(s} 1(0) Site Sosa pth Lal aac G(T) 59) joel elinsl pla Ga angi culpa, bee r(u)=(acosu,asinu,bu) galral G(T) 2r(s,)=T (5) gyal tl SEet glans G(T) 59S juall G(T) 5 3,S55\ jyell cireie ag Spo all Sy Cae ot ch G(T) e9pSall jaeall ky elas of (1.9) Je 2 Gash of Suey Tt) k, =,fl+ \ & «~ 6b t Wh Galena cob Eg Gao Goll Agel ial Gi Lai Gola! Gil 2 ae $ 2 (5.17) olay P, elon! yb Cua 1 1 1 ee A heey fieey k a SB yguall le Adlue Gea plley alall oyplall Ihe 2 easeno HL! Nae (WD) Sie sali plall yy 5lall jieil yoleal! 69,55 jell elisa! pha Gad gi adi 1( Ad) Ste Gwe sloeke 5 alall gail! init G(T) 69,5! jacll of oudT (5.18) tat ot sas G(T) 5 5ySah jaetl GS has al (5.15) dtl ge ld “1 —tan tt T=— — ,—=const. k ds k k NoaIda = =—— tan” (const.) = zero k ds idl abet applet tet G(T) gyal jeatl cle Lanlls uate 7) GU ot Loy 1S plawe rile gg 140) Site iySl> gi plall Ugplatt jieh G(T) 59S! juall of cas tall Sosell ob tLilhy 7)=0,k, =const. gi Lig (Ao) «(V_0) JLa Sp8hs ga alll onsbal G(T) gape! sogltall JEW tad JL 1( Ved) Jide Gary plall ygplall G(b) «G() 9S! joel! 1,=0,k,=const.; 7, =0,4, =const. 3313 90 alall get G(b) «G(n) oapSotl saat oF st Layley Lyle Spurn! eae; (8.0) (AO) Sle 2 Lgl! Ube gS call gstual Stall JEM JE gy gd 1( 140) Slide OT Ope Goal cygpLel eth Gaal b bajo peg Z “Taro Ssheall 2 5,513 5@ G(T) crt) jak! (i) at “Oaplel yg cle ad Jeol Mads Lo3S peg Z = O syieadl 2 ap51s 5 GC) 55,Sa!! juel! (ii) z= + =const. Saal D359 58 G(b) Sopa! jaall (iii) la’ +b oH 294 (le Ga: Lape 108,— tidal 32 SIAN Gayla teil ciel Lal Jeol r(u)=(acosu,asinu,bu) seul A, b eae ON Usge Jes one Lal GUI 2 Yule Gages atl 4a gyyIl obLuatly T = (-asinu acosu,b), a +b° n =(~cosu,—sinu,0), (5.19) b= 0 sinu,—b cosu,a). Va +b? (+20) 6(A.0) JEL) ans G(b) Gn) G(T) 52a) jasall GUI Gluryy oF 7, =0,7, = 0,7; =0 visi pacall soley ait k d k re an ‘Fig Stan 2 =0 T ds k ds 7 Gi hy ky 6h, collins Lay k= _ =const.= 14ey ‘ . (5.20) ky=1, k= 1+ (b= 1+(2)? = const. ae b a0 G(b) Gn) (G(T) i255) oly pea (5.19) del Lul OE! yo Sypuad! oi gies Miay LOE (Z jp ema gi Cy led! 2 USS tN) GUN coll yi poeee 9m Slo op GSI ype GoLeall UbY! (ye aaa Jim Seal dag Sat FROT Spb! glayy J! Lo gi 3B ygSa5 Magog (ghball jyrea) Z (mr) SeFeentea} 240) Ay ylad semlall {7, 1, b} UY Joke pe detes Jin Jeo) tag all squat! Ug pbll pyre Som B51 38 Gall! Og peall Gil 1( ed ) edad yadd Epeek pews all pe pli ps elie fly piel teal Liss! ple gape cle Legenda seSKl apenlly abead soya ual algBi Slglei keys who jieiel! uugall HLL C Epa isl B= B(S) pile ageall go Sail jee) goal he Jal ole fears Jelly G(b)i75(8 ;)=b(8) sypall 2 he r= rs) seeks ee, (5.21) ds SS yguaall 2. ASI La gle Juans (£.0) Las yell (5.7) BdLa! p0g ds, ds,» 15,5 Sly 4S yankee 5.22 ne) Ce (5.22) oh be telus yeaw Shy (10) Mbp NAP HT? Sylig latin ith MSaIl Ls Cw ) —