კვლევის მეთოდები განათლების მეცნიერებებში

Sesavali
Sesavali
kvlevis meTodebi ganaTlebaSi

didi
xnis
manZilze
popularuli
bestseleris
kvlevis
meTodebi
ganaTlebaSi ganaxlebuli meeqvse gamocema dRes ganaTlebis sferoSi

mimdinare
kvlevebis
yvela
etapze
gamoiyeneba.
is
xuTi
ZiriTadi
nawilisgan Sedgeba: ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqsti, ganaTlebis kvlevis

dagegmva, ganaTlebis kvlevis stilebi, monacemTa Segrovebisa da kvlevis
strategiebi
da
monacemTa
analizi.
wignSi
mocemulia
amomwuravi
informaciis Semcveli veb gverdis misamarTi, romelzec warmodgenilia

Tanmxlebi masalebi. es wigni inarCunebs standartuli teqstis statuss
im
studentebisTvis
da
leqtorebisTvis,
romlebic
axorcieleben,
wvdebian da iyeneben kvlevas ganaTlebis sferoSi.

meeqvse gamocemaSi CarTulia axali masalebi:
sirTulis
Teoria,
eTika,
sferoSi,
Zalauflebis
SerCeva,
mqone
sensitiuri
adamianebis
kvleva
kvleva,
ganaTlebis
internetze
dafuZnebuli kvleva, interviuireba da gamokiTxvebi;
eqsperimentuli
kvlevis
ufro
farTo,
detaluri
ganxilva
da
praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, kiTxvaris sqema da Catareba;
sruliad axali nawili, romelic xuTi axali Tavisgan Sedgeba da

faravs Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis analizs, maT Soris
kontent-analizs, monacemebze dafuZnebul Teorias, statistikasa da
maTi gamoyenebis gzebs, efeqtis zomas da monacemebis warmodgenas.
yvelafers praqtikuli magaliTebi axlavs Tan;
detaluri
jvaredini
miTiTeba
ZiriTad
saganmanaTleblo
veb
resursze, romelic specialurad am wignisTvis aris Seqmnili.
kvlevis
meTodebi
ganaTlebaSi,
meeqvse
gamocema
aucilebeli
da
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxavia rogorc profesionali mkvlevrebisTvis, ise

_
nebismieri
monawileobs.
adamianisTvis,
vinc
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevaSi
Sesavali
luis
koheni
ganaTlebis
emeritusi
profesoria
lafsboros
universitetSi, didi britaneTi (Loughborough University, UK).

lourens manioni musikis yofili wamyvani leqtori iyo didsburis
ganaTlebis
skolaSi,
manCesteris
metropoliten
universitetSi,
didi
britaneTi (Didsbury School of Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK).

qeiT morisoni ganaTlebis profesoria makaus universitetTaSoris
institutSi (Inter-University Institute of Macau) da warsulSi iyo ganaTlebis
wamyvani leqtori darhemis universitetSi, didi britaneTi (University of
Durham, UK).
Sesavali
kvlevis meTodebi
ganaTlebaSi
meeqvse gamocema
luis koheni, lourens manioni
da qeiT morisoni
lourens manions, brZen konsultantsa da karg megobars

. .
,
.
,
.
Sesavali
wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:

gamocemis redaqtorebi:
nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge
medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov
mTargmneli:
lili keCxuaSvili likhech@ucss.ge
Targmanis redatorebi:
manana dumbaZe manandumbadze@gmail.com
nino miqelaZe mikadzenina@yahoo.com
Sinaarsis redaqtorebi:
nino javaxiSvili nino@sdpdd.ge
ani qitiaSvili Kitiashvili@yahoo.com
grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:

giorgi aleqsiZe georgealeksidze@hotmail.com
nino esebua nino.esebua.1@iliauni.edu.ge
Sesavali
Sinaarsi
CanarTebi
24
madloba
33
Sesavali
36
nawili pirveli:
36
ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqsti 40

1 kvlevis buneba sferos gansazRvra
Sesavali
41
41
WeSmaritebis Zieba 41
socialuri realobis ori koncefcia 46
pozitivizmi 52
daSvebebi da mecnierebis buneba
54
mecnierebis xelsawyoebi 61
mecnieruli meTodi
65
pozitivizmisa da mecnieruli meTodis kritika
68
pozitivisturi socialuri mecnierebis alternativebi: naturalisturi

midgomebi 73
terminologiis sakiTxi: normatiuli da interpretaciuli paradigmebi
fenomenologia, eTnomeTodologia da simboluri interaqcionizmi 80
naturalisturi da interpretaciuli midgomebis kritika
kritikuli Teoria da kritikuli ganaTlebis kvleva
kritikuli Teoriis midgomebis kritika
98
kritikuli Teoria da kurikulumis kvleva 100

sami paradigmis Sejameba 105
komplequrobis Teoriis paradigmis warmoqmna
106
89
87
78
Sesavali
feministuri kvleva
109
kvleva da Sefaseba
126
kvleva, politika da strategiis dagegmva

meTodebi da meTodologia
nawili meore
137
141
144
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis dagegmva
144
2 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisa da socialuri kvlevis eTika 145
Sesavali
145
informirebuli Tanxmoba 148

xelmisawvdomoba da nebarTvis miReba
eTikis sfero
155
163
daZabulobis wyaroebi
164
absolutisturi da relativisturi eTika
168
gamocdilebis xma 171

eTikuri dilemebi 173
pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevloba (piraduloba)
174
anonimuroba 177
konfidencialoba 178
Ralati
180
motyueba
182
eTika da kvlevis meTodebi ganaTlebaSi

eTika da SefasebiTi kvleva
188
191
kvleva da regulacia: eTikuri kodeqsebi da recenzireba

dafinansebuli kvleva
200
pasuxismgebloba mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis winaSe 202
193
Sesavali
3 kvlevis dagegmva ganaTlebis sferoSi
Sesavali
209
kvlevis dagegmvis principebi
210
saorientacio gadawyvetilebebi
214
kvlevis dizaini da meTodologia
215
monacemebis analizi
225
Sedegebis warmodgena da angariSi
kvlevis dagegmvis matrica
227
kvlevis dagegmvis marTva
240
magaliTi
245
miznebi
245
kvlevis kiTxvebi
fokusi
209
226
245
246
meTodologia
246
instrumentebi
247
kiTxvarebi 248
naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi
dakvirvebis monacemebi
249
dokumenturi monacemebi 249

SerCeva
249
parametrebi 250
kvlevis etapebi
250
eTika da sakuTrebis ufleba

vadebi 251
daskvna
252
251
248
Sesavali
4 SerCeva
253
Sesavali
253
SerCevis moculoba
254
Tvisebrivi monacemebi
265
raodenobrivi monacemebi 265
SerCevis Secdoma 267

fardobis standartuli Secdoma
SerCevis reprezentaciuloba
271
SerCevis xelmisawvdomoba
274
SerCevis strategiebi
275
albaTuri SerCevebi
276
martivi SemTxveviTi SerCeva
277
sistemuri SerCeva 277

stratificirebuli SerCeva
klasteruli SerCeva
280
etapobrivi SerCeva281
mravalfazuri SerCeva
283
araalbaTuri SerCevebi 283

xelmisawvdomi SerCeva
kvota SerCeva
284
284
miznobrivi SerCeva
286
ganzomilebis SerCeva
288
zvavisebri SerCeva 289

moxaliseTa SerCeva
Teoriuli SerCeva 290
289
279
269
Sesavali
SerCevis strategiis dagegmva 292

daskvna
293
5 sensitiuri kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi
ra aris sensitiuri kvleva?
295
SerCeva da xelmisawvdomoba
299
guSagebi
295
305
eTikuri sakiTxebi sensitiur kvlevaSi
309
Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvleva
316
kiTxvebis dasma
daskvna
322
325
6 validoba da sandooba 329
validobis gansazRvreba 329

Sinagani validoba 335
garegani validoba 338
Sinaarsis validoba
339
konstruqtis validoba
340
ekologiuri validoba
342
kulturis validoba
342
Kkataliizis validoba
344
socialuri Sedegebis validoba

kriteriumis validoba
triangulacia
346
347
348
triangulaciis tipebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi
validobis miRweva 355

sandooba raodenobriv kvlevaSi
360
350
10
Sesavali
sandooba stabilobis saxiT
360
sandooba ekvivalentobis saxiT
361
sandooba Sinagani SeTanxmebis saxiT 363
sandooba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
365
validoba da sandooba interviuebSi 368

validoba da sandooba eqsperimentebSi
Sinagani validobis safrTxeebi
382
garegani validobis safrTxeebi
384
validoba da sandooba kiTxvarebSi
386
381
validoba da sandooba dakvirvebebSi 388

validoba da sandooba testebSi
arasandoobis wyaroebi
390
391
validoba da sandooba cxovrebiseul istoriebSi 402

nawili mesame
405
kvlevis saxeebi ganaTlebis sferoSi 405

7 bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvleva 406
bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis elementebi

bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmva
406
415
saWiroa Tu ara hipoTeza Tvisebriv kvlevaSi?
420
Tvisebrivi kvlevis maxasiaTeblebi da etapebi
422
kritikuli eTnografia
452
rogor muSaobs kritikuli eTnografi?
454
eTnografiul da bunebriv midgomebTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi problema

457
8 istoriuli da dokumenturi kvleva 461
11
Sesavali
Sesavali
461
monacemebis Segroveba
Sefaseba
466
469
garegani kritika
469
Sinagani kritika
470
kvlevis angariSis dawera
471
raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba

cxovrebis istoriebi
momzadeba
474
476
479
480
monacemebis Senaxva
480
monacemebis analizi
481
monacemebis wardgena
482
dokumenturi kvleva
483
dokumentis konteqsti
486
dokumentis avtori
487
mkvlevari da dokumenti 487

dokumenturi analizis sandooba da validoba
488
9 gamokiTxvebi, droSi ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi da tendenciis kvlevebi
Sesavali
491
zogierTi winaswari mosazreba 497

gamokvlevis mizani
497
gamokvlevis samizne populacia

xelmisawvdomi resursebi
gamokiTxvis dagegmva
499
499
498
491
12
Sesavali
gamokiTxvis SerCeva
504
droSi ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi da tendenciis kvlevebi
505
droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebi 507

erTjeradi kvlevebi
508
tendenciis kvlevebi
509
droSi ganmeorebadi, kohortisa da erTjeradi kvlevebis Zlieri da susti

mxareebi
511
safosto, satelefono gamokiTxvebi da gamokiTxvebi intervius gamoyenebiT
523
safosto gamokiTxvebi
523
gamokiTxvebi intervius gamoyenebiT

satelefono gamokiTxvebi
524
526
pasuxebis maCveneblis gaumjobeseba gamokiTxvaSi 529
movlenis istoriis analizi
532
10 internetiT kvleva da kompiuteris gamoyeneba 535
Sesavali
535
internet-gamokiTxvebi
535
internet-gamokiTxvebis agebis zogierTi principi 536

internet-gamokiTxvebis zogierTi upiratesoba
543
internet gamokiTxvebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

SerCeva internet-gamokiTxvebSi 555
internet-eqsperimentebi 561
internet-interviuebi
568
kvlevis masalebis internetSi Zieba 569

vebgverdebis Sefaseba
575
kompiuteruli simulaciebi
576
545
13
Sesavali
kompiuteruli simulaciebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi 584
daskvna
589
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi

11 SemTxvevis Seswavla
589
593
ra aris SemTxvevis Seswavla? 593

SemTxvevis Seswavlis saxeebis magaliTebi 605
dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawera
610
SemTxvevis Seswavlis dagegmva 613

SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT wardgena 616
daskvna
617
12 Ex post facto kvlevebi
Sesavali
619
619
kavSiris, asociaciis da kriteriumis jgufis sqema

ex post facto kvlevis maxasiaTeblebi
623
625
SemTxvevebi, romlebsac ex post facto kvleva ergeba
628
ex post facto kvlevis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi
629
ex post facto kvlevis sqema 631

ex post facto kvlevis procedurebi
633
13 eqsperimenti, kvazi-eqsperimenti, erTi SemTxvevis kvleva da meta-analizi

635
Sesavali
635
eqsperimentirebis sqemebi ganaTlebis sferoSi

WeSmaritad eqsperimentuli sqema
640
642
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis pre-test-post-testi
644
ori sakontrolo da erTi eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-test-post-testi
649
14
Sesavali
sakontolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis post-testi

ori eqsperimentuli jgufis post-testi
650
650
ori eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-test-post-testi 650

wyvilebis morgebis sqema
651
faqtoruli sqema 654

parametruli sqema 656
ganmeorebiTi gazomvis sqema
657
kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi sakontrolo jgufis sqema
658
preeqsperimentuli dizaini: erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testi 659

preeqsperimentuli sqema: erTi jgufis post-testi
660
preeqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi jgufebis post-testi
660
kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi jgufebis pre-test-post-testi

660
erTi jgufis drois seriebi
662
erTi SemTxvevis kvleva: ABABsqema
662
eqsperimentuli kvlevis warmoebis procedurebi 665

ganaTlebis sferos kvlevis magaliTebi
669
empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi da meta-analizi

675
empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli kvleva 675
meta-analizi
677
meta-analizis magaliTi ganaTlebis sferodan

14 praqtikis kvleva
Sesavali
689
691
691
praqtikis kvlevis gansazRvreba
692
praqtikis kvlevis principebi da maxasiaTeblebi 695
15
Sesavali
praqtikis kvleva, rogorc kritikuli praqsisi

praqtikis kvlevis procedurebi
709
refleqsiuroba praqtikis kvlevaSi
722
zogierTi praqtikuli da Teoriuli sakiTxi

daskvna
703
723
727
nawili meoTxe
729
monacemebis Segrovebisa da kvlevis strategiebi 729

15 kiTxvarebi
Sesavali
730
730
eTikuri sakiTxebi 731

kiTxvaris dagegmis dawyeba
733
kiTxvaris operacionalizacia 736

struqturirebuli, naxevrad struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli
kiTxvarebi 738
kiTxvaris debulebebis tipebi 739

Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi
monacemebis skalebi
739
741
mosazrebebis an varaudis daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi 741

diqotomiuri kiTxvebi
742
kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT

ranguli rigi (ranJireba)
748
reitingis skalebi 750

mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi
757
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi 758

Ria kiTxvebi 760
744
16
Sesavali
marticuli kiTxvebi
762
SeWiduli kiTxvebi, filtrebi da ganStoebebi
sensitiuri kiTxvebis dasma
765
767
kiTxvebis Sedgenisas dabrkolebis Tavis arideba 769

kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba 774
mcire odenobis verbaluri debulebebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi 777
kiTxvaris sqema
777
kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi da Semdgomi werilebi781

kiTxvaris pilotireba
785
kiTxvaris Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebeli praqtikuli sakiTxebi

kiTxvarebis administrireba
787
791
TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
791
mkvlevris TandaswrebiT TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
792
mkvlevris dauswreblad Catarebuli TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi

safosto kiTxvarebi
793
kiTxvaris sakontrolo werili

stimulebi
794
796
kiTxvariT miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba
799
16 interviu 803
Sesavali
803
intervius koncefciebi
804
intervius miznebi 807

intervius tipebi 811
kvlevis procedurebis dagegmva intervius gamoyenebiT 819
Temis gansazRvra 820
792
17
Sesavali
dagegmva
820
intervius dagegmva
kiTxvis formati
824
pasuxis forma
826
821
intervius Catareba
832
transkriptis gakeTeba
844
analizi
847
angariSis dawera 858
jgufuri interviu 859

interviu bavSvebTan
fokus jgufebi
862
867
aradireqtiuli interviu da fokusirebuli interviu

satalefono interviu
871
875
eTikuri sakiTxebi intervius Catarebis procesSi 881

17 angariSebi
Sesavali
884
884
eTogenuri midgoma
885
angariSebisa da epizodebis maxasiaTeblebi 886

angariSebis mopovebis, analizisa da gadamowmebis procedurebi: erTi magaliTi
887
Tvisebrivi monacemebis qselis analizi

rogoria kargi qseli?
893
diskursis analizi
894
socialuri epizodebis analizi
893
899
angariSebis Segroveba ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi: magaliTi 899
18
Sesavali
hiTi: kiTxvebi saxlsa da skolaSi 900
angariSebis mogrovebasTan da analizTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

eTogenuri midgomis Zlieri mxareebi 904
naambobis Sesaxeb 905
18 dakvirveba
Sesavali
907
907
struqturirebuli dakvirveba 912

movlenis SerCeva 917
momentaluri SerCeva
919
intervalis Cawera 919

reitingis skalebi 920
xangrZliobis Cawera
921
kritikuli SemTxvevebi
924
naturalisturi dakvirveba da CarTuli dakvirveba
925
dakvirvebisTvis bunebrivi da xelovnurad Seqmnili garemo

eTikuri mosazrebebi
934
937
komentarebi 940
daskvna
944
19 testebi
947
Sesavali
947
ras vamowmebT?
947
parametruli da araparametruli testebi
948
normaze, kriteriumsa da sferoze orientirebuli testebi

komerciuli da mkvlevris mier Seqmnili testebi 952
testis Sedgena
955
950
902
19
Sesavali
testis miznis gansazRvra
957
testis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra

testis Sinaarsis SerCeva
958
962
testis formis ganxilva 975

testis debulebebis dawera
975
testis struqtura 982

testis Sesrulebis dro 983
testSi qulebis miniWebis proceduris dagegmva
984
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis meTodologiuri instrumentebi

analitikuri induqcia
1074
mudmivi Sedareba 1075

tipologiuri analizi
daTvla
1076
1076
23 kontent analizi da dafuZnebuli Teoria
Sesavali
1078
ra aris kontent analizi?
1078
rogor tardeba kontent analizi?
1081
kontent analizis sailustracio magaliTi 1099

kontent analizSi kompiuteris gamoyeneba 1109
sandooba kontent analizSi
dafuZnebuli Teoria
1115
1118
Teoriuli SerCeva 1121

kodireba
1122
mudmivi Sedareba 1123

ZiriTadi cvladebi da Teoriuli sisavse
1126
1078
1074
20
Sesavali
dafuZnebuli Teoriis Camoyalibeba
1126
interpretacia Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizSi: mravalSriani teqstebi
1128
sailustracio magaliTi: pirvelklaselTa mecadineobisas gamarTuli diskusia

1129
24 raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi1142
Sesavali
1142
monacemebis skalebi
1143
parametruli da araparametruli monacemebi

aRweriTi da daskvniTi statistika
1147
1148
calmxrivi da ormxrivi kriteriumis testebi
1150
damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi 1150

sandooba
1154
monacemebis aRwera: sixSireebi, procentebi da niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilebi

1156
Sejameba
1171
statistikuri mniSvnelovn 1172

hipoTezis Semowmeba
efeqtis zoma
1184
xi-kvadrati (2)
1194
Tavisuflebis xarisxi
1181
1201
urTierTkavSiris gazomva
procentuli sxvaoba
1204
korelaciebis axsna
1206
1202
arawrfivi damokidebuleba
1212
korelaciis koeficientebi
1215
korelaciis koeficientis interpretacia
1216
21
Sesavali
regresiuli analizi
1221
martivi wrfivi regresia 1221

mravaljeradi regresia 1226
jgufTa Soris gansxvavebis gazomva da saSualoebi
1232
t kriteriumi 1234
dispersiuli analizi
1241
erTfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi 1242

orfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi 1248
man-uitnisa da uilkoqsonis kriteriumebi
1252
kruskal-uolisisa da fridmenis kriteriumebi
1257
25 mravalganzomilebiani gazomva da faqtoruli analizi
Sesavali
1265
1265
elementaruli kavSiris analizi: magaliTi 1266

elementaruli kavSiris analizis etapebi
faqtoruli analizi
1269
1270
mravalganzomilebiani skalirebis da klasteruli analizis gamoyenebiT

warmoebuli kvlevebis magaliTebi
1300
mravalganzomilebiani monacemebi: cota ram pirobiTi niSnebis Sesaxeb
mravaldoniani modelireba
klasteruli analizi
1313
1315
26 statistikuri kriteriumis arCeva 1318
ramdeni SerCeva?
1319
statistikuri kriteriumebis daSvebebi

SeniSvnebi
1330
1328
1306
22
Sesavali
23
Sesavali
CanarTebi
1.1
subieqtur-obieqturi ganzomileba
1.2
socialuri realobis interpretaciis alternatiuli

safuZvlebi
1.3
mecnierebis funqciebi
1.4
hipoTeza
1.5
mecnierebis ganviTarebis etapebi
1.6
mecnieruli meTodis rvaetapiani modeli
1.7
epizodi saklaso oTaxSi
1.8
qcevis Seswavlisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebi
2.1
danaxarjisa da sargeblis Tanafardoba
2.2
rekomendaciebi sakmarisad informirebuli TanxmobisTvis
2.3
uSualo kontaqti mkvlevris gadmosaxedidan
2.4
skolaSi gansaxorcielebeli kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi

SeTavazebuli pirobebi da garantiebi
2.5
xelmisawvdomobis molaparakebis etapebis sakontrolo

CamonaTvali
2.6
zogadi eTikuri principebi socialur mecnierebaSi
2.7
motyuebis ukiduresi SemTxveva
2.8
praqtikis kvlevaSi CarTuli mkvlevrebis saxelmZRvanelo

eTikuri principebi
2.9
eTikuri kodi: ilustracia
2.10
eTikuri principebi ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisTvis (unda

SeTanxmdes kvlevis dawyebamde)
3.1
kvlevis dizainis elementebi
3.2
kvlevis sxvadasxva stilis elementebi
3.3
3.4
kvlevis dagegmvis Tanmimdevroba
24
Sesavali
3.5
kvlevis gegma-matrica
3.6
organizaciuli kulturis wvdoma
4.1
SerCevis zoma, ndobis doneebi da ndobis intervalebi

SerTxveviTi SerCevisTvis
4.2
SerCevebis saSualoebis ganawileba, romelic aCvenebs

aRebuli SerCevebis saSualoebis gafantvas populaciis
saSualos irgvliv
5.1
SerCevisa da xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxebi sensitiur kvlevaSi
5.2
sensitiuri kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
5.3
Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvleva
5.4
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis ganxilvisas dasasmeli ZiriTadi

kiTxvebi
6.1
mikerZoebulobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi cxovrebis istoriebis

kvlevaSi
8.1
zogierTi urTierTmimarTeba adamianebs, moZraobebsa da

institutebs Soris
8.2
cxovrebis istoriebis tipologia da maTi warmodgenis

stilebi
9.1
gamokiTxvis dagegmvis etapebi
9.2
ganviTarebis kvlevis tipebi
9.3
kohortis upiratesobebi erTjerad kvlevasTan SedarebiT
9.4
droSi ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi, tendenciis analizisa da

retrospeqciuli droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebis
maxasiaTeblebi. Zlieri da susti mxareebi
10.1
problemebi da maTi mogvarebis gzebi internetze dafuZnebul

kvlevaSi
10.2
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi saSualo skolebSi
10.3
saxlis safosto kodebis gansazRvra geografiuli

sainformacio sistemis gamoyenebiT
11.1
SemTxvevis Seswavlis SesaZlo upiratesobebi
25
Sesavali
11.2
SemTxvevis Seswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
11.3
dakvirvebis kvlevis tipologia
11.4
SemTxvevis Seswavla da arCevis problemebi
11.5
monacemebis Segrovebis kontinuumi, tipebi da analizi

SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi
13.1
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebi
13.2
randomizaciis efeqtebi
13.3
urTierTqmedebis efeqtebi eqsperimentSi
13.4
ABAB dizaini
13.5
ABAB sqema saganmanaTleblo garemoSi
13.6
klasis zoma da swavla kargad da cudad gakontrolebul

kvlevebSi
14.1
emansipatoruli moqmedebis kvlevis modeli organizaciuli

cvlilebisTvis
15.1
kiTxvis dagegmvis blok-sqemis teqnika
15.2
kiTxvaris agebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
15.3
kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli 10-quliani Sefasebis skala
15.4
potenciuri problemebi, romlebic kvlevis warmoebisas

warmoiqmneba
15.5
safosto gamokiTxvis dagegmvis blok-sqema
16.1
eTnografi interviueris Tvisebebi
16.2
interviusa da kiTxvaris Tvisebebis SedarebiTi CamonaTvali
16.3
sxvadasxva tipis intervius Zlieri da susti mxareebi
16.4
pasuxis formis SerCeva
16.5
intervius Catarebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
16.6
zogadi mniSvnelobis erTeulebis moxazva
17.1
eTogenuri midgomis principebi
17.2
angariSebis Segroveba
17.3
gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi
17.4
bavSvebis salaparako cnebebi
26
Sesavali
17.5
sakuTar Tavze saubari Znelia
17.6
mSoblebi da
maswavleblebi: gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi bavSvebis

komunikaciuri kompetenturobis Sesaxeb
17.7
saklaso garemoSi obieqturi sistematuri dakvirvebis

dasabuTeba
18.1
struqturirebuli dakvirvebis cxrili
18.2
aramonawilis dakvirveba: sqemis? Aan saerTod amoviRoT es

sityva amocanebis CamonaTvali
18.3
dakvirvebis struqturirebuli, arastruqturirebuli,

bunebrivi da xelovnuri garemo
19.1
testis debulebebis matrica
19.2
testis debulebebis elementebis formireba
20.1
konstruqtebis moZieba da repertuaris badis ageba
20.2
konstruqtis elementebis gadanawilebis sami meTodi
20.3
safexurebad dalageba
20.4
elementebi
20.5
gansxvavebis qula konstruqtebisTvis
21.1
roluri TamaSis meTodebis ganzomilebebi
21.2
stenfordis cixis eqsperimenti
21.3
kritikuli faqtorebi rolur TamaSSi: moweva da

axalgazrdebi
21.4
pasuxebis kategorizacia oTx video Canawerze
22.1
inglisuri enis swavlebis efeqtianoba
22.2
inglisuri enis swavlebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
22.3
swavlebis meTodebi
24.1
sixSireebi da procentebi kursis SefasebisTvis
24.2
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili jamuri maCveneblebiT
24.3
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili striqonebis jamuri maCveneblebiT
24.4
daTanxmebisa da ar daTanxmebis reitingis skala
24.5
kursiT kmayofileba
27
Sesavali
24.6
reitingis skalebis kombinirebuli kategoriebi
24.7
reigingis skalebis kombinirebuli kategoriebis

reprezentacia
24.8
ramdenad zrunaven da exmarebian moswavleebs
24.9
TanamSromlebis mier koordinatoris rolis sakuTari

iniciativiT aReba
24.10
testis qulebis ganawileba
24.11
testis qulebis xazovani grafiki
24.12
saSualos irgvliv ganawileba da calke mdgomi qula
24.13
qulebis brtyelpikiani ganawileba
24.14
qulebis maxvilpikiani ganawileba
24.15
I da II gvaris Secdomebi
24.16
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra efeqtis zomaSi
24.17
dispersiebis toloba: livenis testi
24.18
damokidebuli/morgebis SerCevebis kriteriumis saSualoebi da

standartuli gadaxrebi
24.19
damokidebuli/morgebis SerCevebis gansxvavebis kriteriumi
24.20
efeqtis zoma dispersiul analizSi
24.21
23 niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili xi-kvadratisTvis
24.22
24.23
mimarTebebis gavrcelebeli sazomebi
24.24
sajaro biblioTekis wevrebis procentuli ganawileba

socialuri klasis mixedviT
24.25
korelaciis amsaxveli wertilovani gabnevis diagramebi
24.26
pirsonis Sereuli momentis korelaciis koeficienti
24.27
arawrfivi damokidebulebis amsaxveli mrudi
24.28
kiTxvisa da maTematikis qulebs Soris 0.65-is toli

korelaciis koeficientis vizualuri gamosaxuleba
24.29
wertilTa gabnevis diagrama regresiis wrfiT
24.30
wertilTa gabnevis badiani diagrama da regresiis wrfe
28
Sesavali
24.31
regresiuli analizi: aSS-Si warmoebuli gamoTvlis tipuri

Sedegi
24.32
mniSvnelovnebis done regresiul analizSi
24.33
beta koeficienti regresiul analizSi
24.34
mravaljeradi regresiis gamoTvlis Semajamebeli cxrili
24.35
mniSvnelovnebis done mravaljerad regresiul analizSi
24.36
beta koeficientebi mravaljerad regresiul analizSi
24.37
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra t kriteriumisTvis
24.38
dispersiis Tanabrobis livenis testi t kriteriumisTvis
24.39
t kriteriumi administraciis warmomadgenelTa da

maswavlebelTa jgufebisTvis
24.40
administraciis warmomadgenelTa da maswavlebelTa jgufebis

dispersiebis Tanabrobis livenis testi
24.41
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra damokidebuli/morgebis

SerCevebis t kriteriumisTvis
24.42
damokidebuli/morgebis SerCevebis t kriteriumi
24.43
aRweriTi statistika dispersiuli analizisTvis
24.44
SPSS-Si gamoTvlili erTmimarTulebiani dispersiuli

analizis Sedegebi
24.45
tukis kriteriumi
24.46
homogenuri jgufebi tukis kriteriumis mixedviT
24.47
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra orfaqtorian dispersiul

analizSi
24.48
dispersiebis Tanabrobis livenis testi orfaqtorian

dispersiul analizSi
24.49
cdis pirTa Soris sqemis efeqtebi orfaqtorian dispersiul

analizSi
24.50
damoukidebeli cvladis mixedviT dajgufebul qulaTa ori

simravlis grafikuli gamosaxva
24.51
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili man-uitnis kriteriumisTvis
29
Sesavali
24.52
SPSS-Si ranJirebis Sedegi man-uitnis U kriteriumisTvis
24.53
SPSS-is gamoTvlebis Sedegi: man-uitnis
kriteriumis
mniSvneloba da mniSvnelovnobis done

24.54
pirveli cvladis sixSireebi da procentebi uilkoqsonis

kriteriumSi
24.55
meore cvladis sixSireebi da procentebi uilkoqsonis

kriteriumSi
24.56
rangebi da rangebis jamebi uilkoqsonis kriteriumisTvis
24.57
mniSvnelovnobis done uilkoqsonis kriteriumisTvis
24.58
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili kruskal-uolisis

kriteriumisTvis
24.59
rangebi kruskal-uolisis kriteriumisTvis
24.60
mniSvnelovnobis done kruskal-uolisis kriteriumisTvis
24.61
pirveli cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
24.62
meore cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
24.63
mesame cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
24.64
ranJireba fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
24.65
mniSvnelovnobis done fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
25.1
aTi bavSvis ranguli rigi Svidi konstruqtis mixedviT
25.2
Svidi pirovnuli konstruqtis urTierTkavSiri
25.3
Svid pirovnul konstruqts Soris mimarTebis struqturireba
25.4
SPSS-is gamoTvlebis Tavdapirveli Sedegi pirveladi

komponentebis analizisTvis
25.5
kvadratebiani diagrama
25.6
samganzomilebiani brunva
25.7
komponentebis rotaciis matrica ZiriTadi/mTavari

komponentebis analizSi
25.8
stresze pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli

analizi
30
Sesavali
25.9
samsaxureobrivi stresis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli

analizi
25.10
samsaxureobrivi kmayofilebis Sesaxeb debulebebis

faqtoruli analizi
25.11
korelaciebi stresisa (damokidebul) da kmayofilebis

(damoukidebel) faqtorebsa da kanonikur SemTxveviT
sidideebs Soris
25.12
biografiuli monacemebi da stresis faqtorebi
25.13
socialuri epizodebis studentebiseuli aRqma
25.14
socialuri epizodebis aRqma
25.15
pirovnebis cnebis
25.16
Tanatolebis aRweris sandoobis koeficientebi
25.17
sqesi, saarCevno prioritetebi da socialuri klasi: pirobiTi
kodirebis sistema
niSnebiT gamosaxuli samgvari klasifikacia

25.18
sqesi, saarCevno prioritetebi da socialuri klasi: pirobiTi

niSnebiT gamosaxuli samgvari klasifikacia
25.19
sqesis, saarCevno prioritetebisa da socialuri klasis

mosalodneli sixSireebi
25.20
mosalodneli sixSireebi, rodesac daSvebulia, rom sqesi

damoukidebelia socialuri klasisa da saarCevno
prioritetisgan
25.21
sqesi da saarCevno prioriteti: ori-orze klasifikacia
25.22
klasteruli analizi
26.1
statistikuri kriteriumis identificireba eqsperimentisTvis
26.2
sxvadasxva raodenobis SerCevebisTvis gamosayenebeli

statistikuri kriteriumebi
26.3
statistikuri kriteriumebis tipebi monacemTa oTxi

skalisTvis
26.4
statistikuri kriteriumis arCeva parametruli da

araparametruli monacemebisTvis
31
Sesavali
26.5
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebisTvis xelmisawvdomi statistikuri

kriteriumebi
26.6
32
Sesavali
madloba
madlobas vuxdiT qvemoT dasaxelebul gamomcemlebsa da
imisaTvis, rom am teqstSi masalebis CarTvis ufleba mogvces.
Allyn
&
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avtorebs
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sityvebisTvis wyarodan Kemmis,
W. (1970) Research in Education.
S. and McTaggart, R. (1981) The

Action Research Planner, da Kemmis,
Blackwell Publishers, masalebisTvis

wyarodan Dyer, C. (1995) Beginning
Research in Psychology; Robson, C.
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Medical
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wyarodan British Journal of Medical
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The
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Campbell, D. T. and Stanley, J. C.

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental
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Hughes,
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(red.) (1984) Dialogues and Debates in
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541-57.
35
36
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis konteqsti
Sesavali
Svidi weliwadi gavida mas Semdeg, rac winamdebare wignis mexuTe
gamocema gamoqveynda da Cven Routledge gamomcemlobis madlobelni varT
meeqvse gamocemisTvis. es wigni kvlavac Zalian dadebiT gamoxmaurebas
iRebs mTels msoflioSi da kvlevis meTodebis mravali kursisTvis
standartul teqsts warmoadgens.
meeqvse
gamocemaSi
mravlad
aris
axali
masala,
monacemTa
analizisadmi miZRvnili sruliad axali Tavis CaTvliT. es niSnavs, rom

wigni axla ukve faravs ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdinare kvlevis yvela
etaps, dagegmvidan da semis gansazRvridan monacemTa Segrovebis gavliT
monacemTa analizisa da angariSis wardgenis CaTvliT. inarCunebs ra wina
gamocemis saukeTeso maxasiaTeblebs, es axali gamocema, masSi Setanili
ganaxlebuli, Sevsebuli da axali masalebis damatebiT, sakiTxTa ufro
farTo speqtrs faravs, vidre wina gamocemebi. kerZod, wignSi CarTulia
Semdegi axali masalebi:
nawili pirveli:
feministuri Teoria;
sirTulis Teoria da kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi.
nawili meore:
eTikuri
kodi
da
pasuxismgeblobebi
kvlevis
sponsorebisa
da
mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis mimarT;
informirebuli Tanxmoba da motyueba;
SerCeva, ndobis doneebi da ndobis intervalebi, SerCevis moculobis

gamoTvlebTan erTad;
sruliad axali Tavi, romelic ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiur kvlevas

exeba, Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvlevis CaTvliT.
37
nawili mesame:
dokumentebis kvlevis Semdgomi ganxilva;
safosto da safelefono gamokiTxvebi da interviu;
sruliad axali Tavi, romelic internetze dafuZnebul kvlevasa da

kvlevaSi kompiuteris gamoyenebas exeba. am TavSi Sedis internetgamokiTxvebi,
eqsperimentebi,
interviuebi,
kiTxvaris
sqema,
veb
gverdebis Sefaseba, masalebis moZieba, kompiuteruli simulaciebi da

geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi.
gacilebiT
farTod
ganixileba
eqsperimentuli
kvleva,
rac
am
meTodisadmi empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis mzardi

interesis asaxvas warmoadgens.
nawili meoTxe:
ufro detalurad ganixileba kiTxvaris Seqmnisa da administrirebis

sakiTxebi da TandarTulia praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo;
bavSvebis interviuireba da satelefono interviu.
nawili mexuTe:
sruliad axali nawili, romelSic gaerTianebulia xuTi axali Tavi

da faravs Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis analizs;
rogor ganvaxorcieloT kontent analizi;
monacemebze damyarebuli Teoria da rogor gavakeToT es;
rogor warmovadginoT Tvisebrivi monacemebi;
kompiuteris gamoyeneba Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizSi;
Sesavali statistikaSi da statistikuri cnebebi;
hipoTezebi da maTi Semowmebis gzebi;
cvladebi da maTTan gamklavebis gzebi;
efeqtis zoma da misi gamoTvlisa da interpretirebis gzebi;
praqtikuli
statistikuri
rCevebi
damwyebi
sidideebi
airCion
mkvlevrebisTvis,
da
rogor
Tu
gamoiyenon
romeli
isini,
38
umartivesi
analizsa
statistikuri
da
sidideebidan
mravaljerad
maRali
regresiamde,
donis
aRweriTi
faqtorul
statistikidan
daskviT statistikamde.
rCevebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SevarCioT Sesabamisi statistikuri

sidideebi da TiToeuli maTganis Tanmxlebi grafikebi da diagramebi.
rogor avaridoT Tavi mcdari statistikuri sidideebis arCevas da ra

daSvebebi
udevs
safuZvlad
statistikuri
sidideebis
ZiriTad
saxeobebs.
statistikuri sidideebisa da maTi interpretirebis mravalricxovani

magaliTebi, romlebSic mocemulia dasmuli amocanis gadawyveta da
monacemebis damuSavebisTvis gamoyenebulia SPSS (Statistical Package for
Social Sciences statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisTvis
statistikuri paketi, romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba socialur
mecnierebebSi).
garda amisa, TiTqmis yvela TavSi uxvad aris miTiTebuli veb gverdebi,
romelTa umravlesobaze ufaso masalebia ganTavsebuli. am gamocemis

gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia amoxsnili amocanebi, gansakuTrebiT mexuTe
nawilSi gaerTianebul im TavebSi, romlebic monacemTa analizs eZRvneba.
winamdebare
amomwuravi
wigns
masalebi
Tan
axlavs
kvlevis
veb
yvela
gverdi,
aspeqtis
romelzec
Sesaxeb
mocemulia
(Power Point-is
slaidebis saxiT mocemuli kvlevis meTodebis sruli kursis CaTvliT),

savarjiSoebi da magaliTebi, amxsneli masala da damatebiTi SeniSvnebi,
SPSS-is
monacemTa
failebi
da
SPSS-is
saxelmZRvanelo
damwyebi
mkvlevrebisTvis, QSR monacemebis failebi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis

organizebis saxelmZRvanelo, romelsac Tan erTvis saWiro statistikuri
sidideebi da statistikuri cxrilebi. (QSR Qualitative Solutions and Research
aris iseTi programuli uzrunvelyofis mwarmoebeli kompania, romelsac
ekuTvnis
N-Vivo
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisTvis).
es
yvelaferi
39
miTiTebulia wignSi. mdidari Tanmxlebi masalebi xelmisawvdomia veb

gverdze.
davxveweT
sarezervo
gamoyenebuli
literatura
literaturis
SeniSvnebSi
CamonaTvali,
gadavitaneT
da
amitom
zogierTi
teqstSi
yvelaze cnobili wyaroebi da ZiriTadi sakiTxebia miTiTebuli.

vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare gamocema isev iqneba ganaTlebis sferoSi
momuSave mkvlevrebis upirvelesi navTsayudeli.
40
nawili pirveli
ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqsti

am nawilSi kvleva ramdenime konteqstSi ganixileba. is iwyeba kvlevis
pozitiuri
da
mecnieruli
konteqstebis
mimoxilviT
da
Semdeg
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis am tradiciebis Zlier da sust mxareebs

gvaCvenebs.
alternatiuli
paradigmis
Tavisuflad
SegviZlia
romlebsac
saxiT
mimoixileba
vuwodoT
midgomebi,
interpretaciuli,
naturalisturi, fenomenologiuri, interaqcionisturi da eTnografiuli,

da, aseve, warmodgenilia maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi ganaTlebis
kvlevisTvis.
kritikuli
Teoriis
Camoyalibeba
im
paradigmis
saxiT,
romlis farglebSic xorcieldeba kvleva ganaTlebis, STambeWdavi iyo,

amitom kvlevaSi misi gamoyeneba aq ramdenime sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris
ganxiluli da TanxmobaSi modis kurikulumis da feministur kvlevebTan
(es
nawilic
ganaxlebulia
da
ufro
vrclad
aris
warmodgenili).
kritikuli Teoria marTlac akavSirebs kvlevis process politikasa da

taqtikis SemuSavebasTan, rac kvlevisa da Sefasebis ganxilvisas aisaxeba
mtkicebaSi, Tu ramdenad SefasebiTi gaxda ganaTlebis kvleva. ufro
gviandeli mimarTulebaa kompleqsurobis Teoriis warmoqmna, romelic
saTaves
sabunebismetyvelo
inacvlebs
socialuri
mecnierebebSi
mecnierebis
iRebs,
magram
kvlevebisken.
ganuxrelad
am
nawilSi
warmodgenilia kompleqsurobis Teoriis sfero da detaluri informacia

mkiTxvels Tanmxleb vebgverdze mieTiTeba. is, rom ganaTlebis kvleva
politikur dRis wesrigs emsaxureba, am nawilis Semdgom TavebSi Cans. es
nawili mkiTxvels acnobs kvlevis sxvadasxva tradicias da urCevs, rom
miznisTvis Sesatyvisoba wamyvani principi
iyos: sxvadasxva kvleviTi
paradigma sxvadasxva kvleviT mizans emsaxurebodes.
41
1 kvlevis buneba sferos gansazRvra

Sesavali
am TavSi ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqstia ganxiluli. masSi ramdenime
ZiriTadi principia mocemuli, romelzec sxvadasxva tipis empiriuli
kvleva aigeba:
mecnieruli da pozitivisturi meTodologiebi;
naturalisturi da interpretaciuli meTodologiebi;
kritikul TeoriaSi mocemuli meTodologiebi;
feministuri ganaTlebis kvleva .
Cveni analizi iyenebs mniSvnelovan mosazrebas, romelic hiCkoksa da

hius
and
(Hitchcock
Hughes,
1995:21)
ekuTvniT.
maT
miaCniaT,
rom
ontologiuri daSvebebi epistemologiur daSvebebs udebs saTaves. es

daSvebebi, Tavis mxriv, dasabams aZlevs meTodologiur msjelobebs, rac,
Tavis
mxriv,
instrumentuli
aRWurvisa
da
monacemTa
Segrovebis
sakiTxebs warmoqmnis. es mosazreba gvibiZgebs, rom kvlevis meTodebi

ganvixiloT
ara
rogorc,
ubralod,
teqnikuri
saqmianoba,
romelic
samyaros Secnobisken aris mimarTuli, aramed, rogorc macne imisa, Tu

rogor aRviqvamT Cven samyaros, rogori unda iyos Cveni xedviT es gageba
da ra miznebs unda emsaxurebodes. am TavSi, aseve, aRiarebulia, rom
ganaTlebis
ukavSirdeba
kvleva,
politika
erTmaneTs
da
da
gadawyvetilebebis
yuradReba
eTmoba
am
miReba
mWidrod
sferoSi
kvlevis
politikas da im Sedegebs, romlebic mas Tan axlavs kvlevis warmoebisas

(magaliTad, sufTa kvlevidan gamoyenebiTi da SefasebiTi kvlevisken
gadanacvleba). dabolos, davamatebT SeniSvnas meTodologiis Sesaxeb.
WeSmaritebis Zieba
42
adamianebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi afiqrebdaT, rom uwevdaT TavianT

garemosTan Sejaxeba da im fenomenebis bunebis wvdoma, romelsac is maT
gonebasa
da
cdiloben
cnobierebas
am
miznebis
warudgenda.
miRwevas,
saSualebebi,
SeiZleba
sam
romliTac
did
isini
kategoriaSi
gaerTiandes: gamocdileba, msjeloba da kvleva (Mouly 1978). miuxedavad

imisa,
rom
es
kategoriebi
arc
damoukidebelia
da
arc
urTierTgamomricxavi, isini erTmaneTis Semavseblad da gadamfaravad

unda miviCnioT. es is yvelaze TvalSisacemi maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic
kompleqsuri problemebis Tanamedrove gadawyvetisas moiazreba.
yoveldRiur
cxovrebiseul
problemebTan
Seguebis
mcdelobisas
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli varT gamocdilebasa da avtoritetze.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom isini, rogorc saboloo WeSmaritebis dadgenis
saSualebebi, garkveuli SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, pirovnuli
gamocdilebis
SezRudvebi,
saRi
azris
codnis
formiT,
swrafad
SegviZlia gamovavlinoT, Tu mas problemis gadawyvetisadmi mecnieruli

midgomis
maxasiaTeblebs
SevadarebT.
magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT
Teoriebis gamoyenebis saocrad gansxvavebuli gzebi. araprofesionalebi

TavianT
Teoriebs
SemTxveviT
movlenebze
ageben
da
Tavisuflad
da
arakritikulad iyeneben. rodesac am Teoriebis Semowmebis saWiroeba

udgebaT,
isini
amas
seleqciurad
akeTeben,
xSirad
mxolod
im
mtkicebulebas irCeven, romelic maT varaudebs Tanxvdeba da yuradRebis

miRma toveben imas, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis maTTan. mecnierebi,
piriqiT, TavianT Teoriebs frTxilad da sistematurad ageben. nebismieri
hipoTeza, romelsac isini ayalibeben, empiriulad unda Semowmdes. ase
rom, faqtobrivad, maT axsnebs myari safuZveli aqvs. amasTan, kontrolis
cneba
erTmaneTisgan
damokidebulebas
ganasxvavebs
gamocdilebisadmi.
nafici
msajulisa
araprofesionalebi,
da
mecnieris
zogadad,
ar
cdiloben gavlenis nebismieri gareSe wyaros gakontrolebas xdomilobis

axsnis mcdelobisas. mecnierebi, romlebic, amis sapirispirod, metismeti
sifrTxiliT
ekidebian
mocemuli
xdomilobis
mizezebis
43
mravalricxovnobas,
garkveul
dadgenil
teqnikebsa
da
procedurebs
mimarTaven, raTa gamoacalkeon da Seamowmon erTi an meti savaraudo

mizezis
efeqti.
mimarTebisadmi
dabolos,
gansxvavebulia
damokidebuleba.
fenomenebs
araprofesionalebis
Soris
damokidebuleba
aseTi mimarTebisadmi Tavisufali, arasistemuri da ukontroloa. ori

movlenis erTmaneTis siaxloves gamoCena sakmarisi mizezia maT Soris
mizez-Sedegobrivi
gacilebiT
kavSiris
seriozul
winaswarmetyvelebisTvis.
profesiul
damokidebulebas
mecnierebi
avlenen
aseTi
mimarTebebisadmi da mxolod mkacrad gakontrolebuli eqsperimentirebis

Semdeg aRiareben or fenomens Soris urTierTmimarTebis arsebobas.
adamianebi
maT
msjelobiT
irgvliv
cdiloben.
arsebuli
esenia:
samyaros
deduqciuri
Secnobas
msjeloba,
sami
saxis
induqciuri
msjeloba da kombinirebuli induqciur-deduqciuri midgoma. deduqciuri

msjeloba
efuZneba
silogizms,
romelic
formalur
logikaSi
aristoteles mier Setanili udidesi wvlilia. silogizmis umartivesi

forma Sedgeba: didi wanamZRvrisgan, romelic, apriori, cxad mtkicebas
efuZneba, mcire wanamZRvrisgan, romelic konkretul SemTxvevas aRwers
da danaskvnisgan. amrigad:
yvela planeta mzis irgvliv brunavs.
dedamiwa planetaa.
maSasadame, dedamiwa mzis irgvliv brunavs.
silogizms
nabijebis
safuZvlad
gavliT
udevs
zogadidan
daSveba,
rom
kerZosken
logikis
formaluri
SesaZlebelia
sando
wanamZRvrebidan sando daskvnis gamotana. misi mTavari SezRudva isaa, rom

mxolod garkveuli saxis debulebebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs. silogizmma
Camoayaliba
sistematuri
msjelobis
bazisi
warmoqmnidan
renesansis
epoqamde. SemdgomSi misi efeqturoba Semcirda, vinaidan is ukve aRar

ukavSirdeboda
dakvirvebasa
da
gamocdilebas
da
mxolod
ubralo
gonebriv savarjiSod gaiqca. amis erT-erTi Sedegi is iyo, rom empiriuli

mtkicebuleba, rogorc dasabuTebis safuZveli, avtoritetma Caanacvla da
44
rac ufro meti avtoritetis citireba SeeZlo adamians, miT metad Zlieri
iyo
misi
pozicia.
bunebrivia,
rom
ZiriTadi
meTodis
aseTi
mcdari
gamoyenebiT mecniereba unayofo da araqmedunariani gaxda.

msjelobis istoriaSi gardamtexi cvlilebebi moxda 1600-ian wlebSi,
rodesac frensis bekonma ufro da ufro meti aqcentis gakeTeba daiwyo
mecnierebis
msjelobis
dakvirvebiT
models
safuZvelze.
im
mosazrebiT,
igi
rom
akritikebda
didi
deduqciuri
wanamZRvrebi
xSirad
winaswar Seqmnili debulebebi iyo, romlebsac gardauvlad mikerZoebuli

danaskvnebi mosdevda. Bekonma, sanacvlod, induqciuri msjelobis meTodi
SemogvTavaza, romliTac garkveuli raodenobis calkeuli SemTxvevebis
Seswavla hipoTezamde da SemdgomSi ganzogadebamde migviyvanda. moli
(Mouly 1978) amas Semdegi mosazrebiT xsnis: bekonis ZiriTadi wanamZRvari
iyo, rom sakmarisi monacemebis arsebobis pirobebSi, maSinac ki, Tu
adamians winaswar araviTari mosazreba ar gaaCnia maTi mniSvnelovnebisa
Tu mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb, yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli mainc
SeZlebs
sagulisxmo mimarTebebisa da kanonebis aRmoCenas. amrigad, bekonis mier

mecnierebaSi
Setanili
ZiriTadi
wvlili
is
iyo,
rom
man
SeZlo
mecnierebis gadarCena deduqciuri meTodis sasikvdilo marwuxebisgan,

romlis mcdarma gamoyenebam SeaCera mecnieruli progresi. ase rom, man
mecnierebis yuradReba adamianebis problemebis gadawyvetis bunebisken
mimarTa imiT, rom SemowmebisTvis empiriuli mtkicebuleba moiTxova.
logika
da
avtoriteti
TavisTavad
aRar
ganixileboda,
rogorc
dasabuTebis damajerebeli saSualeba. amis nacvlad, isini samyarosa da

misi fenomenebis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis wyaroebad iqcnen.
bekonis induqciur meTods SemdgomSi induqciur-deduqciuri midgomis
ganviTareba mohyva, romelic aerTianebs aristoteleseul deduqciasa da
bekoniseul
induqcias.
am
SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevari
induqciisa
(dakvirvebidan hipoTezisken) da deduqciis (hipoTezidan daskvnebisken)

ormxriv procesSia CarTuli (Mouly 1978). hipoTezebi mkacrad mowmdeba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gadaixedeba.
45
miuxedavad imisa, rom orives _ rogorc deduqcias, ise induqcias,

Tavisi susti mxareebi aqvs, mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi maT mier Setanili
wvlili ganuzomelia da sam kategoriaSi Tavsdeba:
hipoTezebis SemoTavazeba;
am hipoTezebis logikuri ganviTareba;
mecnieruli
kvlevis
Sedegebis
dawmenda,
interpretacia
da
konceptualur CarCoSi CarTva.

WeSmaritebis
kerlingerma
savaraudo
dadgenis
(1970)
gansazRvra,
mimarTebis
gakontrolebuli,
kidev
Sesaxeb
empiriuli
erT
saSualebaa
rogorc
hipoTeturi
da
bunebriv
kvleva,
movlenebs
debulebebis
kritikuli
romelic
Soris
sistematuri,
Seswavla.
ufro
konkretulad, problemebis gadaWris zemoT aRwerili saSualebebisgan,

kerZod,
gamocdilebisgan
kvlevas
sami
maxasiaTebeli
ganasxvavebs.
pirveli, Tu gamocdilebas SemTxveviTad ganxorcielebul movlenebTan

aqvs saqme, kvleva sistematuri da gakontrolebulia, misi operaciebi ki
zemoT aRweril induqciur-deduqciur models efuZneba. meore, kvleva
empiriulia. mecnieri gadamowmebisTvis gamocdilebas mimarTavs. rogorc
kerlingeri (1970) ambobs, subieqturi, pirovnuli rwmena unda gadamowmdes
realobasTan mimarTebaSi, anu Sedardes obieqtur, empiriul faqtebsa da
testebs. mesame, kvleva TviTkoregirebadia. mecnieruli meTodi ara marto
Tavis TavSi moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic mecnierebs sxva adamianisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Sedegebi
Riaa
Secdomebisgan
sajaro
icavs,
kritikuli
aramed
misi
ganxilvisTvis.
procedurebi
mcdari
da
Sedegebi
droulad gamovlindeba da an gadaisinjeba, an ugulebeliyofa (Mouly

1978). kvleva gamocdilebisa da msjelobis kombinaciaa da WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenis yvelaze warmatebul midgomad unda miviCnioT, kerZod, imdenad,
ramdenadac sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs afiqrebT es sakiTxi (Borg
1963).1
46
ganaTlebis kvlevam socialuri mecnierebis ramdenime konkurentuli

pozicia
SeiTvisa
aRiarebuli
tradiciuli
pozicia
da
interpretaciuli xedva, aseve, ramdenime sxva midgoma, romelic am TavSi

mimovixileT kritikuli, feministuri da kompleqsurobis Teoriebi.
aRiarebuli tradiciuli poziciis mixedviT, socialuri mecnierebebi,
arsebiTad, igivea, rac sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi da, maSasadame,
isini mimarTulia bunebrivi da universaluri kanonebis aRmoCenisken,
romliTac regulirdeba da ganisazRvreba individualuri da socialuri
qceva.
interpretaciuli
pozicia,
iziarebs
ra
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis simkacresa da tradiciuli socialuri mecnierebis imave

mizans aRweros da axsnas adamianis qceva, xazs usvams imas, Tu riT
gansxvavdebian adamianebi aracocxali bunebis fenomenebisgan da, metic,
erTmaneTisgan. es urTierTsapirispiro poziciebi da, aseve, ganaTlebis
kvlevisas maTi Sesatyvisi anareklebi, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri
realobisa
da
individualuri
koncefciebidan
gasagebad
momdinareobs.
kargi
iqneba,
Tu
da
socialuri
SemdgomSi
am
Temas
qcevis
ganxiluli
ufro
gansxvavebuli
sakiTxebis
detalurad
ukeT
gavecnobiT
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi 1, faili 1.1. ppt).
socialuri realobis ori koncefcia

socialuri
socialuri
mecnierebis
realobis
Sesaxeb
axlaxan
erTmaneTisgan
ganxiluli
sruliad
mosazrebebi
gansxvavebul
xedvas
warmoadgens da mis interpretaciasac Sesabamisi gansxvavebuli gzebiT

axdens.
socialuri
samyaros
am
koncefciebTan
yvelaze
Sedegianad
miaxloeba, albaT, SegviZlia maT safuZvlad mdebare eqsplicituri da

impliticuri daSvebebis ganxilviT. Cveni analizi barelisa da morganis
(Burrell and Morgan 1979) naSroms eyrdnoba, romelTac aseTi daSvebebis
oTxi jgufi gamoyves.
pirveli,
arsebobs
ontologiuri
xasiaTis
daSvebebi
daSvebebi,
romlebic Tavad sakvlevi socialuri fenomenis bunebas, anu arss exeba.

amrigad,
avtorebi
kiTxuloben:
socialuri
realoba
garegania
47
individebisTvis garedan waredgineba maT cnobierebas, Tu individis

cnobierebis produqtia? realoba obieqturi bunebisaa, Tu individis
kogniciis Sedegia? is samyaroSi sadRac gareT aris mocemuli, Tu
adamianis gonebiTaa Seqmnili? es kiTxvebi pirdapir momdinareobs iqidan,
rasac
filosofosebi
nominalistur-realistur
debats
uwodeben.
nominalisturi poziciis mixedviT, azris obieqti mxolod sityvebia da

ar
arsebobs
damoukideblad
xelmisawvdomi
raRac,
rac
sityvis
mniSvnelobas qmnis, xolo realisturi pozicia amtkicebs, rom obieqtebi

damoukideblad arseboben da maTi arseboba ar aris damokidebuli imaze,
icis Tu ara vinmem amis Sesaxeb.
daSvebaTa meore jgufi, romlis diferenciacia barelma da morganma
(1979) moaxdines, epistemologiuri xasiaTisaa da codnis safuZvlebs exeba
mis bunebasa da formebs; xsnis, rogor xdeba misi SeZena da rogor
gadaecema sxva adamianebs. am konkretul debatSi dakavebuli pozicia
gavlenas
moaxdens
imaze,
Tu
rogor
moipovebs
adamiani
codnas
socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb. mosazreba, rom codna myari, obieqturi da

xelSesaxebia,
mkvlevrebisgan
sabunebismetyvelo
amisgan
mecnierebis
gansxvavebiT,
unikaluri,
damkvirveblis
codna,
mkvlevrebs
rols
meTodebisadmi
rogorc
sakuTari
amasTanave,
erTgulebas
pirovnuli,
kvlevis
da,
saganSi
moiTxovs.
subieqturi
da
CarTulobasa
da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis meTodebis uaryofas aiZulebs. pirvelze

daTanxmeba pozitivistobas niSnavs, meoreze antipozitivistobas.
daSvebaTa mesame jgufi adamianis bunebas da, kerZod, adamianebisa da
maTi garemos urTierTobas Seexeba. vinaidan adamiani kvlevis subieqtic
aris
da
obieqtic,
mecnierebisTvis
aseTi
marTlac
tipis
Sors
daSvebebis
mimavalia.
am
Sedegebi
socialuri
daSvebebidan
adamianis
orgvari xati ikveTeba: erTi meqanikurad da deterministulad reagirebs

Tavis
garemoze,
anu
garemos
produqtia,
romelsac
marionetiviT
akontroleben; meore, Tavisufali nebis mqone da kreatuli, Tavad aris

sakuTari qmedebis iniciatori da Tavad qmnis Tavis garemos. Sesabamisad,
48
aq gvaqvs gansxvaveba determinizmsa da voluntarizms Soris (Burrell and

Morgan 1979).
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom ganxilul daSvebaTa
sami
jgufi
interesebze,
uSualod
zemoqmedebs
vinaidan
adamianis
epistemologiebi
meTodebs
obieqtur
da
iTxovs.
(an
fenomenebis
modelebi,
msgavsad,
gansxvavebuli
ontologiebi,
mxriv,
romlebic
midgomas
myarad,
meTodologiur
Tavis
mkvlevrebi,
pozitivistur)
mkvlevrebis
kvlevis
gansxvavebul
socialuri
samyarosadmi
amjobineben
realurad
da
da
mas,
bunebrivi
individisTvis
gareganad
miiCneven, tradiciuli variantebidan _ gamokiTxvebidan, eqsperimentebidan

da a.S. _ irCeven. isini, vinc ufro subieqtur (an antipozitivistur)
midgomas
aniWeben
upiratesobas
da
samyaros
gacilebiT
rbilad,
pirovnulad da adamianis mier Seqmnilad miiCneven, SedarebiT axal da

ganviTarebad teqnikebs _ magaliTad, axsnebs, monawilis dakvirvebasa da
pirovnul konstruqtebs irCeven.
Tu individebi emxrobian pozicias, romlis mixedviTac socialuri
samyaro bunebrivi samyaros msgavsia _ myari, garegani da obieqturi
realobaa,
maSin
faqtorebs
Soris
mecnieruli
kvleva-Zieba
mimarTebebisa
da
am
samyaroSi
kanonzomierebebis
SerCeul
analizisken
warimarTeba. es kvleva, upiratesad, raodenobrivi iqneba da elementebis

gansazRvrasa
dadgenaze
da
maT
Soris
fokusirdeba.
mniSvnelobis
mqone
mimarTebis
gamovlenis
SesaZlo
gzebis
Sesabamisad,
amtkiceben
isini,
fundamenturi
meTodologiuri
sakiTxebia
Tavad
cnebebi,
maTi
gazomva da ZiriTadi Temebis identificireba im universaluri, zogadi

kanonebis ZiebaSi, romlebic xsnis da marTavs dasakvirvebel, anu sakvlev
movlenas (Burrell and Morgan 1979). midgomas, romelic zogadi kanonebis
dasadgenad
mowodebuli
procedurebiTa
da
meTodebiT
xasiaTdeba,
nomoTeturi SeiZleba ewodos.

Tumca, Tu vinme upiratesobas aniWebs socialuri realobis xedvis
alternatiul gzas, romelic socialuri samyaros SeqmnaSi individebis
49
subieqturi gamocdilebis mniSvnelobaze akeTebs aqcents, maSin kvlevis

fokusSi sxva sakiTxebi moxvdeba da maTdami midgomac gansxvavebuli
iqneba. ZiriTadi sakiTxi iqneba imis garkveva, Tu rogor axerxebs adamiani
im samyaros Seqmnas, Secvlasa da interpretirebas, romelSic arsebobs. am
midgomaSi aris rogorc Tvisebrivi, ise, raodenobrivi aspeqti. rogorc
bareli da morgani (1979) da kirki da mileri (1986: 14) SeniSnaven, aq
aqcenti calkeuli individis unikaluri SemTxvevis axsnasa da gagebaze
keTdeba
da
ara
relativisturi
zogadsa
socialuri
absoluturi,
garegani
konkretulze
da
da
universalurze.
samyaro
realoba.
pirovnulze
ufro
gamo
subieqturi,
ainteresebT,
individualuri
xazgasmis
aq
qcevis
am
vidre
Seswavlisas
midgomas
SeiZleba
ideografiuli ewodos.
ontologiuri,
epistemologiuri,
adamianuri
da
meTodologiuri
daSvebebi safuZvlad udevs socialuri realobis aRqmis or gansxvavebul

gzas. am daSvebebis barelisa da morganiseuli analizis mimoxilvaSi
safuZveli CavuyareT ori sapirispiro poziciis ufro vrcel kvlevas,
romelic
Tavs
praqtikasa
CanarTSi
da,
es
Sejamebuli.
iCens
adamianis
SeTanxmebis
daSvebebi
masSi
qceviT
safuZvelze,
dainteresebuli
ganaTlebis
subieqturoba-obieqturobis
mocemulia
daSvebebis
oTxi
mkvlevrebis
problemebSi.
1.1
ganzomilebaSia
jgufi
teqstSi
ganmartebuli terminebis gamoyenebiT da ise, rogorc maT socialuri

filosofiis mecnierebaSi moixsenieben.
50
adamianis
qcevis
Seswavlisadmi
zemoT
ganxilul
orive
midgomas
seriozuli wvlili Seaqvs klasebisa da skolebis kvlevaSi. is, Tu ra

pozicia
ukavia
mkvlevars,
gavlenas
axdens
yvelaferze:
problemis
SerCevaze, kiTxvebis formulirebaze, moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis

daxasiaTebaze,
meTodologiur
saxeobebsa
da
maTTan
poziciebis
mniSvnelovani
problemebze,
mopyrobis
saZiebeli
meTodebze.
praqtikuli
gamoyenebis
monacemebis
urTierTsapirispiro
Sesaxeb
garkveul
warmodgenas Segviqmnis CanarTi 1. 2, romelSic isini Sedarebulia mTeli

rigi
ZiriTadi
organizaciul
aspeqtebis
CarCoSi.
mixedviT
klasebisa
da
farTo
skolebis
sazogadoebriv
kvlevaSi
am
da
ori
perspeqtivis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi ufro vrclad visaubrebT.

vinaidan
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
socialuri
mecnierebis
epistemologiuri bazisisTvis da gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis kvlevaze,

am TavSi didi adgili eTmoba pozitivistur da antipozitivistur debats.
51
CanarTi 1.2.
socialuri realobis interpretaciis alternatiuli safuZvlebi
socialuri realobis
koncefciebi
Sedarebis
ganzomilebebi
obieqtivisturi
subieqtivisturi
filosofiuri
safuZveli
realizmi: samyaro arsebobs

da Seimecneba ise, rogoric
aris is realurad.
organizaciebi realuri
erTeulebia, romelTac
TavianTi sakuTari cxovreba
aqvT.
idealizmi: samyaro
arsebobs, magram sxvadasxva
adamianebi mas sruliad
sxvadasxvagvarad ageben.
organizaciebs qmnis
socialuri realoba.
socialuri
mecnierebis roli
sazogadoebis da masSi
adamianis qcevis zogadi,
universaluri kanonebis
dadgena.
imis dadgena, Tu rogor

axdenen sxvadasxva
adamianebi im samyaros
intepretacias, romelSic
cxovroben.
socialuri
realobis bazisuri
erTeulebi
koleqtiuroba: sazogadoeba
an organizaciebi
individebi cal-calke an
erTad moqmedeben
wvdomis/gagebis
meTodebi
im mdgomareobebisa Tu
urTierTobebis
identificireba, romlebic
koleqtiurobas arsebobis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. imis
gageba, Tu ra mdgomareobebi
da urTierTobebia es.
im subieqturi
mniSvnelobebis
interpretacia, romelTac
individebi aZleven sakuTar
qmedebebs. TiToeuli aseTi
qmedebisTvis subieqturi
wesebis dadgena.
Teoria
mosazrebaTa racionaluri
sistema, romelic
mecnierebma adamianis qcevis
asaxsnelad aages.
mniSvnelobaTa erToblioba,
romelsac adamianebi
TavianT samyaroSi da mis
farglebSi qcevaSi
garkvevisTvis iyeneben.
kvleva
Teoriis eqsperimentuli an
kvazieqsperimentuli
Semowmeba.
mniSvnelovani
urTierTobebis Zieba da
dadgena, Tu ra Sedegebi
moaqvT maT qmedebisTvis.
52
meTodologia
realobis abstraqcia,
ZiriTadad, maTematikuri
modelebisa da
raodenobrivi analizis
gamoyenebiT.
realobis reprezentacia
Sedarebis mizniT. enisa da
mniSvnelobis analizi.
sazogadoeba
mowesrigebuli. imarTeba
calsaxad gansazRvruli,
erTmniSvnelovani
RirebulebebiT da mxolod
am RirebulebebiT aris
SesaZlebeli misi arseboba.
winaaRmdegobrivi. imarTeba
Zalauflebis mqone
adamianebis RirebulebebiT.
organizaciebi
mizanze orientirebuli.
adamianebisgan
damoukidebeli.
sazogadoebaSi wesrigis
damyarebisTvis mowodebuli
instrumentebi, romelic
emsaxureba orives _
sazogadoebas da adamianebs.
adamianebsa da maT miznebze

damokidebuli. Zalauflebis
instrumentebi, romlebsac
akontrolebs zogierTi
adamiani da SeuZlia,
gamoiyenos TavisTvis
sasikeTod miCneuli
miznebis misaRwevad.
organizaciuli
paTologiebi
organizaciebi
winaaRmdegobaSi modian
sazogadoebis
RirebulebebTan da
individis moTxovnilebebTan
adamianebis miznebis
gansxvavebulobis pirobebSi
yovelTvis arsebobs
konfliqti adamianebs
Soris, romlebic am
miznebis miRwevisken
iswrafian.
rekomendaciebi
cvlilebisTvis
organizaciis struqturis
Secvla, raTa is
SesabamisobaSi movides
sazogadoebis
RirebulebebTan da
individis
moTxovnilebebTan.
garkveva, ra RirebulebebiT
moqmedebs organizacia da
vis ekuTvnis es
Rirebulebebi. adamianebis
an, Tu SesaZlebelia, maTi
Rirebulebebis Secvla.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Barr Greenfield 1975
pozitivizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom antikuri saberZneTidan dRemde pozitivitizmis
Tema mudmivad meordeba dasavluri azris istoriaSi, istoriulad is
mecxramete saukunis frang filosofos ogiust komtTan asocirdeba. is
53
iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac es sityva filosofiuri poziciidan

gamoiyena (Beck 1979). misi pozitivizmi qcevis Seswavlis saSualebebad
dakvirvebasa da msjelobas iyenebs. axsna mecnieruli aRweris meSveobiT
xdeba. oldroidi, filosofiis istoriisa da mecnierebis meTodologiis
kvlevaSi, (1986) wers:
swored komtma gamoigona axali mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da mas
is saxeli daarqva, romelsac ase miveCvieT . . . . socialuri fenomenebi
fsiqologiuri
ganxiluliyo
(an
da,
biologiuri)
fizikuri
kanonebisa
fenomenebis
da
Teoriebis
msgavsad,
WrilSi
empiriulad
unda
yofiliyo
nakvlevi.
(Oldroyd 1986)
komtis poziciam migviyvana pozitivizmis zogad doqtrinamde, romlis

mixedviTac, mTeli WeSmariti codna sensorul gamocdilebas eyrdnoba da
mxolod dakvirvebisa da eqsperimentis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli am
codnis gazrda. mihyveba ra empirizmis tradiciebs, is zRudavs kvlevaZiebis farglebs da rwmenas, Tu ra SeiZleba dadgindes utyuarad, riTac
uars
ambobs
codnis
spekulaciur
mxolod
msjelobiT
mcdelobebze. Sedegad
miRebis
Camoyalibda
metafizikur
da
moZraoba, romelsac
faqtebsa da bunebriv fenomenebze mtkice orientacia ewoda (Beck 1979).

miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
termins
pozitivizmi
filosofosebi
da
socialuri mecnierebi iyeneben, misi rezidualuri mniSvneloba mainc

yovelTvis
saxezea
da
niSnavs,
rom
sabunebismetyvelo
mecniereba
kacobriobis mier dagrovili codnis paradigmadaa aRiarebuli. (Duncan

1968).
aq
Sedis
gidensis
urTierTdakavSirebuli
mecnierebis
socialur
rogorc
mier
daSvebebi.
meTodologiuri
SesaZlebeli
mecnieris,
(1975)
identificirebuli
pirveli,
procedurebis
mecnierebebSi.
socialuri
realobis
sabunebismetyvelo
gamoyeneba
aq
Semdegi
pirdapir
pozitivizmi
damkvirveblis,
aris
socialuri
konkretul
pozicias gulisxmobs. meore, socialur mecnierTa kvleva-Ziebis saboloo

produqtis
formulireba
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaSi
arsebuli
54
analogiuri produqtis terminebiT aris SesaZlebeli. es niSnavs, rom

maTi analizi imave saxis kanonebiTa da kanonismagvari regularobebiT
unda aRiweros, romlebic bunebriv fenomenTan mimarTebaSia dadgenili.
aq pozitivizmSi moiazreba socialuri mecnierebis, rogorc sakuTari
sakvlevi
sagnis
Camoyalibebuli
analitikosebisa
garkveuli
da
mosazreba.
interpretatorebis,
pozitivizmi
mkafiod
amtkicebs,
rom
mecniereba SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad idealur codnas gvaZlevs.

Tumca, pozitivizmi naklebad warmatebulia adamianis qcevis Seswavlis
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac adamianis bunebis ganuzomeli sirTule da
socialuri
fenomenebis
winaaRmdegobaSi
mouxelTebeli
modis
kanonzomierebasTan.
es
da
bunebrivi
viTareba
arsad
SeumCneveli
samyaros
iseTi
Tvisebebi
wesrigTan
TvalsaCino
ar
da
aris,
rogorc klasisa da skolis konteqstSi, sadac swavlebis, swavlisa da

adamianuri urTierTqmedebis problemebi pozitivist mkvlevars giganturi
gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978015368780 _
Tavi 1, faili 1. 2. ppt).
filosofiisa da mecnierebis meTodologiis istoriaSi pozitivizmis
Sesaxeb
meti
informaciisTvis
ixileT
Oldroyd
(1986).
axla
ufro
detalurad ganvixiloT misi zogierTi maxasiaTebeli.
daSvebebi da mecnierebis buneba

daviwyoT mecnieruli rwmenis principebis ganxilviT: im daSvebebis
saxesxvaobebiT, romlebsac mecnierebi, xSirad impliciturad, TavianT
yoveldRiur
samuSaoSi
akeTeben.
pirveli
es
aris
determinizmis
daSveba. martivad es niSnavs, rom movlenebs aqvs TavianTi mizezebi da es

movlenebi determinirebulia sxva movlenebiT an garemoebebiT. mecniereba
viTardeba rwmeniT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia am mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis gamovlena da gageba da, rom movlenebi aixsneba
maTi winapirobebiT. garda amisa, bunebriv samyaroSi movlenebi ara marto
determinirebulia sxva garemoebebiT, aramed arsebobs determinirebis
kanonzomierebac: samyaro ar Wirveulobs. mecnierebis saboloo mizans
55
samyaroSi
xdomilobebis
ganxorcielebis
amxsneli
kanonebis
formulireba warmoadgens, rac maT prognozirebisa da kontrolis myar

safuZvels miscems.
empirizmis
meorea
amtkicebs,
rom
daSveba.
garkveuli
am
pozicias
ukve
sando
codnis
saxis
SevexeT,
romelic
miReba
mxolod
gamocdilebiT aris SesaZlebeli. mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi

es
niSnavs,
rom
Teoriis
an
hipoTezis
simyare
damokidebulia
mis
mxardasaWerad mopovebuli empiriuli sabuTis bunebaze. aq empiriuli

niSnavs imas, rac eqvemdebareba dakvirvebiT da uSualo gamocdilebiT
gadamowmebas (Barratt 1971); aseve, kvlevis situaciaSi Teoriis an hipoTezis
mtkicebulebas _ dasabuTebis Semcvel monacemebs an Zlier dasabuTebas,
romelic albaTobis terminebiT aris formulirebuli.
moli (1978) empiriuli mecnierebis procesSi xuT etaps gamoyofs:
1. gamocdileba:
mecnieruli
wamowyebis
sawyisi
wertili
yvelaze
elementarul doneze;
klasifikacia:
2. monacemTa
sxvagvarad
naklebad
gasagebi
erTobliobebis formaluri sistematizacia;

3. kvalifikacia: ufro daxvewili etapi, romelzec gazomvis sizuste
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT fenomenis ufro adekvaturi
analizis saSualebas iZleva;
4. urTierTmimarTebis
aRmoCena:
fenomenebs
Soris
funqciuri
urTierTmimarTebis identifikacia da klasifikacia;

5. WeSmaritebasTan
miaxloeba:
mecniereba
WeSmaritebasTan
TandaTanobiT miaxloebiT viTardeba.

mesame
daSveba,
ekonomiurobis
romelic
principia.
SeZlebisdagvarad
yvelaze
safuZvlad
aq
ZiriTadi
ekonomiuri
udevs
idea
gziT
mecnieris
isaa,
unda
rom
aixsnas.
muSaobas,
fenomeni
rogorc
ainStaini ambobda, saqme imdenad martivi unda gavxadoT, ramdenadac

SesaZlebelia,
magram
ara
ufro
martivi!
am
principis
pirveli
istoriuli ganacxadi uiliam okams (William Occam) ekuTvnis, rodesac man
56
Tqva,
rom
axsnis
principebi
(erTeulebi)
usargeblod
ar
unda
momravldes. am gamonaTqvamis interpretacia, cxadia, sxvadasxvagvarad

SeiZleba: fenomeni umjobesia ori cnebiT avxsnaT da ara _ samiT; martivi
Teoria unda vamjobinoT rTuls.
bolo _ zogadobis daSveba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs msjelobis
orive
meTodSi
deduqciurSic
da
induqciurSic.
faqtobrivad,
istoriul WrilSi Tu SevxedavT, konkretul kerZosa da abstraqtul

zogads Soris problemuri damokidebuleba arsebobda, rac SemdgomSi
codnis
Sesaxeb
empiriulis
ori
konkurentuli
saxiT
Camoyalibda.
Teoriis
iwyeben
ra
racionaluris
kerZoze
da
dakvirvebiT,
mecnierebi TavianTi Sedegebis ganzogadebas mTel samyaroze apireben. es

imitom
xdeba,
rom
maT,
saboloo
jamSi,
axsna
ainteresebT.
cxadia,
zogadobis cneba gacilebiT nakleb problemas uqmnis sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaSi
moRvawe
mkvlevrebs,
romlebic,
ZiriTadad,
aracocxal
masalasTan muSaoben, vidre socialur mecnierebs, romelTac gardauvlad

uwevT
adamianTa
populaciebidan
aRebul
SerCevebTan
gamklaveba
da
Semdeg SerCevebSi miRebuli Sedegebis didi sifrTxiliT ganzogadeba am

populaciebze.
aq mivadeqiT ZiriTad kiTxvas: ra aris mecniereba? kerlingeri (1970)
miuTiTebs, rom Tavad mecnierul samyaroSi SeiZleba mecnierebis Sesaxeb
ori zogadi mosazrebis povna, esenia: statikuri da dinamikuri. statikuri
mosazrebiT,
romelic,
gansakuTrebiT,
araprofesionalebisken
aris
mimarTuli, mecniereba aris aqtivoba, riTac samyaros sistematuri codna

emateba.
mecnieris
saqmea
axali
faqtebis
aRmoCena
da
codnis
ukve
arsebul maragSi maTi CarTva. amgvarad, mecniereba ganixileba, rogorc

monacemebis akumulirebuli erToblioba da aqcenti, ZiriTadad, codnis
mimdinare mdgomareobasa da mis Sevsebaze keTdeba.2 amis sapirispirod,
dinamikuri xedvisTvis mecniereba ufro metia, vidre aqtivoba; ufro meti,

vidre raRac, rasac mecnierebi akeTeben. am koncefciis mixedviT, ra Tqma
unda,
mniSvnelovania
dagrovili
codnis
qona,
magram
rac
marTlac
57
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is aRmoCenebia, romelsac mecnierebi akeTeben.

Sesabamisad, aq aqcenti mecnierebis evristikul bunebaze keTdeba.
sapirispiro mosazrebebi mecnierebis funqciebis Sesaxebac arsebobs.
es
mosazrebebi
Sejamebulia
CanarTSi
1.
3.
Tumca,
profesionali
mecnierebisTvis mecniereba samyaros wvdomis meTodia; axsnisa da gagebis,

winaswarmetyvelebisa
da
kontrolis saSualebaa. maTTvis
mecnierebis
saboloo mizani Teoriaa.

CanarTi 1.3
mecnierebis funqciebi
1.
problemebis moZiebis, kiTxvebis dasmis, eWvebis waxalisebis, hipoTezebis

formulirebis funqcia.
2. testirebis, Semowmebis, dadasturebis funqcia; hipoTezebis wamoyenebisa

da
Semowmebis, eqsperimentebis
gameorebisa
da
gadamowmebis,
faqtebis
dawmendis, gasufTavebis funqcia.

3.
organizebis, Teoretizirebisa da struqturirebis funqcia; ufro da

ufro farTo ganzogadebebis Ziebis funqcia.
4. istoriis dafiqsirebis mecnieruli funqcia.

5. teqnologiuri mxare; instrumentebi, meTodebi da teqnikebi.
6. administraciuli, aRmasrulebeli da organizaciuli mxare.
7. publikaciisa da saganmanaTleblo funqciebi.
8. adamianebisTvis praqtikuli gamoyenebis funqcia.
9. dafasebis, sixarulis, qebisa da saxelis moxveWis funqciebi.
wyaro: Maslow 1954
kerlingeri Teorias gansazRvravs, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli

konstruqtebis (cnebebis), gansazRvrebebisa da debulebebis erTobliobas,
romelic
fenomenis
sistematur
xedvas
gvTavazobs
cvladebs
Soris
urTierTkavSiris CvenebiT da miznad isaxavs fenomenebis axsnasa da

winaswarmetyvelebas (kerlinger 1970). garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Teoria
empiriuli
monacemebis
gamoyenebisTvis
calkeul
mowodebul
gabneul
erTian,
nawilebs
logikurad
ufro
farTo
Tanmimdevrul
58
konceptualur CarCoSi uyris Tavs. amasTan, Teoria Tavad aris axali

informaciisa da aRmoCenebis wyaro. amgvarad, is axali hipoTezebisa da
aqamde
dausmeli
kiTxvebis
wyaroa.
is
gansazRvravs
Semdgomi
kvlevebisTvis mniSvnelovan sferoebs, avlens Cavardnebs Cven codnaSi da

mkvlevars
manamde
ucnobi
fenomenebis
arsebobis
aRiarebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
cxadia, arsebobs Teoriis ramdenime saxeoba da TiToeuli maTgani
mticebulebis sakuTar saxeobebs gansazRvravs. magaliTad, morisoni
(1955a) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs empiriul Teoriebs, did Teoriebs da
kritikul Teorias. empiriuli Teoriebi da kritikuli Teoriebi qvemoT

aris ganxiluli. didi Teoria metanarativia, romelic gansazRvravs
kvlevis
sferos,
konceptualur
qcevisa
da
spekulaciuria,
struqturebsa
organizaciebis
ganmartavs
da
CarCoebs
aRqmis
da
da
gzebs
naTlad
ayalibebs
kreatulad
afarToebs
(Layder
1994).
is
iyenebs
fundamentur ontologiur da epistemologiur postulatebs, romlebic

kvlevis
sferos
gansazRvrisTvisaa
gankuTvnili
(Hughes
1976).
am
SemTxvevaSi empiriuli masala sailustraciod ufro gamoiyeneba, vidre

dasasabuTeblad. es exeba zogierT sociologiur Teorias, magaliTad,
marqsizms,
konsensusis
sociologebi
Teorias
SeiZleba,
da
funqcionalizms.
aRfrTovanebuli
iyvnen
maSin,
aseTi
roca
Teoriebis
Semajamebeli da yovlismomcveli bunebiT, maT mudmivad akritkebdnen.

magaliTad, mertonis (1949), qoserisa da rozenbergis (1969), dolisa (1993)
da leideris (1994) mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Teoriebi SeiZleba
didi
filosofiuri
brwyinvalebiTa
da
sistemebis
logikuri
mecnierulad
unayofo
samyarosTan,
romelic
da
bizantiuri
TanmimdevrulobiT
ararelevanturia
RiaobiT,
da
fluidurobiT,
struqturuli
gvizidavdes,
ar
aris
mainc
kavSirSi
heterogenurobiTa
da
danawevrebulobiT xasiaTdeba. es wigni am tipis Teorias ar ganixilavs.

Teoriis statusi mniSvnelovnad icvleba interesis sferoSi Semavali
codnis
sferosa
da
disciplinis
mixedviT.
zogierTi
Teoria,
iseve,
59
rogorc
sabunebismetyvelo
daxvewilobis
ganaTlebis
maRali
mecnierebebSi,
xarisxiT
Teoriis
eleganturobisa
xasiaTdeba.
msgavsad,
sxvebi,
Camoyalibebis
da
savaraudod,
mxolod
adreul
safexurebze imyofeba da amitom Zalze arasworxazovani da araTanabaria.

poperi (1968), lakatosi (1970),3 moli (1978), laudeni (1990) da rasmuseni
(1990) gamoyofen efeqturi empiriuli Teoriis Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:
Teoriuli sistema deduqciis saSualebas unda iZleodes da qmnides

kanonebs, romelTa Semowmeba
empiriulad iqneba SesaZlebeli. es
niSnavs, rom is unda uzrunvelyofdes dadasturebis an uaryofis

saSualebas.
adamians
Teoriis
validobis
Semowmeba
mxolod
am
Teoriidan miRebuli debulebebis (hipoTezebis) validobis SemowmebiT

unda
SeeZlos.
Tu
sxvadasxva
hipoTezis
simcdaris
dasabuTebis
ganmeorebiTi mcdelobebi warumatebelia, maSin Teorias darwmunebiT

SegviZlia
gagrZeldes
vuwodoT
validuri.
manam,
araqmedunariani
sanam,
aRmoCndeba.
es
procesi
savaraudod,
amiT
usasrulod
SeiZleba
romelime
hipoTeza
Teoriis
araadekvaturobis
arapirdapiri mtkicebuleba Seiqmneba, ramac SeiZleba mis uaryofamde

(an, rogorc ufro xSirad xdeba, am Teoriis im ufro adekvaturi
TeoriiT Canacvlebamde migviyvanos, romelsac SeuZlia gamonaklisis
daSveba).
Teoria Tavsebadi unda iyos rogorc dakvirvebasTan, ise, manamde

moqmed
TeoriebTan.
is
gadamowmebul
empiriul
monacemebs
unda
efuZnebodes da azrian debulebebsa da hipoTezebs unda eyrdnobodes.

rac ufro kargia Teoria, miT metad adekvaturad SeuZlia sakvlevi
fenomenebis axsna da miT meti faqtebis CarTva metad ganzogadebad
mniSvnelovan struqturaSi. faqtebs Soris Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
unda
arsebobdes.
terminebs,
is
romliTac
naTlad
da
cdilobs
zustad
empiriuli
winaswarmetyvelebasa da ganzogadebas.
unda
ganmartavdes
fenomenebis
im
axsnas,
60
Teoria martivi terminebiT unda iyos gadmocemuli. kargia is Teoria,

romelic umartivesad xsnis ufro mets. es ekonomiurobis kanonia.
Teoriam monacemebi adekvaturad unda axsnas da ar unda iyos imdenad
yovlismomcveli, rom usaSvelod gaiberos.
Teorias unda hqondes axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis mniSvnelovani

potenciali.
Teorias unda SeeZlos dasakvirvebel anomaliebze reagireba.
Teoria unda badebdes kvlevebs (am Temas exmaureba sigelis (1987)

komentari,
rom
efeqturi
Teoriis
erT-erTi
maxasiaTebeli
misi
nayofierebaa).
Teoriam
unda
gamoavlinos
sizuste da
universaloba
da
Tavadve
Seqmnas sakuTari falsifikaciisa da Semowmebis safuZveli imiT, rom

gansazRvros mkacri Semowmebis xasiaTi da moqmedeba (Popper 1968).
efeqturi empiriuli Teoriis Semowmeba im konteqstisgan gansxvavebul
konteqstSi xdeba, romelmac dasabami misca mas, anu unda gavcdeT
martiv
dadasturebasa
da
gacnobas
da
Semowmebisken
vimoZraoT
(Laudan 1990). unda dadgindes, Tu ra tipis mtkicebulebaa saWiro

Teoriis dasadastureblad an uarsayofad.
Teoria zedmiwevniT operacionalizebadi unda iyos.
Teoriis Semowmeba unda meordebodes, anu unda SeiZlebodes misi

xelaxla Semowmeba.
zogjer
Teoriis nacvlad, an mis Casanacvlebel
formad,
sityva
modeli gamoiyeneba. orive termini SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc farTo

konceptualuri
CarCos
mqone
amxsneli
saSualeba
an
sqema,
Tumca,
modelebi xSirad analogiebs iyeneben konkretuli fenomenis grafikulad

an vizualurad ukeT warmodgenis mizniT. Tu zustia da faqtebs mcdarad
ar warmoaCens, models SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva fenomenebis bunebis
ZiriTad sakiTxebSi sinaTlis Setanasa da fokusirebaSi.
61
hiCkoki da hagisi (1995) aerTianeben da aviTareben zemoT moyvanili

msjelobis xazs da Teorias Semdegnairad aRweren:
Teoria
ganixileba,
rogorc
socialuri
samyaros
Sesaxeb
codnis
sistemuri struqturis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli. am procesSi Teoria

iyenebs cnebebs, sistemebs, modelebs, struqturebs, rwmenebs, ideebsa da
hipoTezebs (Teoriebs), raTa gamoTqvas debulebebi moqmedebebis, movlenebisa
Tu
aqtivobebis
mizezebis,
garkveuli
Sedegebisa
da
saxeobebis
procesis
Sesaxeb
analizi.
da
sxva
ganaxorcielos
sityvebiT,
es
maTi
niSnavs
movlenebis iseTi saSualebebiT axsnas, romlebic Tavsebadia konkretul

filosofiur
safuZvelTan,
an,
magaliTad,
konkretul
sociologiur
an
fsiqologiur poziciasTan. maSasadame, Teoriebis mizania, rogorc garkveuli

raodenobis
cvladebs
Soris
arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebebis
Sesaxeb
varaudebis gamoTqma, ise, maTi gaanalizeba, rodesac empiriuli kvleva-ZiebiT

SesaZlebelia garkveuli regularobebisa da uwyvetobebis demonstrireba.
(Hitchcock and Hughes 1995: 20-1)
mecnieruli Teoriebi bunebiT droebiTi unda iyos. Teoria verasodes

iqneba dasrulebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom moicavdes yvelafers, rac ki
aris cnobili da nakvlevi mocemuli fenomenis Sesaxeb. rogorc moli
(1978) amtkicebs, erT mecnierul Teorias maSinve anacvlebs ukeTesi, ufro
daxvewili Teoria, rogorc ki axali codnis mopoveba xdeba.
Teoriebsa
romlebsac
ganvixiloT
da
modelebze
mecnierebi
ori
aseTi
saubrisas
muSaobisas
xelsawyo
SevexeT
iyeneben.
_
cneba
axla
da
im
instrumentebs,
ufro
hipoTeza,
detalurad
romlebic
gadamwyvet rols asrulebs mecnierebaSi.
mecnierebis xelsawyoebi
cnebebi asaxaven konkretulidan gakeTebul ganzogadebebs, magaliTad,
risxva,
miRweva,
gaucxoeba,
siswrafe,
inteleqti,
demokratia.
Tu
am
magaliTebs ufro kargad davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom TiToeuli maTgani

aris sityva, romelic ideas gamoxatavs: ufro zustad, cneba aris sityvis
(anu simbolos) da ideis, anu koncefciis urTierToba. vinc ar unda
62
viyoT da rasac ar unda vakeTebdeT, yvelani viyenebT cnebebs. bunebrivia,

zogierTi maTgani saerToa erT kulturaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis yvela
jgufisTvis da yvela iyenebs maT. aseTi cnebebia, magaliTad, bavSvi,
siyvaruli da samarTlianoba. Tumca, sxva cnebebis gamoyenebis areali
ufro SezRudulia da maT mxolod garkveuli jgufebi, specialistebi an
profesiis
warmomadgenlebi
iyeneben.
aseTi
cnebebis
magaliTebia
idioglosia, retroaqtiuli Sekaveba da anticipatoruli socializacia.

cnebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom samyaros garkveuli mniSvnelobebi
mivaniWoT. maTi saSualebiT realoba mniSvnelobas, wesrigsa da logikur
Tanmimdevrulobas
iZens.
cnebebi
saSualebebia,
romliTac
TanxmobaSi
movdivarT Cven gamocdilebasTan. Sesabamisad, is, Tu rogor aRviqvamT

samyaros, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia Cven xelT arsebul cnebaTa
erTobliobaze. rac ufro meti cneba gvaqvs maragSi, miT meti sensoruli
monacemi SegviZlia avkrifoT da rac ar unda iyos sadRac iq, miT
metad sando iqneba Cveni perceptuli (da kognituri) wvdoma. Tu samyaros
Cveneul aRqmebs Cven xelT arsebuli cnebebi ganapirobebs, maSin aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom cnebaTa sxvadasxva erTobliobis mqone adamianebi
erTsa da imave obieqtur realobas sxvadasxvagvarad dainaxaven _ eqimi
sruliad
gansxvavebul
cnebebze
dayrdnobiT
dasvamda
daavadebis
diagnozs, vidre, vTqvaT, araprofesionali imsjelebda imave daavadebaze

SezRuduli da gamartivebuli frazebiT.
amrigad,
SeiZleba
ikiTxoT,
saiT
mivyavarT
am
yvelafers?
pasuxi
martivia: imisken, rom socialur mecnierebs msgavsad Camoyalibebuli an

saTanado
detaluri
gansazRvrebebis
mqone
cnebebi
aqvT,
rac
maT
saSualebas aZlevs, rom erTmaneTis msgavsad aRiqvan samyaro da samyaros

is nawili asaxon, romelic maTi kvlevis sferoSi Sedis. mTlianobaSi es
cnebebi qmnian ufro farTo mniSvnelobebis sistemas, romelic maT im
realobis
axsnis
cxovrebiseul
SesaZleblobas
gamocdilebaSi
iRebs
aZlevs,
saTaves
romelic
da
yoveldRiur
dasturdeba.
am
63
mosazrebis sailustraciod gamodgeba socialuri klasis cneba. hiuzi

(Hughes 1976) ambobs, rom is gvTavazobs
wess,
bades,
gamocdilebis
marTalia,
Sesaxeb
zogjer
saubrisas
bundovans,
im
gamosayeneblad,
garkveuli
romelic
tipis
ekonomikur
mdgomareobas, cxovrebis stils, cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobebs exeba da am

cnebis sxva cnebebTan dakavSirebiT Cven saSualeba gveZleva konkretul
sistemaSi an sferoSi avagoT Teoria gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.
(Hughes 1976: 34)
mecnierul
cnebebze
saubrisas
ori
mniSvnelovani
momenti
unda
aRiniSnos. pirvelia is, rom isini ar arseboben Cvengan damoukideblad:

faqtobrivad,
isini
Cveni
gamogonebaa,
romelic
saSualebas
gvaZlevs
raRac mainc gavarkvioT bunebis, sul mcire, aSkarad SesamCnev qaosSi.

meorea is, rom maTi raodenoba sasrulia da amiT upirispirdebian im
fenomenTa usasrulo raodenobas, romelTa axsnac moeTxovebaT.
mecnieris meore umniSvnelovanesi xelsawyo hipoTezaa. swored aqedan
iwyeba
kvlevaTa
Sedegobriv
hipoTezas
an
umravlesoba,
Tanmxleb
ganmartavs,
gansakuTrebiT
urTierTobebs
rogorc
maSin,
ikvleven.
savaraudo
rodesac
mizez-
kerlingeri
debulebas
ori
an
(1970)
meti
cvladis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, an codnaze dafuZnebul varauds,

Tumca
is
gansxvavdeba
codnaze
damyarebuli
xSirad mniSvnelovani Seswavlis, gaazrebisa
varaudisgan
da
imiT,
dakvirvebis
rom
Sedegia.
medavari (Medawar 1972) hipoTezasa da mis funqciaze ase wers:

mecnieruli
gagebis
yvela
winsvla
TavgadasavliT
iwyeba,
winaswari
nebismier
warmosaxviT,
doneze
Tu
ra
spekulaciuri
SeiZleba
iyos
WeSmariti, winaswari warmodgeniT, romelic yovelTvis da aucileblad

mcirediT mainc (zogjer ki didad) scdeba imas, risi dajerebis logikuri da
faqtobrivi dasabuTebac mogvepoveba. es SesaZlo samyaros gamogonebaa, an am
samyaros mciredi nawilia. Semdeg am varauds akritikeben, raTa dadgindes, es
warmosaxviTi samyaro rameTi mainc Tu hgavs realurs. maSasadame, ori azris
urTierTqmedebis nebismier doneze, mecnieruli msjeloba aris ori xmis _
64

warmosaxviTisa da kritikulis _ dialogi; dialogi, Tu gnebavT, SesaZlosa
da
realurs,
SemoTavazebulsa
da
moZvelebuls,
varaudsa
da
kritikas,
SesaZlo WeSmaritebasa da arsebul, dadgenil faqts Soris.

(Medawar 1972)
kerlingerma (1970) gamoyo kargi hipoTezis ori kriteriumi. pirvelia

is, rom hipoTeza aris debuleba cvladebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb;
meorea is, rom hipoTeza saxavs masSi gamoTqmuli varaudis Semowmebisa
da mimarTebebis dadgenis gzebs. amas avtori or damxmare kriteriumsac
umatebs: hipoTeza arsebul codnasTan Sedarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva
da
is
SeZlebisdagvarad
ekonomiurad
aris
mocemuli.
amgvarad,
Tu
vvaraudobT, rom socialuri klasi ganapirobebs akademiur miRwevas, Cven

gvaqvs
erTi
akademiur
cvladis
miRwevasTan.
kerlingeris
mier
socialuri
da
klasis
vinaidan
gansazRvruli
mimarTeba
orive
meoresTan
cvladi
ZiriTadi
gazomvadia,
kriteriumebi
dakmayofilebulia. isini arc kerlingeriseul damxmare kriteriumebs

arRveven (aseve, ixileT CanarTi 1. 4).
CanarTi 1. 4.
hipoTeza
roca mecniers ukve formulirebuli aqvs hipoTeza, mas Semdegi nabijis
gadadgma
SeuZlia.
hipoTeza
warmarTavs
mkvlevars,
rom
zogi
dakvirveba
SearCios, zogi _ ara da daiwyos eqsperimentireba. mecnierebi gamocdilebiT

arkveven kargi hipoTezis maxasiaTeblebs. hipoTeza, romelic iseTi zogadia, rom
nebismier fenomens moergeba, praqtikulad arafris mTqmelia. rac ufro meti

SezRudvaa hipoTezaSi, miT metad informaciulia is.
kargi hipoTeza logikurad uSualo unda iyos, anu unda xsnides imas, ris
asaxsneladac aris mowodebuli da ara _ sxva fenomenebs. logikuri uSualoba
hipoTezaSi niSnavs imas, rom misi Semowmeba SesaZlebelia SedarebiT pirdapiri,
uSualo da realuri saSualebebiT. axsnis xelovnebis didi nawilia iseTi
hihoTezebis
formulireba,
romelTa
ganxorcielebadi eqsperimentebiT.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Medawar 1981
Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia
realurad
65
Semdeg is asaxelebs im oTx mizezs, ris gamoc aris hipoTeza kvlevis

mniSvnelovani iaraRi. pirveli, is mkvlevrebis Zalisxmevis organizebas
axdens.
hipoTezaSi
gasakeTebeli. is
gamoxatuli
mkvlevrebs
urTierToba
problemis
gviCvenebs,
ukeT gagebis
Tu
ra
aris
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs da monacemebis Segrovebis, analizisa da interpretaciis CarCos

uzrunvelyofs.
meore,
kerlingeris
sityviT,
is
Teoriis
samuSao
instrumentia. misi deduqciurad miReba Teoriidan an sxva hipoTezebidan

aris
SesaZlebeli.
mesame,
SesaZlebelia
misi
empiriulad
an
eqsperimentulad Semowmeba da Sedegad dadastureba an uaryofa. aseve,

yovelTvis
arsebobs
dadasturebuli
SesaZlebloba,
hipoTeza
kanonad
rom
erTxel
iqces.
meoTxe,
dasabuTebuli
hipoTeza
da
codnis
gamdidrebis mZlavri iaraRia, vinaidan, rogorc kerlingeri (1970) xsnis,

is sakuTari Tavis farglebs gareT gasvlis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
hipoTezebi da cnebebi arsebiT rols asrulebs mecnierul meTodSi da
axla swored mecnierul meTods mivapyrobT yuradRebas.
mecnieruli meTodi
Tu mecnierebis yvelaze gamorCeuli Tviseba empiriulobaa, Semdegi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli misi procedurebia, romlebic ara
marto imas gviCvenebs, Tu rogor miiReba monacemebi, aramed sakmarisad
naTeli da gameorebadia kolega-mkvlevrebisTvis anu sxvebs SeuZliaT
imave an sxva masalis gamoyenebiT maTi Semowmeba da amiT Sedegebis
gadamowmeba.
rogorc
qafi
da
peini
(Cuff and Payne 1979)
amboben:
mecnieruli midgoma aucileblad gulisxmobs misi Sedegebis empiriuli

dasabuTebis
standartebs
da
debulebebisa
da
samyaroSi
movlenebis
realur
Tanxvedras
procedurebs,
mimdinare
(Cuff and Payne 1979: 4).
romlebic
an
am
ukve
gviCvenebs
momxdari
standartebsa
da
procedurebs moxerxebulobisTvis mecnierul meTods vuwodebT, Tumca

aman SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos Semdegi mizezis gamo: zedsarTavi
saxelisa da mxolobiT ricxvSi mocemuli arsebiTi saxelis kombinacia
zogi adamianis gonebaSi problemis gadawyvetisadmi erTi konkretuli
66
midgomis warmodgenas qmnis; midgomis, romelSic atomebi an virTxebi

moiazrebian da laboratoriis farglebSi xorcieldeba. Tumca, masSi
gacilebiT meti igulisxmeba. es termini, faqtobrivad, moicavs meTodebis
rigs, romlebic
imisda
mixedviT,
ganviTarebis
ra
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian daxvewilobis

Tu
ra
etapzea
funqcias
asruleben
mecniereba.
da
CanarTSi
mocemul
1.
xarisxiT
momentSi
warmodgenilia
mecnierebis Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis safexurebi an, ufro realurad Tu

vityviT,
is
ganviTarebaSi
safexurebi,
romlebic
yovelTvis
da
gamowvevac
SeuZliaT
romelTa
fiqsirdeba
mecnierebs
mis
imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra tipis informacias eZeben, an ra tipis problemis winaSe

dganan. terminis mecnieruli meTodi asaxsnelad Cven gansakuTrebiT
gvainteresebs II, III da IV etapebi. II etapi SedarebiT naklebi sirTuliT
xasiaTdeba. am etapze mkvlevari faqtebze dakvirvebiTa da maTi CaweriT
kmayofildeba da, savaraudod, klasifikaciis garkveul sistemamde midis.
ganaTlebis kvlevis didi nawili, gansakuTrebiT, klasisa da skolis
doneze, swored ase warmoebs, magaliTad, kiTxvarebiTa da SemTxvevebis
SeswavliT. III etapze meti daxvewiloba da sirTule Semodis, vinaidan
Camoyalibebis procesSi myof farTo Teoriul CarCoSi cvladebs Soris
mimarTebis dadgenas cdiloben. IV etapi yvelaze daxvewili da rTulia
da adamianebi xSirad mxolod mas miiCneven mecnierul meTodad. mizezSedegobriobis dasadgenad, martivi asociaciis sazomebisgan gansxvavebiT,
mkvlevrebi qmnian eqsperimentul situaciebs, romlebSic wamoyenebuli
hipoTezebis Semowmebis mizniT cvladebiT manipulireben. es procesi
iwyeba
pirveladi,
Camouyalibebeli
hipoTezebamde, maT empiriul
ideebidan
da
Semowmebamde da Semdeg
dadasturebamde an modifikaciamde midis (Kerlinger 1970).
ufro
zust
am hipoTezebis
67
CanarTi 1.5
mecnierebis ganviTarebis etapebi
1.
mecnierebis
gansazRvra
da
im
fenomenebis
identifikacia,
romlebic
erTiandeba am mecnierebaSi.
2. dakvirvebis etapi, romelzec xdeba relevanturi faqtorebis, cvladebis
an
debulebebis
identificireba
da
saxeldeba;
aseve,
yalibdeba
kategoriebi da taqsonomiebi.
3.
korelaciuri
kvleva,
romelSic
erTmaneTs
ukavSirdeba
cvladebi
da
parametrebi da informacia sistematurad integrirdeba da yalibdeba

Teoriebis saxiT.
4. cvladebis sistematuri da gakontrolebuli manipulacia imis sanaxavad,
iZleva Tu ara eqsperimenti mosalodnel Sedegebs _ korelaciidan mizezSedegobriobisken gadanacvleba.
5. wina etapebze dagrovili codnis Teoriuli sistemis saxiT gaformeba.
sakvlevi
fenomenebis
bunebidan
gamomdinare,
SesaZlebelia
kanonebis
formulireba da sistematizacia.
6. Camoyalibebuli
Teoriis
gamoyeneba
problemebis
gadasaWrelad,
an
Semdgomi hipoTezebis wyarod.
CanarTSi 1. 5 mocemuli III da IV etapebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia

vTqvaT,
rom
mecnieruli
meTodi
mocemul
situaciaSi
arsebuli
elementebis mTeli erTobliobidan zogierTi elementis cnobieri da

mizanmimarTuli
hiCkokma
da
rvaetapiani
SerCeviT
hiuzma
modeli,
(1995:
iwyebs
muSaobas.
23)
SemogvTavazes
romelic
exmianeba
SedarebiT
mogvianebiT,
mecnieruli
kerlingeris
meTodis
models
warmodgenilia CanarTSi 1. 6.
CanarTi 1.6
mecnieruli meTodis rvaetapiani modeli
I etapi:
II etapi:
hipoTezebi, eWvebi da varaudebi;

eqsperimenti dagegmilia, gakeTda SerCeva, gamoyves cvladebi;
III etapi:
ipoves korelaciebi, daadgines kanonzomierebebi;
IV etapi:
Camoayalibes hipoTezebi kanonzomierebebis asaxsnelad;
da
68

V etapi:
Seamowmes axsnebi da winaswarmetyvelebebi; falsificirebadoba;
VI etapi:
kanonebi Camaoyalibes an ar daadastures (hipoTezebis uaryofa);
VII etapi:
VIII etapi:
ganzogadebebi anu generalizacia gakeTda;

axali Teoriebi.
elementebi, romelTac mkvlevari eWideba, bunebrivad unda ergebodes

mecnierul formulirebas. es niSnavs, rom maT raodenobrivi aspeqti
eqnebaT. ZiriTadi samuSao xelsawyo iqneba hipoTeza, romelic, rogorc
vnaxeT, aris debuleba. is miuTiTebs or an met arCeul elements Soris
kavSirze (an am kavSiris ararsebobaze) da isea formulirebuli, rom
naTlad
iZleodes Semowmebis
irCeven
yvelaze
Sesatyvis
SesaZleblobas. amis
meTods
da
iwyeben
Semdeg
TavianTi
mecnierebi
hipoTezebis
Semowmebas.
pozitivizmisa da mecnieruli meTodis kritika

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli saqmianoba pozitivizmis gamoyenebiT
warmatebuli gamodga, gansakuTrebiT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
sferoSi, misi ontologiuri da epistemologiuri safuZvlebi garkveul
wreebSi uwyveti da zogjer mwvave kritikis qarcecxlSi eqceoda. XIX
saukunis meore naxevridan wina planze farTod wamoiwia pozitivizmis
winaaRmdeg
ajanyebam
da
evropis
zogierTi
saukeTeso
moazrovne
filosofosebi, mecnierebi, socialuri kritikosebi da xelovanebi _

miizida.
arsebiTad,
samyaroze,
es
romelic,
iyo
reaqcia
rogorc
mecnierTa
isini
mier
amtkicebdnen,
aRweril
Zirs
iseTL
uTxris
sicocxlesa da gonebas. miiCnevdnen ra samyaros cocxal organizmad da

ara meqanikur manqanad, antipozitivisturi Setevis konkretul samiznes
warmoadgenda mecnierTa mier bunebis meqanikuri da reduqcionistuli
xedva, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, sicocxles gazomvadi da ara Sinagani
gamocdilebis
terminebiT
ganmartavs
da
gamoricxavs
arCevnis,
Tavisuflebis, individualobisa da moraluri pasuxismgeblobis ideebs

(magaliTad, Nesfield-Cookson 1987).
69
pozitivizmis
mtkicebebis
kidev
erTi
kritika
danieli
filosofosisgan, egzistencializmis erT-erTi damaarseblisgan, sioren

kirkegorisgan modioda. kirkegors ainteresebda
sakuTari
Tavis
umaRles
donemde
pirovnebebi da
ganviTarebis
maTi
realizaciis
moTxovnileba. pirovnebis potencialis realizeba misTvis iyo arsebobis

sazrisi,
romelsac
individualurs,
igi
xedavda,
unikalursa
da
rogorc
konkretulsa
arareduqcirebuls,
da
romelic
ar
eqvemdebareba konceptualizacias (Back 1979). Cveni epoqis damaxasiaTebeli

niSani _ demokratiuli masis mentalitetis rwmena, gonebis dominireba,
mecnieruli da teqnikuri progresi _ es yvelaferi aferxebs am miznis
miRwevas da individis dehumanizacias uwyobs xels. surda ra adamianebis
maTive
iluziebisgan
ganTavisufleba,
kirkegors
yvelaze
metad
obieqturoba afiqrebda. amaSi is qcevisa da azrovnebis wesebis SemoRebas

gulisxmobda da, aseve, moiazrebda pirovnebis damkvirveblad gadaqcevas,
romelic adamianis qcevis warmmarTveli zogadi kanonebis aRmosaCenad
iyo
mowodebuli.
is
amtkicebda,
rom
adamianebma
subieqturobis
SesaZlebloba unda daibrunon. igi subieqturobas uwodebda adamianis

unars, sakuTari urTierToba, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo is, kvlevaZiebis fokusSi moeqcia. gansxvaveba, romelsac is obieqturobasa da
subieqturobas Soris xedavda, Semdeg amonaridSia mocemuli:
rodesac WeSmaritebis sakiTxi obieqturi kuTxiT dgeba, refleqsia anu
msjeloba
obieqturad
miemarTeba
WeSmaritebisken,
rogorc
obieqtisken,
romelTanac kavSiri aqvs Semmecnebels. Tumca, refleqsia ar fokusirdeba

urTierTobaze, aramed _ kiTxvaze, WeSmaritia Tu ara is, rasTanac aqvs
kavSiri
Semmecnebels.
mxolod
maSin
miiCneva
subieqti
WeSmaritebasTan
naziarebad, Tu obieqti, romelTanac mas aqvs kavSiri, WeSmaritia. roca

WeSmaritebis
sakiTxi
subieqturi
kuTxiT
dgeba,
refleqsia
subieqturad
warimarTeba pirovnebis urTierTobis bunebisken. Tu am urTierTobis modusi

WeSmaritebaSia, mxolod maSin miiCneva, rom es individi WeSmaritebas eziara,
Tundac mas iseT raRacasTan hqondes urTierToba, rac ar aris WeSmariti.
(Kierkegaard 1974: 178)
70
kirkegorisTvis
subieqturoba
da
WeSmaritebis
konkretulobaa
sinaTlis matarebeli. nebismieri, vinc mecnierebiT an wesebiT marTuli

moralis erTgulia, sibneleSi imyofeba da am sibnelidan gamoyvanas
saWiroebs (Warnock 1970).
socialuri mecnierebebis dehumanizaciis gamomwvevi gavlenebi ionsis
(1977) interesTa sferoSic Sedis. aRiarebs ra, maT did wvlils bevri
sakiTxisTvis
naTlis
statistikur
Teoriaze
(kvantifikaciis)
amtkicebs,
mofenaSi, is seriozul
da
rom
dafuZnebuli
gamoTvlebis
kvantifikacia
depersonalizaciis
riskis
kvantifikaciasTan,
rogorc
SeSfoTebas
raodenobrivi
gamoyenebis
gzebis
koleqtivizmis
matarebelia.
aseTTan,
gamoTqvams
mas
aramed
gazomvisa
Taobaze.
formaa,
araferi
romelic
aqvs
aSfoTebs,
is
sadavo
rodesac
is
TviTmizani xdeba _ maTematikis ganStoeba da ara humanitaruli kvleva,

romelic adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis myife garemoebebis Seswavlasa
da
interpretacias
eswrafvis
(Ions 1977).
es
pozitivizmis,
bunebis Sesaxeb cnebebis maTematizaciis, horkheimeriseul
rogorc
(Horkheimer
1972) mZlavr kritikas exmianeba.

obieqturi cnobierebis kidev erTi mZlavri da damajerebeli kritika
roszaks (Roszak 1970; 1972) ekuTvnis, romelic amtkicebs, rom obieqturobis
maZiebeli
mecniereba
Cven
sakuTar
WeSmarit
me-sTan
da
bunebasTan
gaucxoebis formas warmoadgens. nebismieri inteleqtualuri aqtivobis

gamarTleba
im
efeqtSi
Zevs,
romelsac
is
axdens
Cven
mzard
gacnobierebulobasa da cnobierebis xarisxze. zogierTebi amtkiceben,

rom
es
zrda
pozitivisturma
Cven
droSi
paradigmam
im
farTo
iqonia
Cveni
gavlenam
Seanela,
inteleqtualuri
romelic
cxovrebis
sferoebze. holbruki (Holbrook 1977), magaliTad, cnobierebas adamianis

arsebobis centrSi ayenebs da Zalze Sefiqrianebulia imiT, Tu ra mosdis
mas; pozitivizmsa da empirizms kicxavs Sinagani samyaros, moralisa da
subieqturobis arqonis gamo.
71
hampden-terneri (Hampden-Turner 1970) askvnis, rom adamianebis Sesaxeb

socialuri mecnierebiseuli xedva tendenciuria im TvalsazrisiT, rom
konservatulia
da
mniSvnelovan
Tvisebebs
yuradRebis
miRma
tovebs.
adamianebis es SezRuduli xatebi, amtkicebs is, imitom Cndeba, rom

socialuri
mecnierebi,
koncentrirdebian
mTlianobis
pirovnebis
wvdomis
ganmeorebad,
mcdelobis
mizniT,
prognozirebad
da
invariantul aspeqtebze, subieqturi samyaros gamomricxav TvalsaCino

garegan
gamovlinebebze
da
pirovnebis
calkeul
mdgenelebze
koncentrirdebian.
hebermasi (Hebermas 1972), kritikuri Teoriis (kritikul Teorias qvemoT
ganvixilavT)
frankfurtis
skolasTan
erTad,
sastikad
akritikebs
pozitivizms, amtkicebs ra, rom mecnieruli mentaliteti TiTqmis uryevi

WeSmaritebis
miuwvdomel
(saientizmi)
iqna
epistemologia.
ayvanili,
am
poziciaze,
rogorc
TvalsazrisiT,
TiTqmis
dasavluri
mTeli
religiis
samyaros
codna
donemde
erTaderTi
gaTanabrebulia
mecnierul codnasTan. es uaryofs codnis hermenevtikul, esTetikur,

kritikul, moralur, kreatiul da sxva formebs. mas qceva teqnicizmamde
dahyavs.
pozitivizmis daintereseba kontroliT da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi
apelireba
biheviorizmis
pasiurobasa
da
instrumentul
mizezze,
seriozul safrTxes uqmnis socialuri qcevis ufro metad gaxsnil,

kreatul da humanitarul aspeqtebs. habermasi (1972; 1974) da horkheimeri
(1972)
amtkiceben,
rom
saientizmi
axSobs
mniSvnelovan
debats
Rirebulebebis, informirebuli mosazrebis, moraluri msjelobisa da

rwmenebis Sesaxeb. mecnieruli axsna qcevis axsnis erTaderT saSualebad
aris miCneuli da maTTvis es seriozulad amcirebs im maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebic
adamians
sazogadoebas
qmnis.
adamianad
pozitivizms
aqceven.
ar
is
aqvs
sindisisgan
pasuxi
daclil
cxovrebis
bevr
saintereso an mniSvnelovan sferoze (Habermas 1972: 300). faqtobrivad, es

exmianeba uitgenSteinis (Wittgenstein 1974) cnobil komentars, rom, roca
72
yvela SesaZlo mecnieruli kiTxva pasuxgacemulia, xeluxlebeli rCeba

cxovrebis ZiriTadi problemebi.
sxva kritika, Cveulebisamebr, pozitivisturi socialuri mecnierebis
donisaa. erT-erTi maTgani isaa, rom is ver iTvaliswinebs sakuTari
gamocdilebis
interpretirebisa
da
sakuTari
TavisTvis
wardgenis
unikalur unars. Cven SegviZlia da vagebT Teoriebs sakuTari Tavisa da

Cveni samyaros Sesaxeb; metic, Cven vmoqmedebT am TeoriebiT. vinaidan ar
cnobs
amas,
tovebs
pozitivisturi
socialuri
sabunebismetyvelo
mecniereba
mecnierebebTan
yuradRebis
arsebul
miRma
absolutur
gansxvavebebs. socialuri mecniereba, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisgan

gansxvavebiT, Tavis kvlevis sferoSi subieqti-subieqtis da ara subieqtiobieqtis
mimarTebis
safuZvelze dgas da
winaswar interpretirebul
samyaroSi muSaobs im azriT, rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac subieqtebi

operireben, samyaros maTeuli konstruqtis nawilia (Giddens 1976).
pozitivizmis
sirTule
isaa,
rom
is
adamianis
qcevas
pasiurad,
arsebiTad determinirebulad da gakontrolebulad miiCnevs da amiT

yuradRebis miRma tovebs intencias, individualizmsa da Tavisuflebas. am
midgomas igive sirTuleebi aqvs, rac biheviorizms, romelic Zlivs moego
gons Comskis (Chomsky 1959) gamanadgurebeli kritikis Semdeg, sadac is
wers, rom biheviorizmis erTaderTi problema isaa, rom Cven ar SegviZlia
qcevidan gamovitanoT daskvna mizezebze,
romelmac
gamoiwvia
esa
Tu
is
im stimulis identificireba,
reaqcia
esaa
stimul-reaqciis
skineriseuli Teoriis sisuste. pozitivizmTan dakavSirebuli es sakiTxi

socialur TeoriaSic wamoWris nacnob problemas, kerZod, daZabulobas
agentobasa
da
struqturas
Soris
(Layder
1994):
adamianebi
ar
axorcieleben saqmianobas _ individualur arCevansa da ganzraxvas _

sakuTari
surviliT,
magram
arc
marionetebiviT
martivad
da
deterministulad iqcevian.
da bolos, xSirad amboben, rom pozitivisturi socialuri mecnierebis
aRmoCenebi banaluri da trivialuria da rom bevri araferi moaqvT
73
maTTvis,
visTvisac
iyo
gankuTvnili,
kerZod,
maswavleblebisTvis,
socialuri muSakebisTvis, konsultantebisTvis, personalis menejerebisa

Tu
sxvebisTvis.
rogorc
eqsperimentirebisas
Cans,
cvladebis
mecnieruli
SezRudvaSi,
laboratoriuli
gamartivebasa
da
gakontrolebaSi rac ufro met Zalisxmevas xarjaven mkvlevrebi, miT

ufro
mosalodnelia,
rom
Sedegad
miiRon
mTlianis
Sekvecili,
sinTeturi versia, SezRudul garemoSi marionetebis konstruirebuli

TamaSi.4
es SemaSfoTebeli kritikaa, magram ra alternativebs gvTavazoben
isini, vinc akritikebs pozitivistur socialur mecnierebas?
pozitivisturi socialuri mecnierebis alternativebi:

naturalisturi midgomebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom pozitivizmis oponentebi socialuri mecnierebis
farglebSi
Tavad
skolaTagans
qmnian
Tavisi
TvalTaxedva
aqvs,
azris
sxvadasxva
mcirediT
yvela
skolas
gansxvavebuli
maTgans
aerTianebs
da
TiToeul
am
epistemologiuri
uaryofa
rwmenisa,
rom
adamianis qceva zogadi, universaluri kanonebiT imarTeba da safuZvlad

mdebare kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba. metic, isini
Tanxmdebian, rom
socialuri samyaros gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod individis poziciidan,

romelic
mimdinare
sakvlevi
qmedebis
nawils
warmoadgens;
amasTan,
pirovnebis maTeuli modeli avtonomiuria da ara xelovnuli versia,

romelsac amjobineben pozitivisti mkvlevrebi. ganyenebuli, obieqturi
damkvirveblis
maxasiaTeblis
individebis
Tvalsazrisis
_
qcevis
mkvlevari
maT
arsebuli
samyaros
uaryofisas
gageba
tradiciuli
kvlevis
antipozitivistebi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSia
msoflmxedvelobas
maTeuli
gaiziarebs:
interpretaciis
savaldebulo
amtkiceben,
SesaZlebeli, Tu
individebis
gageba
rom
irgvliv
Signidan
unda
modiodes da ara garedan. amgvarad, socialuri mecniereba ganixileba,

rogorc subieqturi da ara _ obieqturi saqmianoba; rogorc konkretul
specifikur konteqstSi adamianebis uSualo gamocdilebasTan mopyrobis
74
saSualeba;
sadac
xdeba
socialuri
realobis
gageba,
axsna
da
demistifikacia sxvadasxva monawilis TvalTaxedviT. monawileebi Tavad

gansazRvraven
socialur
realobas
1979)
(Beck
(ixileT
www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili 1. 3. ppt).

antipozitivisturma moZraobam socialuri mecnierebis im Semadgenel
nawilebze moaxdina gavlena, romlebic Cven yvelaze metad gvainteresebs,
kerZod,
fsiqologiaze,
socialur
fsiqologiis
SemTxvevaSi,
fsiqoanalizuri
skolebis
fsiqologiasa
magaliTad,
gverdiT
da
sociologiaze.
bihevioristuli
humanisturi
fsiqologiis
da
skola
Camoyalibda. warmoiqmna ra, rogorc mravali socialuri da kulturuli

garemosTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
dapirispirebis
sirTulis
dehumanizaciis
mzard
daxmareba/pasuxi,
is
grZnobasTan
miznad
isaxavda
pirovnebis, rogorc mTlianis, Seswavlasa da gagebas (Buhler and Allen 1972).

humanisti
fsiqologebi
gvTavazoben
adamianis
models,
romelSic
is
pozitiuri, aqtiuri da mizandasaxulia da, amasTanave, aqcents akeTebs

Tavisive
monawileobaze
formirebaSi.
sakuTari
introspeqciiTa
da
cxovrebiseuli
hipoTezebis
gamocdilebis
wamoyenebiT
dakavebuli
mecnierebi ar dganan ganze. maT adamianis intenciuri da kreatuli

aspeqtebi
ainteresebT.
humnisturi
fsiqologebis
TvalTaxedva,
bunebrivia, maT meTodologiaSic aisaxa. isini individebis Seswavlas

aniWeben
upiratesobas
da
ara
jgufebis
da,
aqedan
gamomdinare,
ideografiul midgomas amjobineben da ara _ nomoTeturs. adamianebis

ganaTlebis sferoSi am mimarTulebis filosofiis Setana karl rojerss
ekuTvnis.5
analogiuri
pirovnebebis
ganviTareba
mecnierebis
socialuri
moZraobaSi
fsiqologiis
SegviZlia
farglebSi
davinaxoT.
is
amtkicebda, rom sxvebis gasagebad sakuTari Tavi unda gamoviyenoT da,

piriqiT, sxvebis Cveneuli gageba sakuTari Tavis wvdomis saSualebaa _
adamianis
anTropomorfuli
modeli.
vinaidan
anTropomorfizmi
sityvasityviT adamianuri formisa da pirovnebis miniWebaa,
kritikas
75
iwvevs is, rom tradiciuli gagebiT socialurma fsiqologiam dRemde ver

SeZlo
adamianis
rogorc
iseTi
zogierTi
modelis
mruded
Seqmna,
rogoric
moazrovne
is
sinamdvileSia.
komentatori
mogvmarTavda,
mecnieruli miznebisTvis xalxs ise moepyariT, TiTqos isini adamianebi

(Harr and Secord 1972),
iyvnen
gulisxmobdenen,
rom
adamianebi
unda
ganvixiloT iseT arsebebad, visac qcevis ganxorcielebisas sakuTari

moqmedebebis monitoringi da struqturireba SeuZlia.
socialuri
fsiqologiis
anTropomorfuli
modelis
amocanaa
konteqstSi.
adamianebis
mecniereba
gageba
pirovnebisTvis
midgomis momxreebi did imedebs amyareben socialuri epizodebis, anu

konteqstSi qcevebis sistematur da gulmodgine analizze. CanarTSi 1. 7
mocemulia
procesis
aseTi
kvlevidan.
konkretuli
interaqciis
saklaso
epizodis
yuradReba
SemTxveva
analizis
cxovrebis
organizaciuli
magaliTi,
miaqcieT,
pozitivisti
kodirebis
am
da
Tu
gageba
aRebulia
rogor
mkvlevris
formaSi.
epizodis
warsulisa
romelic
mier
gamoiyureba
gamoyenebuli
sayuradReboa
mxolod
konteqstis
saklaso
isic,
rom
im
specifikuri
codnis
pirobebSia
SesaZlebeli, romelSic is moxda.
CanarTi 1.7
epizodi saklaso oTaxSi
uolkeri da adelmani Semdegnairad aRweren incindents:
erT
gakveTilze
kiTxulobdnen
maswavlebeli
saSinao
davalebad
usmenda
micemul
biWebs,
mokle
romlebic
eseebs
Temaze
xmamaRla
cixeebi.
rodesac erT-erTma biWma, uilsonma daasrula Tavisi aSkarad Zalze mokle

naSromis kiTxva, maswavlebelma sakmaod gaRizianebulma Tqva:
maswavlebeli: uilson,
Seni gagdeba mogviwevs, Tu ar Seicvli qcevas da ar
moamzadeb saSinao davalebas. sul es gaakeTe?

moswavle: marwyvebi, marwyvebi. (sicili)
76

erTi SexedviT, es yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. damkvirvebeli, romelic am
dialogis kodirebas flandersis interaqciuli analizis kategoriebiT axdens
(FIAC Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories), dawerda:
7 (maswavlebeli akritikebs) mosdevs a,
4 (maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas) mosdevs a,
9 (moswavlis gaRizianeba) da, sabolood, a.
10 (siCume an dabneuloba) momcinaris aRwera.
rogori
sando
da
validuric
ar
unda
iyos
aseTi
sityvieri
kodireba,
veravisTvis iqneba gasagebi, Tu ratom iyo frazis aseTi Sewyvetineba sasacilo.

adamianuri cnobismoyvareobis gamo gvinda, vicodeT, ratom icinis viRac da
amitom, vityodi, rom socialur mecniersac unda, icodes es. uolkerma da
adelmanma (1976) mogvianebiT ikiTxes, Tu ratom iyo marwyvebi stimuli misTvis,
vinc gaicina da miiRes pasuxi, rom maswavlebeli xSirad eubneboda moswavleebs,
rom davaleba marwyviviT kargia, radgan Tavdeba, magram sakmarisad didxans
arasodes
grZeldeba.
aq
warsulSi
gakeTebuli
komentari
klasis
saerTo
mniSvnelobaTa sistemis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. misi gageba mxolod maSin

SeiZleba, Tu xedav, rogor viTardeba es urTierToba droSi.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Delamont 1976
midgoma, romelic socialuri epizodebis analizs Tavad aqtorebis

terminebiT
axdens,
pozitivisturi
yuradRebis
socialuri
miRma
individebiseuli
fsiqologias
eTogenuri
tovebs
meTodis6
fsiqologiisgan
an
varaudebs
interpretaciebis
ainteresebs,
saxeliT
Tu
aris
cnobili.
gansxvavebiT,
romelic
gamoTqvams
Sesaxeb,
rogor
axdenen
situaciebis
eTogenur
adamianebi
socialur
TavianTi
socialur samyaros konstruirebas. is maTi qcevebis maTeul axsnebs

ikvlevs da amiT cdilobs, gaarkvios, rogor iqceodnen es adamianebi
konkretul viTarebaSi.
rogorc
pozitivisturi
naturalisturi,
midgomis
raodenobrivi
da
alternativebi,
sxvadasxvagvari
interpretaciuli
konkretuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT xasiaTdeba:
midgomebi
77
adamianebi mizanmimarTulebi da kreatulebi arian, isini gaazrebulad

moqmedeben
da
TavianT
moqmedebebsa
da
maT
Sedegebs
garkveul
mniSvnelobebs aniWeben (Blumer 1969).
adamianebi aqtiurad ageben sakuTar socialur samyaros _ isini ar

arian pozitivizmis kulturuli narkomanebi an pasiuri Tojinebi
(Garfinkel, 1967; Becker 1970).
situaciebi denadi da cvalebadia da ara _ fiqsirebuli da statikuri;

movlenebi da qceva droSi viTardeba da konteqstis Zlier gavlenas
ganicdis _ isini situaciuri aqtivobebia.
movlenebi da individebi unikaluria, didwilad _ araganzogadebadi.
mosazreba,
rom
Seiswavlebodes,
socialuri
mkvlevris
samyaro
masSi
bunebriv
Carevis
an
mdomareobaSi
misiT
unda
manipulirebis
gareSe (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983).
Sesaswavli fenomenebis siswore fundamenturia.
adamianebi movlenebis, konteqstebisa da situaciebis interpretacias

axdenen da am movlenebze dayrdnobiT moqmedeben (es exmianeba Tomasis
(Thomas
1928)
situaciebs
cnobil
gamonaTqvams,
realurad
aRiqvamen,
rom
maSin
Tu
adamianebi
realuria
am
TavianT
situaciebis
Sedegebi _ Tu mjera, rom magidis qveS Tagvia, ise moviqcevi, TiTqos

magidis qveS Tagvi iyos, ganurCevlad imisa, is iq marTla aris Tu ara
(Morrison 1998)).
calkeuli movlenebisa da situaciebis mravalgvari interpretacia da

xedviTi kuTxe arsebobs.
realoba mravalSriani da kompleqsuria.
bevri movlena ver daiyvaneba martiv interpretaciebze, Sesabamisad,

arsebiTia
gajerebuli
reduqcionizmi,
anu
aRwerebi
upiratesoba
(Geertz
eniWeba
romlebic situaciebis kompleqsurobas asaxavs.
1973b)
da
gajerebul
ara
aRwerebs,
78
saWiroa
situaciebis
Seswavla
monawileebis
da
ara
mkvlevris
poziciidan.
sociologiaSi antipozitivistur moZraobas sami skola warmoadgens _
fenomenologia, eTnomeTodologia da simboluri interaqcionizmi. am sam
skolas
fenomenebiT
anu
imiT
daintereseba
aerTianebs,
rasac
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uSualod SevigrZnobT da aqcents Tvisebriv da

ara
raodenobriv
meTodologiaze
akeTebs.
maT
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvavebebi da TiToeuli fenomenis roli saklaso procesebisa da

skolebis
kvlevaSi
imdenad
mniSvnelovania,
rom
ufro
farTo
da
detalur ganxilvas saWiroebs.
terminologiis sakiTxi: normatiuli da interpretaciuli

paradigmebi
aqamde gavecaniT da gansxvavebul terminebs viyenebdiT sxvadasxva
skolebisa da mimarTulebebis aRsawerad, romlebsac pozitivisturi da
antipozitivisturi
komunikaciis
romelic
midgomebi
gasamartiveblad,
tradiciulad
maTganSi
aerTianebs.
ganvsazRvravT
gamoiyeneba
gaerTianebuli
moxerxebulobisTvis
am
ori
kategoriebis
or
zogad
midgomis
aRsawerad,
da
da
termins,
TiToeul
gansakuTrebiT,
socialur fsiqologiasa da sociologiaSi. es terminebia normatiuli

da interpretaciuli. normatiuli paradigma (anu modeli) or ZiriTad
warmmarTvel
ideas
Seicavs
(Douglas 1973):
pirveli,
adamianis
qceva
arsebiTad kanonzomieria da meore, is sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis

meTodebiT
paradigmas
unda
ikvleodes.
individi
amis
ainteresebs.
sapirispirod,
Tu
interpretaciul
normatiuli
kvlevebi
pozitivisturia, interpretaciuli paradigmis farglebSi Seqmnili yvela

Teoria antipozitivisturisken ixreba. rogorc vnaxeT, interpretaciuli
paradigmis
konteqstSi
subieqturi
samyaros
ZiriTad
gageba.
aq
mizania
sakvlevi
adamianuri
fenomenebis
gamocdilebis
mTlianobis
SesanarCuneblad pirovnebis SigniT SeRwevasa da am fenomenebis iqidan

gagebas cdiloben; ewinaaRmdegebian garegani formisa da struqturis
79
miweras, vinaidan isini damkvirveblis mosazrebebs asaxaven da ara imas,

raSic realurad aris CarTuli aqtori.
axla
am
or
paradigmas
Soris
kidev
or
gansxvavebas
SegviZlia
SevexoT: pirveli qcevisa da qmedebis cnebebs ukavSirdeba, xolo

meore
Teoriis
centraluri
sxvadasxva
cneba
an
koncefcias.
eqsternul,
normatiuli
paradigmis
momdinare
stimulebs
garemodan
(magaliTad, meore adamiani, sazogadoebis moTxovnebi) exeba, an _ Sinagan

stimulebs
(magaliTad,
SimSili,
miRwevis
moTxovnileba).
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi qcevis mizezi warsulSia. interpretaciuli midgomebi, Tavis

mxriv,
moqmedebaze
vuwodoT.
es
fokusirdeba.
aris
orientirebuli
intenciuri,
qceva.
amas
SegviZlia
mimarTuli
moqmedebebi
azris
da
CvenTvis
mqone
amitom
mxolod
qceva
momavalze
maSin
iZens
mniSvnelobebs, Tu SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom aqtorebs ganzraxuli

aqvT
TavanTi
gamocdilebis
urTierTqmedebis
didi
nawili
gaziareba.
swored
Cveni
aseT
yoveldRiuri
saerTo,
gaziarebul
gamocdilebas eyrdnoba.
Teoriis mixedviT, normatiuli mkvlevrebi adamianis qcevis zogadi
Teoriebis Seqmnas eswrafian da maT dasabuTebas kvlevis sul ufro
garTulebuli
meTodologiebis
gamoyenebiT
cdiloben,
romlebic,
zogierTebis rwmeniT, sul ufro da ufro gvaSorebs gamocdilebasa da

yoveldRiuri samyaros gagebas da abstraqtuli samyarosken migvaqanebs.
maTTvis
bazisur
ucxoa
aqtorisTvis
organizaciebSi
realobas
da
vlindeba.
koleqtivizmi
sazogadoebaSi,
Teoriis
valia,
warmoadgens;
mis
is
garegania,
institutebsa
Tqvas,
rogor
da
arsebobs
realoba am formebiT, an rogor SeiZleba Seicvalos ise, rom ufro

efeqturi gaxdes. mkvlevris saboloo mizania, Seqmnas yovlismomcveli,
amomwuravi
racionaluri
struqtura,
romelsac
adamianisa
da
socialuri qcevis asaxsnelad gamoiyenebs.

ra xdeba interpretaciuli mkvlevrebis SemTxvevaSi? isini individebiT
iwyeben da miznad isaxaven maT irgvliv arsebuli samyaros maTeuli
80
interpretaciebis
gagebas.
Teoria
aRmocendeba
da
konkretuli
situaciebidan warmoiqmneba. is kvlevis aqtiT generirebul monacemebzea

dafuZnebuli (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Teoria ki ar unda uswrebdes
kvlevas,
aramed
unda
mohyvebodes
mas.
mkvlevrebi
uSualod
gamocdilebasa da gagebaze muSaoben da maTze ageben Teoriebs. am gziT

mopovebul monacemebSi warmodgenili iqneba im adamianebis mosazrebebi
da miznebi, visganac aiRes isini. garda amisa, am gziT miRebuli Teoria
imaTTvis unda iyos gasagebi, vis mimarTac gamoiyeneba. interpretaciul
CarCoSi
momuSave
mkvlevrisTvis
mecnieruli
kvleva-Ziebis
mizania,
gaarkvios, Tu rogor xdeba realobis dawmendva erT mocemul drosa da

adgilze da Seadaros imas, Tu ra xdeba sxva drosa da adgilze.
amgvarad,
Teoria
adamianebis
imdenad
qcevaSi
mniSvnelobebis
wvdomasa
gansxvavebuli
da
SeiZleba
nakrebad
garkvevas
iyos,
yalibdeba,
emsaxureba.
ramdenadac
romelic
es
Teoriebi
mravalferovania
adamianebis xedvebi da mosazrebebi, romelTa asaxsneladac arian isini

mowodebuli.
Seqmnis
interpretaciuli
imedi,
romelic
poziciis
normatiul
Tanaxmad,
Sexedulebas
zogadi
Teoriis
axasiaTebs,
adgils
uTmobs adamianis qcevis mravalwaxnagovan xatebs, romlebic imdenad

mravalferovania, ramdenadac maTi xelSemwyobi situaciebi da viTarebebi.
fenomenologia, eTnomeTodologia da simboluri

interaqcionizmi
uamravi
Tvisebrivi,
naturalisturi
Hitchcock and Hughes 1995).
Cven
am
midgoma
stilis
arsebobs
kvlevis
sam
(Jacob 1987;
mniSvnelovan
tradicias ganvixilavT, esenia _ fenomenologia, eTnomeTodologia da

simboluri interaqcionizmi. farTo gagebiT fenomenologia Teoriuli
Tvalsazrisia,
romelic
uSualo
gamocdilebis,
rogorc
upirvelesi
Rirebulebis, Seswavlas emxroba da qcevas gamocdilebis fenomenebiT da

ara
garegani,
obieqturi
da
fizikurad
aRwerili
realobiT
ganpirobebulad miiCnevs (English and English 1958). miuxedavad imisa, rom

fenomenologebi
garkveuli
sakiTxebis
xedviT
gansxvavdebian
81
erTmaneTisgan, isini Tanxmdebian sakiTxebze, romelTac kurtisi (Curtis

1978) asaxelebs da maTi filosofiuri xedvis ganmasxvavebel niSnebad
miiCnevs:
subieqturi cnobierebis mniSvnelovnebis rwmena da misi upiratesobis

gancda;
cnobierebis, rogorc aqtiurisa da mniSvnelobis mqonis, gageba;
mtkiceba,
rom
romliTac,
arsebobs
garkveuli
cnobierebis
saxis
refleqsiT,
garkveuli
uSualo
struqturebi,
codnas
viZenT;
fenomenologTa azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iwyeba iqidan, Tu konkretulad

ra struqturebia es.
fenomenologiuri
moZraobis
farglebSi
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis
ganviTarebas SegviZlia gavadevnoT Tvali: Cven mokled mimovixilavT or

maTgans _ huserlis transcendentur fenomenologias da egzistencialur
fenomenologias, romelsac yvelaze kargad, albaT, Sulci warmoaCens.
huserli, romelsac
miiCnevs,
mecnierebis
yoveldRiuri
mravali avtori fenomenologiis

safuZvlis
cxovrebis
ese
wyaroebis
unda
iyo-s
kvleviT
eWvqveS
da
fuZemdeblad
saRi
azris,
dayenebiT
iyo
dainteresebuli (ixileT Burrell and Morgan 1979). amisaTvis man cnobierebis

analizSi axali mimarTuleba Semoitana. misi sayvareli frTiani fraza
iyo ukan sagnebisken!, rac misTvis imis garkvevas niSnavda, uSualod
Cven rogor vxedavT sagnebs da ara Tavad isini rogor mogvewodebian
kulturuli da simboluri struqturebis meSveobiT. sxva sityvebiT, maT
safuZvlad
mdebare
arsis
dasanaxad
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
miRma
gaxedvas gvTxoven. huserli amisaTvis sityvebis frCxilebSi Casmas an

samyaros xedvis CvenTvis Cveuli meTodebis uaryofas gvTavazobs. am
reduqciis Semdeg rac rCeba, es Cveni cnobierebaa, romelic sam elements
moicavs: me, vinc fiqrobs, am moazrovne subieqtis fsiqikuri aqtebi da
maTi
samizne
obieqtebi.
Sesabamisad,
am
epoch meTodis, rogorc mas
huserli uwodebs, mizania obieqtis struqturis imgvarad danawevreba,
82
rom
samyaros
Sesaxeb
yovelgvari
tendenciuri
Sexedulebebisgan
ganvTavisufldeT (ixileT Warnock 1970).

Sulcs
ainteresebda
huserlis
ideebis
miyeneba
sociologiis
sakiTxebisa da socialuri qcevis mecnieruli Seswavlisadmi. mis ZiriTad

safiqrals yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli samyaros struqturis sazrisis
wvdoma
warmoadgenda.
is
am
sazriss
cnobierebis
nakadSi,_
gamocdilebis arsebiTad daunawevrebel nakadSi _ eZiebda, romelsac

TavisTavad ar aqvs sazrisi. adamians mxolod retrospeqciulad SeuZlia
masSi sazrisis danaxva, SeuZlia ukan miixedos da gaarkvios, ra xdeboda
maSin. sxva sityvebiT, am poziciidan sazrisi refleqsurobis cnebiT
aixsneba. SulcisTvis refleqsiis gziT sazrisis miniWeba damokidebulia
adamianebis mier im miznebis identificirebaze, romliskenac iswrafian
(ixileT Burrell and Morgan 1979).
Sulcis mixedviT, is, Tu rogor gvesmis sxvebis qceva, damokidebulia
tipizaciis procesze, romlis saSualebiTac damkvirvebeli adamianebis
moqmedebebSi gasarkvevad idealuri tipebis msgavs cnebebs iyenebs. am
cnebebs Cveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ayalibebs da, rogorc Sulci
amtkicebs,
swored
maTi
meSveobiT
vaxdenT
yofiTi
samyaros
klasificirebasa da organizebas. bareli da morgani (1979) aRniSnaven,

rom am tipizaciebs Cveni biografiuli mdebareobiTa da socialuri
konteqstiT vswavlobT. Cveni codna yofiTi samyaros Sesaxeb socialur
wesrigs
axasiaTebs
da
es
samyaro
Tavad
aris
socialurad
mowesrigebuli.
yofiTi codnis maragi, romliTac sxva adamianebis qcevis sxvadasxva
tipSi gaerTianebas vaxerxebT da socialur realobasTan TanxmobaSi
movdivarT,
situaciidan
situaciamde
icvleba.
amgvarad,
Cven
mravaljeradi realobebis samyaroSi vcxovrobT da socialuri aqtorebi

yoveli
aseTi
Tavisuflad
realobis
farglebSi
gadaadgildebian
da
realobidan
(Burrell and Morgan 1979);
realobaSi am realobis TamaSis wesebs emorCilebian.
realobaSi
amasTan,
yovel
83
fenomenologiis
msgavsad,
eTnomeTodologiasac
yofiTi
cxovrebis
samyaro ainteresebs. misi damcvelis, harold garfinkelis sityvebiT, is

apirebs, rom
praqtikuli
aqtivobebi,
praqtikuli
garemoebebi
da
praqtikuli
sociologiuri msjelobebi empiriul kvlevas dauqvemdebaros da yofiTi

cxovrebis
yvelaze
miapyros,
banalur,
rogorsac
Cveulebriv
gansakuTrebul
aqtivobebs
movlenebs
iseTive
uTmoben
yuradReba
xolme
da
ise
Seiswavlos, rogorc TviTmyofadi fenomenebi.

(Garfinkel 1967)
is
amtkicebs,
rom
socialuri
samyaros
mkvlevari
valdebulia,
eWvqveS daayenos am samyaros realuroba da vinaidan sociologebi ver

axerxeben, rom adamianis qcevas ufro metad skeptikurad Sexedon, maT
Seqmnes mowesrigebuli socialuri realoba, romelsac bevri araferi
aqvs saerTo realur samyarosTan. amiT is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
wesrigis bazisur sociologiur cnebas.
amrigad, eTnomeTodologias ainteresebs, Tu rogor esmiT adamianebs
TavianTi yofiTi samyaro. ufro konkretulad, is fokusirebulia im
meqanizmebze,
romliTac
monawileebi
amyareben
da
inarCuneben
urTierTobebs socialur situaciebSi _ daSvebebi, romlebsac akeTeben,

wesebi, romlebsac iyeneben da praqtikebi, romlebsac iTviseben. ase rom,
eTnomeTodologia
socialuri
procesebis
gagebas
maTive
terminebiT
cdilobs; mas mimdinare procesebi Signidan ainteresebs (ixileT Burrell and

Morgan 1979).
nebismieri socialuri situaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli es ase unda
iyo-s
daSvebebisa
situaciebSi
xsnian,
da
CarTuli
im
adamianebi
eTnomeTodologebi
indeqsuroba
romliTac
da
gzebis
identificirebisas,
TavianT
iseT
refleqsuroba.
moqmedebebi
da
aqtivobebs
cnebebs
Seexeba
debulebebi
am
racionalurad
iyeneben,
indeqsuroba
gamoTqmuli
romliTac
maT
rogoricaa
im
gzebs,
warmomqmnel
socialur konteqstebs ukavSirdeba da, aseve, imasac, Tu rogor xdeba

maTi mniSvnelobebi, ara aucileblad eqspliciturad, Riad gacxadebuli,
84
saerTo da saziaro monawileebisTvis. amgvarad, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi

is aRniSvnebia, romlebsac monawileebi miaweren konkretul socialur
movlenas, raTa am movlenas realobaSi miuCinon adgili. refleqsuroba,
meore
mxriv,
Seexeba
imas,
Tu
rogor
aris
urTierTdamokidebuli
socialuri garemos yvela axsna _ aRwera, analizi, kritika da a. S. da am

axsnebis gamomwvevi socialuri garemoeba.
mosaxerxebelia
gansxvaveba:
erTmaneTisgan
ori
lingvisturisa
da
tipis
eTnomeTodologebis
situaciuris.
lingvisturi
eTnomeTodologebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sametyvelo enis gamoyenebasa

da
saubris
analizSi
struqturis
ufro
metad
formirebis
iyeneben
gzebze
gamouTqmel,
fokusirdebian.
TavisTavad
isini
nagulisxmev
mniSvnelobebs, indeqsur gamoTqmebs da saubris warmarTvis meTodi ufro

ainteresebT,
vidre
is,
rac
realurad
iTqva.
situaciuri
eTnomeTodologebis mxedvelobis velSi socialuri aqtivobebis ufro

farTo speqtri xvdeba da imis gagebas cdiloben, rogor awesrigeben
adamianebi TavianT saarsebo socialur konteqstebs. maT ainteresebT, Tu
rogor esmiT da awesrigeben adamianebi TavianT garemos. maTi empiriuli
meTodis
nawilia
elementebis
niSnis
qveS
yofiT
situaciebSi
cnobierad
da
dayeneba,
raTa
mowesrigebuli
mizanmimarTulad
safuZvlad
nagulisxmevi
danawevreba,
mdebare
an
moqmedi
kiTxvis
procesebi
gamoavlinon.
amgvarad, eTnomeTodologiis arss didwilad specifikuri teqnikebisa
da midgomebis erToblioba qmnis, romlebic imis sakvlevad gamoiyeneba,
rasac
garfinkeli
(Garfinkel 1967)
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
SesaniSnav
indeqsurobas uwodebs. es empiriuli kvlevisken gvibiZgebs da aqcenti,

romelsac monawileebi Seqmnili situaciis ganumeoreblobaze akeTeben,
arsebiTad relativisturia. meTodologiis ganviTarebis aucilebloba da
savele
samuSaoebi
imdenad
pirvelxarisxovan
adgils
ikavebs
mis
mimdevarTa interesebSi, rom ontologiis, epistemologiisa da adamianTa
85
bunebis monaTesave sakiTxebs imaze naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre,

albaT, isini imsaxureben.
arsebiTad, simboluri interaqcionalizmis cneba midis (Mead 1934)
SromaSi iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini dakavSirebulia
SemdgomSi
iseTi
cnobili
mkvlevrebis
saxelebTan,
rogorebic
arian
blumeri, hagisi, bekeri da gofmani, is ar warmoadgens erTian pozicias

da amitom ar moicavs am midgomis yvela momxris saerTo daSvebebsa da
cnebebs.
Tumca,
Cveni
miznebisTvis,
SesaZlebelia
sami
ZiriTadi
postulatis gamoyofa, romelTac vudsi (1979) Semdegnairad ayalibebs:

pirveli,
adamianebi
sagnebis
mimarT
im
mniSvnelobebis
safuZvelze
moqmedeben, romelsac Tavad aniWeben maT. adamianebi or gansxvavebul

samyaroSi cxovroben: bunebriv samyaroSi, sadac maT ltolvebi da
instinqtebi aerTianebT, garesamyaro ki maTgan damoukideblad arsebobs
da socialur samyaroSi, sadac iseTi simboloebis arseboba, rogoric
sametyvelo
enaaa,
maT
sagnebisTvis
mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. swored mniSvnelobis miniWeba, interpretaciis es

unari xdis
maT gamorCeulad adamianurs
da socialurs. maSasadame,
urTierTqmedebebi fokusirdeba subieqturi mniSvnelobebis samyaroze da

im simboloebze, romlebic warmoqmnian da warmoadgenen am mniSvnelobebs.
es ar niSnavs raime apriorul daSvebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba
organizaciaSi da, faqtobrivad, seriozuli upiratesoba eniWeba SigniT
myofTa sakuTar interpretaciebs. amgvarad, Tu moswavleebi umeteswilad
mowyenilebi
arian,
interaqcionistebi
am
usaqmuroben,
procesebis
xarxareben
Tvisebebisa
da
a.
S.,
da
ganzomilebebis
obieqtebisadmi
mniSvnelobebis
Seswavlas isurvebdnen.
meore,
miniWeba
simboloebis
uwyveti
gamoyenebiT
procesia.
fsiqologiuri
Tvisebebis
damokidebulebebi
an
moqmedeba
Sedegi,
pirovnebebi,
anda
ar
aris,
ubralod,
rogoricaa
iseTi
garegani
iseTi
impulsebi,
socialuri
faqtebiT ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa socialuri struqturebi an rolebi,
86
aramed
mas warmoqmnis mniSvnelobebis miniWebis uwyveti procesi, romlis
mimdinareoba
mudmivad
cvalebadi
da
Secvlas
daqvemdebarebulia.
individi agebs, aerTianebs, afasebebs dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs,

Sesworebebi Seaqvs maTSi da midis SeTanxmebamde.
mesame, es procesi socialur konteqstSi mimdinareobs. individebi
sakuTar
qmedebebs
sxvebis
rols,
sxvaTa
qmedebebis
igoneben
mixedviT
sxvebisgan
ageben.
isini
mosalodnel
irgeben
pasuxebs
TavianTTvis misaRebi variantis mixedviT. isini warmoidgenen, Tu rogor

surT sxvebs, rom imoqmedon an rogor moqmedebdnen isini ama Tu im
situaciaSi da, aseve, Tavad rogor moiqceodnen iseTive situaciaSi. maT
SeiZleba scadon, marTon maT mier sxvebze moxdenili STabeWdilebebi,
dadgan warmodgena, Seecadon, gavlena moaxdinon situaciis sxvebiseul
gansazRvrebaze.
nacvlad imisa, rom fokusireba moaxdinon individze da, Sesabamisad,
mis pirovnul maxasiaTeblebze, anda imaze, Tu rogor iwvevs socialuri
struqtura
an
socialuri
situacia
individis
qcevas,
simboluri
interaqcionistebi yuradRebas warmarTaven urTierTqmedebis bunebisken,

adamianebs
Soris
urTierTqmedebaze,
mimdinare
rogorc
dinamikuri
Seswavlis
aqtivobebisken.
erTeulze
Tavad
fokusirebisas
simboluri interaqcionisti adamianis ufro aqtiur xats qmnis da uars

ambobs pasiur, determinirebul organizmze. individebi urTierTqmedeben;
sazogadoebebi
adamianebi
urTierTqmedebaSi
uwyvetad
ganicdian
CarTuli
cvlilebebs
individebisgan
Sedgeba.
urTierTqmedebaSi
da
sazogadoeba am procesis meSveobiT icvleba. urTierTqmedeba moiazrebs

adamianebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan moqmedeben, iTvaliswineben erTmaneTs,
moqmedeben, aRiqvamen moqmedebas, mis interpretacias axdenen da isev
moqmedeben. Sesabamisad, ufro dinamikuri da aqtiuri adamianis suraTi
ixateba da ara, mxolod sxvebze moreagire aqtoris. vudsi (1983: 15 16)
simboluri urTierTqmedebis ZiriTad momentebs Semdegnairad ajamebs:
individebi, rogorc sakuTari qmedebebis konstruqtorebi;
87
me-s sxvadasxva mdgeneli da maTi urTierTqmedebis gzebi; sakuTari

TavisTvis
gakeTebuli
miniSnebebi;
miniWebuli
mniSvnelobebi;
erTi
sityviT, subieqturi mniSvnelobebis samyaro; simboloebi, romliTac

es mniSvnelobebi iqmneba da gamoisaxeba;
SeTanxmebis procesi, romliTac uwyvetad iqmneba mniSvnelobebi;
socialuri
konteqsti,
romelSic
isini
Cndeba
da
saidanac
momdinareobs;
sxvebis rolis morgeba dinamikuri cnebaa, romelic moicavs imis

warmodgenas/warmosaxvas, Tu rogor surT, rom imoqmedon, an rogor
moqmedebdnen sxvebi mocemul situaciaSi da Tavad inidividebi ras
gaakeTebdnen imave situaciaSi _ individebi TavianT qmedebebs sxvebis
qmedebebis mixedviT ageben.
fenomenologiuri,
interaqcionistuli
gansakuTrebiT
eTnomeTodologiuri
Tvalsazrisebis
mimzidvels
xdis
saerTo
maT
da
simboluri
maxasiaTebeli,
ganaTlebis
romelic
sferoSi
moRvawe
warmosaxviTi mkvlevrisTvis, aris is, rom isini bunebrivad ergebian

saklaso oTaxebsa da skolebSi mimdinare mraval qmedebas. kidev erTi
maxasiaTebeli
im
situaciebis
erTianobis
SenarCunebis
meTodia,
romelSic maT iyeneben. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevris gavlena situaciis

struqturirebaSi,
analizsa
da
interpretaciaSi
gacilebiT
naklebia,
vidre es tradiciulad orientirebuli kvlevis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.
naturalisturi da interpretaciuli midgomebis kritika

kritikosebs bevri dro ar daukargavT imaze, ras miiCneven am axali
Tvisebrivi midgomis sisusted. maTi mtkicebiT, ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa,
rom Cven gverdiT myofi adamianebis moqmedebebis gasagebad saWiroa maTi
ganzraxvebis codna, rac, cxadia, socialuri mecnierebis mizania. rogorc
reqsi (1974) wers:
marTalia, socialuri reaqciebis da institutebis paternebi, SesaZloa,
situaciebis aqtorebiseuli gansazRvrebis produqti iyos, magram arsebobs
SesaZlebloba, rom am aqtorebs mcdari warmodgenebi hqondeT am situaciebze
88

da sociologebis movaleoba obieqturi xedvis kuTxis Zieba iyos, romelic
sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom monawileebisas Tanxvdebodes. . . Cven ar
unda SevizRudoT ase martivad mxolod im . . .
socialuri realobiT,
romelsac Tavad monawile aqtiorebi gvTavazoben.

