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OTAM
Say 25/Bahar 2009
Journal of
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ANKARA - 2011
OTAM
Ankara niversitesi
Osmanl Tarihi Aratrma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi
BAHAR 2009
SAYI: 25
MART
Yayn Sahibi: Ankara niversitesi Osmanl Tarihi Aratrma ve Uygulama Merkezi adna
Prof. Dr. Ylmaz Kurt (Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, Tarih Blm)
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OTAM
Journal of
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Ankara University
SPRING 2009
NUMBER: 25
MARCH
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Semiannual Journal
Editorial Board
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Prof. Dr. Melek Delilba (Member)
Prof. Dr. Nee zden (Member)
NDEKLER
ARIKAN, ZEK
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet Hak Gazetesinde................................................................................... 1
ASLAN, TANER
II. Merutiyet Dnemi i Hareketleri ve Bu Hareketlerin Meydana Getirdii Sorunlar
zerine Bir Deneme................................................................................................................ 33
KESKN, ZKAN SNMEZ, AL
Telgrafn Osmanl mparatorluunda Yaylmas: anakkale Telgraf Hatt rnei........ 67
KORKMAZ, ERF
Sultan Abdlmecidin lk Memleket Gezisi (26 Mays- 12 Haziran1844)......................... 83
ORU, HATCE
Administrative Division of the Bosnian Sandjak in the 16th Century............................... 99
ZD, HAMD
Corafyann Azizlii ya da Snrboyunda Nahiye Olmak:
Vakf Nahiyesi (1879-1914) ..................................................................................................149
SAYLAN, KEMAL
Ordu ve Giresun Yresinde Madenler ve Maden letmecilii (18601914).................167
TUN, SALH
I. Dnya Sava Yaklarken Osmanl-Fransz likilerinde Yaknlama Giriimleri:
Fransa-Trkiye Dostluk Cemiyeti ve Cemal Paann Paris Seyahati ..............................183
NALP, ERTURUL
Portekiz Kaynaklarna Gre Sefer Reisin Hint Okyanusundaki Faaliyetleri
(1550-1565) .............................................................................................................................209
CONTENTS
ARIKAN, ZEK
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet in the Hak Newspaper ......................................................................... 1
ASLAN, TANER
Workers Movement During II. Constitutional Monarchy Period and A Study On The
Problems Brought To By This Movement........................................................................... 33
KESKN, ZKAN SNMEZ, AL
Spreading of Telegraph in the Ottoman Empire: The Case of
anakkale Telegraph Line.......................................................................................................67
KORKMAZ, ERF
First County Trip of Sultan Abdlmecid (May 26 - June 12 1844) ................................ 83
ORU, HATCE
Administrative Division of the Bosnian Sandjak in the 16th Century............................... 99
ZD, HAMD
Being a Border District and Gravity of the Geography:
Vakf Nahiyesi (1879-1914) ..................................................................................................149
SAYLAN, KEMAL
Mine and Mining in Ordu and Giresun Region (18601914)..........................................167
TUN, SALH
Attemptes to Establish Close Relations Between The Ottomans and France On The
Verge of World War I: The Franco - Turco Friendship Association And Cemal Pashas
Trip To Paris...........................................................................................................................183
NALP, ERTURUL
According to Portuguese Sources Sefer Reis Actions in the
Indian Ocean (1550-1565) ....................................................................................................209
ZEK ARIKAN
Abstract
Dr Abdullah Cevdet (1869-1932), the prominent member of the
modern Turkish enlightenment movement, returned from Cahiro to
Istanbul and settled in the tihat House in 1910. He started publishing
the tihat journal again. There, he carried on with his writing and
translation activities. Until the Armistice (Mtareke) he did not perform
any govermental functions. Instead, he prefered to stand aloof from the
members of the Committee of Union and Progress. Apart from tihat,
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet wrote articles for daily newspapers. Hak newspaper
is among those many newspapers. The first issue of the Hak newspaper
came out in March 1912. Its chief editor was Sleyman Nazif. The
newspaper had a very influential editorial staff. Apart from this, it had a
weekly newspaper supplement. Dr. Abdullah Cevdet had a column called
Daily Article in which he wrote articles every Saturday.
In these articles, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet deals with the problems of
the country and nation as well as the daily matters of Istanbul. However,
the most important issue for him is the health problems of the country.
Anatolian villages were suffering from syphilis, malaria, hunger and beyond all of these, illiteracy. Two fundamental concerns of the country
is health and education. While the population of the other countries are
increasing, Turkeys is decreasing. The problem of population decline is
also a specific issue other intellectuals drew attention to. The share of
health issues in the countrys budget is extremely inadequate. In this
respect, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet considers the phlegm in relation to the
decreasing population as a homicide. In this research, we will be dealing
with the articles Dr Abdullah Cevdet wrote in the Hak Newspaper and
delivering our opinions and interpretations about them.
Keywords: Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, ttihat ve Terakki (Committee of
Union and Progress), tihat, tihat Evi, stanbul, Hak Gazetesi (Hak
newspaper).
Hak Gazetesi
Hak Gazetesi, 1 Mart 1328 (14 Mart 1912) tarihinde stanbulda yayna
girdi. Yayn yaam alt ay kadar srd. Bu ksa sreye karn, dnemin sekin ve
etkili gazetelerinden biri oldu. Gazete; Trablusgarp savann olumsuz
sonularnn btn lkede duyumsand, Halaskr Zabitan olaynn patlak
verdii, ttihat ve Terakkinin iktidardan dt, sk ynetimin ilan edildii,
ZEK ARIKAN
ZEK ARIKAN
brahim Temonun ttihad ve Terakki Anlar, Arba, stanbul 1987, s.13 18; M. kr
Haniolu, Bir Siyasal Dnr Olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve Dnemi, dal, stanbul
1981,s. 25.
15 kr Haniolu, Osmanl ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Jn Trklk (1889 1902),
letiim, stanbul 1985, I, s.304 -309.
16 Haniolu, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, s.40.
17 Haniolu, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, s.40 41.
18 erif Mardin, Jn Trklerin Siyasi Fikirleri 1895 1908, letiim, stanbul 1983, s.167.
19 Vedat Gnyol, Byk nsanc Abdullah Cevdet, Trk Dili, 328 (Ocak 1979),s. 10.
14
ZEK ARIKAN
10
ZEK ARIKAN
Alak talyanlar sz, Dr. Abdullah Cevdetin bu gazetedeki ilk yazsnda da geer.
Bu syleyi biimi onun tarzna uygun deildir. Fakat ok haksz bir igale kar o da
tepkisini byle dile getirmek zorunda kalmtr.
30 Abdullah Cevdet, Cevab- tab, Hak, 30 Mart 1912, no. 17.
29
11
ahval bize ayn hissiyat ilham etmemitir. Bununla beraber bu eser-i blend- sanattan
mnbais tuyanlara mtelehhifiz [zleyip duran].
Anlaldna gre Dr. Abdullah Cevdetin bu deerlendirmesine daha nce
bir takm tepkiler de duyulmutu. Nitekim daha nce Aydnl tp rencisi M.
Nuri imzal bir mektup almt. Bu mektupta aynen yle deniyordu:
Byk ve muhterem airimizin (Doksan Bee Doru) sernameli manzumeleri
mnasebetiyle ayn ahvalin size ayn hissiyat ilham etmediini sevimli tihatn 39
numrolu nshasnda grdm. Bir tabib-i timainin daha etrafl dnecei ve daha
vakfane idare-i kelam edecei phesiz olduundan ltfen o hlat- malumenin sizde tevlid
ettii hissiyat terih ve izah ederseniz hem biz genleri tenvir etmi olacaksnz hem de ayan teessf olan tuyanlara nihayet vereceksiniz zannndaym.
Abdullah Cevdet, bu mektuba tihat Gazetesinde verdii yant olduu
gibi buraya aktarmaktadr. zetle u nokta zerinde durmaktadr: Yeminler
ineyenlere, inenilen yeminleri ve kendisini ineyenlere imkn- vcut veren millet,
yeminleri ve kendisini ineyenlerden daha ziyade muaheze edilmeye sezadr.
Sz yine Tevfik Fikrete getirerek yle diyor:
air ve edip Tevfik Fikreti bilakayd art tebcil etmekte srar ederiz Bir
samimiyet kardal ile selamlarz.
Doksan Bee Doru iiriyle ilgili bu aklamalardan sonra, kendisine
ynetilen Sleyman Nazifle terik-i mesaisi zerinde duruyor.
Ben hibir zaman ttihat ve Terakki Frka veya cemiyetine muhalif olan zmrelerin
bayran tamadm; ben hibir zaman henz tahsilde bulunan genlerin gerek muhalif,
gerek muvafk cereyan- siyasilere itirak ile tamamen tahsil-i irfan ve ikmal zat ve sfata
sarf olunmas farz olan zaman ve vakitlerinden ne kadar az olursa olsun tarh ve feda etmek
heveslerini teci etmedim. (Trabzon)da elan mnteir (Tarik) gazetesinin 53 veya 52
numrolu ve herhalde bundan bir buuk sene evvel tarihli bir nshasnda imzam ile ner
olunmu (Genlere) unvanl bir makalenin mutalaasn temenni ederim.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, Sleyman Nazifin banda bulunduu Hak
Gazetesinin kn son derece olumlu bulduunu belirtmekte Ekseriyetin [yani
hkmetin] hak olan ilerini mdafaa, hak olmayanlarn tenkit etmesini doru
bulmaktadr. Bu haysiyet ile (Hak) bitaraf veya taraftaran- hak bir ceride-i vatani
olacaktr. Bundan hakllar ve hakszlar, hakkul-insaf istifade edeceklerdir Bir gazetenin
tihadatma vasta- zuhur ve intiar olmasn minnetle kabul ettim. Bugn bir frkada,
yarn dier firkada, br gn daha gayri mevld bir frka iinde bulunabilirim. Fakat
ebediyen sadk ve merbut kalacam bir yer daima bakidir: Hak ve vicdan
Dr. Abdullah Cevdetin man man31 balkl makalesinde yeni bir
iman tanmndan yola kyor. Thomas Carlylein Kahramanlar balkl kitabnn
31Abdullah
12
ZEK ARIKAN
Franszca evirisinde yer alan u cmleden hareket ediyor: Gerek bir milli bir
mdafaa yeni bir imann eseridir. te o, bugn bu imandan sz etmektedir.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, iman sznden ne anlamaktadr? man kelimesiyle
vicdann ne dahilinde ne haricinde olmayan, hem haricinde, hem dahilinde
hkmran bulunan bir mel-i mefkru [fikir ] murad ediyorum. Bu k,
insan ileri gtrr, yukar kaldrr, str, doyurur.
Abdullah Cevdet, yle diyor:
Ben bu memlekette bir yangn gryorum, daimi ve gittike mtezayid [artan]bir
yangn gryorum. Bu yangn atesizliktir. Ah bu atesizlik bizi ne kadar zalimane
yakyor. Bizi ne kadar hasis ve mtefessih bir dd [ac] ve remada [kl] kalb ediyor.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, hi tarz olmad halde talyadan yukarda
grld gibi, alak dmanmz olarak sz ediyor. talyanlarn anakkaleyi,
Seddlbahiri, Orhaniye stihkmlarn bombalamalarna zlyor. Buna karlk
bir takm genlerin, byle felaketler karsnda, byk bir vurdumduymazlk
iinde, ortalkta k kyafetlerle dolamalarn eletirmektedir. Hatta bu genleri
emvat- mteharrike (l canlar(hareket eden ller) olarak adlandryor.
Abdullah Cevdetin bu yazsna da yine bir takm tepkiler gelmekte
gecikmedi.32 Tbbyeli Midhat Nezihi, nce Abdullah Cevdetin Mcadele-i
Milliye ve Vataniye konusundaki tutumunu takdir ediyor, bilim ve erdemi
nnde eiliyor ve yazlarnn kendisine bir elik urubu gibi etkilediini
belirtiyordu. Fakat, man man balkl makalesini eletirmekten geri kalmyor:
Emin olunuz ki o fikirlerinizle bana yeni bir ey telkin etmediniz. Ben yle
hastalardanm ki dertlerimizin ne olduunu pek la bilirim. Yalnz doktorluk
yapamyorumTabibsiniz, pek la bilirsiniz ki bir marazn tedavisi iin evvela maraz
tehis lazmdr. Pek ok kereler yazld ve anlald ki genler alil, hasta milletimiz de;
kanszlk, azimsizlik, metanetsizlik (var). Tehis bu. Eer bu tehisi ilahril mr temcit
pilav gibi herkesin nne srerek vakit geirirsek vatann dima olan hastann leceine
emin olalm. Netice: Hastalk meydanda, tehis edildi. Tedavi ve doktor lazm. Doktor
sizlersiniz. lac araynz. Bulunuz, zira hastann hayatndan sizler mesulsnz. Laf
zaman geti..
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, bu yazya yant vermekte gecikmedi. Diyor ki: (man
man) makalesinde mevzubahis olan timai hastalmzn tehisi deildi. Tehis etmek
bahusus byle hastalklarda- suret-i tedavisini bulmak ve gstermek demektir. Ben yalnz
araz karsnda bardm Szler[im] hi de tehis mahiyetini haiz deildir. Bir kesim
genlerin, umumiyet itibariyle genlerin Hibir mana malik olmadklarndan ikyet ve
tazallum ettim.
32
13
34
14
ZEK ARIKAN
15
makalemi okuyanlarn belli bir ksm, koca eski hrriyetperver! Koca yeni mstebit diye
baracaklardr, diyor. Burada uzun uzun zgrln tanm zerinde duruyor.
Klasik tanm: Her ferdin hrriyeti, aharn hrriyetiyle mahduttur szn
anmsattktan sonra kendisi de unu ekliyor: Her ferdin hrriyeti kendisinin ve
mensup olduu memleketin ve milletin muhit-i timaiyeye nafi ve her halde muzr olmamas
demek ki arttr.
Abdullah Cevdet, zgrln, herhangi cins ve ekilde olursa olsun fayda
ve zararn, iyilik ktln (hayr ve errini) ayrt edemeyen kimseler iin var
olmayacan vurgulamaktadr:
Hakk- mevcudiyete malik olmakszn mevcut ve mamuln bih [yrrlkte olan]
olan hrriyettir ki ben hrriyet-i irtica kelimeleriyle tabir ediyorum ve byle bir hrriyetin
bilhak mevcut olmadn ve olmamak lazm geldiini yksek pek yksek sesle sylyorum.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, yakn dnemde ortaya kan 31 Mart 37, Langaza 38
ve Eskiehir 39 gibi irtica olaylarn gsteriyor ve bunlarn hep hrriyet-i irtica
hakk- mevcudiyet verilmi olmasnn netice-i sefilesidir yargsna varyordu.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, ttihat ve Terakkinin kaldrmaya alt anayasann
35. maddesiyle 40 ilgili olarak sinsi bir propaganda yrtldne dikkati
ekiyor. Bununla ttihatlarn namaz ve orucu ortadan kaldrmak istedikleri
belirtilmek istenmektedir. Bu sinsi propagandalar devam ettii srece irticaya
zgrlk olmayacaktr:
Sina Akin, eriat Bir Ayaklanma 31 Mart Olay, mge, Ankara 1994.
Hrriyet ve tilaf Frkas, 1912 seimlerinde din arlkl bir propaganda yapyor.
ttihat ve Terakkinin uygulamalarn dinsizlik olarak yorumluyordu. Selanike bal
Langaza kazasnn Nevan kynde elbette eriata rey vereceiz, hrriyete rey
vermeyeceiz.. diyen kyller ile jandarmalar arasnda kan atmada bir asker ile on
bir kyl lm ve elli kadar da yaralanmt. Bk. Fevzi Demir, Osmanl Devletinde II.
Merutiyet Dnemi Meclis-i Mebusan Seimleri (1908 1914), mge, Ankara 2007, s.249.
39 1912 seimleri srasnda yine Eskiehir ve Seyitgazide eraf ailelerinden biri olan
Zeytinoullarnn kkrtmasyla olaylar patlak vermiti. tilaflar, yine din silahna
sarlmt. tilaflar, ttihatlarn halk dinsizletirecekleri propagandasn yapyordu.
Hrriyet ve tilaf Frkas Eskiehir ubesi bakan, sz konusu aileden Hac Veli zel bir
bayrak yaptrarak ubenin binasna astrmt. Merkezde seimi kaybeden tilaflar,
kylleri kkrtarak ttihatlara oy vermemeye ardlar. Olaylar giderek geliti.
Seyitgazide kan olayda on be kii ld ve pek ok kii de yaraland. Bk. hsan Gne,
1912 Seimleri ve Eskiehirde Meydana Gelen Olaylar, Belleten, 216, (1992), s. 459
482. Daha nce Eskiehire gelmi olan Tanin yazar Ahmet erif, yeniden olaylar
yerinde incelemek zere yine buraya geldi. Ahmet erif, Eskiehir Vaka-i rticaiyesi,
Tanin, 4 Nisan 1912. Olaylar Eskiehirin 31 Mart olarak grd ve deerlendirdi.
40 Kanun- esasinin 35. maddesi, hkmetle meclis arasnda uzlamazlk kt takdirde
meclisin kapatlmas yetkisini padiaha veriyordu. kinci Merutiyet dnemindeki
deiikliklerde bu madde kaldrlmtr.
37
38
16
ZEK ARIKAN
Abdullah Cevdet, Hayat Kadar Muntena, Hak, 27 Nisan 1912, no. 45.
Abdullah Cevdet, Yangn Var, Hak, 18 Mays 1912, no. 66.
17
18
ZEK ARIKAN
Cevdet,
ktmserdir.
Ktmserlii
uradan
Benim bedbinliime gelince, ben fena gryorum. Bu benim bedbinliimden hasl olma
deildir. yi olabileceini ve iyiyi bildiimden ve iyi bir mecmua-i ahvali, iyi bir devri, iyi bir
idareyi pek uzakta grdmden imdi kalemimden ve yreimden alev kyor, isyan
kyor47.
Fakat onun mitsizliinde zinde ve sonsuz bir umut vardr.
Zulmetleri yakt, zulm krd,
Yesinden mit fkrd!
Zulmetleri yakmak, zulm ykmak ise k olduumuz ve fakat vasl olamadmz
mefkrelerdendir.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, Shhi ve Tbbi Stunlar, Shhat-i Umumiyeye Ait Mesaim,
tihat no., 139, no.140, vb. (1921). Bu yazlar Trkiyenin salk sorunlaryla ilgili ok
nemli malzemeyi kapsamaktadr.
44 Haniolu, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, s. 298.
45 Haniolu, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, s. 298-299. Yukarda andmz tihatta kan
yazlarnda, umum mdrl srasnda salk konularnda yapmak istediklerini ayrntl
olarak anlatmaktadr.
46 Abdullah Cevdet, Ayine-i Hak, Hak, 19 Mays 1912, no. 80.
47 Abdullah Cevdet, stanbulun zerinde Ayine-i Hak, Hak, 8 Haziran 1912, no. 87.
43
19
20
ZEK ARIKAN
duydum. Oradaki kalplerde yalnz bir endie, yalnz bir ak var. Vatan mdafaa etmek
endiesi, milleti ve istiklalini mahfuz ve muzaffer grmek ak.. diyen Doktorun ilk
izlenimleri bu Abdullah Cevdet, buradaki eitimde temel kavramlarn
dnme, anlama ve mlahaza etme olarak noktada younlatn
vurgulamaktadr. Dnme zerinde u deerlendirmeyi yapmaktadr:
Yalnz Dnme demek dndrmek iin en messir bir mtenebbih
oluyordu. Bu messirlik sar- fazla ile sbut buldu. Enver, Fethi, Niyazi, Halil,
Trablusgarbmzda dvel-i muazzamadan bir devlet ile arpan ve bizim
herhalde, netice-i harp ve cidal ne olursa olsun- haysiyetimizi kurtarm ve
kurtaracak olan bu gzide camlar, bu feyyaz muhitten ve dnme! emirleri
altnda dnerek vatan sevme! amirlerini ineyerek km ve ykselmitir.
Mekteb-i Harbiyenin sfat- maneviyesi bu kadar muazzez ve mkemmel olduu gibi
sfat- maddiyesi de memnuniyetbahtr
Abdullah Cevdet, anlaldna gre yemekhane, yatakhane, hastane gibi
Mekteb-i Harbiyenin her blmn gezmi ve bunlar mkemmel olarak
nitelendirmitir. u anda btn orduda mevcut subay ve umera says 20.000dir.
bunun 13.000i alaydan yetimedir. imdi Mekteb-i Harbiyede irfandan ziyade
idmana ehemmiyet verilmektedir. Bu tercih ve itihadn ne kadar musip olduunu
kestiremem.
Snfta tahta bana ard bir adaya Schillerin Das lied von der Glocke
balkl nl drtln yazdrr ve Trkeye evirttirir. renci kk bir
yanllkla bu snavdan baaryla kar.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, stanbuldaki askeri rtiyeleri ve Mekteb-i
Harbiyeyi gezdikten sonra htiyat Zabitan Mektebini de ziyaret etmek gereini
duymutur51. Okulun mdr Naci Beyi de kendisi Tbbiye, o Harbiye
rencisi iken tanmtr. Abdullah Cevdet yatakhaneleri, nbet odalarn,
doktor odasn gezdikten sonra istihkm dersinin yapld bir dershaneye girer.
Burada rencilere ynelik u konumay yapar, Konumann Trablusgarp
Sava zerinde younlamas dikkati ekmektedir:
Ben sizde biraz infial ve inkisar gryorum. Bunun sebebi uzletkrane bir hayat
geirmenizdendir. Trkiye zannolunduu kadar kuvvetsiz deildir. Ve biz mana-y
hakikisiyle malup olmadk ve malup vaziyette deiliz. Ruhunda malubiyet hissetmeyen
millet maluba galiptir, malup deildir. Trablusgarptaki harikalar yapan biziz. O
aslanlar bu millet dourmutur. Utanmakszn gsmz gerebiliriz. lmn nnde firar
edenlerden olmadka her zaman gsmz gerebiliriz. Grelim, siz bana nur verirseniz
ben size nar veririm. Bizim en byk derdimiz suhuletle yan yana gelmememizdir. Mnferit
yayoruz. Hayat- infiratta mefkre olmaz. Mefkre kuvveti olmaz. Kulpler yok, cemiyet
51 Abdullah Cevdet, Mlahazalar ve nikslar htiyat Zabit Mektebiyle, Hak, 29
Haziran 1912, no.108.
21
hayat yok. Bu infialler bu zaaf- iman bundan geliyor. Dev gibi hkmetlerin ayaklar
altnda malup ve mahkm grnen milletler iade-i istiklal ve mid-i evket ile hayatdar
iken biz istiklal-i siyasiye malik, lekere malik, kiverlere malik bir millet neden meyus
olalm. Tarih gstermiyor mu ki bizim dtmz derekelerden daha aa dm milletler
tekrar ayaa kalkm, yaam ve yaatmtr. mit et, mutmain ol, galip ve mesut olan
istikbalimize iman et dedim.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, bu okulla ilgili olarak mdr binba Naci Beyden
epeyce bilgi almtr. kinci Merutiyetten sonra ortaya konan kurumlar arasnda
Yedek Subay Okulu olduka sekin bir yer tutmaktadr52. Dr. Abdullah Cevdet,
okul mdr Binba Naci Beye dayanarak okulla ilgili ayrntl bilgiler
vermektedir. lk yl 175 yedek subay orduya katlmt. imdiki renci says
299dur. lk yl gayrimslim renci says 23tr. Bu say imdi 28dir. Dr.
Abdullah Cevdetin bu yazs vatanperver duygularla sona ermektedir: Her fert,
vatan her tehlikeye maruz bulunduka onu bizzat ve bilfiil mdafaa etmeyi, onun iin can
vermeyi ve can almay bilmelidir.
Sonu ve Deerlendirme
Hak gazetesi, 1912 ylnda ttihat ve Terakkinin iktidardan uzaklat bir
srada yayna girdi. Yayn alt ay kadar srd. Gazetenin sekin bir yaz kadrosu
bulunmakta, dnemin nl yazarlar bu kadro iinde yer alm bulunmaktadr.
Trablusgarpn yitirilmesi gazetenin yayn politikasn nemli lde etkilemitir.
talyanlara duyulan fke hemen hemen her sayda kendini gstermektedir. Bu
fke kimi zaman yazarlarn kfre kaan bir dil kullanmalarna yol amtr.
Gazetenin edebi eki, bal bana nemli bir kltrel etkinliktir. Bunun tesinde
dorudan doruya gazetenin kendisinde de dil ve edebiyat konular nemli bir
yer tutmaktadr. Hsn-i Ak airi Galip Dede iin yaplan bir ihtifal, ayrntl
olarak gazetede yer almtr53. Trkenin sadeletirilmesi konusunda bir yaz,
Kzm Nami imzasn tamaktadr54.
Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, gl bir kalem olarak Hakkn yazarlar arasna
katlmtr. Yazdklar ilgi grmekte, hatta tartmalar yaratmaktadr. ttihat ve
Terakki ile herhangi bir sorunu olmadn dile getirmesi yeni bir dnemin
balangc olarak grlmektedir. Ama o, bunun zerinde fazla durmamtr.
Yazlar lke, salk, eitim, nfus vb. sorunlarn zerinde younlamaktadr.
stanbuldaki orta ve yksek dzeyde btn askeri okullar gezmesi ve
gzlemlerini gazetede dile getirmesi zerinde durulmas gereken bir ayrntdr.
imdiye kadar onun bu gzlemleri zerinde pek durulmamtr.
52 htiyat Zabitan Okulu 1910 ylnda kuruldu. Bk. Dstur, kinci Tertip, II, 344 (17
Haziran 1910).
53 Bir htifal-i li-i edeb, Hak, 22 Haziran 1912, no. 101.
54 Kzm Nami, Mushabe - Trkenin Sadeletirilmesi, Hak, 19 Temmuz 1912, no.
128.
22
ZEK ARIKAN
23
24
ZEK ARIKAN
Atatrk
etkileyen
25
EK I
MUHTELT ZDVALAR68
Muhtelit izdivalardan iki satrla bahsetmek lazmdr. Frenklerin Mariage
mixte dedikleri muhtelit izdiva tabirinden, dinleri ayr kimselerin izdiva
murad olunur. Bir Muhammedinin, bir sevi ile, bir Musevi ile, bir Budist ile
izdiva muhtelit izdivatr. Merasim-i kanuniye itibariyle alelade izdivatan
hibir fark yoktur. svire medeni kanununu kabul edinceye kadar bir
Mslman erkek, bir sevi, bir Musevi, bir Mecusi rki tabirle bir Ermeni bir
Fransz, bir ngiliz, bir Alman bir talyan kzla bila mani izdiva edebilirdi; fakat
bir Mslman gen kz, bunlarn delikanllaryla izdiva edemezdi. Bu bittabi
kadn hakknda hrmetsizce bir dnmenin neticesi idi ve medeni bir millete
layk bir zihniyetle kabil-i telif olmazd; dini taassubun manasz ve kymetsiz bir
nevi tecellisinden baka bir ey deildi. Bundan sene evvel, Trkl kabul
etmek artiyle memleketimize hicret edecek ailelerle aramzda mtekabil shriyet
cereyannn nfus noksanmza arelerden biri olaca yolunda bir mlahazada
bulunmutuk; bir takm tezviri efkrclar ve pdalar (ayakda) gayri nezih bir
maksad- muhalefetkrane ile bize ve byk piva-y tecedddmze kar gayri
msait bir cereyan vcuda getirmek iin, bu mtalaamz, tahrif ederek Gazi
Paa tarafndan kabul olunan Abdullah Cevdet Beyin damzlk celbi hakknda
fikri sername-i mstehceni altna koydular. Gya ki biz memlekete yalnz
zkr muhacirn kabul olunmas reyinde bulunmuuz! Bu trl hezeyanlar akl-
selim sahibi kariler zerinde bir tesir brakmam ise de beyanatn metnini
okumayp yalnz muharref sernameyi okuyan sathi grl halk zerinde bu
tahrip ve tezvir, mzevvirlerce maksud olan sui tesiri muvakkatan ifa etmiti.
Mevzubahs, Trkl, Trk camiasna girmeyi istemi ve kuyud ve erait
szgelerinden getikten sonra Trkiye Cumhuriyeti toprana, vatanda
sfatyla, kabul edilmeye layk grlm ailelerdi.
Trkl kabul etmek artyla kelimeleri yerine Mslmal kabul
etmek artyla kelimelerini kullansaydm hibir mesele olmaz ve kalmazd.
Fakat o zaman ben, ifalkr ve avamfirip (hoa gider davranmak, halk
dalkavukluu) demagog adam olurdum; mnevver Trkiye Cumhuriyetinin
mnevver, halis ve ak yrekli bir vatanda bulunmak sfatn feda etmi
olurdum. nk Avrupadan ve Amerikadan matrud (kovulmu) Yahudi,
Katolik, Protestan vb. dinlerinde bir takm serseri ve her trl kymetten ri
heriflerin stanbula geldiklerine ve eref-i slam ile merref olarak ve
mahza (ancak) bu merrefiyet sayesinde en gzide aileler kzlarn dest-i
(Adab- Muaeret Rehberi) nin tab esnasnda tbi tarafndan karlm olan bu
mebhas, ihanetkr bir azv (iftira) ve tahribe kar bir mdafaay da mutazammn
olduundan vastamzla tevzi olunacak nshalarna ilave edilmek zere ayrca tab
mnasip grld ( 25 Knun- sani 1928 ).
68
26
ZEK ARIKAN
191 numaral (tihat) ta ark stiklal Mahkemesi Reisi Avni Beyin iddianamesinden
bu meseleye mteallik ve zmnen bizi mdafi olan satrlar da okuyun: Hiten bir
cihan- teheyy yaratmak isteyen bu efendiler efkr talitte (yanltma) o kadar
insafszlk gstermilerdir ki hayret etmemek ve yazlarnda takip edilen gayenin dahili
ve harici tehlikeler yaratmaktan ve memleketi uri ve nifaka srklemekten ibaret
olduuna inanmamak mmkn deildir; mesela gnn birinde (tihat ) gazetesi sahibi
Ankaraya geliyor, her Trk vatandann isteyecei surette Reisicumhur ile grmek
arzusunu izhar ediyor ve iki gn sonra kendi itihadndan mlhem olarak beyanatta
bulunuyor, bu beyanatn mahiyetini arz ettiim matbuatn elinde tahrifata uratlarak
ok irkin bir ekle ifra edildikten ve Abdullah Cevdet Bey kanmz temizlemek iin
damzlk insan getirmek istiyormu suretine kalb olunduktan sonra ba tarafna da
Abdullah Cevdet Beyin Reisicumhurla mlakatndan alnm bir ilham ekli veriliyor.
Beyanatn tahrif edildii bizzat faili tarafndan iddia olunan bu irkin szn
Cumhuriyetin Reis-i mbecceline isalinde aranlan, takip edilen maksadn neye matuf
olduunu ben zikr etmeyeceim [ 12 Austos 1925 gnl gazeteler ]
69
27
EK II
Milliyet, 6 Knun- evvel 1932, no. 2451
Haftalk Edebi Musahabe
FKRLER VE NSANLAR ABDULLAH DJEVDET BEY70
Sizi aydnlatmya altm gece gndz:
Aydan gnee gitdim, gneten aya geldim.
Peygamberler vadeder cennet br dnyada;
Ben size bu dnyay cennet yapmaya geldim.
Abdullah Djevdet
lmn duyduum zaman ben de biroklarmz gibi, iimde nedamete
benzeyen bir his duydum. Onun kadrini biliyordum, kendisine hrmette kusur
etmemitim. Fakat bu onun iin kfi deildi. Fikir ileri ile uraanlar sever ve
onlarn tihad mecmuasnda toplanmasn isterdi. Biz ondan, birok eyler
rendiimiz bu adamdan, mecmuasna yardm esirgedik.
Bittabi bunun iin bir takm sebepleri vard: Baz fikirlerine, bilhassa baz
muhabbetlerine itirak etmiyorduk. Mesela ben onun en ok sevdii ve
eserlerini tercme ettii iki Fransz mtefekkirine, J. M. Guyau ile Gustave Le
Bona bir trl tahamml edemiyordum. Dorusu Abdullah Djevdet basite
mtemayildi ve o iki mtefekkiri de bilhassa basitlikleri iin beenmiti. Gerek
Arap harfleri gerek Latin harfleri ile imlasnn garabeti de bu basitiliin bir eseri
idi. Fakat btn bunlarn bir ehemmiyeti olmamal idi, nk birok, en esasl
meselelerde onunla birleiyorduk ve hi de intolrance gsteren bir adam
deildi. Bilkis, tandm mtefekkirler iinde en ok tolrance onda
grdm. tihadn sat mtemadiyen azalyordu., kendisi ihtiyarlamt ve
kendisine devaml surette yardm edecek muharrirler bulamyordu. O
mecmuann okunmas iin hibir ey yapmadk, fakat imdi onun kapanacan
dnnce iimiz burkuluyor.
tihad, vazifesi bitecek mecmualardan deildi, nk Abdullah Djevdet
onu yalnz u veya bu meselenin mdafii deil, serbest fikirlerin organ diye
kurmutu. tihad mtemadiyen mesele doururdu. Onlarn birou bugn
tahakkuk etti. Fakat gariptir ki birok kimseler, onun laiklik iin, kadn almas
iin, Ltin harfleri iin de altn unutarak yalnz garip fikirlerini, mesela
rklar hakknda basit bir grn eseri olan ve insan haralar diyebileceimiz
70 smini ve msralarn yazarken kendi imlasna, mmkn olduu kadar, riayet ettim.
Z.A.
28
ZEK ARIKAN
71 lhan evket, bu olay yllar sonra Vedat Gnyola anlatmtr. Bk. Vedat Gnyol,
alakalem ( Eletiriler ), an Yaynlar, stanbul 1977, s. 54 55.
29
Hem bir insann, bilhassa Abdullah Djevdet gibi bir fikir adamnn, hayat
yalnz vcudunun varl ile mahdut deildir. Kendisi ldkten sonra da
fikirlerinin yaamasn, isminin hemcinsler zerinde bir tesiri olmasn ister.
Hayat, eseri kalbinin durduu anda deil, vcudu defn edildikten sonra hitam
bulur. Cenazesi de tesir eder. Hem bir insan yalnz kendisinin mal deil, iinde
bulunduu muhitin yaay ve dn tarzna itirak edenlerin de maldr.
Kendisi dinsiz ise, cenazesini yapmak da dinsizlere der; hayatnda dinden uzak
yaam ise lsnn de dinden kamas lazmdr. tihatlarnda onun dirisinden
kuvvet alm olanlarn, lsnden de kuvvet alabilmeleri icap eder.
Samimi olalm, hepimiz biliriz ki Abdullah Djevdet fikri ile ile Mslman
deildi. Onun fikirlerini tahrif etmemek iin cenazesinde ayin yaplmamal idi.
Genliinde bir nat- erif yazm olmas bir ey isbat etmez; bu ilk
manzumesini gstererek Hugonun, Fransada cumhuriyetin yerlemesine belki
en ok hizmet etmi olan airin kral taraftar olduunu sylemek gibi bir ey
olur. nsan ocukluundaki deil, olgunluk devresindeki fikirlerinin adamdr.
Bazlar lrken Allah dediini iddia ediyor; bu da bir ey isbat etmez, nk
fikirlerinden deil, hislerinden gelen bir istimdattr. Sevdiklerimizi hrmet
ettiklerimizi yalnz bakalarna kar deil, kendi hislerine kar da mdafaa
etmemiz lazmdr. Zamanmz Fransz romanclarnn en byklerinden biri
olan Roger Martin du Gardn Jean Baroissnda gzel bir sahne vardr: Fransada
laikliin teesssne alm neslin adamlarndan olan Jean Barois, bir gn araba
ile giderken bilmeden bir dua okumaa, Meryemden istimdada balar. Kazada
lmez sadece yaralanr; fakat hasta iken hep bunu dnr; lmne yakn da
yine byle anasndan, babasndan, ald din terbiyesinin uyanacan anlar ve
hemen vasiyetnamesini yazar: Ben, der, dinsizim, lmme yakn ne sylersem
syleyeyim, ehemmiyeti yoktur.
Abdullah Djevdet de bu vasiyetnameyi yazd: te btn yazlar, ite btn
iirleri. te Anatole Francen La rvolte des angesn hatrlatan u ktas (eytana
Kaside): Ykld vaz tezelzlden imtinanla Tahakkm, gadab, cebri, kibri
Yezdann; - Eilmek istemeyen balarn ba ey Resul izzeti nefsin dehas
isyann.
O cenazesinde dini ayin isteyemezdi. Kovdum dudaklarmdan utanga
dualar diyen air, lsnn rahmet dilemesine raz olamazd. lhan evket
Beyin hakk vardr; Abdullah Djevdet Bey gibi dnenlerin, ilerinden
birinden, sevdikleri fikirleri kendilerine retenden ayrlrken namaz klmaa
deil, Nazm Hikmetin
an
almyoruz
an
almyoruz
30
ZEK ARIKAN
Yok
Sela veren
Manzumesine benzer szler sylemee haklar vardr.
Abdullah Djevdetin lmnden bahsederken, onun seveceini bildiim
bir fikri mdafaa etmei, hatrasna en byk hrmet bildim. Herkes gibi o da
unutulmak istemezdi: Gnlmde sevginin unutulmak mellini stnde
kimse alamam bir mezara sor diyor. Onun mezar stnde alamyorum,
alamak istedii fikirleri mdafaaya alyorum.
Nurullah ATA
31
Kaynaka
tihad Mecmuas
Hak Gazetesi
Tanin Gazetesi
Dier makale ve kitaplar
Abdullah Djevdet, Un prcurseur anarchiste Ebou-el Muarri, Les Temps modernes,
Suppl. Litt., 5 (1898),s. 536 -537.
Abdullah Cevdet, Muhtelit zdivalar, dab- Muaeret Rehberi, ayr basm.
Ahmad, Feroz, ttihat ve Terakki, (ev. Nuran lken), Kaynak yay., stanbul, 1984.
Aksoy, Ekrem, lmnn Yetmi Beinci Ylnda Abdullah Cevdet, Szckler, 2
(Mart-Nisan 2008), s. 120 126.
Akin, Sina, eriat Bir Ayaklanma 31 Mart Olay, mge, Ankara, 1994.
Aklan, Necati, The eternal enemy of Islam: Abdullah Cevdet and the Bahai religion,
Bulletin of SOAS, 68, I (2005), s. 1 20.
Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet, Trk nklab Tarihi, TTK, Ankara, 1991, II/1.
Binark, smet Seferciolu, Nejat, Doumunun 100, Yldnm Mnasebetiyle Sleyman
Nazif Bibliyografyas, Ankara, 1970.
Creel, Frank W, Abdullah Cevdet: A father of Kemalism, Journal of Turkish Studies,
1980, s. 9 -26.
an, erife, Abdullah Cevdetten Hseyinzade Aliye Mektuplar, Yeni Trk Edebiyat,
1(Mart 2010), 195 -232.
Demir, Fevzi, Osmanl Devletinde kinci Meclis-i Mebusan Seimleri (1908 -1914), mge,
Ankara, 2007.
Enginn, nci, Trk Edebiyatnda Shakespeare, Dergh, stanbul, TY.
Flemming, Barbara & Schmidt,Jan, The Diary of Karl Sssheim (1878 -1947), Franz
Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002.
(Gvsa), brahim Alaettin, Sleyman Nazif Hayat, Kitaplar,Mektuplar, Fkra ve Mektuplar,
stanbul, 1933.
Gndz, Mustafa, tihadn tihad, Lotus, Ankara, 2008
Gne, hsan, 1912 Seimleri ve Eskiehirde Meydana Gelen Olaylar, Belleten, 216
(1992), 470 481.
Gnyol, Vedat, Byk nsanc Abdullah Cevdet, Trk Dili, 328 (Ocak 1979), s.10-13.
Gnyol, Vedat, alakalem ( Eletiriler ), an Yaynlar, stanbul 1977.
32
ZEK ARIKAN
Abstract
Western healing of Ottoman has enabled the development of social undertakings. Towards the
end of the Administrative reforms first start of strike and employee organizations for workers' rights
was seen. With II. Constitutional Monarchy, significant progress in political, social, cultural and
administrative areas has been made. Trade unions established for organizing the working life of
workers began to play an important role in awareness of workers.
In this study, the social, administrative and economic issues of strikes occurring during II.
Constitutional Monarchy period have been addressed. A number of factors was affected the emergence of
workers' strike. These included: poor working conditions, the excess hours of working, low wages, where
Yrd. Do. Dr., Aksaray niversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi, Tarih Blm. E- mail:
taner.aslan4@gmail.com
34
TANER ASLAN
wages could not be received. II. Constitutionalist strikes were occurring spontaneously with a lack of
political base, and they were not all trade union organizations. Strikes in the construction, mining,
transportation and textile industries were often seen. Leaving in this field of business had let to stop of
production and disruption of service. Therefore, economic and social aspects have been faced with great
difficulties. Initially started in the form of claims, the intensity of the such strikes created important
economic problems, bring the rowdy, and the problems in administrative and security terms
Key Words: Consttutonalsm, Union, Strike.
Giri
1838de imzalanan ekonomik anlamalarla, 1839 Tanzimat Reformlar,
Osmanl Devletinde daha liberal bir ekonomiye geiin yasal zeminini
oluturmutur. Tanzimat; ticareti, er mahkemelerin yetki alanndan karm
ve Osmanl uyruklarna ilk defa zel mlk edinme hakk tand gibi, Osmanl
ekonomisinin kendi iine kapal, geleneksel yapsnn pazar ekonomisine
dnmesine devletin resmen cevaz verdii yeni bir dnemin balangc
olmutur. Bu da retim tarznn deiimine ve sna iletmelerin ortaya kna
yol amtr.1
19. yzylda Batda ortaya kan sanayi inklb, verimli insan gc
ihtiyacn dourmutur. Bu ihtiya, iilerin statlerinde birtakm deiiklikler
meydana getirerek, iilerin rgtlenmesini salamtr. Bu inklp, Batnn yan
sra, Osmanl Devletinin iktisad ve sosyal vaziyetini de derinden etkilemi,
devletin iktisad yapsnda, dolaysyla i gcnde yeni gelimelerin yaanmasna
sebep olmu,2 buna bal olarak da, ii snf olumaya balamtr. Ancak,
balangta Osmanl toplumsal ve ekonomik yaps iinde, ii snfnn rgtl
bir nitelik tad sylenemez.3 Osmanl ekonomisi, yap itibaryla emeini
satarak geinen iinin olumasna imkn tanmamt, fakat Avrupadan gelen
rekabet, geleneksel Osmanl retim tarzn kanlmaz olarak dntrmeye
balamas, cretli sanayi iisini dourmutur.4
1839-1919 dneminin siyas kargaa ortam ve lkenin endstriyel piyasa
ekonomisine hzla geii, imalat, ulatrma, hizmet ve devlet d sektrlerde yeni
i olanaklaryla beraber yeni boyutlu bir ii hareketini balatmtr. Bu dnem,
bu zelliinden dolay kent iisinin ortaya kt bir dnem olmutur. Yeni
Yavuz Selim Karakla, Osmanl Sanayi isi Snfnn Douu, 1839-1923,
Osmanldan Cumhuriyet Trkiyesine iler 1839-1950, (der. Donald Quataer - Eric Jan
Zrcher, ev. Cahide Ekiz), letiim Yaynlar, stanbul 1988, s. 27.
2 Kemal Slker, Trkiyede Sendikaclk Tarihi, Bilim Kitabevi Yaynlar, stanbul 1987,
s.14.
3 Emre Kongar, Toplumsal Deime Kurumlar ve Trkiye Gerei, Bilgi Yaynevi, Ankara
1979, s. 449.
4 Karakla, a.g.m., s. 28.
1
35
36
TANER ASLAN
37
38
TANER ASLAN
5.
Kemal Slker, 100 Soruda Trkiyede i Hareketleri, Gerek Yaynevi, stanbul 1968, s.
Hseyin Avni anda, 1908 i Hareketleri, stanbul 1976, s. 28; Sencer, a.g.e., s. 94-95;
A. Makal, Osmanl mparatorluunda alma likileri 1850-1920, Ankara 1997, s. 269.
23 Kemal Slker, Trkiyede Sendikaclk, stanbul 1955, s. 59.
24 Sencer, a.g.e., s. 95-96.
25 Sencer, a.g.e., s. 94-95.
26 Hseyin Avni, 1908de Ecnebi Sermayesine Kar lk Kalknmalar, Akam Mat., stanbul
1332, s. 18; Gzel, a.g.e., 1993, s. 63-64.
27 M.N.A. Ncole, Bursada Kadn ilerin 1910 Grevi, Toplumsal Tarih, say 39, Mart
1997, s. 7-10; M. ehmuz Gzel, 1908 Kadnlar, Tarih ve Toplum, cilt 2, say 6-12, 17
Temmuz 1984.
28 Fikret Adanr, Osmanl mparatorluunda Ulusal Sorun le Sosyalizmin Olumas
ve Gelimesi, Osmanl mparatorluunda Sosyalizm ve Milliyetilik (1876-1923), (der. Erik
Jan Zurcher, Mete Tuncay), letiim Yay., stanbul 1995, s. 67-68; kr. Mesut Glmez,
Trkiye Belgesel alma likileri, 1936 ncesi, Trkiye ve Ortadou Amme daresi
Enstits, Ankara 1991, s. 13.
22
39
40
TANER ASLAN
41
42
TANER ASLAN
43
44
TANER ASLAN
45
46
TANER ASLAN
47
48
TANER ASLAN
49
biri askere ate am, askerlerden birinin yaralanmas zerine askerler buna
karlk vermi, talyan uyruklu bir ii hayatn kaybetmi ve dieri de
yaralanmtr.111 Bunun zerine Trabzon valilii bu hadisenin nlenmesi iin
gerekli kanun ilemleri balatmtr.112
Selanikteki ttn ticarethanelerinde alan iiler, zmirde tramvay
iileri, Aydn demiryolu iileri, sigara kad, havagaz, deri iilerinin grevleri
balam, 22 Eyllde Selanik Errera, Oredz ve Back iileri ile mstahdemleri
yannda tula harmanlarnda alanlar da greve gitmilerdir. Ayrca, matbaa,
vapur ve Balya-Karaaydn Demiryolu iileri de grev balatmlardr. Vapurlarda
alan iiler, dare-i Mahsusa vapurlarnn Bahriye Nezaretine bal kalmaktan
kurtarlmas iin greve gitmilerdir.113 Eyll 1908de Anadolu, Rumeli, Aydn,
ark ve Beyrut am Hama demiryolu iilerinin grevi, neredeyse tm
Osmanl demiryolu an etkisi altna alm, lkenin ulatrma sektrn felce
uratmtr. Bu durum ttihatlarn sabrn taran son damla olmutur. Rumeli
demiryolundaki grev sadece ulatrmaya darbe vurmakla kalmam, bakent ile
ttihat ve Terakkinin Selanikteki merkezi arasndaki irtibat da zayflatmtr.114
Bu durum, ileride hazrlanacak olan Tatil-i Egl Yasas srecinin en nemli
gerekelerinden birini oluturacaktr.
5 Ekimde Balya-Karaaydn madeninde iiler greve gitmilerdir.115 Bu
grevde, ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti mmessili, mahalli idare amirleri ile
birleerek, elinde bastonla grevcilerin zerine yrmtr.116 Balya Madeninde
alan iilerin grev yapmasyla balayan karklk giderek yaylm, Vilayet,
hkmetten, bu karkln daha da bymemesi iin asker mfrezenin
Balyaya gnderilmesini talep etmitir. i grevlerinin taknla ve ardndan
karkla kadar gitmesi, hkmetin bunu nlemek iin asker mfrezeye
bavurmas, karkln toplumsal huzuru ve asayii ne derece bozduunun bir
gstergesidir.117 Balya Karaaydn Madenindeki grevin sonlandrlmas iin
gnderilen asker mfrezeler asayii temin etmi, ancak madende alan
amelenin tekrar greve kalkmasn engellemek iin zabta kuvvetinin artrlmas
iin Hdavendigar Valiliine mracaatta bulunulmutur.118 Balyada grevlerin
asayii bozacak bir hl almas zerine burada yaplan tahkikat neticesinde Balya
Karaaydn Madeninde maden amelesini greve tevik ettii ne srlen Balya
Naibi Arif Efendinin suu sabit bulunmu ve azli iin Hdvendigar Valiliine
BOA, DH.MKT., 2627/54.
BOA, DH.MKT., 2627/45.
113 Sencer, a.g.e., s. 191; Onur, a.g.m., s. 287; Karakla, a.g.m., s. 35, 50; Glmez, a.g.e.,
1991, s. 432.
114 Onur, a.g.m., s. 292; Karakla, a.g.m., s. 50.
115 Sencer, a.g.e., s. 194-195.
116 Slker, a.g.e., 1955, s. 16.
117 BOA, DH.MKT., 2627/45.
118 BOA, DH.MKT., 2647/24.
111
112
50
TANER ASLAN
bir kez daha bavurularak bir tahkikat daha yaplmas istenmitir.119 Bunun yan
sra, Balya Karaaydn Madeninde grev ilan iin kkrtmalarda bulunan
Hristiyan ve Mslman iilerden bazlar iten karlm, bazlar da tevkif
edilmitir.120
6 Eyllde Sirkecide ark imendiferlerinde de iiler maalarnn
iyiletirilmesini bahane ederek grev yapmlar, o gn imendiferler
almamtr.121 7 Eyll 1908de Rumeli imendifer Kumpanyasnca hattn
tefti ve muayenesi iin Ayastefanosa gnderilen fen memuru, amele tarafndan
baz tecavzata duar ve azimetten men olunduklar gibi, bir mhendisin dahi cerh
edildiinin haber verilmesiyle Zaptiye Nezaretince derhal sevk edilen memurn
marifetiyle ameleden 20 nefer derdest edilmitir. ark imendiferlerinin Selanik
ksm, Selanik-Manastr imendifer hatt ve Selanik-Dersaadet hatlar amelesiyle
tramvay kumpanyas mstahdemleri, ttn maazalar amelesi ve ekerci
kalfalar grev teebbsnde bulunmulardr. Bu grevlerden ark imendiferleri
iilerinin istekleri kabul edilip maalarna zam yaplarak grevleri sonlandrlm
ancak dierlerinin grevlerinin sona erdirilmesi zerinde hkmet almalarn
devam ettirmitir.122 Demiryollar ve imendifer iilerinin yan sra, dier i
kollarnda da iiler greve tevik edilerek i brakmlardr. Rumelide ve
Kavalada ttn maazalar iileri greve gitmi ancak iilerle anlamaya
varlarak grev sona erdirilmitir.123
i eylemlerinin byk bir ounluu kendiliinden balayan grevlerdir.
Baz grevlerde ise birka kiinin tevikiyle grevlere gidildii grlmektedir. Eyll
1908de Drama ve Kavalada 14 bin ii Veta adl bir nderin ynetiminde ii
brakmlar, ama byk tccarlarla hkmetin ibirlii grevi baarszla
gtrmtr.124 Hkmet, iileri haksz ve kanunsuz bir ekilde greve tevik
edenler hakknda kanun ilem balatmtr.125 rnein Kozlu Maden
Ocaklarnda alan ameleyi greve tevik eden Bekir Sdk Efendi oruma
srlmtr.126 Demiryolu, tramvay ve liman alanlarn haksz olarak greve
teebbs ettiren Terk-i Egl Cemiyeti hakknda kanun ilem yaplmtr. Grev
ad altnda toplumun refahn ve dzenini bozacak teebbsler nlenmeye
51
52
TANER ASLAN
53
54
TANER ASLAN
55
56
TANER ASLAN
57
58
TANER ASLAN
59
60
TANER ASLAN
61
62
TANER ASLAN
190
63
Kaynaka
a) Babakanlk Osmanl Ariv Kaynaklar
Dahiliye Nezareti Emniyeti Umumiye 1. ube (DH.EUM.1.b).
Dahiliye Nezareti Emniyeti Umumiye Tahrirat Kalemi (DH.EUM.THR.).
Dahiliye Nezareti dare (DH.D.).
Dahiliye Nezareti Kalemi Mahsus (DH.KMS.).
Dahiliye Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi (DH.MKT.).
Dahiliye Nezareti Muhaberat- Umumiye daresi Kalemi (DH.MU.).
rade Kanun ve Nizamat (.KAN.).
Meclis-i Vkela Mazbatalar (MV.).
Yldz Mtenevvi Maruzat Evrak (Y.MTV.).
(not: belgelerin dosya ve gmlek numaralar metin ierisinde verilmitir.)
b) Eserler ve Makaleler
ADANIR, Fikret, Osmanl mparatorluunda Ulusal Sorun le Sosyalizmin Olumas
ve Gelimesi, Osmanl mparatorluunda Sosyalizm ve Milliyetilik (1876-1923), (der.
Erik Jan Zurcher, Mete Tuncay), letiim Yay., stanbul 1995.
ARALI, Sedat, Gnmze Kadar Belgelerle Trk Sendikacl, Son Telgraf Matbaas
stanbul 1967.
AKSU, Osman Sulhi, Sendikalar ve Toplu Szlemesi, Grev ve Lokavt, stanbul 1974.
AKN, Sina, Jn Trkler ve ttihat ve Terakki, Remzi Kitabevi, stanbul 1987.
BRNC, Ali, II. Merutiyette sizlerin Kurduu alkan Kardeler Cemiyeti, Tarih
ve Toplum, Say 64, Nisan 1989.
AVDAR, Tevfik, Trkiyenin Demokrasi Tarihi, 1839-1990, mge Yaynlar, Ankara
1995.
DERNGL, Selim, Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of
Abdlhamid II (1876-1909), International Journal of Middle East Studies, 23 (1991), s.
345-359.
GLMEZ, Mesut, 1908 Grevleri (lan- Hrriyet Grevleri), Trkiye Sendikaclk
Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, Kltr Bakanl ve Tarih Vakf Ortak Yayn, stanbul 1996.
GLMEZ, Mesut, Sendika Hakk, Toplu Szleme ve Grevi de eren Toplu Eylem
Haklarn Kapsar M?, alma ve Toplum, Cilt 3, (2008).
64
TANER ASLAN
65
ANDA, H. Avni, 1908de Ecnebi Sermayesine Kar lk Kalknmalar, Akam Mat., stanbul
1332.
MANOV, van Dimitr, Trkiye i ve Sosyalist Hareketi, Belge Yay., stanbul 1978.
TALAS, Cahit, Sosyal Ekonomi, S Yaynlar, Ankara 1976.
TOPRAK, Zafer, lan- Hrriyet ve Anadolu Osmanl Demiryolu Memur ve
Mstahdemini Cemiyet-i Uhvvetkarnesi, Tarih ve Toplum, Say 57, Eyll 1988.
TOYDEMR, Sedat, Trkiyede htilflarnn Tarihesi ve Bugnk Durumu,
Sosyal Siyaset Konferanslar, ktisat Fakltesi ktisat ve timaiyat Enstits Neriyat,
stanbul 1951.
TUNA, Orhan, Grev Hakk, stanbul niversitesi Yayn, stanbul 1962.
TRKDOAN, Orhan, 19. Yzyl Osmanl Toplumunda i Snfnn Douu,
Trk Dnyas Aratrmalar Dergisi, XI/2, (1981), 5-22.
STEL, Fsun, II. Merutiyet ve Vatandaln cad, Modern Trkiyede Siyas Dnce,
Tanzimat ve Merutiyetin Birikimi, Cilt 1, letiim Yaynlar, stanbul 2000.
