Animal Reproduction

Chapter 3.1
Pages 70-73

Asexual Reproduction
A single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to the
parent
Does not involve the union of sex cells (egg and sperm)
Advantages:
o The offspring produced will also be successful in that same environment
o Many offspring are produced in a short amount of time

Budding
A part of the parent organism pinches
off and forms a new organism
New offspring is genetically identical to
the parent
Ex: hydra

o In kingdom Animalia

Fragmentation
Part of an organism breaks off, and then new parts regenerate to form a new
individual
New offspring is genetically identical to the parent
Some organisms also have the ability to regenerate body parts

Fragmentation

Sexual Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually
Sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from
both parents
Eggs- sex cells produced from the female parent
Sperm- sex cells produced from the male parent

Sexual Reproduction
Zygote- a fertilized egg
o Created when an eggs nucleus and a sperms nucleus join
Fertilization- the joining of an egg and a sperm

Sexual Reproduction
Genetic information is found in genes
Genes are located on chromosomes made of proteins and DNA
Egg and sperm each contribute chromosomes to the zygote
The offspring is NOT genetically identical to either of the parents

Genetic Variation
Combination of genes during sexual reproduction allows for variation within
a population
Allows a population to adapt to changes in the environment over time

Fertilization
Fertilization can happen either inside or outside the females body
o External fertilization- the sperm fertilizes the egg outside of the body
o Internal fertilization- the egg and the sperm join inside the females body

External Fertilization
Must take place in a wet environment. Why?
Ex: some fish, many amphibians

Internal fertilization
Allows the female to protect
the developing zygote inside
her body
Ex: reptiles, birds, mammals,
some fish

Mammals
All mammals reproduce sexually
All mammals nurture their young with milk
o Monotremes
o Marsupials
o Placental mammals

Monotremes
Mammals that lay eggs
After eggs incubate and hatch, the young are nourished by milk that oozes
from pores on the mothers belly
Examples?

Echidna

Platypus

Marsupials
Mammals that give birth to partially developed live young
Have pouches where their young continue to develop after birth
Examples?

Kangaroo

Opossum

Koala

Wombat

Tasmanian Devil

Placental Mammals
More that 4,000 species
Nourished inside their mothers body before birth
Newborn placental mammals are more developed than newborn montrems
or marsupials
Examples?

Quiz Tomorrow!
Chapter 2
Study the blue and yellow tables

8 levels of classification
Branching diagrams
Definition of a species
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
3 domains
4 kingdoms

8 Levels of Classification

8 Levels of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

Branching Diagram

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Do NOT have a nucleus

DO have a nucleus

Do NOT have membrane-bound

organelles

DO have membrane-bound organelles (cell

is divided up into smaller compartments
with specific functions)
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

Small and simple

Large and more complex
Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukarya
1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia