WiMAX Overview

&
Technology

Mc lc
1 Tng quan v WiMAX.....................................................................17
1.1 Gii thiu chung v WiMAX.........................................................................17
1.2 S i ln t Wifi n WiMAX.......................................................................17
1.3 Hai m hnh ng dng WiMAX.....................................................................19
1.3.1 M hnh ng dng c nh (Fixed WiMAX)....................................................19
1.3.2 M hnh ng dng WiMAX di ng................................................................20

2 Cc chun trong WiMAX.................................................................20

2.1 Chun IEEE 802.16 - 2001.............................................................................20
2.2 Chun IEEE 802.16a......................................................................................21
2.3 Chun IEEE 802.16c - 2002...........................................................................22
2.4 Chun IEEE 802.16d - 2004...........................................................................22
2.5 Chun IEEE 802.16e 2005..........................................................................22

3 c im chun 802.16d v 802.16e cho WiMAX c nh v di ng

.............................................................................................................23
3.1 Cu trc khung lp PHY................................................................................23
3.1.1 C ch iu khin.............................................................................................31

3.2 Lp MAC.......................................................................................................33
3.2.1 Service-specific convergence sublayer.............................................................34
3.2.2 MAC common path sublayer_lp con phn chung..........................................34
3.2.3 Lp con bo mt..............................................................................................41

3.3 So snh v cc phng thc nng cp t chun 802.16d v 802.16e............46

3.3.1 So snh.............................................................................................................46
3.3.2 Cc phng thc nng cp...............................................................................47

4 Cc k thut c s dng trong WiMAX.......................................47

4.1 K thut iu ch s.......................................................................................47
4.1.1 K thut iu ch pha QPSK............................................................................47
4.1.2 K thut iu ch bin cu phng QAM...................................................49

4.2 K thut iu ch OFDM...............................................................................50

4.3 K thut song cng.........................................................................................54
4.4 K thut a truy nhp.....................................................................................56
4.4.1 TDMA..............................................................................................................56
4.4.2 OFDMA...........................................................................................................56
4.4.3 Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA).........................................................................63

4.5 iu ch thch nghi v m ha AMC.............................................................64

4.6 C ch yu cu truyn li t ng ARQ.........................................................66
4.6.1 Kiu ARQ dng v i....................................................................................67
4.6.2 Kiu ARQ li N..............................................................................................68
4.6.3 Kiu ARQ chn lc.........................................................................................70
4.6.4 Hybrid ARQ.....................................................................................................71

4.7 Phn hi knh nhanh CIQCH.........................................................................72

4.8 H tr cht lng dch v QoS.......................................................................73
4.9 Dch v lp lch MAC....................................................................................75
4.10 Chuyn giao trong WiMAX di ng............................................................76
4.11 Qun l s di ng v cng sut tiu th.....................................................79

Mc lc hnh nh
Hnh 1.1 M hnh mng WiMAX c nh..........................................................................8
Hnh 3.1 Cu trc khung OFDM dnh cho truyn TDD...................................................14
Hnh 3.2 Cu trc khung OFDM dnh cho truyn FDD...................................................15
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc khung WiMAX OFDM........................................................................18
Hnh 3.4 Minh ha khung OFDMA vi cu trc a vng.................................................19
Hnh 3.5 M hnh lp PHY v MAC................................................................................22
Hnh 3.7 nh dng MAC PDU........................................................................................25
Hnh 3.8 Generic MAC header format..............................................................................26
Hnh 3.9 Bandwidth request header..................................................................................27
Hnh 3.10 MAC management messages format................................................................28
Hnh 3.11 Ghp MAC PDU..............................................................................................28
Hnh 3.12 MAC PDU encryption.....................................................................................29
Hnh 3.13 M hnh lp con bo mt.................................................................................31
Hnh 3.14 Giao thc chng thc.......................................................................................34
Hnh 4.1 iu ch QPSK..................................................................................................36
Hnh 4.2 B bin i ni tip song song...........................................................................37
Hnh 4.3 T hp bit iu ch QPSK.................................................................................37
Hnh 4.4 S khi iu ch QPSK.................................................................................38
Hnh 4.5 S khi phng php iu ch M_QAM......................................................39
Hnh 4.6 K thut ghp knh theo tn s trc giao...........................................................40
Hnh 4.7 Cu trc ca mt k hiu OFDM.......................................................................41
Hnh 4.8 Tin t vng CP v hin tng a ng..........................................................43
Hnh 4.9 Hai ch song cng TDD v FDD..................................................................44
Hnh 4.10 Cu trc sng mang con OFDMA....................................................................46
Hnh 4.11 Knh con ha trong OFDMA...........................................................................47
Hnh 4.12 S to knh trong m hnh FUSH....................................................................48
Hnh 4.13 Cluster trong m hnh DL PUSH.....................................................................48
Hnh 4.14 Tile trong m hnh UL PUSH...........................................................................49
Hnh 4.15 M hnh AMC..................................................................................................50
Hnh 4.16 Nhm cc sng mang con cho mi ngi dng khc nhau..............................51

Hnh 4.17 Cu trc khung cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA............................................51

Hnh 4.18 iu ch thch nghi v m ha da trn khong cch vi BS..........................54
Hnh 4.19 M hnh giao thc ARQ dng v i...............................................................56
Hnh 4.20 M hnh giao thc ARQ li N..........................................................................57
Hnh 4.21 Giao thc ARQ li N vi gi tin b li.............................................................58
Hnh 4.22 Giao thc ARQ li N vi ACK b li...............................................................58
Hnh 4.23 C ch yu cu lp li khi li xy ra................................................................60
Hnh 4.24 H tr QoS WiMAX di ng...........................................................................62
Hnh 4.25 Chuyn giao cng HHO...................................................................................66
Hnh 4.26 Chuyn trm gc nhanh ( FBSS ).....................................................................67
Hnh 4.27 Chuyn giao phn tp MDHO..........................................................................68

Mc lc bng biu
Bng 3.1 Thng s nh dng ca DLFP..........................................................................15
Bng 3.2 Mt s bn tin s dng kt ni c s.................................................................22
Bng 3.3 Mt s bn tin s dng kt ni qun l s cp...................................................22
Bng 3.4 Ni dung kha chng thc AK trong PMK version 2........................................31
Bng 3.5 Bng so snh chun 802.16d v 802.16e...........................................................33
Bng 4.1 Cc tham s t l OFDMA.................................................................................51
Bng 4.2 Tc d liu PHY trong WiMAX di ng......................................................53
Bng 4.3 Cc dch v WiMAX v QoS...........................................................................61

1 Tng quan v WiMAX

1.1 Gii thiu chung v WiMAX
Wimax , tn vit tt ca Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, l h
thng truy nhp vi ba c tnh tng tc ton cu da trn c s tiu chun k thut
IEEE 802.16-2004. Tiu chun ny do hai t chc quc t a ra: T cng tc 802.16
trong ban tiu chun IEEE 802, v Din n WiMAX. T cng tc IEEE 802.16 l
ngi ch nh ra tiu chun; cn Din n WiMAX l ngi trin khai ng dng tiu
chun IEEE 802.16. WiMAX l mt cng ngh c tao ra bi s nh hng ca cc
thnh phn truyn tin v s trang b ca cc cng ty, n thc y v chng nhn
tnh tng thch ca thit b truy nhp bng rng khng dy, n tng thch vi chun
IEEE 802.16 v chun ETSI-HIPERMAN. WiMax hot ng gn ging vi Wi-Fi
nhng c ci thin kh nhiu c th tng tc truyn dn d liu ti 70 Mbit/s
vi phm vi hot ng 2-10 km trong khu vc thnh th v 50 km ti nhng vng ho
lnh.
T chc phi li nhun WiMAX bao gm cc cng ty sn xut thit b v linh kin
truyn thng hng u th gii ang n lc thc y v xc nhn tnh tng thch v
kh nng hot ng tng tc ca thit b truy cp khng dy bng thng rng tun
theo chun k thut IEEE 802.16 v tng tc trin khai truy cp khng dy bng
thng rng trn ton cu. Do cc chun 802.16 thng c bit n vi ci tn
WiMAX.
Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy ang c trin khai ng dng c trin vng nhm b
sung cho mng thng tin di ng. Mng Wi-Fi ch yu phc v cho mng cc b
LAN, cn WiMAX phc v ch yu cho mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network). Mng WiMAX cng nh mng th hu tuyn (truyn dn qua cp) nh
mng DSL u c s dng phc v cc thu bao trong vng ti 50km.

1.2 S i ln t Wifi n WiMAX

Trn thc t, trong thi gian qua, vi s ra i ca Wifi lm thay i cch thc trao
i thng tin ca ngi s dng.Tuy nhin, do Wifi l cng ngh c thit k hng
ti cc mng LAN kh dy, chnh v vy trong nhng trng hp c th, khi p dng
cng ngh ny cho mng MAN, th n bc l rt nhiu nhng hn ch. Trc ht

Wifi c thit k cho mng t thu bao,knh truyn ca n c nh kch thc khong
20Mhz, do vy rt km linh hot. Bn cnh , Wifi khng h tr kin trc Mesh, mt
kin trc m bo s lin thng tt trong mng th.Hn na, nu ta truyn trong
mi trng tt, t nhiu, tm nhn thng ( LOS ), dng cc Anten nh hng vi cng
sut ln th Wifi cng ch t ti khong cch vi km, rt hn ch cho vic ph
song trong mt pham vi ln
S ra i ca Wimax khc phc c nhng nhc im trn ca Wifi. Hin nay,
Wimax c xem l mt gii php ton din ca cng ngh khng dy bng rng
trong th, ngoi v nhng vng nng thn xa xi ho lnh Wimax cho php
truyn khng dy cc loi d liu, hnh nh, m thanh nhanh hn c DSL hay cp, v
tt nhin l nhanh hn nhiu ln cc cng ngh khng dy hin hnh nh 802.11a hay
802.11b m khng yu cu iu kin truyn thng.
WiMAX l mng khng dy ph sng mt vng rng ln, thun tin cho vic trin
khai mng nhanh, thun li v c li ch kinh t cao so vi vic ko cp, c bit l
vng c a hnh phc tp. V vy, mng truy nhp khng dy bng rng WiMAX s
p ng c cc chng trnh ph cp Internet cc vng su, vng xa, ni c mt
dn c tha. i vi cc vng mt dn c va phi (ngoi vi cc thnh ph ln
ni i hi cung cp a dch v vi cht lng c m bo) th vic trin khai
WiMAX cung cp cc dch v a phng tin s nhanh v c hiu qu kinh t cao
hn v vi vic cung cp bng thng rng s p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng.
WiMAX c nhng u th vt tri so vi cc cng ngh cung cp dch v bng thng
rng hin nay v tc truyn d liu v gi c thp do cung cp cc dch v trn nn
IP. Vi kh nng truy nhp t xa, tc d liu cao p ng a dng cc dch v nh
Internet tc cao, thoi qua IP, video lung/chi game trc tuyn cng vi cc ng
dng cng thm cho doanh nghip nh hi ngh video v gim st video, mng ring
o bo mt... WiMAX ph hp vi cc ng dng truy cp xch tay, vi s hp nht
trong cc my tnh xch tay v PDA, cho php truy nhp khng dy bng rng ngoi
tri cc khu vc th, ng thi cng thch ng vi cc ng dng truy nhp bng
rng c nh nhng vng xa xi, ho lnh.
WiMAX l mt gii php tuyt vi v mt cng ngh kt ni nhng s cn mt chi ph
ln phi b ra pht trin h tng cho mt h thng mi trong khi h thng c vn
cn cha c s dng ht. Qu thc, nu phi u t mt khon kinh ph trin
khai WiMAX trn mt quy m ln trong khi cng ngh 3G vn l tim nng cha khai

thc ht th chc chn cc cng ty vin thng s phi tnh ton v cn nhc ht sc k
lng trc khi b tin u t cho vic pht trin dch v ny.

1.3 Hai m hnh ng dng WiMAX

Tiu chun IEEE 802.16 xut 2 m hnh ng dng:
M hnh ng dng c nh
M hnh ng dng di ng.

1.3.1 M hnh ng dng c nh (Fixed WiMAX)

M hnh c nh s dng cc thit b theo tiu chun IEEE.802.16-2004. Tiu chun
ny gi l khng dy c nh v thit b thng tin lm vic vi cc anten t c nh
ti nh cc thu bao. Anten t trn nc nh hoc trn ct thp tng t nh cho
thng tin v tinh.

Hnh 1.1 M hnh mng WiMAX c nh

Tiu chun IEEE 802.16-2004 cng cho php t anten trong nh nhng tt nhin tn
hiu thu khng khe bng anten ngoi tri. Bng tn cng tc ( theo quy nh v phn
b ca quc gia ) trong bng 2,5GHz hoc 3,5GHz. rng bng tng l 3,5MHz.
Trong mng c nh, WiMAX thc hin cch tip ni khng dy n cc modem cp,
n cc i dy thu bao ca mch xDSL hoc mch Tx/Ex (truyn pht/chuyn
8

mch) v mch OC-x (truyn ti qua sng quang). WiMAX c nh c th phc v

cho cc loi ngi dng (user) nh: cc x nghip, cc khu dn c nh l, mng cp
truy nhp WLAN cng cng ni ti mng th, cc trm gc BS ca mng thng tin
di ng v cc mch iu khin trm BS. V cch phn b theo a l, cc user th c
th phn tn ti cc a phng nh nng thn v cc vng su vng xa kh a mng
cp hu tuyn n .
S kt cu mng WiMAX c a ra trn hnh 1.4. Trong m hnh ny b phn
v tuyn gm cc trm gc WiMAX BS (lm vic vi anten t trn thp cao) v cc
trm ph SS (SubStation). Cc trm WiMAX BS ni vi mng th MAN hoc
mng PSTN

1.3.2 M hnh ng dng WiMAX di ng

M hnh WiMAX di ng s dng cc thit b ph hp vi tiu chun IEEE 802.16e.
Tiu chun 802.16e b sung cho tiu chun 802.16-2004 hng ti cc user c nhn di
ng, lm vic trong bng tn thp hn 6GHz. Mng li ny phi hp cng WLAN,
mng di ng cellular 3G c th to thnh mng di ng c vng ph sng rng. Hy
vng cc nh cung cp vin thng hip ng cng tc thc hin c mng vin
thng digital truy nhp khng dy c phm vi ph sng rng tha mn c cc nhu
cu a dng ca thu bao. Tiu chun IEEE 802.16e c thng qua trong nm 2005.