(Rex 1974)
SedarebiT
gviandeli
warmogvidgens,
perspeqtivebi
romlebic
metad
adamianis
Tanxvdebian
iseT
modelebs
saerTo,
sazogado
gamocdilebas, Tumca zogi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom antipozitivistebi

Zalian Sors wavidnen verifikaciis mecnieruli procedurebis uaryofis
da
qcevis
gamosadegi
ganzogadebebis
aRmoCenis
imedis
gadawurvis
mimarTulebiT (ix. Mead 1934). saxifaTo ar aris uaris Tqma fizikis

midgomaze
iseTi
meTodebis
sasargeblod,
romlebic
literaturas,
biografiasa da Jurnalistikas ufro waagavs? meTodologiebis zogierTi

konkretuli kritika sakmaod zustia, magaliTad, argaili (Argyle 1978)
kiTxulobs:
Tu
socialur
gamokiTxvaSi
gamoyenebuli
zedmiwevniT
gakontrolebuli interviuebi uzustoa, maSin naklebad gakontrolebuli

interviuebi uzustobis met risks Seicaven Tu ara? bernSteini (bernstein
1974) Tvlis, rom subieqturi angariSebi SeiZleba arasruli da mcdari
iyos.
bernSteinis
kritika
eTnomeTodologebis
mimarTulia
umTavres
fenomenologebisa
interesze,
romelic
da
situaciebis
mniSvnelobebsa da masSi monawile aqtorebs Soris am mniSvnelobebze

SeTanxmebis gzebs moicavs. bernSteinis (1974) dakvirvebiT, mniSvnelobis
SeTanxmebis
procesis
Seswavlisas
yuradRebis
miRma
darCa
is,
rom
swored is procesi, romliTac individi ganmartavs situacias da axdens

mis
interpretacias,
imyofeba
individi.
Tavad
aris
aseT
im
situaciis
viTarebaSi
produqti,
erT-erTi
romelSic
aucileblad
gasaTvaliswinebeli mniSvnelovani faqtoria sxva adamianebis Zala, Tavs

moaxvion
individs
situaciis
maTeuli
gansazRvreba.
Zalauflebis
uTanasworobis situaciebs mudmivad vawydebiT eqimebis da direqtorebis
89
kabinetebSi.
eTnomeTodologebis
mtkicebiT,
socialuri
struqtura
socialuri urTierTobebis Cveneuli aRqmis Sedegia, magram garkveuli

individebis, jgufebis, klasebisa da avtoritetebis unari, daarwmunon
sxvebi situaciebis maTeuli gansazRvrebis marTebulobasa da miRebaSi,
gviCvenebs, rom is kidev ufro metia. socialuri struqturis Cven gareSe,
garegani aRqma gvexmareba, rom irgvliv mimdinare socialuri qcevis
Cveneuli
gagebis
cxovrebaze
Camoyalibebisas
misi
aSkara
gaviTvaliswinoT
gavlenebi.
aq
kidev
yoveldRiur
erTxel
iCens
Tavs
socialuri Teoretikosebis moqmedebasa da struqturas Soris arsebuli

daZabuloba
(Layder
interaqcionistuli
1994).
da
interpretaciuli
midgomebis safrTxe qcevisa da movlenebis formirebaze garegani, anu

struqturuli Zalebis zemoqmedebis fardobiT uaryofaSi mdgomareobs.
interpretaciuli
midgomebi
riskavs,
rom
moqmedebebi
gariyuli
da
hermetulad Caketili aRmoCndes monawileebiseuli xedvis farglebSi. am

midgomebiT
subieqtebis
pozitivisturi
qceva
Teoriebis
xelovnur
sazRvrebSi
gakritikebaa
eqceva.
SesaZlebeli
maTi
rogorc
makro-
sociologiuri poziciis gamo, analogiurad SeiZleba interpretaciuli

da
Tvisebrivi
Teoriebis
kritika
maTi
viwrod
mikrosociologiuri
xedvis kuTxis gamo.
kritikuli Teoria da kritikuli ganaTlebis kvleva

pozitivisturi da interpretaciuli paradigmebi, arsebiTad, erTi da
igive fenomenis gagebas erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gzebiT cdilobs.
pozitivizmi
modelebis
obieqturobas,
Seqmnas,
qcevis
gazomvas,
kanonebisa
prognozirebas,
da
wesebis
kontrolirebas,
agebas
da
mizez-
Sedegobriobis dadgenas eswrafis, xolo interpretaciuli paradigma _

samyaros
aqtiorebiseuli
terminebiT
gagebasa
da
interpretacias.
pirvelisTvis mniSvnelovania fenomeni, romelsac akvirdebian, meorisTvis

_ am fenomenis mier miniWebuli mniSvnelobebi da interpretaciebi. am
ukanasknels, exmianeba ra gidenss (1976), habermasi (1984: 109 110) ormag
hermenevtikas
uwodebs,
rodesac
adamianebi
ukve
interpretirebuli
90
samyaros interpretaciasa da masSi operirebas eswrafian. formirebis

procesSi myofni ganaTlebis sferos kvlevisadmi midgomas ganaTlebis
sferoSi kritikuli kvlevis paradigmas uwodeben. is naklulad miiCnevs

manamde
arsebul
or
paradigmas,
radgan
isini
arasrulad
xsnian
socialur qcevas, vinaidan uaryofen ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebuli

kvlevis
umetesobis
pozitivisturi
politikur
da
da
ideologiur
interpretaciuli
paradigmebi
konteqsts.
gadatvirTulia
teqnikuri da hermenevtikuli codniT (Gage 1989). ganaTlebis sferoSi

kritikuli
kvlevis
paradigma
habermasis
adreuli
Sromis
mZlavri
zegavlenis qveS imyofeba. garda amisa, masze SedarebiT naklebi gavlena

moaxdines habermasis winamorbedebma frankfurtis skolidan; maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia adorno (Adorno), markusi (Marcuse), horkheimeri (Horkheimer) da
fromi (Fromm). am skolisTvis damaxasiaTebelia miznobrivad politikuri
mimarTuleba _ egalitarul sazogadoebaSi individebisa da jgufebis
emansipacia (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili
1. 4. ppt).
kritikuli
gamoTqvams
Teoria
TvalnaTliv
mosazrebas
imis
direqtiuli
Sesaxeb,
Tu
ras
da
normatiulia
unda
moicavdes
da
qceva
socialuri demokratiis pirobebSi (Fay 1987; Morrison 1995a). misi mizania

ara, ubralod, sazogadoebisa da qcevis axsna, aramed iseTi sazogadoebis
Seqmna,
romelic
misi
yvela
wevris
Tanasworobasa
da
demokratias
efuZneba. misi mizani mxolod situaciebisa da fenomenebis gageba ki ar

aris,
aramed
maTi
Secvlac;
kerZod,
is
uufleboTa
emansipaciisken,
uTanasworobis aRmofxvrisa da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis xelSewyobisken iswrafis.
am
mimarTulebiT
kritikuli
Teoria
mcdari
anu
fragmentuli
cnobierebis (Eagleton 1991) identificirebas axdens, romelmac individi an

socialuri jgufi fardobiT uuflebobamde da umweobamde an, piriqiT,
Zalauflebamde miiyvana da kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs amis kanonierebas.
is represiis, xmis uflebis, ideologiis, Zalauflebis, monawileobis,
91
reprezentaciis, CarTulobisa da interesebis sakiTxebs kanonierebisa da

Tanasworobis WrilSi ganixilavs. amasTan, amtkicebs, rom qcevis didi
nawili (kvleviTi qcevis CaTvliT) konkretuli ukanono/aralegitimuri,
dominanturi
da
represiuli
faqtorebis
Sedegia;
ukanono
im
TvalsazrisiT, rom isini saerTo, sazogado interesis sasargeblod ar

moqmedebs _ erTi pirovnebis an jgufis Tavisufleba da Zala meoris
Tavisuflebisa da Zalis fasad miiRweva. amgvarad, kritikuli Teoria
konkretul
situaciebSi
moqmedi
interesebis
gamovlenas
da
maTi
kanonierebis Taobaze SeTanxmebis miRwevas cdilobs, anu, adgens, Tu

ramdenad kanonierad emsaxurebian isini Tanasworobasa da demokratias.
Teoriis intencia transformaciulia: is sazogadoebisa da individebis
socialur demokratiad transformacias eswrafvis. am TvalsazrisiT,
ganaTlebis sferoSi kritikuli kvlevis metwilad praqtikuli mizania,
aRmofxvras ukanono Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba da zemoqmedeba, Seqmnas
ufro samarTliani egalitaruli sazogadoeba, romelSic individi da
koleqtivi Tavisufali iqneba. amgvarad, aq ar aris Zneli marqsizmis
xazis
danaxva.
kritikuli
Teoriis
warmomadgenlebs
miaCniaT,
rom
mkvlevari ar unda iyos ideologiurad an politikurad neitraluri.

kritikul
realuri
Teorias
programebi
sazogadoebis
da
kritikul
aqvs,
urTierTobebis
ganaTlebis
magaliTad,
kiTxvis
Seswavla
niSnis
kvlevas
da
qveS
TavianTi
skolisa
dayeneba:
da
rogor
inarCuneben, an rogor amcireben uTanasworobas skolebi; codnis da

saswavlo gegmis socialuri struqtura _ vin gansazRvravs Rirebul
codnas, ra ideologiur interesebs emsaxureba es da rogor meordeba
masSi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanasworoba; rogor warmoiqmneba da
reproducirdeba
Zalaufleba
ganaTlebis
meSveobiT;
vis
interesebs
emsaxureba ganaTlebis sistema da ramdenad kanonieria es interesebi

(magaliTad, mdidari, TeTrkaniani, saSualo fenis mamakacebis da ara _
Raribi, feradkaniani qalebis).
92
kvlevisTvis kritikuli Teoriis mniSvneloba ganuzomelia, vinaidan

mas
miaCnia,
rom
socialuri
kvlevis
didi
nawili
SedarebiT
trivialuria, radgan is iRebs kvlevis mocemul programas da kiTxvis

niSnis
qveS
ar
ayenebs
mas.
saqmes
kvlevis
dafinansebis
sakiTxic
arTulebs, rac kvlevis sponsorobis politikur ganzomilebas usvams

xazs
(ganxilulia
amtkiceben,
rom
arsebiTad
qvemoT)
(Norric
pozitivisturi
teqnikuria
da
kritikuli
1990).
da
arsebuli
Teoretikosebi
interpretaciuli
situaciis
paradigmebi
gagebasa
da
ufro
efeqturad qcevas eswrafvian da ara mis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasmasa da

transformacias.
habermasi
(1972)
interesebis
sammag
konceptualizacias
gvTavazobs,
romelic winamdebare TavSi ganxilul kvlevis samive paradigmas moicavs.

misi azriT, codna da, Sesabamisad, kvleviT miRebuli codnac, sxvadasxva
interess
struqtura
emsaxureba.
qmnis
da
igi
es
amtkicebs,
interesebi
rom
interesebs
codnis
socialuri
damwesebelia,
vinaidan
ayalibebs da gansazRvravs, Tu ra CaiTvlos codnis obieqtebad da

saxeobebad.
interesebs
ideologiuri
funqcia
aqvs
(Morrison
1995a),
magaliTad, teqnikuri interesis (ganxilulia qvemoT) Sedegi SeiZleba

is iyos, rom uufleboni aseTebadve darCnen TavianT uuflebo da umweo
situaciaSi,
anu,
ganmtkicdes
da
SenarCundes
maTi
status
kvo.
emansipatoruli interesi (ganxilulia qvemoT) safrTxis qveS ayenebs am

status kvos. am poziciis mixedviT, codna da kvleviT miRebuli codna
ar aris neitraluri (aseve, ix. Munnheim 1936). imas, Tu ra CaiTvleba
Rirebul codnad, am codnis damcvelebis socialuri da poziciuri
uflebamosileba
ganapirobebs.
Seswavlis
obieqtebsa
da
samecniero
sazogadoebas Soris kavSiri paradigmebisa da da paradigmis Canacvlebis

kuniseul (1962) cnebebs exmianeba, romlebSic codnis sfero an paradigma
mxolod im SemTxvevaSia kargi, Tu is mtkicebulebad gamodgeba da Tu
avtoritetebs
upyriaT
xelT.
codna
da
konkretuli paradigmiT momuSave mecnierTa
codnis
wris
gansazRvreba
interesebs
asaxavs.
93
habermasi (1972) Rirebuli codnis gansazRvrebasa da wvdomis formebs

sami kognituri interesis irgvliv agebs (http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/
9780415368780 Tavi 1, faili 1. 5. ppt):
prognozi da kontroli;
gageba da interpretacia;
emansipacia da Tavisufleba.
igi
maT,
Sesabamisad,
teqnikur,
praqtikul
da
emansipatorul
interesebs uwodebs. teqnikuri interesi axasiaTebs zemoT ganxilul

mecnierul,
pozitivistur
meTods,
romelSic
xazgasmulia
qcevis
kanonebi, wesebi, prognozi, kontroli da kvlevis obieqtebis pasiuroba,

xolo
Sedegad
mecnieruli
instrumentuli
meTodis
codna
pozitivizmis
miiReba.
praqtikuli
Serbilebuli
versia,
interesi,
Tvisebrivi
midgomebis (magaliTad, simboluri interaqcionizmis) ganxilvisas iqna

warmoCenili,
rodesac
meTodologiebze
metyveli
da
zemoT
visaubreT.
moqmedi
am
hermenevtikul,
SemTxvevaSi
subieqtebis
kvlevis
(Habermas
1974:
interpretaciul
meTodologiebi
8)
komunikaciis
dazustebas, gagebasa da interpretacias eswrafian.

hermenevtika urTierTqmedebasa da sametyvelo enaze fokusirdeba. is
situaciebis monawileTa TvaliT danaxvasa da amgvarad wvdomas cdilobs,
exmianeba ra verstehen veberiseul midgomebs da efuZneba mosazrebas, rom
realoba socialurad aris agebuli (Berger and Luckmann 1967). habermasi
(1988: 12), faqtobrivad, miiCnevs, rom sociologia socialur faqtebs maTi
kulturuli mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT da rogorc socialurad
ganpirobebuls, ise unda Seiswavlides. hermenevtika moicavs, mocemuli
situaciis
farglebSi,
mniSvnelobebis
CaWeras
urTierTqmedebaSi
da
maTi
myofi
ganzraxvebis
sxva
aqtorebis
gamovlenasa
da
rekonstruirebas. aseTi wamowyeba socialur konteqstSi mniSvnelobis

analizs moicavs (Held 1980). gadameri (Gadamer 1975: 273) amtkicebs, rom
hermenevtikuli mecniereba (magaliTad, Tvisebrivi midgomebi) monawileTa
94
horizontebis
Serwymas
moicavs.
aq
mniSvnelovania
mniSvnelobebi/Sinaarsebi da ara _ fenomenebi.

emansipatoruli interesi wina or paradigmas moicavs. is moiTxovs am
paradigmebis arsebobas, magram ufro Sorsac midis (Habermas 1972: 211). is
praqsisze _ qmedebaze, romelic emansipaciis miznis
orientirebulia
gacnobierebaze aigeba (Kincheloe 1991: 177). es interesi ori paraleluri

mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba: uflebamosilebis moqmedebis demonstrireba
da
socialuri
samarTlianobis
damyareba,
vinaidan
dominireba
da
represia individis srul egzistencialur realizaciasa da socialur

Tavisuflebebs uSlis xels (Habermas 1979: 14). am codnis maformirebeli
interesis
da,
faqtobrivad,
araTavisufali
qcevis
determinantebis
Tavad
kritikuli
daTrgunuli,
cnobierebis
Teoriis
gandevnili
aRdgena,
misi
da
amocanaa
CaSvebuli
sabolood
gaqrobis
perspeqtiviT (Habermas 1984: 194 195).

amrigad, Sedegad viRebT imas, rom habermasis adreul SromaSi kvlevis
samgvari stilis konceptualizaciaa nacadi: mecnieruli, pozitivisturi
da interpretaciuli stilis. kritikul Teorias sakuTari ara marto
programa,
kritika
aramed
da
miRebulia
kvlevis
praqtikis
ideologiis
meTodologiac
kvleva.
rac
konkretuli
aqvs,
Seexeba
xedva,
kerZod,
ideologiis
ideologiis
kritikas,
ganzogadebadi
rogorc
interesebis daTrgunva (Habermas 1976: 113), romelSic sistemebi, jgufebi

da individebi racionalurad gaumarTleblad moqmedeben, radgan maTi
moqmedebis Zala sxva jgufebis uflebamosilebis warTmevas eyrdnoba,
anu, SeuZlebelia maTi qcevis principebis ganzogadeba.
konkretuli
dominanturi
jgufisgan
momdinare
ideologia
Rirebulebebi da praqtikebi _ is saSualebaa, romliTac Zalauflebis

mqone
jgufebi,
seqtoruli
uuflebo
interesebis
jgufebis
win
xarjze,
wamowevasa
da
TavianTi
konkretuli
dakanonebas
axdenen.
ideologiis kritika ganaTlebis mraval sferoSi avlens ideologiis

muSaobas da sazogado sikeTis safarvelis qveS dakanonebuli intresebis
95
moqmedebas.
ideologiis
interesebis
dRis
kritikis
sinaTleze
amocanaa
gamotana,
rac
dakanonebuli
SeiZleba
Sefaruli
cnobierad
an
sruliad gaucnobiereblad moxdes; aseve, monawileTaTvis imis Cveneba, Tu

rogor SeiZleba, rom isini sakuTari qceviT inarCunebdnen da kidev ufro
amyarebdnen sistemas, romelic maT uuflebod an umweod amyofebs (Geuss
1981), anu, Trgunavs
zogad
interess. situaciebis
axsnebi, SesaZloa,
naturaluri, TavisTavad nagulisxmevi axsnebisgan gansxvavebuli iyos,

romlebic, SesaZloa, monawileebma SemogvTavazon an miiRon. situaciebi
problemuria da ara _ naturaluri (Carr and Kemmis 1986). isini Sedegebi an
procesebia,
romlebSic
daculia
da
daTrgunulia
interesebi
da
uflebamosilebebi da ideologiis erT-erTi amocanaa, aCvenos es (Grundy

1987). ideologiis kritika avlens moqmed interesebs, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, refleqsiis praqtikiTaa ganpirobebuli (Morrison 1995a; 1995b; 1996a).
habermasis
(1972:
230)
azriT,
refleqsiis
praqtikis
gamoyenebiT
ideologiis kritika oTx etapad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes:
etapi:
arsebuli
hermenevtikuli
situaciis
saqmianoba,
aRwera
romliTac
da
interpretacia
identificirdeba
mimdinare
situacia da misi mniSvneloba (interpretaciuli paradigmis verstehen

midgomebs exmianeba) (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780
II etapi: im mizezebis Zieba, ratom aris arsebuli situacia swored

iseTi,
rogoric
aris
situaciis
mizezebi
da
miznebi
da
maTi
kanonierebis/legitimurobis Sefaseba, situaciaSi moqmedi interesebisa

da ideologiebis analizis CaTvliT, maTi Zala da kanoniereba (orive
_
mikro
da
makrosociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT).
habermasis
(1972)
adreul naSromSi es fsiqoanalizs dardeba, rogorc pacientebis

mier
gandevnili,
damaxinjebuli
gamocdilebebisa da faqtorebis
da
damTrgunveli
mdgomareobebis,
gacnobierebis saSualebas, romlebic
abrkoleben maT, srulad da zustad gaigon TavianTi mdgomareoba,

situaciebi da qceva. aseT eqspoziciasa da Seswavlas, Tavis mxriv,
96
ganmaTavisuflebeli da emansipatoruli funqcia eqneba. aq kritika

individebsa
da
mosazrebebisa
jgufebs
da
uCvenebs,
saqmianobebis
Tu
rogoraa
SesaZlebeli
maTi
ideologiurad
damaxinjeba,
rac
Sedegad iseT socialur wyobas anu situacias inarCunebs da amyarebs,

romelic
demokratiuli
Tavisuflebis,
interesebisa
da
uflebamosilebis miniWebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs (aseve, ix. Carr and

Kemmis 1986: 138 139).
III etapi: situaciis Secvlis programa egalitaruli sazogadoebisken

moZraobisTvis;
IVEetapi: praqtikaSi situaciis miRwevis Sefaseba.

habermasis
mier
SemoTvazebuli
etapebi
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
smiTiseuli (Smith 1989) etapebis paraleluria, romelic, aseve, oTxetapian

procesze saubrobs:
aRwera (ras vakeTeb?);
informacia (ras niSnavs es?);
konfrontacia (rogor moxda, rom es momewona?);
rekonstruqcia (rogor SemiZlia amis gansxvavebulad gakeTeba?).

SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
refleqsiuri
anu
rom
ideologiis
Teoriuli
da
kritikas
praqtikuli.
ori
mxare
refleqsiis
aqvs
gareSe
_
is
arafris momcvelia da praqtikis gareSe _ carieli.

vinaidan
ideologia,
ubralod
Teoria
ar
aris, aramed
uSualod
zemoqmedebs praqtikaze (Eagleton 1991), kritikuli Teoria mZlav praqtikul

meTodologias
iyenebs,
romelic
(Callawaert 1999).
paqtikis
kvleva
saxelwodeba
praqtikaze
praqtikis
(ganxilulia
migviTiTebs, warmoadgens
da
maswavleblebis,
masze
fokusirdeba.
monawile
kvlevaSi
me-14
TavSi),
kvlevas, romelic
praqtikosis,
damkvirveblebis
da
gamoixateba
rogorc
zemoqmedebs
magaliTad,
saswavlo
skolaSi
gegmis
Semqmnelebis kvlevaSi CarTviT moqmedebis kvleva praqtikis konteqstebis

_
adgilmdebareobis,
ideologiuris,
istoriulis
mniSvnelovnebas
97
aRiarebs. garda amisa, is Tanxmdeba uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb maTTan,

vinc moqmedebs am konteqstebSi da kvlevisa da praqtikis mamoZravebelia.
am
TvalsazrisiT,
emansipatoruli
praqtikosebs
amtkiceben,
da
xmis
rom
praqtikis
uflebamosilebis
amoRebis
(Carr
kvleva
mimniWebelia,
and
Kemmis
1986;
mniSvnelovnad
vinaidan
Grundy
is
1987),
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis da sakuTari garemosa

da
profesiuli
cxovrebis
gakontrolebis
uflebebs
aZlevs.
sxva
sakiTxia, uflebamosilebis miniWebis mtkicebebi marTlac iseTi mZlavria

Tu ara, rogorc amas maTi mxardamWerebi amtkiceben, Tumca praqtikis
kvlevisTvis is SedarebiT susti SeiZleba iyos, rodesac ganaTlebaSi
gansaxorcielebeli
cvlilebebis
pirispir
aRmoCndeba. am SemTxvevaSi
praqtikis kvleva, SesaZloa, arsebul praqtikaSi CareviT ufro metad

iyos dainteresebuli, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas dagegmili cvlilebis
efeqturad da Sedegianad ganxorcieleba.
morisonis
(1995a)
TvalsazrisiT,
transformaciisa
da
uflebamosilebis miniWebis praqtikuli ganzraxvis gamo, SesaZlebelia da

unda moxdes kidec kritikuli Teoriis ganxilva da, albaT, empiriulad
Semowmeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba, Semowmdes kritikuli Teoriis pretenzia
uflebamosilebis
faqtobrivad,
miniWebasa
adreuli
da
SesaZleblobebis
naSromebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
gafarToebaze.
ufro
gviandel
SromaSi habermasi (1990) aRiarebs amas. igi sapirispiro magaliTebis (gv.

6) moZiebis, kritikuli Semowmebis
(gv. 7) da empiriuli verifikaciis
(gv. 117) saWiroebas emxroba. igi aRiarebs, rom mis mosazrebebs mxolod
hipoTeturi statusi (gv. 32) aqvs, romelic konkretuli specifikuri
SemTxvevebiT unda Semowmdes (gv. 9). magaliTad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
misi kritikuli Teoriis efeqturoba Semowmdeba, Tu Sefasdeba: misi
Teoriis Sedegad ramdenad realizebulia
Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba,
demokratia, emansipacia, uflebamosilebis miniWeba; ramdenad Seicvala

praqtika; ramdenad SeuZliaT misi Teoriis mimdevrebs TavianTi qmedebis
damkvidreba da dacva; ramdenad gaarRvia misma Teoriam instrumentuli
98
racionalurobis
barierebi.
cxadia,
rom
misi
Teoriebis
operacionalizacia da Semowmeba (anu empiriuli kvleva-Zieba) ZiriTadi

valdebulebaa, rac Tavad habermass ar gaukeTebia. am TvalsazrisiT,
kritikuli
Teoria,
gaumjobesebisTvis
Teoria,
ibrZvis,
romelic
mxolod
praqtikuli
pasiuri
cxovrebis
mWvretelis
poziciaSi
darCenis riskis qveSaa (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _

kritikuli Teoriis midgomebis kritika

kritikuli
gamoiTqva.
midgomebis
morisonis
xelovnuradaa
winaaRmdeg
(1955a)
erTmaneTisgan
ramdenime
azriT,
kritikuli
habermasiseuli
gamijnuli
maT
mosazreba
sami
Soris
interesi
gansxvaveba
gacilebiT mkveTrad aris warmoCenili, vidre realuradaa (Hesse 1982;

Bernstein 1983: 33). magaliTad, pozitivistur mecnierebaze dasayrdnobad
hermenevtikuli codnis gamoyenebaa saWiro da, aseve, piriqiT, raTa maT
erTmaneTs
miscen
azri
da
SesaZlebeli
iyos
TiToeulis
statusis
Sesaxeb msjeloba. garda amisa, ideologiis kritikasa da emansipacias

Soris kavSiri arc naTelia, arc dadasturebuli da arc logikurad
aucilebeli
(Morisson 1995a: 67).
ar
aris
naTeli,
SeuZlia
Tu
ara
pirovnebas an sazogadoebas, gaxdes emansipirebuli mxolod empiriuli

da ara logikuri saqmianobiT _ ideologiis gakritikebiT an
moqmedebis
kvleviT (Morisson 1995a; Wardekker and Miedama 1997). faqtobrivad, individi

SeiZleba gaxdes emansipirebuli da es ideologiis kritikiT ki ara,
aramed
raime
sxva
gziT
moaxerxos.
emansipirebuli
sazogadoebebi
uciloblad ar xasiaTdebian ideologiisadmi kritikulobiT da arc

saWiroeben
ideologiis
kritikis
gacnobierebas.
metic,
SegviZlia
vamtkicoT, rom ideologiis kritikis racionaluri gamoyeneba realurad

win
eRobeba
magaliTad,
moqmedebebs,
roderiki
ideologiis
romelic
am
kritikis
romlebmac
emansipaciamde
(Roderick 1986: 65)

mxardaWera
ideologias
svams
Tavad
awesebs?
unda
kiTxvas:
ideologiac
habermasis
xedva,
migviyvanos.
aris
da
Tu
ara
midgomac,
rom
codna
99
interesebis meSveobiT socialurad aigeba, relativizmis amoqmedebas

uwyobs xels.
mtkiceba,
rom
codnis
epistemologiuri
sami
forma
mimzidvelobiT
arsebobs,
xasiaTdeba,
simartivis
Tumca,
gamo
swored
am
simartiveSia SesaZlebeli eWvis Setana (magaliTad, Keat 1981: 67). uamravi

interesi
da
samyaros
gagebis
gza
arsebobs
da,
ubralod,
Zalian
xelovnuria aseTi mravalferovnebis sam formamde dayvana. faqtobrivad,

gaurkvevelia, Tavisi codnis Semqmneli sami interesis modeliT habermasi
konceptualur
rasTan
aqvs
models
saqme,
agebs,
politikur
ganzogadebebTan,
analizs
axorcielebs,
transistoriul
Tu
principebTan,
droisTvis specifikur dakvirvebebTan, Tu zedapirdulad gansazRvruli

devizebis
nakrebTan
(Morrison
1995a:
romelic
71),
mxolod
maTi
bundovanebis meSveobiT arsebobs (Kolakowsi 1978). lakomski (Lakomski 1999:

179 182) kiTxulobs, Tu ramdenad misaRebia WeSmaritebis konsensusuri
Teoria,
romelsac
eyrdnoba
habermasis
Sroma.
igi
amtkicebs,
rom
habermasis naSromSi araferia naTqvami socialuri cvlilebis Sesaxeb da

bevriT arafriT
kritikuli
gansxvavdeba
Teoriis,
spekulaciisgan; es
rogorc
subieqturobisa
mosazreba
da
exmianeba
araistoriulobis
araadekvaturad problemurad warmodgenis, fendleriseul (Fendler 1999)

kritikas.
am midgomis ufro fundamenturi kritikaa mosazreba, rom kritikul
Teorias mizanmimarTulad politikuri programa aqvs, mkvlevris amocana
is ki ar aris, Seasrulos ideologis funqcia an iqonios raime gegma,
aramed
is,
rom
iyos
miukerZoebeli,
konkretuli
mimarTulebiT
dauinteresebeli da obieqturi (Morrison 1995a). cxadia, kritikuli Teoriis

momxreebi
Seecdebian
mowodeba
ideologiurad
datvirTuli,
mouwodebde
rac
amtkicon,
Tavad
status
mkvlevrebs
kvos
rom
ideologiuri
neitralobisken
Caurevlobis
RirebulebebiT
aris
aRdgenis
neitralurobisa
saSualebas
da
iZleva,
anu,
dauintereseblobisken,
isevea Rirebulebis matarebeli, rogorc sakuTari mosazrebebis kvlevaSi
100
Setanisken
mowodeba.
mkvlevris
ufleba,
gascdes
dauintereseblobas,
namdvilad sakamaToa, Tumca am poziciis dasacavad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

konkretuli
mkvlevari
calkeuli
mkvlevarTa
warmomadgenelia
sazogadoebis
(Kemmis 1982).
mxolod
kritikuli
erTi,
Teoretikosebi,
rogorc mkvlevrebi, Tavadve Cacvivdnen sxvisTvis amoTxril ormoSi _

ukiduresad negatiurad ganwyobil skeptikosebs, romlebic mecnieruli
meTodologiiTa da instrumentuli racionalizmiT marTul konkretul
socialur wyobas (Eaglrton 1991; Wardekker and Miedama 1997) lanZRaven, Tavad
mouwiaT pozitiuri samoqmedo gegmis Seqmna, magram amisaTvis iZulebuli
gaxdnen, mkvlevrebis tradiciuli obieqturoba daerRviaT. vinaidan isini
ideologiur
samoqmedo
gegmaze
fokusirdebian,
maT
ar
SeuZliaT
ideologiiT gaJRenTili qcevisTvis Tavis arideba (Morrison 1995a).

praqtikis
kvlevis
uflebamosilebis
monawileebisTvis,
miniWebis
rogorc
SesaZleblobac
mkvlevrebisTvis,
kritikis
sagnad
iqca
(magaliTad, Carr and Kemmis 1986; Grundy 1987). es, SesaZloa, zedmetad
optimisturi
iyos
samyaroSi,
sadac
Zalaufleba
xSirad
statusis
Tanmdevia, politikuri Zalaufleba ki realurad iSviaTad vrceldeba

maswavleblebze. marTalia, maT garkveuli uflebamosileba aqvT skolis
farglebSi, magram es bevrs verafers cvlis sazogadoebis mowyobaSi,
rogorc
bernSteini
(1970)
ambobs,
ganaTleba
ver
daabalansebs
sazogadoebas. praqtikis mkvlevrebisTvis mcire uflebamosilebis micema

(sakuTari situaciebis sakvlevad) mcireoden moqmedebs uflebamosilebisa
da
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
realur lokusze, romelic xSirad ar
eqvemdebareba praqtikis mkvlevrebis kontrols da mis miRmaa. marTlac

uflebamosilebis mimniWebeli da emansipatorulia moqmedebis kvleva?
riTi asabuTeben amas?
kritikuli Teoria da kurikulumis kvleva

kvlevis
meTodebis
TvalsazrisiT,
kritikuli
Teoriis
principebi
kvlevis sakuTar realur sferosa da meTodebs gvTavazobs (magaliTad,

ideologiis kritikas da praqtikis kvlevas). garda imisa, rom empiriuli
101
kvlevis meTodebis saxelmZRvaneloebSia Setanili, kritikuli Teoriis

meTodebi
SezRudulia
imiT,
rom
am
Teoriis
samuSao
programa
ukiduresad kerZoze orientirebuli, direqtiuli da, rogorc vnaxeT,

problemuria. miuxedavad amisa, is garkveul sferoebSi (da ara sxvebSi)
gavlenian paradigmas warmoadgens, magaliTad, is Sors mimaval gavlenas
axdens kurikulumis kvlevaze.
wlebis
manZilze
damakmayofilebeli
amtkicebdnen,
axsna
rom
ganaTlebisa
da
kurikulumis
sazogadoebis
yvelaze
ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb modernistul da pozitivistur teqstebSi iyo mocemuli, rac

kurikulumis taileriseuli (Tyler 1949) cnobili da gavleniani logikuri
dasabuTebiT gamoixateba oTxi kiTxvis formiT:
1. ra saganmanaTleblo miznebi unda hqondes skolas?
2. ra saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebaa saWiro am miznebis misaRwevad?
3. rogoraa SesaZlebeli am saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebebis efeqturad
organizeba?
4. rogor ganvsazRvravT, es miznebi miRweulia Tu ara?
es
logikuri
dasabuTeba
kontrolirebuli,
efuZneba
mowesrigebuli,
mosazrebas,
rom
winaswar
kurikulumi
gansazRvruli,
unificirebuli, prognozirebuli da metwilad bihevioristulia Sedegis

TvalsazrisiT _ pozitivisturi cnobierebis yvela elementiT, romelsac
Tavs
aridebs
exmianeba
da
kritikuli
Teoria.
simpaTiiT
uyurebs
taileris
dasabuTeba
sazogadoebisa
da
dadebiTad
ganaTlebis
modernistul, mecnierul, menejerul cnobierebas, romelic ideologiasa

da Zalauflebas araproblemurad miiCnevs da, faqtobrivad, navaraudev
politikur neitralurobasa da pozitivizmis obieqturobaze acxadebs
pretenzias
(Doll
1993).
is
fsiqologiasa
da
fsiqopedagogikaSi
konstruqtivizmTan dakavSirebuli winsvlis ignorirebas axdens.

Tumca, es mosazreba swored am simpaTiis gamo gaakritikes. doli (1993)
amtkicebs, rom es dagegmvisa da praqtikis Caketili sistemaa, romelic
kargad
ver
ergeba
ganaTlebis,
rogorc
Ria
procesis
da
102
postmodernistuli
sazogadoebis,
rogorc
Ria
da
mravalferovani,
mravalganzomilebiani, denadi da naklebad monoliTuri da naklebad

problemuri Zalauflebis momcvelis, cnebas. es mosazreba iTvaliswinebs
qaosisa da kompleqsurobis Teorias da maTgan ramdenime mniSvnelovan
maxasiaTebels Tanamedrove kurikulums
Sesaxeb
mosazrebaSi,
romlis
argebs. es aisaxeba kurikulumis
mixedviTac,
mdidari,
is
fardobiTi,
rekursuli da zustia (Doll 1993) da sadac xazgasmulia aRmocenebadoba

procesis epistemologia da konstruqtivistuli fsiqologia.
SeuZlebelia
kurikulumi
mTeli
arsebuli
Rirebulad
codnis
miCneuli
codnis
kurikulumSi
nakrebia.
CarTva.
aseTi
SerCevis
gamarTleba TvalnaTliv warmoaCens gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

sazogadoebaSi arsebul ideologiebsa da Zalauflebas da kurikulumis
am
ideologiebiT
gajerebulobas.
kurikulumi
xelmisawvdomi
codnis
diapazonidan aRebul ideologiur SerCevas warmoadgens. es exmianeba

habermasis (1972) mosazrebas, rom codna da misi SerCeva arc neitraluria
da arc gulubryvilod miukerZoebeli.
ideologiebs
erTobliobas,
SeiZleba
an
ufro
rbilad
zustad,
movepyraT,
rogorc
rogorc
rwmenebis
rwmenebis
erTobliobas,
romelic sazogadoebis Zalauflebis mqone jgufebidan momdinareobs da

am
dominanturi
jgufebis
interesebis
dasacavadaa
mowodebuli.
Tu
kurikulumi Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba, maSin ratom xdeba, rom zogierTi

Rirebuleba
ufro
gavleniania,
vidre
sxva?
Rirebulebebsa
da
Zalauflebas Soris Zlieri kavSiri arsebobs. aq mxolod is sakiTxi ki

ar dgas, Tu ra codnaa mniSvnelovani kurikulumSi, aramed, isic, Tu visi
codnaa mniSvnelovani, ras da vis interesebs emsaxureba aseTi codna da
rogor
emsaxureba
gansxvavebul
(an
miznebs.
ar
emsaxureba)
codna
ar
aris
kurikulumi
neitraluri
da
pedagogika
(rogorc
es
nagulisxmevi iyo modernistul kurikulumSi. kurikulumi ideologiuri

patrulia.
103
codnis
sociologiis
Seswavla
gviCvenebs,
Tu
ramdenad
mZlavri
SeiZleba iyos kurikulumSi asaxuli ideologia da rogor aris masSi

legitimirebuli codna da Zalaufleba. codnis sociologiis Seswavla
gvafiqrebinebs, rom kurikulumi ideologiis kritikis saganic unda iyos
da Tavad unda uwyobdes xels moswavleTa wreebSi ideologiis kritikis
damkvidrebas.
Sesabamisad,
kritikuli
Teoretikosebis
kvlevis
dRis
wesrigSi dgas imis garkveva, Tu rogor axdens kurikulumi sazogadoebis

status kvos SenarCunebas da rogor SeuZlia (da unda SeeZlos) mas
sazogadoebaSi Tanasworobis xelSewyoba.
ideologiis kritikis cneba habermasis adreul SromebSi (1972), kerZod,
codnis Semqmneli sami interesis TeoriaSia warmodgenili. mis mier
SemoTavazebuli
teqnikuri
kurikulumis
taileriseul
kurikulumis
Sesaxeb
mosazrebebis
saxiT
miewodos
kurikulumi,
momxmareblur
im
interesi
(1972)
(kontrolisa
modelTan
teqnikuri,
vlindeba,
sazogadoebaSi,
modis
instrumentuli
romelic
ubralod,
da
pasiur
kidev
erTi
romelSic
prognozirebis)
rezonansSi
da
da
mecnieruli
recipientebs
moxmarebis
uciloblad
unda
sagania
arsebobs
gansxvavebuli kulturuli kapitali. habermasis hermenevtikuli interesi

(sxvebis perspeqtivebisa da mosazrebebis gagebis) rezonansulia saswavlo
gegmis,
rogorc
procesis,
xedvisa.
misi
emansipatoruli
interesi
(socialuri emansipaciis, Tanasworobis, demokratiis, Tavisuflebebis, da

individualuri
da
koleqtiuri
Zalauflebis
miniWebis
xelSewyoba)
kurikulumSi moqmedi ideologiuri interesebis Cvenebas moiTxovs, raTa

maswavleblebma
da
moswavleebma
SeZlon
sakuTari
cxovrebis
gakontroleba koleqtiuri, egalitaruli keTildReobis sasargeblod.

habermasis emansipatoruli interesi kurikulumis politikuri kuTxiT
wakiTxvis gardauvalobasa da ganaTlebis miznebze _ avtoritarizmidan
da elitarizmidan socialuri demokratiisken moZraobaze miuTiTebs.
habermasis
Sroma
kurikulumis
Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove
da
bolodroindeli Teoriebis did nawils (magaliTad, Grundy 1987; Apple 1990;
104
UNESCO 1996) asazrdoebs da uqmnis safuZvels. amasTan, is kurikulumis

SinaarsSi gadmocemuli mZime direqtivebis miRma arsebuli motivebis
wvdomis
sasargeblo
evristikuli
saSualebaa,
magaliTad,
did
britaneTSi, axal zelandiaSi, honkongsa da safrangeTSi. magaliTad,

SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom inglisisa da uelsis
erovnuli kurikulumi
mZimed ergeba teqnikur da hermenevtul interesebs, magram Zalian iolad

_ emansipatorul interess (Morrison 1995a) da es (mizanmimarTulad an misi
SedegebiT),
Tu
wvlili
ar
Seaqvs,
socialuri
uTanasworobis
reproduqcias uwyobs xels. rogorc bernSteini (1971: 47) amtkicebs: is,

Tu rogor axdens sazogadoeba im saganmanaTleblo codnis SerCevas,
klasificirebas,
ganawilebas,
miiCnevs,
sajaro
rom
gadacemasa
unda
iyos,
da
Sefasebas,
romelsac
is
Zalauflebis/uflebamosilebis
ganawilebasac asaxavs da socialuri kontrolis principebsac.

kurikulumis Teoriaze momuSave ramdenime avtori (magaliTad, McLaren
1995; Leistyna et al. 1996)
sakiTxebSi
amtkicebs,
centraluri,
rom
kurikulumTan
ganmsazRvreli
cneba
dakavSirebul
Zalauflebaa.
aq
sayuradRebo mniSvneloba eniWeba kurikulumis politikur dRis wesrigs

da, aseve, masSi aucileblad unda iqnas ganxiluli individebisa da
sazogadoebebisTvis
moswavlisTvis
da
sazogadoebisTvis
miniWebis
sakiTxi.
miniWebis Tema habermasiseul (1972) emansipatorul interessa da kritikul

pedagogikaSi hpovebs asaxvas.
kritikuli
ganaTlebis
uwesebdnen
pedagogikis
sferos
sferoSi
muSakebi
moswavleebs,
wamoyenebulia
dominantur
romelic
argumenti,
kurikulums
sazogadoebaSi
ki
arsebul
ar
rom
unda
socialur
uTanasworobas asaxavs, aramed mecadineobebze moswavleebis realuri

gancdebisa
da
gamocdilebis
mixedviT
unda
muSaobdnen.
amisTvis
maswavleblebma unda Secvalon moswavleebze dominirebis praqtika da

mianiWon maT uflebamosileba, gaafarToon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi
ase,
da
sruli demokratiis pirobebSi, emansipirebul adamianebad aqcion
105
isini.
daTrgunuli
da
mdumare,
kurikulumisa
da
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi TavianTi kulturebisa da xmebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe
darCenili
moswavleebis
yoveldRiurobaSi
aseTi
qmedebebiT
gacemuli ideologiuri gzavnilebi unda veZioT. amgvari uTanasworobis

Sesaxeb
cnobieri
codnis
gafarToeba
misi
daZlevis
mimarTulebiT
gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabijia. maswavleblebi da moswavleebi erTad

miiweven win samarTlian sazogadoebaSi individualuri avtonomiisken
(Masschelein 1991: 97). centridan dawesebuli da kulturulad mikerZoebuli
kurikulumis
kritikuli
nacvlad,
pedagogika
romelsac
moswavleebi,
kurikulums
miiCnevs
ubralod,
kulturuli
iReben,
politikis
formad, romelSic CarTuli monawileebi (da ara misi recipientebi)

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kulturul da dominantur Setyobinebebs,
romelsac
kurikulumi
uflebamosilebebiT,
Seicavs
xSirad
da
maT
SesaZleblobis
sazogadoebasTan,
kurikulumiT anacvleben. amgvarad, kurikulumi
TemTan
eniT
da
dakavSirebuli
emsaxureba socialurad
kritikul skolas da ara kulturulad da ideologiurad pasiurs.

am
mimarTulebiT
Sesrulebul
zogierT
naSromSi
SesaZlebelia
utopiuri da ganzogadebuli dinebis SemCneva. ganaTlebis kritikuli

Teoria
SeiZleba
gakritikdes
masSi
praqtikis
Sesaxeb
mcireodeni,
arasakmarisi raodenobis komentarebis gamo. miedama da uardekeri (1999:

68) aqamde Tvlidnen, rom kritikulma pedagogikam amowura Tavisi Tavi da
mainc
Teoria
axalSobiladve
aris
darCa;
mecnierebis
amasTan,
filosofia
avtorebis
mecnierebis
azriT,
gareSe
kritikuli
(gv.
75)!
miuxedavad amisa, es mniSvnelovani sferoa, vinaidan did yuradRebas

uTmobs kurikulumsa da pedagogikas da aRiarebs, rom isini problemuria
da politikuri.
sami paradigmis Sejameba

CanarTSi 1. 8 Sejamebulia zemoT ganxilul sam midgomas Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebebi (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780
106
CanarTi 1. 8.
gansxvavebuli midgomebi qcevis Seswavlisadmi
normatiuli
interpretaciuli
kritikuli
sazogadoeba da
socialuri sistema
saSualo zomis
/farTomasStabiani
kvleva
upirovno, anonimuri
Zalebi
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis modeli
obieqturoba
kvleva tardeba
garedan
ganzogadeba
konkretulis
qcevis axsna/mizezebis
Zieba
TavisTavad
nagulisxmevi codnis
arsebobis daSveba
makrocnebebi:
sazogadoeba,
institutebi, normebi,
poziciebi, rolebi,
molodinebi
struqturalistebi
teqnikuri interesi
individi
mciremasStabiani kvlevebi
adamianis moqmedebebi
uwyvetad qmnis socialur
cxovrebas
arastatistikuri
subieqturoba
mkvlevris pirovnuli
CarTuloba
konkretulis interpretacia
moqmedebebis/mniSvnelobebis
da ara mizezebis
wvdoma/gageba
mikrocnebebi:
individualuri perspeqtiva,
pirovnuli konstruqtebi,
SeTanxmebuli
mniSvnelobebi, situaciebis
gansazRvrebebi
fenomenologebi, simboluri
interaqcionistebi,
eTnomeTodologebi
praqtikuli interesi
sazogadoebebi da
individebi
mciremasStabiani
kvleva
politikuri,
ideologiuri
faqtorebi, qcevis
maformirebeli
Zalaufleba da
interesebi
ideologiis kritika
da praqtikis kvleva
koleqtiuroba
monawile mkvlevrebi,
mkvlevrebi da
fasilitatorebi
konkretulis
gakritikeba
moqmedebebisa da
interesebis gageba,
kiTxvebis dasma,
gakritikeba,
transformireba
TavisTvad
nagulisxmevis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebis
dasma da gakritikeba
makro da mikrocnebebi: politikuri
da ideologiuri
interesebi,
Zalauflebis
moqmedebebi
komplequrobis Teoriis paradigmis warmoqmna

ganaTlebis kvlevaSi Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi meoTxe paradigmaa
kompleqsurobis
Teoria
poziciidan
samyaros
modelebze,
wrfiv
Seswavlis
(Morrison
aRqma
uars
prognozirebaze,
midgomaze
da
maT
2002a).
ambobs
kompleqsurobis
martiv
fenomenebis
anacvlebs
Teoriis
mizez-Sedegobriv
danawevrebis
organuli,
gziT
arawrfivi
da
107
holisturi
midgomebiT
(Santonus
1998:
romelTa
3),
dRis
wesrigSi
urTierTdakavSirebul qselebs Soris mimarTebebi dgas (Youngbood 1997: 27;

