Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pj
A%
VV
Khoa
Lp
Nhm WTF
Ngun
TCP/ERI/3002
Rome, 2004
Ni dung
A. Gii thiu
B. S tng trng ca
chui v mt s ch
trc thu hoch
c. Tiu chun cht lng
D. Ch s thu hoch
E. Nhng iu cn lu khi thu
hoch
F. Vn chuyn n nh kho
G. Quy trnh ng gi ti nh kho
H. Sp xp v lu tr
I. Nhng yu cu chn ca chui
sau thu hoch
G. Cc bc thao tc vi my Ethylene
H. Ph lc: H thng kho lm lnh
A.Gii thiu
Quc gia Eritrea, l mt quc gia Phi Chu rt ni ting v xut khu tri cy, rau qu sang
Trung ng v chu u, vi Chui l mt thnh phn quan trng trong xut khu ca nc ny.
Tuy nhin, xut khu Chui chm dt sau 1974 v cc n in Chui gim dn do cc vn
lin quan n chin tranh. Hin nay chui c sn xut da trn tng din tch khong 1500 ha,
ch yu Akordet, Tesseney v khu vc Gash-Barka, ni T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip
Lin Hp Quc (FAO) thng qua chng trnh hp tc k thut thc hin; trong mt s giai
on, mt d n ban u c tiu : "H tr Pht ng s b cho vic sn xut Chui, Chng
trnh ci thin cht lng v xut khu" sau l" Din n Pht trin Maketing tng chnh
ca cc d n ny lm tng cng s thng nht v cht ch ca cng ngh sau thu hoch, gn
vi nng cao cht lng v an ton trong sn xut cy trng ca quc gia v thng mi vi s
tp trung vo chui v hnh ty. V vy, b phn H tr h thng Nng nghip ca FAO thng
qua cc n v k thut nh AGST v AGSF hng dn k thut, v cng vi B Nng nghip
ca Eritrea thc hin cc hot ng khc nhau t c nhng mc tiu c tip cn trong
cc d n ny. Tiu lun ny tp trung hn vo cc hot ng k thut lin quan n vic ng
gi, x l, chn v bo qun chui Sau thu hoch.
c im cht lng:
1. Cc c im yu cu ti thiu trc khi chn cho tt c cc loi chui cn phi:
C mu xanh lc, xt mt giai on pht trin y th chui vn cha chn hon ton; cn
c chm sc k cng, khng c k sinh trng, khng gp cc triu chng h hng, sch
gc, khng d lng thuc, khng b bin dng, khng b nt hay c k h, khng c mi hi
2. Phn loi.
Chui c phn thnh ba loi:
i) Extra (loi c Bit): Chui khng c c bt k li, ngoi tr v khuyt tt nh (t hn 1
cm2 trn ton b mt) m khng nh hng n ton b bung chui hay nhng qu khc.
ii) First (loi Mt): Tiu chun cng nh trn nhng chui c th c nhng hnh dng khuyt tt
nh; thay i v nh (t hn 2 cm2) m khng nh hng n tht qu
iii)Second (loi Hai): Chui phi m bo cc yu cu ti thiu nhng c th c cc khuyt tt
hnh dng; hoc v try xc (t hn 4 cm2), cc khim khuyt khng c gy nh hng
n tht qu
l.Cht lng
i) Chui loi Extra: 5 phn trm trng lng hoc
s
qu
ca
Chui
loi
Mt
_
__
1.
2.
3.
ng gi v trnh by
Tnh ng nht
Mi bao b ch cha chui cng mt ngun gc,m bo cht lng v s lng. Phn c th
quan st c ca chui trong hp phi i din cho ton b chui ca hp.
Xl
Cc chui phi c x l theo cch nh vy m bo vic bo v sn phm. Cc vt liu
c s dng ng gi phi mi, sch s v khng c hi hoc cha nhng cht nguy
him cho sn phm cng nh cho ngi tiu dng. Vic s dng giy hoc cc vt liu in tip
xc trc tip vi tri cy phi l loi s dng c vi thc phm. Cc gi sn phm khng
c c bt k d vt no khc.