2 Cc chun trong WiMAX

2.1 Chun IEEE 802.16 - 2001
Chun IEEE 802.16-2001 c hon thnh vo thng 10/2001 v c cng b vo
ngy 08/04/2002, nh ngha c t k thut giao din khng gian WirelessMAN
cho cc mng vng th. Vic hon thnh chun bo trc s chp nhn truy nhp
khng dy bng rng nh mt cng c ch yu mi trong s c gng lin kt cc ta
nh v c quan doanh nghip vi cc mng vin thng nng ct trn th gii.
Nh trong nh ngha chun IEEE 802.16, mt mng vng th khng dy cung cp
s truy nhp mng cho cc ta nh thng qua ngten ngoi tri c th truyn thng vi
cc trm c s rai trung tm (BS). Do h thng khng dy c kh nng hng vo
nhng vng a l rng, hoang vng m khng cn pht trin c s h tng tn km
9

nh trong vic trin khai cc kt ni cp nn cng ngh t ra t tn km hn trong vic

trin khai v nh vy dn n s truy cp bng rng tng ln khp mi ni. Bn thit
k MAC WirelessMAN c th lm thch nghi mi kt ni vi cht lng dch v
(QoS) hon ho. Vi cng ngh c m rng theo hng ny, n l chun c pht
trin h tr nhng ngi cung lun cn s di chuyn ( v d nh trong xe c chng
hn ).
Chun IEEE 802.16 c thit k m ra mt tp cc giao din khng gian (air
interfaces) da trn mt giao thc MAC thng thng nhng vi cc c t lp vt l
ph thuc vo vic s dng v nhng iu chnh ph c lin quan. Chun hng vo
cc tn s t 10 66 GHz, ni ph rng hin c sn s dng trn ton cu, nhng
ti nhng bc sng ngn c xem nh nhng thch thc trong vic trin khai.
Chnh v l do l tin cho s ra i ca chun mi, chun 802.16a.

2.2 Chun IEEE 802.16a

Chun 802.16a c hon thnh vo thng 11 - 2002 v c cng b vo thng 4 2003. Chun ny cung cp kh nng truy cp bng rng khng dy u cui v im
kt ni bng bng tn 2-11 GHz, bao gm c nhng ph cp php v khng cp php,
vi khong cch kt ni ti a c th t ti 50 km trong trng hp kt ni im
im v 7-10 km trong trng hp kt ni t im a im. Tc truy nhp c th
t ti 70 Mbps.
Trong khi vi di tn 10-66Ghz chun 802.16 - 2001 phi yu cu tm nhn thng, th
vi di tn 2-11Ghz chun 802.16a cho php kt ni m khng cn tho mn iu kin
tm nhn thng, trnh c tc ng ca cc vt cn trn ng truyn nh cy ci,
nh ca. Chun ny s gip ngnh vin thng c cc gii php nh cung cp bng
thng theo yu cu, vi thi gian thi cng ngn hay bng thng rng cho h gia nh
m cng ngh thu bao s hay mng cp khng tip cn c. So snh vi nhng tn
s cao hn, nhng ph nh vy to c hi thu c nhiu khch hng hn vi chi
ph chp nhn c, mc d cc tc d liu l khng cao. Tuy nhin, cc dch v s
hng ti nhng to nh ring l hay nhng x nghip va v nh.

10

2.3 Chun IEEE 802.16c - 2002

Chun IEEE 802.16c c a ra vo thng 9/2002. Chun c nng cp ln t
chun 802.16 2001. Bn cp nht sa mt s li v s mu thun trong bn tiu
chun ban u v thm vo mt s profiles h thng chi tit cho di tn 10 66 GHz.

2.4 Chun IEEE 802.16d - 2004

Chun IEEE 802.16-2004 c chnh thc ph chun ngy 24/07/2004 v c cng
b rng ri vo thng 9/2004. IEEE 802.16 2004 thng c gi vi tn 802.16REVd. Chun ny c hnh thnh da trn s tch hp cc chun 802.16-2001,
802.16a, 802.16c. Chun mi ny c pht trin thnh mt tp cc c t h thng
c tn l IEEE 802.16-REVd, nhng ton din phn loi nh l mt s k tha
hon chnh chun IEEE 802.16 ban u.
Chun 802.16d h tr c 2 di tn s, cho php kt ni thc hin cc mi trng
khc nhau :
Bng tn 10 66 Ghz : vi bng tn ny thng c dung trong mi trng
tm nhn thng ( LOS ). rng knh c khuyn ngh cho di tn ny l 25
n 28 MHz. N cung cp kh nng h tr tt trong nhng ng dng m hnh
im a im.
Bng tn 2 11 GHz : vi bng tn ny thng c dung trong mi trng
khng trong tm nhn thng ( NLOS ).N cung cp kh nng h tr tt trong
nhng ng dng m hnh Mesh.

2.5 Chun IEEE 802.16e 2005

Chun 802.16e - 2005 c t chc IEEE a ra vo thng 11 - 2005. y l phin
bn pht trin da trn vic nng cp chun 802.16 - 2004 nhm h tr thm cho cc
dch v di ng. Chun ny s dng k thut a truy nhp SOFDMA ( Scalable
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access ), k thut iu ch a sng
mang s dng knh ph. Bng tn c khuyn co dnh cho chun l < 6Ghz
phc v cho cc ng dng trong mi trng ko trong tm nhn thng v ng dng di
ng. Tuy tc v kh nng bao ph khng c ln nh chun c nh, nhng vi
knh bng thng 10 Mhz, n cng c th t ti tc 30 MHz, vi kh nng bao ph
ti 15 km. Mt c im ni bt ca chun ny l c th ng dng trong mi trng di
ng vi tc l thuyt c th ln ti n 120 km/h.
11

3 c im chun 802.16d v 802.16e cho WiMAX c

nh v di ng
Trong chun IEEE 802.16 d v 802.16e c a ra 4 cu hnh dnh cho lp PHY l:
+ Wireless MAN-SC PHY s dng phng php iu ch n sng mang v hot
ng ti bng tn t 10-66 GHz
+ Wireless MAN-SCa PHY cng s dng phng php iu ch n sng mang
nhng c thit k hot ng trong mi trng NLOS v trong gii tn s di
11GHz
+ Wireless MAN-OFDM PHY s dng phng php iu ch OFDM , c thit
k hot ng trong mi trng NLOS v trong di tn s di 11GHz
+ Wireless MAN-OFDM PHY cng s dng phng php iu ch OFDM v
cng hot ng trong mi trng NLOS di tn s 11GHz, nhng y l lp PHY
m rng cho cc ng dng mobile.

3.1 Cu trc khung lp PHY

Trong bng tn cp php, phng php song cng c la chn l FDD hoc TDD.
Trong bng tn khng phi ng k phng php song cng c s dng l TDD.
Mt khung thi gian bao gm PHY PDU ca BS v SS, khong trng v thi gian bo
v.
OFDM PHY h tr truyn thng tin da trn cc khung. Mt khung bao gm mt
downlink subframe v mt uplink subframe. Mt downlink subframe ch bao gm mt
dowlink PHY PDU, mt uplink subframe bao gm mt hoc nhiu uplink PHY PDUs,
mi ci c truyn t mt SS khc nhau.
Mt downlink bt u bng mt phn preamble(?) c s dng ng b PHY, tip
theo l mt FCH brust. FCH brust l mt OFDM symbol di v c truyn s dng
BPSK vi tc vi h thng m bt buc. Nu c truyn trong khung th mt
bn tin DL_MAP s l MAC_PDU u tin trong burst ngay sau FCH. Mt bn tin
UL_MAP s nm ngay sau bn tin DL_MAP (nu nh n c truyn) hoc l DLFP
(nu nhu bn tin DL_MAP khng c truyn). Nu bn tin UCD v DCD c
truyn trong khung n s i ngay sau bn tin DL_MAP v UL_MAP. Mc d burst # 1
bao gm cc bn tin iu khin MAC broadcast nhng n khng cn thit phi s
dng phng php iu ch v m ha hiu qu. Phng php iu ch m ha hiu

12

qu c th s dng nu n c h tr v p dng cho tt c cc SS ca mt BS. Mt

FCH c theo sau bi mt hoc nhiu downlink burst.
Mi mt downlink burst bao gm mt s nguyn cc OFDM symbol. V tr v cc
profile ca downlink burst u tin c xc nh trong downlink frame prefix
(DLFP). V tr v cu trc ca (profile) ca s lng burst theo sau cng c th s
c xc nh trong DLFP. Ti thiu mt DL_MAP y phi c broadcast trong
burst# 1. (thng tin trong bng 342)
V tr v profile ca cc burst khc c xc nh trong DL_MAP

13

Hnh 3.2 Cu trc khung OFDM dnh cho truyn TDD

14

Hnh 3.3 Cu trc khung OFDM dnh cho truyn FDD

Sau y l cc thng s nh dng ca DLFP:
15

C php
DL_frame_prefix_format(){
Base_station_ID

Kch thc

Note

4 bits

Frame_number
Configuration_change_coun
t
Reserved
For (n=0;n<4;n++){
DL_frame_prefix_IE(){
Rate_ID/DIUC

4 bits
4 bts

4LBS ca BS_ID.
Burst c xc nh
bi DLFP s khng
c gii m nu
nhng bit ny khng
ph hp vi nhng bit
ca BS m n c
ng k
4 LBS
4 LBS ca gi tr
change count
S c thit lp v 0

4 bits
4 bits

i vi nhng thng
tin u tin n s
c m ha rate_ID
theo bng 224.

If(DIUC!=0){
Preamble present

1 bit

Length

11 bits

Nu bit ny bng 1
th preamble s nm
trc burst
S OFDM symbol
trong burst

} else {
Start time
}
}
}
HSC
}

12 bits

8 bits

Bng 3.1 Thng s nh dng ca DLFP

8 bits Header Check Sequence s dng pht hin li trong DL Frame Prefix. a
thc sinh l g ( D) D 8 D 2 D 1 . Bn truyn s mang tt c cc byte trong DLFP
16

ngoi tr thng tin c lu cho HCS v chia chng cho hm g (x) v s dng s d
nh l mt m HCS. Ti bn nhn, php chia DLFP cho g (x) s s d bng 0 nu
thng tin thu c l chnh xc.
Cu trc khung PMP trong WiMAX di ng
Trong h thng s dng TDD v FDD bn song cng, cc trm thu bao chp nhn
phi c to bi khong h truyn dn gia cc trm thu bao thu/pht SSRTG (
Subscriber Station Receive/Transmit Transition Gap ) v khong h truyn dn gia
cc trm thu bao pht/thu SSTTG ( Subscriber Station Transmit/Receive Transition
Gap ). Trm gc s khng th truyn thng tin ng xung ti mt trm mun hn
thi gian SSRTG v tr vng lp RTD ( Round Trip Delay ) trc khi bt u vic lp
lch cp pht ng ln u tin ca n. Thm vo , trm thu bao khng nhng
c php thu nhn mo u ng xung ( preamble downlink ) cho mi khung
m n cn cha ng d liu DL trong , bo m cho cc khong c ch nh
trn khng c chng lp vo phn mo u. Cc thng s SSRTG v SSTTG c
cung cp bi BS v SS da trn nhng yu cu trong qu trnh i vo mng
Hnh sau minh ha cu trc khung OFDM ch TDD.Mi khung c chia ra
thnh cc khung ln v khung xung bi b Pht / Thu v Thu / Pht trnh ng
gia ng ln v ng xung. Trong mt khung, cc thng tin iu khin i theo
m bo h thng hot ng ti u :
- Phn u khung ( Preamble ) : Phn mo u, c s dng cho ng b, l symbol
OFDM u tin ca khung.
- Tiu iu khin khung FCH ( Frame Control Head ) : FCH nm sau phn mo
u khung. N cung cp thng tin cu hnh khung nh di bn tin MAP, nguyn l
m ha v cc knh con hu dng.
- DL-MAP v UL-MAP : DL-MAP v UL-MAP cung cp s cp pht knh con v
cc thng tin iu khin khc ln lt cho cc khung con DL v UL.
- Sp xp UL : Knh con sp xp cho UL c cp pht cho cc trm di ng MS
( Mobile Station ) iu chnh thi gian vng kn, tn s v cng sut cng nh yu
cu v bng thng.
- UL CQICH : Knh UL CQICH cung cp cho trm di ng MS phn hi thng tin
trng thi knh.
- UL ACK : Knh UL ACK cung cp cho trm di ng MS phn hi thng tin bo
nhn DL HARQ.