Wheatley
1999:
aq
10).
ZiriTadi
terminebia
ukukavSiri,
cikluroba,
ganviTareba, dakavSireba da TviTorganizacia. es midgomebi Sordebian

wrfivi mizez-Sedegobriobis martiv xedvas, prognozirebis, kontrolisa
da manipulirebis unars da moZraoben gaurkvevlobisken, qselebisa da
kavSirebisken,
TviTorganizaciisken,
ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarebisken,
ukukavSiris
Sinagani
da
meSveobiT
garegani
droTa
garemoebis
urTierTobisken da adaptaciisa da cvlilebis gziT gadarCenisa da

ganviTarebisken.
qaosisa
da
kompleqsurobis
Teoriebi
im
kanonismagvari
qcevis
winaaRmdegia, romelTa wrfivi, deterministuli, gansazRvruli modelis

mqone,
ganzogadebuli,
obieqturi,
stabiluri,
meqanikuri,
atomizirebuli,
gakontrolebuli
da
modernistuli,
Caketili
sistemebi
laboratoriebSi SeiZleba muSaobdes, magram ver operirebdes ganaTlebis

sferos socialur samyaroSi. qaosisa da kompleqsurobis Teoriebis es
maxasiaTeblebi seriozulad aclis safuZvels, Zirs uTxris ganaTlebis
sferoSi eqsperimentirebasa da pozitivistur kvlevas (magaliTad, Gleick
1987; Waldrop 1992; Lewin 1993).
kompleqsurobis Teoria amtkicebs, rom fenomenebs holisturad unda
SevxedoT.
fenomenis
garkveuli
SezRuduli
raodenobis
cvladebad
daSla da Semdeg mxolod konkretul faqtorebze fokusireba ramdenime

mdgenelis/nawilis urTierTqmedebis aucilebeli dinamikis SeumCnevlobas
niSnavs.
ufro
fundamenturad,
kompleqsurobis
Teorias
miaCnia,
rom
analizis tradiciuli erTeulebi unda Seicvalos ganaTlebis kvlevaSi

da individebis, institutebis, sazogadoebebisa da sistemebis (cf. Lemke
2001)
nacvlad
analizis
erTeulad
aRebuli
unda
iqnas
qseli
an
ekosistema (Capra 1996: 301), romelic konkretuli, saintereso (ucnauri

mimzidveli
wertili)
momdinareobdes
da
specifikuri
masze
Temidan,
fokusirdebodes.
anu
centridan
individebi,
unda
ojaxebi,
108
moswavleebi, klasebi, skolebi, Temebi da sazogadoebebi simbiozurad

arseboben.
kompleqsurobis
Teoria
gveubneba,
rom
es
urTierTobebi
aucilebelia, magram ara pirobiTi da analitikuri da arc sinTeturi.

ganaTlebis
Teoria,
kvlevisTvis
ganaTlebis
sazogadoebis,
es
gamomwvevi
kvlevaSi
Temis,
perspeqtivaa.
SedarebiT
individualuri
da
kompleqsurobis
axali
mimarTuleba,
instituciuri
cvlilebis
gagebis/wvdomis mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. is cvlilebis

gagebasa
da
xelSewyobaSi
makro
da
mikrokvlevebs
Soris
kavSirs
mixedviT,
saWiroa
uzrunvelyofs.
rac
Seexeba
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
monawileobiTi
Tvisebriv
holizms,
kompleqsurobis
meTodologia,
formebi,
axsnebs
praqtikis
romlebic
efuZneba,
anu,
Teoriis
kvleva
didwilad
situaciebs
da
kvlevis
interaqcionistul,
SeZlebisdagvarad
bevri
monawilis, an dainteresebuli mxaris TvaliT uyurebs. es SesaZlebels

xdis
mravaljerad
mraval
mizezobriobas,
gansxvavebul
efeqts.
sxvadasxvagvar
komplesurobis
maxasiaTebeli
TviTorganizacia
monawileobiTi,
TanamSromlobiTi
da
Tvalsazrissa
Teoriis
da
centraluri
ganaTlebis
kvlevisadmi
mravalperspeqtiviani
midgomebis
sasargeblod metyvelebs. es, cxadia, ar niSnavs garedan mosulis mier

kvlevis
warmoebis
uaryofas,
aramed
niSnavs,
rom
Tu
aseTi
kvleva
tardeba, is SeZlebisdagvarad bevri poziciidan unda warmoebdes.

ganaTlebis
kvlevis
terminebiT,
kompleqsurobis
Teoria
mizez-
Sedegobriobis Sesaxeb sworxazovan mosazrebebze dafuZnebul martiv

wrfiv meTodologiebs upirispirdeba da pozicias mravalmxrivi mizezSedegobriobisa
da
mravalmimarTulebiani
mizezebisa
da
Sedegebis
sasargeblod ikavebs, vinaidan organizmebi (nebismierad gansazRvruli:

individebi,
jgufebi,
Temebi)
mraval
sxvadasxva
doneze
da
sxvadasxvagvarad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. ver viqnebiT darwmunebuli,

rom martivi mizezi martiv, anu erT calkeul Sedegs iwvevs, mizezebs
109
mxolod
erT
calkeul
sferoSi
vipoviT,
an
Sedegebi
mocemuli
raodenobis sferoebSi iqneba lokalizebuli.

kompleqsurobis
Teoria
ara
marto
kiTxvis
niSnis
qveS
ayenebs
pozitivistur kvlevasa da eqsperimentirebas, aramed ganaTlebis kvlevaSi

aqtorebis winaswar ganzraxuli, mizanmimarTuli, cnobieri moqmedebebis
moxelTebis da interaqcionistuli da konstruqtivistuli poziciebis
dakavebis
mniSvnelovnebas
usvams
xazs.
kompleqsurobis
TeoriaSi
TviTorganizaciis Sesaxeb mimdinare davis mosagvareblad aucilebelia

win
wamoiwios
kompleqsurobis
moZraobam
Teoriis
maswavlebeli,
Tanaxmad,
rogorc
ganaTlebis
mkvlevari.
kvleva
Sinauri
da
garedan mosuli mkvlevrebis simbioziTa da kvleviTi partniorobiT unda

iyos
dainteresebuli.
mravalgvari
danaxvis
xedva
komplqsurobis
ara
saWiroebis
gamoyenebiT),
romlebic
aramed
moiTxovs,
marto
situaciis
harmoniulia
kritikuli
rom
Teoriis
ramdenime
(bevri
kvlevis
sxvadasxva
mixedviT,
perspeqtividan
meTodis
im
realobis
kombinaciis
principebsac
mosazreba
da
exameba,
pozicia
iqnas
SemoTavazebuli. heterogenuloba mowodebaa, lozungia. kompleqsurobis

Teoria ganaTlebis kvlevis tradiciuli midgomebisTvis ara mxolod
mZlavri
gamowvevaa,
aramed
realuri
samoqmedo
programisa
da
meTodologiebis nakrebis SeTavazebac. is axali, Camoyalibebis procesSi

myofi
paradigmiT
uzrunvelyofs
kvlevas
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili 1. 4. ppt).
feministuri kvleva
albaT, ar aris ubralo damTxveva, rom feministuri kvleva iseTive
seriozul
sakiTxad
ganixileba,
rogorc
ideologiis
kritikis
paradigmebi. es ori Tema mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. marTalia,

aSeri
(1996:
TavSesafaria
kvlevis
124)
am
akritikebs
ugulo,
ramdenime
habermasis,
eqspluataciur
princips
ayalibebs,
rwmenas,
rom
samyaroSi,
romelic
frankfurtis skolis ideologiis kritikasTan:
ojaxi
igi
myudro
fenimisturi
TanxmobaSi
modis
110
genderis,
rogorc
analizisa
da
organizaciis
kategoriis,
yovlismomcveli gavlenis aRiareba;
WeSmaritebisadmi, obieqturobisa da neitralurobisadmi tradiciuli

erTgulebis rRveva;
codnis kriteriumisadmi im midgomis miReba, romeliTac yvela Teoria

perspeqtiulia;
kvlevis mravalgvari meTodis gamoyeneba;
fenimisturi kvlevis interdisciplinuri bunebis aRiareba;
mkvlevrisa da sakvlevi adamianebis CarTva kvlevaSi;
Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTmimarTebis daSla.

misi
SemoTavazebebi
mniSvnelovnebis
kvlevaSi
gacnobierebas
Zalauflebis
(visi
kvleva,
sakiTxis
visTvis
mogvarebis
kvleva,
vis
interesebSi Semavali kvleva) da ganaTlebis kvlevaSi emansipatoruli

elementis (anu, kvleva yvela monawiles unda aZlevdes SesaZleblobebis
gafarToebis
saSualebas)
CarTvis
saWiroebas
eyrdnoba.
kritikuli
Teoriis paradigma kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs obieqtur, neitralur,

Rirebulebebisgan daclil, pozitivistur, mecnierul paradigmas imis
gamo, rom is erTmaneTisgan wyvets Teoriasa da praqtikas, Zalauflebis
asimetriis
reproducirebas
uflebamosilebebs
Soris
axdens
(kvleviT
gansxvavebis
sazogadoebaSi
asaxva)
da
monawileebs/respondentebs, rogorc instrumentebs anu obieqtebs, ise

epyroba.
robsoni (1993: 64) kvlevaSi seqsizmis Svid wyaros asaxelebs:
androcentruloba: samyaros xedva mamakacis TvaliT da mamakacebis

kvlevis paradigmis miyeneba qalebisTvis;
zegeneralizacia: kvlevis ganzogadeba mamakacebidan qalebze xdeba;
genderisadmi
ignorireba;
arasensitiuroba:
sqesis,
rogorc
SesaZlo
cvladis
111
ormagi
standartebi:
mamakacebisTvis
qalebis
gasazomad
da piriqiT (magaliTad, socialuri statusis terminebiT);
Sesabamisoba:
standartis
kriteriumebis
gamoyeneba
sqesis
qcevis
gankuTvnili
magaliTad,
is,
Sesafaseblad
rom
bavSvis
da
qcevis
aRzrda
qalis
pasuxismgeblobaa;
ojaxze orientireba: analizis erTeulad ojaxis aReba da ara _

individis;
seqsualuri diqotomizmi: sqesebis calkeul socialur jgufad miCneva

maSin, rodesac, faqtobrivad, maT saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aqvT.
feministuri kvlevac saTuod miiCnevs iseTi kvlevis legitimurobas,
romelic
Cagruli
uflebamosilebiT
saWiroa,
da
sxva
aRWurvas
mecnierebis
mxriv
ar
uCinari
emsaxureba.
tradiciul
jgufis
ezi
(2002:
maskulinur
20)
suraTs
qalebis
wers,
rom
Caenacvlos
erTguleba emansipatoruli codnisadmi, rac (es codna) momdinareobs

feministuri perspeqtividan, vinaidan Tu qalebis gamocdileba mxolod
mamakacebis poziciidan Seqmnili Teoriebisa da dakvirvebebis gamoyenebiT
gaanalizdeba, maSin ase miRebuli Teoriebi daCagravs qalebs (gv. 23).
rogorc ezi (2002: 43) ambobs, genderi gamocdilebis kategoriaa.
pozitivisturi
emsaxureboda
jgufebis
kvleva
da,
Cveulebisamebr,
xarjze,
ZalauflebiT
dominirebiT
gamorCeul
aRmofxvrasa
da
cdilobs,
iqneba
Zalauflebis
kvleviT
Canacvlebas
es
xmis
mocemul
uflebawarTmeuli,
aRWurvavda
wreebs.
sxvadasxva
uflebamosilebis
urTierTobebs
TeTrkaniani
feministuri
realuri
gazrda,
mdumare
mamakacebis
kvleva
amis
samoqmedo
gegmiT
uflebis
micema,
xmis
Cagruli jgufebis emansipacia, Tanasworuflebianoba, Tu reprezentacia.

amisaTvis
is
ideologiis
aRiarebs
kritikis
da
Zalauflebis,
iseTi
dumilisa
kvlevebis
da
xmis
amoRebis,
legitimurobaSi
daeWvebis
sakiTxebis prioritetulobis aucileblobas, romlebic manamde umweo,

uuflebo jgufebis emansipacias ar axdenda. feministur kvlevaSi qalebis
112
mier
Cagvris,
eqspluataciis
da
uuflebobis
gacnobiereba
kvlevis
fokusad iqceva _ es aris ideologiis kritikis paradigma.

feministebi sulac ar miiCneven ganaTlebis sferos obieqturad da
Rirebulebebisgan daclilad. isini amtkiceben, rom misi obieqturoba,
ubralod, Tvalis asaxvevi fandia da arsebul uuflebo status kvos
emsaxureba. isini Tvlian, rom win unda wamoiwios, dRis sinaTleze
gamovides da amuSavdes kvlevis subieqturi da RirebulebebiT marTuli
buneba (Haig 1999: 223). Rirebulebebisgan daclili, neitraluri kvleva,
savaraudod, ZalauflebaSi arsebul gansxvavebebs inarCunebs. jeiaranti
da stiuarti (Jayarante and Stewart 1991) kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kvlevaTa
umetesobis
damaxasiaTebel
tradiciul,
eqspluataciur
bunebas,
romelSic yvela jildo mkvlevars rCeba, monawile ki rogorc wesi, imave

umweo situaciaSi rCeba, raSic kvlevamde iyo da, romelSic Cagvris,
privilegiebs moklebulobisa da uTanasworobis status kvo ucvleli
rCeba. skoti (1985: 80) wers: sakuTari miznebisa da karierisTvis Cven
SegviZlia,
ubralod,
gamoviyenoT
qalebis
gamocdileba.
qrisvelsac
(Cresswell 1998: 83) miaCnia, rom feministuri kvleva TanamSromlobiTi da

araeqspluataciuri urTierTobis Camoyalibebas eswrafis. skoti (1985)
kiTxulobs,
Tu
ramdenad
eTikuria,
rom
qalma
mkvlevarma
maTTan
awarmoos interviu, vinc masze naklebad privilegirebuli da metad

eqspluatirebulia, vidre Tavad.
am situaciis Secvla refleqsiurobis da mkvlevrebsa da kvlevaSi
monawileebze
kvlevis
zegavlenis
sakiTxebis
seriozulad
aRqmas,
pozitivistur paradigmaze uaris Tqmas da kvlevis miznebisa da efeqtebis

metad gacnobierebas moicavs. ezi (2002: 153) wers, rom mkvlevris piradi
gamocdileba kvlevis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia da ganamtkicebs
mosazrebas, rom mkvlevrebisgan obieqturobis moTxovna arasworia.
ribensisa da esvardis (Ribbens and Eswards 1997) mosazrebiT, Cndeba
kiTxva: rogor muSaoben mkvlevrebi Teoriul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT
sajaro, akademiuri codnis moTxovnebisa da formaluri tradiciebis
113
Sesatyvisad,
Tu
kvlevis
monawileTa
axsnebisa
da
gamocdilebis
erTgulebi rCebian. denzini (Denzin 1989), miesi (Mies 1993), haigi (Haig 1999)
da de leini (De Laine) feministuri kvlevis ramdenime princips gamoyofen:
genderuli
urTierTobebis
asimetriuloba
da
reprezentacia
refleqsiurad unda iqnas Seswavlili, vinaidan socialuri cxovrebis

fundamentur aspeqts qmnian (romelsac ganaTlebis kvleva moicavs);
qalebis
sakiTxebi,
maxasiaTeblebi
warmoadgens,
maTi
kvlevis
oRond
istoria,
qmediT,
maSin,
roca
biografia
arsebiT
kvleva
da
biologia,
dRis
wesrigs/fokuss
mxolod
meTodologiuri
sakiTxebidan samoqmedo gegmis formirebisken gadainacvlebs;
Cagvris,
eqsplutaciis,
uflebisa
da
uflebamosilebis,
reprezentaciulobis
Tanasworobis,
cnobierebis
xmis
amaRleba
meTodologiur iaraRs warmoadgens;
eWvqveS unda dadges kvlevis obieqturoba da obieqturobis cneba da

maTi miReba.
prioritetuli
unda
iyos
feministuri
kvlevis
realuri,
RirebulebebiT gansazRvruli ganzomilebebi da miznebi;
kvleva uflebamosilebas unda matebdes da ZalauflebiT aRWurvavdes

qalebs;
ar
aris
saWiro,
rom
kvleva
mxolod
akademiuri
wreebis
warmomadgenelma eqspertebma awarmoon;
aucilebelia
koleqtiuri
kvlevis
warmoeba:
qalebs
sWirdebaT
sakuTari individualuri istoriebis gaerTianeba, Tu es istoriebi

emansipaciisTvis gamodgeba;
saWiroa
qalebis
Cagvris
Zireuli
procesebisa
da
ganmeorebadi
maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena;
Teoriisa da praqtikis ganuyoflobis moTxovna;
piradsa
da
sazogadoebrivs,
kavSirebis arsebobis mtkiceba;
saSinaosa
da
politikurs
Soris
114
genderuli da sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis ageba da reproducireba;
uaryofilia viwro disciplinuri sazRvrebi;
uaryofilia xelovnulad Seqmnili dualizmi: cdis piri/mkvlevari;
uaryofilia pozitivizmi da obieqturoba, rogorc mamakacuri miTi;
metad gamoiyeneba Tvisebrivi, introspeqciuli biografiuli kvleviTi

teqnika;
aRiarebulia socialuri kvlevis genderuli buneba da antiseqsisturi

kvlevis strategiebis SemuSavebis saWiroeba;
kvlevis
procesi
ganixileba,
rogorc
cnobierebisa
da
codnis
momatebis saSualeba da arsebiTad monawileobiTi procesi;
aRiarebulia
qalebis
pirovnuli
subieqturi
gamocdilebis
prioritetuloba;
socialur kvlevaSi uaryofilia ierarqiebi;
mkvlevrebis, kvleviTi wreebisa da kvlevis obieqtebis vertikaluri,

ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, romelSic YTavad kvleva SeiZleba gaxdes
dominirebis,
elituri
legitimaciis
wreebis
instrumenti,
Zalauflebis
unda
reproducirebisa
Canacvldes
da
Cagruli,
eqspluatirebuli jgufebis interesebis dacvis xelSemwyobi kvleviT;
aRiarebulia kvlevis monawileTa da mkvlevarTa Tanabari statusi da

maT Soris ormxrivi urTierToba;
saWiroa
status
kvos
Secvla
da
ara
misi,
ubralod,
gageba
an
interpretacia;
kvleva gacnobierebis process unda warmoadgendes da is eqspertebis

mier
da
eqspertebisTvis
ki
ar
unda
warmoebdes,
aramed
uflebamosilebiT unda aRWurvavdes Cagrul monawileebs.

vebi
da misi kolegebi (Webb et al. 2004) kvlevis
meTodologiis
swavlebaSi fenimisturi pedagogikis eqvs princips gvTavazoben:
profesori-studentis
urTierTobis
reformulireba
Tanaswor da gaziarebiT urTierTobad);
(ierarqiulidan
115
uflebamosilebis
miniWebisa
da
SesaZleblobebis
gafarToebis
uzrunvelyofa (monawileobiTi demokratiisTvis);
Temis, erTobis Seqmna (TanamSromlobiTi swavlis meSveobiT);
erTi calkeli xmis privilegirebuloba (ara marto leqtoris);
pirovnuli
gamocdilebis
magaliTad,
genderidan,
mravalferovnebis
rasobrivi
pativiscema
(romelic,
warmomavlobidan,
eTnikuri
kuTvnilebidan, klasidan, seqsualuri prioritetebidan iRebs saTaves);
tradiciuli mosazrebebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba (magaliTad,

codnis sociologia).
genderi ayalibebs kvlevis samoqmedo gegmas, dRis wesrigs, Temebs da
fokusebs,
arCevs
terminebs
Segrovebuli
monacemebisTvis
da
qmnis
mkvlevrebsa da kvlevis monawileTa urTierTobas. feministuri kvlevis

logikuri
dasabuTebidan
ramdenime
meTodologiuri
principi
gamomdinareobs (Denzin 1989; Mies 1993; Haig 1997, 1999; De Laine 2000):
raodenobrivi,
pozitivisturi,
obieqturi
kvlevis
Canacvleba
Tvisebrivi, interpretaciuli, eTnografiuli refleqsiuri kvleviT,

vinaidan raodenobrivi kvlevis obieqturoba maskulinuri interesebisa
da dRis wesrigis mxolod Tvalis amxvevi fandia.
koleqtivebis,
xSirad,
TanamSromlobiTi,
monawileTa
qalTa
koleqtiuri
kombinacias
qmnis
koleqtivebis
kvlevebi
mier
mkvlevrebisa
subieqt-obieqtis
da
warmoebuli
da
kvlevis
ierarqiuli,
arareciprokuli urTierTobebis rRvevis mizniT.
navaraudevi Rirebulebebisgan daclili, neitraluri, indiferentuli

da miukerZoebeli kvleviT apelirebis Canacvleba gacnobierebuli,
mizanmimarTuli
mikerZoebiT
kvlevis
monawileebTan
mkvlevris
identificirebis gziT.
ideologiisadmi kritikuli midgomebisa da paradigmebis gamoyeneba

kvlevaSi.
116
liberatoruli
meTodologia
codnis
Sesaxeb
mayureblis,
anu
mWvretelis Teoria, romelSic mkvlevrebi Soridan iyurebian, unda

Seicvalos monawileobiTi kvleviT, savaraudod, praqtikis kvleviT,
romelSic monawileebi (mkvlevrebis CaTvliT) Tavad arian CarTuli
qalTa emansipaciisTvis brZolaSi).
status
kvos
Secvlis
saWiroeba
socialuri
kvlevis
amosavali
wertilia. Tu gvsurs, raime vicodeT, unda SevcvaloT is. (miesi (1993)

Cinelebis citirebas axdens, roca wers, rom Tu ginda, icode msxlis
gemo, unda CakbiCo da daReWo is!).
triangulaciisa da mravalgvari meTodebis (iseTi vizualuri teqnikis

CaTvliT,
rogoricaa
video,
fotografia
da
filmebi)
farTod
gamoyeneba.
iseTi lingvisturi teqnikis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa saubris analizi.
teqstebis
analizis
gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa
qalebis
Sesaxeb
dokumentebisa da teqstebis dekonstruireba;
calkeul
individualur
kvlevebSi
miRebuli
Sedegebis
sinTezirebisTvis metaanalizis gamoyeneba (ix. Tavi 13).
raodenobriv gamokiTxvebze uaris Tqma da maTi kritikulad Sefaseba,

kiTxvebis formulirebis gakritikebis CaTvliT.
edvardsisa
da
mauTneris
(Edwards and Mauthner 2002: 15, 27)
azriT,
feministuri kvleva koncentrirdeba dominanturi da Rirebulebebisgan

Tavisufali
kvlevis
kritikaze,
mkvlevarsa
da
kvlevis
monawileebs
Soris arsebuli Zalauflebis eqspluataciuri ierarqiis gamovlenasa da

uaryofasa da mkvlevrisa da monawileebis Zalian mWidro urTierTobis
mxardaWeraze. pozitivisturi kvleva uaryofilia, rogorc Tavisi arsiT
damTrgunveli (Gillies and Alldred 2002: 34) da romelsac imTaviTve ar SeuZlia
obieqturobis
sakuTari
principis
erTguleba;
es
nakluli
epistemologiaa. kvleva da mis ukan mdgari epistemologiebi interesebSi

iRebs saTaves da ganuyofelia maTgan (Habermas 1972).
117
gezi aRebulia monawileobiTi praqtikis kvlevisken, romelSic wina

planzea wamoweuli uflebamosilebis miniWeba da emansipacia da romelic
CarTuli da TanamSromlobiTi procesia (magaliTad, ix. De Laine 2000: 109
ff.).
monawileoba
aRiarebs
Zalauflebis
disbalanss
da
Cagruli
adamianebis maTi sakuTari cvlilebis agentebad gadaqcevis saWiroebas

(Ezzy 2002: 44),
xolo
praqtikis
kvleva
Carevis
Taobaze
misaReb
gadawyvetilebebSi kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas (gv. 44).

rogorc de leini (2000: 16) wers: moiTxoveba meti monawileoba da
naklebi dakvirveba, sxvebTan da sxvebisTvis yofna da ara sxvebis yureba.
ase unda xdebodes ormxrivi da Tanaswori urTierTobis fonze da ara _
upirovnobis, eqspluataciis da mkvlevarsa da kvlevis monawileebs Soris
Zalauflebis/statusis gansxvavebis pirobebSi.
de leini amtkicebs, rom mkvlevrisa da monawilis urTierTobam unda
gaarRvios tradiciuli patriarqati. xazgasmulia mkvlevrisa da kvlevis
monawileebis partnioroba - mkvlevrebi Tavad arian monawileebi da ara
_ gareSe damkvirveblebi. monawileebi ki, rogorc Tanamkvlevrebi, Tavad
qmnian kvlevis process (De Laine 2000: 107), gansazRvraven problemas,
meTodebs, erevian monacemebis Segrovebasa da analizSi, interpretaciasa
da miRebuli Sedegebis gamoqveyneba-gavrcelebaSi. mkvlevrisa da kvlevis
monawileebis urTierToba TanasworobiT xasiaTdeba da araferi aqvs
saerTo
gareSe,
damaxasiaTebel
obieqturi,
tipur
distanciuri,
urTierTobebTan.
ukavSirdebian
kvlevis
monawileTa
warmoqmnili
mkvlevrisa
da
pozitivisturi
kvlevisTvis
mkvlevrebi
ganuyoflad
cxovrebas.
monawilis
am
kavSiris
reaqtiulobis
Sedegad
SesaZlo
sirTuleebi kvlevaSi CarTulobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxia da ara

Tavad kvlevis wyobis.
Tafar-biorkertisa da henris (Thapar-Bj rkert and Henry 2004) mtkicebiT,
mkvlevris _ Zalauflebis mqonis da kvlevis monawilis _ naklebad
uflebamosilis,
mkvlevris
mier
eqspluatirebulisa
da
misgan
manipulirebulis tradiciuli, calmxrivi da erTmimarTulebiani xedva
118
dasavleli
TeTrkaniani
mkvlevrebis
qmnileba
SeiZleba
iyos.
isini
saubroben kvlevaze, sadac, tradiciulad SemoTavazebuli modelisgan

gansxvavebiT, uflebamosileba iseve aqvT kvlevis monawileebs, rogorc
mkvlevrebs
da
es
uflebamosileba
SeTanxmebisamebr,
uwyvetia
da
Tanabradaa gadanawilebuli mkvlevarsa da kvlevis monawileebs Soris.

avtorebi,
faqtobrivad,
gviCveneben,
Tu
rogor
SeuZliaT
(da
axorcieleben kidec) kvlevis monawileebs mkvlevarze meti Zalaufleba

hqondeT kvlevis dawyebamde, msvlelobisas da dasrulebis Semdeg. isini
indoeTSi qalebis sakuTar saxlebSi interviuirebis saintereso magaliTs
aRweren, sadac Cans, rom saxli maTi Cagvrisa da daTrgunvis adgili ki
ara, maTi Zalauflebisa da kontrolis saufloa.
monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT, oukli (Oakley 1981)
Tvlis, rom qalis interviuireba standartizebuli, upirovno stiliT,
romelic
winaswar
gansazRvruli
gegmis
Sesruleba
da
kiTxvebis
gameorebaa, SeiZleba logikuri winaaRmdegobrioba iyos, vinaidan masSi

eqspluataciuri urTierToba moiazreba. umjobesia, rom subieqt-obieqtis
tipis
urTierToba
marTulma
dialogma
Caanacvlos.
igi
akritikebs
intervius warmoebisas raportis tradiciul cnebas (Oakley 1981: 35) da

amtkicebs, rom es instrumentuli, araormxrivi da ierarqiulia _ es
yvelaferi ki maskulinuri Tvisebebia. igi amtkicebs, rom raporti, am
TvalsazrisiT, ar aris realuri da gulwrfeli, radgan mkvlevari mas
mecnieruli miznebisTvis iyenebs da ara adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis
(Oakley 1981: 55). misTvis aseT situaciaSi mkvlevrebi yalb megobrebs
hgvanan, isini sakuTari miznebis miRwevas cdiloben (Duncombe and Jessop
2002: 108) da raportis Seqmnas ndobasTan aigiveben, amitomac iqcevian
megobrebisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad (gv. 110). analogiurad, Tafarbiorkerti
da
monawileebis
zraxvebis
henri
(2004)
damegobrebis
mqone
miiCneven,
mcdeloba
feministebis
rom
saxifaToa,
navaraudevi
SesaZloa, TaRliTobas hqondes adgili.
mkvlevrisa
da
kvlevis
radgan
keTili
solidarobis
saxiT,
119
dankombi da jesopi (Duncombe and Jessop 2002: 111) Zalian ukirkiteben

kiTxvas:
realurad
mkvlevari
empaTiisa
respondents
iTvleba
da
ara
raportis
interviuSi
informirebuli
Tu
Tanxmoba,
informirebuli
Tanxmoba,
demonstrirebiT
monawileobaze?
gansakuTrebiT,
daiyoliebs
avtorebis
kvleviTi
Tu
azriT,
interviuebis
SemTxvevaSi, mudmivi molaparakebis sagani unda iyos da interviuerma

unda izrunos, rom respondents zedmetad ar moaxvios Tavs sakuTari
Tavi. pirad Cvenebebs, zepir monaTxrobebsa da grZel interviuebs, aseve,
didi adgili ukavia feministur midgomebSi (De Laine 2000: 110; Thapar-Bj rkert
anda Henry 2004)
da
ara
marto
im
midgomebSi,
romlebic
sensitiur
sakiTxebs Seexeba. amtkiceben, rom (Ezzy 2002: 45) es qalebis xmis Sesmenis,
cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebasTan
maTi
miaxloebis
da,
zogadad,
adamianebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb gaumarTlebeli daSvebebisgan Tavis

aridebis saSualebas iZleva.
koleqtiuri, egalitaruli da emansipatoruli Tvisebrivi kvlevisken
gadanacvleba
aucileblad
miiCneva,
Tu
qalebs
surT
Tavi
aaridon
pozitivisturi, CaurTveli, miukerZoebeli da obieqturi kvlevis gamo

Cagrul mdgomareobas. maiesis (1993: 67) mtkicebiT, kvlevis am ukanaskneli
tipis SemTxvevaSi qalebi Sizofreniul poziciaSi iyeneben Tavs, vinaidan
am tipis kvlevebSi iseTi meTodebi ixmareba, romlebic xels uwyobs maT
daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi yofnasa da Cagvras, ignorirebulia maTi
Cagruloba da iZulebuli arian, daemorCilon konkurentul, mamakacebis
dominanturi akademiuri wris TamaSis wesebs. romani da eifli (Roman
and Apple 1990: 59) amtkiceben, rom am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ar aris
sakmarisi, rom qalebi eTnografiuli kvlevebiT dakavdnen, radgan Cagvris
arsebuli
da
maformirebeli
asimetriulobisTvis
isini
ZalebisTvis,
ucilobel
gamowvevas
an
ar
Zalauflebis
warmoadgenen.
avtorebi amtkiceben, rom eTnografiul kvlevas ideologiis kritika

unda
axldes
Tan.
faqtobrivad,
isini
amtkiceben,
rom
kvlevis
120
matransformirebeli,
Zalauflebis
mimniWebeli
da
emansipatoruli
potenciali mocemuli kvlevis Sefasebis kritikuli standartia.

es ukanaskneli mosazreba exmaureba laTeris (Lather 1991) mowodebas,
romelic mkvlevrebisgan moiTxovs, rom yuradRebiT da frTxilad iyvnen
sakuTari
kvlevis
politikur
SedegebTan
mimarTebaSi
(magaliTad,
Sedegebis validoba) da ara mxolod kvlevis Catarebisas da monacemebis

analizisas.
kvlevas
cvlileba
da
gaumjobeseba
unda
axldes
Tan,
gansakuTrebiT, am konteqstSi, qalebisTvis (Gillies and Alldred 2002: 33. aseve,

ix. Lather 1991). kvleva da moqmedeba _ praqsisi _ unda moicavdes rogorc
raRacisTvis codnas, ise, raRacis codnas (Ezzy 2002: 47). rogorc
marqsi
gvaxsenebs
Tavis
Tezisi
naSromSi
foierbaxis
Sesaxeb:
filosofosebma samyaros mxolod interpretacia moaxerxes, mravalgvari

interpretacia, Tumca, mTavari misi Secvlaa. Tumca, gilisi da aldredi
(2002:
45)
miuTiTeben,
sasargebloa
kvlevaSi
Tu
rom
ara
mraval
kvlevis
monawileoba
politizebuli
zrdis
gacnobierebis
xarisxs,
mdgomareobis
struqturuli
feminists
maTTvis
maTi
afiqrebs,
aucileblad
monawileebi,
moqmedebebis
gamosavlis
mizezebis
SezRudvebis
SeTavazebis,
moZiebis
vinaidan
gareSe.
an
maTi
amgvarad
politizebuli, magram mdgomareobis Secvlis unaris armqone kvleva,

SesaZloa,
marTlac
aRmoCndes
uflebamosilebis
mimniWebeli
da
mfarveli, ubralod, ganaTlebisken da emansipaciisken mowodebis gamo. man

SeiZleba,
qalebi
ufro
mowyvladi
gaxados,
vidre
kvlevaSi
monawileobamde iyvnen. emansipacia brZolaa.

feministuri
sakamaToia
sxva
kvlevis
zogierTi
feministi
es
mosazreba
mkvlevrebisTvis.
da
meTodologia
magaliTad,
jeiaratni
(Jayaratne 1993: 109) miznisTvis Sesatyvisobas emxroba da Tvlis, rom

mxolod
Tvisebriv
Seesatyvisebodes
meTodologiebze
kvlevis
an
feministuri
Scott 1985: 82 83).
ganxorcielebas
(aseve,
arguments,
raodenobrivi
rom
ix.
miznebs,
fokusireba
meTodebi
SeiZleba
samoqmedo
jeiaratni
Seusabamoa
ar
gegmis
abaTilebs
feministebisTvis,
121
radgan
isini
faqtobrivad,
uaryofen
igi
kvlevaSi
raodenobrivi
CarTuli
kvlevis
adamianebis
sakuTar
emociebs.
teritoriaze
damarcxebaze saubrobs (Jayaratne 1993: 131) da Tvlis, rom socialur

mecnierebebSi seqsistur raodenobriv monacemebTan dasapirispireblad
feministuri raodenobrivi monacemebi da meTodologiebia saWiro. misi
azriT, feministur
kvlevas
amis
gakeTeba
pozitivisturi, mamakacebis
dominirebiT gamorCeuli akademiuri kvleviTi sazogadoebisTvis Tavis

miyidvis
gareSe
SeuZlia.
ouklis
(1998)
miaCnia,
rom
raodenobrivi
meTodebisgan qalebis gamijvnam, SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi

moitanos
qalebis
damkvidreba
sxvebad
da,
Sesabamisad,
maTi
diskriminacia.
de
leini
(2000:
112)
amtkicebs,
rom
raodenobrividan
Tvisebrivi
teqnikisken gadanacvlebam SeiZleba ver gadaWras kvlevaSi arsebuli

bevri eTikuri problema, radgan aseTi problemebi savele samuSaoebis
nebismier
formas
imTaviTve
axasiaTebs.
igi
amtkicebs,
rom
zogierT
feminist mkvlevars SeiZleba, arc naklebi monawileoba surdes da arc

meti gariyuloba, xolo meti gariyuloba da naklebi monawileoba ver
gadawyvets eTikur dilemebs da aseT moralurad pasuxismgebel savele
samuSaos Tavad moaqvs sakuTari eTikuri dilemebi, magaliTad, safrTxis
riski. Tavis naSromSi (gv. 113) is ambobs, rom mkvlevrebisa da kvlevis
monawileebis mWidro urTierTobebi SeiZleba eqspluataciuri gaxdes da
ufro
metad
monawiles)
SeniRbulic
Soris
ki,
gulRia,
Tu
megobrebs
gulwrfeli
(mkvlevarsa
saubrisas
da
kvlevis
gamJRavnebuli
monacemebi SemdgomSi sajaro kvlevaSi iqneba gamoyenebuli. mkvlevari

dilemis winaSe dgas: Tu igi namdvili megobaria, maSin es zRudavs mas,
rogorc mkvlevars da Tu is mxolod TvalTmaqcobs, rom megobaria, an
SezRudvebs awesebs megobrobaze, maSin es gulwrfelobis da patiosnebis
sakiTxebs
wamoWris.
kvlevis
farglebSi
dawyebuli
megobruli
urTierTobebi realuria, warmavalia, Tu monacemebis mopovebis mizniT

STabeWdilebebis marTvaa?
122
de
leinis
(2000:
115)
azriT,
Tvisebrivi
kvlevisTvis
privilegiis
miniWebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos im mtkicebis gamo, rom aseTi

kvlevisas gamoricxulia eqspluataciuri urTierTobebi. marTalia, igi
aRiarebs,
rom
raodenobrivma
midgomebma,
SesaZloa,
gaamyaros
Zalauflebis gansxvavebebi da eqspluatacia, magram arc imis garantia

arsebobs, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva igives ar gaimeorebs,
oRond ufro
SeniRbulad. is Tvlis, rom Tvisebrivma midgomebmac SeiZleba Seqmnan da

SeinarCunon
uTanasworo
urTierTobebi
da,
umTavresad,
imitom,
rom
mkvlevari sakvlev velze yofnisas mkvlevaria da ara megobari. rom ara

kvleva, mkvlevari sulac ar iqneboda iq, sadac aris. steisis (Stacey 1988)
miaCnia,
rom
gacilebiT
eTnografiisTvis
metia
miwerili
albaToba
imisa,
rom
siaxlove/intimuroba
feministuri
eqspluataciur
urTierTobaSi gadaizrdeba, vidre SesaZlebloba imisa, rom es ase ar

moxdeba. mkiTxvels vurCevT, gadaxedos meore Tavs, romelSic ganaTlebis
sensitiuri
kvlevis
ganxilvasTan
erTad
swored
es
sakiTxebia
wamoWrili.
gilisisa da aldredis (2002: 43 46) mosazrebiT, praqtikis kvleva,
sfero, romelsac aqtiurad uWers mxars feminist mkvlevarTa zogierTi
wre,
TavisTavad
cxovrebaSi
problemuria.
uxeSi
Careva
(anu,
arsebobs
riski,
potenciurad
rom
is
Zalauflebis
adamianebis
borotad
gamoyeneba) iqneba, xolo mkvlevari, Cveulebisamebr, Tu centralurs ara,

mniSvnelovan
rols
asrulebs
kvlevis
wamowyebaSi,
xelSewyobasa
da
masSi mocemuli da misgan momdinare Sinaarsebis kristalizaciasa da

ganviTarebaSi, anu, mkvlevaria is, visac aqvs Zalaufleba da gavlena.
ezi (2002: 44) aRniSnavs, rom, vinaidan ar arsebobs erTi calkeuli
feministuri
Tanabrad
meTodologia,
legitimuria.
feministuri
valdebuleba
interpretaciis
etapze
Tvisebrivi
faqtobrivad,
kvlevaSi
unda
da
keli
kvlevis
iyos
raodenobrivi
(1978)
amtkicebs,
sakiTxisa
CarTuli,
meTodebi
da
Tumca,
rom
Sedegebis
ar
unda
monawileobdes monacemebis Segrovebisa da kvlevis Catarebis procesSi.
123
Tapar-biorkerti da henri (2004) miuTiTeben, rom garedan mosul

mkvlevars,
SesaZloa,
meti
upiratesoba
hqondes,
vidre
Sinaurs.
magaliTad, TeTrkaniani qali mkvlevari, romelic feradkanian qalebs

ikvlevs,
SeiZleba
sulac
ar
iyos
dabrkoleba,
radgan
bevrma
feradkanianma qalma mas iseTi informacia SeiZleba gaandos, rasac ar

gaandobda
Tavisive
rasobrivi
da
rasis
eTnikuri
pirovnebas.
analogiurad,
warmomavlobis
interviueri
erTi
da
da
igive
respondenti
TavisTavad ar moiazrebs da ar miuTiTebs maT Soris araierarqiuli

urTierTobis
kategoriebi
Camoyalibebaze.
garedan
avtorebi
mosuli
da
imasac
Sinauri
aRniSnaven,
bundovani
da
rom
aRreuli
ufroa, vidre _ urTierTgamomricxavi. mkvlevrebi subieqtebic arian da

obieqtebic, xolo kvlevaSi monawileebi _ dakvirvebis qveS myofnic
da damkvirveblebic.
de leini (2000: 110) Tvlis, rom feministTa rigebSi arian iseTebi,
romlebic mkvlevrisa da cdis pirebis mWidro urTierTobas emxrobian _
adamianebi ikvleven sxva adamianebs da iseTebic, vinc mkvlevarsa da
kvlevis
monawileTa
poziciaze
dganan.
Soris
axlo
pativiscemiT
urTierTobebi
gamsWvaluli
distanciis
kvaziTerapiul
situaciad
SeiZleba iqces da ara kvlevad (Dunbombe and Jessop 2002: 111), Tumca ufro
Rrma
sakiTxebis
wvdomisTvis
SeiZleba
mainc
mniSvnelovani
iyos
siaxlove. garda amisa, unda vikiTxoT, Tu ramdenad mivyavarT axlo

urTierTobas ormxriv urTierTgaxsnamde (gv. 120). diskusia dawyebulia:
mkvlevari unda gaixsnas, axlos mivides da ufro intimuri socialuri
urTierTobisTvis moemzados _ mopyrobis feministuri eTika (gv. 111), Tu
gulgrili, zedapiruli, distanciuri urTierTobebi unda SeinarCunos,
ramac SeiZleba kvlevis monawileTa obieqtebad qceva gamoiwvios? es
Tanabrad aris rogorc moraluri, ise, meTodologiuri sakiTxi.
es Tema ufro Rrmad midis: arsebobs mosazreba, rom emociebi da
grZnobebi kvlevis ganuyofeli nawilia da ara kvlevidan obieqturobis
interesebis
gamo
amoRebuli
(Edwards and Mauthner 2002: 19).
emociebi
124
kvlevisTvis
xelisSemSlelad
an
irelevanturad
ki
ar
unda
iyos
miCneuli (De Laine 2000: 151 152), aramed centralurad, radgan maT mTavari
adgili ukavia adamianis cxovrebaSi. sinamdvileSi, emociur reaqciebs
gadamwyveti
roli
aqvT
kvleva-Ziebisa
da
monacemebis
sandoobis
dadgenaSi; feministuri komunikaciuri modeli, romelzec de leini

(2000: 212 213) saubrobs, xazs usvams ramdenime donis _ emociebis,
emociurobisa
da
pirovnuli
urTierTdakavSirebulobis
eqspresiulobis,
mniSvnelovnebas.
empaTiis
egalitaruli
feminizmi,
romelsac emxrobian de leini (2000: 108) da sxvebi, SinaurTa wreze

saubrobs,
romelSic
gaerTianebuli
da
imave
sadac
kulturis
empaTia,
warmomadgenlebi
ormxrivoba
da
arian
egalitarizmi
gamorCeuli maxasiaTeblebia.
svancis (Swantz 134) mtkicebiT, mkvlevari SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,
Tavs ityuebdes, rodesac sakuTar Tavze iRebs _ mkvlevris da kvlevis
monawileebis interesebis gamziareblis ormag rols. misTvis Riad rCeba
sakiTxi,
Tu
ramdenad
monawileebTan
SeuZlia
arazedapirul
mkvlevars
namdvilad
urTierTobaSi
da
iyos
arsebobs
CarTuli
Tu
ara
Zalauflebis faruli uTanasworoba, Tundac, mxolod imis gamo, rom

mkvlevars, SesaZloa, upiratesi/umaRlesi codna hqondes. de leini (2000:
114)
Tvlis,
rom
aseTi
upiratesi/umaRlesi
codna
SeiZleba
anTropologiaSi an eTnografiaSi mkvlevris sakuTari gamocdilebidan

an, ubralod, meti ganaTlebidan momdinareobdes. mkvlevris upirvelesi
mizani kvlevaa da es ganasxvavebs mas kvlevis monawileebisgan, romelTac
kvlevaSi monawileobis gansxvavebuli mizani aqvT.
garda amisa, kvlevaSi monawile cdis pirebTan identifikaciisa da
solidarobis
survili,
romelic
mkvlevars
uCndeba,
SeiZleba
keTilSobiluri, magram ararealisturi optimizmi iyos da, pirvel rigSi,

imitom,
rom
eTnikur
warsuli,
cdis
jgufs,
pirebi
SeiZleba
romelsac
cxovrebiseuli
ar
mkvlevari,
Sansebi,
miekuTvnebodnen
hqondes
gamocdileba
maTgan
an
imave
rasas,
gansxvavebuli
feri.
gilisi
da
125
aldredi (2002: 39 40) svamen sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad

SeeZlos
mkvlevars
im
jgufis
reprezentacia,
SeuZlia an unda
romelsac
Tavad
ar
miekuTvneba, kerZod, Zalauflebis an xmis uflebis armqone jgufebs, rac,

TavisTavad,
kolonizaciisa
da
Cagvris
erT-erTi
formaa.
avtorebi
amtkiceben (gv. 40), rom msgavseba/siaxlove ar aris reprezentaciuli

kvlevis avtoritetuli safuZveli. msgavsebis/siaxlovis cnebac ki saeWvo
xdeba, rodesac is yuradRebis miRma tovebs an akninebs gansxvavebis
mniSvnelovnebas
homogenizacias
da
amiT
axdens.
jgufebis
amis
da
konkretuli
sapasuxod
feministi
gamocdilebebis
mkvlevrebi
(gv.
40)
amboben, rom mkvlevrebs mxolod sakuTari uSualo wriT Semofargvlis

uflebamosileba aqvT, Tumca es sakamaTo sakiTxia. sxvebis saxeliT
laparaks Tavisi Rirebuleba aqvs, kerZod,
dacva.
aucileblad
unda
daisvas
CagrulTa da kolonizebulTa
feministuri
eTikis
misaRebobis,
marTebulobisa da sisworis sakiTxi, Tu mkvlevari sxvebis istoriebs

warmoadgens da iyenebs (gv. 41).
kvlevisadmi
proeqti
feministuri
gogonebi
midgomis
mecnierebasa
da
magaliTia
teqnikaSi
praqtikis
kvlevis
(Girls Into Science and
Technology GIST). es kvleva sami wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebda; kvlevaSi

monawileoba miiRes didi britaneTis erT nawilSi ganlagebuli aTi
zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolis
maswavleblebma,
rva
aqedan
2,000-ma
skola
moswavlem
moqmedebis
da
bazad
maTma
gamoiyenes,
danarCeni ori ki _ sakontrolod. am kvlevis meTodologiebisa da

Sedegebis aRwera ramdenime statiaSia asaxuli (Kelly 1986; 1989a; 1989b; Kelly
and Smail 1986; Whity 1986). kvlevis Tanadireqtori mas simultanurad
integrirebul
praqtikis
integracias)
uwodebs
samecniero
gundis
mizanmimarTulad
kvlevas
(Kelly 1987).
feministur
cdilobdnen
(anu,
keli
moqmedebisa
Riad
saubrobs
orientaciaze
gogonebis
da
da
arCevanis
am
kvlevis
kvlevis
imazec,
rom
variantebisa
da
karierasTan dakavSirebul gegmebis transformirebas, vinaidan mkvlevrebi

xedavdnen,
rom
gogonebi
arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaSi
iyvnen
126
tradiciuli sqesobrivi
stereotipebis gamo. igi Tvlis, rom mkvlevrebis
moqmedebebi
daqvemdebarebuli
qalebis
socialuri
mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis mcire mcdeloba iyo (Kelly 1987).
kvleva da Sefaseba
zemoT warmodgenili msjeloba gviCvenebs, rom kvleva da politika
mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. SegviZlia gavagrZeloT am sakiTxis
ganxilva, vinaidan ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarma seriozulad
unda ganixilos da gaiazros Tavis kvleviT saqmianobaSi politikis
roli da is, Tu ra mimarTulebas aZlevs politika mas. magaliTad,
ganaTlebis kvlevis ufro SefasebiTi kvlevisken gadaxris tendencia
SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT, rodesac, vTqvaT, mkvlevris amocanas mocemuli
politikisa
da
proeqtebis
efeqturobis
(xSirad,
ganxorcielebis)
Sefaseba warmoadgens. es gansakuTrebiT asea kategoriebze gamiznuli

dafinansebuli
romlebsac
da
dakveTili
politikosebi
kvlevebis
afinanseben
SemTxvevaSi,
kvlevebisa,
(magaliTad,
mTavrobebi,
damfinansebeli organizaciebi) maT mierve Seqmnili sxvadasxva politikis

seqciebSi (Burgess 1993). es, erTi mxriv, saqebaria, radgan kvlevas pirdapir
politikisken warmarTavs; Tumca, meore mxriv, saxifaToa, radgan sxvebs
kvlevis samoqmedo gegmisa da dRis wesrigis gansazRvris saSualebas
aZlevs. kvleva veRar iqneba Ria da sufTa. amis nacvlad, is mocemuli
iniciativebis
Sefasebad
iqceva.
rac
ufro
naklebadaa
kvleva
politikurad datvirTuli, miT metadaa is SefasebiTi da, faqtobrivad,

Zalian bevri msgavsebaa kvlevasa da Sefasebas Soris. es ori procesi,
garkveulwilad,
gansxvavebebic
dadgena
faravs
erTmaneTs,
magram
arsebobs.
Sefasebasa
da
rTuli
meTodologiuri
amocanaa,
vinaidan
maxasiaTeblebi
maT
aqvs,
maT
Soris
mniSvnelovani
kvlevas
Soris
gansxvavebebis
ara
marto
aramed
erTi
kvlevis
da
igive
erT-erT
mimarTulebas SefasebiTi, anu gamoyenebiTi kvleva ewodeba. kvlevis am

nairsaxeobas xSirad ganasxvaveben
sineqtikis (cnobilia, aseve, rogorc
cisferi cis kvleva _ Blue sky research) kvlevisgan. es ukanaskneli Riaa,
127
kvleva-ZiebiTia
da
raRac
originaluri
Seaqvs
sakvlev
sferoSi,
afarToebs codnisa da Teoriis farglebs, xolo pirveli mocemulia da

ara SeTanxmebuli an Semowmebuli. kvlevis am or saxeobas
Soris
mravali msgavseba SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT, kerZod, socialuri mecnierebis

iseTi
kvlevis
meTodologiebisa
da
meTodebis
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi
1,
gamoyeneba
faili
1.
9.
(ix.
ppt),
rogorebicaa, magaliTad:
kvlevis miznebis identificirebis saWiroeba;
miznebisa da kvlevis sferoebis operacionalizaciis saWiroeba;
kvlevis dizainis principebis dakmayofileba, romelTa ricxvSi Sedis:

- operaciuli kiTxvebis formulireba;
- saTanado meTodologiis SerCeva;
- monacemTa Segrovebis instrumentebis SerCeva;
- sakvlevi SerCevis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miReba;
- kvlevisa da instrumentebis sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxebis
mogvareba;
- kvlevis warmoebisas eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvareba;
- monacemebis analizis teqnikis SerCeva;
- Sedegebis
wardgenisa
da
interpretaciis
Taobaze
gadawyvetilebis miReba.
norisis (Norris 1990) mtkicebiT, Sefaseba kvlevis meTodTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba, romelic naTels hfens moqmedebis problemas (Norris 1990: 97).
igi
Tvlis,
rom
Sefaseba
SeiZleba
ganvixiloT,
rogorc
kvlevis
gagrZeleba, radgan is kvlevis meTodologiebsa da meTodebs iyenebs da

radgan Semfaseblebsa da mkvlevrebs kvlevis warmoebis msgavsi unarCvevebi aqvT (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili
1. 10. ppt). mravali TvalsazrisiT, qvemoT warmodgenili rva maxasiaTebeli
moicavs mecnieruli meTodis bevr elements, romelTac smiTi da klasi
(1987) Svid safexurad yofen:
128
fenomenis Sesaxeb arsebobs Teoria;
am
Teoriis
farglebSi
sakvlevi problemis dadgena da kvlevis
kiTxvis formulireba;
kvlevis
hipoTezis
(xSirad
konstruqtebis
urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb) wamoyeneba;
kvlevis dizainis formireba, kvlevis kiTxvis operacionalizacia da

nulovani hipoTezis warmoyeneba;
kvlevis Catareba;
nulovani hipoTezis Semowmeba Segrovebuli monacemebis safuZvelze;
sawyisi
Teoriis
gadaxedva
an
gamyareba
hipoTezis
Semowmebis
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT.
faqtobrivad, Tu pirvel da meSvide safexurebs gamovaklebT, kvlevasa
da
Sefasebas
Soris
Semfasebelic
SerCevas,
svams
gansxvaveba
kiTxvebs
manipulirebs
da
gaqreba.
orive,
gamoTqvams
cvladebiT
da
mkvlevaric
hipoTezebs,
zomavs
maT,
da
awarmoebs
statistikurad
amuSavebs monacemebs, akeTebs daskvnebs. miuxedavad amisa, Sefasebasa da

kvlevas
Soris
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba
mainc
arsebobs,
romelic
publikaciebSi yovelTvis ar Cans. gamoqveynebul statiebSi yovelTvis ar

aris naTlad aRwerili is fonuri movlenebi, romlebmac dasabami misces
gamokvlevas,
arc
gamoyenebuli
is
aris
angariSSi
xolme
miTiTebuli,
warmodgenili
masala
Tu
rogor
da
arc
iqneba
masalebis
gavrcelebis uflebebis da am uflebebis mflobelTa Sesaxeb aris xolme

yovelTvis cnobili (Sanday 1993). zogierTi avtori Sefasebasa da kvlevas
Soris arsebul ramdenime gansxvavebaze saubrobs. magaliTad, smiTi da
glasi
(1997)
qvemoT
mocemul
Semdeg
gansxvavebebs
gvTavazoben
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili 1. 11. ppt):
gamokvlevis
codnis
Canafiqri
sazRvrebis
ganzogadebebis
da
miznebi:
gafarToeba,
gakeTeba
mkvlevars
TeoriaSi
surs.
fenomenebis
wvlilis
Semfasebeli
Sesaxeb
Setana
da
naklebadaa
129
dainteresebuli
TeoriaSi
an
zogad
codnaSi
siaxlis
SetaniT.
Sefaseba ufro lokaluria, vidre zogadi (Smith and Glass: 1987: 33 34).
gamokvlevis
farglebi/masStabi:
Sefaseba
ufro
mravlismomcvelia,
vidre kvleva, Sesaswavli programis aspeqtebis TavlsazrisiT (gv. 34).
Rirebulebebi
gamokvlevaSi:
kvleva
neitralitets
inarCunebs
da
cdilobs, arviTari Rirebulebis farglebSi ar moeqces, Sefaseba ki

RirebulebaTa sxvadasxva nakrebs unda warmoadgendes da monacemebs am
RirebulebebSi aTavsebdes.
gamokvlevis
sawyisebi:
kvleva
mkvlevris
cnobismoyvareobasa
da
codnis survilSi iRebs saTaves da motivacias (gv. 34). mkvlevari

kolegebisa
da
mecnierebis
winaSe
agebs
pasuxs
(anu,
kvleviTi
sazogadoebis, mecnierTa wreebis), xolo Semfasebeli _ SemkveTis

winaSe.
mkvlevari
angariSvaldebulia
damoukidebelia,
SemkveTebTan
da
xolo
dainteresebul
Semfasebeli
mxareebTan.
mkvlevari codnis ZiebiTaa motivirebuli, Semfasebeli _ problemis

gadaWris, resursebis gadanawilebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
saWiroebiT.
kvleva
sajaroa,
Sefaseba
garkveuli
SezRuduli
auditoriisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
gamokvlevis gamoyeneba: kvleva codnis gaRrmavebisTvis gamoiyeneba,

Sefasebebi _ gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvlad.
gamokvlevis vadebi: Sefasebebi droSia SezRuduli, kvlevas ar aqvs

amis aucilebloba. Semfaseblebs aZleven xolme samuSaos Sesrulebis
grafiks, mkvlevrebisTvis es ar aris aucilebeli.
gamokvlevis Sefasebis kriteriumebi: Sefasebebi maTi sargeblianobisa

da damajereblobis mixedviT fasdeba, kvlevebi _ meTodologiurad da
mocemul
sferoSi
Setanili
wvlilis
mixedviT
(anu,
Sinagani
da
garegani validoba).
gamokvlevis dRis wesrigi: Semfasebels mza samuSao gegmas aZleven,

mkvlevars is Tavisi sakuTari aqvs.
130
norisi (1990) aRwers glasisa da uorTenis (Glass and Worthen 1971)

adreul naSroms, romelSic isini Sefasebasa da kvlevas Soris arsebul
TerTmet gansxvavebas asaxeleben:
kvleva-Ziebis
motivacia:
dasakmayofileblad
kvleva,
warmoebs,
metwilad,
Sefaseba
cnobismoyvareobis
problemis
gadaWraSi
wvlilis Setanis mizniT.
kvlevis miznebi: kvleva da Sefaseba gansxvavebul miznebs emsaxureba.

kvlevas daskvnebi ainteresebs, Sefasebas _ gadawyvetilebebi.
kanonebi da aRwerebi: kvleva kanonebis Ziebaa (nomoTeturi), Sefaseba

ki mxolod garkveuli mocemulobis aRweras eswrafis (ideografiuli).
axsnis roli: saTanado da sasargeblo Sefaseba SeiZleba, warmoebdes

produqtis an proeqtis av-kargis Seufaseblad,
arc is iyos axsnili,
ratom iZleva aseT Sedegebs misi moqmedeba.
kvleva-Ziebis
damoukidebloba/avtonomiuroba:
Sefaseba
klientis
miTiTebiT xorcieldeba, kvlevis SemTxvevaSi ki mkvlevrebi sakuTar

problemebze orientirdebian.
Sesafasebeli
fenomenebis
sargeblianobis
SeiZleba
Tvisebebi:
uSualod,
pirdapir
mopovebul
iqnas
Sefasebisas
Sefaseba
socialuri
xdeba,
socialuri
kvlevaSi
ki
sargeblianobis
damadasturebeli sabuTebi, Tumca, xSirad es arapirdapiri gziT xdeba.
Sesaswavli
fenomenebis
universaluroba:
konstruqtebTan,
romelTa
gaaCniaT,
Sefasebis
xolo
gamoyenebis
mkvlevrebi
saSualeba
obieqtebi
SedarebiT
muSaoben
da
farglebi
lokaluri
da
SezRudulia am mxriv.
dumili
Rirebulebebis
Rirebulebis
sakiTxebi
da,
Taobaze:
Sefasebisas
Cveulebisamebr,
centraluria
ganapirobebs
moZiebul
informacias.
kvlevis teqnika: miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevisa da Sefasebis meTodebs

Soris
SeiZleba
garkveuli
legitimuri
gansxvavebebi
arsebobdes,
131
maTDSoris
ufro
meti
msgavsebaa,
vidre
gansxvaveba
validobis
Sesafasebeli teqnikisa da procedurebis TvalsazrisiT.
aqtivobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi: kvlevis adekvaturobis Sefasebis

ori
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
kriteriumi
Sinagani
da
garegani
validobaa, SefasebisTvis ki _ sargeblianoba da damajerebloba.
disciplinuri
baza:
mkvlevars
SeuZlia,
rom
mxolod
erTi
disciplinis farglebSi awarmoos kvleva, Semfasebels _ ara.

Sefasebasa
Sefasebis
da
kvlevas
gansazRvrebac
Soris
arsebul
miuTiTebs.
zogierT
Sefasebis
gansxvavebebze
gansazRvrebaTa
umravlesoba ramdenime ZiriTad momentze miuTiTebs:
konkretul, mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema;
informaciis mogroveba;
msjeloba/Sefaseba;
gadawyvetilebebis miReba;
situaciis politikis sakiTxis mogvareba (Morrison 1993: 2).

(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 1, faili 1. 12. ppt)
morisoni
(1993:
2)
Sefasebas
gansazRvravs,
rogorc:
konkretuli,
specifikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informaciis uzrunvelyofas, romelsac

eyrdnoba
msjeloba
da
romlis
mixedviT
miiReba
gadawyvetilebebi
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. es mosazreba exmianeba makdonalds (McDonald 1987),

romelic wers, rom Semfasebeli:
jgufebis konkurentul interesebs, situaciis gansxvavebul garemoebebs da
urTierTdapirispirebul informaciul moTxovnebs ejaxeba . . . . man unda
gadawyvitos, romel damkveTs (gadawyvetilebis mimRebs) moemsaxureba, ra
informacia iqneba yvelaze sasargeblo, rodisaa saWiro am informaciis
miwodeba da rogor unda iqnas is mopovebuli. . . . am sakiTxebis gadawyveta
Semfasebels
politikur
damokidebulebiT
poziciaSi
mTavrobisadmi.
mkvlevari politikuri
procesis
aTavsebs,
aseTi
ram
miRma
dgas
ar
da
ganaTlebis
aris
saWiro
misTvis es
garkveuli
kvlevisas.
Rirebulia.
132

misTvis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arsebobs axali codnis warmoqmna da
misi socialuri gamoyeneba. Semfasebeli politikuri procesis Semadgenel
moqmedebaSia
CarTuli,
dainteresebuli,
anu,
romelic
resursebis
Zalauflebis
gadanawilebiTa
gadanawilebiTaa
da
miznebis,
rolebis,
amocanebis gansazRvriT. . . . rodesac Sefasebis monacemebis Zalauflebriv

urTierTobebze axdens gavlenas, Semfasebeli iZulebulia guldasmiT awondawonos mis win dasmuli amocanis Sedegebi. . . . mkvlevari Tavisufalia am
sakiTxebis arCevasa da maTze pasuxebis ZiebaSi; Semfasebels ki, Tavis mxriv,
arasodes unda SeeSalos mis mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema.
(MacDonald 1987: 42)
makdonaldi (1987) amtkicebs, rom Sefaseba imTaviTve politikuri

wamowyebaa. Sefasebis miseuli, yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli sammagi
klasifikaciaa Sefaseba, rogorc autokratiuli, biurokratiuli da
demokratiuli
saqmianoba
da
is
Sefasebis
politikur
aspeqtzea
agebuli (aseve, ix. Chelinsky and Mulhauseri (1993: 54). aq saubaria Sefasebis
sferoSi politikis gardauvalobis sakiTxze. makdonaldi (1987: 101)
aRniSnavs, rom ganaTlebis kvleva ufro SefasebiTi xasiaTis xdeba
da amtkicebs, rom kvlevam Sors unda daiWiros Tavi politikisgan da
Sefasebam gadaWriT unda upasuxos mocemul politikur sakiTxebs:
maSasadame, Sefasebis, rogorc kvlevis ganStoebis, konceptualizaciis
safrTxes is qmnis, rom Semfaseblebi kvlevis respeqtabelurobis marwuxebSi
arian
moqceuli.
kompleqsuri
trivialurma
miukerZoebloba
mniSvnelovnebis
dasabuTebam.
SeiZleba
Caanacvlos
moxelTebis
gacilebiT
sargeblianobam,
mouqneli
Sedegiani
iqneba
mcdelobebis
kvlevis,
rogorc
Sefasebis ganStoebis gansazRvra, ganStoebisa, romlis amocana Semfaseblis

mier wamoWrili teqnologiuri problemebis gadaWraa.
(MacDonald 1987: 43)

Tumca,
simarTle
isaa,
rom
situacia
ufro
gaurkveveli
da
bundovania, vidre am gansazRvrebebSi Cans. am gaurkvevlobis gamomwvevi

ori
ZiriTadi
politikaSi
mizezi
unda
Sefasebis
veZioT.
da
magaliTad,
kvlevis
kvlevis
dafinansebasa
xedva,
da
rogorc
133
yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT daubinZurebuli saqmianobisa, gulubryvilo

da
gamartivebulia.
antiseptikuri
ignorirebas
norisis
xedva
(1990:
ganaTlebis
axdens;
kvlevaTa
99)
mtkicebiT,
kvlevis
nawili
ki
kvlevis
aseTi
socialuri
konteqstis
ierarqiulad
sxvadasxva
doneze myof universitetebsa da kvleviT sazogadoebebSi warmoebs da

zogierT, magram ara yvela, kvleviT proeqts samTavrobo dafinanseba
aqvs.
am
mosazrebas
Tavisi
istoria
aqvs,
romelic
kunTan
(1962)
gvabrunebs da kvlevis dafinansebis politikasa da kvlevis gamoyenebas

Seexeba. gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan SegviZlia, Tvali
gavadevnoT proeqtebis kategoriebze gamiznuli, anu gansazRvruli,
mocemuli
proeqtebis
(xSirad
mTavrobis
an
kvlevis
sponsorebis
dakveTiT) dafinansebis mkveTr zrdas, romelsac Tavisi fasi aqvs.

SesaZloa,
araferi
iyos
gasakviri
da
moulodneli
samTavrobo
struqturebis mier kvleviTi grantebis gacemaSi, Tumca arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis (magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos ekonomikisa da
socialuri kvlevis sabWos) mier dafinansebul proeqtebSi aSkarad
SeimCneva
politikurad
aRwerili
orientirebuli
sineqtikis,
dafinansebisken
gadaxra.
anu,
e.
bargesis
w.
proeqtebis
cisferi
(Burgess
1993:
(da
ara
zemoT
cis
kvlevebis)
1)
mtkicebiT,
mkvlevrebi odnav Tu gansxvavdebian kontraqtori muSakebisgan . . .

ganaTlebis kvleva politikurad relevanturi unda iyos . . . kvleva
praqtikosebis moTxovnebs unda miuaxlovdes.
es mosazreba ganmtkicebulia andersonisa da bidlis (Anderson and
Biddle 1991) redaqtorobiT gamosuli krebulis ramdenime TavSi, sadac
naCvenebia, rom kvleva da politika ver rigdebian erTmaneTSi, radgan
mkvlevrebs sxva gegmebi da ufro xangrZlivi vadebi (anu meti dro)
aqvT, vidre politikosebs da kompleqsuri situaciebis Seswavlas
cdiloben,
xolo
politikosebs,
romlebic
drois
xanmokle
monakveTSi gadarCenisTvis zrunaven, SemWidroebuli vadebi, martivi
134
saSualebebi da maTi politikuri gegmebis Sesatyvisi kvlevebi undaT.

jeimsi (James 1993) amtkicebs, rom:
kvlevaze
dafuZnebuli
gadawyvetilebis
safuZvlad
savaraudod,
sakmaod
ignorirebis
mizezebs,
dafinansebisas,
Sefasebis
Tu
unari,
gamosadegi
SeizRudeba.
an
empiriuli
politikosebi
ukiduresad
mosalodneli
uzrunvelyos
ar
mtkicebulebebi,
yovelTvis
SerCeviTi
informacia
racionaluri
ipovian
iqnebian
Sefasebis
gaamyarebs
garkveul
politikur gegmas, romelic dafinansebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis

dros muSaobs.
(James 1993: 135)
kvlevis
politizebis
Sedegad
damfinansebeli
struqturebi
iseT
kategoriebze gamiznul kvleviT proeqtebs aZleven kvleviT grantebs,

romlebSic dazustebulia vadebi da muSaobis pirobebi. bargesi (1993)
kvlevis warmoebis pirobebis SezRudvebzec saubrobs. Tu kvleva ar exeba
politikur
sakiTxebs,
maSin
didia
albaToba
imisa,
rom
is
ar
daafinanson. SegviZlia daveTanxmoT bargesis mosazrebas, rom kvleva

garkveul gavlenas unda axdendes politikur procesze.
ara marto kvleva iqca politikur sakiTxad, aramed _ SefasebiTi
kvlevebis
gamoyenebac.
zemoT
vamtkicebdiT,
rom
Sefasebebi
misaRebi
gadawyvetilebis sayrdenad gamosadegi informaciis uzrunvelyofisTvisaa

mowodebuli. Tumca, vinaidan Sefaseba ufro politizebuli gaxda, misi
gamoyenebac
(an
gamouyenebloba)
politizebulia.
norisi
(1990),
faqtobrivad, gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdenad xSirad xdeba SefasebiT an kvleviT

mopovebuli mtikicebulebebis politikiT gadawonva. norisi (1990: 135)
wers,
rom
teqnikuri
da
profesiuli
ganaTlebis
iniciativis
Technical and Vocational Education Initiativ TVEI gaerTianebuli
(The
samefos
mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli proeqti, romelic gasuli saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi
xorcieldeboda
studentebis
kvlevas
gadawyvetilebis
da
isaxavda
gamocxadeba
xSirad
miznad)
lidsis
dabali
proeqtis
akademiuri
moswrebis
gagrZelebis
universitetis
an
Sesaxeb
ganaTlebis
135
kvlevis
erovnuli
fondis
SemfasebelTa
jgufebisgan
yovelgvari
SefasebiTi angariSis miRebis gareSe moxda. es exmianeba jeimss (1993),

rodesac igi wers:
Sefasebis,
rogorc
gadawyvetilebis
mimRebTaTvis
uzrunvelmyofis rolis klasikuri gansazRvreba . . .
informaciis
fiqciaa, Tu mas ise
gavigebT, rom politikosebisgan, romlebic dakveTas aZleven Semfaseblebs,

moveliT, rom isini racionalur gadawyvetilebebs maTTvis xelmisawvdom
saukeTeso (validur da sando) informaciaze dayrdnobiT miiReben.
(James 1993: 119)
stronaqi da morisi (Stronach and 1994) amtkiceben, rom rodesac Sefaseba

dakveTilia da mkveTrad politikuri gamoyeneba aqvs, Sefasebebi ufro
damadasturebeli xdeba (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi
1,
faili
1.
13.
ppt)
da
qvemoT
warmodgenili
maxasiaTeblebiT
gamoirCeva:
xanmoklea,
proeqtis
mza
miznebs
iRebs
da
xels
uwyobs
maT
realizacias.
ignorirebulia swavlis xangrZlivi Sedegebis Sefasebis, programis

mosalodneli ekonomikuri an socialuri Sedegebi.
araTanazomieri
romlebic
wona
eniWeba
pasuxismgebeli
programis
arian
im
monawileTa
programis
aRqmebs,
warmatebiT
ganxorcielebasa da danergvaze, Sedegad ki angariSSi cvlilebis

Sesaxeb imaze meti iwereba, vidre realuradaa.
uaryofilia, an angariSSi arasakmarisadaa warmoCenili mecadineobebSi

monawileTa mosazrebebis da programis kritika.
ikavebs Teoriisgan daclil pozicias da, zogadad, determinantad

miiCnevs mosazrebis agregaciis mniSvnelovnebas.
mkacri
kontraqtiT
sponsorebTan,
ganisazRvreba
romlebic,
samomavlo
urTierTobebi
dafinansebis
programis
perspeqtivis
136
SesanarCuneblad,
an
krZalaven
sajaro/Ria
angariSgebas,
an
TviT-
cenzurisken mouwodeben Semfasebels.
angariSis Sedgena xdeba programis arapirdapir, Sefarulad dacvis

sxvadasxvagvari formiT.
mkvlevarTa da SemfasebelTa wreebSi Seqmnili da ganmtkicebulia

profesiuli
Sizofrenia,
romlis
meSveobiTac
yovel
individs
sxvadasxva sajaro da piradi mosazrebebi eqmneba, zogadi xasiaTis

kritikas gamoTqvams da ara konkretuls, an Cumad, zedmeti xmauris
gareSe wers akademiur kritikas, romelic iseve gansxvavebuli iqneba
kontraqtis
gansazRvruli
SefasebiTi
aqtivobebisgan,
rogorc
kritikuli da damadasturebeli.
aqamde warmodgenili ganxilva farTomasStabian proeqtebs Seexeboda,
romlebzec politikuri gadawyvetilebebi zemoqmedebs, Tavis mxriv, am
proeqtebma SeiZleba moaxdinos (an ar moaxdinos) gavlena politikaze.
morisoni (1993) magaliTad, migviTiTebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba imoqmedos
Sefasebebma skolis mikropolitikaze. hoili (Hoyle 1986), magaliTad,
kiTxulobs, gamoiyeneba Tu ara Sefasebis monacemebi departamentSi, an
fakultetze
resursebis
mosazidad
an
Sesamcireblad?
skolaSi
warmoebuli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi mxolod Sefasebas ar

ukavSirdeba,
rac
sakmaod
gansxvavdeba
praqtikis
mkvlevarTaTvis
wayenebuli emansipatoruli moTxovnisgan (magaliTad, Carr and Kemmis 1986;

Grundy
1987)
swavlebisa
da
da
xSirad
Sefasebis
mocemuli
yvelaze
gegmis
organizebis,
warmatebuli
gzebis
dagegmvis,
povniTaa
dainteresebuli da ara am gegmis SeqmniT da mkvlevris sakuTari gegmis

miyoliT.
es
ganaTlebaSi
problemebis
politikis
gadaWraa
Carevis
da
mzardi
ara
problemebis
tendenciis
wamoWra.
damdasturebelia
makro- da mikrodoneebze politikosebis mier erTad mocemuli Sefaseba

da kvleva. aseTi CareviT xdeba mTavrobis hegemoniis ganmtkiceba. aq
ramdenime sakiTxi unda gamoiyos:
Sefaseba da kvleva mniSvnelovanwilad faravs erTmaneTs.
137
Sefasebasa da kvlevas Soris garkveuli konceptualuri gansxvavebebi

arsebobs,
Tumca,
praqtikaSi
sakmaod
Znelia
maT
Soris
zRvris
gavleba.
kvlevisa
da
kvleviTi
programis
dafinanseba
da
kontroli
gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa mosazrebebsa da Sexedulebebs asaxavs.
SefasebiTi
kvleva
kategoriebze
gamiznuli
kvleviTi
proeqtebis
dafinansebis sapasuxod ganviTarda.
SefasebisTvis
daTmobili
yuradReba
da
misi
gamoyeneba
miRebuli
Sedegebisa da politikosebisTvis maTi politikuri mimzidvelobis

Tanxvedris mixedviT icvleba.
am TvalsazrisiT, makdonaldis (1987) mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
didad aRarafriT gansxvavdeba istoriuli reliqtisgan. Sefaseba da
kvleva
mniSvnelovnadaa
aRreuli
erTmaneTSi
da
Znelia
maT
Soris
mkveTri zRvris gavleba kvleva-Ziebis orive formaSi politikis SeWrisa

da
politikuri
SegviZlia
miznebisTvis
burgesis
(1993)
maTi
gamoyenebis
mosazrebis
moyvana,
gamo.
amis
sapasuxod
rom
mkvlevari
unda
akmayofilebdes sponsoris moTxovnebs da, amasTanave, kvlevis monacemebis

generirebas
axdendes
(aq
Sedis
monacemebis
kuTvnilebisa
da
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis sakiTxebi).
kvleva, politika da strategiis dagegmva

zemoT mocemuli diskusia gvafiqrebinebs, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi
politikuri ganzomilebis gareSe muSaoba gardauvalia, rogorc makro,
ise
mikro
dafinansebis
TvalsazrisiT.
iseT
pirobebSi
makropolitikuri
aisaxeba,
sadac
TvalsazrisiT,
gacemuli
es
dafinanseba
ganapirobebs, rom kvleva iyos politikaze mibmuli (Burgess 1993) _ mas

eqvemdebarebodes
gaumjobeseba
politikuri
politikosebis
gadawyvetilebebis
mier
warmarTva,
identificirebul
xarisxis
sferoebSi,
politikis danergvisa da gatarebis efeqtebis Sefaseba. burgesi aRniSnavs
138
gadanacvlebas im situaciidan, romelSic mkvlevari Tavad gansazRvravs

kvlevis Temas iseTi situaciisken, rodesac sponsori adgens kvlevis
fokuss. dafinansebis sakiTxi scildeba kvlevis Semdgom gamoyenebas misi
gavrcelebis/gamoqveynebis
(an
gauvrceleblobis/gamouqveyneblobis)
TvalsazrisiT. Tu vin miiRebs Sedegebs, an vis miuwvdeba maTze xeli,

rogor
gamoiyeneben
mflobelobisa
da
da
warmoadgenen
kvlevis
Sedegebs
Sedegebis
monacemebis
gamoqveynebis
kontrolis
fundamentur sakiTxs wamoWris. arasasurveli angariSebis gamoqveyneba

SeiZleba
gadaidos,
SeiZleba
ufro
dabrkoldes
farTo
an
SerCeviTad
saganmanaTleblo
gamoqveyndes!
miznebis
kvleva
ganaTlebis
adgilobrivi samTavrobo warmomadgenlebis politikis an samTavrobo

saagentoebis politikis samsaxurSi Cadges.
kvlevisa
da
politikis
urTierTgadajaWvulobisda
miuxedavad,
ganaTlebis kvlevas, politikasa da politikosebs Soris kompleqsuri

urTierTobebia,
realobis
radgan
Seswavlas
calkeuli
kvleva
ar
kvlevis
eswrafis
aris
dizaini
kompleqsuri
socialuri
(Anderson and Biddle 1991).
konkretuli
martivad
an
uSualod
politikis
erT
konkretul nawilze mimarTuli; aramed, piriqiT, kvleva sxvadasxva tipis

codnas
qmnis
cnebebs,
sqemebs,
axsnebs,
Teoriebs,
strategiebs,
mtkicebulebebsa da meTodologiebs (Caplan 1991). es codna SeumCnevlad

da xSirad arapirdapir asazrdoebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis process,
magaliTad, Seaqvs masSi uSualo wvlili, aZlevs zogad mimarTulebas,
mecnierul intrpretaciebs, maorientirebel perspeqtivebs, ganzogadebebsa
da axalebur xedvebs. bazisuri da gamoyenebiTi kvleva mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs am procesSi.
kvlevaze
zemoqmedebis
gavrcelebis/gamoqveynebis
xarisxi
sifrTxileze:
damokidebulia
Zalian
mcire
Sedegebis
moculobiT
warmodgenil Sedegebs maTi ignorireba mohyveba, Zalian didi odenobiT

miwodebisas ki _ monacemebiT gadatvirTva uxerxulad agrZnobinebs Tavs
politikosebs da isini cinikurad ityuebian (gavixsenoT ambavi, biWi rom
139
cinikurad tyuoda mgeli, mgelio) (Knott and Wildasky 1991). amgvarad,

mkvlevrebi
frTxilad
unda
moekidon
politikosebis
mier
Sedegebis
gamoyenebis sakiTxs (Weiss 1991a), eridon Jargons, miawodon Sejamebebi,

gaaumjobeson
kavSiri
politikosTa
kulturebTan
(Cook
da,
1991)
SemdgomSi, ganaTlebis sferoSi moRvaweTa wreebTan. mkvlevrebma unda

ganaviTaron
politikaze
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
gavlenis
saSualebebi,
politikosebs
gansakuTrebiT,
SeuZliaT,
rom,
im
ubralod,
uyuradRebod datovon kvlevis Sedegebi, sakuTari kvleva daukveTon

(Cohen and Garet 1991) an arasakmarisi dafinanseba gamouyon socialuri
problemebis
kvlevas
(Coleman
1991;
Thomas
1991).
mkvlevrebi
unda
acnobierebdnen da aRiarebdnen Zalauflebis mqone jgufebTan kavSirs,

romlebic
forma
TavianT
SeiZleba
politikas
miiRos
imis
atareben.
kvlevis
mixedviT,
Tu
ra
gamoyenebam
adgili
mravali
uWiravs
mas
politikaSi mimdinare procesebSi, ramdenad aris damokidebuli masze

ganviTareba,
problemebis
gadawyveta,
interaqtiuli
da
taqtikuri
modelebi (Weiss 1991b). mkvlevrebma unda gadawyviton, Tu ra iqneba maTi

kvlevis gamoyenebis saukeTeso forma (Alkin et al. 1991).
politikaze kvlevis zegavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba is mTavrobis politikur gegmebs (Thomas 1991), politikosebi
xom sakuTar politikur sicocxlisunarianobaze, gadarCenasa (Cook 1991)
da sakuTari socialuri programebis win wamowevaze SfoTaven. kvleva
gamoiyeneba, Tu is politikurad misaRebia. is, rom kvlevis gavlena
politikaze ukiduresad da uciloblad politikuria, Zalian banaluria
(Horowitz and Katz 1991; Kamin 1991; Selleck 1991; Wineburg 1991). kvleva Zalian
martivad SeiZleba iqces, ubralod, damadasturebel teqstad, romelic
amarTlebs
sistemas
(Wineburg
1991)
da
romelsac
mxolod
isini
gamoiyeneben, visac masSi martoden sakuTari survilebis danaxva unda

(Kogan and Atkin 1991).
mkvlevrebsa
arsebobs.
da
orive
politikosebs
mxares
Soris
gansxvavebuli,
mniSvnelovani
xSirad
daZabuloba
dapirispirebuli
140
interesebi,
gegmebi,
auditoria,
vadebi,
terminologia
da
aqtualuri
sakiTxebi aqvs (Levin 1991). es viTareba ganuzomlad moqmedebs kvlevis

stilze. politikosebi SfoTaven da surT zedapiruli faqtebis swrafad
dadgena,
xanmokle
gadawyvetebi,
kompleqsuri
da
zogadi
socialuri
problemebis mogvarebis martivi saSualebebi (Carwright 1991; Cook 1991),

martivi
gavlenis
Sesabamisad,
modeli
(Biddle and Anderson 1991; Weiss 1991a; 1991b).
mimzidvelad
miiCneven
pozitivistur
meTodologiebs,
aknineben aralegitimur Sejamebebs da auareseben monacemebs. garda amisa,

saqme aqvT ra ideologiasTan, msoflmxedvelobasTan da ara konkretul
sakiTxebTan, politikosebi, ZiriTadad, ar arian darwmunebuli iseTi
kvlevis efeqtebSi (Cohen and Garet 1991; Kerlinger 1991), romelTac ukiduresad
rTuli dizaini da SezRuduli praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs (Finn 1991).
mkvlevrebis sapasuxod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es mcdarad warmoaCens maTi
Sromis bunebas (Shavelson and Berliner 1991) da kompleqsur realobas, romlis
Seswavlasac
moxelTeba
cdiloben
da
(Blalock
politikuri
1991).
socialuri
sargeblianobis
pirobis
kompleqsurobis
dakmayofileba
SeiZleba upirispirdebodes erTmaneTs.

kvlevisa da politikis _ Zalauflebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
_ urTierTkavSiri rTuli sakiTxia. meore mxriv, mkvlevrebisTvis isev
ZalaSi rCeba debuleba, rom kvleva imTaviTve politikuri aqtia, radgan
is sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikuri procesis nawilia. aSerisa da
skotis (1996: 176) mtkicebiT, pozitivisturi kvleva iZleva saSualebas,
rom SedarebiT xeluxleblad SenarCundes sazogadoebis tradiciuli
koncefcia
TeTrkaniani
mamakaci,
saSualo
klasidan
gamosuli
mkvlevari. is, rom es Tema epistemologiur debatamde aRwevs, naTeli

xdeba
sakiTxiT,
disciplinebs.
vin
codnis
gansazRvravs
socialur
codnis
wyobaSi
tradiciebs
da
codnis
gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom
jgufebs sxvadasxva ZaliT SeuZliaT, gansazRvron, Tu ra aris kvleviT

mopovebuli
Rirebuli
codna,
romeli
fokusebi
da
meTodologiaa
141
kvlevisTvis
misaRebi
da
marTebuli
da
rogor
iqneba
Sedegebi
gamoyenebuli.
meTodebi da meTodologia
vubrundebiT Cven sawyis sakiTxs, esaa meTodebi da meTodologia
ganaTlebis
kvlevaSi.
meTodebSi
vgulisxmobT
ganaTlebis
kvlevaSi
monacemTa mogrovebisadmi midgomaTa diapazons, romelic daskvnebisa da

interpretaciis,
axsnisa
da
prognozirebis
safuZvlad
unda
iqnas
gamoyenebuli. tradiciulad, sityva meTodebi pozitivistur modelTan

asocirebul teqnikasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba, anu, rodesac winaswar
momzadebul
aRvwerT
kiTxvebze
fenomenebs
viRebT
da
pasuxebs,
vaxorcielebT
viwerT
gazomvis
eqsperimentebs.
Sedegebs,
am
terminis
mniSvneloba SegviZlia gavafarTooT da masSi gavaerTianoT ara marto

normatiuli kvlevis meTodebi, aramed interpretaciul paradigmasTan
asocirebuli
meTodebic,
rogoricaa
monawilis
dakvirveba,
roluri
TamaSi, aradireqtiuli interviu, epizodebi da angariSebi. miuxedavad

imisa,
rom
saqmianobis
aq
SegviZlia
ufro
CavrToT
specifikur
meTodebi,
maxasiaTeblebs
romlebic
mecnieruli
asaxavs,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad, cnebebisa da hipTezebis formireba, modelebisa da Teoriebis

ageba da SerCevis procedurebi, Cven SemovifarglebiT mkvlevrebis mier
gamoyenebuli ufro zogadi teqnikiT.
Tu meTodebi monacemebis mogrovebis procesSi gamoyenebul teqnikasa
da procedurebs Seexeba, meTodologiis mizani kvlevisadmi midgomebis,
kvlevebis
saxeobebisa
da
paradigmebis
aRweraa
(Kaplan 1973).
kaplani
Tvlis, rom meTodologiis mizania, SeZlebisdagvarad yvelaze farTo

terminebiT, Tavad procesis wvdomaSi dagvexmaros da ara mecnieruli
kvleva-Ziebis produqtebis gagebaSi.
Cven, Cveni mxriv, vecdebiT, rom normatiuli da interpretaciuli
midgomebi
erTmaneTis
Semavseblad
warmogidginoT;
aseve,
SevecdebiT,
SevamciroT maT Soris zogjer warmoqmnili daZabuloba. mertoni da

kendeli (Merton and Kendall 1946)7 igive mosazrebas gamoTqvamen:
142

socialurma mecnierebma Tavi unda daanebon Tvisebriv da raodenobriv
monacemebs
Soris
moCvenebiTi
arCevnis
gakeTebas:
maT
am
ori
tipis
monacemebis kombinacia unda ainteresebdeT, romelSic erTi tipis monacemi

meoris yvelaze Rirebul Tvisebebs warmoaCens. problematurad is rCeba, Tu
romel poziciaze rodis dadgnen: rodis gamoiyenon erTi tipis midgoma da

rodis _ meore.
(Merton and Kendall 1946)
Tavad termins kvleva mravalgvari mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes da

amitom kargad moergos
hilandiel
fermwerTa
sxvadasxva konteqsts, vTqvaT, XVII saukunis
teqnikis
Seswavlidan
dawyebuli
da
ZiriTadi
qalaqebis centrSi transportis nakadis moZraobis gaumjobesebis ufro

efeqturi saSualebebis moZiebiT dasrulebuli. Tumca, Cveni miznebisTvis
am terminis gamoyenebas im aqtivobebiTa da procesebiT SemovfarglavT,
romelTa ganzraxva qcevis Sesaxeb mecnierebis ganviTarebaa. Tavad sityva
mecniereba normatiul perspeqtivasac moiazrebs da interpretaciulsac.

Sesabamisad,
problemebTan
rodesac
socialur
mimarTebaSi,
mecnierebis
principebis
moviazrebT;
xolo
kvlevaze
maTsave
sistemurad
rodesac
viyenebT
vsaubrobT,
socialur
da
adamianebis
garemoSi
mecnierulad
termins
gamoyenebas
ganaTlebis
analogiurad, imave principebis gamoyenebaze vfiqrobT, Tumca

saganmanaTleblo
garemoSi,
swavlebisa
da
swavlis
qcevis
kvleva,
formalur
problemebTan
mimarTebaSi da am cnebebze pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gavlenis mqone

sakiTxebis gasarkvevad.
ganaTlebis sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevis gamorCeuli Rirebuleba isaa,
rom am sferoSi moRvawe adamianebs garkveuli saxis Rirebuli codnis
safuZvlis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems, im codnis, rac sxva profesiebsa
da disciplinebs axasiaTebs, aseve, mianiWebs iseT codnas, romelic
simwifesa da progress uzrunvelyofs, rac dRes ase aklia ganaTlebis
sferos.
143
144
nawili meore
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis

dagegmva
kvlevis dagegmva ganaTlebis sferoSi
kvleva
uciloblad
eTikuri
ar aris SemTxveviTi saqme. Tavad
wamowyebaa.
amis
saCveneblad
eTikur
sakiTxebs wignis dasawyisSive ganvixilavT. mkvlevarTa sazogadoebas da

im
adamianebs,
moelodnen,
romlebic
rom
kvleva
iyeneben
kvlevis
zustad,
Sedegebs,
skrupulozurad
ufleba
da
aqvT,
eTikurad
gamarTlebuli saxiT Catardeba. es ki detalur dagegmvas aucilebels

xdis.
am
nawilSi
dagegmvis
ZiriTad
sakiTxebs
gavecnobiT.
kvlevis
dagegmvis sul adreul etapze unda ganvixiloT SerCevis, sandoobisa da

validobis sakiTxebi da wignis es nawili swored maT eZRvneba. am rTul
sakiTxebs mkiTxvels meTodurad warvudgenT. garda amisa, am nawilSi
CarTulia
axali
Tavi,
romelic
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
sensitiuri
sakiTxebis kvlevas exeba. sensitiuroba moiazreba ara marto Sinaarsis

TvalsazrisiT,
aramed
TvalsazrisiTac.
procesis,
gamoTqmulia
miznis,
mosazreba,
Sedegisa
rom
da
gamoyenebis
xSirad
Tavad
xelmisawvdomobac sensitiuri Temaa da es mTavari sakiTxi unda iyos

kvlevis
dagegmvisas.
aqve
mocemulia
mTeli
rigi
dagegmvis
SesaZlo
variantebisa, raTa SerCevis procedurebis, sandoobisa da validobis

versiebis saboloo dadgena miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze moxdes,
winaswar ganiWvritos da gadaiWras kvlevis sensitiuri sakiTxebi.
145
2 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisa da

socialuri kvlevis eTika
Sesavali
kvlevaSi
eTikuri
problemebis
arsebobis
codna
faseuli
literaturis matebasa da kvlevis praqtikis maregulirebeli kodeqsebis

gamoCenaSi
aisaxeba,
rasac
sxvadasxva
saagento
da
profesiuli
gaerTianebebi qmnian.1 mTavari eTikuri dilemaa wonasworobis SenarCuneba

WeSmaritebis
ZiebaSi,
erTi
mxriv,
profesionali
mecnierebisTvis
wayenebul moTxovnebsa da, meore mxriv, monawileebis uflebebsa da

Rirebulebebs Soris, romelTac kvleva potenciur safrTxes uqmnis. es
viTareba xarjisa da sargeblis Tanafardobis saxeliT aris cnobili.
frankfort-naxmiasma
da
naxmiasma
(Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992)
zogadi StrixebiT aRweres misi arsi, romelic warmodgenilia 2. 1.

CanarTSi am cnebas mogvianebiT isev davubrundebiT. mkvlevrebis winaSe
mdgarma eTikurma problemebma SeiZleba imravlos, rodesac zogadidan
kerZoze da abstraqtulidan konkretulze gadainacvleben.
eTikuri
sakiTxebi
SeiZleba
momdinareobdes
im
problemebidan,
romelsac ikvleven socialuri mecnierebi da im meTodebidan, romelsac

isini iyeneben validuri da sando monacemebis misaRebad. es niSnavs, rom
eTikuri sakiTxebi kvlevis yovel etapze wamoiWreba. isini SeiZleba
warmoqmnas Tavad kvleviTi proeqtis bunebam (magaliTad, inteleqtis
Taviseburebebis
eTnikuri
gansxvavebebis
kvleva),
kvlevis
konteqstma
(winaswari dakavebis izolatorSi Catarebuli kvleva), gamosayenebelma

procedurebma
Segrovebis
(Zlieri
SfoTvis
meTodebma
bunebam/maxasiaTeblebma
gamomwvevi
(faruli
xom
ara?
eqsperimenti),
dakvirveba),
(emociuri
monacemebis
monawileTa
problemebis
mqone
mozardebi), Segrovebuli monacemebis saxeobam (ukiduresad pirovnuli da

sensitiuri informacia) da, aseve, imanac, Tu, sad aRmoCndeba da ra
146
msvleloba miecema am monacemebs (iseTi formiT gamoqveyneba, romelmac

SeiZleba monawileebi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caayenos).
CanarTi 2.1.
danakargisa da sargeblis Tanafardoba
danakargisa
da
sargeblis
Tanafardoba
fundamenturi
cnebaa,
romelic
asaxavs ZiriTad eTikur dilemas socialur mecnierebaSi. kvlevis dagegmvisas

socialurma
mosalodneli
mecnierebma
socialuri
erTmaneTs
sargebeli
unda
da
Seadaron
TavianTi
kvlevaSi
wamowyebis
monawile
individebis
pirovnuli danakargi. kvlevidan miRebuli SesaZlo sargebeli SeiZleba iyos

mniSvnelvani
aRmoCenebi,
romelsac
Teoriuli
da
gamoyenebiTi
codnis
mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebamde mivyavarT. Tu kvleva ver ganxorcieldeba, es

SeiZleba sazogadoebas kvlevis SedegebiT miRebuli upiratesobebis dakargvisa
da, saboloo jamSi, adamianebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobis
xelidan
gaSvebis
fasad
daujdes.
monawileebisTvis
danakargSi
SeiZleba
moiazrebodes Rirsebis Selaxva, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCena, socialuri

urTierTobebisadmi ndobis dakargva da daqveiTebuli TviTpativiscema. meore
mxriv,
monawileebis
sargebelma
SeiZleba
miiRos
mecnierebaSi
Setanili
wvlilis gamo kmayofilebis, sakvlevi sferos Sesaxeb meti pirovnuli codnis

forma. SesaZlo danakargsa da sargebels Soris wonasworobis SenarCunebis
procesi, umTavresad, subieqturia da sulac ar aris ioli. arsebobs sul
ramdenime an saerTod ar arsebobs absoluturad idealuri gadawyvetileba,
amitom kvlevis Sinaarsisa da procedurebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba
mkvlevrebs uwevT profesiuli da pirovnuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare.
danakargisa da sargeblis Tanafardoba bazisuri dilemaa, romelic sxvadasxva
gamovlinebiT xSirad gvxvdeba socialur kvlevaSi.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias 1992
winamdebare TavSi warmogidgenT konsensuss im ZiriTad sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT, romelTa winaSec SeiZleba aRmoCndes mkvlevari. TiToeuli
kvleva
unikaluri
faqtobrivad,
arc
movlenaa
unda
iyos
da
mkvlevarTa
iZulebiT
qceva
moqceuli
ver
eTikis
iqneba
da,
umkacres,
daundobel sistemaSi. rodesac saqme konkretuli moraluri problemis
147
mogvarebamde midis, TiToeul situaciaSi xSirad SesaZleblobaTa mTeli

speqtria SemoTavazebuli (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbook/9780415368780 _
am TavSi Tanmimdevrulad mimovixilavT
sakiTxs.
qvemoT
mocemulia
im
eTikuri sferos ramdenime
winaswar
gansaxilveli
sakiTxebis
CamonaTvali, romlebic mkvlevarma unda moagvaros kvlevis dagegmvisas:
informirebuli Tanxmoba;
sakvlev garemoSi Sesvlis uflebis mopoveba da am garemos mier misi

miReba;
zogadad eTikis buneba socialur kvlevaSi;
daZabulobis wyaroebi eTikur debatSi: zianis arideba, sargeblianoba

da adamianis Rirseba, absoluturi da relatiuri eTika;
mkvlevris
winaSe
mdgari
problemebi
da
dilemebi:
piraduloba,
anonimuroba, konfidencialoba, informaciis gacema da motyueba;
konkretuli kvlevis meTodebis endemuri eTikuri problemebi;
eTika da SefasebiTi kvleva;
maregulirebeli
eTikuri
CarCoebi,
kvlevis
praqtikis
saxelmZRvaneloebi da kodeqsebi;
praqtikis piradi kodeqsebi;
kvleva, romelsac sponsori afinansebs;
pasuxismgeblobebi mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis winaSe.

miuxedavad imisa, rom CamoTvlili sakiTxebidan bevri procedurul
eTikas Seexeba, unda gavixsenoT, rom eTika exeba sworsa da mcdars,

kargsa
da
cuds,
amitom
proceduruli
eTika
sakmarisi
ar
aris.
mkvlevarma unda gaiazros, rogor darCeba kvlevis miznebi, Sinaarsebi,

meTodebi, angariSebi da Sedegebi eTikuri principebisa da praqtikis
farglebSi. Tumca, manamde sxva fundamenturi cneba unda ganvixiloT,
romelsac, danakargebisa da sargeblis TanafardobasTan erTad, wvlili
148
Seaqvs
eTikuri
proceduris
safuZvlebSi.
es
informirebuli
aris
Tanxmoba.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
socialuri
Tanxmobis
kvlevis
miRebas
didi
nawili
saWiroebs
monawileebisgan,
TanamSromlobasa
romlebic
daxmarebas
da
uweven
mkvlevrebs da mniSvnelovan pirebs im institutebsa da organizaciebSi,

sadac tardeba kvleva (ix, http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780
Tavi 2, faili 2. 2. ppt). Tu zogierTi kultura mkacrad ar udgeba
informirebuli
Tanxmobis
sakiTxs,
sxvagan
misi
miRebis
mkacrad
gawerili oqmebi arsebobs. frankfort-naxmiass da naxmiass (1992) miaCniaT,

rom
informirebuli
Tanxmoba
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania,
Tu
monawileebma unda ganicadon stresi, tkivili, pirad sivrceSi SeWra an

Tu kontroli unda dakargon imaze, rac xdeba (magaliTad, wamlebis
kvlevaSi). aseT informirebul Tanxmobas sWirdeba sruli informacia
SesaZlo Sedegebisa da saSiSroebis Sesaxeb.
informirebuli
TviTgansazRvris
Tanxmobis
uflebidan
principi
monawilis
momdinareobs.
Tavisuflebisa
demokratiul
da
garemoSi
Tavisufleba cxovrebis pirobaa da rodesac is ikrZaleba da izRudeba,

aucilebelia
misi
gamarTleba
da
uflebis
mopoveba
iseve,
rogorc
kvlevaSi. amgvarad, Tanxmoba icavs da pativs scems TviTgansazRvris

uflebas da monawiles garkveul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs, Tu kvlevaSi
raRac
ise
ar
moxdeba,
uflebis
nawilia
uari
dawyebis
Semdeg
(ix.
rogorc
dagegmili
monawileobaze
Frankfort-Nachmias
an
and
iyo.
kvlevidan
Nachmias
TviTgansazRvris
gamoTiSva
1992).
misi
amrigad,
informirebuli Tanxmoba informirebul uarsac moicavs.
informirebuli Tanxmoba dainerma da krendelma gansazRvres (Diener

and Crandall 1978), rogorc procedura, romlis drosac individi mas
Semdeg akeTebs arCevans, miiRos Tu ara monawileoba kvlevaSi, rac
gaecnoba
faqtebs,
romlebmac
SeiZleba
gavlena
moaxdinon
mis
149
gadawyvetilebebze.
es
gansazRvreba
oTx
elements
moicavs:
kompetenturobas, voluntarizms, srul informacias da gageba-gaazrebas.
kompetenturoba gulisxmobs, rom pasuxismgeblobis mqone, mowifuli

individebi swor gadawyvetilebas miiReben, Tu maT arsebiTi informacia
miewodebaT.
mkvlevris
movaleobaa,
uzrunvelyos,
rom
kvlevaSi
ar
daakavos iseTi individebi, romelTac moumwifeblobis an fsiqologiuri

problemebis gamo ar SeuZliaT aseTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
voluntarizmi
gulisxmobs
gamoyenebiT individTa
informirebuli
Tavisufali arCevnis
Tanxmobis
uzrunvelyofas
monawileobis (an ar monawileobis) Sesaxeb da

winaSe dadgoma nebayoflobiTia da
es
elementi
kvlevis
SeiZleba
sferoSi,
problemuri
sadac
principis
kvlevaSi
garantias, rom riskis
informirebulobazea dafuZnebuli.
iyos,
sacdel
gansakuTrebiT,
kurdRlebad
samedicino
arainformirebul
pacientebs iyeneben.
sruli
informacia
gulisxmobs,
rom
Tanxmoba
srulad
informirebulia, Tumca praqtikaSi xSirad SeuZlebelia, rom mkvlevarma

monawiles yvelaferi uTxras, magaliTad, ra statistikur procedurebs
gamoiyenebs
vnaxavT,
monacemebis
iseT
damuSavebisas, miT ufro, rogorc
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
mkvlevrebma
Tavad
SemdgomSi
ar
ician
yvelaferi kvlevis Sesaxeb. aseT viTarebaSi sakmarisad informirebuli