YAZGAN, Turan, Trkiyede Sendikal Hareketler, Trk Dnyas Aratrmalar
Dergisi, Cilt 2, Say 20.
YAZICI, Erdin, Osmanldan Gnmze Trk i Hareketi, Aktif Yaynlar, Ankara 1996.
YURDAL, Milcan, Trkiyede i Hareketleri ve Sendikal Haklar, yay. y., stanbul 1986.
Haberleme,
Abstract
Telegraph was one of the most pivotal technological innovations of
the 19th century, as it transmitted information quickly over long
distances. Not only did it accelerate the speed of business transactions
but also strengthened the power of the central governments. It was also
used for military purposes for obvious reasons. This new technology
rapidly spread throughout the Ottoman Empire. Telegraph lines were
quickly spread everywhere during the Crimean War (1853-1856). One of
the first places that enjoyed the new technology was anakkale as it was
located at the crossroads of major routes. Laid across the sea floor and
overland, the telegraph lines connected the city to stanbul in 1859 and
to zmir in 1865.
Keywords: anakkale, Dardanalles, Ottoman, Telegraph, Morse,
Communication, Modernization
68
69
6 Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi (BOA) rde Dahiliye (. DH.) Nr. 7919 (10 Austos
1847); Nesimi Yazc, Tanzimat Dneminde Osmanl Haberleme Kurumu, 150.
Ylnda Tanzimat, Yayna Hazrlayan: Hakk Dursun Yldz, TTK, Ankara 1992,
s.179,180.
7 Cyrus Hamlin, a.g.e., s.192. Amerikan Elilii sekreteri John Porter Brownn
tercmanlnda Beylerbeyi Saraynda yaplan ilk gsteride gnderilen mesajlardan birini
Sultan Abdlmecid seti. Nesimi Yazc, Trkiyede lk Telgraf Abdlmecit ekti,
Yllarboyu Tarih, S.7, Temmuz 1981, s.25. Her iki gsterinin ayrntlar iin bkz. Cyrus
Hamlin, a.g.e., s.187-192; Yakup Bekta, a.g.m., s.214-217; Asaf Tanrkut, Trkiye Posta
ve Telgraf ve Telefon Tarihi ve Tekilt ve Mevzuat, Ankara 1984, s.534-536.
8 Cyrus Hamlin, a.g.e., s.194.
9 Edward Lind Morse, Samuel F.B. Morse His Letters and Journals, Vol. II, Boston and
Newyork 1914, s.297. Washington Smithsonian Enstitsnde bulunan elmaslarla ssl
madalya ve Amerikan Kongre Ktphanesinde bulunan beratn fotoraflar iin bkz.
Yakup Bekta, a.g.m., s.218,220.
10 Bbli Evrak Odas (BEO) Sadaret medi Kalemi (A.AMD) Nr.26-63 (8 Aralk
1850); BOA. rde Hariciye (.HR.) Nr:3475 ( 10 Aralk 1850); Yakup Bekta, a.g.m.,
s.219.
11 Asaf Tanrkut, a.g.e., s.537; Nesimi Yazc, Tanzimatta Haberleme ve Kara
Tamacl, OTAM (Ankara niversitesi Osmanl Tarihi Aratrma ve Uygulama
Merkezi Dergisi), S.3, Ankara 1992, s.344.
12 James F. Hunnewell, A Century of Town Life: A History of Charlestown, Massachusetts,
1775-1887, Boston 1888, s. XIV.
70
BOA. Hariciye Nezreti Mektub Kalemi (HR.MKT.) Nr.258-27 (27 Eyll 1858).
.HR. Nr. 8512 (16 Eyll 1858). lkelerin tam listesi iin bkz. Lef 2; Nesimi
Yazc, Tanzimat Dneminde , s.180, n.184.
15 BOA. .HR. Nr. 9131 (13 Aralk 1858).
16 Yakup Bekta, The Sultans Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman
Telegrapy 1847-1880, Tecnology and Culture, Vol. 41, October 2000, s. 673.
17 Yakup Bekta, The Sultans Messenger, s.673. A.Baha Gkolu ve ona atfen baz
kaynaklar bu hattn 1013 Nisan 1854 tarihleri arasnda ekildiini belirtmektedir. Bkz.
A. Baha Gkolu, Bat ve Douda Telgraflk Nasl Dodu?, stanbul 1935, s.47. Ancak
mttefiklerin Eyll 1854te Krma asker kardklar dikkate alnacak olursa, KrmVarna telgraf hattnn bitirili tarihinin Nisan 1855 olduunu kabul etmek daha doru
olacaktr. Ayrca Nesimi Yazc, bu konudaki ihtilaf Ceride-i Havadisten alnt yaparak
ortadan kaldrmakta ve Nisan 1855 tarihini vermektedir. Nesimi Yazc, Tanzimat
Dneminde s.181.
18 Neriman Ersoy Hacsaliholu, Krm Savanda Haberleme: Varna Telgraf Hatt
ebekesi, Savatan Bara:150.Yldnmnde Krm Sava ve Paris Antlamas (18531856),
..Tarih Aratrma Merkezi, Bildiriler, stanbul 2007, s.122.
13
14BOA.
71
72
73
74
75
geirildi.44 Yeni bir telgrafhane binas ise ancak yzyln banda hizmete
girebildi.45
Hatlarn zamanla ypranmas halinde iletiimi aksatmamak iin hzla tamiri
yoluna gidilirdi. Bunun iin alnmas kararlatrlan malzemelerin miktar ve cinsi
gazetelere verilen ilanlarla ilgililere duyurulur veya sefaretler araclyla
Avrupadaki firmalardan teklif alnarak temin edilmeye allrd. rnein
1898deki tamirat iin gazetelere ilan verilmi, ayrca Avrupada telgraf iiyle
uraan ve aralarnda Persan Bomon, Siemens, Socit de Tlphoneun da
bulunduu nemli firmalardan teklifler alnmt.46 1896da ise ayr kablodan
olutuu anlalan denizalt hattndan ikisinin yenilenmesi iin 6.000 metre kablo
alm ngrld. Gazetelere verilen ilan sonrasnda yaplan ihaleyi metresi 1
Frank 85 santim teklifi ile Efker Bogos Efendi kazand. Teklife uygulanan %5
tenzilat ile kablonun metre fiyat 1 Frank 12,5 santime indirilebildi ve bu fiyat
zerinden malzemeler alnd.47
Kara hatlarnn onarmnda malzemelerin ilgili blgeye naklini beklemek
dnda genellikle bir sorunla karlalmyordu. Ancak anakkalede olduu gibi
denizaltndan ekilen kablolar, denizin ve geen gemilerin etkisiyle sk sk
kopabiliyordu. Bu nedenle denizaltndan ekilecek hatlarda, kara kablolarna
nispetle daha direnli, dolaysyla daha pahal teller kullanlyordu. Ayrca
mevsim koullar, hava muhalefeti ve denizdeki akntlar, denizalt hatlarnn
mrn ve tamir sresini etkiliyordu. Nitekim Aralk 1861de Boaz hattnn
kopmas zerine anakkale ile olan telgraf balants kesintiye uram ve bu
durumdan idare kadar, tccar ve konsolosluklarn personeli de madur olmutu.
Aslnda eski hat denizden karldnda tamiri halinde kullanlabilecei
anlalmt. Ancak Biga Liv Meclisi onarm masrafnn yksek olmasn ve
denizalt hattnn sk sk arzalanmasn dikkate alarak daha dayankl olan yeni
icat demir telden satn alnmasn tavsiye ediyordu.48 Alnacak telin piyasa fiyat bir
mil iin 80 ngiliz lirasyd. 5 mil kablo bedeli olan 400 ngiliz lirasn yre
halknn demeye raz olabilecei ihtimali bulunuyordu. Hattn daha ok mlk
ve asker ilerde kullanld dikkate alndnda, masrafn yre ahalisine
yklenmesini yerinde bir tasarruf olarak grmek mmkn deildi. Sonuta
yaplacak masrafn telgraf gelirlerinden karlanmas uygun grlrken, gereken
malzemeler de Avrupaya sipari olundu.49 Yedi ay sonra Austos 1862de
telgraf bamhendisinin almasyla sz konusu tel yenilendi ve hat her iki
BOA. .DH. Nr. 41588 (27 Austos 1869).
BOA. Dahiliye Nezreti Mektubi Kalemi (DH. MKT.) Nr. 2377-17 (22 Temmuz
1900).
46 BOA. rde Telgraf ve Posta (.PT.) Nr. 1316 B 3 Lef 1 (24 Ekim 1898).
47 BOA. .PT. Nr. 1314 S 3 (19 Temmuz 1896).
48 BEO. Sadadet Mektb Kalemi Nezaret ve Devir (A. MKT.NZD.) Nr. 401-76 Lef 2
(14 Aralk 1861).
49 BEO. A. MKT.NZD. Nr. 401-76 Lef 1 (20 Ocak 1862).
44
45
76
77
yoluyla bir kolunun anakkaleye dier kolunun ise Balkesir zerinden Bursaya
ekilmesi uygun grld.57
Vakit kaybetmeden keif almalarn balatan Telgraf daresi, Austos
1864te skdar Telgrafhanesi Bamemuru Baha Beyi zmir-anakkale hattnn
inaat ve hesap ilemlerini yrtmek zere grevlendirdi.58 Ardndan da hattn
bir an nce tamamlanabilmesi iin hem zmirden hem de anakkaleden yapm
almalar balatld. Edremite kadar olan ksm iin gerekli olan direkler
ahaliden cretsiz olarak temin edilirken, bunlarn dikilmesi ileri ise boaz
blgesinde bulunan askerler tarafndan gerekletirildi. Gerek yre halknn ve
gerekse askerlerin yapm olduklar bu fedakrlk, pek ok rnekte olduu gibi
gazetelerde ilan edildi.59 Bylece devlet bir yandan itaatkr tebaasndan duyduu
gururu belli ederken, dier taraftan da yaplmas plnlanan hatlar iin ilgili blge
halkna benzer zveriyi kendilerinden beklediini ima ediyordu. Hlbuki
1861de boazda denizaltndan geen hattn kopmas zerine yeni alnacak
kablo iin denecek 400 ngiliz lirasn yre halknn demeye raz olabilecekleri
teklifi, telgrafn daha ok asker ve mlk ilerde kullanld gerekesi ile geri
evrilmiti. Yani telgraf balangta halktan daha ok devletin ve tccarn iine
yaramt.
anakkale-zmir hattnn inaatna balanmasndan alt ay sonra Temmuz
1865te hat zerinde bulunan Bergama, Edremit ve Ayvacka telgrafhaneler
yaplmaya ve buralarda grev yapacak memurlar tayin edilmeye baland.60 Ayn
sonunda anakkale-zmir telgraf hatt tamamlanarak hizmete ald. Bylece
anakkalenin bakent dnda nemli bir Osmanl ehri ile telgraf balants
salanm oldu.61 Ayn zamanda Bayrami Nahiyesinin tabur merkezi olmas
dolaysyla anakkale-zmir hatt zerinde bulunan Ezineden Bayramie yeni
bir hattn ina edilmesi dnld. Ancak eya ve memur maalar iin gerek
btede karl olmadndan gerekse de byle ikinci ve nc derecede
nemi olan yerlere hatlar yaplmas telgraf gelirlerini azaltacandan bu
tasarruftan vazgeildi.62
anakkale-zmir istikametinde iki telden ibaret olan hat, bir sre ihtiyac
karlasa da zellikle zmirin ticar kapasitesi ve Avrupa ile olan telgraf
haberlemesi karsnda yetersiz kalmaya balad. yle ki zmirin 1871de resm
iler dndaki gnlk telgraf yazmas iki yz geiyordu. Buna bir de adalarn
Mustafa Kaar, a.g.m., s.102,103.
BOA. .HR. Nr. 12036.
59 BEO. A. MKT.MHM. Nr. 322-35 (5 Ocak 1865). Yaklak iki ay sonra direkler ahali
tarafndan nakledilmi ve askerler de dikmeye balamlard. BEO. A. MKT.MHM. Nr.
325-53 (23 ubat 1865).
60 BOA. .HR. Nr. 12418 Lef 2 (12 Temmuz 1865).
61 BEO. A. MKT.MHM. Nr. 339-4 (29 Temmuz 1865).
62 DH. MKT. Nr. 1460-12 (3 Kasm 1887).
57
58
78
79
69
Nitekim Osmanl Devleti bu tavrn Louis Pasteurn 1885 ylnda kuduz asn
bulmas sonrasnda da gstermi ve Sultan II. Abdlhamid Pasteur stanbula davet
ederek onu dllendiren ilk hkmdar olmutur. BOA, Yldz Mtenevvi Maruzat
Evrak (Y.MTV), Nr. 20/20 (14 ubat 1886); BOA, Mabeyn Erkan ve Saray Grevlileri
Maruzat (Y.PRK.SGE.), Nr. 2/73 (6 Temmuz 1886).
80
KAYNAKA
A- Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi (BOA)
rde Dahiliye (. DH.), No: 7919, 28068, 29866, 29948, 40903, 41588, 44027, 44228,
79754.
rde Hariciye (.HR.), No: 3475, 5911, 8003, 8512, 8717, 8770, 8803, 9131, 9256, 11035,
12036, 12418.
rde Meclis-i Mahsus (.MMS.), No: 153
rde Meclis-i Vl (.MVL.),No: 25286.
rde Telgraf ve Posta (.PT.), No: 1310 CA 10, 1314 S 3, 1316 B 3, 1322 L 3
Dahiliye Nezreti Mektubi Kalemi (DH. MKT.), No: 1460-12, 1779-32, 2033-62, 2377-17
Hariciye Nezreti Mektub Kalemi (HR.MKT.), No: 258-27
Hariciye Nezreti Tercme Odas (HR.TO.), No: 240-52, 489-40
Bbli Evrak Odas (BEO) Sadaret Mteferrik (A.M.), No: 16-92
Sadaret medi Kalemi (A.AMD), No: 26-63
Sadaret Mektubi Mhime Kalemi (A.MKT.MHM), No: 322-35, 325-53, 339-4, 432-2, 438-4
Sadret Mektub Kalemi Umum Vilayt (A. MKT.UM.), No: 396-74
Sadadet Mektb Kalemi Nezaret ve Devir (A. MKT.NZD.), No: 401-76
Yldz Mtenevv Maruzat Evrak (Y.MTV), Nr. 20/20
Mabeyn Erkan ve Saray Grevlileri Maruzat (Y.PRK.SGE.), Nr. 2/73
B- Aratrma ve ncelemeler
Ahmed Cevdet Paa: Tezkir, 1-12, Yaynlayan: Prof. Dr. Cavid Baysun, TTK, Ankara
1991.
Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, Vaka-nvis Ahmed Ltf Efendi Tarihi, Yaynlayan: Prof. Dr. M.
Mnir Aktepe, C. IX, Edebiyat Fakltesi Matbaas, stanbul 1984.
Bekta, Yakup: Displaying the American Genius:The Electromagnetic Telegraph in
the Wider World The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 34, No.2 , Jun.,
2001, s.199-232.
Bekta, Yakup: The Sultans Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegrapy
1847-1880, Tecnology and Culture, Vol. 41, October 2000, s. 669-696.
Davison, Roderic H.: Osmanl mparatorluunda Elektrikli Telgrafn Kurulmas,
Osmanl Trk Tarihi 1774-1923, ev: Mehmet Moral, stanbul 2004, s. 193-232.
Demir, Tanju: Trkiyede Posta Telgraf ve Telefon Tekilatnn Tarihsel Geliimi (1840-1920),
Ankara 2005.
Gkolu, A.Baha: Bat ve Douda Telgraflk Nasl Dodu?, stanbul 1935.
81
82
Abstract
Ottoman sultans began to make visits in their lands in the 19th
century. Mahmud II was the first sultan who made such trips. The main
objective of these visits was to see reflections of administrative, financial,
social reforms in place. At the same time, the problems of people were
observed closely, their complaints were listened and needs were met.
Sultan Abdlmecid made four visits in the country. In this study Sultan
Abdulmecids first trip (zmid, Bursa, anakkale, Midilli and Gelibolu)
will be examined, which started on May 26 in 1844 and lasted for 17
*
Yard. Do. Dr. Onsekiz Mart niversitesi, Eitim Fakltesi Tarih Eitimi Anabilim
Dal/ANAKKALE, serifkorkmaz@hotmail.com. 0(286) 217 13 03/3018
84
ERF KORKMAZ
days. Both Muslim and non-Muslim people were helped in these towns
visited.
He granted some awards and gifts to civil and military
administrators and religious men and dressed them with hilats (gowns).
Sultan Abdulmecid himself was a model for the people with his Western
clothes. Concerts were organized by Muzka- Hmyn (The Imperial
Band), established in the place of the Mehter in order to familiarize
people with this new music. Abdulmecid was welcomed with ceremony
in those cities he visited. People who wanted to see the sultan came
together along the roads and showed their joy. Parade of Friday Prayer
was also held in these cities.
Keywords: Abdlmecid, Bursa, zmid, Gelibolu, anakkale, Trip
85
86
ERF KORKMAZ
87
15
16
88
ERF KORKMAZ
Bursa Gezisi
Sultan Abdlmecid, yolculuun 4. gn, sabahleyin ocuklarn ve ahalinin
dualar arasnda sandalla vapura terif ederek, zmidden ayrlm ve Mudanyaya
hareket etmitir. ok gzel bir hava altnda yolculuk 7 saat srm ve Mudanya
kylarna ulalmtr. Mudanyada Mslman ve gayrimslim ahali, mekteplerin
hoca ve talebeleri, sahilde toplanarak, dualarla sultan karlama trenine
katlmlardr. Sultan, iskelede Hdavendir Eyleti Miri Salih Paa,
merasimle karlamtr. Bir mddet dinlenen sultan, rahvan bir atla Bursaya iki
saat mesafede Misebolu ky civarnda Zeytuntepesinde kurulan otaa
ulamtr. Buras, Gemlik ve Mudanya krfeziyle Bursaya nzr yksek bir
mevki idi. Bir sre burada dinlenen sultan, faytonla Bursaya hareket etti.
Sultann, zmidden hareketinden nce, merasimleri tertip etmek zere
grevlendirilmi olan Dr- r-y Asker Reisi Sleyman Paa, hediyelerle
birlikte Ereli adl vapurla Mudanyaya ve sonra Bursaya gelmiti. Sleyman
Paa, Bursaya bir saat mesafedeki Nilfer ayndan, ehre kadar yolun sa ve
soluna ahaliyi toplamt. Sultan, Nilfer ay zerindeki kprye geldii zaman
faytondan inerek ata bindi. Paalar, beyler, ktipler, mabeynciler, ve
hademelerden oluan sultann maiyeti de srasyla bir alay oluturdular. Bursa
Defterdr Hac zzet Efendi, kad, mderris, eraf, ayan ve halk, eyhler,
bilginler, ehrin ileri gelenleri, slam ve gayrimslim ahali, Uluyol denilen geni
caddeden Paa Kapsna kadar, yolun sa ve solunda dizilmilerdi. Mektep hoca
ve kalfalar teekkr ieren vc dualar, ilahiler, eitli manzmeler okudular.
Erkek ve kadnlar da kr dualar okuyorlard. Sultan Abdlmecid, Mslman,
Rum, Ermeni, Katolik ve Yahudi ocuklarnn yksek sesle syledikleri min
sesleri arasnda mkemmel ve debdebeli bir alayla Bursaya girdi17.
Sultann alay Paa Kapsna yaklat srada kurbanlar kesilmi ve Bursa
Kalesinden teekkr toplar atlmtr. O gece dinlenen padiah, aramba gn,
ilk nce Sultan Osman Gazi ve Sultan Orhan Gazinin kale ierisindeki
trbelerini ziyaret ederek, ruhlarna dualar etmitir. Orhan Gazinin trbesinde
le namaz cemaatle klnmtr. Kale ierisinde daha nce serasker paa
tarafndan tamir ettirilmi olan Aziz Mahmud Hda Trbesi ziyaret edilmitir.
Padiah tamir ettirdii Mevlevihneyi de terif ederek, Mevlev ayinini izlemi,
eyh efendi ile dedelere ve dervilere bol bol hediyeler ihsan etmitir. Mevlev
ayininden sonra Bursann gneyinde Gmsuyu civarnda Hsameddin ad
verilen yksek bir mevkide yeniden ina ettirilen kke gidilmitir. Buradan
ehri seyreden sultan bir sre dinlendikten sonra akam zeri ikamet edecei
Paa Kapsna dnmtr. Perembe gn, elebi Sultan Mehmed Han ve
Emir Sultan trbeleri ve camii ziyaret edildikten sonra, Yldrm Bayezidin ehir
dnda bulunan cami ve trbesine gidilmitir. le namaz cemaatle klndktan
sonra, ar boyu gzerghndan ehir iine gelinmitir. Yldrm Bayezid Han
17
89
18
19
90
ERF KORKMAZ
91
92
ERF KORKMAZ
23
93
Engelhardt, Tanzimat ve Trkiye, ev. Ali Read, Kakns Yay., stanbul, 1999,
s. 3; Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanl Tarihi, V. Cilt, TTK. Yay., Ankara, 1995, s.171; Metin
nver, Tanzimatn Midilli Adasnda Tatbiki, . . Sosyal Bilimler Enstits,
Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi, stanbul, 2006, s. 150-151.
25 Takvim-i Vekayi, Defa 271.
94
ERF KORKMAZ
95
96
ERF KORKMAZ
KAYNAKA
BABAKANLIK OSMANLI ARV (BOA)
rade, Dhiliye, 4335, 4382, 4385, 4399; rade Mesil-i Mhimme, 2485,2491, 2494.
Gazete
Takvim-i Vekayi,
Defa 67, (9 Cemaziyel-Evvel 1249); Defa 140, (11 N 1252); Defa, 271 ( 6
Cemaziyel- Ahir 1260); Defa 286, ( 23 Rebil- Ahir 1261); Defa 302 (14
Cemaziyel Ahir 1262); Defa 303, ( 27 Receb 1262); Defa 426, ( 8 aban 1266).
Kaynak Eserler ve ncelemeler
Ahmet Ltfi Efendi, Vakanvis Ahmet Ltfi Efendi Tarihi, Cilt 6-7-8, Yap Kredi
Yaynlar, stanbul 1999.
Ahmet Ltfi Efendi, Vaka-nvis Ahmet Ltfi Efendi Tarihi, Cilt 9, Yaynlayan Mnir
Aktepe, stanbul niversitesi Edebiyat Fakltesi Yaynlar, stanbul 1984.
adrc, Musa, Tanzimatn Uygulanmasnda Karlalan Baz Glkler, Tanzimatn
150. Yldnm Uluslararas Sempozyumu, Ankara, 31 Ekim-3 Kasm 1989, TTK Yay.,
Ankara 1994.
Engelhard, Edouard, Tanzimat ve Trkiye, ev. Ali Read, Kakns Yaynlar, stanbul
1999.
Karal, Enver Ziya, Osmanl Tarihi, Cilt V, Trk Tarih Kurumu Yaynlar, Ankara 1995.
Karateke, Hakan T, Padiahm ok Yaa! Osmanl Devletinin Son Yz Ylnda Merasimler,
Kitap Yaynevi, stanbul 2004.
Kk, Cevdet, Abdlmecid Trkiye Diyanet Vakf slam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt, 1 stanbul
1988.
Ongunsu, A.H, Abdlmecid slam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, MEB Yay., Eskiehir 1997.
Sakaolu, Necdet, Sultan Abdlmecidin Rumeli Seyahati, Toplumsal Tarih, Say 145,
Ocak 2006.
Stanford J. Shaw-Ezel Kural Shaw, Osmanl mparatorluu ve Modern Trkiye, II. Cilt, ev.
Mehmed Harmanc, E Yaynlar, stanbul 1983.
Turan, erafettin, II. Mahmudun Reformlarnda talyan Etki ve Katks,Sultan II.
Mahmud ve Reformlar Semineri, 2830 Haziran 1989, Bildiriler, stanbul nv.
Edebiyat Fakltesi Basmevi, stanbul 1990.
nver, Metin, Tanzimatn Midilli Adasnda Tatbiki, stanbul niversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler
Enstits, Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi, stanbul, 2006.
97
Deeri
10 kuru
100 kuru
20 kuru
60 kuru
75 kuru
50 kuru
50 kuru
80 kuru
5 kuru
10 kuru
10 kuru
5 kuru
2 kuru
5 kuru
100 kuru
150 kuru
98
ERF KORKMAZ
Ek-2. Manzmeler
Mlkn ryet in kmd Hn- Abdl-mecid
tti hayli beldesin feyz-i kudm d-mn
Hamdullah avdet itti cnib-i stanbula
Kld terf-i hmyunyla ns km-rn
Ol Sleyman- zaman eyler tecesss Kfa dek
Old ankalar gibi na-bd nm- ser-ken
Sye-i ltfnden vard rahata her memleket
Nr-i adl old lemde gne gibi ayn
Kalmad dallarda ukde gonca-ve ald hep
Nev-behr-i evketi kld cihn glistn
Bezl-i ihsnn ne mmkndr hesab etmek kalem
Bi-hesb etsin heman mrin Huda-y msten
Bendesi Tlib de takdm eylesn tarihini
Sad ile geldi Stanbula bu yl h- zeman
1260
h- memdh- cihn sultan han- Abdlmecid
evket ve icllini mjdad ede Rabbim heman
Cedd-i alsn ziyaret mlkn hem seyr in
Ymnle azm eylemiti ol ehinh-i cihn
Kefiye nak eyledim tarih-i cevher-darn
Avdetiyle kld dn cmleyi h-i zeman
1260 Ahmed Kef
Abstract
The expression sanjak is divided to judicial-administrative subunits called kazas present in definitions involving administration distributions has not been valid for the Bosnian Sanjak until the beginning of
the 16th century. On the establishment of the Bosnian Sanjak, the administration distribution was done according to the lands present before
the Ottoman Empire and this distribution was expressed as vilyets.
The term kaza was used with the 16th century to indicate an administration distribution in the Bosnian Sanjak. The conquests that took
place around Bosnia, especially in the first half of the 16th century, has
resulted in the constant change in the administrative boundaries. The
new conquered lands were first added to the Bosnian Sanjak and then
some of them were added to the newly established sanjaks. This paper
aims to examine the administrative distribution of the 16th century Bosnian Sanjak with reference to the tahrir defters (the tax survey registers)
of the Bosnian Sanjak.
Keywords: The Bosnian Sanjak, The Ottoman Empire, Administrative
Units, 16th century, Kaza, Vilyet, Nahiye
*
Ass. Prof. Dr., Ankara University, The Faculty of Letters, Department of History,
oruc@humanity.ankara.edu.tr
100
HATCE ORU
Introduction:
The Bosnian Sandjak was established in 1463. The residential centre of the
Bosnian sandjak was Jajce until autumn of 1463, Sarajevo up to the middle of
the 16th century, Banja Luka1 between 1554 and 1563, Sarajevo in 16382 and
Travnik in 1699, which remained as the sandjak and beglerbegilik centre until
1850.3 The Bosnian sandjak remained as part of Rumeli beglerbeglik until the
establishment of the Bosnian beglerbeglik. The Bosnian beglerbegilik was established in 1580 and Ferhad Beg was appointed as the pasha of the Bosnian
Beglerbegilik4.
Since the establishment of the Bosnian sandjak, it functioned as a frontier
for Ottoman military expeditions towards the north and west. Due to its strategic position, new conquered lands were first added to this sandjak, even if it
was for a temporary duration. While the Bosnian kept its original administrative
structure, its borders were constantly subject to changes with the inclusion and
exclusion of the new conquered areas or the establishment of new sandjaks. In
this study, the administrative structure of the Bosnian sandjak in the 16th century will be discussed with regard to the changes in its borders based on the
tahrir defters (tax registers) held at the Ottoman Archive of the Prime Ministry in
Istanbul5.