Trnh by
Sn phm bao gi phi cha khong gn mt ni hoc mt cm hay ti thiu l 4 qu vi
nhau. Trong mi gi, mt cm chui thiu 1- 2 qu c th chp nhn nu chng b ct ra mt
cch chnh xc, c ngha l dng vi con dao dng ct chui trc (tc l n c
loi b v c khuyt tt sau khi kim tra ln cui). Trong mi gi, c th chp nhn nhiu hp
vi 4-8 qu chui nhng ch c mt hp vi 3 chui, l sai st nh khng ng k.
Nhng ghi ch trn nhn sn phm Mi gi phi c th hin trn cng v tr
r rng, d c nhng thng tin sau:
Ngun gc
Loi sn phm ("chui", loi chui)
Xut x sn phm
c tnh thng mi (th loi, trng lng
tnh, min v max ca kch thc)
..
cc mnh nha, giy hoc cc vt liu mm, khng mn, hay cc vt liu nh l (hnh 2) (
mt tui nht nh, cc ni trng thnh mi nhnh l khc nhau, nhnh gn cui s
trng thnh hn so vi nhng nhnh u ngn).
c. D ton trng thnh ca ton b bung bng cch s dng ni th 2 tnh t u ngn v o
lng chiu di, chiu rng theo tiu chun phn C)
F. Vn chuyn n nh kho:
- Trnh s va chm gia cc ni st nhau bng
cch lt vo nhng vt liu mm.
- Khng chng cc ni ln nhau trnh gy
p lc cho b mt
- V tr t phi mm
- Trnh di chuyn qua khu vc gh gh v
nhiu l ln
G.
1. Ct v ra
Khi chuyn v kho ng gi, qu nn c kim tra y s lng v kch thc, nhc
im, vt so, cn trng tn cng... Ch c nhng qu chui p ng y yu cu cht lng
mi c ng gi, nhng qu cht lng thp hn c th c gi sang x l v ch bin.
NU C NC: c hai la chn.
a) Bung (chui) c treo ln mc kim loi. Sau , tin hnh ra c bung bng cc tia nc
b) a chui vo mt bn nc v tin hnh ra
Tip theo s chuyn sang cc bn nc tip theo thc hin cng don ct Chui sau
c ct thnh t 8-14 ni tnh t trn xung di (khong 16-18 qu trong mt ni). Trong
qu trnh ct, nc rt cn thit bo v cc bung (chui) v lm sch chng. Lu : Trong
H. sp xp v lu tr
Cc bc chnh
Sp xp cc hp trong
phng mt cch hp l
khng kh c th lu thng
v lun vo bn trong cc
hp thng qua cc l thong
kh (Hnh 7 v
8) ; m cc hp v gp cc
ti nha li
Khng t cc hp dc theo
cc bc tng v i din
thit b bay hi Evaporator
(Hnh
9)
Ph cc hp u tin gn
thit b bay hi m bo
c nhit trong thng
13c v nhit khng kh
pht ra t thit b bay hi
(my sy) c th thp hn
13c
<
^ E T
Door
Evaporator
20 cm
bananas (overview).
Kim tra s thng gi cc gc khc nhau trong phng v nhng cao khc
nhau bng cch s dng cc vt nh nh giy hoc bng.
Pallet with boxes
Neu bn khng s dng ti nha bo
qun chui, cn phi kim tra m
Evaporator
tng i, nu n qu thp, sn s b
ng nc
Neu bn khng s dng cc gi
thng, cn phi sp t cc hp cao hn sn nh
Gi sch kho cha:
Figure 8. Air flow in the storage room as above.
sn, tng, trn, thit b
bay hi
(Mt
ct
ngang)
Khng kh lnh: mu
xanh
Khng kh nng:
Khng kh m-lnh:
mu da cam
Figure 9. These systems of stacking are not good for storage and ethylene
diffusion.