Tanxmobis
strategia
rekomendaciebis
unda
gamoiyenon.
CamonaTvali, romelic
2.
CanarTSi
amerikis
mocemulia
SeerTebul
StatebSi
gamoiyeneba da sakmarisad informirebuli Tanxmobis ideas efuZneba.2
gageba-gaazreba gulisxmobs, rom monawileebs srulad esmiT kvleviTi

proeqtis buneba maSinac ki, Tu procedurebi rTulia da riskis Semcveli.
sasurvelia,
uzrunvelyofili
iyos,
rom
monawileebma
srulad
gaacnobieron situacia, romelSic aRmoCndebian Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. es

SesaZlebelia,
gamoyenebiT,
magaliTad,
konsultantis
umaRlesi
mowveviT
ganaTlebis
sirTuleebis
mqone
monawileebis
asaxsnelad,
anda
150
mosafiqrebeli drois micemiT kvlevis dawyebamde da gadawyvetilebis

miRebamde.
Tu es oTxi elementi saxezea, mkvlevars SeuZlia darwmunebuli iyos,
rom monawilis uflebebi saTanadod iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. Tumca,
rogorc frankfort-naxmiasi da naxmiasi (1992) aRniSnaven, informirebuli
Tanxmoba yovelTvis SeiZleba ar iyos aucilebeli (magaliTad, SeiZleba
tyuilis gamarTleba), magram arsebobs zogadi wesi: rac metia riski, miT
ufro mniSvnelovania informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba.
CanarTi 2.2.
rekomendaciebi sakmarisad informirebuli TanxmobisTvis
1.
saWiroa procedurebis da maTi miznebis gasagebad axsna;
2. winaswarganWvretili Tanmxlebi diskomfortisa da riskebis axsna;

3.
winaswarganWvretili sargeblis aRwera;
4. saTanado alternatiuli procedurebis moZieba, romelTac SeiZleba

upiratesoba hqondeT monawileebisTvis;
5. procedurasTan dakavSirebul nebismier SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
SeTavazeba;
6. axsna, rom monawiles SeuZlia uaris Tqma da nebismier dros proeqtidan
gamoTiSva, rac mis winaaRmdeg ganwyobas ar gamoiwvevs.
wyaro: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare et al. 1971
ruani
(Ruane
2005:21)
kiTxulobs:
ra
moculobis
informaciaa
sakmarisi? is amtkicebs, rom SeiZleba raRac ar vicodeT da ar aris

aucilebeli, ganzrax ar mivawodoT informacia. amasTan, informaciis
miwodebam,
SeiZleba,
ara
marto
Sedegebi
gaxados
tendenciuri
(anu
kvlevis sisufTavisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom monawilem araferi icodes

misi miznebis an Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. amis magaliTad gamodgeba milgremis
eqsperimenti, ix. Tavi 21), aramed realurad daabnios respondentebio, _
ambobs igi.
isic
unda
gvaxsovdes,
rom
arsebobs
zogierTi
kvlevis
meTodi,
romelSic praqtikulad SeuZlebelia informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba.
151
magaliTad, faruli dakvirveba, romelic

patrikiseul
(1973)
eqsperimentuli
kvlevaSi
teqnikebi,
gamoiyenes
glazgos
(Tavi
11),
an
motyuebis
rogoric
iyo
milgremis
bandis
Semcveli
Zalauflebis
morCilebis eqsperimenti (Tavi 21). aseTi meTodebi TavianTi bunebidan

gamomdinare, gamoricxaven sxva variants. amasTan, cxadia, SeiZleba ise
moxdes,
rom
Tanxmobis
miRebisda
miuxedavad,
mainc
warmoiqmnas
problemebi. bargesi (Burgess 1989), magaliTad, aRwers sakuTar kvlevas,

romelis drosac maswavleblebs uTxres, rom tardeboda kvleva, magram
SeuZlebeli iyo zustad Tqma, Tu ra saxis monacemebi Seikribeboda da
rogor
gamoiyenebdnen
maT.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
am
konkretul
SemTxvevaSi individebi ar iyvnen srulad informirebulni, Tanxmoba ar

iqna miRebuli da dairRva maTi piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba. Tumca,
rogorc zogadi wesi, informirebuli Tanxmoba mniSvnelovani principia.
swored es principi Seqmnis mkvlevarsa da kvlevis monawileebs Soris
implicituri
SeTanxmebis
safuZvels
da
masze
iqneba
SesaZlebeli
Semdgomi eTikuri mosazrebebis ageba.

informirebuli Tanxmobis Sesaxeb aqamde gamoTqmuli mosazrebebidan
SeiZleba Candes, rom vuSvebT wyvilebs Soris urTierTobas, magaliTad,
mkvlevari da maswavleblebi, an kvlevis profesori da doqtorantebi. es
daSveba safuZvlad udevs eTikuri xasiaTis mraval diskusias zogadad
kvleviT literaturaSi. Tumca, ganaTlebis sferos kvlevis did nawilSi
CarTuli arian bavSvebic, romelTac ver miviCnevT mkvlevarTan Tanabar
pirobebSi myofebad. amasTan,
etapze
gvaxsovdes,
im
mniSvnelovania, rom es kvlevis yvela
momentis
CaTvliT,
rodesac
informirebuli
Tanxmobis miRebas vcdilobT. amasTan dakavSirebiT girCevT fainisa da

sendstromis
(Fine and Sandstrom 1988)
mniSvnelovan naSroms. maT mier
warmoebuli eTnografiuli kvleva, romelic bavSvebsa da axalgazrdebze

monawilis
asimetriaze
dakvirvebas
moiazrebda,
fokusirdeba,
sxva
romelic
sakiTxebTan
patara
erTad,
im
monawileebisgan
informirebuli Tanxmobis miRebisa da maTTvis kvlevis gasagebad axsnis
152
problemebTan
mimarTebiT
arsebobs.
saxelmZRvanelo
principis
saxiT
isini gvirCeven, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom sasurvelia bavSvebisa da

ufrosi/zrdasruli mkvlevrebis uflebebs Soris sxvaobis Semcireba, es
gansxvaveba mainc darCeba da misi mTlianad aRmofxvra SeiZleba eTikurad
aramizanSewonilic ki iyos.
arsebobs
aspeqtebi,
informirebuli
romlebic
patara
Tanxmobis
(an
an
patara
Zalian
uaris)
problemis
bavSvebs
sxva
ukavSirdeba.
maTTan dakavSirebuli informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba ori etapisgan

Sedgeba.
pirvel
etapze
mkvlevrebi
potenciur
monawileebze
pasuxismgebel ufrosebs xvdebian da maTgan cdiloben uflebis miRebas,

meore etapze ki Tavad patarebs esaubrebian. aseTi ufrosi SeiZleba iyos
mSobeli, maswavlebeli, repetitori, fsiqiatri, axalgazrdebis lideri
an gundis mwvrTneli, gaaCnia kvlevis konteqsts. maT uxsnian kvlevis
ideas,
pasuxs
scemen
nebarTvas
iReben.
saTanadod
iqneba
nebarTvis
miReba
bavSvebisgan,
mkvlevrebisTvis
yvela
kiTxvaze
nebismieri
mizeziT
gaTvaliswinebuli.
SeiZleba
magram
da
aucilebelia
etapze
warmoqmnili
gadasvlis
winaaRmdegoba
ufrosebisagan/zrdasrulebisagan
gacilebiT
patarebis
Semdeg
rTuli
iyos,
sensitiurobis
nebarTva
miiRon
vidre
Tavad
gaTvaliswinebiT,
bavSvis
Tanmxlebi
ufrosi pirisgan. bavSvebisgan Tanxmobis miRebisas mkvlevrebs SeiZleba

gamoadgeT qvemoT mocemuli winaswari komentarebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebisgan nebarTvis aReba da TanamSromlobis
miRweva raodenobrivi kvlevis ganuyofeli nawilia (bavSvi ver Seavsebs
martiv
kiTxvarsac
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
ki,
Tu
amis
Sesaxeb
informirebuli
gafrTxilebuli
Tanxmobis
ar
mniSvnelobas
aris),
nakleb
yuradRebas aqceven. magaliTad, Tu visaubrebT monawilis dakvirvebaze,

faini da sendstromi (1988) amboben, rom mkvlevarma damajereblad da
gasagebad unda axsnas Tavisi miznebi, gansakuTrebiT, iseT situaciebSi,
sadac is ar aris avtoriteti da bavSvebs unda mieceT realuri da
kanonieri
SesaZlebloba,
Tqvan,
surT
Tu
ara
monawileobis
miReba.
153
avtorebi
gvirCeven,
rom
rodesac
monawileebi
uars
amboben,
maT
aRaraferi unda vkiTxoT, aRar unda CaviweroT maTi moqmedebebi da ar

unda movixsenioT (fsevdonimiTac ki) arcerT wignsa Tu statiaSi. jgufis
garkveuli nawili, romelic jerjerobiT uars ambobs monawileobaze,
SeiZleba
mogvianebiT
CarTos
kvlevaSi.
faini
da
sendstromi
(1988)
Tvlian, rom uari zogjer mkvlevrisadmi undoblobiT aris gamowveuli.

isini
fiqroben,
rom,
rodesac,
mogvianebiT,
mkvlevari
ukeTes
urTierTobas daamyarebs jgufTan, isini, vinc dasawyisSi uari Tqva,

SeiZleba isev dabrundnen da, savaraudod, piradad mimarTon mkvlevars
TxovniT, CarTos koleqtivSi.
gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos bavSvebis ori konkretuli jgufi: Zalian
patarebis da maTi, visac ar SeuZlia gadawyvetilebis miReba. mkvlevrebma,
romlebic sabavSvo baRis an bagis asakis bavSvebTan apireben muSaobas,
SeiZleba
ar
CaTvalon
saWirod
kvlevis
savaraudo
monawileebisgan
informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba maTi asakis gamo, magram faini da

sendstromi (1988) sxva rekomendacias miscemdnen maT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom bavSvebi ver gaigeben, Tu ras exeba kvleva, es avtorebi urCevdnen,
rom bavSvebs raRac mainc auxsnan. magaliTad, am asakis bavSvebisTvis
sakmarisi
iqneba
da
maTi
gagebis
dones
savsebiT
Seesatyviseba
informirebuli Tanxmobis iseTi sazomi, rogoricaa ufrosis maTTan

yofna da TamaSi kvlevis dros. rogorc faini da sendstromi amboben:
vfiqrobT, bavSvebs SeZlebisdagvarad bevri ram unda vuTxraT maSinac ki,
rodesac zogierTi maTgani ver igebs srul ganmartebas. maTi asaki ar unda
akninebdes
maT
uflebebs,
Tumca
miwodebul
ganmartebebSi
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT maTi gagebis done.

(Fine and Sandstrom 1988)
meore
jgufs
Seadgenen
bavSvebi,
romlebic
ver
akmayofileben
dainerisa da krendelis (1978) kompetenturobis kriteriums (magaliTad,

fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi Seferxebis mqone bavSvebis jgufi. kvlevebSi maTi
monawileobis
SemTxvevaSi
uflebebis
dacvis
sakiTxi
dgeba).
aseT
154
viTarebaSi
SeiZleba
kanonmdeblobis
arsebobdes
instruqciebi
da
instituciuri
Tu
ar
an
arsebobs,
adgilobrivi
informirebuli
Tanxmobis miRebis pirobebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes nebarTvis aRebiT

saswavlo nawilisgan, romelic mSoblis nacvlad moqmedebs an, romelsac
mSoblebma miandes
aqve
ori
informirebuli Tanxmobis micemis pasuxismgebloba.
gafrTxileba:
pirveli,
rodesac
dagegmilia
kvlevis
ukiduresi forma, mSoblebs winaswar unda miewodoT sruli informacia

da maTgan miRebul unda iqnas Tanxmoba. meore, ra kvlevac ar unda iyos
da vinc ar unda monawileobdes masSi, rogorc ki bavSvi diskomfortis
an
stresis
bavSvebTan
niSnebs
gamoavlens,
muSaobisas
kvleva
sayuradRebo
dauyovnebliv
sakiTxebis
unda
ufro
Sewydes.
detaluri
ganxilvisTvis girCevT Semdeg wyaroebs: Graue and Walsh (1998); Greig and
Taylor (1998); Holmes (1998).
informirebuli Tanxmoba saWiroebs ramdenime faqtoris axsnasa da
aRweras. zogierTi maTgani magaliTis saxiT qvemoT aris warmodgenili:
kvlevis miznebi, Sinaarsebi da procedurebi;
nebismieri savaraudo riskebi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi, diskomforti an

Sedegebi da maTTan gamklavebis gzebi;
sargebeli, romelic SeiZleba kvlevas hqondes;
monawileobis stimulebi da jildo monawileobisTvis;
ufleba
imisa,
rom
sakuTari
nebiT
uari
Tqvas
monawileobaze,
proeqtidan gamoTiSvisa da ukan dabrunebis ufleba;
konfidencialobisa
da
kvlevis,
monawileebisa
da
Sedegebis
saidumlod Senaxvis uflebebi da movaleobebi;
nebismieri alternatiuli ukeTesi proceduris moZieba;
monawileebisTvis
kvlevis
nebismieri
dasmis SesaZleblobis micema;
monawileobaze xelmowerili kontraqti.
aspeqtis
Taobaze
kiTxvebis
155
kidev
mravali
gadawyviton,
sakiTxi
ras
arsebobs
CarTaven
da
mkvlevrebma
informirebul
Tavad
TanxmobaSi.
maT
unda
Soris
aranakleb mniSvnelovania moxaliseobis sakiTxi. zogierTebi SeiZleba

miiCnevdnen,
rom
aiZules
(magaliTad,
skolis
direqtorma)
kvlevaSi
moxalised monawileoba; an ar surT mkvlevris wyenineba monawileobaze

uaris TqmiT, an emorCilebian TanatolTa zewolas da Tanxmdebian (an ar
Tanxmdebian)
moxaliseobaze,
anda
mkvlevris
mizezebisgan
sruliad
gansxvavebuli mizezebiT surT monawileoba (magaliTad, saxeli gautexon

skolis
direqtors
resursebi,
an
darwmundnen,
an
ufros
kolegebis
rom
kolegebs,
Seqeba
moxaliseebi
moipovon
daimsaxuron).
namdvilad
fakultetisTvis
mkvlevrebi
Tavisufali
unda
arCevanis
sauZvelze iZlevian informirebul Tanxmobas.
xelmisawvdomoba da nebarTvis miReba

informirebuli
Tanxmobis
principis
mniSvneloba
cxadi
xdeba
kvleviTi proeqtis sawyis etapze, rodesac dgeba im institutis Tu

organizaciis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxi, sadac unda Catardes kvleva. iq
SesaRwevad
saWiroa
uflebamosili
pirisgan
nebarTvis
miReba,
raTa
saqmeze gadavideT. xelmisawvdomobisa da nebarTvis miRebis etapi imitom

gamovyaviT calke, rom is saukeTeso SesaZleblobas aZlevs mkvlevars,
warmoaCinos
Tavisi
Camoayalibos
Rirsebebi,
sakuTari
rogorc
eTikuri
seriozulma
pozicia
dagegmil
mecnierma
da
kvlevasTan
mimarTebaSi.
mkvlevrebi ar unda moelodnen, rom maT aqvT sabavSvo baRSi, skolaSi,
kolejsa Tu universitetSi ubralod Sesvlis ufleba. maT unda aCvenon,
rom
isini,
rogorc
mkvlevrebi
da
adamianebi,
imsaxureben
Tanxmoba
miiRon, rom gamoiyenon is saSualebebi, rac kvlevis gansaxorcieleblad

sWirdebaT. beli (Bell 1991: 37) gvirCevs, rom nebarTva adreve aviRoT
srulad
informirebul
TanxmobasTan
erTad
da
individebs
monawileobisgan miRebul SesaZlo sargebelze mivuTiToT.
kvlevaSi
156
amgvarad,
pirveli
Catarebaze
etapi
oficialuri
moicavs
uflebis
samizne
miRebas.
sazogadoebaSi
es
niSnavs
kvlevis
zepiri
an
werilobiTi kontraqtis gaformebas saTanado oficialur pirTan da/an

mis warmomadgenelTan, saswavlo nawilis gamgesTan an direqtorTan, Tu
mkvlevari
skolaSi
mniSvnelovan
apirebs
figurebTan
muSaobas.
dakavSireba,
SemdgomSi
vinc
iqneba
saWiro
iqneba
im
pasuxismgebeli
an
daexmareba mkvlevars kvlevis organizebasa da administrirebaSi. Tu

kvlevaSi bavSvebi monawileoben, es SeiZleba iyos moadgile an ufrosi
maswavlebeli. vinaidan mkvlevari mniSvnelovnad iWreba garemoSi da,
savaraudod, arRvevs kidec mas, man SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad unda
moipovos
da
SeinarCunos
kvlevaSi
maswavleblebi
klasis
maswavleblis
monawileoben,
mkvlevarma
keTilganwyoba.
winadadebiT
Tu
unda
mimarTos dainteresebul mxareebs da pirobebze moelaparakos. Tu kvleva

sxva tipis institutSi unda Catardes, magaliTad, axalgazrdul klubSi
an
Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis
adgilebSi,
organizaciis
struqturis
gansxvavebulobisda miuxedavad, midgoma igive iqneba.

keTili
nebisa
mniSvnelovania
iseT
da
TanamSomlobis
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
miRweva
gansakuTrebiT
dagegmili
kvleva
drois
garkveul periods moiTxovs: eTnografiuli kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, albaT,

dReebs, longituduri kvlevis SemTxvevaSi ki _ Tveebs (an, savaraudod,
wlebs). xelmisawvdomoba ar aris didi problema, rodesac, magaliTad,
erTjerad gamokiTxvaSi respondentebma mxolod naxevari saaTi unda
dauTmon mkvlevars, an rodesac mkvlevari im organizaciis Cveulebrivi
wevria (Sinauria), sadac kvleva tardeba. Tumca, bolo SemTxvevis msgavs
situaciebSi, zogadad, arasworia, rom TanamSromloba garantirebulad
CaiTvalos. xelmisawvdomobis problema gacilebiT mniSvnelovania da met
momzadebas moiTxovs iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac kvlevis procedurebi
eqstensiuri
da
rTulia,
gamoiyeneba
ganviTarebis
an
longituduri
dizaini, anda, roca mkvlevari ar aris samizne sazogadoebis wevri. 2.3
157
CanarTSi warmodgenilia xelmisawvdomobis sxvadasxva saxis problema,

romlebic SeiZleba muSaobisas warmoqmnas
gaCndes? (Foster 1989).
CanarTi 2.3.
uSualo kontaqti mkvlevris gadmosaxedidan
kolejis TanamSromelTa winaSe Cems pirvel gamoCenas oTaxSi wignebisa da
skamebis miwev-moweva da CemTvis komfortuli dasajdomi adgilis gamonaxva
mohyva. jgufis xelmZRvaneli fexze damdgari mesaubreboda. drois gasvlasTan
erTad, Cemi iq yofna TiTqmis Cveulebriv ambad iqca da, mogvianebiT, rodesac
movlenebi
xelmZRvanelTa
usafrTxoebas
daemuqra,
me
yuradReba
aRaravin
momaqcia. aravin dainteresebula, mWirdeboda Tu ara raime saxis daxmareba. Cems

kiTxvebze zedapirul pasuxebsa da dabneul mzeras viRebdi, rasac qaRaldebis
dastiT
datvirTuli
samwuxarod,
Sewuxebuli
rodesac
adamianebi
adamianebis
Tavs
gauCinareba
daucvelad
grZnoben,
sdevda
Tan.
rodesac
maT
samyaros iseTi cvlileba emuqreba, romelsac Tavad veRar akontroleben, aris

albaToba imisa, rom isini TavianT wreSi myof adamianebs araprognozirebulad
moeqcnen, Tu maTTvis bundovania am adamianebis roli; mkvlevris roli ki
iSviaTad aris gasagebi misTvis, vinc Tavad ar aris kvlevaSi CarTuli.
wyaro: Foster 1989: 194
mas Semdeg, rac gairkveva oficialuri da mniSvnelovani figurebi,

visganac
unda
miiRon
nebarTva,
sanam
realurad
Sexvdebian
maT,
mkvlevrebma kargad unda gaiazron sakuTari kvleva da misi farglebi. Tu

kvlevis mTliani sqemis mxolod winaswari monaxazi aqvT, sasurvelia,
mTlianobaSi kargad hqondeT warmodgenili, ra SeiZleba mohyves kvlevas,
(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, unda gvaxsovdes, rom SeiZleba, mogvianebiT,
problemebi Segveqmnas). am TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevrebma, magaliTad, unda
gansazRvron: kvlevis miznebi; misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba, Tu aseTi
arsebobs; gamosayenebeli sqema, meTodebi da procedurebi; SerCevis anu
jgufebis
xasiaTi
da
zoma;
ra
testebs
miawodeben
da
rogor;
ra
aqtivobebs daakvirdebian; romel monawileebTan Caatareben intervius; ra

aris
saWiro
dakvirvebisTvis;
ra
droa
saWiro;
procesis
CaSlis
savaraudo xarisxi; monacemebis konfidencialobis garantirebisTvis (Tu
158
es aucilebelia) saWiro RonisZiebebi; ukukavSiris roli da is, Tu

rogor
gavrceldeba
kvlevis
Sedegebi;
kvlevisTvis
saWiro
mTliani
drois ganawileba da, bolos, sWirdebaT Tu ara daxmareba kvlevis

organizebasa da administrirebaSi.
aseTi dagegmvisa da winaswari ganWvretis pirobebSi mkvlevrebsac da
institutebsac zustad ecodinebaT, Tu ra moTxovnebs uyenebs
rogorc
kvlevis
monawileebs
(iqnebian
isini
kvleva
moswavleebi
Tu
maswavleblebi), ise _ organizaciebs. es mosalodneli, gansakuTrebiT,

praqtikuli
xasiaTis
SesaZleblobacaa.
problemebis
magaliTad,
ganWvretisa
grZeli
da
da
rTuli
gadaWris
kiTxvari
kargi
SeiZleba
zedmet moTxovnebs uyenebdes konkretuli klasis 13 wlis bavSvebis

gagebis unarsa da yuradRebis moculobas, anda SedarebiT gamoucdeli
maswavleblisTvis SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos uwyveti kontroli
kvlevis periodSi. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi informacia daxarisxdeba da
daiwureba,
ganxilva
mkvlevrebs
TavdajerebiT
informirebulobis,
Riaobisa
SeeZlebaT
da
TavianTi
gulwrfelobis
gegmebis
viTarebaSi
(Tumca, rogorc vnaxavT, arc Tu Zalian Riad), am gziT SesaZloa, ufro

swrafad miiRon sakvlev garemoSi Sesvlis nebarTva da mxardaWera. unda
gvaxsovdes, rom maspinZlebi Taviseburad aRiqvamen mkvlevrebsa da maT
miznebs
da
es
aRqma
dadebiTi
unda
iyos.
mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT
maqsimalurad dadebiTad imoqmedon maT aRqmebze, Tu kompetentur, sando

da Tavazian adamianebad warmoCindebian.
am winaswari informaciis mogrovebis Semdeg, mkvlevrebi saTanadod
emzadebian Semdegi etapisTvis: savaraudod, gasacnobi werilis gagzavnis
Semdeg,
realurad
amyareben
pirad
kontaqts
Sesabamis
adamianebTan
organizaciaSi Sesvlaze mosalaparakeblad. Tu kvleva universitetis

farglebSi
tardeba,
maT
TavianTi
universitetisa
da
zedamxedvelis
mxardaWera eqnebaT. festingeri da kaci (Festinger and Katz 1966) Tvlian, rom
marTlac
misaRebad
ekonomiuria,
pirdapir
Tu
Tanxmobisa
CvenTvis
da
saintereso
TanamSromlobis
organizaciis
an
pirobis
sistemis
159
xelmZRvanelobasTan davamyarebT kontaqts. es gansakuTrebiT ZalaSia,

rodesac struqtura mkafiod ierarqiulia da dabali donis muSakebi
yovelTvis damokidebuli arian TavianT ufrosebze. avtorebi Tvlian,
rom, savaraudod, adre Tu gvian, kvlevis bunebis sakiTxi mainc miaRwevs
organizaciis
mmarTvelobamde
da
gacilebiT
meti
Sansia,
rom
mkvlevrisTvis sasurveli gadawyvetileba iqnas miRebuli, Tu Tavidanve

mmarTvelebTan daiWers saqmes. isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom xelmZRvanelebi
ufro samarTliani da yovelgvari crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali iyvnen,
vidre
SedarebiT
qveda
safexurze
mdgomi
muSakebi,
romlebic,
usafrTxoebis garantiis arqonis gamo, SeiZleba naklebad daTanxmdnen

TanamSromlobaze.
festingeri
da
kaci
(1996)
organizaciaSi
Sesvlis
martivi
gzebis
gamoyenebisgan Tavis Sekavebas gvirCeven, rodesac saqme nebarTvis miRebas

exeba.
mkvlevarma,
SeiZleba,
urTierTobis
damyareba
scados
iseT
individebTan da jgufebTan, romelTac TavianTi konkretuli interesebi

amoZravebT da kvlevas maTi miRwevis saSualebad Tvlian, nacvlad imisa,
rom
yvela
erTnairad
(Festinger
mxaris
interesi
Tanabrad
gaiTvaliswinon
xelmisawvdomi gaxadon yvela

and
Katz
SeZlebisdagvarad
1966).
myari
amgvarad,
dasayrdeni
jgufisa da
mkvlevrebma
unda
moiZion.
da
Sedegebi
pirovnebisTvis
mxardaWerisTvis
sxva
potenciuri
problemebis gverdis avla institutebsa da organizaciebSi arsebuli

komunikaciis arxebis gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli. festingeri da kaci
(1966) gvafrTxileben, rom Tu informaciis miwodeba mxolod erTi arxiT
xdeba, kvleva am arxTan dakavSirebul interesebTan asocirebis riskis
winaSe dgeba.
kontaqtis Semdeg iwyeba molaparakebis procesi. am etapze mkvlevari
iZleva saTanado odenobis informacias kvlevis miznebis, bunebisa da
procedurebis Sesaxeb. es Zalian mniSvnelovania: Tavi unda SevikavoT
iseTi informaciis miwodebisgan, romelic daazianebs Sedegebs. aronsoni
da karlsmiTi (Aronson and Carlsmith 1969), magaliTad, aRniSnaven, rom
160
SeuZlebelia iseTi mkvlevris povna, romelic konformulobaze jgufis

zewolis efeqts swavlobs da winaswar acxadebs kvlevis miznebs. meore
mxriv,
mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba
safrTxeSi
Caigdon
Tavi,
Tu
meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavlen da Tu ,,dumilis aRTqmis poziciaze dadgebian,

vinaidan, rogorc festingeri da kaci SeniSnaven, Znelia aseTi poziciis
SenarCuneba,
Tu
kvleva
eqstensiuria
grZeldeba
da
saidumlos
da
Senaxvis
ramdenime
mcdeloba
dRes
an
gazrdis
kviras
Worebis
gavrcelebis arealsa da Seqmnis absurdul garemos (Festinger and Katz 1966).

Tu mkvlevrebs surT, rom maTma potenciurma maspinZlebma da/an kvlevis
monawileebma Zalian bevri icodnen konkretuli hipoTezebisa da miznebis
Sesaxeb,
maSin
situaciidan
gamosvlis
martivi
gzaa
sakmaod
zogadi
xasiaTis mkafio gancxadebis gakeTeba erTi an ori iseTi magaliTis

TanxlebiT,
romelTac
ar
TiTqmis
yvela
kvlevisTvis.
aqvT
arsebiTi
kvleva
mniSvneloba
mTliani
garkveul
riskebs,
moicavs
gansakuTrebiT, savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas. SesaZloa, jgufis yvela

wevrs
ar
siamovnebdes,
sazogadoebis
an
skolis
roca
viRac,
cxovrebis
vinc
detalurad
sxvadasxva
aspeqts,
ikvlevs
gamudmebiT
akvirdeba maT. amitom mkvlevrebma unda gaiTvaliswinon monawileebis

mdgomareoba, daamSvidon isini da, nebismieri maTgani, visac aSinebs maTi
samuSao, unda daarwmunon usafrTxoebaSi. Tanac mudmivad unda gamoxaton
guliTadi
madliereba
da
daafason
maspinZlebi.
aseTma
mopyrobam,
SeiZleba, molaparakebis etapze gansazRvruli pirobebisa da mkvlevris

mier
micemuli
garantiebis
sailustraciod,
gansaxorcielebeli
Ria
gamJRavnebis
universitetis
kvleviTi
forma
miiRos.
studentebis
proeqtisTvis
2.4
mier
Sedgenili
CanarTSi,
skolaSi
pirobebia
mocemuli.
CanarTi 2.4.
skolaSi gansaxorcielebeli kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi SeTavazebuli
pirobebi da garantiebi
161

1.
yvela monawiles unda mieces anonimurobis garantia;
2. yvela monacemi mkacrad konfidencialuri unda iyos;

3.
respondentebs unda hqondeT angariSis momzadebis etapze monaxazis

Semowmebis SesaZlebloba;
4. monawileebs unda miscen saboloo angariSis asli;

5. monawileebisgan unda aiRon publikaciis ufleba;
6. Tu SesaZlebelia, skolam da monawileebma unda isargeblon kvlevis
angariSiT.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Bell 1991
kvlevis mTeli procesi gaJRenTilia eTikuri mosazrebebiT. yvelaze

metad
aseTi
viTareba
xelmisawvdomobisa
da
miRebis
etapze
gvaqvs,
rodesac unda moxdes sakvlevi Temis adekvaturobis, kvlevis dizainis,

meTodebis,
konfidencialobis
garantiebis,
Sedegebis
analizisa
da
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba da SeTanxmeba fardobiTi Riaobis,

sensitiurobis, patiosnebis, sizustisa da mecnieruli miukerZoeblobis
pirobebSi.
am
konteqstSi
ver
iarsebebs
mkacri
wesebi.
es
aris
konkretuli mkvlevris mier mocemuli pirobebiT gansazRvruli eTikis

formulirebisa
da
Sesrulebis
SemTxveva.
es
gansazRvravs,
ra
aris
misaRebi da ra _ ara. rogorc hiCkoki da hagisi (1995) amboben:

saboloo
msajuli
konkretuli
viTareba
unda
iyos.
ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu maswavlebels SeeZleba kvlevis ganxilva

masSi
CarTul
yvela
mxaresTan.
sxva
SemTxvevebSi,
SeiZleba
maswavleblisTvis umjobesi iyos piloturi kvlevis Catareba da kvlevisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi problemis winaswar gamovlena. Tu aRmoCndeba,
rom kvleva upirispirdeba skolis politikis zogierT aspeqts, marTvis
stils an calkeul pirovnebebs, umjobesia, pirdapir daviwyoT am sakiTxebis
mogvareba, davelaparakoT Sesabamis mxareebs da ise SevcvaloT kvlevis
sqema, rogorc saWiroa, an sadac SesaZlebelia.
(Hitchcock and Hughes 1995: 41)
sadac
SeuZlebelia
problemebisa
da
riskebis
piloturi
kvlevis
gamosavlenad
Catareba,
SesaZlebelia
savaraudo
erTi
an
ori
162
dazverviTi
operaciis
Catareba.
zemoT
ganxiluli
sakiTxebi
Sejamebulia 2.5. CanarTSi

CanarTi 2.5.
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb molaparakebis etapebis sakontrolo CamonaTvali
1.
proeqtis gegmis damtkicebis Semdeg, rac SeiZleba male, kvlevis Catarebis

nebarTvis
formalurad
moTxovnisTvis
gamWvirvale
oficialuri
arxebis
moZieba.
ganaTlebis zogierTi adgilobrivi organo iTxovs, rom mas mimarTon
kvlevis Catarebis moTxovniT. gaarkvieT, ra moTxovnebia TqvenTan.
2. im adamianebTan dalaparakeba, visac TanamSromloba unda sTxovoT.
ganaTlebis adgilobrivi organos an xelmZRvanelis nebarTvis miReba
erTi saqmea, magram Tqven im adamianebis mxardaWerac unda gqondeT, visac
intervius an kiTxvarebis Sevsebas sTxovT.
3.
warudgineT
proeqtis
gegma
xelmZRvanels,
Tu
kvlevas
Tqvens
an
sxva
saganmanaTleblo institutSi atarebT.

SeadgineT im adamianebis sia, romlebTanac gsurT intervius Catareba an
visac
kiTxvarebi
unda
daugzavnoT
da
aRwereT
kvlevis
Catarebis
pirobebi.
4. gansazRvreT, ras gulisxmobT anonimurobasa da konfidencialobaSi.
gaxsovdeT, rom Tu Tqven werT inglisuri enis ganyofilebis ufrosis
Sesaxeb da dawesebulebaSi inglisuri enis ganyofilebis mxolod erTi
ufrosia, am adamians maSinve amoicnoben.
5. gadawyviteT, miiReben Tu ara monawileebi angariSis asls da/an naxaven Tu
ara monaxazs an intervius transkriptebs.
aq xarjebisa da drois sakiTxi dgeba. kargad dafiqrdiT, sanam raimes
dapirdebiT.
6. uTxariT monawileebs, ras upirebT maTgan miRebul informacias:
naxavT mxolod Tqven da eqsperti, aCvenebT xelmZRvanels, ganaTlebis
adgilobriv organos Tu kidev vinme sxvas?
163

7. moamzadeT Tqveni miznebisa da kvlevis Catarebis pirobebis werilobiTi
CamonaTvali da daurigeT monawileebs,
Tu
mxolod
sityvierad
gaacnobT
kvlevis
miznebs,
pirobebs
da
garantiebs, SeiZleba, monawileebs daaviwydeT mosmenili.

8.
kvlevis mizani da pirobebi gulwrfelad gaamJRavneT.

Tu ambobT, rom interviu aT wuTs gagrZeldeba da is erTi saaTi iweleba,
amiT monawilis ndobas kargavT. Tu kvleva Tqveni sadiplomo naSromia an
xarisxis misaRebad gWirdebaT, uTxariT es monawileebs.
9. gaxsovdeT, rom adamianebi, romlebic Tanaxma arian, dagexmaron, samsaxurs

giweven.
darwmundiT,
rom
dokumentebi
da
wignebi
karg
mdgomareobaSia
da
droulad daabruneT. rogori dakavebulic ar unda iyoT, unda dagzavnoT

madlobis werilebi.
10. arasodes dauSvaT, rom yvelaferi kargad iqneba. organizaciaSi SeRwevis
Sesaxeb molaparakeba Tqveni kvlevis mniSvnelovani etapia.
Tu
Tqven
Sinauri
mkvlevari
xarT,
Tqveni
daSvebuli
Secdomebi
TanamSromlebs emaxsovrebaT, amitom frTxilad iyaviT.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Bell 1991
eTikis sfero
rogori
specifikuric
ar
unda
iyos
maTi
samuSao,
socialurma
mkvlevrebma unda gaiTvaliswinon monawileebze kvlevis gavlena da ise

unda imoqmedon, rom daicvan maTi, rogorc adamianebis, Rirseba _ aiRon
monawileebze pasuxismgebloba. aseTia eTikuri qceva. faqtobrivad, eTika
ganmartebulia,
sensitiurobis
rogorc
sakiTxi;
sxvebis
amasTan,
uflebebisadmi
simarTle
kargia,
principuli
magram
adamianis
Rirsebis pativiscema _ ukeTesi (Cavan 1977: 810).

qimelis (Kimmel 1988) miTiTebiT, mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom eTikur
da araeTikur qcevas Soris gansxvaveba ar aris diqotomiuri, miuxedavad
imisa,
rom,
rogorc
profesiis
eTikur
standartebSia
warmodgenili,
normatiuli kodeqsi adgens misaReb (unda) da miuRebel (ar unda)
164
qcevebs, rac, erTi SexedviT, asea. imis Sefaseba, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara

qceva
profesiul
eTikuridan
Rirebulebebs,
mkafiod
Tavsdeba
araeTikuramde.
aq
kontinuumze
azri
isaa,
rom
mkafiod
eTikuri
principebi, zogadad, ar aris absoluturi, Tumca zogierTi, rogorc

vnaxavT,
amtkicebs,
rom
es
principebi
absoluturia,
magram
maTi
interpretacia kvlevis konteqstisa da sxva mniSvnelovani Rirebulebebis

prizmaSi unda moxdes.
cxadia, sakmrisad mravladaa kvleva, romelic ar iwvevs tkivilsa da
Rirsebis
damcirebas,
aucilebeli
ar
aris
dairRves
monawileebis
TviTpativiscema da gamJRavndes saidumlo. socialuri mecnieri SeiZleba,

mxolod iSviaTad dadges gadauWreli eTikuri dilemis winaSe. Tumca,
rodesac kvleva eTikurad sensitiuria, mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswineba
mouwevs
da
cvalebadoba,
isini
SeiZleba
SeiZleba,
icvlebodnen
damokidebuli
situaciidan
iyos,
situaciamde,
magaliTad:
kvlevis
monawileTa asakze, sakvlevi Temis sensitiurobaze, imazec, gamoiwvevs Tu

ara
kvlevis
miznebi
raime
saxis
Cagvras
(kvlevis
monawileebis,
maswavleblebis anda institutis), ramdenad SeuZliaT mkvlevarsa da

cdis pirs monawileoba da TanamSromloba kvlevis dagegmvisas, rogor
daamuSaveben, rogor interpretacias moaxdenen da risTvis gamoiyeneben
monacemebs. leingi (Laing 1967: 53) gvTavazobs monacemebis saintereso da
gamafrTxilebel xedvas. is wers, rom monacemebs ki ar viRebT, aramed
xdomilobebis mouxelTebeli matricidan movipovebT.
Cven mopovebebze
ufro unda vilaparakoT, vidre monacemebze 1.
daZabulobis wyaroebi
zianis arideba, keTildReoba da adamianuri Rirseba
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: inglisur teqstSi dapirispirebulia terminebi capta
da data. termini capta nawarmoebia sityvidan capture. Sesabamisad, es terimini

gulisxmobs, rom monacemebs mkvlevrebi moipoveben, isini maT ase advilad ar uvardebaT
xelSi.
165
pirveli daZabuloba, rogorc aronsoni da karlsmiTi aRweren (1969),

warmoiqmneba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Rirebulebebis or jgufs Soris:
erTi mxriv, WeSmaritebisa da codnis ZiebisTvis Tavisufali mecnieruli
kvleva-Ziebis rwmenasa da, meore mxriv, individebis Rirsebisa da misgan
gamomdinare mosazrebebis uflebis rwmenas Soris. es is polarulobaa,
romelic
zemoT
vaxseneT,
rogorc
danaxarjebisa
da
sargeblebis
Tanafardoba da romliTac kargad unda iqnas gaazrebuli riskebi, rac

fizikur,
fsiqologiur,
adamianur,
sakuTrebis
da
kulturul
Rirebulebebs emuqreba (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

1981), anu es aris zianis aridebis
sakiTxi (rodesac monawileebs ar
ayeneben
ar
an
surT,
rom
miayenon
ziani)
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi 2, faili 2. 3. ppt).

zianis
miuyenebloba
(ar
avno)
Cadebulia
hipokrates
ficSi,
romelSic principi primum non nocere (upirveles yovlisa, ar avno) wamyvani

wesia. asevea kvlevaSic. erTi SexedviT, es udavoa. Cven, ra Tqma unda, ar
gvsurs kvlevis monawileebisTvis zianis miyeneba; Tumca, ra qmnis zians,
bundovania.
ismis
kiTxva:
dasaSvebia
Tu
ara
erTi
an
ramdenime
adamianisTvis zianis miyeneba, Tu Tavad isini an mTeli sazogadoeba

sanacvlod did sargebels miiRebs? aq vlindeba am situaciaSi arsebuli
daZabuloba. sakiTxavia, amarTlebs Tu ara mizani saSualebas. zogadi
principis
saxiT Cven primum non nocere
faqtobrivad,
eTikis
pozicia
maregulirebeli
unda davikavoT da,
sabWoebi,
magaliTad,
universitetebSi, kvleviTi proeqtebis detalurad ganxilvisas swored am

princips iyeneben (am sakiTxs mogvianebiT SevexebiT). Tumca, SeiZleba,
sxvadasxvagvari daZabulobac iyos. ras moimoqmedebT, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom
saswavlo
nawilis
gamges
seriozuli
problemebi
aqvs
alkoholTan
dakavSirebiT an romani aqvs mSobelTan? ras gaakeTebT, Tu Tqveni kvleva

aCvenebs,
rom
skolaSi
maswavleblebi
imdenad
sustebi
kontraqtebi unda SeuwydeT studentebis interesebis gamo?
arian,
rom
166
rodesac
warmoqmna
mkvlevari
gacilebiT
aseTi
dilemebis
naklebad
winaSe
dgeba
mosalodnelia
(Tumca,
ganaTlebaSi,
maTi
vidre
socialur fsiqologiaSi an medicinaSi), zogadi rekomendaciaa, rom isini

imgvarad unda gadawydes, rom Tavi avaridoT ukiduresobebs, erTi mxriv,
kvlevis
ideaze
uars
da,
meore
mxriv,
monawileebis
uflebebis
ignorirebas. sul unda gvaxsovdes monawileebis keTildReoba, maSinac ki,

Tu
is
azianebs
kvlevis
Sedegianobas.
mkvlevars
arasodes
unda
daaviwydes is valdebuleba, romelic akisria maT winaSe, vinc exmareba

da
mudmivad
mimdinare
unda
hqondes
situaciaSi
polaruloba
mzad
alternatiuli
gamoyenebuli
kvlevasa
da
teqnika,
saSualebebi
kvlevis
monawiles
saeWvo
Soris,
rodesac
xdeba.
es
faqtobrivad,
asaxulia amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis principebSi. zeCmeisteri da

Sohnesi
(Zechmeister and Shaughnessy 1992)
cdilobs
daabalansos,
erTi
mxriv,
Tvlian,
mkvlevris
rom
es
ufleba,
principebi
ikvlios
da
Cawvdes adamianis qcevis bunebas da, meore mxriv, kvlevaSi monawile

individebis uflebebi da keTildReoba. saboloo jamSi, warmodgenili
kvleviTi
proeqtis
ganxorcielebis
daSvebis
gadawyvetileba
orives,
individisa da sazogadoebis, danaxarjebisa da sargeblis subieqtur

Sefasebas emyareba.
kvlevis
uvneblobas
ganisazRvros,
ra
Sedegad
sargebels
moaqvs
moitans
keTildReoba.
kvleva
da
aucilebelia,
visTvis?
kvlevaSi
monawileobaze SeiZleba mravali potenciuri monawile daviyolioT, Tu

kargad gavagebinebT, rom is pirovnul, saganmanaTleblo an socialur
sargebels
moitans.
gaumjobeseba,
resursebis
skolaSi
skolebTan
konkretuli
gazrda,
damatebiTi
da
magaliTad,
kvlevas
saswavlo
sagnis
individebTan
programisTvis
swavlebisadmi
maswavleblebis
SeiZleba
midgomis
miReba.
kontraqtis
mohyves
dafinansebis
da
gaumjobeseba
an
xandaxan
dadebisas
swavlis
Rirs,
rom
CarTuli
iyos
debuleba potenciuri sargeblis Sesaxeb, Tumca es debuleba SeiZleba
167
eTikis maregulirebeli sabWoebis an sponsorebis realuri moTxovnac

iyos.
am diskusiaSi sargeblis mimRebebic unda gaviTvaliswinoT. kvlevis
Sedegad mkvlevarma SeiZleba miiRos dawinaureba, publikacia, xarisxi,
kvlevis
dafinanseba
da
popularoba.
monawileebi
ki
SeiZleba,
uyuradRebod, siRaribeSi, mxardaWeris gareSe, WuWyian da arasakmarisi

resursebis mqone pirobebSi darCnen, radgan kvleva ar moitans maTi
cxovrebisa da muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, arc materialur, arc
saganmanaTleblo
da
arc
raime
sxva
saxis
sargebels.
erTi
mxriv,
SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom Tu kvlevas ar axlavs aseTi sargebeli, is

araeTikuria;
daxmareba
meore
mxriv,
gagviwios
ki
SeiZleba
gadawyvetilebis
keTildReobis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis

wvlili
Seitanos
im
isic
azris
moxdes,
mimRebTa
rom
dRis
kvlevam
wesrigSi
CarTvaSi da, xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi,
gaZlierebaSi,
rom
aucilebelia
meti
keTilganwyoba monawileebisadmi, rac, Tavis mxriv, cvlilebas moitans.