17

Hnh 3.4 Cu trc khung WiMAX OFDM

Knh con c cp pht trn ng xung c th hot ng theo nhng cch sau :
knh con c s dng mt phn PUSC ( Partial Usage of Subchannel ) khi m ch
mt s cc knh con c cp pht dnh cho truyn dn. FCH s c truyn i s
dng iu ch QPSK tc 1/2 vi 4 s lp li s dng biu m ha bt buc
( thng tin FCH s c gi vo trong 4 knh con cng vi s lng knh con logic k
tip ) trong vng PUSC. FCH cha ng tin t khung DL ( DL_Frame_Prefix ) c
biu din hnh di v di l thuyt ca bn tin DL MAP i theo trc tip
DL_Frame_Prefix, v m ha lp c s dng cho bn tin UL MAP.
Vic chuyn trng thi t gia iu ch v m ha din ra ranh gii cc khe trong
min thi gian ( tr min AAS ) v cc knh con bn trong k hiu OFMDA trong
min tn s.
Trong WiMax di ng, vic s dng knh con linh hot c thc hin d dng
do phn on knh con v vng hon v. Mt phn on l mt s phn mnh ca cc
knh con OFDMA sn c (mt on c th gm ton b cc knh con). Mt on
c s dng trin khai mt trng hp n l ca MAC. Nh vy , khung

18

OFMDA c th cha nhiu vng ( nh l PUSC, FUSC, PUSC vi tt c cc knh

con, FUSC ty chn, AMC, USC1 v USC2 ). Vng hon v l mt s lng cc
k hiu OFDMA lin k trong DL hoc UL m s dng cng hon v. Khung con DL
hoc UL bao gm nhiu hn mt vng hon v c m t trn di.

Hnh 3.5 Minh ha khung OFDMA vi cu trc a vng

Nhng gii hn di y c ng dng cho cp pht ng xung
a) S lng ti a cho cc vng ng xung l 8 trong mt khung con ng
xung
b) i vi mi SS, s lng ti a cc burst c gii m trong mt khung con
ng xung l 64. N bao gm tt c cc burst khng c CID hoc CID trng vi
CID ca SS.
c) i vi mi SS, s lng ti a cc burst truyn mt cch ng thi v trc
tip ti MS c gii hn bi cc gi tr l thuyt trong Max_Num_TLV ( bao gm tt
c cc burst khng c CID hoc c CID trng vi CID ca MS ). Cc burst truyn
ng thi l nhng burst chia s nhng k hiu OFDMA ging nhau. Trc khi MS
hon thnh vic trao i vi BS s truyn d liu ti MS ng thi trong burst d liu
u tin ca mi k hiu.

19

Nu BS cp pht nhiu d liu burst hay zone hn th sau SS s c yu cu gii

m cc burst/zone u tin trc khi t ti gii hn.

3.1.1 C ch iu khin
ng b mng
TDD v FDD c th nhn bit, n s ngh (khng yu cu) tt c cc BS ng
b ha v thi gian theo mt tn hiu thi gian chung. Nu nh mt tn hiu thi gian,
BS vn tip tc hot ng v t ng ng b ha li theo theo tn hiu thi gian ca
mng khi n c phc hi. frequency references nhn c t timing reference c
th c s dng iu khin chnh xc tn s ca BS vi iu kin l chng p
ng nhng yu cu v chnh xc tn s theo 8.3.12. iu ny p dng trong iu kin
hot ng bnh thng trong qu trnh mt timing reference.

Ranging
C hai loi qu trnh ranging: initial ranging (ranging ban u) v periodic ranging
(ranging chu k). Initial ranging (ng b th) v power din ra trong hai pha: th
nht l lc ng k v lc mt ng b ha, th hai l trong qu trnh truyn da trn
mt chu k. Initial ranging s dng

Bandwidth requesting
C hai loi REQ Region trong mt frame l: REQ Region-full v REQ RegionFocuse. Trong mt REQ Region-full, khi mt subchannelization khng c active
mi TO s bao gm mt preamble ngn
Khi subchannelization c active, phn c cp c phn vo TO c trong tn s
v thi gian. rng (trong knh ph) v chiu di (trong OFDM symbol) ca mi
TO c nh ngha trong bn tin UCD (bng 352). Truyn thng tin ca mt SS s
bao gm

iu khin cng sut

Tng t nh vic iu khin tn s, mt thut ton iu khin cng sut s c h
tr cho knh uplink vi s kim tra ban u v s iu chnh trong qu trnh hot ng
khng mt d liu. Mc tiu ca thut ton iu khin cng sut l mang li mt
cng sut thu t mt thu bao cho trc ti mc mong mun. Mt cng sut thu
20

c nh ngha l tng cng sut thu ca mt thu bao cho trc chia cho s sng
mang ph active. Khi mt knh ph khng c thu, th s lng sng mang ph
active tng ng vi tt c cc thu bao v thut ton iu khin cng sut s mang li
tng cng sut thu t mt thu bao cho trc ti mc mong mun. BS s c kh
nng o chnh xc cng sut ca tn hiu burst nhn c. Gi tr ny sau c th
c so snh li vi mt mc tham chiu v kt qu sai lch c th gi tr li SS trong
mt bn tin. Thut ton iu khin cng sut c thit k h tr s suy gim cng
sut theo khong cch suy hao v s giao ng ca cng sut. S p dng thut ton
ny c a ra bi nh sn xut. Phm vi iu khin tng cng sut bao gm hai
phn: th nht l phn c nh v th hai l phn t ng iu khin bi phn hi.
Thut ton iu khin cng sut s xem xt n s tng tc gia khuych i cng
sut RF vi cc burst profile khc nhau.
Khi knh ph c thu, SS s duy tr mt cng sut c truyn tr khi t ti
mc cng sut ti a. Ngha l khi s lng knh ph cp cho mt ngi s dng
gim i, SS s gim tng cng sut c truyn mt cch tng ng m khng cn c
thm bn tin iu khin cng sut. Khi s knh ph tng tng cng sut c truyn s
c tng tng ng. Tuy nhin mc cng sut c truyn s khng t n mc ti
a. SS s thng bo cng sut ti a cho php v cng sut truyn bnh thng.
SS s thng bo cng sut ti a cho php v cng sut truyn hin thi. nhng thng
s ny c th c s dng bi BS phc v cho vic la chn m ha ,iu ch v
phn phi knh ph. Thut ton l do nh sn xut a ra. Cc thng s ny c
thng bo trong bn tin SBC-REQ. Cng sut truyn hin thi cng s c thng bo
trong bn tin REP-RSP nu nh c thch hp c thit lp.
Cng sut truyn hin thi l cng sut ca burst m mang bn tin. Cng sut ti a
cho php c quy inh cho cc mc iu ch BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM.
Thng s cng sut hin thi v cng sut ti a c n v l dbm. Cc thng s ny
dao ng vi bc nhy 0.5dbm trong phm vi t -64dbm (m ha 0x00) n
63.5dbm (m ha 0xFF). Cc gi tr ngoi khong ny s c gn cho gi tr trong
khong m gn nht. Nhng SS khng h tr iu ch 64QAM s thng bo gi tr
0x00 trong trng cng sut ln nht dnh cho iu ch 64QAM.

21

3.2 Lp MAC
Cng ging nh cc b phn khc ca h 802 ca IEEE, m hnh tham chiu chun
802.16e ca WiMAX di ng ch tp trung vo hai lp : lp lin kt d liu ( Datalink
Layer ) v lp vt l ( Physical Layer ) trong m hnh OSI.

Hnh 3.6 M hnh lp PHY v MAC

Trong nhng cng b u tin ca chun IEEE 802.16 ch ra rng n hot ng trong
tm nhn thng LOS bng tn cao trong di tn s t 10GHz n 66GHz. Nhng
c sa i v ch ra trong chun IEEE 802.16e, thit k cho cc h thng hot
ng di tn t 2 GHz n 6 GHz. ngha quan trng ca s khc nhau gia hai
bng tn trn l kh nng h tr trong tm nhn khng thng NLOS v tn s
thp khi m cc thit b khng th thc hin c tn s cao. Lp MAC m t trong
802.16e bao gm 3 lp con : lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v ( Service Specific
Convergence Sublayer ), lp con MAC phn chung ( MAC Common Part Sublayer )
v lp con bo mt ( Privacy Sublayer ).

22

3.2.1 Service-specific convergence sublayer

Lp con chuyn bit v dch v nm pha trn lp con phn chung, lp con ny thc
hin cc chc nng nh nhn, phn loi v x l cc PDUs t cc lp cao hn, phn
pht cc dch v PDUs n cc kt ni MAC thich hp. Chun 802.16 d a ra hai lp
con chuyn bit v dch v, l lp con quy t ATM v lp con quy t gi. Lp con
quy t ATM c nh ngha cho nhng dch v ATM . Lp con quy t gi nm
pha trn lp con phn chung MAC thc hin cc chc nng phn loi cc PDU ca
cc lp cao hn vo trong cc kt ni thch hp, lp con ny a ra nhm thc hin
nhim v nh x cc dch v gi nh IP, PPP, Ethernet

3.2.2 MAC common path sublayer_lp con phn chung

Trong mng wireless c hai topology thng c s dng truyn thng tin l
Point to Point v Mesh. Chun 802.16 a ra lp MAC h tr cho c hai topology
trn.

Point to point
Mi SS c mt a ch MAC 48-bit, a ch ny l duy nht n c s dng trong qu
trnh x l ng nhp cho mt SS. Cc kt ni c nhn bit boi 16 bit CID, ti SS
lc khi to c 2 kt ni qun l (uplink v downlink) c thit lp gia BS v SS v
mt qun l th 3 na c th c to ra. Ba kt ni qun l ny nh x 3 cp khc
nhau ca QoS cho 3 mc qun l khc nhau gia BS v SS. Kt ni c s c s
dung bi BS MAC v SS MAC truyn cc ban tin qun l MAC ngn nh:

Message
name
DBPC-REQ
DBPC-RSP
REP-RSP
REP-REQ

Message description
Downlink Burst Profile Channel
Request
Downlink Burst Profile Channel
Response
Channel measurement Report
Response
Channel measurement Report Request

Connectio
n
Basic
Basic
Basic
Basic

Bng 3.2 Mt s bn tin s dng kt ni c s

23

Kt ni qun l s cp c s dng truyn nhng ban tin qun l MAC di hn v

c tr ln hn nh:

Message
name
REG-REQ

Message description

Connection

Registration Request

REG-RSP

Registration Response

PKM-REQ

Privacy
Key
Request
Privacy
Key
Response

Primary
Management
Primary
Management
Primary
Management
Primary
Management

PKM-RSP

Management
Management

Bng 3.3 Mt s bn tin s dng kt ni qun l s cp

Cui cng l kt ni qun l th cp c s dng boi BS v SS truyn nhng bn
tin qun l da trn c s cc chun nh DHCP, TFTP, SNMP. Bn tin mang trong kt
ni th cp c th c ng gi (packed) hoc phn mnh (fragmented). Vi cc cu
hnh lp PHY l SCa, OFDM, OFDMA bn tin qun l c thm CRC. Kt ni qun l
th cp ch dnh cho qun l SS.
CID cho cc kt ni c a vo trong bn tin RNG-RSP v REG-RSP. Cc giao
tip bn tin cung cp 3 gi tr CID. Cc gi tr CID ging nhau c cung cp cho c
hai hng (uplink v downlink) ca kt ni.
i vi cc dch v c thu, th BS bt u thit lp kt ni trn c s thng tin
phn b ti BS . Qu trnh ng k ca mt BS hoc qu trnh thay i dch v k
ca mt BS, s bt buc BS bt u ci li hot ng lp cao hn ca kt ni.