Since the administrative division of the Bosnian Sandjak resembles that of
the other sandjaks of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, it is necessary to
begin by giving a brief account of the general administrative distribution in the
Ottoman Empire:
Beglerbegilik: The largest military-administrative division in the Ottoman
Empire was beglerbegilik under a beglerbegi or governor-generals control.
From late 16th Century, a beglerbegilik was also known as eylet and then
vilyet. However, in addition to its meaning as a beglerbegilik and eylet, the
term vilyet was also used for any other administrative unit, whether small or
large6. As it will be mentioned later on, the term vilyet was also used to imply
the administrative subdivisions of a sandjak in the 15th century.
Branislav urev, Bosna-Hersek, DA, VI, stanbul 1992, p. 298.
Branislav urev, Banja Luka, EI2, p. 1018.
3 A. Popovi, Travnik, EI2, X, Leiden 2000, p. 573; A. Popovi, Sarajevo, EI2, IX,
Leiden 1997, p. 30.
4 Hatice Oru, 15. Yzylda Bosna Sanca ve dar Dalm, OTAM, 18/2005, Ankara 2006, pp. 252-253.
5 For detailed information about the tahrr defters on Bosnian sandjak see: Hatice
Oru,Tahrr Defters on the Bosna sanjak, Archivum Ottomanicum, Harrasowitz Verlag,
Wiesbaden- Germany, 2008, 403-430.
6 Halil nalck, Eylet, EI2, vol. II, Leiden 1991, p. 721; Halil nalck, Eylet, DA,
vol. 11, stanbul 1995, p. 548.
1
2
101
Halil nalck, Eylet, EI2, 722; . Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eylete: 1550-1650 Arasnda
Osmanl meras ve l daresi, stanbul 1978, pp. 26-27.
8 Halil nalck, Eylet, DA, pp. 548-549; Halil nalck, Eylet, EI2, p. 722; Metin
Kunt, Sanjaktan Eylete, p. 26-27.
9 Halil nalck, Eylet, p. 723; Mehmet pirli, Beylerbeyi, DA, VI, stanbul 1992,
p.72; V.L.Menage, Beglerbegi, EI2 , volume I, Leiden 1986, s. 1159-1160.
10 Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eylete, pp. 16-17; J.Deny [M.Kunt], Sandjak, EI2, vol. IX,
Leiden 1997, p. 13.
7
102
HATCE ORU
battle under the command of beglerbegi and also conducted military operations
on certain occasions11.
In this military-administrative structure of beglerbegliks and sanjaks, the
Bosnian Sandjak had a distinct place as an udj sandjak and a frontier. More
than a hundred years passed until the Bosnian Sanjak was organized as a seperate beglerbegliks or province in 1580. However, since the beginning of the
sanjak's establishment Bosnian sandjakbegis were selected among prominent
begs and were also respected like beglerbegis. The amount of their hsses also
supports this aspect. For instance Isa Beg (the son of Ishak Beg), the Bosnian
Sandjak beg held a 1.092.619 akche hss in 1469.12 This hss revenue is quite
high compared to the other sanjakbegs' hsses both in Anatolia and Rumelia.
Most of the Anatolian sandjakbegs' hss revenues varied between 250.000 and
400.000 akches and the higherst amount of hss revenue among the 21 sandjaks
bound to the Rumelian Beylerbegis was Mora sandjakbegi with 507.760 akches13. On the other hand, the highest and lowest hss revenues were 1.200.600
and 600.000 akches belonging to Diyarbekir and Kbrs beglerbegis respectively14. In later years, the Bosnian Sandjak begs hss revenues were high again
although they were not as much as Isa Beg's. For instance Mustafa Pasha's hss
revenue was 739.593 akches in 151615 and Husrev Beg's was 800.831 akches in
154016. Ferhad Beg who had been sandjak beg until then was assigned 800.000
akche hss and given the title beglerbegi when the Bosnia was reorganization
as a province in 1580.
Kaz: There were also kazs as judicial-administrative in addition to the
military-administrative units of beglerbegiliks and sanjaks. The district over
which a kdi had jurisdiction was called a kaz, consisting of one or more
nhiye(s)17. Beglerbegis and sanjakbegis represented Sultans central absolute
authority while kdis represented judicial authority. Kdis were responsible for
non-military sharia and legal matters. In addition to the jurisprudence, they had
J.Deny [M.Kunt], Sandjak, p. 13
Atatrk Library MC.076: 1468/69 dated icml tahrr defter (summary tax register) on the
Bosnian sandjak which is held at Atatrk Library in stanbul
13 Ylmaz Kurt, Osmanl Toprak Ynetimi, Osmanl, vol.3, Ed.: Gler Eren, Ankara
1999, p. 60.
14 Halil nalck, Timr, EI2, vol. X, Leiden 2000, p. 503.
15 BOA.TD.56: 1516 dated icml tahrr defter on the Bosnian sandjak in the BOA
16 BOA.TD.211: 1540-1542 dated mufassal tahrr defter on Bosnian sandjak in the BOA
BOA.TD. 201: 1540-1542 dated icml tahrr defter on Bosnian sandjak in the BOA
17 For kaz see. B. D. Macdonald, Kaz, A, vol. VI, stanbul 1977, pp. 493-494;
Tuncer Baykara, Kaz, DA, vol. 25, Ankara 2002, pp. 119-120; Tuncer Baykara,
Anadolunun Tarih Corafyasna Giri, Anadolunun dar Taksimat, Ankara 1988; Mustafa
Akda, Trkiyenin ktisad ve tima Tarihi, Ankara 1971, pp. 63-75; Feda amil Ark,
Osmanllarda Kadlk Messesi, OTAM, 8/1997, pp.1-72.
11
12
103
104
HATCE ORU
1- Jele Vilyet
Jele Kdilik
2- Saraj Vilyet
Saraj Kdilik
3- Kral Vilyet
Bobovac Kdilik
4- Hersek Vilyet
Drina Kdilik
Neretva Kdilik
Blagaj Kdilik
c)
5- Pavli Vilyet
Viegrad Kdilik
6- Kova Vilyet
On looking at the 1516 dated icml defter of the Bosnian sandjak, it is observable that vilyets as sub-divisions had diseappeared completely and the term
kaz began to be used, pointig to a judicial-administrative division.
Nhiye: Kazs were administratively and geographically divided into districts called nhiyes. They were composed of villages, a stronghold or a town.
In essence, nhiyes were regions which appeared within the timr system and
displayed a geographical integrity. Since nihayes has a military unit, sipahis holding timars, known as ser-asker acted as head. Sipahis in this unit gathered unkaz until the 1520 dated defter: Kaz-i Canik-I Bayram (Bahaeddin Yediyldz, Ordu
Kazas Sosyal Tarihi, Ankara 1985, pp.17, 35-50). Kaz term did not take place in 1458
dated Canik sandjak tahrr defteri yet sanjaks were subdivided into nhiyes instead of
vilyets this time. Here, nhiyes corresponded to kazs of 16th century and smaller
units which constituted them were also termed nhiye (Mehmet z, XV-XVI. Yzyllarda Canik Sanca, Ankara 1999, pp. 28-29). In his study on the transition process from
pre-Ottoman provincial administration to the Ottomans system in Anatolia, Oktay
zel indicates that Amasya was divided into vilyets according to the earliest existing
defter belonging to 1480. The term kaz has not been used in this defter. In fact, it has
not been used to denote a juridical administrative unit until 1520. zel emphasizes that
the fact that the term kaz has not been used to denote an administrative unrt in 15th
century tahrir defters on Amasya or the Province of Rum is an indication of the continuing influence of the pre-Ottoman Setjukid practice. (Oktay zel, The transformation of Provincial Administrative in Anatolia: Observations on Amasya from 15th to
17th centuries, The Ottoman Empire: Myths, Realities and Black Holes, Contributions in
Honour of Colin Imber, stanbul 2006, pp.60-63).
22 See: Hatice Oru, 15. Yzylda Bosna Sanca ve dar Dalm,
105
der the flag of the ser-asker and went to expeditions under his command. So,
great attention was paid to the composition of nahiyes of villages having geographical integrity so that the sipahis could come together with easily23. Also, it
is seen that naibs were assigned to the nahiyes directly by kdis to execute legal
and administrative on-site errands on their behalf24.
Allocation units depicted as nefs (nefs, nefs-i bazar or nefs-i varosh) in the
defters indicate nhiyes centres25, which were areas where urban life developed.
People in such places engaged in commerce and crafts, which distinguished
them from the village folk living on agriculture and livestock. However, it
should also be mentioned that some nhiyes did not have a central allocation
unit.
In the Bosnian sandjak defters, the entry Eflkn (Vlach) was made for
some nhiyes. This is due to the presence of migrant population called Eflk
who were recorded as communities doing animal husbandry in these nhiyes
and were led by voyvoda, knez and primiurs. Eflks, who annually paid 1 filori
per household and had specific military obligations in wartimes according to
the Eflk law26, started to settle, and communities, which had been mentioned
with the name of their voyvoda, knez or primiur, began to be recognized by
their village names in 16th century27.
Administrative Division of Bosnian Sandjak in 16th Century
According to 1516 dated and first defter on the Bosnian sandjak28, there
were six kazas, namely Jeni Bazar, Saraj, Brod, Viegrad, Neretva and Brvenik.
Among them, Brvenik was actually a kaza adjoining Semendire sandjak. However, two nahiyes of this kaza, Ostatija and Bobolj, were documented within the
boundaries of Bosnian sandjak in 1516 dated tax registry.
lhan ahin, Nahiye, DA, vol. 32, p. 307.
M.T. Gkbilgin, Nhiye, A, IX, stanbul 1974, p. 38.
25 In literal translation nefs means the very, the very place and it indicates the
center of a nahiye (see. Nikolai Todorov, The Balkan City, 1400-1900, Washington
1983, p. 20.)
26 BOA. TD. 24: 1489 dated mufassal tahrr defter (detailed tax register) on the Bosnian sandjak
in BOA.
27 About Vlachs in Bosnia, see: Branislav urev, O naseljavanju Vlaha stoara u
sjevernu Srbiju u drugoj polovini XV vijeka, Godinjak drutva istoriara Bosne i
Hercegovine, 35/1984 Sarajevo, 1966, pp. 63-78; Nedim Filipovi, Islamizacija vlaha u
Bosni i Hercegovini u XV i XVI vijeku, Radovi ANUBIH, knj. LXXIII - Odjeljenje
drutvenih nauka, knj. 22, Sarajevo, 1983, pp. 139-148; Snjeana Buzov, Vlasi u
Bosanskom sandaku i islamizacije, POF, 41/1991 (Sarajevo), 99-111; Snjeana Buzov,
Vlako pitanje u osmanlijskim izvorima, Povijesni prilozi, 11/1992 (Zagreb), pp. 39-60;
Jusuf Muli, Drutveni i ekonomski poloaj Vlaha i Arbanasa u Bosni pod
osmanskom vlau, POF, 51/2001, Sarajevo 2003, pp. 111-146.
28 BOA. TD.56 : 1516 dated icml tahrr defter on the Bosnian sandjak in the BOA.
23
24
106
HATCE ORU
107
were included in this sandjak. Skradin kaz became the central kaz of Klis
sandjak at the same time33. Although Klis sandjak was established in 1537, both
hsses of Klis sandjak bey Murad and Skradin kaz were recorded in the Bosnian sandjak records between 1540 and 1542. The first tahrir records composed
especially on Klis sandjak belong to 1550 and together with their nhiyes,
Skradin and Neretva kazs which had been recorded to Bosnian sandjak were
registered to Klis sandjak at that time34.
The six kazs of Bosnian sandjak in 1550 were as follows: Jeni Bazar, Saraj, Brod, Viegrad, Koba and Srebrenica.
There are three mufassal defters (detailed tax registers) and one icml
defter (summary tax register) from the sandjak's 1563-65 tahrir in the archive35.
Records in the registry depict that a new kaz was added at that date. Sandjak's
kazs were Jeni Bazar, Saraj, Brod, Viegrad, Koba, Novosel and Srebrenica.
The last defters on the Bosnian sandjak composed in the 16th century we
identified were kept after 156536. The recording dates of those defters kept as
two seperate documents are not apparent; yet they were probably composed in
1580's. Neither of those documents is a complete defter, they appear to be
short parts of one single defter instead. It is understood that kaz distinction
was not made carefully in the tahrir records. The same is also true for the 1604
dated tahrir defter. At that date, nhiyes were generally recorded without specifying which kaz they belonged to. According to the 1604 dated tahrir, it is
possible to say that at the end of the 16th century, boundaries of the Bosnian
sandjak extended from Zvean (today's Kosovska Mitrovica) in southeast, to
Biha in northwest, which was conquered in 159237.
- Skradin
3. Brod
4. Viegrad
5. Neretva
- Brvenik
- Srebrenica
3. Brod
4. Viegrad
5. Neretva
- Brvenik
Vilyeti
- Srebrenica
2. Saraj
2. Saraj
6. Koba
5. Neretva
4. Viegrad
3. Brod
2. Saraj
1. Jeni Bazar
1. Jeni Bazar
1. Jeni Bazar
1540
1530
1516
- Velika
- Srebrenica
5. Koba
4. Viegrad
3. Brod
2. Saraj
1. Jeni Bazar
1550
- Srebrenica
6. Novosel
5. Koba
4. Viegrad
3. Brod
2. Saraj
1. Jeni Bazar
1565
108
HATCE ORU
1)
109
In 1516 Jeni Bazar kaz had ten nhiyes. This kaz was identical to the
Jele/Jeni Bazar vilyet of the 15th century. Apart from this vilyet, there were
Rane, Radohna and Moravica nhiyes in Jeni Bazar vilyet. Later on, other
nhiyes were merged to this kaz. Nhiyes of Jeni Bazar are given below:
Ras ( )alias Jeni Bazar ([ ) Novi Pazar]: The name of this
nhiye appears in the Bosnian Sadjak tahrir defters sinceits establishment. In
the 1528-30 dated tahrir defter and the later ones, Ras nhiye was called Jeni
Bazar. The centre of the nhiye was Jeni Bazar nefs, which was also the centre of
the kaz. The other name of the nefs was Ras and in time this name gave way
to Jeni Bazar.
Zvean ( Izvean): Zvean nhiye was one of the oldest nhiyes of
the sandjak. There was a nefs-i bazar called Dimitrofice ( Dimitrofe;
Dimitrofac) [today Kosovska Mitrovica] in the nhiye. Also a solid
stronghold was located within borders of the Zvean nhiye: Kala-i Zvean.
Zvean stronghold, which was recorded together with its garrison in the
1516 and 1528-30 dated defters, does appear in the 1540-42 dated one. This is
because the stronghold was demolished by order in 154038. However, the 1550
dated tahrir illustrates that the stronghold was relodged again and the garrisons
were assigned timrs39.
Rane ( Irjane, Arjane): A nhiye called Rane is mentioned for the
first time in the 1516 dated tahrir defter. Nonetheless, the name of the nhiye is
not unfamiliar. One of the nefs-i bazars which was recorded under Zvean
nhiye in the 15th century tahrir defter: Rane Nefs-i bazar. In 1516 this nefs
was recorded under the boundaries of Rane nhiye, a distinct nhiye established under its own name. Rane nefs was a silver mine.
Jele ( Yele): It was equivalent to the Jele nhiye of the 15th century.
Its nefs-i bazar was Gluhavica ( Gluhavie). Other name of this nefs
was Demr Bazar or Demrci Bazar.
Within the boundaries of the nhiye, there was a solid stronghold called
Jele. It was last recorded in the 1528-30 dated tahrir.40 Since timrs assigned to
the stronghold garrison of Jele in 1528-30 were transferred to Jajce stronghold
garrison on July 10, 154041, it can be concluded that Jele stronghold came
BOA. MAD.540, p. 4.
BOA. TD.1072, pp. 4-13.
40 BOA. MAD.540, p. 11.
41 BOA. MAD.540, p. 7-13.
38
39
110
HATCE ORU
111
together with Bare nhiye: Bare with Radohna. Thus, in the 1540-42 dated
tahrir, two nhiyes were united. Radohna is not mentioned on this date, and
previous settlements of Radohna were included under Bare nhiye.
Moravica ( Moravia): In 1516, it appeared as a new nhiye in
Jeni Bazar kaz. It was established after being seperated from Bare nhiye. A
settlement which was a village in 1516 (Karye-i varo- Boyi) was depicted as nefsi bazar of the nhiye in 1540-42: Nefs-i varo- merhm Yunus Pasha nm- dier
Boyi. This place was also known as derbend: Aforementioned varosh is a terrifying
and dangerous place, (and) has been recorded as a derbend in the previous defter.46
Prostinje ( / Prostinje): It was a Vlach nhiye. The name
of the nhiye was mentined for the first time in 1528-3047. There are five villages which had been registered uner Niki nhiye in 15th century,48 and then
in Rane nhiye in 151649 constituted Prostinje nhiye in 1528-30. Those villages were as follows: Rolkovinje, Poljana, Prostinje with Pod mahalle, Dobrojevi and other Dobrojevi.
Since the nhiyes residents did not show up during the 1540-42 registry,
they were registered through estimation: Prostinje nhiye: Prostinje nhiye which has
5 villages and was cited during the registration of the above mentioned vilyet on the whole,
did not submitted to the orders and did not come to the registration that was conducted by
Hseyin. Therefore, this nhiye was added to the sandjak bey's income on the basis of this
estimation.50 The name of Prostinje nhiye is not encountered in the tahrirs of
the Bosnian sandjak after 1540-42.
Trebinje ( Trebine): In 1516 Trebinje was a Vlach village of Radohna nhiye. The name of the village was given to a nhiye in 1528-30. Trebinje had 9 villages: Trebinje; Gobine/Gunje; Crnoeva; ariina; Papa; ari;
Pasiji Potok; Dujka alias Brustnik; Udolac.51 The same villages are also observed in 1540-42, there was only a second name given to Trebinje village:
Trebinje village alias Grabovica52.
BOA. TD.211, p. 194.
In the 1528-30 dated summary register's (BOA. TD.164) index Prostinje was
documented under the title of at Jeni Bazar Kaz as from Vlach Prostinje nhiye. In
another record, Prostinje was mentioned in the same kaz: Nikii Nhiye with Prostinje,
bounded to Jeni Bazar. Yet this nhiye was found to be bounded to another kaz while it
was registered with its villages in the same defter: Prostinje Nhiye, bounded to Bilasnica
kaz. The only record regarding Prostinje nhiyes subjection to Bilasnica (Bjelanica)
kaz is this.
48 BOA. TD.24, leaf 14a-15a.
49 BOA. TD.56, leaf 5b.
50 BOA. TD.211, p. 530.
51 BOA. TD.164, pp. 50-51, 109-110.
52 BOA. TD.211, p. 200.
46
47
112
HATCE ORU
Saraj Kaz
There were four nhiyes in Saraj kaz in 1516: Saraj, Visoko, Dubrovnik
and Kamenska alias Pribi. 15th century Saraj vilyet and 16th century Saraj kaz
differed in terms of the number of nhiyes bound to them. In the 15th century
Saraj vilyet consisted of Saraj nhiye and the 3 nefs within it. Both the number
of its nhiyes and nefs increased in the 16th century. Three nhiyes (Visoko,
Dubrovnik and Kamenska alias Pribi) that were once registered under Kral
vilyet were then registered under Saraj kaz together with their nefs.
Saraj ( Saray) [Sarajevo]: This nhiye which bore the same name as
the kaz, appeared in all of the tahrirs from 1455 on. There were three nefs-i
bazars in the nhiye in 1516: Saraj, Trnovo and Blajuy. Trnovo, which had been
recorded as nefs in Saraj nhiye in 1468/69 and as village in following defters
was in the status of nefs again in 1516. Centre of the nhiye developed in Saraj
nefs, which was also the centre of the kaz. There was also a stronghold named
Hodidede ( ) near nefs.
According to the 1563-65 dated tahrir defter, a new nefs appeared in the
nhiye: Nefs-i Ljubui. Ljubui which had been a village before it gained the
staus of a pazar in 1550: Ljubui village: presently a mosque was built in the aforementioned village and it became bazar.53 It was qualified as nefs instead of village in
1565.
Visoko ( Visoka). Visoko nhiye observed under Kral vilyet in the
15th century became one of Saraj kaz's nhiyes in 1516. Three nefs-i bazaar,
Visoko, Kreevo and Fojnica ( )was included within the nhiye on this
date and later on. Kreevo and Fojnica were silver mines. There were also some
mine villages in the nhiye: Sebei, Busovaa and Vare were iron mines; Dastanska, Deavica and Dusina were silver mines.
53
113
114
HATCE ORU
Brod in the 1485 and 1489 dated defters. On considering that Suteska was the
nefs of Bobovac nhiye, Suteska could be thought of as the first centre of this
kaz. In terms of location, Suteska is the most eastern nefs among the locations
mentioned above. So, it is probable that its centre was moved to Kakanj or
Zenica when the name of the kaza was changed to. (These nefs are listed from
east to north-west as follows: Sutjeska, Kakanj, Zenica and Travnik.)
Brod ( Brod): Brod nhiye, as depicted above, was cited under the
Kral vilyet registry in the 15th century. It appeared as the nhiye of the kaz
with the same name in 1516. There were three recorded nefs-i bazars Zenica,
Kakanj and Suteska in this nhiye. Suteska, which had priorly been the nefs-i
bazar of Bobovac nhiye, was the third nefs of Brod nhiye. Others were
Zenica and Kakanj.
In 1516, a solid stronghold was also registered to Brod nhiye: Kala-i Belia/ Bilica. The name of this stronghopld was recorded as Vrh Belia/Vrh
Bilica ( ) in the 1528-30 dated tahrir. Vrh Bilica stronghold was not
mentioned in the 1540-42 dated tahrir, because it was destroyed on command in
154056.
In 1550, Zenica was in the status of kasaba: Nefs-i kasaba- cedd-i Zenica New town centre Zenica. Its status as a new founded kasaba is related through the
statement kasaba- cedd. It was not established at the location of nefs-i bazaar
Zenica that was mentioned in the previous tahrirs, but in its close vicinity instead57. The same tahrir illustrates that Kakanj had gained the status of kasaba
even though it was recorded as nefs-i bazar: the registry Kasaba-i varosh of
Kakanj seems to be a clear evidence for this58.
Bobovac ( Bobofe): Bobovac was a nhiye in Kral vilyet in the
15th century. However, it is not registered as a seperate nhiye with this name in
the 1516 dated defter. Also nefs of Suteska that had been recorded under
Bobovac nhiye was included in the boundaries of Brod nhiye in 1516. Also, it
is understood that Bobovac still existed as a nhiye from many villages and a
stronghold recorded as bound to Bobovac. The stronghold bore the same name
with the nhiye: Kala-i Bobovac. This stronghold was destroyed on command
in 154059.
Borovica nefs-i bazar which had been in the Olovo nhiye of Viegrad
kaz in 1516, was bound to Bobovac nhiye in the 1528-30 dated tahrir.
Borovica was also in Bobovac nhiye in 15th century tahrir defters and its subjection to Olovo was only valid in 1516.
BOA. MAD.540, p. 52.
BOA. TD.432, leaf 442a.
58 BOA. TD.432, leaf 428b-429a.
59 BOA. MAD.540, p. 46.
56
57
115
116
HATCE ORU
Usora ( Usora): Usora's name appeared for the first time in the
1516 dated defter. It was a Vlach nhiye; Vlachs were registered to defter in
fourteen communes. In 1528-30 village names instead of commune names were
registered. Usora was in Koba kaz in the 1563-65 tahrir.
Vranduk ( Ivranduk): Vranduk nhiye's name was first seen in the
1516 dated tahrir. Nefs within this nhiye was as follow: varosh of Vranduk Nefs
alias Podgrae ( Podgradje = Podgrae). There was also a stronghold
with the same name: Vranduk stronghold.
Vrbanja ( Virbanja) - Kotor ( Kotor): A Vlach nhiye,
Vrbanja, was mentioned in 1516 for the first time. Nhiye was adjoined in Kotor at that time and its name was only mentioned in this connection. In the
1528-30 tahrir Kotor was seen as a nefs under Vrbanja nhiye: The nefs-i varosh
of Kotor Stronghold. As the nefs' name indicated, a stronghold named Kotor was
also present.
In the second half of the 16th century Kotor was the name of Vrbanja
nhiye. From 1550 this nhiye was included in the frontiers of Koba kaz.
Vrhovine ( Virhovine): In the 1516 dated tahrir Vrhovine was a
village in Vrbanja nhiye. It appeared as a nahiye for the first time in the 152830 dated tahrir: Vrhovine nhiye, bounded to Brod kaz. Its connection with the
Vrbanja nhiye was already apparent at that time. It is observed that some villages were both bounded to Vrbanja and in Vrhovine nhiye. For instance,
Odrinje village, bounded to Vrbanja, in Vrhovine etc62.
Vrhovine was the name given to the highlands expanding on both sides of
Vrbas River beginning from the Middle Ages and in the 1540-42 dated tahrir
Vrbanja (Kotor), Zmijanje ve Vrhovine nhiyes emerged in the district. However, at that date Vrhovine and Vrbanja nhiyes were in Brod kaz while Zmijanje was in Koba kaz63. In 1550, all three would be included in Koba kaz.
Teanj ( Tene): Teanj's name was first mentioned in the Ottoman
administration in the 1528-30 dated tahrir64. Yet, at that time Teanj appeared
as a stronghold name instead of a nhiye: Teanj stronghold. There was also a
settlement around the stronghold: The nefs-i varosh of Teanj stronghold. At the
time, a farm belonging to beg of the Bosnian sandjak, Hsrev Beg, was registered near Teanj: Farm of aforementioned Hsrev Beg: from the debentures of Kekliks
117
son Ali elebi and avu and Mustafa and Sleyman Bey and Kumru Beg, bound to
Maglaj; Kozmadanje mezra and other places near Teanj stronghold65.
Those farm locations included in the 1540-42 dated defter belonged to
Hsrev Beg's vakf land (trust estate): Hsrev Beg farm vakf land: Kozmadanje
mezraa, Dolnja and Gornja Modrica Mezras and Keslica Mezra together with orchards,
grounds and varosh areas and mill stoves, of which boundaries are written in its land registry
and is the rural area called Iplana in the nhiye of Teanj stronghold... 66 It is understood that mezras mentioned in this record developed to be villages and constituted Teanj nhiye in 1563-65 tahrir67. At that time nefs of Teanj nhiye was
in the status of kasaba: Nefs-i kasaba of Teanj.
Doboj stronghold and the nefs-i varosh of Doboj stronghold which had
been included in Maglaj nhiye before were merged with Teanj nhiye in 1550.
Jajce ( Yaye): Jajce was reconquered by Ottomans in 1527. Its name
appeared for the first time in the tahrir entries of 1528-30. There was also a
stronghold: and a varosh near the stronghold with the same name. These are
respectively Jajce stronghold and The nefs-i varosh of Jajce Stronghold.
Bosnian Sandjak beg, Hsrev Beg's farm is noticeable among the not to be
enfeoffed farms in Jajce nhiye on this date: Irinov Luka Mezra, near Jajce stronghold,
is possesed by aforementioned mir-liw, Dobojani and Belonica Gora and Gornja and Dolnja Senica are mentioned mezras, bounded to Lava.68 Those places appear as Hsrev
Bey farm vakf estate in the 1540-42 dated tahrir69.
In the 1528-30 dated tahrir, some mezras in Jajce nhiye were assigned to
grand vizier brahim Pasha. Those places mentioned among Hsrev Begs farm
and brahim Pasha's mezras were inhabited and developed into villages.
Hsrev Beg's vakf farm continued to be mentioned as bounded to Lava in
Brod kaz in the 1540-42 dated tahrir. Although this nhiye was one of Koba
kaz's nhiyes in the 1563-65 dated tahrir, it is nor certain when it was bound.
Banja Luka ( Bana Luka): Banja Luka was conquered in 1527
like Jajce. Banja Luka's name only appears as a stronghold in the 1528-30 dated
registries. It was registered together with aforementioned stronghold garrison in
1540-4270 and at that date a nefs appeared: The nefs-i varosh of Banja Luka stronghold71.