2. Yu cu chn
Mu chui: 1-2
Nhit x l: 20-25C; m tng i x l: 90-95 % (rt cao).
X l Ethylene tp trung: 500-1000 ppm; Thng gi (s dng qut a khng kh tun
hon trong phng)
1: Mu xanh l ti: khng c nh vng xut hin trn chui, thch hp cho vn chuyn ng
di; x l ethylene 24-48 gi 20c (Bng 1).
2: Mu xanh l sng: c nh vng xut hin trn chui nhng vn cn rt xanh, thch hp vn
chuyn vi khong cch ngn; x l ethylene 12-24 h 20 c (Bng 1).
3: Vng nh: chui c mu ng sang vng v c nh mu xanh l; thch hp phn phi nhanh.
K t thi im ny, phng php X l ethylene tp trung khng cn pht huy hiu qu
4, 5, 6: mu vn: dnh phn phi trc tip cho ngi tiu dng (hnh 12)
7: chn nu: xut hin nhng m nu
Table 1. Colour stage, temperature, and ethylene treatment time for banana
Colour
Temperature of treatment
Days to reach
colour 4
14
48-96
7-10
20
24-48
3-5
14
24-48
5-8
20
12-24
2-4
CH
Nhit sn phm khng c di 13,5
Figure 12. Banana ready for the retail shop (color 4).
Ripening stage
Firmness
Sugar
(Colour)
(Kg)
(%)
4.
3-4
2-5
2-3
7-9
Yellow (4-5)
1-1.5
10-14
0.5
a 14
Chn 10 qu chui t mt hp trong tng gc ca phng chn /phng lu tr: tng s chui l 40
(ti thiu)
B v
Ct mng thnh ming 50g chui (t on gia), nn ct
thnh nhng ming chui ng nht v khi lng v kch
thc
t lng chui trn vo mt ci ly v thm vo cng
mt lng nc
Trn chng vi nhau tht k c c mt hn hp ng
nht
i khong na gi v mi 10 pht khuy hn hp mt ln
Sau na gi, lc ly dung dch v b mt hoc hai git dung dch hn hp ln khc x k
Gi tr thu c chnh l nng ng trong sn phm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Internal free
cylindrical
container: fill
with water up
to here
Main container
EthylFast: fill
with water up to
here
Filter and
ethylene
diffusor
ZETA
powder
10
10
ml of DAMELENE to
obtain 1 000 ppm of
ethylene
20
DAMELENE'
D.DRANCATO .
V. WM. IIJflH OVUM* VP
20
20
40
30
30
60
40
50
40
50
80
100
100
100
200
Table 3. Relation between room volume and Damelene (ml) required for ethylene concentration.
H.
- Bnh trung gian: i vi h thng lnh 2 cp s dng n ngi ta thng s dng bnh
trung gian kiu nm ngang. Bnh trung gian kiu ny rt gn, thun li lp t, vn hnh v
cc thit b ph i km t hn.
i vi h thng nh c th s dng bnh trunggian kiutm bn ca Alfalaval
chi ph
thp nhng rt hiu qu.
i vi h thng NH3, ngi ta s dng bnh trung gian kiu ng vi y cc thit b
bo v, an ton.
- 15-
Bnh tch lng hi nhit: Trong cc h thng lnh thng cc thit b kt hp mt hay
nhiu cng dng. Trong h thng n ngi ta s dng bnh tch lng kim chc
nng hi nhit. S kt hp ny thng lm tng hiu qu ca c 2 chc nng.
1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha; 3- Bnh ngng; 4- Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh tch lng HN; 6- Dn
lnh; 7- Thp GN; 8- Bm nc GN; 9- Bnh trung gian; 10- B lc; 11- Be nc;
12- Bm x bng
Hnh 1: S h thng lnh kho cp ng mi cht R22
- 16-