Mesh
Mi node c mt a ch MAC 48 bit. a ch ny l duy nht do cc nh sn xut thit
b a ra. a ch ny c s dng trong qu trnh x l mng v l mt phn ca
qu trnh x l chng thc

24

Sau khi c xc nhn vo mng th node ny s nhn 16 bit ID. Node ID l c s cho
vic nhn din node trong qu trnh hot ng. Node ID c truyn trong phn tip
u ph nm sau MAC header chung trong thng ip unicat v broadcast .
Link ID c gi tr bit c s dng cho a ch node trong local neighborhood, mi
mt node s gn mt ID dnh cho mi link m n thit lp ti hng xm ca n. Link
ID c truyn nh mt phn ca CID trong generic MAC header trong bn tin
unicast

MAC PDU format v MAC header

MAC PDU c miu t nhu hnh sau:

Hnh 3.7 nh dng MAC PDU

Mi mt PDU c bt u bng mt tip u MAC chung c chiu di c nh, sau
phn tip u l cc payload ca MAC PDU. Cc payload c th gm cc Subheader,
MAC SDU v thng tin ca payload c th thay i v vy MAC PDU cng c th
thay i tng ng. Mt MAC PDU c th bao gm c CRC, s b sung CRC l bt
buc i vi SCa, OFDM, OFDMA PHY layer.
Chun 802.16 d nh ngha ra 2 dng MAC header. u tin l MAC header chung
c bt u ti mi MAC PDU bao gm cc bn tin qun l hoc d liu CS. Dng
th hai l bandwidth request header c s dng yu cu thm bng thng.
Trng HT (Header Type)_1bit nm trong MAC header s biu din l MAC header
ny thuc loi no.
+ HT=0 generic MAC header
+ HT=1 bandwidth request header
Hnh sau miu t cu trc ca generic MAC header:

25

Hnh 3.8 Generic MAC header format

Trong :
+ CI c chiu di 1 bit, nhm mc ch cho bit c gn thm trng CRC hay
khng. Nu CI=1 th CRC c thm vo trong PDU sau PDU payload sau khi c
m ha, ngc li nu CI=0 th s khng c CRC
+ CID c chiu di 16 bit l gi tr nhn dng kt ni (connection identifier )
+ EC c chiu di 1 bit l trng dng iu khin m ha. EC=1 payload c
m ha cn nu nh EC=1 th payload khng c m ha
+ EKS (Encryption Key Sequence) c chiu di 2 bit, ch s ca Traffic Encryption
Key (TEK) v Initialization Vector c s dng m ha payload. Trng ny ch
c ngha khi trng EC c thit lp 1
+ HCS (Header Check Sequence) c gi tr 8 bit. Trng ny c s dng
nhn bit li trong header. Bn truyn s tnh ton gi tr HCS cho 5 byte u tin ca
cell header v gn kt qu vo trong trng HCS (gi tr HCS ng vi byte cui cng
trong PDU header). Bn truyn tnh ton gi tr HSC bng cch chia 5 bytes u tin
cho a thc sinh v ly s d lm gi tr ca HSC
+ HT (Header Type) c chiu di 1 bit, gi tr ny s c thit lp 0

26

+ LEN (Length) c chiu di 11 bit, l chiu di tnh bng byte ca MAC PDU bao
gm MAC header v CRC nu n c.
+ Type c chiu di 6 bit ch r loi subheader v loi payload hin thi trong
message payload
Bandwidth Requet PDU s bao gm ch c bandwidth requet header m khng c
payload. Cu trc bandwidth request header c miu t sau y:

Hnh 3.9 Bandwidth request header

Bandwidth request s c nhng c im c miu t di y:
+ Chiu di ca header lun lun l 6 bytes
+ Trng EC s c thit lp khng, biu th l khng m ha
+ Trng CID c chiu di 16 bit
+ Trng BR (Bandwidth request) c chiu di 19 bit s ch r s byte requested
Mt SS khi nhn c mt bandwidth request header trn mt ng downlink s
discard PDU. Mi mt header c m ha v bt u bng cc trng HT v EC.

MAC management messages

Chun IEEE 802.16 nh ngha mt tp cc bn tin qun l MAC (MAC management
message). Cc bn tin ny s c mang trong phn payload ca MAC PDU. Tt c
cc bn tin qun l MAC c bt u bng trng Management Messages Type v
c th bao gm thm cc trng khc. Cc bn tin qun l MAC ca cc kt ni Basic,

27

Broadcast v Intial Ranging s khng b phn mnh m cng khng b ng gi. Cc

bn tin qu l MAC ca Primary Management Connection c th c ng gi hoc
phn mnh. i vi cc lp vt l SCa, OFDM v OFDMA, cc bn tin qun l ca
kt ni Basic, Broadcast, Intial Ranging v Primary Management s s dng php
kim tra li CRC. nh dng ca MAC management message c miu t di y:

Hnh 3.10 MAC management messages format

MAC management message s khng c mang trn kt ni Transport. Chun IEEE
802.16 a ra mt s bn tin qun l MAC nh:
UDC (Uplink Channel Descriptior), DCD (Downlink Channel Descriptior), DL-MAP
(Downlink Access Definition), UL-MAP (Uplink Access Definition) ca kt ni
Broadcast
RNG-REQ (Ranging Request), RNG-RSP (Ranging Response) ca kt ni Primary
Management hoc Basis

Cu trc v truyn MAC PDU

Ghp MAC PDUs
Nhiu MAC PDUs c th c ghp li v truyn n trn ng uplink hoc
downlink. Hnh 2.10 miu t khi nim v truyn mt burst uplink.

Hnh 3.11 Ghp MAC PDU

Phn mnh (fragmentation) v ng gi (packing)
Fragmentation l qu trnh x l m trong mt MAC SDU c chia vo mt hoc
nhiu MAC PDU. Qu trnh x l ny m bo cho php hiu qu s dng bng thng
sn tng ng vi yu cu QoS ca dch v. Phn mnh (fragmentation) v rp
(reassembly) l hai qu trnh bt buc.
28

Quyn phn mnh lu lng ca mt kt ni c nh ngha khi mt kt ni c to

ra bi MAC SAP. Phn mnh c th c thc hin bi mt BS danh cho kt ni
downlink v bi mt SS dnh cho kt ni uplink
Nu nh packing c thc hin trn mt kt ni, MAC c th ng gi nhiu MAC
SDU vo trong mt MAC PDU. Cc gi ny c th c chiu di c nh hoc thay i.
C 2 c ch packing v fragmentation c th c thc hin vi c kt ni c c ch
ARQ hay khng c ARQ
CRC
Mt lu lng dch v c th yu cu c thm trng CRC thm vo mi MAC PDU
mang d liu ca lu lng dch v. Trong trng hp, mi MAC PDU c gi tr
trng HT = 1 th trng CRC c thm vo sau payload ca MAC PDU. Trng
CRC ny s m bo cho generic MAC header v Payload ca MAC PDU. CRC s
c tnh ton sau khi cc trng khc c m ha.
M ha MAC PDU
Khi truyn mt MAC PDU trn mt kt ni c nh x ti mt SA (Security
associated), bn gi s thc hin m ha v chng thc d liu ca MAC PDU
payload theo SA ny. Khi bn nhn nhn c mt MAC PDU trn mt kt ni
c nh x ti mt SA, th n s thc hin gii m v chng thc d liu ca MAC
PDU payload bi SA ny. SA_Securuty Associated l mt tp hp thng tin bo mt
mt BS hoc nhiu SS chia s n h tr vn bo mt thng tin. iu ny c
ngha n cha thng tin nhng thut ton no c p dng, kha no c s dng.
Mi CPE thit lp ti thiu mt SS trong thi gian khi to. V nh ni trn mi
kt ni vi ngoi l cc kt ni qun l c s v s cp c nh x ti mt SA ti thi
im khi to kt ni hoc trong qu trnh hot ng
Phn tip u generic MAC header s khng c m ha. Phn tip u ny cha tt
c cc thng tin m ha (trng EC, trng Encryption Key Sequence_ESK, v CID),
nhng thng tin ny cn thit gii m mt payload ti bn nhn.

Hnh 3.12 MAC PDU encryption

29

C ch yu cu v cp pht bng thng

Trong sut qu trnh mng khi to v hot ng mi mt SS s c cp ln ti 3
CID cho mc ch nhn v gi bn tin iu khin. Cc cp kt ni ny c s dng
cho php cc cp khc nhau ca QoS c p dng vo cc kt ni mang lu lng
qun l khc nhau. Yu cu tng hoc gim bng thng l cn thit i vi tt c cc
dch v.
Request l c ch m c cc CPE s dng bo cho BS bit chng ang cn cung
cp bng thng dnh cho knh uplink. Mt Request c th ch bao gm mt mnh
trng bandwidth request header hoc n c th c mt Piggyback Request (y l
phn m rng). Piggyback Request l mt trng c chiu di 16bits.

3.2.3 Lp con bo mt
Lp con bo mt cung cp cho ngi s dng kh nng bo mt v chng thc thng
qua mng khng dy din rng. N c th thc hin c nhng iu ny bi c
ng dng cc chuyn i m ho cho MAC PDU khi truyn dn qua cc kt ni gia
SS v BS
Bn cnh , lp con bo mt h tr hot ng vi kh nng bo v cao chng li cc
hnh vi trm cp dch v. BS bo v chng li s truy cp khng qua xc thc ti cc
dch v vn chuyn d liu ca chng bng vic bo m cc lung dch v lin kt
thng qua mng. Lp con bo mt s dng giao thc qun l kho chng thc
client/server , trong , BS vi vai tr l server s iu khin vic cp pht cc thng
s kho cho SS vi vai tr l client. Thm vo , cc c ch bo mt c bn c
tng cng bng cch b sung cc chng ch s da trn vic chng thc cc thit b
SS ti giao thc qun l kho.
Tt c lu lng d liu gia BS v SS c m ho, ch tr thng tin qun l MAC.
Tuy nhin, trng tm ca lp con ring bit l bo v cc nh cung cp dch v chng
li hnh vi trm dch v, v tt nhin l bo v c ngi dng dich v. M ho d liu
ngi dng l phng php hiu qu chng li hnh vi trm dch v.
M hnh lp con bo mt
Lp con bo mt bao gm 2 giao thc cu thnh l :
Giao thc ng gi dnh cho vic bo mt cc gi d liu khi truyn qua mng khng
dy bng rng. Giao thc ny c nh ngha l mt b cc mt m h tr kt hp

30

vi m ho d liu v thut ton xc thc, v nguyn tc ng dng nhng thut ton

ny c a vo ti payload MAC PDU
Giao thc qun l kho bo mt PKM ( Key Management Protocol ) cung cp kh
nng bo mt cho kho d liu t BS cho n SS, Vi giao thc qun l kho ny, SS
v BS ng b cc kho d liu, thm vo , BS s s dng giao thc thc thi
nhng iu kin truy nhp vo mng dch v.

Hnh 3.13 M hnh lp con bo mt

Qu trnh ng gi bo mt cho cc MAC PDU
Dch v m ho c nh ngha l mt trong nhng chc nng ca lp con bo
mt. Thng tin trong MAC Header v m ho ring bit c cp pht trong cc nh
dng tiu MAC ni chung

31

S m ho c ng dng cho payload MAC PDU khi c yu cu bi s la

chn mt m, cc Header MAC c c im chung l khng c m ho. Tt c cc
bn tin qun l MAC s c gi i rt d dng v thun tin trong vic ng k, sp
xp, v cc hot ng thng thng khc ca MAC.
Qun l kho bo mt PKM ( Privacy Key Management )
Giao thc PKM cho php thc hin vic chng thc ln nhau theo c hai pha hoc
chng thc t mt pha. N cng h tr kh nng ti chng thc/ti cp php v kim
tra kho mt cch tun hon. PKM s dng giao thc EAP, hoc chng nhn s X.509
cng vi thut ton m ho cng cng RSA, hoc mt chui lin tip c bt u
bng chng thc RSA v tip theo l chng thc EAP. N s dng nhng thut
ton m ho mnh cho hot ng trao i kho gia SS v BS.

Thng s

Kch

AK
Chui dy s AK

thc
160
4

AK Lifetime

--

Chui dy s PMK

HMAC/CMAC_KEY_U
HMAC/CMAC_PN_U

160/128
32

ng dng
Kha chng thc
Chui dy s ca cc kha gc ( PAK
v PMK ) cho AK. Gi tr ny l s
kt hp gia ti a 2 bit trong chui
dy s PAK v ti thiu 2 bit trong
chui dy s PMK
L khong thi gian m kha ny c
gi tr. AK lifetime = MIN ( PAK
lifetime v PMK lifetime ) - khi n
ht hiu lc, s ti chng thc c
s dng
Chui dy s PMK c xut pht
bt ngun t kha chng thc
c s dng ng k cho cc bn
tin qun l UL
c s dng ngn chn s tn
cng tr li ca bn tin UL trong kt
ni qun l - khi n ht hiu lc, s

32

HMAC/CMAC_KEY_D

160/128

HMAC/CMAC_PN_D

32

KEK

160

EIK

160

ti chng thc c s dng.

c s dng ng k cho cc bn
tin qun l DL
c s dng ngn chn s tn
cng tr li ca bn tin DL trong kt
ni qun l, khi n ht hiu lc, s ti
chng thc c s dng
c s dng m ha cc kha
vn chuyn t BS n SS
Kha ton vn EAP dng xc nhn
bn tin chng thc EAP

Bng 3.4 Ni dung kha chng thc AK trong PMK version 2

Giao thc chng thc PKM thit lp c ch chia s b mt ( c gi l
Authorization Key - AK ) gia SS v BS. Ch chia s ny sau c s dng
bo v cho s trao i PKM tip sau ca kho m ho lu lng TEK ( Traffic
Encryption Key ). C ch hai tng ny dnh cho vic phn phi kho cho php kim
tra li cc TEK m khng phi chu s qu ti t cc hot ng tnh ton chuyn su.
Mt BS chng thc mt thu bao SS trong sut qu trnh trao i, cp php, khi
to. Mi mt SS s a ra thng tin xc thc ca mnh, v n c th l mt chng
nhn s X.509 duy nht c a ra bi nh sn xut thit b ( trong trng hp
chng thc RSA ) hoc l mt chng nhn hot ng ring bit ( trong trng hp
chng thc da trn EAP )
BS s nhn dng chng thc cc SS trc tin, sau l thu bao s dng, v cui
cng l cc dch v d liu m thu bao c php truy cp
Khi mt BS chng thc c SS, n s bo v chng li s tn cng c th chim
gi v gi mo SS nh mt thue bao hp php.
Qun l kho lu lng cng vi giao thc PKM gn b cht ch vi m hnh
client/server, vi SS ( PKM Client ) yu cu thng s kho v BS ( PKM server ) p
ng li nhng yu cu ny, chc chn rng cc SS ring bit ch nhn thng s kho
duy nht phc v cho vic cp php hot ng

33

Hnh 3.14 Giao thc chng thc

Chun ny bo m rng mt SS lun lun s hu mt kho m ho hp l. Cho c
hai mc ch nhn thc v kho m ho lu lng d liu, SS to ra hai kho vi thi
gian tn ti so le nhau. Phng php trao chuyn kho (key changeover schemes)
c s dng trong cc AK v TEK l ging nhau v m bo mt th t lun phin
gia cc ln sinh kho
Giao thc chng thc
Mt SS s dng giao thc PKM nhn c cc thng s kho v chng thc t
BS, v h tr vic ti chng thc v kim tra kho mt cch tun hon.
PKM h tr hai c ch giao thc chng thc c bn l :
Giao thc RSA ( h tr bt buc trong PKM phin bn 1, h tr tu chn trong PKM
phin bn 2 )
34

Giao thc chng thc m rng ( h tr tu chn tr khi c nhng yu cu c bit )

Mt iu rt quan trng l lp con bo mt ch bo v d liu lp 2 ca m hnh
OSI (Open System Interconnection). N khng cung cp s m ho d liu ngi
dng t u cui n u cui, v cng khng cung cp s bo v tn hiu vt l. K
thut bo mt lp vt l cng nh nhng lp cao hn u cn c tch hp s dng
ng thi tng cht lng bo mt.