BOA. TD.164 (1528-30), p. 373.
BOA. TD.211 (1540-1542), pp. 783, 136.
67 BOA. TD.435 (1563-65), pp. 335-349.
68 BOA. TD.164, p. 372.
69 BOA. TD.211, pp. 138, 784.
70 BOA. TD.212, pp. 229-264.
71 BOA. TD.211, p. 312.
65
66
118
HATCE ORU
Banja Luka was bounded to Koba kaz in the 1563-65 tahrir defter.
Vinac ( Vinac; Vina): Vinac was only cited as a
stronghold together with the number of its soldiers in 1528-3072. In 1540-42,
however, it was recorde as a stronghold garrison73.
Vinac was also in Koba kaz in 1563-65 like Jajce and Banja Luka.
Hazim abanovi indicates that the areas conquered by the Ottoman
Turks in 1527 and 1528 were not registered until 1540-42 and the oldest records on some of these areas belong to 1562. He claims that although they
were conquered in 1527, Banja Luka was mentioned in 1540-42 and Jajce in
1562. He has also made similar evaluations about other nhiyes and fortresses.
The names of these places can be observed in the 1528-30 dated defters as it
was presented above. So, abanovi must have made such an evaluation without seeing these defters74.
4) Viegrad Kaz
The nhiyes of 15th century Pavli and Kova vilyets formed Viegrad kaz
together in the 16th century. Although they were bound to two different vilyets
with different names, they were all under the control of a single kdi's, Viegrad
kdis. On the other hand, Kladanj and Bire nhiyes which were under Kral
vilyet were included to Viegrad kaz.
Viegrad ( Viegrad): In 15th century, Viegrad was present both
as a kdilik centre and a nahiye in Pavli. It preserved this aspect in 1516 and
afterwards. Nhiye's nefs and stronghold carried the same name: The nefs-i
varosh of Viegrad and Viegrad stronghold.
Dobrun ( Dobrun): The name of Dobrun appeared in Pavli vilyet
in the 15th century. There were two nefs named Dobrun and Priboj at the time,
even though there was only one nefs merged in Dobrun nhiye under the name
The nefs-i varosh of Dobrun. On the other hand, Priboj became a separate nhiye
in the 16th century.
There was also a solid stronghold with the same name in Dobrun nhiye:
Dobrun stronghold.
Osad ( Osad): Before the Ottomans, Osad comprised of the area
below Srebrenica lying on the left and right of Drina river. Osad on the right
side of the river was in Serbian Despotate and Osad on the left side of the river
was located in Kova territory. Therefore, this district was also divided into two
BOA. MAD.540, p. 219.
BOA. TD.212, pp. 407-424.
74 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 178.
72
73
119
nhiyes in the Ottoman administrative division: Osad on the right of Drina was
in Brvenik kaz in Semendire sandjak, while the one on the left of Drina was
under Viegrad kdilik in Kova vilyet of the Bosnian sandjak. Brvenik kaz
was later included in Zvornik sandjak; yet, Osad nhiye was first adjoined to
Uice and then merged with Valjevo kdilik in Semendire sandjak75.
Osad nhiye on the left of Drina was bound to Viegrad kaz in the Bosnian sandjak in 1516. There was nefs-i bazar- Petri/Petrica ( , )in
the nhiye in 1516 afterwards. There was also another nefs-i bazar named urevac in the 15th century; however, no such nefs-i bazar existed in the 16th
century.
Entries concerning Kljuevac, which are observed under Osad nhiye beginning with the 1468-69 dated tahrir, also existed in the 16th century. The
stronghold's name also appears as Klievac in the 1528-30 tahrir. The stronghold in Osad nhiye was written as ( Kluevac) in the 1468-69 tahrir,
and as ( Klievac) in the 1528-30 tahrir. Two fortresss were recorded
under the name of Klievac in 1528-30 in the Bosnian sandjak. The one mentioned here was located in the north of Srebrenica in Osad nhiye of Viegrad
kaz and the other one was in Benkovac district in Klievac nhiye of Hrvat
vilyet76.
In the 1528-30 and 1540-42 dated tahrir defters, Osad nhiye was included
in Srebrenica kaz of Zvornik sandjak. The nhiye, although recorded among
nhiyes of Viegrad kaz in 1528-30 dated icml defter index, bounded to Srebrenica record was noted next to its name. Same statement was also used during the recording of villages. Yet, it is seen that some settlements of Osad were
subjection to Viegrad77.
Olovo ( Olofe; Olofac ): It was registered under Pavli
vilyet in the 15th century. There were two nefs-i bazars, Olovo and Borovica,
registered under Viegrad kaz in this nhiye in 1516.
Olovo nefs which was a lead mine was also the centre of the nhiye in the
15th century. On the other hand, Borovica appeared as nefs-i bazar in 1516.
Borovicas name was first mentioned in 1468-69:78 It was a village subjected to
Bobovac nhiye, a silver mine, sultan's hss. Borovica maintained its status in
1485 and 148979. Both its status and the nhiye it was bound to had been
Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, pp. 135-136.
For the extensive knowledge about fortresses in Bosnian Sandjak in the 1528-30
tahrr see. Aladin Husi,Tvrave Bosanskog sandaka i njihove posade 1528-30.
godine, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, 49/1999, Sarajevo 2000, pp. 189-229.
77 BOA. TD.211, p. 236.
78 Atatrk Library MC.076, leaf 22b.
79 BOA. TD. 18, 1a; TD.24, 6b.
75
76
120
HATCE ORU
changed by 1516. From that time on, it was no longer adjoined to Bobovac
nhiye but Olovo intead. In addition, it was not a village, but a nefs-i bazar. It
still continued to be Sultan's hss. Parallel to its development, Borovicas population increased. Borovica, which consisted of 58 households and 15 bachelors
in 1468-69, was registered with 114 households, 5 widows, 12 bashtina and 1
Muslim bachelor in 1516. Borovica nefs-i bazar was included in Bobovac
nhiye of Brod kaz in the 1528-30 dated tahrir.
In the 15th century nefs-i bazar rnovnica, which was in Olovo nhiye80
and appears in the registers for the first time in 1468-69 lost its status by 1516.
From that time on it held the status of a village81.
Bora ( Bora) alias Praa ( Praa): In the 1468-69 dated
defter, there were two seperate nhiyes: Bora and Praa alias atalda. Nefs-i
bazar Bora was registered under Bora nhiye and nefs-i bazar atalda under
Praa alias atalda nhiye. These two nhiyes seem to have been united towards the end of the century. Both nhiyes were recorded seperately with their
nefs in 1485. Although the names of the nhiyes were recorded seperately in
1489, both nefs were included in one nhiye, namely Bora nhiye.
These two 15th century nhiyes became one in 1516. Their names are gathered together to form the new nhiye's name: Bora nhiye alias Praa. The two
nefs-i bazars of this nhiye were Praa nefs-i bazar alias atalda and Rogatica
nefs-i bazar alias elebi Bazari. Nefs mentioned as Rogatica alias elebi bazaar
was priorly called Bora. Founder of this nefs was sa Beg's son of Mehmed/Muhammed elebi.
Priboj ( Priboy): Priboj was a nefs-i bazar in Dobrun nhiye in the
15th century. However, in 1516 tahrir, it was registered as a seperate nhiye.
Nefs-i bazar's name was Priboj again. There were Vlachs in Priboj settlements.
The villages registered to the nhiye in the 16th century defters were as follows:
Zire; Gostil; Pridvorica; Zamrtin; Islatine.
Studena ( Ostudena): Ostudena nhiye's name was first mentioned in 1489. It continued to exist in the 16th century. It had fifteen villages.
Kladanj ( Kladna): Kladanj, which had been included in Kral vilyet
in the 15th century, was a nhiye of Viegrad kaz in 1516. There was a nefs-i
bazar called etvrtkovite. Kladanj nhiye, which had been subjected to Viegrad in 1516, was recorded among the nhiyes of Saraj kaz in the 1528-30
dated tahrir records.
80
81
Atatrk Library MC.076, leaf 17b; BOA. TD.18, leaf 47b; BOA. TD.24, leaf 223b.
BOA. TD.56, leaf 60a.
121
Bire ( Bire): Its name appeared for the first time in Kral vilyet in
1485. The tatahrirs carried out in 1516 and later on it was included within the
borders of Viegrad kaz. It was a Vlach nhiye. 18 communities was included
in Bire nhiye according to the 1516 dated summary register, and over 50 villages were recorded under the nhiye in 1528-30 and 1540-42.
Banja ( Bana): The name of Banjani which had been a Vlach nhiye in
Pavli vilyet in the 15th century became Banja in 1516. At that time, a nefs-i
varosh emerged in the nhiye: The nefs-i varosh of Krui. This nefs' name was
recorded as Kratovo in the 1528-30 dated tahrir records. While 16 communities
were mentioned in Banja nhiye in 1516, about 40 villages were observed in the
nhiye according to the 1528-30 and 1540 dated tahrirs.
Brodar ( Brodar): It was previously in the perview of Viegrad
kdilik in Pavli vilyet. It was also in Viegrad kaz in 16th century. There was
also a nefs-i bazar with the same name in the 16th century: Brodar nefs-i bazar.
20 villages were registered within the nhiye.
Vratar ( Ivratar; Vratar): It was within Kova vilyet in the
century. At that time Kova and Pavli vilyets were within the same purview. That was Viegrad kdilik. Therefore, Vratar nhiye was recorded under
Viegrad kaz in 1516. At that date, there were 46 villages subjected to the
nhiye. It had a nefs under the same name: Vratar Nefs-i bazar.
15th
Hrtar ( Hrtar): It was within Pavli vilyet in the 15th century and was
subjected to Viegrad kaz together with its nefs-i bazar with the same name
(Hrtar) in 1516. The settlement which was registered as Hrtar nefs until the
1550 dated tahrir, was mentioned as village of Hrtar nefs in this tahrir. There
were more than 20 village settlements in the nhiye.
5) Neretva Kaz
There were two kdiliks, namely Bobovac and Neretva, in 15th century
Kral vilyet. Nhiyes of this vilyet were within seperate kaz's borders in the
16th century and some of those nhiyes constituted Neretva kaz. The residence
centre of the Neretva kaz's kdi was Konjic which was the nefs-i bazar of
Neretva nhiye.
There is no mention of Neretva kaz in the Bosnian Sandjak in the 1550
dated tahrir. The reason of it, as mentioned above, was its inclusion to the Klis
sandjak which was established in 1537.
Neretva ( Neretva): The nhiye which was mentioned first in
1468/69 dated defter was in Kral vilyet then. From 1516 it was subjected to
Neretva kaz. The centre of the nhiye was nefs-i bazar- Konjic ( Konjic;
Konjie). This nefs was at the same time the kaz centre.
122
HATCE ORU
Rama ( Rama): This nhiye was within Kral vilyet in the 15th century
similar to Neretva. There were also a nefs-i bazar and a stronghold in the
nhiye in the 16th century as in the 15th century: The nefs-i varosh of Prozor and
Prozor stronghold.
Uskopje ( Uskopye) [Uskoplje]: It was one of the nhiyes
registered under Kral vilyet in the 15th century and under Neretva kaz in the
16th century. In 1516 two fortresss, Akhisar stronghold and Sused/Susid
stronghold, were included in this nhiye. Sused stronghold had also been
mentioned in the previous tahrir while Akhisar stronghold was first mentioned
in 1516. This stronghold should have actually been within the borders of
Belgrad nhiye as mentioned below and it would also be included in Belgrad
nhiye in 1528-30 dated tahrir. There was only one stronghold in Uskopje
nhiye in 1528-30 and that was Sused stronghold. Sused stronghold was not
recorded in the 1540-42 dated tahrir, because it was destroyed at the beginning
of 154082.
Belgrad ( Belgrad) alias Bolamac ( Bolamac;
Polama) [Akhisar; Prusac]: This nhiye's name was first mentioned in
Neretva kaz in 1516. It would not be wrong to assume that Akhisar stronghold, which was included in Uskopje nhiye was actually contemporaneously in
this nhiye. Skoplje jupa of the Middle Ages divided into two nhiyes in the
Ottoman period: Sused stronghold within Uskopje nhiye and Akhisar stronghold within Belgrad nhiye83. Belgrad = Biograd-Beograds Turkish equivalent
is Akhisar; Ottomans used the name Akhisar next to Belgrad.
In the 1528-30 dated tahrir records Akhisar stronghold was indeed subjected to Belgrad nhiye. Besides, two names were used for this nhiye at that
date: Belgrad Nhiye alias Bulamac. A nefs was included in the nhiye for the
first time in 1528-30: Nefs-i varo- Kala-i Akhisar.
Kamengrad ( Kamengrad): In the 1528-30 dated defter, Kamengrad was listed among the fortresss of which garrison was paid ulufe.84 Besides,
Kamengrad was again referred as a stronghold name in some farm records in
Uskopje nhiye: farm of Ferhad and skenders son Ali, Dabre nns near Kamengrad
and others, bounded to Uskopye; Terzi Hamza's son Ferhad, near Kamengrad stronghold,
bounded to Uskopye; farm of Arnavud Davud and Davud Bali and Jusuf and other
partners, between Kamengrad and Klju, bounded to Uskopye85.
It was depicted in the 1540-42 dated tahrir entries regarding the farm and
mezra records that those places had been horrifying places actually adjacent to nonBOA. MAD.540, p. 93.
Hazim abanovi, Bosanski paaluk, p. 152.
84 BOA. MAD.540, p. 219.
85 BOA. TD.164, pp. 232, 323, 345.
82
83
123
muslim lands (drl-harb) therefore they are not fully cultivated86 Kamengrad was
among the nhiyes of Koba kaz's nhiyes in 1550.
Kuprez ( Kuprez): Kuprez nhiye was first listed under Neretva
kaz in 1516. In the nhiye's villages there were Vlachs living as communities.
Hlivne ( Hlivne) [Livno]: Although Hlivne nhiye was not mentioned in 1516, Hlivne nefs-i bazar was recorded with its 63 non-Muslim
households, 5 bachelors, 2 bashtines and 2 Muslim households. Hlivne was
bound to Skradin kaz of Hrvat vilyet in the 1528-30 date tahrir and subsequent ones.
Belgrad ( Belgrad) nm- dier Dlamo ( Dlamo)
[Glamo]: This nhiye was first mentioned in the 1528-30 dated tahrir records.
There were a stronghold with the same name (Belgrad stronghold alias Dlamo) and
a stronghold varosh (The nefs-i varosh of Dlamo stronghold) registered under this
nhiye.
Sana ( Sana): Sana nhiye, which was in Sana river basin was observed in the 1528-30 dated tahrir. In this registry, this nhiye was mentioned
under Neretva kaz together with Klju varosh: Sana Nhiye Klju varosh. At
that date Klju was a solid stronghold with its 46 garrisons.
Klju ( Klu): Klju stronghold and its varosh first appeared in the
1528-30 dated tahrir records. At that date varosh of Klju stronghold was listed
with Sana nhiye. Hazim abanovi stated that the centre of Sana nhiye was
Klju and therefore the nhiye was sometimes referred to as Klju 87. Both Sana
and Klju were used as names in the 1528-30 dated tahrir. The fact that the area
around Klju stronghold was still close to enemy's land and it needed housing
and recreation is evident from some records on farms near Klju stronghold in
Uskopje nhiye. Since these farms were in the danger zone adjoining to nonmuslim lands (drl-harb), no farming and agriculture activities took place there
yet. In the 1540-42 tahrir, Klju village and mezras were recorded under the
title of Klju nhiye, in Neretva kaz. Again, the name Sana was depicted regarding the subjections of some settlements in this tahrir: Islatina village, bounded to
Sana, Orahovac stronghold, bounded to Sana etc.
Many settlements that were recorded under Sana or Klju nhiye in the
1540-42 dated tahrir were registered under Kamengrad nhiye in 1550 and
1563-65. For instance:
86
87
124
HATCE ORU
1540-42
In the 1563-65 dated tahrir defter Klju's name was not mentioned. The
statement off the defter indicates that many settlements in Sana nhiye that had
not appeared in the previous tahrirs were recorded on this date. 14 villages and
9 mezras were registered. The kaz that the nhiye was bound to was Novosel
kaz instead of Nevatva.
Sokol ( / Sokol): Sokol nhiye was first mentioned in the
1528-30 tahrir records. At hat date, there was a stronghold in the nhiye registered together with its garrison. Incomes from the farms, mezras and villages in
Sokol nhiye were inscribed as timrs to Sokol and Glhisar fortresses' garrisons.88 Besides, it is notable that both nhiyes' accounts were casted together
while bad- heva tax (in Ottoman fiscal usage a general term for irregular and
occasional revenues from fines, fees)89 were recorded: Nhiye of Sokol stronghold with other places bound to Glhisar stronghold.90
The nhiye was inscribed as Sokol stronghold nhiye in 1540-42. At that
time, there were 16 villages in total in the nhiye; four of the villages, however,
contained the entry bound to Sana.
Glhisar ( Glhisar) [Jezero]: Glhisar's name first appeared in
the 1528-30 dated defter. It is seen that Glhisar stronghold was registered
together with its garrison at that date.91 There were farms and mezras which
were in Glhisar allocated to stronghold garrison as timrs. Moreover, a nefs
developed around the stronghold: Nefs of Glhisar stronghold. At the same time,
products from farms around Glhisar under Uskopje nhiye were registered as
timrs: skenders son Ferhads farm: places, orchards, houses, etc. that the monks have the
possession of near Glhisar, bounded to Uskopje etc.92 In 1540-42, the same units
appeared in Glhisar; yet at that time Glhisar stronghold garrison was not
recorded because it was destroyed on command in 946 (1540).93
Janj ( Yan): Janj nhiye, located in the basin of Janj river (the right
branch of Pliva river) was first mentioned in 1528-30 during the registration of
BOA. MAD.540, pp. 115-118; 138-140, 144.
B. Lewis, Bd-i Haw, EI2, vol. I. Leiden 1986, p. 850.
90 BOA. MAD.540, p. 47.
91 BOA. MAD.540, pp. 137-147.
92 BOA. TD.164, pp. 232, 373, 376.
93 BOA. MAD.540, p. 137.
88
89
125
certain villages:94 Babin Dol village, bounded to Janj or Jezerce village, bounded to
Pareta Janj etc.95. In the 1540-42 dated tahrir, 11 villages and 2 mezras were
included in Janj nhiye.96
Sanica Bai [Sanica]: Sanica appears for the first time in the 1540-42
dated tahrir records among Janj nhiye's villages. 1 village and 2 mezras are
found under Sanica Ba: Villages of Velika and Mala Hrastova, bounded to Sanica
Ba, off the defter; Jezerce mezra, bounded to Sanica Bai, excuded from defter; Nova
Bila mezra, bounded to Sanica Bai, off the defter.97
Unac ( Unac): Unac's name first appeared in the 1528-30 dated tahrir
records. It was located in the Unac's basin, which is the right branch of Una
River. Unac nhiye was mentioned together with Bilaj nhiye in the 1540-42
dated tahrir.
Bilaj/Belaj ( Bilay-Belay) [Bjelaj]: Bilaj was encountered for the
first time in the 1528-30 dated tahrir registries as a stronghold name. There
were some mezras recorded as bounded to Bilaj in the 1540-42 dated tahrir
registries. One of those mezras was inscribed as bound to Unac with Bilaj.98 The
two nhiyes must have been very close to each other. This situation can be seen
more clearly in places bound to Blagaj nhiye in 1550. In the 1540-42 dated
tahrir, some of the places were excluded from Bilaj or Unac, and were included
in Blagaj nhiye in a farm entry.99
Blagaj ( Blagay): The 1550 dated defter mentions a nhiye called
Blagaj. This nhiye seems to be the same one as Bilaj nhiye. As mentioned
earlier, a farm record indicates that it was bound to Blagaj and located at Bilaj
savanna: Milans son Andreja and Dragies son Boidar [etc.]s farm, bound to
Blagaj. Mezras named Drini, Suani, Gvozdani, Srani, Boani, Kain, Zakriine, Bui,
Itrlobi, Oraje and Dabavine in Bilaj savanna.100 The name of mezras had been
recorded under Bilaj or Unac in the 1540-42 dated defter:101
Boani Mezra, bound to Unac with Bilay
Srani Mezra, bound to Bilay
Zakrivine Mezra, bound to Unac
Suani/Sutani Mezra, bound to Unac
Hazim abanovi reports that Janj nhiye was first mentioned in 1540 (Bosanski
Paaluk, p. 153).
95 BOA. MAD.540, pp. 140, 144-146.
96 BOA. TD.211, pp. 270-274.
97 BOA. TD.211, p. 273.
98 BOA. TD.211, p. 288.
99 BOA. TD.1072, p. 274.
100 BOA. TD.1072, p. 274.
101 BOA. TD.211, pp. 288-292.
94
126
HATCE ORU
127
probably established at an earlier date, right after 1459108. Ostatija and Bobolj
nhiyes were bound to the kaz in 1516, which had been consisted of Brvenik,
Rujna, Osad, Uice and Sokol nhiyes early on. Yet, although these two nhiyes
were in Brvenik kaz, they were within the frontiers of the Bosnian Sandjak.
Between 1480 and 1516 Uice kaz was uner Smederevo sandjak; in addition to Uice, Valjevo, Poega or aak nhiyes, Rujna, Osad and Sokol nhiyes, which had priorly been in Brvenik kaz. Thus, Brvenik kaz's only nhiye
in Smederevo sandjak was the one with the same name, nhiye-i Brvenik. Before 1520 this kaz was bound to Zvornik sandjak109.
As for the Vlach nhiyes Ostatija and Bobolj recorded under Brvenik kaz
in Bosnian sandjak, Ostatija was bound to Jeni Bazar kaz in 1528-30, and
Bobolj was bound to it in 1540-42.
7) Srebrenica Kaz
Although Osad nhiye was bound to the Bosnian sandjak again in 1528was now annexed to Srebrenica, Zvornik sandjak's kaz. Even though Osad
was first recorded as bounded to Srebrenica at that date, it is noticable that Srebrenica kdi was formerly assigned the timr in Osad nhiye: In 1516, Srebrenica kdi Mevlana Avni, disposed of a timr composed of 6652 akches from
three villages (Cirojonica, Odobrad ve Dolnja Izgunja) of Osad nhiye, which
was in Viegrad kaz110. In 1528-30 Srebrenica kdi Mevlana Hsam had the
timr income of 5113 akches from three villages (Cirojonica, Odobrad ve Brezovica) again111.
Osad nhiye bound to the Bosnian sandjak was re-included in Srebrenica
kaz. According to the 1540-42 dated tahrir defters, 5 Vlach villages of Osad
nhiye was merged at that date in addition to the villages of Srebrenica kaz.
Klievac stronghold in the Osad nhiye was among the fortresss destroyed
in 946/1540 in the Bosnian sandjak. The marginal notes in the 1528-30 dated
defters illustrate that the timrs which had belonged to the garrison of this
stronghold were given to the garrisons of Kotor and Jajce in the 1540112.
8) Hrvat Vilyet and Skradin Kaz
Skradin kaz ( Iskradin) or Hrvat vilyet was first mentioned in
1528-30113 and it must have been established after Skradin's conquest at the
Hazim abanovi, Bosanski paaluk, p. 200.
Hazim abanovi, Bosanski paaluk, p. 198.
110 BOA. TD.56 (1516), p. 267.
111 BOA. TD.164 (1528-30), leaf 95a.
112 BOA. MAD.540 (1528-30), pp. 23-28.
113 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 176.
108
109
128
HATCE ORU
earliest in 1522. The centre of the kaz was Skradin until 1537 and Hlivne
(Livno) after that114.
Some of the places in Dalmacia that had previously been under Neretva
kaz and some other places in northwest Bosnia were recorded to Skradin kaz
in the 1528-30 dated tahrir defter. The nhiyes that were part of the kaz at that
date were as follows:
Zminje Polje () , Petrovo Polje () , Petrova Gora (
), Vrh Rika ([ ) Vrlika], Lika (), Koeva ( ), Popina Vast
() , Popina (), Strmika ([ )Strmica], Plavna (),
Neven (), Klievac (), Grahovo (), Hlivne (( )Livno),
Sarumie (), Sinj (), Karin (), Petkovi, Zeevo (), Podgorje
() , Cetine (), Zrmanja (), Bukovica (), Obrovac
().
In 1528-30, strongholds of this kaz consisted of the following: Skradin
(), Vrh Rika () , Neven (), Klievac ( - ),
Hlivne ( - ), Sinj (), Karin (), Obrovac (), Knin (),
Drni (), Novi Grad ( ) .
Hlivne nhiye that had previously been recorded under Neretva kaz was
bound to Skradin kaz with its nefs-i bazar and stronghold in 1528-30. There
were two different entries for Hlivne in the defters: Hlivne Nhiye, bounded to
Sarumie115; Hlivne stronghold, bounded to Skradin116. Sarumie, was a small
nhiye that spread over the northwest half of the Livno savanna.117 In another
part of the defter, Sarumie nhiye was recorded as Sarumie nhiye with places
bounded to Hlivne. The same situation was also true for Grahovo nhiye. In this
case, two different entries exist in the same defter: Grahovo nhiye, bounded to
Sarumie118 and Grahovo nhiye, bounded to Skradin119. As it can be observed,
Hlivne and Grahovo nhiyes were mentioned togetherwith Sarumie nhiye;
the presence of the entry regarding the subjection of Hlivne stronghold and
Grahovo nhiye to Skradin show that these three nhiyes were in the Skradin
kaz.
Zvonigrad located at the upper part of the Zrmanja River, first appeared in
1528-30 with relation to registries on a few mezras and farms. Gradac nhiye
together with its stronghold are seen among the entries regarding certain setHazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, pp. 176, 210.
BOA. TD.157, p. 381.
116 BOA. MAD.540, p. 158.
117 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 152.
118 BOA. TD.157, p. 380.
119 BOA. TD.157, p. 432.
114
115
129
tlements in Lika nhiye. Although Drni and Udbina were inscribed as nhiyes
in a mukataa120 record, the names of Knin, Skradin and Novi Grad appeared
only in the records of certain villages, mezras or farms.
Hrvat vilyet and Skradin kaz must have ceased to be the subject of the
Bosnian sandjak with the establishment of Klis sandjak in 1537.121 But, it was
also registered together with the Bosnian sandjak in the 1540-42 dated tahrir.
Also, Klis sandjak beg Murad Begs hsses were recorded in the 1540-42 dated
tahrir on the Bosnian sandjak. At that time, Murad Beg's title as Klis sanjak-beg
was openly expressed by the following statement: Kdvetul-emr vel-kirm Murad
Beg, mir-liv-i Klis.122 Skradin kaz was not mentioned in the Bosnian sandjak
after 1550. A separate defter was arranged for Klis sandjak at that time.
The nhiyes under Skradin kaz in Hrvat vilyet according to the 1540-42
dated tahrir defters are as follows: Sinj, Cetine, Hlivne, Grahovo, Sarumie,
Stromika, Kosovo, Plavna, Zrmanja, Popina, Ostrovica (), Plavina,
Bukovica, Petrovo Polje, Petrova Gora, Neven, Zminje Polje. These nhiyes
were the divisions that were recorded under the title nhiye in the defter.
Other places that were mentioned in the defter are as follows: Karin, Zeevo,
Klievac, Lika, Knin, Udbina, Obrovac, Vrh Rika, Zvonigrad, Gradac
(), Klis, Nadin. These were mentioned in a few village, mezra or farm
records.
It is evident that most of the fortresses that had been registered in the
1528-30 dated defter were not recorded in 1540-42. The four fortresses registered at that date were Hlivne, Sinj, Drni and Neven.
