SYNTAX

VERB-NOUN-ADJECTIVE-ADVERB
VERB
A verb is a kind of word that usually tells about an action or a state and is the main part
of a sentence. Every sentence has a verb. In English, verbs are the only kind of word that
changes to show past or present tense.[1]
Every language in the world has verbs, but they are not always used in the same ways.
They also can have different properties in different languages. For example, in some other
languages (e.g., Chinese & Indonesian) verbs do not change for past and present tense. This
means the definition above only works well for English verbs.
There are sixteen verbs used in Basic English. They
are: be, do, have, come, go, see, seem, give, take, keep,make, put, send, say, let, get.
Example :

NOUN

The cat slept.

That is John.

She loves you.

Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person,

place, thing, animal or idea. In linguistics, a noun is a member of a
large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main
word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of
a preposition.[1]

They are running.

Lexical categories are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with
other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language.

In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and
can function as the head of a noun phrase.
Example :

The cat sat on the mat.

Please hand in your assignments by the end of the week.

ADJECTIVE

In linguistics, an 'adjective' is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is

to qualify a noun ornoun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.[1]
Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech,
although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly
were considered to be adjectives. In this paragraph, "traditional" is an adjective, and in the
preceding paragraph, "main" is.
Example :

That's an interesting idea. (attributive)

That idea is interesting. (predicative)

Tell me something interesting. (postpositive)

ADVERB
An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other
adverb, clause, or sentence.
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to
what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realised not just by single
words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
Example :

I found the film incredibly dull.

The meeting went well and the directors wereextremely happy with the outcome.

Crabs are known for walking sideways.

Only members are allowed to enter.

I often have eggs for breakfast.

CLEFTING

A cleft sentence is a complex sentence (one having a main clause and a dependent clause) that
has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically put a particular
constituent into focus. This focusing is often accompanied by a special intonation.
In English, a cleft sentence can be constructed as follows:
it + conjugated form of to be + X + subordinate clause

where it is a cleft pronoun and X is usually a noun phrase (although it can also be
a prepositional phrase, and in some cases an adjectival or adverbial phrase). The focus is
on X, or else on the subordinate clause or some element of it. For example:

It was from John that she heard the news.

It was meeting Jim that really started me off on this new line of work.

Pseudo-cleft sentences
WHAT-CLAUSE + BE + PHRASE
Pseudo-cleft sentences (also called wh-clefts) are similar in function to cleft sentences, but they
are formed with the pronoun what (= the thing(s) that/which). The emphasis in a pseudo-cleft
sentence is on the phrase after what-clause + be:
What you need is a good sleep.
What I didn't like was the end of the movie.

If we want to refer to a person, we say The person/people who/that:

The people who/that I met were the members of the delegation.
If we want to emphasise an action, the verb after be usually takes the form that corresponds to
the form used in the what-clause: What you should do is write a letter to the manager.
What I need to do is get some rest.