3.3 So snh v cc phng thc nng cp t chun

802.16d v 802.16e
3.3.1 So snh
Chun
Bng tn
Mi trng truyn
dn
Song cng
a truy nhp
iu ch

Tc
Knh bng thng
ng dng di ng
Bn knh ph sng

WiMAX c nh
802.16d
< 11 GHz
LOS, NLOS

WiMAX di ng
802.16e
< 6 GHz
NLOS

TDD,FDD,HFDD
TDMA
QPSK,16 QAM,64
QAM, OFDM 256

TDD
OFDMA,SOFDMA
QPSK,16 QAM,64
QAM, OFDM
(128,256,512,1024)
30 MHz / knh 10
MHz
5, 7,8 .75, 10 MHz
Di ng < 120 km/h
1 3 km , ti a 15
km

35 MHz / knh 10
MHz
3.5 , 7 , 10 MHz
C nh, Nomandic
6 10 km , ti a 50
km

Bng 3.5 Bng so snh chun 802.16d v 802.16e

3.3.2 Cc phng thc nng cp

+ Overlay network: Trong phng n ny th nh cung cp dch v xy dng mng
802.16e song song vi mng 802.16d cung cp c dch v truy cp c nh v dch v
truy cp di ng trong cng mt vng ph sng, tuy nhin cn phi c 2 loi CPE nu
nh ngi s dng mun truy cp c hai mng. Gii php ny c th coi l khng kh
thi v n kh tn km cho khch hng.

35

` + Dual-mode CPE: Cc nh khai thc c th pht trin CPE dual-mode h tr c

802.16 d v 802.16 e. Khi tt c cc SU c CPE dual-mode th nh khai thc s chuyn
i BS 802.16d sang 802.16e v cc CPE s t ng chuyn sang ch 802.16e.
+ Dual-mode BS: Khi cc nh khai thc mun nng cp ln 802.16e, trong khi cc
CPE ch h tr single mode th gii php dual-mode BS l hp l nht. Khi tt c cc
CPE c nng cp th gii php ny s chuyn ton b BS sang 802.16e.

4 Cc k thut c s dng trong WiMAX

4.1 K thut iu ch s
K thut iu ch s c s dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng vin thng hin nay.
Trong k tht WiMAX cc phng php iu ch s c s dng nh QPSK,
M_QAM, iu ch thch ng

4.1.1 K thut iu ch pha QPSK

K thut iu ch pha l k thut iu ch trong pha ca sng mang thay i theo
tn hiu tin tc. iu ch pha l k thut iu ch m bo mc li thp nht vi mt
mc thu nhn trc

Hnh 4.15 iu ch QPSK

thc hin iu ch pha QPSK (4PSK) ngi ta chia lung s u vo thnh hai
lung s bng cch cho lung tn hiu i qua b bin i ni tip song song.
A
S(t) 00011111

0011

B bin i
ni tip song
song

36

B
Hnh 4.16 B bin i ni tip song song

0111

V mi t hp bit gm hai bit s c gn vi mt trng thi pha ca sng mang nh:

3 5 7
,
,
4
4
4

Hnh 4.17 T hp bit iu ch QPSK

Ta c biu thc iu ch QPSK nh sau:
U00 (t) = A cos( 0 t +

+ 0 )

U01 (t) = A cos( 0 t +

3
+ 0 )
4

U11 (t) = A cos( 0 t +

5
+ 0 )
4

U10 (t) = A cos( 0 t +

7
+ 0 )
4

Nh vy dch pha gia hai trng thi pha l 90 0 v vy iu ch QPSK cn c gi

l iu ch pha vung gc.
S khi ca b iu ch QPSK :

37

Hnh 4.18 S khi iu ch QPSK

Lung s u vo qua b bin i ni tip - song song thnh hai lung s d I(t) v
dQ(t). Hai lung s ny c a vo b bin i NRZ n cc thnh NRZ lng cc
sau c a vo b trn M1 v M2 trn cng vi dao ng sng mang. Hai
sng mang c a ti b trn c lm lch pha nhau mt gc pha 90 0. Tn hiu
ra ca hai b trn s c a v b tng to ra tn hiu QPSK

4.1.2 K thut iu ch bin cu phng QAM

K thut iu ch M_QAM l k thut c kt hp gia phng php iu ch bin
v phng php iu ch pha. Hai sng mang iu ch vung pha vi nhau. S
trng thi trong phng php ny l M=L 2 trong l l s mc bin ca mi sng
mang vung gc. Tn hiu tng ca hai sng mang ny s c dng va iu bin va
iu pha.
Phng trnh iu ch ca phng php QAM:
S QAM (t ) x(t ) cos 0 t y (t ) sin 0 t u

x t x n . p t nTb
y t y n . p t nTb
x n v y n

l cc mc bin ri rc.

Trc khi iu ch vi cc ti tin sin v cos th cc dng bit I v Q c cho qua b

bin i D/A to thnh cc mc bin x n v y n .
Sau y l s khi ca phng php iu ch M_QAM:

38

Hnh 4.19 S khi phng php iu ch M_QAM

Trong phng php ny khi bin i 2 mc thnh 4 mc th ta c phng php iu
ch 16 QAM , khi bin i 2 mc thnh 6 mc th ta c phng php iu ch 64
QAM . V cc t hp bit tng ng vi cc trng thi pha c cc bin sng mang
khc nhau, sng mang c 16 trng thi pha tng ng vi phng thc iu ch 16
QAM, v sng mang c 64 trng thi pha ng vi phng thc iu ch 64 QAM .
Mi trng thi pha tng ng vi mt bin ca sng mang khc nhau, v vy
khong cch gia cc t hp bit xa nhau hn, kh nng mc li s gim.
Nh vy vi phng php iu ch ny rng bng tn yu cu thp nn s dng
hiu qu bng tn truyn dn. Tuy nhin trong phng php ny mo phi tuyn v
mo xuyn knh tng, t l li bit BER tng nu t s tn hiu tr tp m khng i. V
b iu ch cng s phc tp hn so vi phng thc iu ch ring r.

4.2 K thut iu ch OFDM

OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ) l cng ngh iu ch a sng
mang theo tn s trc giao, gn y c cng nhn l phng thc tt nht dnh
cho vic truyn d liu khng dy hai chiu tc cao. N ra i t nhng thp k 60
nhng gn y mi tr nn ph bin, bi cc nh sn xut c th cung ng ra th
trng nhng IC vi chi ph rt kinh t nhng vn c th p ng c nhng hot
ng s tc cao. OFDM cho php iu ch cc sng mang ph chng ln ln nhau
39

rt hiu qu, lm gim yu cu v bng thng nhng vn gi c cc tn hiu trc

giao m khng gy nhiu cho cc tn hiu khc. Ngy nay, cng ngh ny c s
dng trong cc h thng ADSL cng nh trong cc h thng khng dy nh 802.11 a/g
( Wi-fi ) v 802.16 ( WiMAX ). N cng c dng cho tn hiu s m thanh v hnh
nh qung b khng dy.
iu ch a sng mang theo tn s trc giao OFDM l mt dng c bit ca php
iu ch a sng mang thng thng FDM, l cng ngh s dng nhiu tn s
truyn tn hiu song song trong cng mt thi im.
K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao ny c thc hin bng cch
chia dng s liu truyn i thnh nhiu cc dng s liu song song vi tc d liu
gim i. Mi mt dng d liu ny sau c truyn ln nhng sng mang ring
bit, c gi l cc sng mang con ( Sub carrier ). Cc sng mang ny c iu
ch trc giao vi nhau bng cch chn tn s cch qung thch hp gia chng, ngha
l cc knh con c xp t trn min tn s cch nhau mt khong u n sao cho
im cc i ca mt knh con l im khng ca knh con ln cn. Nhng sng
mang ny sau ghp thnh cc knh tn s truyn v tuyn.

Hnh 4.20 K thut ghp knh theo tn s trc giao

40

iu ny lm nguyn l trc giao tho mn v cho php chng ph gia cc sng

mang v tnh trc giao vn m bo cho thit b thu nhn c th phn bit c cc
sng mang con OFDM v khi phc li cc tn hiu ny.
Hiu qu ca OFDM c th thy c l yu cu v bng thng gim i rt nhiu
nh vic b i khong bo v. Do OFDM hiu qu hn FDM trong tri ph bi
khong cch gia cc knh con gn nhau hn ( gn nh chng chng ln ln nhau ).
Nh s tru giao ny m hiu qu s dng ph tin hiu ca ton b h thng tng ln
r rt m khng gy ra nhiu
Mt k hiu OFDM c to thnh t cc sng mang con. S lng cc sng mang
con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v mc nhiu. Con s ny tng
ng vi kch thc FFT ( Fast Fourier Transformer ). Chun giao tip v tuyn
802.16-2004 xc nh r 256 sng mang con, tng ng vi kch c FFT 256 rng
knh c lp. Theo cch khc, chun 802.16e-2005 cung cp cc kch c FFT t 512
ti 2048 ph hp vi cc rng knh t 1.25 ti 20MHz duy tr tng i khong
thi gian khng i ca k t v khong dn cch gia cc sng mang con c lp vi
rng knh. V th vi cng ngh OFDM, s kt hp ca cc sng mang con trc
giao truyn song song vi cc k t c khong thi gian di m bo rng lu lng
bng thng rng khng b hn ch do mi trng b che chn tm nhn (NLOS) v
nhiu do hin tng a ng dn.
Cu trc theo min thi gian ca mt symbol c dng sau :

Hnh 4.21 Cu trc ca mt k hiu OFDM

41

Mu tn hiu OFDM c di l Ts, trong Tb l khong thi gian thc ca k hiu,

ngoi ra cn c mt chui bo v ( Guard Interval ) c di Tg, thc cht l mt
chui tn hiu c sao chp t phn pha sau Tb ri a ln phn trc ca k hiu
ny. Do cu trc ca k hiu OFDM s l :
Ts = Tb + Tg
S sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu xuyn tn hiu gy ra bi hiu ng phn
tp a ng. Nguyn tc ny c gii thch nh sau :
Nu nh my pht pht i mt khong tn hiu hnh sin c chiu di l Tb. Sau khi
chn chui bo v, tn hiu ny c chu k l Ts = Tb + Tg. Do hiu ng phn tp a
ng, tn hiu ny s n my thu qua nhiu tuyn ng truyn vi tr truyn dn
khc nhau. Gi s thi gian tr truyn ca tn hiu y l . Khi mu tn hiu sau
b dch sang mu tn hiu trc mt khong l do tr truyn dn. C nh vy cc tn
hiu tip theo cng s b dch i mt khong so vi tn hiu trc n. Tn hiu thu
c my thu s l tng ca tn hiu tt c cc tuyn. S dch tn hiu do tr truyn
dn trong cc phng php iu ch thng thng s gy ra nhiu xuyn tn hiu ISI.
Tuy nhin trong h thng OFDM c s dng chui bo v s loi b c nhiu ny.
Trong trng hp Tg th phn b chng ln tn hiu gy nhiu ISI ch nm trong
khong ca chui bo v. Khong tn hiu c ch c di Ts khng b chng ln bi
cc mu tn hiu khc. pha thu, chui bo v s b gt b trc khi gi n b gii
iu ch OFDM. Nh vy iu kin quyt nh m bo h thng OFDM khng b
nh hng bi nhiu ISI l :
Tg
Vic s dng chui bo v m bo tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph, do vy n
gin ho cu trc b nh gi knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu pha my thu. Tuy
nhin chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn ph tn hiu ca h thng gim i
mt h s l :
=

Tg
Ts

42

Hnh 4.22 Tin t vng CP v hin tng a ng

Cc u nhc im ca phng php OFDM
u im:
-Tng hiu sut ph v tc d liu
-nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI gim i ng k
-nh hng ca hiu ng la chn tn s knh cng gim do knh c chia ra
lm nhiu knh ph
- phc tp ca b cn bng knh v lc nhiu cho h thng cng gim i
Nhc im
-T s cng sut nh trn trung bnh (PAPR) cao
-Nhy cm vi s dch tn s.S dch tn s s lm gim tnh trc giao ca cc
sng mang.

4.3 K thut song cng

WiMAX h tr c hai phng thc song cng FDD v TDD trong cc m hnh ng
dng ca n. Phin bn u tin cho chun WiMAX c ph chun bi din n
WiMAX ch h tr TDD.Vi nhng phin bn sau, din n WiMAX s cp n
cc thng s FDD nh li cc c hi th trng ring bit , ni m nhng yu cu
phn nh cc ph cc b cng nh k tha TDD hoc nhng trin khai ph hp hn
cho FDD.