9) Koba Kaz
With the Moha victory in 1526, the Ottomans broke the defence line of
the Hungarians in Vrbas Valley, and captured and controlled all Hungarian
bases on the right side of the Sava until 1538. New conquered grounds were
first added to Neretva kaz in the Bosnian sandjak, and then a new kaz was
constituted under the name of Koba after the capture of the places on the
right side of the Sava. Koba was first cited as a kaz in the 1540-42 dated tahrir
defters.
120 A mukataa means a source of revenue estimated and entered into the registers of
the finance department, each as a separate unit. Fort he most part they were farmed out
to private conractors under a specific tax farm system. See: Halil nalck, The Ottoman State: Economy and Society, 1300-1600, in An Economic and Social history of the
Ottoman Empire, ed. Halil nalck Donald Quataert, New York, 1996, p. 55
121 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, pp. 176, 205.
122 BOA. TD.211, p. 592.
130
HATCE ORU
This reason why this kaza was named Koba was due to the fact that the
first kdilik centre of this kaz was Koba on the side of Sava River. From the
second half of the 16th century, the centre of kaz was moved to Banja Luka123.
Some nhiyes and other settlements that had been in Neretva kaz in the 152830 dated defter were later included in Koba kaz in 1540-42.
In the 1528-30 dated defter entries, newly captured regions in Vrbas valley
on the north of Bosnia were registered under Neretva kaz. These were newly
conquered areas and they were mostly mentioned together with the names of
the fortresses such as Boac, Zveaj, Jajce, Vinac, Banja Luka and Bilaj. These
fortresses and nefs-i bazars were recorded under Koba instead of Neretva kaz
in the 1540-42 dated tahrir registries.
Koba ( Koba): Koba first appeared in the 1528-30 tahrir entries.
Koba was recorded only as a stronghold name at that time. The entry It is on
the side of Sava River and across Islavin [Slavonia], and is now constructed and established
illustrates that the stronghold was newly built124. In the 1540-42 dated tahrir, it
was bound to Koba kaz. Koba stronghold was referred to as the former
stronghold in the 1550 dated defter records. According to the entries, the mentioned stronghold was abolished on his highness order and aforementioned dizdar (commander
of stronghold) and garrisons were settled into other fortresses125.
In the 1540-42 dated defter, many villages were registered under Koba
nhiye which gave its name to the kaz at the time126. Since some farms were
uninhabited and off the defter adjoining to non-muslim lands and uncultivated, taxes
were appointed in cash at that date127.
Boac ( Boac, Boa): This nhiye which had previously
been part of Neretva kaz was included in the frontiers of Koba kaz in the
1540-42 dated defter. As stated earlier, it was composed of two nhiyes, Boac
and Zveaj. There were also two recorded nefs connected to these fortresses
Nefs-i varosh of Boac stronghold and nefs-i varosh of Zveaj ( Izveaj) stronghold.
The allocation unit that was recorded as nefs-i varosh of Greben alias Vrh
Krupa with its 32 non-muslim households in the 1528-30 dated defter, was
inscribed as village of Greben varosh alias Vrh Krupa with its 12 non-muslim and
2 Muslim households in the 1540-42 dated defter.128 It is seen that in 1540-42,
some of the places merged into Boac were also concurrently in Zmijanje. For
Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 177.
BOA. MAD.540, p. 219.
125 BOA. TD.1072, p. 194.
126 BOA. TD.211, pp. 348-354; 504-518.
127 BOA. TD.212
128 BOA. MAD.540, p. 129; TD.211 (1540-1542), p. 360.
123
124
131
example: Dabrac mezra, bound to Boac, in Izmijanje, Papratnica village alias Vrh
Kloka, bound to Boac, in Izmijanje, nefs-i varosh of Boac stronghold, bound to Izmijanje etc.129
Jajce ( Yaye): Jajce which was annexed to Brod kaz after its conquest (1527), was within the borders of Koba kaz according to the 1563-65
tahrir. There were also a stronghold and a nefs under the same name: Jajce
stronghold and nefs-i varosh of Jajce stronghold.
Villages in Jajce were recorded as Hsrev Beg's farm vakf estate in 1540-42:
Hsrev Beg farm vakf estate: Irinov Luka mezra near Jajce stronghold together Divani
mezra and the mezras named Padernica Gora, Gornja and Dolnja enica, bounded to
Lava, in Brod kaz130. Mezraas referred to in this record were bound to Lava
nhiye in Brod kaz. It is seen that the mezraas mentioned in this registry transformed into villages in the 1563-65 tahrir entries131.
Vinac ( Vinac, Vina): It was under Koba kaz according
to the 1563-65 dated tahrir132. There were mostly mezraas in Vinac at that
date. It is understood that its stronghold still existed. In the descriptions regarding its location, such statements as near Vinac stronghold, around Vinac stronghold were used. Some places in the nhiye were depicted as on the side of Vrbas
river.
Banja Luka ( Bana Luka): It was recorded under Koba kaz in
the 1563-65 dated tahrir. At that date, the term nefs was not used for Banja
Luka varosh in the nhiye. There was another nefs bound to the nhiye at the
time: Banja Luka nefs. Nine mahalles were present in this nefs.
Liva ( Lefe, Lifac): The name of the nhiye was first used in
the 1540-42 dated tahrir defter. From the statements in the records regarding
mezras and farms in Lefe nhiye such as mentioned mezra is one of the vacant,
uninhabited and off the defter areas since the aforementioned mezra is close to the nonMuslim lands and located in a horrifying place it cannot be fully cutivated yet it is understood that those mezraas and farms were very close or adjacent to enemy lands
and therefore, was still inhabited at that time. There were also inhabited villages
in 1540-42 tahrir. It is seen that those villages in Lefe nhiye were near Kozara.
Lefe stronghold was cited in the 1550 dated tahrir entry, yet the stronghold was in ruins at that date. In 1565, the border of Lefe nhiye was quite
132
HATCE ORU
expansive. At that time nefs-i varosh of Gradika stronghold and Vrbaki stronghold varosh were under Lefe nhiye.
Pobreje ( Pobrejye): It was first mentioned the 1540-42 tahrir.
There was also a village with the same name: Pobreje village is on the side of the
Una (river) of Sava river, and is off the defter133 This explanation informs us about
the location of the nhiye. In 1540-42, five villages were recorded under the
name of Pobreje nhiye. Three of the five villages were given as bound to Pobreje, and the other two as bound to Gradika. There were no nhiyes under
this name in the tahrirs that followed. However, it is most probable that Pobreje mezra recorded in the 1563-65 dated tahrir was identical to the village
mentioned above. As a matter of fact, this mezra was also on the other side of
Una and near Dubica varosh134.
Zmijanje ( Izmiyane): Zmijanje first appeared as a nhiye in
Koba kaz in the 1540-42 tahrir. The fact that some places in Boac were
registered as at Izmijanje at that date indicates that two nhiyes were close to
each other.
The nefs-i varosh of Zveaj stronghold previously observed in Boac nhiye
moved under Zmijanje nhiye as Zveaj stronghold varosh in 1565135.
Vrhovine ( Virhovine): Vrhovine nhiye that had been included
in Brod kaz in the 1528-30 tahrir was annexed to Koba kaz in 1550. According to the 1563-65 tahrir, Vrhovine nhiye consisted of 14 villages and 14 mezras.
Vrbanja ( Virbanya) alias Kotor: Vrbanja nhiye bound to Brod
kaz in 1516 was included in Koba kaz in the 1550 tahrir defter. There was a
stronghold called Koba in the nhiye. Vrbanje also appeared as a nahiye in
1550 in a statement concerning a farm: in Vrbanja nhiye in Brod kaz.
The nhiye which was probably named Vrbanja because it lay along the
Vrbanja river was known as Kotor in 1565. The name Vrbanja was used as
near Vrbanja for the name of the place, or as near Vrbanja River for the
name of the river. The registered name of nefs-i varosh of stronghold (with
reference to Kotor stronghold) in the nhiye was previously valled Kotor.
Kamengrad ( Kamengrad): It was under Neretva kaz before it
was bound to Koba kaz in 1550. There was a stronghold and a varosh settlement, Kamengrad stronghold and nefs-i varosh of Kamengrad stronghold, bearing the
133
same name. Some places in Sana and Klju in 1540-42 were also bound to
Kamengrad nhiye in 1550 and 1565.
Usora ( Usora): Although this nhiye had previously been in Brod
kaz, it was observed within the boundaries of Koba kaz in 1565. 11 kazs
were registered at that time136.
Ozrin ( Ozrin): Ozrin nhiye which was included under Brod kaz
until 1563-65, was bound to Koba kaz after 1565.
Trebovo ( Trebeva) [Trijebovo]: Trebovas name appears in the
1528-30 dated tahrir in recorn concerning a farm:
Hrrem Pasha's sons Ahmed and skender's farm, bound to Lava. Areas between
Boac stronghold and Jajce, around Trebova creek and in Lescovac village; areas between Jajce
stronghold and Glhisar...137
In the tahrir that followed (1540-42), Trebova was inscribed as village:
Dolnja Trebova village, bounded to Boac, from farm of Hrrem Pasha; Srednja Trebova
village, bounded to Boac, from farm of Hrrem Pasha138. At the same date Trebova
village which was divided into three parts; upper, middle and lower Trebova
(Gornja Trebova, Srednja Trebova and Dolnja Trebova), was recorded uner
Boac nhiye and was in the Izmijanje district139.
Trebovas name first appeared as a nhiye in the 1563-65 dated defter records. Some villages such as Gornja Trebova, Papratnica alias Vrh Kloka, Jezerce, Dolnja Trebova, Sredna Trebova etc. that were under Boac nhiye in the
1540-42 tahrir were bound to Trebova nhiye in 1565140.
Vrbaki ( Vrbaki) [Vrbaka]: In the 1563-65 dated tahrir,
Vrbaki nhiye was included in Koba and Novosel kaz. There were about ten
villages and a few mezras recorded under Vrbaki nhiye bound to Koba kaz.
Among them, Ljubila village's mahalle Knee Polje and Bukovica village's mahalle Islabinja were registered as villages of Vrbaki nhiye in Novosel kaz in
the same defter141.
*
Although some were not labeled or registered as separate nhiyes in the
1540-42 dated tahrir defter, some nahiyes such as Dobor, Graac, Podvrki,
Cernik, agovina, Gradika, Dubica, Zapolje existed under Koba Kaza.
BOA. TD.435, pp. 577-580.
BOA. TD.164, p. 373.
138 BOA. TD.211, p. 363.
139 BOA. TD.211, p. 361.
140 BOA. TD.211, pp. 360-363.
141 BOA. TD.435, pp. 494-495, 596.
136
137
134
HATCE ORU
Hazim abanovi, stated that Dobor had been first mentioned in Bosnian sandjak in
1562 (Bosanski Paaluk, p. 179), yet Dobors name appeared from 1540 on.
143 BOA. MAD.540.
144 BOA. TD.212, p. 141.
145 BOA. TD.211, pp. 352-354.
146 BOA. TD.432, leaf 505a.
147 BOA. TD.211, pp. 507-513.
148 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 224.
149 BOA. TD.211, pp. 516, 760; BOA. TD.201 (1540-1542), leaf 15a, 24b.
150 Hazim abanovi, Bosanski Paaluk, p. 224.
151 BOA. TD.432, leaf 503b.
152 Today it is a village named agovina on the northwest of Cernik.
142
135
fying location, they are not fully cultivated yet153. agovina was first mentioned in the
1550 dated tahrir in a farm registry located in Bila Stina.
Gradika ( Gradika): Gradika first appeared in the 1540-42
tahrirs. There were some villages in Gradika. From a record regarding the
grand vizier Rstem Pashas chamberlain (kethuda) Mehmed Begs farm, it is
evident that there was also a stronghold under the name of Gradika. Some
places near Gradika stronghold were assigned to Mehmed Beg and it was actually near the non-muslim lands (drl-harb) and is a horrifying ruined area that cannot be
cultivated. Also the varosh established around the stronghold was registered as
village of Gradika stronghold varosh.
Gradika stronghold which had been mentioned in the records regarding
the subjection of some villages in 1540-42, was to be recorded as a solid
stronghold with its garrison to whom timr was granted in 1550. Gradika
stronghold's varosh and settlements were annexed to Lefe nhiye in the 1565
dated defter.
Dubica ( Dubica; Dubia): Dubica first appeared under
Koba kaz in the 1540-42 dated tahrir. Also, a stronghold existed with the
same name. Divisions adjoined to Dubica were uninhabited, off the defter and
untaxed that since they are adjacent to non-muslim lands (drl-harb), they do not fully
cultivated yet.
Some parts of the Dubica nhiye were bound to Koba kaz in the 156365 dated tahrir and the other parts under Novosel kaz. Those registered under
Koba kaz included Dubica stronghold varosh at the other side of Una, and,
mezras and farms around this varosh, and mezras and farms between Una and
Sava rivers or near Vrbaki river.
Zapolje ( Zapolye): The explanation bounded to Zapolje was written in 1540-42 for the four villages in the Koba kaz154.
10) Novosel Kaz
An independent kaz, Novosel kaz, was established for the places within
Pounja between 1550 and 1565. Some nhiyes that were previously under
Neretva and Koba kazs were bound to this kaz. Novosel kaz was first
cited in the 1563-65 tahrir defter. At that date this kaz consisted of Dubica,
Vrbaki, Novi, Sana and Kostajnica nhiyes155. The kaza had the same nahiyes
in the 1604 dated tahrir defter.
136
HATCE ORU
137
138
HATCE ORU
139
Abbreviations
POF
TD
Atatrk Library
MC.076
BOA. TD.56
BOA. TD.24
BOA
DA
EI2
A
MAD
MC
OTAM
BOA. TD.157
BOA. TD. 164
BOA. MAD.540
BOA. TD.211
BOA. TD.212
BOA. TD.201
BOA. TD.983
BOA. TD.432
BOA. TD.1072
BOA. TD.411
BOA. TD.379
BOA. TD.435
BOA. TD.625
BOA. TD.1071
BOA. TD.1014
140
HATCE ORU
D
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Lj
M
N
Nj
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
Z
English Sound
/a/
/b/
/ts/
/t /
/t /
/d/
/d /
/d /
/e/
/f/
/ /
/x/
/i/
/j/
/k/
/l/
/ /
/m/
/n/
/ /
/o/
/p/
/r/
/s/
/ /
/t/
/u/
/ /
/z/
/ /
Pronunciation Example
a as in car; father
b as in bat; abuse
c as in cats; pots
as in chalk; chair
as in church; nature
d as in dig; dog
d as in gin; dodge
as in jack; schedule
e as in let; ten
f as in fit; phase
g as in game; god
h as in heaven; loch
i as in east; seek
j as in year; yes
k as in cut; duck
l as in love; lock
lj as in million; volume
m as in mice; man
n as in nice; not
nj as in onion; canyon
o as in autmn; caught
p as in pick; top
r as in carrot
s as in sound; some
as in shut; sheer
t as in time; talk
u as in shoot; boom
v as in verb; vase
z as in zest; zero
as in pleasure; vision
141
Turkish Alphabet
Turkish Alphabet
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
English Sound
/a/
/b/
/d /
/t /
/d/
/e/, / /
/f/
/ /, / /
/ /1
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
Y
Z
/h/
/ /
/i/
/ /
/k/, /c/
/l/, / /
/m/
/n/
/o/
//
/p/
/ /
/s/
/ /
/t/
/u/
/y/
/v/
/j/
/z/
Pronunciation Example
'a' as in father; lucky
'b' as in book; bat
'j' as in Joke; rejoin
'ch' as in church; cello
'd' as in day
'e' as in let; met
'f' as in far
'g' as in game; go
No equivalent.
- can be likened to the silent gh sound
in the English words such as - weight,
light, fought
'h' as in hot
'e' as in open; water
'i' as in machine; seat
's' as in pleasure; measure
'k' as in kilo; skull
'l' as in life; lock
'm' as in master; man
'n' as in nice; note
'o' as in more; bottom
'u' as in shirt; burn (approximate)
'p' as in spin; peace
the 'r' as in car
's' as in smile; sticker
'sh' as in shine; sugar
't' as in stop; time
'u' as in boot; push
'u' as in cube; few; feud (approximate)
'v' as in victory; verb
'y' as in you; year
'z' as in zigzag; zero
I extend my sincere gratitudes to my colleagues from the Department of Geography in A.U. Faculty of Letters, Dr. Rya Bayar and
Dr. Mutlu Ylmaz who helped me in drawing the maps.
142
HATCE ORU
143
144
HATCE ORU
145
146
HATCE ORU
KAYNAKA
stanbul Atatrk Kitapl:
MC. 076
147
Husi, Aladin, Tvrave Bosanskog sandaka i njihove posade 1528-30. godine, POF,
49/1999, Sarajevo 2000, 189-229.
nalck, Halil, Eyalet, DA, c.11, stanbul 1995, 548-550.
__________, Eylet, EI2, vol. II, Leiden 1991, 721-724.
Halil nalck, Timr, EI2, vol. X, Leiden 2000, 502-507.
Halil nalck, The Ottoman State: Economy and Society, 1300-1600, in An Economic
and Social history of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Halil nalck Donald Quataert, New York,
1996.
pirli, Mehmet, Beylerbeyi, DA, VI, stanbul 1992, 69-74.
_______________, Beylerbeyi, DA, VI, stanbul 1992,
Kaldy-Nagy, Gy., Kdi: Otoman Empire, EI2, vol. IV, Leiden 1997, 373-374
Kunt, . Metin, Sancaktan Eyaleti 1550-1650 Arasnda Osmanl meras ve l daresi, stanbul 1978.
Kurt, Ylmaz Osmanl Toprak Ynetimi, Osmanl, vol.3, Ed.: Gler Eren, Ankara
1999.
Lewis, B., Bd-i Haw, EI2, vol. I. Leiden 1986, 850.
Macdonald, B. D. Kaza, A, c.VI, stanbul 1977, 493-494.
Menage, V.L., Beglerbegi, EI2 , volume I, Leiden 1986, 1159-1160.
Muli, Jusuf, Drutveni i ekonomski poloaj Vlaha i Arbanasa u Bosni pod
osmanskom vlau, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, 51/2001, Sarajevo 2003, 111-146.
Oru, Hatice, 15. Yzylda Bosna Sanca ve dar Dalm, OTAM, 18/2005, Ankara 2006, 249-271
____________, Tahrr Defters on the Bosna sanjak, Archivum Ottomanicum,
Harrasowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden- Germany, 2008, 403-430.
z, Mehmet, XV-XVI. Yzyllarda Canik Sanca, Ankara 1999.
zel, Oktay, The Transformation of Provincial Administrative in Anatolia:
Observations an Amasya from 15th to 17th Centuries, The Ottoman Empire: Myths,
Realities and Black Holes, Contributions in Itonour of Colin Imber, stanbul 2006, 5173.
Popovi, A., Travnik, EI2, X, Leiden 2000, 572-574
__________, Sarajevo, EI2, IX, Leiden 1997, 28-34.
abanovi, Hazim, Bosanski Paaluk, Sarajevo 1982.
ahin, lhan, Nahiye, DA, vol. 32
Todorov, Nikolai, The Balkan City, 1400-1900, Washington 1983.
Yediyldz, Bahaeddin, Ordu Kazas Sosyal Tarihi, Ankara 1985.
zet
Makale Osmanl mparatorluunun son dnemlerinde tara
ynetiminde idari birimlerin snrlar ve hangi vilayetlere balanacann
belirlenmesine ynelik giriimlerin karmak doasn incelemekte, bu
balamda Osmanl ynetimi ile srdrlen mzakere srecinde yerel
dinamikler ve aktrlerle corafi faktrlerin oynadklar rol zellikle
vurgulamaktadr. Trabzon Vilayeti'ne bal olarak kurulan Vakf Nahiyesi
rneinde, tara ynetiminin gerisindeki dinamiklerin karmaklna ve
ok boyutluluuna dikkat ekilerek, Osmanl ynetiminin giderek daha
belirginleen Ermeni Meselesi gibi uluslararas konulardaki kayglarnn
yerel ynetim pratiini nasl etkilediine dnk ilgin gzlemler
sunmaktadr.
Abstract
The present article examines the nature of the administrative
practices concerning the redifinition of district borders and their
provincial affiliations during the late Ottoman Empire by special
emphasis on the role played by local dynamics and actors as well as the
geographical factors during the negotiations between the imperial
government and the local notables. The Black Sea district of Vakf of
Trebizond Province taken as a case study presents a good example of
how complex and multi-dimentional the dynamics behind the provincial
administration during the late nineteenth century were, and how imperial
concerns of international diplomacy around the Armenian Question had
impacts on the rearrangement of administrative borders in provinces
where local dynamics always played an active part.
Dr., Ankara niversitesi, Trk nklapTarihi Enstits Yar Zamanl retim Grevlisi,
E.mail: hamdiozdis@yahoo.com
150
HAMD ZD
151
152
HAMD ZD
I.DH.1375/1318-S.36. Buna ilave olarak Vakf Nahiyesi yeni kurulmakta olan Bayburd
Sancana da dahil edilmez. Haritalarda da nahiyenin adn bulmak mmkn
olamamtr. Bu durumun yani Vakf Nahiyesinin Salnamelerde yer almamasnn ileri
bir tarihte (1915 sonras) nahiyenin isminin deimi olabilecei de akla gelmektedir.
Bilindii gibi bu tarihlerde (23 Aralk 1915) baz vilayet, sancak, kaza, kasaba, ky, da,
nehir...isimlerinin deitirilmesi Enver Paa tarafndan nerilmi ve deitirilmiti. Bkz.
Hagop Hachikian, Some Particulars of Hemshin Identity Hovann H. Simonian
(Ed.)The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey,
Routledge, 2007, iinde s. 167-68; Ayhan Yksel, Trabzon Vilayetinde Yer Adlar ve
dari Yapy Deitirme Teebbsleri, Trabzon Tarihi Sempozyumu, Trabzon Belediyesi
Yay. 1999, s. 209. Vakf Nahiyesinin isminin deimi olma ihtimalini kuvvetlendiren
bilgiler Yusufeli Belediyesinin web sitesinde yer alr ki, eer bu bilgileri temel alrsak
Muammer Demirel imzal yazda Vakf Nahiyesinin bugnk ad Kobak/Yksekoba
olarak verilmektedir. Demirel web sitesindeki yazsnda Vakf Nahiyesine ait ok deerli
bilgiler verir ancak kaynak belirtmez. Bu nedenle bilgileri teyid etme imknmz
olamamtr. Bu bilgilerin temellendirilmeye ihtiyac olduu da ortadadr. Demirelin
aktard bu bilgilerde baz dzeltilmesi gereken noktalar da vardr. rnein Vakf
Nahiyesi bu almada belirtildii gibi Lazistan Sancana bal olarak kurulmu ve daha
sonra Keskime ve dolaysyla Erzuruma balanmtr. Bkz. Srr Paa a.g.e., s. 135.
Bunun dnda Osmanlca belgelerde Maa ulya Vakf olarak okunmas gereken yerler
Ma-i ulya olarak aktarlm ve bu ifade Artvin merkeze bal bir kyn adna
yorularak Milo olmal eklinde deerlendirilmitir. Bkz. Muammer Demirel,
www.yusufeli.bel.tr/index.php?bel=yusufeli-tarih
153
154
HAMD ZD
155
156
HAMD ZD
20 Srr Paa greve baladktan sonra hem Erzurum Vilayetinden hem de Lazistan
mutasarrflndan bilgi istemitir. Bunun zerine her iki yerden de yant gelmitir.
Lazistan mutasarrflndan konuya ilikin alnan tahrirattan da alt stne benzemez
bir acaiblik mahade buyrul[maktadr]. Srr Paa, a.g.e., s. 134.
21 Srr Paa, a.g.e., s. 134.
22 Daha nce 10 Nisan 1882de yazlmtr. D. 1834/16
23 ura-y Devletin sorularn ieren 20 Mart 1883 tarihli tahrirat iin bkz. D. 1835/11
157
158
HAMD ZD
Sonu olarak Vakf Nahiyesine bir yol yaplmam ve Srr Paann btn
srarlarna ramen nahiyenin Erzurum Vilayetine balanmasnn caiz
olamayaca belirtilerek Trabzon Vilayetinde kalmasna irade buyrulmutur.29
Fakat bu kararda da karar klnamad ileride grlecektir. Ancak bu iradede
bambaka bir noktaya dikkat ekilmekte ve kararda etkili olan asl unsurun alt
izilmektedir. Vakf Nahiyesi Keskimle birletirilerek bir kaza tekiliyle
Erzuruma balanrsa (rabt ve ilhak edilirse) Erzurumun vs'at ve
ehemmiyetini artracaktr. Ermenilerin byk bir ksmnn bu vilayette
toplanarak bir Ermenistan vcuda getirmek niyetiyle eitli hilelere
bavurduklarnn kaydedildii iradede bunun ise muvafk- maslahat
olamayacana vurgu yaplmaktadr. Vakf Nahiyesinin Trabzondan ayrt
edilmesi (fekk-i idaresi) bir yana, Erzurum Vilayetine bal olan baz yerlerin de
civar vilayetlere verilerek vilayetin kltlmesi istenmektedir. Bu sayede vilayet
hem daha kolay idare edilebilecek hem de Ermenistan tabirinin klliyen elsine-i
melanetkrneden kaldrlmas saltanat- seniyyece istifadeyi mucib
olaca[ktr]...30 Bu yaklamn ve Ermeni meselesinin muhtemel olumsuz
neticelerine ynelik kaygnn o dnemde Osmanl ynetiminin gndeminde
olduunu, tara idari birimlerinin snrlarnn ve nereye balanacaklarnn
belirlendigi dier kimi rneklerden de gryoruz.31
Bylece Vakf Nahiyesinin idari adan Lazistanda kalmak istemesinin
yaratt mklata, bu sefer Erzurum'a balanmasnn sakncalar da eklenmi,
Ermeni meselesi de bu noktada gndeme gelmitir.32. Aslnda Vakf
Nahiyesinin o dnemki nfusuna bakldnda byle bir endieye neden olacak
bir durumun da pek grnmemektedir; zira Srr Paann Vakf Nahiyesine
Salisen Vakf Nahiyesinin te tarafnda vki ve Erzurum Vilayetine tabi spir kazas
nahiye-i mezkreye pek karib ve yolu da dz olub binaenaleyh mevkien oraya
mnasebet-i tammesi derkar iken mcerred bir ka kimsenin hatr in tekalifat- azime
ihtiyaryla sahilden dahile yol amakda bir gna muhassenat tasavvur idemiyorum...
Srr Paa, a.g.e., s. 134-5.
29 . DH. 102152, Aralk 1883.
30 Bu ifade 1883 tarihli belgede aynen kullanlmtr. Bkz. .DH.102152, Aralk 1883.
31 Abdullah Teyfur Erdoduya gre, rnein Hakkari vilayeti byk ihtimalle Ermeni
meselesinde baars yaamamak iin Van Vilayetine balanmtr. Bylece Ermenilerin
vilayet iindeki oran drlmtr. Abdullah Teyfur Erdodu Dahiliye Nezareti
Tekilat Tarihi, (1836-1922) Yaymlanmam Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe nv. Sos. Bil.
Ens. Ank., 2005. s. 56.
32 Aslnda bu kaygnn 1876 gibi daha erken bir tarihte de dile getirildii son yaplan
almalardan birinde ifade edilmektedir. Bkz. Aslhan Grbzel, Hamidian Policy in
Eastern Anatolia 1878-1890, Bilkent Unv. Yaymlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi,
Ankara, 2008. Beni bu konuda bilgilendiren Aslhan Grbzele teekkr ederim. Buna
dair Srr Paann tahriratnda ve hatratnda (Mektubat- Srr Paa) hi bir emare yoktur.
159
160
HAMD ZD
161
162
HAMD ZD
163
164
HAMD ZD
KAYNAKA
A. Ariv Belgeleri ve Basl Kaynaklar
Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi (BOA)
DH. MKT
Y.MTV.
Y.PRK. UM.
.DH.
MMS.
D.
ngiliz Devlet Arivi (Public Record Office, Foreign Office (FO))
FO. 195/1457
Salnameler
Salname-i Vilayet-i Erzurum 1317.
B. Kitap ve Makaleler
Akbayar, Nuri, Osmanl Yer Adlar Szl, Tarih Vakf Yurt Yay., Ankara, 2001.
Baylan, Mfit Semih, Trabzon Valisi Srr Paa, Trabzon, 7, 1993.
Dndar, Fuat, Crime of Numbers The Role of Statistics in the Armenian Question (1878-1918),
Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick and London, Pre-publication copy.
Emirolu, Kudret (Yay. Haz.), Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi 1879, Trabzon li ve leleri
Eitim, Kltr ve Sosyal Yardmlama Vakf, Ankara, 1999.
________________(Yay. Haz.) Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi 1881, C. 12, Trabzon li ve
leleri Eitim, Kltr ve Sosyal Yardmlama Vakf, Ankara, 1999.
Erdodu, Abdullah Teyfur, Dahiliye Nezareti Tekilat Tarihi, (1836-1922)
Yaymlanmam Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe nv. Sos. Bilimler Ens. Ank. , 2005.
Grbzel, Aslhan Hamidian Policy in Eastern Anatolia 1878-1890, Bilktent Unv.
Yaymlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2008.
Hachikian, Hagop Some Particulars of Hemshin Identity Hovann H. Simonian
(Ed.)The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey,
Routledge, 2007, iinde.
Hrmen, Fatma Rezan, (Haz), Mehmet Tevfik Beyin II. Abdlhamid, Merutiyet ve Mtareke
Devri Hatralar, II Cilt, Arma Yay. stanbul, 1993.
Krmz, Abdlhamit Abdlhamidin Valileri, Klasik Yay. stanbul, 2007.
165
Michael, E., Meeker, mparatorluktan Gelen Bir Ulus, ev.Tutku Vardal, stanbul, Bilgi
nviversitesi Yaynlar, 2005.
zder, M. Adil, Artvin ve evresi, 1828-1921 Savalar, Ankara, 1971.
zdi, Hamdi Tarada ktidar Mcadelesi: II. Abdlhamid Dneminde Trabzon
Vilayetinde Eraf, Siyaset ve Devlet (1876-1909) yaymlanmam doktora tezi,
Hacettepe nv. Sos. Bil. Enst., Ankara, 2008.
zel, Oktay, rksulu Ali Paa ve Ailesi zerine Biyografik Notlar, Kebike, 16,
2003.
Salname-i Vilayet-i Erzurum, 1317.
Sezen, Tahir, Osmanl Yer Adlar, Babakanlk Devlet Ar. Gen. Md., Ankara, 2006.
Srr Paa, Mektubat- Srr Paa, stanbul, 1303.
Srr Paa, Mektubt, Nutuk ve Makalt, (El Yazmas) 06. MK. Yz. A 6884 Numaral Milli
Ktphane Nshas, tarihsiz.
Trkiyede Meskn Yerler Klavuzu, ileri Bakanl, C. II., 1947.
Yksel, Ayhan Trabzon Vilayetinde Yer Adlar ve dari Yapy Deitirme
Teebbsleri, Trabzon Tarihi Sempozyumu, Trabzon Belediyesi Yay., 1999,
166
HAMD ZD
Abstract
It is well known fact that the districts of Ordu and Giresun have
very important mines and from the antiquity the region was the mining
area. Mining in this district continued its importance after the Ottoman
dominance over the region. In the 19th century copper, silver, limestone,
lead, manganese, marble, mineral water were the main mining values
while the region was only a scene of iron mining in the Antiquity.
Arrangements in the mining sectors from 1842 included district of
Ordu and Giresun and affected mining activities in the region. So, in the
*
Gmhane niversitesi Atatrk lkeleri ve nklp Tarihi Blm Okutman, e.mail:
kemalsaylan52@gmail.com
168
KEMAL SAYLAN
second part of the 19th century foreign and native mining companies
opened new mines and contributed favorably economy of region. In
this study, we mention about mines of the district, the places of the
mines and their effects on the local economy from 1860 and until the 1st
World War.
Key Words: Mine, Mining, Ordu, Giresun, Ottoman State
Giri
Madenlerin varl veya yokluu, azl veya okluu tarihin her devrinde
toplumlarn refah dzeyini yakndan ilgilendirmitir. ok yaygn kullanm
alanna sahip olan bu yeralt zenginliine sahip olmayan devletler veya milletler,
madenlere ulamann yollarn aramlar; bunun iin savalar yapmlar;
mcadeleler etmiler ve antlamalar yapmlardr.1 Madenler, tarihteki dier
devletler gibi topraklar maden asndan zengin olan Osmanl Devleti iin de
nemli olmutur. Osmanl Devletinin topraklarnn maden asndan ok
zengin olduu jeolojik haritalarla tespit edilmemi olsa da ok nceden beri
Anadoluda dolam seyyah ve corafyaclarn yazdklar eserler sayesinde
topraklarnn maden asndan ok zengin olduu bilinmektedir.2 Madencilik,
Osmanl Devletinin ilk dnemlerinde devlet sanayisinin nemli bir ksmn
oluturmutur. Bu dnemde binlerce maden iisinin almas, madenler iin
odun, kmr temin edenler, onlar gerekli yerlere tayanlar, pazarlayanlar ve
madencilikle ilgili zanaatlarla uraanlarn saylar dikkate alndnda bu
sektrn Osmanl ekonomisindeki yeri daha iyi anlalmaktadr. Bu nedenle
devlet, madenlerin iletilmesine ve ynetilmesine ok nem vermitir. nemine
binaen maden ocaklarnn ou XIX. yzyln ikinci yarsna gelinceye kadar
emanet usul ile devlet tarafndan idare edilmi ve iletilmitir.3
Ancak XVIII. yzyldan sonra maden ocaklarnn iletilmesinde byk
apta zlme yaanmaya balad grlmektedir.4 Devlet, bu zlmenin
1 Osman Kse, XIX. Yzylda Gmhane Madenleri, Trabzon ve evresi Uluslararas
Tarih-Dil-Edebiyat Sempozyumu (35 Mays 2001), C. I, Trabzon 2002, s. 289
2 Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanl Tarihi, C. VIII, Ankara 1995, s. 455
3 Fahrettin Tzlak, XIX Yzyln Ortalarnda Osmanl Maden Yataklar, Belleten, LX/
229, Aralk
1996, s. 19
4 Maden iletmelerinde yakt olarak aa kmr kullanlmas, yzyllardan beri dzensiz
ve bilgisizce harcanarak ocaklarn evresindeki ormanlarn tketilmesi, odun ve
kmrn ok uzak yerlerden nakledilmeye allmas, yol yokluu, can ve mal
gvenliinin kalmay gibi nedenler madenciliin gerilemesine neden oldu. Ayrca,
maden kaynaklar zerine hibir bilimsel aratrma yaplmamas, genellikle ykl
balang yatrmlar gerektiren bu kesimde sermaye yetersizlii, yabanc sermayeye kar
duyulan isteksizlik ve gvensizlik, hkmetin imtiyaz vermede ok ar davranmas ve
169
170
KEMAL SAYLAN
10
171
Maden Ad
Ky Ad
Nahiye Ad
Kaza Ad
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Demir
Demir
Erimon
Cuan
Cuan
Cuan
---------------
akrl
Kuzca
adi
Karaburun
Akkilise
Akgiri
Tarnevara
Yeniky
Ahtaba
Akky
Kirazdere
Keap
Grele
Grele
Grele
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Merkez
Merkez
Giresun
Giresun
Giresun
Giresun
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Giresun
Ordu
172
KEMAL SAYLAN
Demir
Demir
Manganez
Manganez
Manganez
Manganez
Manganez
Manganez
Manganez
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr23
Bakr24
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Bakr
Kurun25
Kurun26
Kurun27
Kurun28
Kurun29
------------------sal
Karaburun
Kirlak
------------------avu ayr
---------------------------
Bahariye
--Boztepe
Alaam
Yeral
al
Celi
Saray
Abdal Suyu
imide
imide
imide
adi
Canas
Sarl
Akkilise
Akgiri
Tarnevara
Yeniky
Ahtaba
Naibe
anvera
Hark
Sadegre
Sile?
Oraca?
Kzlkaya
Aalk
Karayrek
Keban
itl
Yakack
Cefanoz
Tomarlu
Armutlu
Merkez
Merkez
Merkez
Merkez
Perembe
Perembe
Perembe
Perembe
Piraziz
Grele
Grele
Grele
Grele
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Perembe
Hapsemana
Merkez
Merkez
Akky
Akky
Akky
Akky
Akky
Akky
Hapsemana
Ebulhayr
Ebulhayr
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Ordu
nye
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Giresun
Giresun
Giresun
Giresun
Giresun
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Kurun30
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun31
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kurun
Kmr
Mermer
Maden Suyu
Maden Suyu
----------------------------Kurtgl
--Aalk
srail
Damarl
Baalan
Hulul Ulubey
eterli
--adi
Yivdincik
Yurt
Akkilise
Akgiri
Tarnevara
Yeniky
Ahtaba
Naibe
Valvay
--srail
srail
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Merkez
Grele
Keap
Aybast
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Hapsemana
Perembe
Perembe
Merkez
Merkez
Merkez
173
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Tirebolu
Giresun
Giresun
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Ordu
Giresun
Tirebolu
Tirebolu
174
KEMAL SAYLAN
175
176
KEMAL SAYLAN
Kaza
Ad
Nahiye ve
Ky Ad
mtiyaz Sahibi
Ad
hale
Tarihleri
Senelik Alnan
Vergi Miktar
(Kuru)
1903
1904
Bakr
Tirebolu
Sile ve
Oyraca
Sebuh David ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
4.183
4.183
Bakr
Tirebolu
Kirlik,
Lahnaz, Eski
Kirlik ve
Kzlkaya
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
6.603
6.603
Bakr
Tirebolu
Karalar,
Karaark,
Aalk
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
5.163
5.163
Bakr
Grele
Akky
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
1.370
1.370
Bakr
Grele
Sadekre
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
11 Aralk
2.138
2.138
Msy Tomas
1901
177
Bakr
Grele
sal
Muhtar Efendi
29 Kasm
1903
---
1.970
Gml
Kurun
ve Bakr
Ordu
Bakacak,
Canaz
Vian Rahnii
26 Ocak 1883
29.005
---
Gml
Kurun
ve Bakr
Tirebolu
Keban
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
3.328
3.328
Gml
Kurun
ve Bakr
Grele
Karaburun,
Jujan
Sebuh David
Efendi ve
Msy Tomas
11 Aralk
1901
3.289
3.289
Manganez
Giresun
Piraziz
Msy
Peracivati
11 Ocak 1880
923
923
Gml
Kurun
ve
Antimon
Giresun
Keap
Msy Leonidaz
19 Kasm
1901
TOPLAM
21.035
---
77.037
28.967
51 1902 ylnda Tirebolu maa Grele kazasndaki ta ocaklar haslat olarak senelik 529
kuru 20 para, Giresun maa Ordu kazalarnda faaliyet gsteren ta ocaklarn haslat
8.377 kurutur. TVS, 1320 (1902), s. 673; 1903 ylnda Tirebolu kazas ta ocaklar
haslat 987 kuru 10 para, Giresun kazas ta ocaklar haslat da 6.500 kuru 20 paradr.
TVS, 1321 (1903), s. 951
52 TVS, 1319 (1901), s. 455
178
KEMAL SAYLAN
179
180
KEMAL SAYLAN
181
KAYNAKLAR
Ariv Kaynaklar
BOA, MV
No. 184/45; No. 174/17; No. 178/66; No. 184/45; No. 193/38
BOA, A. MKT. NZD
No. 287/28; No. 292/85
Vilayet Salnameleri
1286 (1869), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1288 (1871), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1296 (1879), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1309 (1892), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1319 (1901), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1320 (1902), Trabzon vilayet Salnamesi,
1321 (1903), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
1322 (1904), Trabzon Vilayet Salnamesi,
Yabanc Kaynaklar
Diplomatic and Consular Report on Trade and Finance, Turkey, Trade of Trebizond,
No: 135, Year 1887
Diplomatic and Consular Report on Trade and Finance, Turkey, Trade of Trebizond,
No: 342, Year 1888
Diplomatic and Consular Report on Trade and Finance, Turkey, Trade of Trebizond,
No: 549, Year 1889
Diplomatic and Consular Report on Trade and Finance, Turkey, Trade of Trebizond,
No: 878, Year 1891
Diplomatic and Consular Report on Trade and Finance, Turkey, Trade of Trebizond,
No: 2766, Year 1901
Kitap ve Makaleler
ABDLVAHAP, Hayri, ktisadi Trabzon, Yayna Hazrlayan Melek ksz, Trabzon,
2008.
BOSTAN, M. Hanefi, XV-XIX. Yzyllarda Giresun Kazasnn dari Taksimat ve
Nfusu, Giresun Tarihi Sempozyumu, (2425 Mays 1996), stanbul, 1997.
ADIRCI, Musa, Tanzimat Dneminde Anadolu Kentlerinin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yaps,
Ankara, 1997.
AVDAR, Tevfik, Trkiye Ekonomisinin Tarihi (19001960), Ankara, 2003.
182
KEMAL SAYLAN
184
SALH TUN
Abstract
At the beginnings of XX. century, France was of a country
obtained very large and important benefits on the Ottoman Empire.
French became a considerable force, especially in the Asia provinces of
the Ottoman Empire, thanks to the privileges acquired with several
occasions. French continued this position in an active way compared to
the other competitors until the end of XIX. century.
The Young Turk Revolution (1908) was an important landmark in
the Ottoman-French relations. The passivation of Abdulhamit regime
with the Revolution of Young Turk and the proximity of some Young
Turks to France were thought as positive developments for France. On
the other hand, the problem of debt dropped a shadow on relations in
1910. In addition to the problem of debt, France had to take a series
precaution due to some political developments happened to conserve the
French benefits in the Orient and against the German influence.
The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in Balkan Wars was thought
the French over the possibility of fragmentation of the Empire and
directed the Young Turk leaders to the search of some political alliances.
On the one hand, the influence competition of Great Powers in the land of
the Ottoman Empire, on the other hand, the increase in the formation of
blocks disturbed the administrators of Unionists. Because of this
situation, the administrators of Union and Progress quested for an
alliance with England and Russia. After the alliance proposals to England
and Russia were resulted negatively, the Ottoman Empire tried to
achieve the similar alliance quest with France.
In this respect, both the France-Turkey Committee founded by the
Minister of the Navy Cemal Pasha and his journey to Paris made just
before from the war were understood as attempts intended for an
alliance quest with an effective the Triple Entente.
Keywords: Cemal Pasha, Turkish-French Relations, Union and
Progress, Young Turks, I. World War
Giri
XX. yzyln balarna gelindiinde Fransa, Osmanl mparatorluunda
dier Byk Glere oranla ok daha byk ve nemli menfaatleri elde etmi bir
devletti. Bata Suriye ve Filistin topraklar olmak zere bugnk Lbnann da
185
dhil olduu geni bir corafyada Fransa, deta yerleik bir g konumunda
bulunmaktayd. Fransz hkmetleri XVI. yzyldan beri Katolik Kilisesini
himaye hakkna sahip olduklarn dnmekteydi. eitli vesilelerle edindikleri
imtiyazlar sayesinde, Fransz giriimci ve misyonerleri kutsal topraklarn da dhil
olduu Osmanl Asyasnn nemli bir blmnde, ekonomik ve ticari
kurumlarn yan sra, Franszca konuan geni bir Katolik Cemaatin olumasn
salayacak yaygn bir dini messese, okul ve hastane an yerletirmiti. Fransz
irketleri mparatorluun eitli yerlerindeki demiryolu hatlar ile limanlarn in
ve iletilmesi, madenlerin karlmas ve iletilmesi gibi sna ve endstriyel
alanlarn dnda bankaclk ve finansal faaliyetler gibi ticari ve ekonomik
bakmdan da Fransa, Osmanl mparatorluu ile derin ve karmak bir ilikiler
ana sahip bulunmaktayd. zellikle Osmanl Asyasnda dier Byk Glerin
etkileri arttka, yzyllardan beri sre gelen kurumsal stnl sarsldka,
Fransa, nfuzunu gittike daha ok ekonomik karlarna yneltmeye balad.
yle ki Osmanl mparatorluundaki Fransz nfuzu ekonomik faaliyetlerle
zdeletike, bankerler ve sanayiciler politika oluturmada nemli lde sz
sahibi oldular.1 Bununla birlikte bu yeni gelimeyle, Fransann Osmanl
politikasnn oluumunda byk lde rol oynayan Quai dOrsayn Siyasi ve
Ticari ler Direktrlnn yan sra etkili dier birimlerinin belirleyicilii
bertaraf edilmi deildir.
Fransann Osmanl Devletiyle olan ilikilerinde 1908 Jn Trk Devrimi
nemli bir dnm noktas oluturmutur. Zira, Fransa ile olan ekonomik, mali,
siyasi vb. alanlardaki ok karmak ve detayl ilikilere ramen, Hamidien Rejimin
Fransaya ynelik mesafeli yaklam devrimle birlikte ortadan kalkm ve
Osmanl idaresinde, Fransz Devrimi prensiplerinden fikren ilham aldklarn
belirten bir kadro etkili olmaya balamtr. Bu gelime Fransa nezdinde, Alman
Weltpolitiki nin Osmanl Asyasn da kapsayan yaylmasna kar engelleyici bir
unsur olarak deerlendirilse de, 1910 borlanma krizi Trk-Fransz ilikilerinde
bir krlma yaratacaktr. Bununla birlikte 1910-1914 yllar arasnda iki lkenin
ilikileri dikkate alndnda, ekonomik ilikiler gcn korumusa da,
mparatorluk zerinde, zellikle finansal bakmdan bir Fransz kontrolnn
hkim olduu grlmektedir.2
Siyasal durum bakmndan Fransa genel olarak, en azndan Harb-i
Umuminin kna kadar blgedeki karlar iin tek bana yeterli olduunu
dnd imparatorluun toprak btnlnn korunmas ilkesine ksmen
L. Bruce Fulton, Fransa ve Osmanl mparatorluu, Osmanl mparatorluunun Sonu ve
Byk Gler, Editr: Marian Kent, ev: Ahmet Fethi, Tarih Vakf Yay. stanbul 1999,
s.166.
2 Osmanl mparatorluu zerinde finansal kontrol hakknda bkz. Jacques Thobie,
ntrts et mprialisme Franais dans lEmpire Ottoman(1895-1914), Publications de la
Sorbonne Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1977, s.615-621.
1
186
SALH TUN
187
188
SALH TUN
gelimesini salamaktan ibaret olduunu, her frsattan istifade ile sefir Msy
Bomparda sylemekten geri durmazdm9
Fransann stanbul Byk Elisi Bompardn raporuna gre FransaTrkiye Dostluk Cemiyeti ilk toplantsn 2 Nisan 1914 tarihinde Bahriye
Nazrlnda gerekletirdi. Anlan toplantya yukarda belirtilen saygn
isimlerden baka, muayyen sayda ve saygnlklaryla bilinen Trk ve Fransz
ahsiyetler de Cemal Paa tarafndan davet edilmilerdi. Byk Eli Bompard,
ad geen ahslar tarafndan teebbs edilerek oluturulmu bu eserde grdm yarar ve
menfaatin bir ifadesi olarak sefaretimizden yetkili iki diplomatik grevliyi toplantya itirak
etmeleri iin grevlendirdiini11 belirterek kurulan cemiyeti onayladn
gstermekteydi.
2 Nisan 1914 tarihli toplantda Cemal Paa, sz konusu teebbsnn
amalarn akladktan sonra, cemiyetin gelecekteki nizamnmesini hazrlamakla
ykml kurucular kurulunu belirlemek ve ynetim kurulunu mevcut
davetlilerden oluturmak konusunda, en ksa srede tatmin edici sonucun elde
10
189
190
SALH TUN
191
192
SALH TUN
deiken hkmler bal altnda ise 19. madde, harcamalarn yaplmas usulleri ve
kimi durumlarda, yetkilerin kullanlma ekline ilikin deiken hkmleri
dzenlerken, 20. maddede, ynetim kurulunun konumu zerinde yaplabilecek
baz deiiklik hallerini karara balamaktadr.19
Netice itibaryla ksaca zetlemi bulunduumuz stanbul ubesinin
Nizamnmesi, Bahriye Nazr Cemal Paann giriimleriyle kurulmu bulunan
Fransa-Trkiye Dostluk Cemiyetinin kurulu amalar dorultusunda
almasn esas alan kural ve hkmleri kapsamaktayd. Hkmlerden de
anlald zere, Nizamnmeyi hazrlayan kurucular kurulu, Cemiyetin ama ve
hedefleri dorultusunda almas konusunda her iki tarafn yararna olacak bir
dengeyi gaye edindii anlalmaktadr. Bu durum Nizamnmenin, her iki lke
temsilcilerinin tasvibinden geirildiini gstermektedir.
Fransz Dileri Bakanl, Siyasi ve Ticari ler Direktrl tarafndan
hazrlanp, Bakan tarafndan onaylanarak stanbul Byk Elisi M.Bomparda
gnderilen 7 Mays 1914 tarihli ve Fransa-Trkiye Dostluk Cemiyeti konulu el
yazsyla kaleme alnan yazda bakan, Byk Eli Bompard tarafndan Bakanla
sunulan 241 ve 267 belge numaral mesajlar okuduunu ve verilen bilgilerden
byk bir onur ve memnuniyet duyduunu belirtmekteydi.20 stanbulda kurulan
Dostluk Cemiyetinin Paris ubesinin de kurulmasndan duyaca memnuniyeti
Osmanl mparatorluunun Paris Bykelisi Rifat Paaya da bildirdiini
aklayan Bakan, Rifat Paann konuya yakn bir ilgi ve alaka gstermekte
olduunu kaydetmitir. Bakan, Cemiyetin Paris ubesi ile ilgili gelimeler
konusunda Bompardn muhakkak bilgilendirileceinden bahisle, kendisine,
stanbuldaki ncln gvenle srdrmesini tavsiye etmi; Cemiyetin,
zellikle kendilerine geni yetkiler tannm kabiliyetli kiilerden oluturulmas
halinde, Paris ubesinin hareketinin de kolaylaacana dikkati ekmitir.21
Bahriye Nazr Cemal Paann ahsi giriimleriyle kurulmu gibi grnen
Dostluk
Cemiyetinin
stanbul
ubesinin
kurulu
almalarn
tamamlamasndan sonra, muhtemelen 1914 Ylnn Haziran ay ortalarnda
Cemiyetin Paris ubesi de kuruluunu gerekletirmitir. Cemal Paann
Fransz Hkmeti tarafndan davet edilmesi ve seyahat kararndan yaklak 15
gn nce Cemiyetin Paris ubesinin de kuruluunu tamamlam bulunmas
ilgin bir rastlant olsa gerektir.
15 Haziran 1914 tarihli Le Temps gazetesi Fransa-Trkiye Dostluk
Cemiyeti balkl haberinde Bahriye Nazr Cemal Paa tarafndan ve onun
bakanlnda stanbulda kurulmu bulunan Fransa-Trkiye Dostluk Cemiyeti adl
M.A.E. Bomparddan Dileri Bakanna Cemiyet Nizamnmesi Hakk. Ek-4.-5.sf.
M.A.E. Fransz Dileri Bakanndan stanbul Byk Elisi M.Bomparda FransaTrkiye Dostluk Cemiyeti Hakk.Turquie, v. 492,n.s, 07 Mays 1914, s.1,bkz. Ek-3.
21 M.A.E. Fransz Dileri Bakanndan M.Bomparda Dostluk Cemiyeti Hakk., s.1-2
19
20
193
22
23
194
SALH TUN
1914 senesi Temmuzu (Haziran olacak) ortalarnda idi, ne gibi bir vesile
ile olduunu pek hatrlayamyorum. Bir gn Msy Bompard ile Sefarethanede
grrken dedi ki:
--Sizin Trk- Fransz Dostluu hakknda burada yaptnz almalar
dikkat ekmi olduundan, sizinle daha yakndan tanmak ve sizi Fransz
Ktlesine daha yakndan tantmak iin Fransz Hkmeti, sizin Fransaya ziyaret
etmenizi arzu ediyor. Acaba, Fransz donanmasnn temmuz ierisinde yapmak
niyetinde bulunduu deniz manevralarnda bulunmak zere tbi olduum hkmet
sizi davet edecek olursa, bu Osmanl Hkmetince memnuniyetle karlanr m?
Bunu Sadrazam Paadan sormak niyetinde isem de evvel sizin onaynz almak
istedim.
ayet Sadrazam Paa onaylar ve Padiahn msaadesi de karsa
memnuniyetle gideceimi syledim. Bir ka gn sonra Msy Bompard Fransz
Hkmetinin davetini resmen Babliye tebli etmiti. Tam da o gnlerde mahut
Saraybosna Cinayeti ilenmiti.24
195
28
29
196
SALH TUN
197
Le Tempsda yer alan bayaznn son blmnde, bir ka aydan beri Trkiye
ile Fransa arasndaki ilikilerde gzlemlenen ilerlemede akll ve gen insanlar
olarak tabir edilen Jn Trklerin byk katklarnn bulunduu belirtilmitir.
Bylelikle, uzun bir sre boyunca istikrar ve uyumdan mahrum kalm
Trkiyenin, kusur ve eksikliklerini gidererek gven tesis eden bu kadro
sayesinde, lkenin yeniden sekin bir temsile kavutuu ileri srlmtr.
Balkan Savalarnda kaybedilen topraklara ve bamszln iln etmi milletlere
ramen, Balkanlardaki huzur ve gvenin salanmas ve barcl bir dzenin
kurulmas, Trkiyenin iten ve bar esas alan almlarna bal olaca
kaydedilerek; dnden bugne bitmeyen bir alm yks ile yaz son bulmutur.35
Cemal Paann Pariste bulunduu ksa bir sre iindeki faaliyetleri
bakmndan Le Journal des Dbats gazetesi, 7 Temmuz tarihli nshasnda, Cemal
Paa onuruna Fransz Bahriye Nazrlnda verilen le yemei
deerlendirilmitir. Fransz Bahriye Nazr, M. Gauthierin ev sahipliinde
verilen yemee Rifat Paann temsil ettii Trk heyetine karlk, Fransz
heyetinde Fransz Hariciyesi Siyasi ve Ticari ler Mdr M.de Margerie, Genel
Kurmay Bakan General Joffreun Bahriyeli Yardmcs Vice-Amiral Pivet gibi
34
35
198
SALH TUN
199
200
SALH TUN
43
44
Le Journal des Dbats, Un Entretien Avec S.Exc. Djemal Pacha, 3 Austos 1914, s.2.
Le Journal des Dbats, Un Entretien Avec S.Exc. Djemal Pacha, 3 Austos 1914, s.2.
201
Trkiye hali hazrda herhangi bir yere balanm deildir. Fakat zorunlu
karlarnn gerektirdii ekilde harekete gemeye hazr olarak ve ok byk bir
dikkatle gelimeleri gzetlemek zorunda olduunu anlamak gerek.45
Sonu ve Deerlendirme
Osmanl mparatorluunun Balkan Savalarnda urad byk
yenilgiden sonra, mparatorluun paralanmas ihtimalinin belirginlemesi,
ttihat liderleri bloklaan dnyada baz diplomatik giriimlere ve ittifak
araylarna yneltmitir. II. Merutiyetin ilnndan ksa bir sre sonra, BosnaHersekin AvusturyaMacaristan mparatorluu tarafndan ilhak ve
Bulgaristann bamszln iln etmesiyle balayan sre, niha olarak
Trablusgarp ve Balkan Savalar ile birlikte klen mparatorluk topraklarn
muhafaza etme dncesi, ttihat ynetimin balca gayesi haline gelmiti. Bu
nedenle ttihat liderler aralarndaki baz gr ayrlklarna ramen, hem
dnemin siyasal koullar, hem de mparatorluk topraklarn bir ekilde
muhafaza etme dncesi, Osmanl Hkmetini tilaf Devletleriyle bir
yaknlama ve ittifak arayna sevk etmitir.