43

- FDD ( Frequency Division Duplexing ) : k thut ny chia knh tn s ra lm

hai knh ring bit, mt tn s c s dng cho chiu ln, cn tn s cn li c s
dng cho chiu xung.
- TDD ( Time Division Duplexing ) : k thut ny cho php cc khung ng ln
v ng xung c th nm trn cng mt knh, tuy chng nhng khe thi gian
khc nhau .

Hnh 4.23 Hai ch song cng TDD v FDD

i vi cc vn nhiu, TDD yu cu s ng b ha h thng din rng. Tuy nhin,
trong WiMAX di ng TDD c thng u tin ch song cng v nhng l do
sau :
TDD cho php iu chnh t l DL / UL ( ng xung / ng ln ) h tr
hiu qu lu lng bt i xng gia ng ln v ng xung, trong khi vi
FDD, ng ln v ng xung lun c gi c nh, v thng thng bng
thng ng ln v ng xung bng nhau
TDD bo m s trao i knh nhm h tr tt hn cho cc kt ni thch ng,
MIMO v cc cng ngh anten nng cao khc.
Khng ging nh FDD yu cu mt cp knh, TDD ch yu cu mt knh duy
nht cho c ng ln v ng xung, em li s thch ng linh ng hn cho
vic cp pht ph tn s khc nhau.
B thu pht c thit k cho vic thc hin TDD cng n gin hn v do vy
tn km hn.

44

4.4 K thut a truy nhp

Cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng tch ri ngi s dng vi nhau trong
mt knh truyn. Cc phng php a truy nhp ph bin nht c s dng trong cc
h FBWA bao gm a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn
chia theo thi gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA), a truy nhp
phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA), v a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang
(CSMA).Vi Wimax ta ch n 2 k thut a truy nhp l TDMA v OFDMA

4.4.1 TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian: Ph
tn s c chia th thnh cc di tn lin lc , mi di tn lin lc ny c dng
chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k 1
khung sao cho khng c s chng cho ln nhau. Lin lc c thc hin song cng
mi hng thuc cc di tn lin lc khc nhau, iu ny lm gim nhiu giao thoa
ng k.

4.4.2 OFDMA
Truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA) l cng ngh a sng mang pht
trin t cng ngh OFDM , ng dng nh mt cng ngh a truy cp. OFDMA h tr
cc nhim v ca cc nhm sng mang con i vi cc thu bao nht nh. Mi mt
nhm sng mang con c biu th nh mt knh con (subchannel), v mi thu bao
c ch nh mt hoc nhiu knh con truyn pht da trn mi yu cu c th v
lu lng ca mi thu bao.
Knh con ho (sub-channelization) trn ng ln l tu chn trong cng ngh
WiMAX, khi khng s dng knh con ho, nhng s hn ch iu tit v yu cu cc
CPE chi ph hiu qu gy ln qu ng truyn khng i xng, iu ny cng dn
n phm vi h thng trn ng truyn ln b hn ch. Knh con ho cho php qu
ng truyn c cn bng lm cho li (gain) ca h thng l tng t nhau i
vi c ng truyn ln v xung. Knh con ho tp trung ng sut pht vo mt vi
sng mang OFDM, iu ny lm tng li h thng v m rng h thng, khc phc
c tn hao thm nhp to nh hoc gim cng sut tiu th ca CPE. Vic s dng
knh con ho cn c m rng hn trong truy nhp a sng mang phn chia theo tn

45

s trc giao (OFDMA) cho php s dng linh hot hn ti nguyn cung cp cho di
ng.
Cu trc k hiu OFDM bao gm 3 loi sng mang con c biu din nh hnh
sau :
- Sng mang con d liu cho truyn d liu
- Sng mang con dn ng cho mc ch nh gi v ng b
- Sng mang con v dng khng dung cho truyn dn m c s dng cho di bo v
v cc sng mang DC

Hnh 4.24 Cu trc sng mang con OFDMA

Trong OFDM ,tt c cc sng mang c truyn song song vi cng 1 bin .
OFDMA chia khng gian sng mang thnh NG nhm,mi nhm c NE sng mang,v
to thnh NE knh con,mi mt knh con c 1 sng mang trn nhm.

46

Hnh 4.25 Knh con ha trong OFDMA

Trng hp OFDMA vi 2048 sng mang s c N E=32 v NG=48 lung xung v
NE=32 v NG=53 lung ln,vi cc sng mang cn li c s dng cho pilot v bo
v. M ho,iu ch v bin c phn bit cho mi 1 knh con ph thuc vo iu
kin knh ti u ho ti nguyn mng.
Cc sng mang con tch cc ( d liu v dn ng ) c nhm li thnh nhng tp
hp con gi l knh con.Lp vt l ( PHY ) Wimax OFDMA h tr knh con ha theo
c 2 hng DL v UL.n v ti nguyn tn s - thi gian ti thiu ca knh con ha
l mt khe, tng ng vi 48 nhp d liu ( sng mang con ).
Vic sa i b sung chun IEEE 802.16e-2005 c trin khai nhm m rng chun
v tuyn 802.16 p ng cc ng dng di ng. S b sung ny cho php cng ngh
OFDMA p ng nhiu tnh nng s dng mt cch linh hot v cc thch thc v
vic cc thu bao di ng di chuyn nhanh trong mi trng NLOS. Chun 802.16e2005 h tr 3 tu chn phn phi knh con, tu theo cc tnh hung s dng nh sau:
- Cc sng mang con c th c tn x thng qua knh tn s. iu ny lin quan
hon ton ti vic s dng phn ho knh con (sub-channelization) hoc FUSC
- Mt s nhm sng mang con tn x c th c s dng to thnh mt knh
con. iu ny lin quan 1 phn ti vic s dng phn ho knh con ( subchannelization ) hoc PUSC
- Cc knh con c th c to ra bi cc nhm sng mang con tip theo. iu
ny lin quan ti s iu bin v m ho tu ng hoc AMC
M hnh FUSH :

Hnh 4.26 S to knh trong m hnh FUSH

47

Mi knh con cha 48 sng mang con

Cc sng mang con tri dc trn bng thng

Cc sng mang pilot c v tr c nh

Bng thng c phn thnh cc khi nh nht c 48 sng mang ph v

mt symbol OFDMA
Vi m hnh ny, do cc sng mang ph c tri dc trn bng thng nn t c
theo phn tp tn s l tt nht. FUSH c dung ch yu cho ng xung
M hnh PUSH
i vi DL PUSH: cc sng mang con kh dng s c nhm thnh cc
cluster

Hnh 4.27 Cluster trong m hnh DL PUSH

Mi cluster cha 28 sng mang con lin k tri u trn 2 symbol OFDMA

4 sng mang pilot trn mi cluster

2 cluster/ knh con s cha 48 sng mang ph

i vi UL PUSH: cc sng mang con kh dng s c nhm thnh cc tile

Hnh 4.28 Tile trong m hnh UL PUSH

48

Tile cha 4 sng mang con lin k tri trn 3 symbol OFDMA

Mi tile cha 4 sng mang pilot.

4 sng mang con x 6 tile/knh con = 48 sng mang con

i vi m hnh ny, do cc sng mang con c nhm vo cc cluster, nn rt thun

li cho vic ti s dng ti nguyn tn s. PUSH c s dng cho c ng ln v
ng xung.
M hnh AMC
- Khng gian cc sng mang con c chia thnh cc Bin. Mi Bin gm c 9 sng
mang con lin k trong 1 symbol ,trong c 8 sng mang con d liu v 1 sng
mang con pilot.
- Mt knh con c to thnh bi 1 tp cc Bin c dng MxN (trong M l s Bin
lin k/1symbol,N l s Symbol lin k).Tp hp c th c ca MxN l
6x1,3x2,2x3,1x6. AMC c s dng cho c ng ln v ng xung.
- 6 sng mang ph / bin x 8 bin / knh ph = 48 sng mang ph

Hnh 4.29 M hnh AMC

Vi FUSC v PUSC, vic phn phi cc sng mang con ti cc knh con c thc
hin theo m hnh gi ngu nhin m cc sng mang con ca mt knh con nht
nh trong mt cell nht nh khc vi cc sng mang con ti cng mt knh con
trong mt cell khc ( VD, sng mang con trong knh con 1 trong cell 1 s hon ton

49

khc vi cc sng mang trong knh con 1 trong cell 2 ). S hon i gi ngu nhin
ny c nh hng tng i n nhiu. iu ny lm gim tc ng i nghch ca
hin tng nhiu gia cc cell. Nhn chung, FUSC v PUSC l 2 ty chn tt nht cho
cc ng dng di ng, trong khi AMC ph hp hon ton vi cc ng dng c nh,
mang xch v di chuyn chm.
Vn a truy cp c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho mi ngi dng mt phn
trong s cc sng mang c sn. N cho php mt vi sng mang con c phn chia
cho nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau. V d, sng mang con 1, 6, v 12 c phn chia
cho ngi s dng th nht, sng mang con 2, 8 v 11 c phn cho ngi s dng
th 2 Bng cch ny, OFDMA tng t nh phng thc a truy cp phn chia theo
tn s thng thng (FDMA); tuy nhin n khng cn thit c di phng v ln cn
rng nh trong FDMA tch bit nhng ngi dng khc nhau.

Hnh 4.30 Nhm cc sng mang con cho mi ngi dng khc nhau
T nhng c im trn ta nhn thy OFDMA c mt s u im nh kh nng linh
hot tng v thng lng v tnh n nh c ci tin. Bng vic n inh cc knh
con cho cc thu bao c th, vic truyn pht t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng
thi m khng cn s can thip no, do s gim thiu tc ng nh nh hng a
truy nhp - MAI ( Multiple Access Interference ). Hn na, hin tng cc knh con
cho php tp trung cng sut pht qua mt s lng cc sng mang con t hn. Kt
qu ny lm tng s ng truyn dn n tng phm vi v kh nng ph sng.

50

Hnh 4.31 Cu trc khung cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA

4.4.3 Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA)

Mng truy cp khng dy din rng OFDMA theo chun IEEE 802.16e 2005 dnh
cho WiMAX di ng da trn k thut S - OFDM ( Scalable OFDM ). Vic m rng
cng ngh S - OFDM h tr kh nng iu chnh OFDMA cho ph hp vi rng
knh ang c s dng. S - OFDM h tr nhng bng thng di rng mt cch linh
hot cn thit cho s cp pht nhiu loi ph khc nhau cng nh yu cu cho nhng
m hnh hu ch khc.
Theo nguyn tc khi n nh s lng di ph dnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v
khc, cc thng s Cng ngh OFDMA c th c ti u ho sao cho t l vi di
bng tn cp cho mt nh cung cp dch v c th. i vi cng ngh S - OFDM, kh
nng m rng c h tr bng cch iu chnh kch thc FFT trong khi vn gi
nguyn rng bng tn sng mang con, c ngha l khi rng knh thay i, th
kch thc FFT cng s thay i theo mt t l nht nh vi rng knh, sao cho
khong cch gia cc sng mang ph l khng i. V d, Trong knh tn s 5GHz
mt FFT kch c 512 sng mang con c xc nh cn mt knh 10MHz, mt FFT
kch c 1024 c xc nh. iu m bo rng c hai h thng 5MHz v 10MHz
c cng khong thi gian ca k t v do c cng kh nng chng mo a ng
k c khi 2 h thng khc nhau v kch c. Do , bng thng sng mang con theo n
v ti nguyn v khong thi gian ca k hiu c gi nguyn, nh hng ti cc lp
cao hn cng c gim ti thiu khi ly t l bng thng.

51

Tham s

Gi tr

Bng thng knh h thng ( MHz )

1.25

10

20

Tn s ly mu ( Fp MHz )

1.4

5.6

11.2

22.4

Kch thc FFT ( N

128

512

1024

2048

16

32

S knh con
rng tn s sng mang con

10.94 KHz

Khong thi gian symbol hu ch

91.4 s

Khong thi gian bo v

11.4 s

di k hiu OFDMA

102.9 s

S k hiu OFDMA ( Khung 5ms )

48

Bng 4.6 Cc tham s t l OFDMA

4.5 iu ch thch nghi v m ha AMC

Trong bt k mng a t bo-cellular no, thu bao di ng s th nghim qua cc
iu kin ca ng truyn pht thay i theo thi gian v cc v tr tng ng. Vi
cng ngh OFDMA, Biu m ho v iu ch nht nh c th thch ng trn mi
thu bao ty theo cc iu kin ca ng dn ti a ho thng lng knh truyn,
trong khi vn duy tr cht lng ng truyn ti mi thu bao. Vi h thng
OFDMA, cc sng mang con c iu ch vi QPSK hoc iu ch QAM hiu qu
hn v th t cao hn vi biu iu ch tinh vi hn, t c thng lng cao
hn nhng cng d b tc ng ca nhiu v cc tp m hn. Bng phng php iu
ch thch ng v biu m ho li, vic p ng t l ny ny m bo s bit ca mi
sng mang con c ti u tng ng vi CINR cn thit m bo kt ni v
tuyn n nh. Cc H thng OFDMA cng c th lm tng thng lng ti cc thu
bao c nhn bng cch lm tng s lng knh con cp ti bt k thi im no.

52

Hnh 4.32 iu ch thch nghi v m ha da trn khong cch vi BS

Trong WiMAX di ng ng xung, bt buc phi c cc h tr iu ch QPSK,
16QAM v 64QAM. Cn ng ln, 64QAM l tu chn. C m ho xon v m
ho Turbo vng vi tc m thay i v m lp cng c h tr. Ngoi ra, m khi
Turbo v m kim tra chn l mt thp LDPC ( Low Density Party Check Code )
cng c h tr nh l mt tnh nng tu chn.
S kt hp cc k thut iu ch v tc m cung cp s phn gii hp l cho tc
d liu nh minh ho cho bng 3 biu din tc d liu cho 2 knh 5 v 10 MHz
vi cc knh con PUSC. di khung l 5ms. Mi khung c 48 symbol OFDM, vi
44 symbol OFDM l hu dng cho vic truyn d liu. Cc gi tr c nh du m
ch ra tc bit ca k thut 64QAM tu chn cho ng UL.
Thng s

Downli
nk

Bng thng h thng

Kch thc FFT

Uplink

Downli
nk

Uplink

5 MHz

10 MHz

512

1024

Sng mang con Null

92

104

184

184

Sng mang con Pilot

60

136

120

280

Sng mang con Data

360

272

720

560
53

Knh con

15

Thi gian k hiu

17

30
102.9 s

di khung

5 ms

S
k
hiu
OFDM/khung
S k hiu OFDM d
liu
M ha

QPSK

16
QAM
64
QAM

35

Tc
m

1/2 CTC,
6x
1/2 CTC,
4x
1/2 CTC,
2x
1/2 CTC,
1x
3/4 CTC
1/2 CTC
3/4 CTC
1/2 CTC
2/3 CTC
3/4 CTC
5/6 CTC

48
44

Knh 5 MHz
Tc
DL
Mpbs
0.53

Tc
UL
Mpbs
0.38

Knh 10 MHz
Tc
Tc
DL
UL
Mpbs
Mpbs
1.06
0.78

0.79

0.57

1.58

1.18

1.58

1.14

3.17

2.35

3.17

2.28

6.34

4.70

4.75
6.34
6.34
9.50
12.67
14.26
15.84

3.43
4.57
4.57
6.85
9.14
10.28
11.42

9.50
9.50
12.07
19.01
26.34
28.51
31.68

7.06
7.06
9.41
14.11
18.82
21.17
23.52

Bng 4.7 Tc d liu PHY trong WiMAX di ng

vi cc knh con PUSH

4.6 C ch yu cu truyn li t ng ARQ

Trong chun 802.16 giao thc ARQ c s dng sa li truyn dn. Trong c ch
ny th pha bn thu khi thu c gi tin s kim tra li truyn dn trong gi tin thu
c. kim tra c li truyn dn th bn pht s gi thm vo d liu truyn i
mt s bit d v s bit ny ch pha bn thu pht hin c l gi tin bi li trong
54

qu trnh truyn dn ch khng pha thu t ng sa c li. Nu nh pha thu

kim tra thy gi tin bi li hoc bn thu khng nhn c gi tin n ang i n s gi
li cho bn pht mt thng ip v yu cu bn pht gi li gi tin bi li.
Giao thc ARQ c 4 kiu c bn l:
Kiu ARQ dng v i (Stop and wait ARQ)
Kiu ARQ li N (Go back N ARQ)
Kiu ARQ chn lc (Selective reject ARQ)
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

4.6.1 Kiu ARQ dng v i

Trong kiu ARQ dng v i th bn pht gi i mt gi tin v n s ch cho n khi
bn thu gi li tr li gi tin tr li ACK bit l bn thu nhn ng gi tin hay
cha. Nu nh bn thu nhn ng gi tin th bn pht s tip tc pht i gi tin tip
theo cn nu khng n s pht li gi tin b li.
Gi s bn pht gi i mt gi tin l P 1 , sau khi gi gi tin ny i n s trong trang
thi ch tr li t bn thu truyn tip. Sau mt khong thi gian time out nht nh
m bn pht khng nhn c gi tin tr li ACK t bn thu s xy ra hai kh nng.
+ Gi tin P1 khng n c ch nn s khng th c gi tin tr li ACK v bn
pht s pht li gi tin P1.
+ Bn thu c pht gi tin ACK tr li nhng bn pht khng nhn c v bn
pht vn pht li gi tin P 1. V lc ny bn thu da vo s sequence number s bit
c l gi tin ny n nhn v t chi nhn gi tin ny nhng n vn gi tr li gi
tin ACK cho bn pht.

55

Hnh 4.33 M hnh giao thc ARQ dng v i

Nh vy trong phng php ny, sau khi truyn khung I bn pht phi i mt thi
gian ti thiu trc khi truyn khung tip theo. Thi gian i phi bng tng thi
gian bn thu thu c khung I, thi gian x l khung I v thi gian truyn, x l
khung ACK. iu ny lm cho hiu sut s dng bng thng l nh v c qu nhiu
thi gian ri. Nhng trong phng php ny th cc gi tin khng cn phi lu tr v
b m.

4.6.2 Kiu ARQ li N

Trong c ch ARQ li N th cho php bn pht pht i mt s lng cc gi m
khng phi ch tr li t bn thu, nhng s lng gi pht i ny phi nm trong gii
hn size ca window m thi. Gi s window size c kch thc l N th bn pht s
c pht i N gi tin lin tip nhng pht c gi tin th (i+N) th n phi ch
thng tin tr li ACK ca gi tin th i.

56

Hnh 4.34 M hnh giao thc ARQ li N

Trong c ch ny c s dng cc hm c bn l: Ready to reciver (RR), v
Reject (REJ). Gi s chng ta ang s dng c ch ARQ li vi N=4 (window size).
Nu nh khng tm thy li th ich s tr li ACK vi hm RR, cn nu bn thu pht
hin ra li th gi tin ACK tr li s c hm REJ. Cc kh nng sau c th xy ra trong
khi truyn cc gi tin t bn thu n bn nhn:
+ Trng hp 1: Gi tin b li

Hnh 4.35 Giao thc ARQ li N vi gi tin b li

Gi tin truyn t bn pht n bn thu b li, v bn thu nhn ra li ny v truyn tr
li cho bn pht ACK bng hm REJ. Pha bn thu sau khi nhn c ACK ny th s
truyn li cho bn pht cc gi tin bt u t gi tin b li. Nhng trong thi gian cho
n khi bn pht nhn c tr li ACK bng hm REJ th bn pht vn truyn cc gi
tin nm trong window size. V cc gi tin ny vn n uc bn thu nhng m bn thu

57

s khng nhn cc gi tin ny v hy n i. V th cho nn bn thu khng xy ra hin

tng nhn hai ln mt gi tin.
+ Trng hp 2: ACK b li

Hnh 4.36 Giao thc ARQ li N vi ACK b li

Bn nhn nhn c gi tin th i v gi tr li gi tin ACK nhn tip gi tin i+1
nhng n li b mt trn ng truyn
Gi s nh trong m hnh trn, ACK2 khng n c bn pht nhng pha pht vn
tip tc gi cc gi tin 3,4,5 v cc gi tin ny ang nm trong window size m n
ang truyn.
+ Trng hp 3: Bn pht mun kt thc qu trnh gi tin
Nu nh bn pht mun gi mt gi tin cui cng m bn pht mun gi th n s gi
cho bn nhn mt gi tin v bn nhn phi tr li ngay mt gi tin c hm RRi=1.
+ Trng hp 4: Bn pht khng pht i c gi tin no
Gi s c mt li g y m window size khng trt c ngha l bn pht khng th
pht i mt gi tin no na. Lc ny bn pht s re-send li gi tin m n cha c
ACK.
Ta c th d dng nhn thy c ch ARQ li N c mt s c im sau:
+ N khng phi mt thi gian i ACK ca bn thu
+ Khng cn b m pha thu
+ Gii quyt c vn tr ng truyn
+ Phi re-send qu nhiu

58

4.6.3 Kiu ARQ chn lc

Trong c ch ARQ chn lc th bn pht cng tng t nh trong trng hp ca c
ch ARQ li N, tc l bn pht cng c th pht i mt s lng cc gi thng tin m
khng cn ch thng tin tr li ACK t bn thu. im khc ca c ch ARQ chn lc
ny so vi kiu ARQ li N l ch bn pht ch gi li ng gi tin b mt.
S ging nhau gia hai c ch ARQ chn lc v ARQ li N l ch:
+ Bn pht lin tc pht i cc gi tin m khng cn phi ch gi tin ACK tr li
+ Bn pht phi vn phi lu li nhng gi tin m n pht i cho n khi n
nhn c gi tin t bn thu bo li th n mi c xa gi tin (c ngha l cn
dng b m)
+ Khi dng hai c ch ny th hiu sut s dng bng thng t c l ln hn so
vi khi s dng c ch ARQ dng v i
Tuy nhin nh ni trn th im khc nhau gia c ch ARQ chn lc v ARQ li
N l, trong c ch ARQ chn lc th th bn pht ch cn gi li ng gi tin b mt.
C c iu ny l do pha thu cng s dng mt b buffer lu nhng gi tin
n. Gi s chng ta ang truyn cc gi tin vi window size=4 (0-3), c mt gi tin
b mt l gi tin 1. Lc ny cc gi tin 2 va 3 vn c truyn v bn thu s lu cc
gi tin ny vo b buffer v ch yu cu truyn li gi tin 1 v bn pht s truyn li
gi tin 1 sau tip tc truyn cc gi tin tip theo (4,5). iu ny lm hn ch i
s truyn v ch trong c ch ARQ li N khi cc gi tin n c bn thu nhng li b
bn thu hy khng nhn.

4.6.4 Hybrid ARQ

Thut ton ARQ tr nn ph bin trong mng khng dy v mng dng dy truyn
li cc thng tin truyn b li. Tuy nhin, hiu qu ca vic s dng ARQ yu cu s
la chn chnh xc v cng sut pht v tc d liu trong qu trnh ti truyn pht,
v mt khc, ng truyn tr nn b li. Khi qu trnh duy tr cc thit lp ti u ny
trong mi trng thi gian khng n nh tr thnh mt thch thc cho cc dch v
bng thng rng di ng, k thut Hyprid-ARQ (H-ARQ) c pht trin. H-ARQ tr
thnh 1 phn ca thng s Wimax di ng, khi thu tp hp cc thng tin t mt gi
tin b li vi hin tng ti truyn pht tn hiu ca cng mt gi tin cho ti khi thng
tin tp hp li ly li ton b gi tin.

59

Hnh 4.37 C ch yu cu lp li khi li xy ra

HARQ c php s dng giao thc N knh Dng v i cung cp kh nng
p ng nhanh cho ng gi li v ci thin kh nng ph sng ng bin cell. Vi
kh nng kt hp v ty chn, tnh tng cng s d tha ( Incremental Redundancy )
c h tr ci thin tin cy ca ng truyn dn. Mt knh ACK chuyn dng
cng c cung cp tnh hiu HARQ ACK / NACK cho ng uplink. Hot ng a
knh cng c h tr. ARQ a knh dng v i vi mt s lng nh cc knh l
mt giao thc n gin m hiu qu, yu cu b nh ti thiu cho HARQ v s dng.
Wimax cung cp tn hiu cho php hot ng hon ton ch khng ng b. Ch
khng ng b cho php tr thay i gia nhng ln truyn li cho nn c th
em li s linh hot hn cho vic lp lch do hiu qu ca phn u c thm vo
cho mi s cp pht vic truyn li. HARQ kt hp vi nhau, cng vi CQICH v
AMC tng cng kh nng thch ng ng truyn trong mi trng di ng vi
tc ca phng tin c th ln ti 120 km/h.

4.7 Phn hi knh nhanh CIQCH

S lp lch ti trm gc BS ( Base Station ) xc nh tc d liu ph hp cho mi
s cp pht truyn lot da trn kch thc b m v iu kin truyn sng pha
thu Mt knh ch th cht lng knh CQI ( Channel Quality Indicator ) c s
60

dng cung cp thng tin trng thi knh t thit b ngi s dng u cui n b
lp lch trm gc. Nhng thng tin trng thi knh c lin quan c th c phn hi
bi CQICH bao gm c : CINR lp vt l, hiu sut CINR, la chn ch MIMO v
la chn tn s, la chn knh con. Vi k thut TDD, cc lin kt thch ng cng c
nhng u im v trao i knh nhm cung cp nhng nh gi chnh xc hn v tnh
trng knh.
Thng ip ch th cht lng knh pht theo thi gian ( CQI ) ti khi thu rt cn
thit iu khin cng sut thch ng v tc v mang li hiu qu cao. Vic h tr
cc dch v di ng yu cu thc hin tc ng chnh xc nhanh vo thit b truyn
pht m bo ng kt ni lun lun hot ng ti u. Wimax di dng xc nh
thng ip CQI theo mt kch c nh gn (4-6 bit), do dn n tr thp hn v
tin cy cao hn cc thng ip iu khin bnh thng. Cc thng ip CQI cung
cp cc phn hi nhanh v ng tin cy v iu kin ca ng dn ti trm gc.

4.8 H tr cht lng dch v QoS

Vi tc ng truyn v tuyn cao, kh nng truyn i xng ng ln / ng
xung, ti nguyn ln v c ch cp pht ti nguyn linh hot, Wimax di ng hon
ton c th p ng c nhng yu cu v cht lng dch v QoS cho cc dch v
v ng dng thng tin bng rng
Lp MAC trong Wimax i ng, QoS c cung cp qua cc lung dch v nh
minh ha hnh di. l cc lun gi tin v hng c cung cp bi 1 tp cc
tham s QoS. Trc khi cung cp mt loi hnh dch v d liu, trm gc v thit b
ngi s dng u cui trc tin c thit lp mt ng lin kt logic v hng
gia cc lp MAC ngang hng , c gi l thc hin kt ni. u ra MAC sau s
kt hp cc gi tin i qua giao din MAC ri i vo trong lung dch v c gi
i thng qua kt ni.

61

Hnh 4.38 H tr QoS WiMAX di ng

Cc thng s QoS kt hp vi lung dch v xc nh trnh t truyn v lp lch trong
giao din v tuyn. Do vy QoS kt ni c hng ny c kh nng cung cp thng tin
iu khin thng qua giao din v tuyn. Do ng truyn v tuyn thng xy ra
hin tht nt c chai, QoS kt ni c hng c th cho php iu khin QoS u cui
n u cui ( end to end ) mt cch hiu qu. Cc thng s lung dch v c th c
qun l mt cch linh hot thng qua cc bn tin MAC tha mn nhng yu cu a
dng ca dch v. Lung d liu da trn c ch QoS c ng dng cho c ng
ln v ng xung ci thin c QoS cho c hai hng. Wimax i ng h tr
nhiu dch v d liu v ng dng vi cc yu cu QoS khc nhau. Bng sau a ra
nhng kt lun tng hp.

Yu cu QoS
UGS ( Unsolicited
Grant Servive )

ng dng
VoIP ( Voice over IP )

rtPS ( Real time

Packet Service )

Lung Audio hoc

Video
( Streaming Audio or
Video )

Cc c tnh QoS
-Duy tr tc ti a
-Ti u ha chng tr
-Trit Jitter
-Tc ti thiu nh
trc
-Duy tr tc ti a
-Ti u ha chng tr
62

ErtPS ( Extended
Real time Packet
Service )

Thoi vi s bo v
tch cc ( VoIP with
Activity Detection )

nrtPS ( Non Real time

Packet Service )

Giao thc truyn ti

file ( File Transfer
Protocol )

BE ( Best Effort )

Truyn d liu, duyt

Web

-u tin lu lng
-Tc ti thiu nh
trc
-Duy tr tc ti a
-Ti u ha chng tr
-Trit Jitter
-u tin lu lng
-Tc ti thiu nh
trc
-Duy tr tc ti a
-u tin lu lng
-Duy tr tc ti a
-u tin lu lng

Bng 4.8 Cc dch v WiMAX v QoS

4.9 Dch v lp lch MAC

Dch v lp lch trnh MAC trong Wimax di ng c thit k truyn ti mt cch
hiu qu cc dch v d liu bng rng bao gm c thoi, d liu , v hnh nh thng
qua s thay i thi gian knh khng dy bng rng. Dch v lp lch trnh vi cc
thuc tnh km theo c th thc thi cc dch v d liu bng rng sau y :
- B lp lch d liu nhanh : B lp lch MAC phi cp pht ti nguyn hu dng mt
cch hiu qu p ng c nhng iu kin lu lng d liu tng ln v thi
gian knh thay i. B lp lich c cp pht ti mi trm gc c th p ng
nhanh chng nhng yu cu v lu lng v tnh trng knh. Nhng gi d liu kt
hp vi cc lung dch v s xc nh tt nht cc thng s QoS ti lp MAC, do vy
b lp lch c th xc nh mt cch chnh xc nhng yu cu truyn gi d liu qua
giao din v tuyn. Knh CQICH cung cp phn hi thng tin knh nhanh thc
hin lp lch gip cho vic chn phng php iu ch v m ha thch hp cho mi
s cp pht. K thut iu ch / m ha thch ng kt hp vi HARQ cung cp kh
nng truyn dn cao qua knh thay i thi gian.
- Lp lch cho c ng ln v ng xung : Dch v lp lch c cung cp cho c
lu lng ng ln v ng xung. b lp lch MAC c th cp pht ti nguyn
mt cch hiu qu v p ng yu cu QoS trn ng xung, th ng xung phi
63

phn hi mt cch chnh xc, ng thi im nhng thng tin v tnh trng lu lng
v nhng yu cu QoS. Bng thng ng ln a ng yu cu nhng c ch, v d
nh yu cu bng thng thng qua di knh, yu cu kch thc ti v bu chn c
thit k h tr cho nhng yu cu bng thng ng ln. Cc lung dch v ng
ln xc nh c ch phn hi cho mi kt ni ng ln bo m vic d on cho
vic x l lp lch ng ln. Hn th na, vi cc knh con ng ln trc giao
khng h xut hin nhiu gia cc cell. B lp lch ung ln cp pht ti nguyn hiu
qa hn v tt hn l s dng QoS.
- Cp pht ti nguyn ng : Lp MAC h tr vic cp pht ti nguyn tn s - thi
gian c ng xung v ng ln trn c s tng frame. Vic cp pht ti nguyn
c gi i trong bn tin MAC vo phn u ca mi khung. Do vy, s cp pht ti
nguyn c th c thay i trn tng khung p ng vi cc tnh trng knh v
lu lng.Thm vo , s lng cc ti nguyn trong mi s cp pht c th thay i
t mt khe cho ti ton b khung.
- QoS c hng : b lp lch MAC iu khin vic vn chuyn d liu da trn nn
tng lin kt cc kt ni. Mi mt kt ni kt hp vi mt dch v d liu ring l
cng vi vic iu chnh cc thng s QoS m c th xc nh c cht lng nhng
p ng bn ngoi ca n. Vi kh nng cp pht ti nguyn ng trn c ng ln
v ng xung, b lp lch c th cung cp QoS cao cp cho c lu lng ng ln
v ng xung .Thng thng vi b lp lch cho ng ln, ngun ti nguyn
ng ln c cp pht hiu qu hn, c th d on hot ng chnh xc hn, v
thc thi QoS tt hn.
- B lp lch la chn tn s : B lp lch c th hot ng vi nhiu loi knh con
khc nhau. Vi nhng knh con thay i tn s nh l hon v PUSH, ni m nhng
sng mang con trn nhng knh con c phn b mt cch ngu nhin qua bng
thng, cc knh con s c cht lng tng ng. B lp lch thay i tn s c th
h tr cho QoS vi thuc tnh tt v b lp lch ti nguyn thi gian tn s linh hot.
Vi s hon v ln cn nh hon v AMC, cc knh con c th c nhng suy gim
khc nhau . B lp lch la chn tn s c th cp pht cho ngi dng di ng c
s tng ng tt nht cho cc knh con. B lp lch la chn tn s c th tng cung
dung lng h thng vi mc va phi cho phn u ca CQI trn ng ln.

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4.10 Chuyn giao trong WiMAX di ng

C ba phng php chuyn giao c chun 802.16e h tr - Chuyn giao cng
(Hard Handoff HHO), Chuyn trm gc nhanh (Fast Base Station Switching
FBSS) v Chuyn giao phn tp v m (Macro Diversity Handover MDHO).

Hard Handoff - y l chc nng chuyn vng dng ph v trc khi thc

hin "break before make" khi cc thit b u cui khch hng khng kt ni
vi bt k trm gc no trc khi kt ni vi trm gc tip theo.
FBSS - mng chuyn vng thu bao gia cc trm gc trong khi vn duy tr

s kt ni mng li vi trm gc
MDHO (Macro-diversity handover) - thu bao duy tr mt kt ni vi ng

thi 2 hoc nhiu trm gc to s chuyn vng khng b gin on vi

cht lng kt ni cao nht.
Trong , chuyn giao HHO l bt buc cn FBSS v MDHO l hai ch tu chn.
Din n Wimax pht trin mt vi cng ngh chuyn giao cng rt thch cc trn
nn tng chun 802.16e. Nhng ci tin ny c pht trin vi mc ch gi cho tr
chuyn giao lp 2 t hn 50 ms.
Ti ch chuyn giao cng HHO, MS ch duy tr kt ni vi ch mt BS duy nht
trong cng mt thi im. Kt ni ca MS vi trm BS c s c ph v trc khi
kt ni mi c thit lp. Chuyn giao c thc hin sau khi cng tn hiu
cc cell k cn vt qu cng tn hiu ti cell hin thi. Phn ranh gii gia cc
cell c coi nh l ni c s chuyn giao cng xy ra.

Hnh 4.39 Chuyn giao cng HHO

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Khi c h tr FBSS, MS v BS duy tr mt danh sch cc BS m lin quan n

FBSS vi MS. Tp ny gi l mt tp tch cc ( Set Active ). Trong FBSS, MS tip tc
theo di cc trm gc trong tp Active Set. Khi hot ng trong FBSS, MS ch trao i
vi Anchor BS cho cc bn tin ng ln v ng xung cha cc kt ni lu lng
v qun l. Vic chuyn t mt Anchor BS n trm khc (chng hn chuyn giao BS)
c thc hin m khng cn c s hin din ca cc bn tin bo hiu HO. Cc th
tc cp nht m neo c thc hin bi cng tn hiu gia trm gc phc v
thng qua knh CQI. Mt chuyn giao FBSS bt u mt quyt nh da trn MS
nhn hoc pht d liu t trm anchor BS m n c th c thay i trong tp tch
cc. MS d tm cc BS ln cn v la chn trm no thch hp nht trong tp tch cc.

Hnh 4.40 Chuyn trm gc nhanh ( FBSS )

MS gi bo co cho BS c chn v th tc cp nht tp tch cc c thc hin
bi BS v MS. MS tip tc theo di cng tn hiu ca cc BS trong tp tch cc v
la chn mt BS tr thnh anchor BS. MS gi bo co n BS la chn trn knh

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CQICH hoc MS khi to bn tin yu cu HO. Mt yu cu quan trng ca FBSS l

d liu s c truyn ng thi n tt c cc phn t ca tp cc BS hot ng sn
sang phc v MS.
i vi cc MS v BS h tr MDHO, MS v BS duy tr mt tp cc BS hot ng
m c ch MDHO vi MS, c gi l tp phn tp ( Diversity Set ) . Tp ny
c nh ngha cho mi MS trong mng. Trong s cc BS ca tp cc trm gc
hot ng, mt BS m neo c nh ngha.
Ch thng thng hot ng chnh l mt trng hp c th ca MDHO vi
tp cc trm gc hot ng ch gm mt BS n l. Khi hot ng trong ch
MDHO, MS trao i vi tt c BS trong tp cc trm gc hot ng thng qua cc bn
tin n hng c hng ln v hng xung. Mt phin MDHO bt u khi mt MS
quyt nh truyn v nhn lu lng v bn tin n hng t nhiu BS trong cng
khong thi gian.

Hnh 4.41 Chuyn giao phn tp MDHO

i vi MDHO ng xung, c hai hoc nhiu hn BS cung cp kh nng truyn
ng b cho d liu ng xung MS v nh vy kt hp phn tp c thc hin
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MS. i vi ng ln MDHO, vic truyn dn t MS c thu bi nhiu BS

thng tin phn tp la chn nhn c thc hin. Trm BS cng c th nhn c tn
hiu kt ni gia cc MS vi cc trm BS khc, tuy nhin khi cp cng tn
hiu khng c coi nh l mt BS k cn.

4.11 Qun l s di ng v cng sut tiu th

Vic gim st ngun trong cc thit b cm tay di ng v kh nng h tr chuyn
(handoff) mm l cc yu cu cn thit nhm h tr cc ng dng di ng. d dng
di chuyn v thun tin cho cc thu bao, cc thit b u cui di ng phi nh gn
do kch thc pin s b hn ch. Trong khi cc th bao cn ngun hot ng
trong thi gian di.
Wimax di ng h tr hai ch hot ng tng hiu sut ngun nng lng ch
ng ( Sleep Mode ) v ch ri ( Idle Mode ).
- Ch ng ( Sleep Mode ) : l trng thi m MS ang trong giai on trc
khi c bt c trao i thng tin g vi trm gc qua giao din v tuyn. Nhn t pha
trm gc, giai on ny c c im l khng kh dng vi MS cho c lu lng
ng ln v ng xung. Ch ny cng cung cp kh nng linh hot cho MS
d cc trm gc khc thu thp thng tin h tr chuyn giao .
- Ch ri ( Idle Mode ) : cung cp mt c ch cho MS sn sng mt cch
nh k nhn cc bn tin qung b hng xung (DL) m khng cn ng k vi mt
trm gc xc nh no khi MS di chuyn trong mt mi trng c ng truyn v
tuyn c ph sng bi nhiu trm gc. Ch ny lm li cho MS bng cch loi
b yu cu chuyn giao v cc hot ng thng thng khc, em li tin ch cho
mng v trm gc bng cch loi b giao din v tuyn v lu lng chuyn giao ca
mng t cc MS khng hot ng trong khi vn cung cp mt phng php n gin
bo cho MS v lu lng DL ang x l.
Chun Wimax di ng cho php cc thit b u cui khch hng c th linh ng
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh khi thc hin kt ni vi trm gc. Khi khng c
s truyn hay pht d liu, thit b u cui khch hng c th chuyn n trng thi
"sleep" hoc "idle" nhm gim thiu cng sut tiu th. Ngi qun l cc trm gc
phi nhn bit mi trng thi ngh ("sleep" hay "idle") ca thit b u cui khch hng
v c kh nng chuyn trng thi ca thit b u cui sang ch pht hay thu tn
hiu bt c khi no cn. trng thi pht ca thit b u cui khch hng, vic s

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dng cc knh con m bo cng sut pht tng ng vi cng sut duy tr cht
lng ng truyn n nh khi ang pht lu lng, do n lm gim ng k cng
sut tiu th trong thit b u cui khch hng.

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