Osmanl mparatorluu ynetiminde mevcut siyasal koullar etrafnda
ortaya kan bu irade istikametinde, ilkin, tilaf Devletleri gurubunda daha
nfuzlu bir arl olan ngiltere ile bir ittifak yapma teebbs vaki olmusa da,
ngilterenin bir sre meseleyi srncemede brakan tavrndan sonra,
mparatorluu tarafszla ynelten telkin ve nerisiyle bahse konu teebbs
baarszlkla sonulanmtr.
Osmanl mparatorluu belirtilen saikler erevesinde, 1914 yl Mays
ortalarnda Talat Paa vastasyla Rusya nezdinde de benzeri ittifak giriiminde
bulunmusa da, Rusyann stanbul Sefirinin muhtemel bir Osmanl-Alman
ttifaknn nlenmesi bakmndan yaplan teklife olumlu yaklalmas ynndeki
srarna ramen, Rusyann bilinen politikasn akamete urataca dncesiyle
ittifak teklifi uygun grlmemitir.
Bu gelimeler nda Fransann konumu byk bir nem arz etmitir.
Jn Trkler, Fransa ile yaplabilecek bir ittifak sayesinde, mevcut siyasal
45
46
Le Journal des Dbats, Un Entretien Avec S.Exc. Djemal Pacha, 3 Austos 1914, s.2.
Le Journal des Dbats, Un Entretien Avec S.Exc. Djemal Pacha, 3 Austos 1914, s.2.
202
SALH TUN
203
Kaynaka
Ariv Kaynaklar
a- Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi (B.O.A).
B.O.A. M.V. 235/137.
b- Les Archives du Ministre des Affaires Etrangres(Paris)[M.A.E.]
M.A.E., Turquie, Nouvelle Srie(n.s), v. 492, nr. 241, 19 Nisan 1914.
M.A.E. Turquie, n.s., v. 492, nr. 267, 29 Nisan 1914.
M.A.E. Turquie, n.s., v. 492, 07 Mays 1914.
c- Gazeteler
Le Figaro, Le Journal des Dbats, Le Temps, Tanin.
(Tarih ve sayfa numaralar dipnotlarda verilmitir)
d- Hatrat ve ncelemeler
Cemal Paa, Hatralar, Hazrlayan: Alpay Kabacal, Trkiye Bankas Kltr Yaynlar,
stanbul 2001.
Halil Menteenin Hatralar, Haz. smail Arar, Hrriyet Vakf yaynlar, stanbul 1986.
Kader Yllar, S. Sazonovun Anlar, Rusya Dileri Eski Bakan (1910-1916), ev. Betil
nuak, Yayna Haz. Sabahattin zel, Derin Yay., stanbul 2002.
Ahmad, Feroz: ttihatlktan Kemalizme, ev. Fatmagl Berktay (Baltal), Kaynak
Yaynlar, stanbul 1999.
Artu, Nevzat: Cemal Paa, Askeri ve Siyasi Hayat, TTK. Yaynlar, Ankara 2008.
Fulton, L. Bruce: Fransa ve Osmanl mparatorluu, Osmanl mparatorluunun Sonu ve
Byk Gler, Editr: Marian Kent, ev: Ahmet Fethi, Tarih Vakf Yay. stanbul
1999, s.164-198.
Macfie, A.L: Osmanlnn Son Yllar, 1908-1923, ev. Damla Acar, Funda Soysal, Kitap
Yaynevi, stanbul 2003.
Rey, A: Le Robert Micro, (dition: Alain Rey) nouvelle dition, Paris 1998.
Thobie, Jacques: ntrts et mprializm Franais dans lEmpire Ottoman(1895-1914),
Publications de la Sorbonne Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1977.
Tunaya, Tark Zafer: Trkiyede Siyasal Partiler, Hrriyet Vakf Yaynlar, c.II, stanbul
1988.
Tun, Salih: II. Merutiyet Dneminde Batl Byk Glerin Osmanl Asyasnda
Nfuz Mcadelesi: Douda Fransz karlarn Koruma Komitesi ve Pernot
Misyonu, Prof. Dr. Fahir Armaoluna Armaan, Editr, Ersin Embel, TTK. Yayn,
Ankara 2008, s.285-305.
Uaklgil, Halit Ziya: Saray ve tesi, yayna hazrlayan: Nur zmel Akn, zgr Yaynlar,
stanbul 2003.
lman, Haluk: Birinci Dnya Savana Giden Yol ve Sava, mge Kitabevi, Ankara 2002.
204
SALH TUN
EKLER
205
206
SALH TUN
207
208
SALH TUN
Abstract
After Piri Reis unsuccesful Hormuz expedition, the six Ottoman
galleys commanded by Seydi Ali Reis belonging to Suez fleet were
captured in 1554 near Mascate by a Portuguese navy composed of 40
pieces. And the rest of the galleys were abandoned in Gcerat shore. So
there was no left any Ottoman sea power in the Indian Ocean. It is
interesting to note that Sefer Reis, the Captain of Mocha, soon after this
event, captured with his small sea force several Portuguese warships in
the Indian Ocean, controlled by them. Thus he demonstrated an
admirable courage. In this study we present Sefer Reis actions against
the Portuguese by using the chronicles of the Portuguese historian
Diogo do Couto and also the works of the modern Portuguese
investigator Saturnino Monteiro.
Key Words: Sefer Reis, Mocha, the Portuguese, Indian Ocean, Red Sea.
*
Prof. Dr., Ankara niversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Corafya Fakltesi, spanyol Dili ve Edebiyat
Anabilim Dal. e.mail: ertugrulonalp@hotmail.com.
210
ERTURUL NALP
Giri
Osmanl Devleti, Msr fethettikten sonra hem Kzldenizin gvenliini
salamak, hem de Portekizlilerle Hint Okyanusunda etkili bir ekilde mcadele
edebilmek iin 1525 ylnda Sveyte Msr Kaptanl ya da Hint
Kaptanl ad verilen bir deniz ss kurdu. Portekizlilerin Umman Denizinde,
Aden Krfezinde ve Hint denizlerindeki faaliyetlerinin Kzldeniz yoluyla
yaplan ticarete verdii zararn farknda olan Osmanl Devleti, Akdeniz
limanlarna Dou ticaretinin eski canllk ve zenginliini yeniden kazandrmak
iin bu smrgeci devletin Hindistandan kovulmasn gerekli grmekteydi. Bu
amala Msr kaptan Selman Reisi donanmann banda Hint Okyanusuna
gndermeye karar verdi. Hindistana gitmek zere 1526 ylnda Sveyten
ayrlan Selman Reisin Kzldenizi terk etmeden nce komutanlarndan biri
tarafndan ldrlmesi zerine Portekizlileri hedef alan bu harekt akim kald.
Selman Reisin yeeni olan Zebid beyi Emir Mustafann 1531 ylnda
Hindistana giderek Diuyu Portekizlilere kar baarl bir ekilde savunmas
Osmanl Devletinin siyasetinin dnda gelien bir olayd. Bu tarihten yedi yl
sonra, 1538de Msr beylerbeyi Hadm Sleyman Paa 80 paralk bir
donanmayla Hindistana giderek Portekizlilere ait Diu kalesini kuatt. Kale
dmek zereyken Sleyman Paa byk bir Portekiz donanmasnn yardma
geldii haberini ald. Gerekten de gece karanlnda uzaktan ok sayda fener
grlmekte ve top sesleri duyulmaktayd. Bu durum karsnda Sleyman
Paa kuatmay aceleyle kaldrarak Diudan ayrlmak zorunda kald. Aslnda
sadece 22 gemiden oluan zayf bir nc kuvveti gelmiti. Ama byk bir
donanmann geldii sanlsn diye her gemiye drt fener taklmt. Portekizlilerin
bu harp stratejisi, keif iin bir gemi gndermeyi ihmal eden Sleyman Paay
aldatmak iin yeterli oldu. Netice itibaryla, Sleyman Paann basiretsiz idaresi,
Mslman Hintli hkmdarlarn kendisinden yardm esirgemeleri ve Portekizli
askerlerin kaleyi canla bala savunmalar sebebiyle bu harekt baarsz oldu.
Bununla birlikte Sleyman Paa bu sefer srasnda Aden, ihr ve Zebidi
Osmanl hkimiyetine dhil etti.
Pr Reisin 1552 ylnda Portekizlilere ait Maskat kalesini teslim almas ve
daha sonra Portekiz himayesindeki Hrmz kalesini muhasara etmesi OsmanlPortekiz mcadelesinin nemli safhalarndan birini oluturdu. Ama Pr Reisin
abalar Hrmz kalesinin alnmas iin yeterli olmad ve nl denizci
mhimmatnn azalmas zerine kuatmay kaldrarak Basraya gitti.
Donanmann byk bir ksmn orada brakan Pr Reis ganimetle ykl
kadrgayla Sveye dnmek zere bu limandan ayrld. Yolculuk srasnda
gemilerinden birinin kazaya uramasyla iki kadrgayla Sveye dnd.
Kahireye geldiinde tutukland ve Kanun Sultan Sleymann sonradan
gnderdii bir fermanla boynu vurularak idam edildi.
211
Fuad Carm, Trklerin Denizcilii, Kanaat Matbaas, stanbul, 1965, s. 115 ve 120-121.
212
ERTURUL NALP
213
214
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Sefer Reis hakknda bilgi veren bir dier yabanc bilim adam Michel
Tuchsherer, Svey kaptannn Mozambik kylarna kadar inerek Portekiz
gemilerini zapt etme niyetinde olduuna ihtimal vermemektedir. Sefer Reisin
kadrgalarnn tamamnda yaklak 2.000 civarnda savann olabilecei
ihtimalini gz nnde bulunduran Tuchsherer, su ve yiyecek ikmalindeki
glkler nedeniyle bu harektn ancak 12-15 gnle snrl olabileceini
dnmektedir. Tuchsherere gre Svey kaptannn amac Hindistandan ya da
Aeden gelen Mslman ticaret gemilerini Portekiz tehdidine kar korumaktr.
Aratrmac bu dncesinde hakl olabilir, zira yukarda bahsettiimiz, Turgut
Iksaln yaynlad 1564 tarihli belgede de bu durum aka grlmektedir.
Yine Tuchshererin bildirisinde belirtildii zere, be aylk bir hazrlktan sonra 3
Nisan 1565te Sveyten ayrlan Sefer Reis, harekt srasnda hastalannca
Adene dnmek zorunda kalmtr. Dndkten ksa bir zaman sonra, ayn yln
29 Maysnda Adende vefat etmi ve eyh Aydarsun kabrinin yanna
defnedilmitir.5
Grld gibi iki yabanc aratrmacnn Sefer Reisin sefere k ve lm
tarihleriyle ilgili olarak verdii bilgilerde bir eliki vardr. Casale, her ne kadar
nl denizcinin lm tarihini kesin olarak vermemekle birlikte, 1565 ylnn
Kasm aynda Mohadan denize aldn, iki gn sonra Sokotra Adasna
yneldii srada hastalanarak Adene dndn ve gn sonra ayn yerde
vefat ettiini belirtmektedir. Casalenin ve Tuchshererin verdii bilgilerdeki bu
eliki byk bir ihtimalle aratrmaclarn farkl kaynaklara dayanmalarndan
ileri gelmektedir. Casalenin bu noktada yararland balca kaynaklar unlardr:
Rego and Baxter, Documentos sobre os Potugueses, Blm 8, s. 152; B.A. Mhimme
Defteri 5, doc. 178; Serjeant, Portuguese off the South Arabian Coasts, s. 110111. Tuchscherer ise, bildirisinden anlald kadaryla u kaynaa dayanmtr:
Al-Kindi, Tarikh Hadramawt al- musamma biludda al-mufida al- djmia li tawriikh
qadima wa haditha, Sana,al-Irshd, 2003, Blm 1, s. 212.
Portekizli tarihilerin eserlerinde Sefer Reis
Daha nce belirttiimiz gibi dnemin Portekizli tarihisi Diogo do
Coutonun Dcadas da Asia adl vakayinamesi Sefer Reis hakknda bilgi veren
birinci elden kaynaktr. Ondan sonra gelen tarihiler ve aratrmaclar genellikle
onun yazdklarn tekrar etmilerdir. Portekizli modern aratrmaclardan
Saturnino Monteiro da Coutonun yazdklarn derleyerek Sefer Reis ile ilgili
5 Michel Tuchscherer, Ottoman Maritime Activities in the Red Sea/Gulf of Aden Area
(16th-early 17th Centuries), Uluslararas Trk Deniz Gc Tarihi Sempozyumu,
16nc ve 17nci Yzyllarda Hint Okyanusunda Osmanl Deniz Varl, Deniz Kuvvetleri
Komutanl Yayn, Aralk 2008, stanbul, V- 11-20. Tuchscherer bildirisinin bu ksmn
u kaynaklara dayandrmtr: Salih zbaran, Osmanl mparatorluu ve Hindistan
yolu, s. 127-128; ve Casale, Ottoman Guerre de course and the Indian Ocean Spice
Trade, s. 64-65 ve R.R. Seargent, The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast, s. 110.
215
216
ERTURUL NALP
217
aynda iki kadrga, bir perkende ve bir kalite14 ile Kzldenizden ktktan sonra
gneybatdan esen rzgrdan yararlanarak Arabistan Yarmadasnn gney
kylar boyunca douya doru ilerlemeye balad. Yolda karlat baz
teknelerden ve urad yerlerden Trk donanmasnn bir ksmnn Maskatta
Portekizlilerce ele geirildiini, geri kalan ksmnn ise Kambay Krfezine
sndn ve ayrca Fernando de Menesesin Arabistan kylarndan ayrlarak
Goaya gittiini rendi.15
Seyd li Reisin donanmasna katlmann imknsz olduunu gren Sefer
Reis, Portekizlilerin o sralar zafer sarholuu iinde tedbiri elden brakm
olabileceklerini tahmin ettiinden, onlara ya da mttefiklerine ait gemileri zapt
etmeye karar verdi. Bu niyetle Diu yaknlarna gelince gemilerinin uzaktan fark
edilmemesi iin yelkenlerin toplanp direklerin indirilmesini emretti ve daha
sonra uygun bir yerde pusuya yatt. Sonunda ans yaver gitti ve Hrmzden
yola kan zengin mallarla ykl drt ticaret gemisi birbiri ardnca ana dt.
Bu gemilerden bir tanesi bir Portekizliye, dieri Diulu bir tccara, geri kalan ikisi
de aul ve Tanaya aitti. Gemilerde bulunan Portekizlileri zincire vurdurduktan
sonra esirlerin kontroln salamak amacyla aralarna kendi savalarn
yerletirdi. Drdnc gemiyi zapt ettikten sonra, daha rahat hareket edebilmek
iin btn gemileri fustann aktarmasnda Mohaya gnderdi. Sefer Reis
Hrmzden baz ticaret kalyonlarnn hareket ettiini haber almt, bunlardan
birini yakalamak iin iki kadrga ve bir kalite ile Diu aklarnda bir sre daha
beklemeye karar verdi. Bu arada, drt gemiyi aktarmada tayan fusta,
Kzldenize doru yol alrken Hrmzden gelmekte olan bir Portekiz kalitesiyle
karlat. Kalitenin komutan gemilerin rotasn yadrgamt, onlar sorgulamak
iin yanamaya balad. Esirler kurtulmak iin ellerine bundan daha uygun bir
frsatn gemeyeceini bildiklerinden zincire vurulu olmalarna ramen
ayaklandlar ve az saydaki muhafzlarn bertaraf ederek gemileri ele geirdiler.
Portekiz gemisinin yaklamakta olduunu gren fusta ise selameti kamakta
buldu.16
zgrlklerine kavuan esirler bir daha Sefer Reisle karlamamak iin
kalitenin refakatinde bir an evvel Diu aklarndan uzaklamak istiyorlard. Bu
amala daha gneye, aula ve Dabul istikametinde ilerlemeye baladlar. Bu
Bu kaliteyi ya da fustay Daha nce Luis Figueiradan zapt ettii kalite ya da Futsa.
Eduardo do Couto Lupi, A emprsa Portuguesa do Oriente, Agncia Gerald as
Colnias, Lisboa, 1943, s. 367; Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte I, Liv. I, Cap.V;
Saturnino Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III, s. 179. Perkende, her kreini iki ya da kiinin
ektii, ekdiri trnden 18-20 oturakl bir gemi olup, boyu 24-26 m arasnda
deiebilir.
15 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte I, Liv. I, Cap.V; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III,
s.179.
16 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte I, Liv. I, Cap.V; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III,
s.179.
14
218
ERTURUL NALP
arada Sefer Reis gemileri zapt ettii yerde birka gn daha beklemi, ama
gemesini umduu kalyonlar grnmeyince Arabistan kylarna dnmeye karar
vermiti. Gemilerle buluma noktas olan Kurya Murya Adalarna gitmek iin
bu adalarn zerinde yer ald enlem derecesine (yaklak 17 K) indikten sonra
rotasn batya evirerek yol almaya balad. Sefer Reis, birka gnlk bir
seyrseferden sonra ufukta birka yelkenli grd. Tesadfe bakn ki, bunlar
ayaklanarak zgrle kavuan ve sonra nee iinde Hindistana doru yol alan
Portekizlilerin bulunduu drt gemi ile onlara refakat eden Portekiz kalitesiydi.
Her ey sil batan oldu, esirler yeniden zincire vuruldu. Portekiz kalitesi ise
kurtuluu kamakta buldu. Fakat Sefer Reis bu kadaryla yetinecek biri deildi.
Gemilerdeki esirlerin kontroln salayabilmeleri iin yanlarna bir kadrga ile
bir kalite braktktan sonra kendi kadrgasyla kaan kalitenin peine dt. Sefer
Reisin gemisi ok hzl olduundan kaliteye yetimesi fazla srmedi. Portekiz
kalitesinin mayna etmesi (teslim olmas) iin nce ba topuyla bir uyar at
yapt. Kalitede yaklak otuz kii vard, direnmeleri intihardan farksz olurdu,
kamalar da mmkn grnmediinden teslim olmaya karar verip yelkenleri
indirdiler. Ama bir Portekizli asker Trklerle savamaktan yanayd, dierleri
kar koymann lm demek olduunu bildiklerinden onun szlerine kulak
asmadlar. nk kurtulu akesini deyerek gnn birinde zgrlklerine
kavuacaklarndan emindiler, bu yzden Trklere kar koymadan silahlarn
teslim ettiler. Bu arada savamaktan yana olan asker silahn teslim edecei yerde
denize atmt. Askerin bu davranna son derece fkelenen Sefer Reis, onu
iddetle cezalandrdktan sonra kendisini beklemekte olan dier gemilerle
buluarak yoluna devam etti ve zengin bir ganimetle Mohaya dnd. Esir
alnan Portekizliler gerekten de bir zaman sonra fidyelerini deyerek
zgrlklerine kavutular.17
Seydi li Reisin komuta ettii Svey donanmasna ait kadrgalardan
altsnn 1554 ylnda Maskat aklarnda Portekizlilerce zapt edilmesinden, geri
kalannn da Gceratta terk edilmesinden sonra Hint Okyanusunda boy
gsterecek bir Trk donanmasnn kalmad. O srada Sefer Reisin snrl
imknlarla Portekizlilerin hkimiyeti altndaki blgelere szarak, deyim
yerindeyse, burunlarnn dibine kadar sokularak onlarn gemilerini zapt etmesi
gerekten de byk bir maharet ve cesaret rneiydi.
Portekizlilerin Mohay ele geirme giriimi
Portekizliler Sefer Reisin kendilerine ynelik gaza faaliyetinden olduka
rahatsz olduklarndan onun hakknda istihbarat toplamaya byk nem
veriyorlard. Goaya 1558 ylnn sonlarna doru ulaan haberler Sefer Reisin,
Portekizlilere ve mttefiklerine ait ky ehirlerini vurmak iin yeniden denize
alaca ynndeydi. Bu haberler zerine genel vali Constantino de
17 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte I, Liv. I, Cap.V; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III,
s.179-181.
219
220
ERTURUL NALP
askerler arasnda bir paniin yaandn gren Alvaro de Silveira daha fazla
ilerlemenin intihardan farksz olacan fark ederek ricat emrini verdi.22
Portekiz donanmas oradan uzaklatktan sonra Alvaro de Silveira,
fustay Habe imparatoruna bir mektup ulatrmalar greviyle Massavaya
gnderdi. Aden aklarnda Mslman ticaret gemilerinden birini yakalamay
umarak 15 Nisana kadar oyaland, ama bir tekine dahi rastlamaynca k
geirmek zere Maskata dnmeye karar verdi.23
Sefer Reisin Portekizlilerle son karlamas
Cristovo Pereira komutasndaki fusta, Habeistandaki Portekizli
rahiplere din trenlerde kullanlan baz malzemeleri gtrmek amacyla 1560
ylnn ubat aynda Goa limanndan demir almt. Portekizliler, her zaman
olduu gibi nce Sokotra Adasna urayp burada gemileri kalafatladktan ve
ikmal yaptktan sonra, Mohada bulunan Sefer Reisin filosuyla karlamaktan
ekinerek, Massavaya doru kyya yakn olarak yollarna devam ettiler.24
O sralar Trkler, Portekizlilerin Habeistan ile irtibatn tamamen kesmek
amacyla Massava Adasnda bir kale ina etmilerdi. Cristovo Pereira orada
durumun nasl olduunu renmek iin Massavadan belirli bir mesafede
demirledi. Birka saat sonra Cristovo Pereira kalenin komutannn kendisine
gnderdii bir ula kabul etti. Trk Komutan haberci vastasyla Portekizlilerle
dost olduklarn, isterlerse gemilerin ihtiyalarn kaleden temin edebileceklerini
bildirmekteydi. Ama Portekizli kaptan bunun bir tuzak olabileceini dnerek
kaleye gitmekten ekindi. Parayla tuttuu bir Arap vastasyla Arkikoya mektup
gnderdikten sonra hem su almak, hem de Sefer Reis hakknda bilgi edinmek
amacyla Kamern Adasna doru hareket etti. Yolculuk srasnda filosu yirmi
drt saat sren byk bir frtnaya yakaland. Dev dalgalar yznden gemilere
dolan suyu kovayla boaltmak iin sk sk durmak zorunda kald. kinci gn
afakla birlikte havann dzelmesinden ksa bir sre sonra ufukta Malfadadas
Adalar (Zbeyir Adalar) grnd. Cristovo Pereira, mrettebatn
dinlenebilmesi iin oraya gitmeye karar verdi. leye doru ufukta
gneydoudan gelmekte olan bir gemi grnd. Bunun bir Mslman ticaret
gemisi olabileceini tahmin eden Portekizliler yklce bir ganimet elde etmeyi
umarak geminin yolunu kesmek iin salya krek ettiler. Bir sre getikten sonra
geminin ardndan yelkenlinin de gelmekte olduunu grnce sevinleri bir
kat daha artt. Fakat onlara yaklatklarnda bu yelkenlilerin zengin ticaret
22 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. VII, Cap. VI, s. 102; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g.
e, cilt III, s. 206.
23 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. VII, Cap. VI, s. 103; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g.
e, cilt III, s. 206-207.
24 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. VIII, Cap. VIII, s. 223-225; Saturnino
Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III, s. 223.
221
222
ERTURUL NALP
29 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. VIII, Cap. VIII, s. 228; Saturnino Monteiro, a.
g. e, cilt III, s. 226.
223
224
ERTURUL NALP
Bu haber zerine yeni genel vali Sefer Reisi bulup filosunu yok etmesi iin 650
asker tayan 25 para gemiden oluan gl bir donanma (2 kalyon, 23 kalite,
fusta ve catur) hazrlatarak kaptanln Francisco Mascarenhasa verdi. O da 15
Kasmda Goadan hareket ederek Basseine urad ve orada donanmann baz
fustalarn en iyi durumda olanlarla deitirdikten sonra Diuya gitti. Daha sonra
Kathiawar Yarmadas boyunca kuzeye doru ilerledi ve su ikmali yapmak iin
Ku Krfezindeki nekler Adasna urad.33
Sefer Reis de o srada Ku Krfezinin kuzey kysnda bulunuyordu. Su
almak iin nekler Adasna gitmek amacyla kar kyya geme hazrl
yaparken o adadan gelmekte olan baz kk teknelere rastlad. Teknedekilerin,
Portekiz donanmasnn kendisini aradn ve u anda adada olduunu
sylemeleri zerine, bir an evvel Kzldenize dnmeye karar verdi. Salpa
yaparak (demir almak) vakit harcamay gereksiz grdnden demirlerin halatn
baltayla kesti. Belki telala hareket etmekten, belki de gece karanlndan tr
yolda gemilerinden biri karaya oturarak paraland. Geminin mrettebatn ve
krekileri dier gemilere aldktan sonra yoluna devam etti ve sa salim Mohaya
ulat.34
Sonu
Bu olaydan sonra ne Couto ne de ada bir baka Portekizli tarihi Sefer
Reis hakknda herhangi bir bilgi vermez. Her ne kadar Monteiro, Sefer Reisin
gemilerinin bir hayli ypranm ve eski olduunu vurgulayarak uzun deniz
yolculuklar yapmaya elverili olmadklarn ifade etmekteyse de, Sefer Reisin bu
tarihten sonra Msra dnm olmas muhtemeldir.
Sonu olarak, diyebiliriz ki, Svey donanmasnn bertaraf edildii bir
srada, Sefer Reisin drt khne gemiyle Kzldenizde, Basra Krfezinde ve
hatt Portekizlilerin hkimiyeti altndaki blgelerde korsanlk faaliyetinde
bulunmas byk bir cesaret rneidir. 1550 ila 1565 yllar arasnda srdrd
gaza faaliyetiyle Portekizlilere epeyce zarar veren Sefer Reisi, dmanlar da un
valente e experimentado cosario turco (gzpek ve becerikli bir Trk korsan) diyerek
takdir etmekten geri kalmamlardr.
Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. X, Cap. II, s. 447-450; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g.
e, cilt III, s. 230.
34 Couto, a. g. e, Dc. VII, Parte II, Liv. X, Cap. II; Saturnino Monteiro, a. g. e, cilt III,
s. 230; Eduardo do Couto Lupi, a. g. e., s. 369.
33
225
Kaynaka
Carm, Fuad, Trklerin Denizcilii, Kanaat Matbaas, stanbul, 1965.
Casale, Giancarlo L., Sefer Reis: An Innovator in Otoman Oceanic Warfare,
Uluslararas Trk Deniz Gc Tarihi Sempozyumu, 16nc ve 17nci Yzyllarda Hint
Okyanusunda Osmanl Deniz Varl, Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanl Yayn, Aralk
2008, stanbul.
Couto, Diogo do, Dcadas da Asia, Dc. VII, Parte II, Livraria Sam Carlos, Lisboa, 1974.
Couto Lupi, Eduardo do, A Emprsa Portuguesa do Oriente, Agncia Geral Das Colnias,
Lisboa, 1943.
Iksal, Turgut, Arivlerimizde Osmanllarn Svey Tersanesi ve Gney Denizleri
Politikasna likin En Eski Belgeler, Belgelerle Trk Tarihi Dergisi, Cilt: 13-18,
Say:18, stanbul, 1969.
Monteiro, Saturnino, Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa, cilt III, Livraria S da
Costa Editora, Lisboa, 1992.
zbaran, Salih, Yemenden Basraya Snrdaki Osmanl, Kitap Yaynevi, stanbul, 2004.
Tuchscherer, Michel , Otoman Maritime Activities in the Red Sea/Gulf of Aden
Area(16th-early 17th Centuries), Uluslararas Trk Deniz Gc Tarihi
Sempozyumu, 16nc ve 17nci Yzyllarda Hint Okyanusunda Osmanl Deniz
Varl, Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanl Yayn, Aralk 2008, stanbul.
226
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227
228