SeiZleba
axireba
avtomaturad
iyos
migviyvans
rwmena
imisa,
rom
erTi
calkeuli
kvleva
gaumjobesebamde, magram aq gaCenili eTikuri
kiTxva _ vin sargeblobs? _ gvafiqrebinebs, rom mkvlevris mxridan

araeTikuria kvleviT motanili sargeblisadmi egoisturi midgoma.
es
ukanaskneli
gaakeTon,
vidre,
moepyrobian,
azri
mkvlevrebisgan
ubralod,
moiTxovs,
ilaparakon,
rom
rom
kvlevis
ufro
meti
monawileebs
rogorc subieqtebs da ara rogorc obieqtebs, ubralo
instrumentebs, kvlevis masalas; rom pativs scemen maT da maTganac

igives moiTxoven. adamianebs SeiZleba pativiscemiT eqceodnen, magram
kvlevam maT cxovrebaSi aranairi materialuri cvlileba ar moitanos.
radgan
adamianebisadmi
alternativa
ar
saTanado
gaaCnia,
dgeba
pativiTa
da
mkvlevris
RirsebiT
mopyrobas
valdebulebebisa
da
movaleobebis sakiTxi. vTqvaT, mkvlevari erTi an ori wlis ganmavlobaSi

mWidrod
TanamSromlobda
skolasTan. Tu mas
aRebuli aqvs
kvlevis
monawileTa cxovrebis gaumjobesebis valdebuleba, is ki maT mxolod
168
monacemebis mogrovebisTvis iyenebs, es iqneboda araadamianuri da udieri

mopyroba. ismis kiTxva: kvleva adamianebisTvis da sakiTxebisTvis tardeba,
Tu _ adamianebisa da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb? Cven naTlad unda vicodeT
pasuxi am kiTxvazec:Lras moutans es kvleva masSi monawileebs da ufro
farTo sazogadoebas da ras _ mkvlevars?
(Bailey 1994: 457)
beilis
miaCnia,
rom
kvlevis
monawileTa
zianis
asarideblad arsebobs ramdenime midgoma, maT Soris:
kompiuteruli simulaciebis gamoyeneba;
iseTi situaciis povna, romelSic ukve arsebobs zianis negatiuri

efeqti, anu sadac kvlevas ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba am pirobebis
Seqmnaze;
potenciuri zianis Zalian dabali donis gamoyeneba, an zianis miyeneba

mxolod drois mokle periodSi ise, rom nebismieri efeqti minimaluri
iyos;
informirebuli Tanxmobis miReba (potenciuri negatiuri efeqtebis

Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis miwodeba da monawileTa Tanxmobis
uzrunvelyofa);
zianis
gamarTleba
imiT,
rom
kvleviT
gamowveuli
misi
odenoba
gacilebiT mcirea, vidre arsebuli situaciiT miyenebuli (romlis

gamosworebasac cdilobs kvleva);
SerCevebis da ara populaciebis gamoyeneba kvlevisas _ ase mxolod

adamianTa mcire raodenobas miadgeba ziani.
monawileTa piradi saidumloebis Senaxva

krebiTi da anonimuri monacemebis gamoyenebiT.
am CamonaTvlis zogierTi punqti ar aris sadavo, danarCeni ki _
sakamaToa
da
mkvlevrebs
unda
SeeZloT miRebuli
dasabuTeba.
absolutisturi da relativisturi eTika
gadawyvetilebebis
169
am konteqstSi daZabulobis meore wyaroa is, rasac konkurirebadi

absoluturi
da
relatiuri
poziciebi
qmnian.
absoluturi
pozicia
amtkicebs, rom mkvlevris muSaobas mkafiod Camoyalibebuli principebis

erToblioba
unda
warmarTavdes
da
am
principebiT
unda
ganisazRvrebodes, ra unda gakeTdes da ra _ ara (ix. 2. 6 CanarTi).

magaliTad, stenfordis cixis eqsperimentSi (ix. Tavi 21), romelSic
mkvlevrebi
simulirebul
cixeSi
pirovnebaTa
Soris
urTierTobis
dinamikas swavlobdnen, mTlianad absoluturi pozicia rom daekavebinaT,

kvleva an saerTod ar unda CaetarebinaT, an vadaze gacilebiT adre unda
daemTavrebinaT.
pozicia,
zimbardo
romelSic
(1984)
aRniSnavs,
gaumarTlebelia
rom
adamianis
absoluturi
eTikuri
nebismieri
tanjvis
gamowveva, bolos mouRebda fsiqologiuri da samedicino kvlevebis did

nawils, sazogadoebisTvis potenciuri sargebeli romc moetana.
CanarTi 2.6.
absoluturi eTikuri principebi socialur kvlevaSi
eTika moicavs qcevis individualur da sazogadoebriv kodebs, dafuZnebuls
eqsplicituri an implicituri principebis erTobliobaze da SeiZleba iyos
abstraqtuli da upirovno, an _ konkretuli da pirovnuli. eTika SeiZleba iyos
absoluturi
da
relatiuri.
rodesac
qcevas
absoluturi
eTikuri
standartebi marTavs, xorcieldeba maRali rangis moraluri principi, romelic

ar icvleba mocemuli situaciis mixedviT. aseTi
rom
mizanma
gaamarTlos
saSualeba,
an
eTika ar iZleva imis uflebas,
nebismieri
sargeblis
momtani
da
pozitiuri SedegebiT gamarTldes misi principebis moqmedebis Sewyveta, Secvla

an dasusteba, anu ar arsebobs araviTari gansakuTrebuli an Semamsubuqebeli
garemoebebi, romelic gaamarTlebda eTikuri standartidan gadaxvevas an mis
modifikacias.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Zimbardo 1984
170
am absoluturi principis mixedviT, stenfordis cixis eqsperimenti

araeTikurad
unda
ganvixiloT,
vinaidan
kvlevis
monawileebi
mniSvnelovnad daitanjnen.
absolutisturi principebis mixedviT, principebis movaleobis eTika
(Edwards and Mauthner 2002: 20) _ deontologiuri modeli _ kvlevas marTavs
universaluri
principebi,
rogoricaa
(maT
Soris)
samarTlianoba,
patiosneba da pativiscema; Sedegebis utilitaruli eTika (gv. 20) eTikur

kvlevas misi Sedegebis terminebiT ganixilavs, magaliTad, momatebuli
codna, bevri adamianisTvis motanili sargebeli.
is, vinc relativistur poziciaze dgas, daamtkicebs, rom SeuZlebelia
absoluturi
saxelmZRvanelo
principebis
arseboba
da
eTikuri
mosazrebebi momdinareobs mocemul droSi mocemuli konkretuli kvlevis

bunebidan: situacia gansazRvravs qcevas. es xazs usvams situaciuri
eTikis mniSvnelobas (Simons and Usher 2000), sadac Zalze specifikur
situaciaSi zogadi principebi SeiZleba naklebad gamosadegi iyos.
Tumca, arsebobs zogierTi konteqsti, sadac arc absolutisturi da
arc
relativisturi
cxovrebiseuli
pozicia
istoriebis
ar
aris
SeswavlisTvis
naTlad
gamoxatuli.
informirebuli
Tanxmobis
principis praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb plameri (Plummer 1983) wers:

orive mxares aqvs Tavisi sisuste. Tu, magaliTad, rogorc, Cveulebriv,
absolutistebi
amtkiceben,
unda
gvqondes
informirebuli
Tanxmoba,
SedarebiT privilegirebuli jgufebi naklebad gamokvleuli iqneba (radgan

isini
ityvian
aras),
xolo
araprivilegirebuli
jgufebi
zedmetad
gamokvleuli (maT araferi aqvT dasakargi da imedianad ityvian kis). Tu

individis sindisiT vxelmZRvanelobT, rogorc relativistebi amtkiceben,
maSin
kari
yovelTvis
Riaa
arakeTilsindisieri,
zogjer
amoraluri
mkvlevrisTvis.
(Plummer 1983)
avtori
fiqrobs,
gaerTianebebis
mier
rom
problemidan
Seqmnili
zogadi
gamosavalia
saxelmZRvanelo
profesiuli
principebi,
171
romlebic mkvlevars pirovnuli eTikuri arCevnisTvis utovebs sivrces.

am sakiTxebs winamdebare TavSi mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
gamocdilebis xma
rogori
eTikuri
gaiTvaliswinos
poziciac
mkvlevarma
ar
unda
muSaobisas,
daikavos
yovelTvis
da
rac
ar
iarsebebs
unda
ucnobi,
gauTvaliswinebeli problemebi da Casafrebuli safrTxeebi (Kimme 1988).

baumridi (1964), magaliTad, gvafrTxilebs, rom mkvlevarma SeiZleba ver
gaacnobieros,
rom
davalebulia
kvlevis
monawileebisgan
maT
mier
gaweuli samsaxuris gamo; amis mizezi, albaT, isaa, _ fiqrobs igi, _ rom
miukerZoebloba, romliTac mkvlevrebi udgebian TavianT samuSaos, xels
uSlis
kvlevis
monawileebis
individebad
aRqmas.
aseTi
daudevroba
SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT, Tu eqsperimentatorebi mzad arian, kvlevis

dasrulebis Semdeg, ramdenime wuTi dauTmon monawileebs, raTa madloba
uTxran TanadgomisTvis, upasuxon maT kiTxvebs, daarwmunon, rom kargad
gaarTves Tavi dasmul amocanebs da, zogadad, cota xans esaubron maT.
Tu kvlevaSi monawileoben individebi, romlebsac aqvT izolaciis da
TviTpativiscemis
dakargvis
negatiuri
gamocdileba,
mkvlevrebi
unda
darwmundnen, rom isini ufro metad Seuracxyofilni, daucvelni da

gaucxoebulni
ar
darCebian,
vidre
kvlevis
dawyebamde
iyvnen.
Tu
monawilis TvalsazrisiT, procedurebi, romlebic Rirsebis dakargvas,

TviTpativiscemisTvis
zianis
miyenebas
an
avtoritetebisadmi
ndobaze
zemoqmedebas moiazrebs, zianis momtania xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi da Tu

mkvlevari apirebs am meTodebis gamoyenebas, man zedmiwevniT, detalurad
unda dagegmos monawilis kompensirebis saSualebebi.
rodesac kvleva gansakuTrebiT sensitiur sferoebs exeba, monawileebi
srulad unda iyvnen informirebuli im seriozuli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb,
romlebsac SesaZloa kvlevisSemdgomi efeqti moicavdes. gvaqvs safuZveli
vifiqroT,
rom
milgremis
(1963)
avtoritetisadmi
daqvemdebarebis
eqsperimentis (ix. Tavi 21) zogierTi monawile mainc wavida daqveiTebuli

TviTSefasebiT,
amis
Semdeg
maT
unda
ecxovraT
mzadyofniT,
172
damorCilebodnen
mieyenebinaT
destruqciul
avtoritets
(Kelman 1967).
TanamoZmisTvis
da
ukiduresi
aqedan
tkivili
gamomdinareobs,
rom
mkvlevrebi unda avlendnen TanagrZnobas, pativiscemas, madlierebas, saR

azrs da ar iyvnen zedmetad eqspansiurebi. monawileebs namdvilad aqvT
ufleba
elodnen,
rom
mkvlevrebi,
romlebTanac
urTierToben,
garkveulwilad zrunaven maT keTildReobaze.

garda
amisa,
mkvlevarma
unda
gaiTvaliswinos
monawilis
mgrZnobiaroba, rodesac kvlevis daweraze(gaformebaze) midgeba saqme.

miuRebelia,
rom
mkvlevarma
mxolod
mwiri
yuradReba
dauTmos
monawileTa grZnobebs angariSis Sedgenis etapze. amasTan dakavSirebuli

da
arc
ise
umniSvnelo
sakiTxia
formaluri
aRiareba,
vin
gauwia
mkvlevars daxmareba kvlevis procesSi, Tu aseTi ram saerTod moxda. es

niSnavs imas, rom ra formac ar unda miiRos werilobiTma naSromma,
iqneba es angariSi, statia, disertaciis nawili Tu sxva da ra kategoriis
mkiTxvelisTvisac
ar
unda
iyos
is
gankuTvnili,
misi
avtorebi
valdebuli arian, madliereba gamoxaton yvelas mimarT, vinc daxmareba

gauwiaT
da
gansakuTrebuli
metadre
didi
wvlili
madloba
miuZRvis
gadauxadon
kvlevaSi.
amis
im
pirebs,
gakeTeba
visac
SeiZleba
winasityvaobaSi, Sesavalsa an sqolioSi. es yvelaferi yoveldRiuri,

bunebrivi eTikis sakiTxebia.
eTikuri problemebi ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi xSirad SeiZleba
daufiqreblobidan,
windauxedaobidan
momdinareobdes,
an
mcdari
aRqmidan, rom yvelaferi asec unda iyos. da isev, mkvlevrebi, romelTac

kvleva daufinanses, SeiZleba fiqrobdnen, rom maT ar sWirdebaT eTikur
sakiTxebze zrunva da miaCndeT, rom maTma damfinanseblebma unda ifiqron
amaze. analogiurad, kvleviTi jgufis TiToeuli wevri SeiZleba mcdarad,
magram TavisTavad arsebulad Tvlides, rom mis kolegebs nafiqri aqvT
situaciisTvis Sesabamis eTikur sakiTxebze da, Sesabamisad, saTanado
zomebi avtomaturad iqneba miRebuli. students, romlis kvleva kursis
moTxovnebis
nawilia
da
romelic
mTlianad
TviTinteresiT
aris
173
motivirebuli, anda akademiur mkvlevars, romelic profesiul winsvlas

gegmavs, SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gamorCes unda da ar unda qcevebi.
amas ukavSirdeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom araeTikuria, Tu mkvlevari
ar aris kompetenturi im sferoSi, romelsac ikvlevs. kompetenturoba
SeiZleba saWiroebdes trenings (Ticehurst and Veal 2000: 55). faqtobrivad,
kvlevis
eTikuri
nawili
unda
aCvenebdes
sizustes
kvlevis
saqemis,
qcevaSi, analizsa da angariSSi (Morrison 1996b).

xSirad ganixileba kidev erTi eTikuri dilema, romelic eqsperimentSi
gvxvdeba. gorardi (Gorard 2001: 146) ajamebs sakiTxs da ambobs, rom sqema
diskriminaciulia,
potenciurad
ukeTes
radgan
sakontrolo
mopyrobaze
jgufs
(magaliTad,
uars
saswavlo
eubnebian
programaze,
swavlebis stilze). cxadia, amaze pasuxi isaa, rom Cven ar viciT, romeli
pirobaa ukeTesi da, faqtobrivad, swored es aris eqsperimentis arsic.
eTikuri dilemebi
robsoni (1993: 33) socialur kvlevaSi aT saeWvo praqtikas asaxelebs:
kvlevaSi adamianebis CarTva maTi saqmis kursSi Cayenebis an maTgan

Tanxmobis miRebis gareSe;
monawileobis miRebis iZuleba;
kvlevis realuri bunebis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva;
monawileebis sxvagvarad motyueba;
TviTdeterminaciis (magaliTad, kvlevebSi, romlebic miznad isaxavs

individualur cvlilebs) uflebebis darRveva;
monawileebis fizikur da fsiqologiur stresul situaciaSi Cayeneba;
maT pirad samyaroSi SeWra;
zogierTi monawilisTvis sargeblis dafarva (magaliTad, Sedarebis

jgufebSi);
arasaTanado mopyroba _ uzrdelad an pativiscemis gareSe.
174
sainteresoa, rom robsoni (1993) amas saeWvo praqtikebs uwodebs da

ara _ asakrZal qcevebs da miuTiTebs, rom es ar aris TeTri da Savi,
swori da mcdari viTarebebi. isini qmnian eTikuri dilemebis problemas.
am
Tavis
dasawyisSi
danaxarjebisa
da
sargeblis
Tanfardobaze
visaubreT. frankfort-naxmiasi da naxmiasi (1992) amas aRweren, rogorc

konfliqts
or
uflebas
Soris:
codnis
mopovebis
mizniT
kvlevis
Catarebis uflebasa da monawilis TviTdeterminaciis, piradi saidumlos

da Rirsebis uflebas Soris. es qmnis socialuri mecnieris fundamentur
dilemas, romlisTvisac ar arsebobs absoluturad swori da araswori
pasuxebi.
romel
dabalansdebian
debulebas
isini,
mieniWeba
didwilad
upiratesoba,
damokidebuli
an
iqneba
ramdenad
calkeuli
mkvlevris gamocdilebasa da pirovnul Rirebulebebze. axla ganvixilavT

sxva dilemebs, romlebic SeiZleba mkvlevris winaSe mas Semdeg dadges,
rac
igi
fundamentur
dilemas
moagvarebs
da
kvlevis
gagrZelebas
gadawyvets.
pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevloba 2 (piraduloba)

umeteswilad,
individis
pirad
cxovrebaSi
Caurevlobis
ufleba,
Cveulebriv, ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis uflebas, icodes (Pring 1984)

da es Semdegnairad aris gansazRvruli adamianebis kvlevis Sefasebis?
instituciuri komitetis eTikur principebSi:
is
vrceldeba
yvela
informaciaze,
romelic
ukavSirdeba
pirovnebis
fizikur da fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, pirad garemoebebsa da socialur

urTierTobebs,
romlebic
ukve
ar
aris
cnobili
sazogadoebisTvis.
is
individsa Tu koleqtivs aniWebs Tavisuflebas, Tavad gadawyviton, rodis,

sad,
ra
viTarebaSi
da
ra
xarisxiT
gaamJRavnon
an
dafaron
TavianTi
pirovnuli damokidebulebebi, mosazrebebi, Cvevebi, Taviseburebebi, eWvebi da

SiSebi.
(Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada 1981)
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: termini privacy pirad cxovrebaSi Curevlobas niSnavs,
magram, stilisturi mosazrebebis gamo, mis sinonimad viyenebT termins piraduloba
175
aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevis konteqstSi SeiZleba iolad dairRves

ufleba piradulze kvlevis msvlelobisas, an uaryofil iqnas mas
Semdeg,
rac
kvleva
dasruldeba.
monawile
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi
mowyvladia.
daineri da krendeli piradulobas sami sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganixilaven
(1978). esenia miwodebuli informaciis sensitiuroba, garemo, romelsac
akvirdebian da informaciis gavrceleba. informaciis sensitiuroba exeba
imas,
Tu
ramdenad
piradi
an
potenciuri
safrTxis
Semcvelia
mkvlevrisTvis miwodebuli informacia. zogierTi saxis informacia metad

piradulia, vidre _ sxva da SeiZleba meti safrTxis Semcveli iyos.
amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis angariSis (1973) mixedviT, es SeiZleba
iyos,
magaliTad,
Semosavali,
religiuri
rasobrivi
prioritetebi,
crurwmenebi.
seqsualuri
praqtikebi,
pirovnuli
Tvisebebi,
iseTi
rogoricaa inteleqti, patiosneba da gambedaoba ufro metad sensitiuria,

vidre saxeli, wodeba da seriuli nomeri. amrigad, rac metad sensitiuria
informacia, miT metad daculi unda iyos monawileTa piraduloba.
garemo, romelsac akvirdebian, SeiZleba icvlebodes Zalian piradidan
sruliad sajaromde. saxli, magaliTad, erT-erT pirad garemod iTvleba
da
adamianTa
saxlebSi
maTi
Tanxmobis
gareSe
SeWra
kanoniT
aris
akrZaluli. informaciis gavrceleba gulisxmobs piradi informaciisa

da
kvlevis
monacemebi
monawilis
kanoniT
identobis
ganisazRvreba,
Tanxvedras.
rogorc
faqtobrivad,
monacemebi,
piradi
romlebic
unikalurad gansazRvravs maT mimwodebel pirovnebas. rodesac aseTi

informacia
saxelebTan
erTad
sajaro
xdeba,
magaliTad,
mediasaSualebebiT, piraduloba seriozulad ilaxeba. rac ufro metia im

adamianTa raodenoba, visTanac SeiZleba miaRwios informaciam, miT metad
unda vizrunoT piradulobis dacvaze (ix. Diener and Crandall 1978).
rogorc
uflebaTa
umravlesobis
SemTxvevaSi
xdeba,
piraduloba
SeiZleba nebayoflobiT daTmos adamianma. kvlevis monawileebma SeiZleba

arCion piradulobis uflebaze uaris Tqma imitom, rom mkvlevrisTvis
176
xelmisawvdomi gaxadon sensitiuri Temebi an garemoebebi, anda kvlevis

angariSSi
maTi
ukanaskneli
saxelebis
is
SemTxvevaa,
rom
vTqvaT,
moxseniebaze
roca
ganacxadon
saWiroa
Tanxmoba.
informirebuli
es
Tanxmobis
miReba.
zogadad
Tu
mkvlevari
apirebs
individebis
piradi
cxovrebis aspeqtebisa Tu urTierTobebis kvlevas, man Tavisi ganzraxva

naTlad, gasagebi formiT unda warudginos da informirebuli Tanxmoba
unda miiRos maTgan, visac unda daakvirdes, an visi piradi sivrcec unda
ikvlios.
monawileTa
dacvis
sxva
meTodebia
anonimuroba
da
konfidencialoba, romlebsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

piraduloba ufro metia, vidre, ubralod, konfidencialoba (qvemoT
ganxiluli). ufleba piradulobaze niSnavs imas, rom pirovnebas ufleba
aqvs ar miiRos kvlevaSi monawileoba, ar upasuxos kiTxvebs, ar misces
interviu, ar SeuSvas sxva sakuTar saxlSi, ar upasuxos satelefono
zarebsa
Tu
eleqtronul
ganaxorcielos
piraduli
korespondencias
qceva
dakvirvebis
da
SiSis
ganmartoebulad
gareSe.
es
aris
rogorc -dan, ise _-Tvis Tavisufleba. es sakiTxi xSirad dgeba pirad

cxovrebaSi
SeWris
JurnalistikaSi 3.
amrigad,
mkvlevrebi
SeiZleba
valdebulni iyvnen, rom monawileebs miawodon informacia, rom maT aqvT

uaris Tqmis ufleba kvlevaSi an mis nawilSi monawileobaze, aiRon
kvlevis
Catarebis
nebarTva,
Seamciron
kvlevaSi
monawileobisTvis
saWiro dro da dakvirvebisas sajaro qceviT Semoifarglon.
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: Jurnalistikis axali saxeoba gaCnda, romlis yvelaze
cnobili magaliTia paparacebi, rodesac Jurnalistebi zedmetad iWrebian adamianis

pirad cxovrebaSi.
177
anonimuroba
frankfort-naxmiasi da naxmiasi (1992) xazgasmiT gamoyofen monawileTa
identobis
anonimurobis
saWiroebas
da,
misi
darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi,
monawilesTan SeTanxmebis aucileblobas. anonimurobis arsi isaa, rom

monawilis
mier
mowodebuli
informacia
ar
unda
amJRavnebdes
mis
identobas. medlis meore mxares warmoadgens SemTxveva, rogorc zemoT

vnaxeT,
rodesac
momwodeblis
piradi
vinaobas.
monacemebi
maSasadame,
calsaxad
monawile
amJRavneben
maSin
aris
maTi
anonimuri,
rodesac mkvlevari an sxva pirovneba ver axdens mis identificirebas

mowodebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT. aseT situaciaSi garantirebulia
monawilis piraduloba, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad pirovnuli an
sensitiuria
informacia.
yovelgvari
dasaqmebis
amgvarad,
saidentifikacio
detalebis
an
respondentisTvis,
niSnebis
kodirebis
saxelebis,
simboloebis
romelic
misamarTebis,
gareSe
mowodebul
kiTxvars avsebs, sruli anonimuroba uzrunvelyofilia. meore mxriv,

monawiles,
romelic
Tanxmdeba
pirispir
interviuze,
veranairad
ver
eqneba anonimurobis garantia. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, interviuers SeuZlia

konfidencialobis pirobis micema. araidentificirebadoba mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, dagrovil
monacemebze vrceldeba, ase
rom, konkretuli individis pasuxebi ucnobia.

anonimurobis
uzrunvelyofis
ZiriTadi
saSualebaa
monawileebis
saxelebis an sxva pirovnuli saidentifikacio niSnebis gamouyenebloba.

anonimurobis
asaxeleben
miRebis
sxva
saSualebebis
frankfort-naxmiasi
fsevdonimebis
gamoyeneba,
da
naxmiasi
adamianebis
CamonaTvalSi,
(1992)
Sedis,
saidentifikacio
romelTac
magaliTad,
kodeqsebis
gamoyeneba (individebis Sesaxeb informaciis Senaxva ise, rom maT xeli ar

miuwvdebodeT am informaciaze) da paroliT daculi failebis Senaxva.
dasaxelebulma
saSualebebma
situaciaTa
did
nawilSi
SeiZleba
damakmayofileblad imuSaos, magram, rogorc rafma da misma kolegebma

(Raffe et al, 1989)
aCvenes,
zogjer
problemuri
xdeba
anonimurobis
178
uzrunvelyofa
kombinirebiT
da
SenarCuneba,
SesaZlebelia
magaliTad,
individis
rodesac
an
monacemebis
institutis
zustad
identificireba an damxmare personalisTvis xelmisawvdomia Semomavali

informacia.
plameri
(1983),
aseve,
miuTiTebs
cxovrebis
kvlevebze,
romlebSic Secvlilia saxelebi, adgilebi da damatebulia mogonili

movlenebi,
raTa
kvlevis
monawileTa
nacnobebma
ver
SeZlon
maTi
amocnoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarma SeiZleba grZeli gza gaiaros

am
mimarTulebiT,
ramdenadac
arsebobs
sruli
kvlevaSi
eqsperimentators
saqme
anonimurobis
cxovrebis
absoluturi
adamianis
Seswavlas
garantia.
qceva
exeba,
ar
eqsperimentul
ainteresebs
da
ara
konkretuli individebis qceva (Aronson and Carlsmith 1969). Sesabamisad,

mkvlevari sruliad ar aris dainteresebuli, rom konkretuli saxelis
pirovnebas realuri qceva Seusabamos da kvlevis monacemebi kodirebul,
usaxelo
monacemebis
cxrilebad
gardaqmnas.
rogorc
isini
amboben,
pirovnulobas moklebuloba procesis udidesi eTikuri upiratesobaa,

vinaidan
is
pirad
cxovrebaSi
SeWris
zogierT
negatiur
Sedegs
abaTilebs (Aronson and Carlsmith 1969).
konfidencialoba
pirad
cxovrebaze
pirovnebis
uflebis
dacvis
meore
gzas
konfidencialobis dapireba warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom mkvlevarma icis,

vin miawoda informacia an miwodebuli informaciis mixedviT SeuZlia
monawilis
identificireba,
gaamJRavnebs
amas
magram
sazogadoebaSi
da
is
araviTar
saziaro
SemTxvevaSi
saidumlos
ar
sazRvrebi
daculi iqneba. swored am saSualebiT inarCuneben mkvlevrebi maT ndobas,

vinc
exmarebaT
kvlevaSi.
zogadad,
maspinZlebTan
da/an
kvlevis
monawileebTan konfidencialobis Sesaxeb poziciis mkafiod dafiqsireba

xelmisawvdomobis etapze maSin xdeba, rodesac mkvlevrebi monacemebis
akrefas iwyeben. amgvarad, isini sakmaod gasagebad uxsnian monawileebs,
Tu ras niSnavs konfidencialoba da ra SezRudvebi aqvs mas konkretuli
kvleviTi
proeqtis
farglebSi.
mTlianobaSi,
rac
ufro
sensitiuri,
179
intimuri
an
valdebuleba
madiskreditebelia
daicvas
informacia,
konfidencialobis
miT
metia
zepiri
mkvlevris
da
werilobiT
garantiebi. cxadia, dapirebebi unda Sesruldes.

kimeli (1988) aRniSnavs, rom sensitiuri Temebis kvlevis zogierTi
potenciuri
respodenti
uars
ityvis
TanamSromlobaze,
rodesac
konfidencialobis dapireba susti, bundovani da gaugebaria, anda Tvlis,

rom konfidencialoba SeiZleba dairRves. igi askvnis, rom sensitiuri
kvlevis
sferoSi
mopovebuli
monacemebis
sargeblianobaze
SeiZleba
Zlieri
gavlena
moaxdinos
iman,
mkvlevari
axerxebs
rom
ver
konfidencialobis sando dapirebis micemas. rogorc Cans, usafrTxo,

uwyinari kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi dapirebebi ar moqmedebs TanamSromlobis
xarisxze, vinaidan, rogorc kimeli Tvlis, potenciuri respodentebis
umravlesoba moelis, rom konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.
konfidencialobis
darRvevis
gareSe
monacemebis
da
informaciis
sajaroobis miRwevis mTeli rigi teqnika SemuSavda. frankfort-naxmiasi

da naxmiasi (1992) maT Semdeg CamonaTvalSi aerTianeben:
maidentificireblebis
gamoqveynebuli
waSla
(magaliTad,
monacemebidan
saxelebis,
individebis
Sesaxeb
misamarTebisa
da
identifikaciis sxva niSnebis waSla);
angariSSi ufro zogadi kategoriebis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, dabadebis

wlis aRniSvna da ara _ konkretuli TariRis, profesiis dafiqsireba
da ara _ am profesiaSi viwro specializaciis, zogadi informaciis
gacema da ara _ konkretulis);
mikroagregacia (anu monacemebze dayrdnobiT saSualo pirovnebis

Seqmna da am monacemebis gacema da ara _ konkretuli individebis
Sesaxeb informaciisa);
Secdomis
Setana
(konkretul
CanawerebSi
Segnebulad,
mizanmimarTulad daSvebuli Secdomebi, rodesac jamuri, krebsiTi

informacia ucvleli rCeba).
180
kuperi
da
(Cooper and Schindler 2001: 117)
Sindleri
Tvlian,
rom
konfidencialobis dacva SesaZlebelia xelmowerili dokumentis miRebiT,

sadac
mocemuli
respondentebis
iqneba
debulebebi
maidentificirebel
kvlevis
monacemebTan
gaumJRavneblobis,
SezRuduli
wvdomis,
informaciis nebismieri saxiT gamoqveynebisTvis respondentis winaswari

Tanxmobis
miRebis,
monacemebis
gaucemlobis
Sesaxeb
(magaliTad,
monacemTa nawilebi, romelTa gaerTianebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba individis

identificireba).
Ralati
termini Ralati, rogorc wesi, im SemTxvevebs exeba, rodesac ndobis
pirobebSi xdeba monacemebis
saaSkaraoze gamotana da
Tan ise, rom
uxerxul mgdomareobaSi ayenebs im monawiles Tu cdis pirs, romelsac

exeba
es
informacia
da
iwvevs
SfoTvas
an,
albaT,
tanjvasac.
konfidencialobis sapirispirod, es ndobis ugulebelyofaa da xSirad

axlavs
Tan
pirovnul
Tu
profesiul
egoistur
motivebs.
rogorc
plameri (1983) ambobs, sociologiaSi raRac odnav arasworad midis,

rodesac sociologi xangrZlivi droiT Sedis jgufSi da pirovnebis
cxovrebaSi, ikvlevs yvelaze metad dacul saidumloebebs da Semdeg
kritikuli
kuTxiT
warmoaCens
sajarod
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780_ Tavi 2, faili 2. 4. ppt).

Ralatisadmi yvelaze mowyvladi kvlevis erT-erTi meTodi, albaT,
praqtikuli
kvlevaa.
rogorc
keli
(1989a)
SeniSnavs,
aman
SeiZleba
ramdenime eTikuri problema warmoSvas. is ambobs, rom Tu maswavleblebs

yoveldRiur
urTierTobebSi
TanamSromlebiviT
veqceviT,
am
urTierTobebis Cawera da maTi mtkicebulebad gamoyeneba SeiZleba ndobis

Ralatad Sefasdes. es gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, rodesac mtkicebuleba
uaryofiTia. kelis (1989a) miaCnia, rom erTi gamosavali SeiZleba iyos
procesSi CarTul maswavleblebs komentarebisTvis gaegzavnoT angariSebi
da
maTi
reaqciebis
aRweriloba,
raTa
Tavad
Seafason
TavianTi
181
damokidebulebebis cvlilebebi. Tumca, is gvafrTxilebs, rom am meTodma

SeiZleba
kargad
imuSaos
maTTan,
vinc
Seicvala
kvlevisadmi
damokidebuleba, magram gacilebiT problemuri iqneba, Tu maswavleblebi

kvlavac gulgrili an mtrulad ganwyobili arian kvlevis miznebisadmi.
is
kiTxulobs:
rogor
dawers
mkvlevari
kritikul
angariSs
maswavleblebis damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, Tu maTTan muSaoba kvlav

unda gaagrZelos?
analogiurad, morisoni (2006) ganixilavs skolis SemTxvevas, romelsac
arasaTanado maCveneblebi aqvs an susti mmarTveli hyavs. aqvs Tu ara
momxmarebels, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos, ufleba an movaleoba, rom
icodes es an garkveuli zomebi miiRos, rac, Cveulebisamebr, skolis
naklovanebebis sajarod gacxadebas gulisxmobs, da miayenebs Tu ara es
zians skolaSi dasaqmebul adamianebs _ direqtorsa da maswavleblebs?
individebs rom ziani aaridos, ra tipis ,,ndobiT aRWurva (Mitchell 1993)
mkvlevari
skolam
da
sazogadoebam
da
rogor
SeiZleba
erTmaneTs
Seesabamos es ori potenciurad sapirispiro moTxovna _ sazogadoebrivi

interesebis dacva da calkeuli pirebis uvnebloba?. unda gamoaaSkaraos
Tu ara mkvlevarma skolis naklovanebebi, Tu TiTqmis darwmunebulia,
rom amiT zians miayenebs individebs, magram SeiZleba, es
sazogadoebis
primum non nocere-s
interesebidan
interesebSi
Sediodes,
gamomdinare,
damokidebuli:
unda
an,
iqneb,
gaagrZelos
WeSmaritebis
dumili?
Zieba
da
es
ndobis
sakiTxi
ndobazea
Zieba
SeiZleba
ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs (Kelly, 1985: 147). faqtobrivad, keli TviTon

wers: ar vfiqrob, rom ukve mivageniT am dilemis damakmayofilebel
gadawyvetas.
finCi (Finch 1985) angariSis gamoqveynebis SedegebTan dakavSirebul
eTikur sakiTxebs wamoWris. mas awuxebs, rom misi kvlevis angariSi:
SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, rom ufro metad ganvamtkicebdi Cvens kulturasa
da politikur cxovrebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmul daSvebas, rom muSa qalebi
(gansakuTrebiT, qalaqis Raribi macxovreblebi) araadekvaturi dedebi arian
182

da imdenad arakompetenturebi, rom ar SeuZliaT iseTi pirobebis Seqmna,
romelTa uzrunvelyofasac normalur qalTa umravlesoba axerxebs.
(Finch 1985: 117)
faqtiurad, finCi iyenebs sityvas Ralati, rodesac ambobs, rom man,

SesaZloa,
uRalata
im
qalebis
ndobas,
romlebTanac
sami
wlis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobda, Tundac imitom, rom isini gacilebiT uares

ekonomikur
da
fsiqologiur
mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen
da
met
pirovnul diskomforts ganicdidnen, vidre Tavad finCi (Finch 1985: 188).
motyueba
socialur
fsiqologiur
da
sociologiur
kvlevebSi
motyuebis
gamoyenebam garkveuli negatiuri popularoba moipova. motyueba SeiZleba

niSnavdes, rom ar vuTxraT adamianebs, Tu ras vikvlevT (zogierTisTvis
es jaSuSobis tolfasia), ar vuTxraT simarTle, vuTxraT tyuili an
nawilobriv vuTxraT simarTle. motyuebaa adamianebis ise gamoyenebac,
rac
maT
daamcirebs
da
Seuracxyofs
(magaliTad,
ise,
rogorc
eqsperimentSi iyeneben virTxas). socialur fsiqologiur kvlevaSi es

termini gamoiyeneba iseTi tipis eqsperimentuli situaciebis aRsawerad,
sadac
mkvlevari
pirobebs, an
pirebs,
an,
Segnebulad
faravs
kvlevis
namdvil
miznebsa
da
raRac sxva xerxiT dadebiT informacias awodebs cdis

rodesac
araTanazomierad
monawileebma
mtkivneul,
ar
stresul
ician,
anda
ra
xdeba
uxerxul
da
maT
situaciebSi
aTavseben. motyueba sruli simarTlis nawilobriv Tqmasac gulisxmobs.

beilis (Baily 1994: 463) mohyavs amis naTeli magaliTi: respondentebs
fostiT
miRebuli
kiTxvaris
Sevsebas
sTxoven
da
maT
sjeraT,
rom
safosto xarjebis xangrZlivobasa da tipebze ekiTxebian, sinamdvileSi ki

kvleva
sxvadasxva
tipis
kiTxvarebis
Sedarebas
isaxavs
miznad.
is
aRniSnavs, rom 457 kvlevis 88 procentSi gamoyenebulia motyueba (ix.

am meTodis damcvelebi fiqroben, rom Tu motyuebis eqsperimenti
erTaderTi gzaa raRac marTlac mniSvnelovanis aRmosaCenad, es aRmoCena
183
mxolod maSin Rirs muSaobis procesSi naTqvam tyuilad, Tu cdis pirs

amiT
ziani
ar
adgeba
Aronson et al. 1990).
(ix.
motyueba
SeiZleba
gamarTlebuli iyos imis safuZvelze, rom kvleva sazogadoebriv sikeTes

emsaxureba
da
nebismieri
rom
saxis
(magaliTad,
motyueba
mikerZoebas.
sponsoris)
Tavidan
amasTan,
gvacilebs
amiT,
konfidencialobis
kvlevis
SesaZloa,
dacvac
procesSi
mesame
iyos
mxaris
SesaZlebeli.
mkvlevris poziciidan problema Semdegia: rogoria saWiro balansi, erTi

mxriv, mecnierebis interesebsa da, meore mxriv, mzrunvelobiT, guliTad
mopyrobas Soris im adamianebisadmi, romlebic gulubryvilod iZlevian
monacemebs? sxva sityvebiT, problema isev danakargebisa da sargeblis
Tanafardobazea mibmuli.
motyuebis problemis gavrcelebuloba ufro naTeli xdeba, rodesac
gavixsenebT,
rom
is
mraval
sazom
instrumentSic
ki
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli, vinaidan mniSvnelovania, rom respondentma ar icodes

im
pirovnuli
vikvlevT.
gareSe,
damokidebulebis
bevri
Tanac
problemaa,
arsebobs
ganzomilebebis
romelTa
kvleva
garkveuli
Sesaxeb,
romelsac
SeuZlebelia
motyuebis
sabuTebi,
rom
cdis
pirTa
umravlesoba aRSfoTebis gareSe iRebs motyuebis faqts, roca igeben mis

saWiroebas (magaliTad, milgremis, 1974, avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebarebis
eqsperimenti.
ix.
Tavi
21).
da
mainc,
miuxedavad
amisa,
aucilebelia,
mudmivad vsvamdeT kiTxvas: ramdenad amarTlebs tyuilis odenobas da

saxeobas
kvlevis
mniSvnelovneba
da
alternatiuli
procedurebis
ararseboba?
motyuebis
gamoyenebas
gansakuTrebiT
mavne
Sedegebi
mohyveba
im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac eTikuri mosazrebebi prioritetuli unda iyos.

amis magaliTad gamodgeba kempbelisa da misi kolegebis (Campbell et al. 1964)
kvleva, romelSic sunTqvis droebiTi Sekavebis gamomwvevi medikamentebis
gamoyenebiT ukiduresad stresuli pirobebi Seiqmna (ix. 2. 7 CanarTi).
CanarTi 2. 7.
motyuebis ukiduresi SemTxveva
184

eqsperimentSi, romelic miznad isaxavda travmatul, magram umtkivneulo
situaciaSi pirobiTi reaqciis Camoyalibebis Seswavlas, kempbelma da misma
kolegebma (1964) cdis pirebSi medikamentis gamoyenebiT sunTqvis droebiTi
Sekaveba gamoiwvies. cdis pirebis angariSebma daadastura, rom es maTTvis
saSineli gamocdileba iyo. yvela maTganma ifiqra, rom kvdeboda. kvlevaSi
alkoholizmiT daavadebuli mamakacebi moxaliseebad monawileobdnen, vinaidan
maT uTxres, rom es maT SesaZlo gankurnebas ukavSirdeboda da winaswar ar
gaafrTxiles medikamentis efeqtis Sesaxeb, radgan es informacia Seamcirebda
gamocdilebis travmul gavlenas.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kelman 1967
kelmanma motyuebis problemasTan gamklavebis sami gza SemogvTavaza:

pirveli,
mniSvnelovania,
metad
gvqondes
gacnobierebuli,
rom
es
problemaa. gadamwyvetia, rom yovelTvis vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, ramdenad

aucilebeli da gamarTlebulia motyueba. frTxilad unda viyoT, rom es
kiTxva Seusabamod ar CavTvaloT da motyueba aucilebel pirobad ar
miviRoT.
amgvarad,
aqtiuri
gacnobiereba
TavisTavad
aris
gadawyvetilebis nawili da motyuebas diskusiis, ganxilvis, kvlevisa da

arCevnis sagnad aqcevs.
problemis
mogvarebis
meore
gza
motyuebis
uaryofiTi
efeqtebis
neitralizeba da minimumamde dayvanaa. magaliTad, cdis pirebi ise unda

SeirCes,
rom
gamoiricxon
gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladi
individebi;
nebismieri potenciurad saziano manipulacia saSualo intensivobiT unda

ganxorcieldes; mkvlevari mgrZnobiare unda iyos cdis pirTa reaqciebSi
safrTxis
signalebisadmi
da
mzad
unda
iyos
krizisis
warmoqmnis
SemTxvevaSi masTan gasamklaveblad; kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg dro ara

marto
cdis
daexmaros
pirebis
maT
gamxnevebas
kvlevisas
unda
miRebul
dauTmos,
aramed
gamocdilebasTan
yvelanairad
dakavSirebuli
grZnobebis gadamuSavebaSi. daculi unda iyos principi, rom cdis pirebma

kvleva
ar
datovon
TviTpativiscemiT,
vidre
imaze
mis
meti
SfoTviT
dawyebamde
an
hqondaT
imaze
(isev
dabali
zianis
185
miuyeneblobis
sakiTxi).
sasurvelia,
cdis
pirebma
gaimdidron
gamocdileba da wavidnen gancdiT, rom raRac iswavles.

motyuebis
momcveli
upirvelesi
gzaa
ukukavSiri
kvlevis
kvlevis
negatiuri
darwmuneba,
an
misi
rom
efeqtebis
ganeitralebis
uzrunvelyofilia
erT-erTi
seansis
adekvaturi
dasrulebis
Semdeg.
ukukavSiri aucilebelad unda moxdes da araviTar SemTxvevaSi es ar

unda iyos sicrue an SecdomaSi Seyvana _ mkvlevari ukukavSirad ar unda
asaRebdes,
sinamdvileSi,
morig
eqsperimentul
manipulacias.
kvlevis
Semdgomi interviu SeiZleba moicavdes (Cooper and Schindler 2001: 116):
nebismieri motyuebisa da misi mizezebis axsnas;
kvlevis miznebis, hipoTezebis, amocanebisa da meTodebis axsnas;
kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg Sedegebis gacnobas;
kvlevis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
fsiqologiuri
an
samedicino
meTvalyureobis uzrunvelyofas.
Tumca, aqac arsebobs safrTxeebi. rogorc aronsoni da karlsmiTi
(1969) amboben:
cdis piriTan kvlevis Semdgomi intervius Catareba
ar aris misTvis
mxolod simarTlis Tqma. araviTari magiuri saswauli ar aris simarTleSi.

sinamdvileSi . . . uxeSad rom vTqvaT, simarTle SeiZleba ufro metad
saziano
iyos,
vidre
saerTod
arafris
axsna.
amis
gakeTebis
uamravi
gansxvavebuli gza arsebobs da zustad am gansxvavebebs aqvT gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba, rom ganisazRvros, grZnobs Tu ara cdis piri diskomforts,
rodesac is saeqsperimento oTaxs tovebs.
(Aronson and Carlsmith 1969: 31)
isini Tvlian, rom debrifingis procesis erT-erTi arsebiTi aspeqtia

is, rom mkvlevrebma gulwrfelad uambon monawileebs, Tu rogor eZieben
mecnierebi simarTles da aRiaron sakuTari diskomforti im faqtis gamo,
rom WeSmaritebis gamosavlenad aucilebeli gaxda motyuebis gamoyeneba.
rogorc
isini
amboben,
cdis
piris
diskomfortis
Sesamcireblad
186
eqsperimentis
Semdgomi
sikeTis
moculoba
ar
aris
iseTi
efeqturi,
rogorc eqsperimentatoris mier sakuTari gulwrfeli diskomfortis

gamovlena mocemul situaciaSi (Aronson and Carlsmith 1969: 31-2).
motyuebis problemasTan gamklavebis mesame gzaa Tavis dazRveva imiT,
rom
Seqmnilia
meTodebis
axali
Ziebis
procedurebi
procesSi
Tavad
da
teqnikebi.
mkvlevris
es
alternatiuli
kreatulobis
CarTvis
sakiTxia. SemoTavazebulia mosazreba, rom rolebis gaTamaSebiT an ise,

TiTqos eqsperimentebiT SeiZleba Caancvlon Cveulebrivi, gavrcelebuli
teqnikebi _ debati rolebis gaTamaSebiT motyuebis Canacvlebaze 21-e
TavSia ganxiluli. am meTodSi, rogorc vnaxavT, cdis pirs sTxoven, ise
moiqces, TiTqos is konkretul situaciaSi myofi konkretuli pirovneba
iyos. Tumca, ra formac ar unda hqondes, axal midgomebSi radikalurad
gansxvavebuli daSvebebi iqneba am tipis kvlevaSi cdis piris rolis
Sesaxeb.
moiTxoven
es
midgomebi
da
ara
Cvengan
maTTvis
cdis
piris
gverdis
motivaciis
avlas.
isini
gamoyenebas
potenciuri
monawileebis garkveulobis gazrdiskenac ki SeiZleba mogviwodebdnen,

vidre _ maTi gulubryvilobis SenarCunebisken.
plameri (1983) gvatyobinebs, rom iseT naklebad mosalodnel sferoSic
ki, rogoric istoriaa, adgili aqvs SedarebiT mcire xarisxis motyuebas.
ase magaliTad, kvlevis zogad aRweraSi SeiZleba ar iyos CarTuli
zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. faqtobrivad, Tu cdis pirs ecodineba,
ras eZebT, SeiZleba Sedegebi mniSvnelovanwilad mikerZoebuli gaxados.
garda amisa, sxvadasxva jgufs SeiZleba kvleva sxvadasxvagvarad auxsnan.
plamers Tavisi kvlevidan mohyavs magaliTi: seqsualuri umciresobebis
kvleva, romelic
gamoqveynebis sxvadasxva dones saWiroebda _ cdis
pirebisTvis, kolegebisTvis, zogadi ganxilvisTvis da megobrebisTvis.

faqtiurad, arcerT am axsnaTaganSi ar iyo tyuili, isini, ubralod,
kvlevis sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
socialur
mecnierebebSi
motyuebis
dilema
mniSvnelovan
rols
asrulebs eqsperimentul socialur fsiqologiaSi, sadac cdis pirebs
187
arafers eubnebian eqsperimentis namdvili bunebis Sesaxeb. kidev erTi

sfero, romelSic is gamoiyeneba, sociologiaa, sadac mkvlevrebi malaven
TavianT
identobas
Ria/faruli
da
ikvalaven
1993).
(Mitchell
gulisxmobs
gzas
kvlevis
iseT
faruli,
ucxo
anu
saxesxvaobas,
jfugSi
saidumlo
sadac
debati
monawileoba
mkvlevrebi
drois
xangrZliv periods konkretul sakvlev garemoSi atareben, malaven ,,rom

mkvlevrebi arian da sxva rols efarebian.
balmeri (Bulmer 1982) SeniSnavs, rom ar arsebobs martivi da sruliad
SeTanxmebuli pasuxebi im eTikur sakiTxebze, romelTac faruli kvleva
warmoSobs.
eriksoni
(1967),
magaliTad,
Tvlis,
rom
sociologebi
pasuxismgebeli arian TavianTi cdis pirebis winaSe da saidumlo kvlevam

SeiZleba iseTi ziani miayenos sxva adamianebs, rogorsac verc winaswar
gaiTvaliswineben da verc kvlevis Semdeg daakompensireben. amasTan, isini
TavianTi kolegebis winaSec ageben pasuxs. amis sapirispirod, duglasi
(Douglas 1976) amtkicebs, rom faruli dakvirveba aucilebeli, sasargeblo
da
bevris
momcemia.
balmeric
(1982)
askvnis,
rom
faruli
kvlevis
sasargeblod motanili yvelaze woniani argumenti isaa, rom man kargi

socialuri
mecniereba
Seqmna,
romelic
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
da
ar
iarsebebda am meTodis gareSe. umaduroba iqneboda imis araRiareba,
amatebs is, _ rom sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Cveni codna farulma meTodebma

ganaviTara.
kimelis (1988) azriT, cota mkvlevari Tu fiqrobs, rom yovelgvari
motyuebis gareSe SeuZlia muSaoba, vinaidan aSkarad konservatiulma
(yvela
wesis
dacviT)
midgomam
SeiZleba
iqamde
migviyvanos,
rom
mniSvnelovani kvleva TiTqmis ar Rirdes gaweul Zalisxmevad. magaliTad,

zustad aseTia rasobrivi crurwmenebis kvleva, romelic danamdvilebiT
moaxdens
gavlenas
masSi
monawileTa
qcevaze.
kimeli
Tvlis,
rom
motyuebis kvlevebi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rom yvelaze

mkacr
kritikosebsac
ki
gauWirdebodaT
calsaxad
mtkiceba,
rom
188
nebismieri motyueba potenciurad sazianod moqmedebs monawileebze, an

arasworia.
eTika da kvlevis meTodebi ganaTlebaSi

eTikuri
problemebi,
romlebic
ganaTlebis
sferos
kvlevebSi
gamoyenebuli meTodebidan warmoiqmneba, sxvadasxva naSromSi gvxvdeba:

burgesis (Burgess 1989) mier redaqtirebul krebulSi ganaTlebis sferos
kvlevis
eTika
da
saimonisa
da
(Simon and Usher 2000)
aSeris
mier
redaqtirebul wignSi ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi arsebuli eTika. am

sferoSi
Seqmnili
TiToeuli
naSromi
yoveldRiur
problemebs,
sakiTxebsa da dilemebs asaxavs, romelTa winaSec dgebian ganaTlebis

sferoSi moRvawe gamocdili Tu damwyebi mkvlevrebi. dasaxelebuli ori
wigni aCvenebs, rom saganmanaTleblo institutebSi kvlevis meTodebis
kompleqsurobis gamo wamoWrili sakiTxebi da maTi eTikuri Sedegebi,
albaT,
yvelaze
naklebad
prognozirebadia,
gansakuTrebiT,
naklebad
gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ kvlevis social-politikur

WrilSi. am sferoSi mosulma axalbedebma unda icodnen kvlevis iseTi
saxeebis
Sesaxeb,
problemidan
aRmoaCens,
romlebsac,
meorisken
rom
erTmaneTisgan
TavianTi
mivyavarT.
meTodologiuri
kvlevaTa
da
bunebidan
faqtiurad,
eTikuri
umravlesobaSi,
gamomdinare,
mkvlevari
sakiTxebi
romelTac
erTi
xSirad
ganuyofelia
Tvisebrivs
an
interpretaciuls vuwodebT. rogorc hiCkoki da hagisi (1989) SeniSnaven:

monawilis dakvirvebis warmoebisas an viRacis mewyvilis interviuirebisas
warmoiWreba eTikuri problemebi, romlebic uSualod ukavSirdeba gamoyenebuli
kvlevis teqnikis Taviseburebebs. kvlevis bunebis Riaobisa Tu daxurulobis
xarisxisa da misi miznebis sakiTxi uSualod dgeba maswavleblebis kvlevis
winaSe.
(Hitchcock and Hughes 1989)
isini svamen kiTxvebs, romlebic SeiZleba gaCndes aseT situaciaSi:

,,sad mTavrdeba mkvlevrisTvis formaluri dakvirveba da sad iwyeba
araformaluri?
gamarTlebulia,
rom
mkvlevari
Ria
iyos
zog
189
maswavlebelTan da zogTan _ ara? ramdenad bevri informaciis miwodeba

SeuZlia
mkvlevars
Sesaxeb?
rodis
moswavleebisTvis
ganixileba
kvlevis
kvlevis
konkretuli
monacemebis
nawilis
mizez-Sedegobrivi
aspeqti da rodis _ ara? aris Tu ara Wori legitimuri monacemi da

SeuZlia Tu ara mkvlevars eTikurad gamoiyenos is masala, romelic mas
saidumlod miewoda? rogorc hiCkoki da hagisi (1989) askvnian, kiTxvebis
CamonaTvali jer kidev usasruloa da SeiZleba Seexebodes rogorc
kvlevaSi
gamoyenebul
teqnikas,
ise,
sakvlevi
garemos
socialur
organizacias. aseTi sakiTxebis warmatebulad gadaWris gasaRebi kargi

urTierTobebis damyarebaa. aq Sedis mkvlevarsa da mis cdis pirebs Soris
gagebis Camoyalibeba, rasac mohyveba sandoobis grZnoba da ndoba.
faini da sendstromi (1988) detalurad ganixilaven velze bavSvebTan
muSaobis eTikur da praqtikul aspeqtebs. kerZod, isini aCveneben, Tu
rogor
gansxvavdeba
monawilis
kvlevis
eTikuri
sakiTxebi
bavSvebis
asakis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis kidev erTi

maxasiaTebeli gamoyo finCma (1985: 116-17), romelic komentars akeTebs
SesaZlo mwvave politikuri da eTikuri dilemebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
warmoqmnis mkvlevrisa da sxvebis mier miRebuli monacemebis gamoyeneba.
misi komentari exeba kvlevis monawileebisgan miRebul ndobasac, rac
mkvlevrebs avaldebulebs, rom konfidencialuri informacia saTanadod
iqneba
gamoyenebuli,
kerZod
ki,
monawileTa
mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad.
keli (1989a) fiqrobs, rom is sfero Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, sadac eTikuri
mimRebi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare unda iyos, praqtikuli kvlevaa da
swored
mosuli,
aq
marTebs
mkvlevars,
gansakuTrebuli
iqneba
sifrTxile
is
maswavlebeli
dagebuli
Tu
garedan
maxeebisadmi.
es
sirTuleebi Seajama hopkinsma (1985: 135), rodesac Tqva, rom vinaidan

mkvlevris qmedebebi Rrmad aris Canergili organizaciaSi, mniSvnelovania
am
farglebSi
muSaoba,
es
pativiscemis sakiTxebs ayenebs.
ki
konfidencialobisa
da
pirovnuli
190
2.8 CanarTSi warmodgenilia hopkinsTan mocemuli (1985) principebi,

romlebic specialurad praqtikuli kvlevisTvis Camoayalibes kemisma da
maktagartma (Kemmis and McTaggart 1981).
CanarTi 2. 8.
moqmedebiT kvlevaSi CarTuli mkvlevrebis saxelmZRvanelo eTikuri
principebi
yuradReba miaqcieT oqms. gadaamowmeT, rom SexvdiT saTanado adamianebs,

komitetebs da xelmZRvanelebs, miawodeT informacia da miiReT saWiro
nebarTva da dadebiTi pasuxi.
moizideT monawileebi: kvlevaSi monawileobisTvis waaxaliseT isini, vinc

dainteresebulia im gaumjobesebiT, romlis miRwevasac apirebT.
SeuTanxmdiT maT, visac Seexeba kvleva: yvelas ar endomeba, rom uSualod

iyos
CarTuli.
muSaobisas
angariSi
unda
gauwioT
sxvebis
pasuxismgeblobebsa da survilebs.
aRwereT
progresi:
samuSao
SemoTavazebebisTvis,
raTa
gauTvaliswinebeli
da
TvalsaCino
gaxadeT
mxedvelobaSi
SeumCneveli
da
iyaviT
miiRoT
mimarTulebebi;
Ria
winaswar
kolegebs
unda
hqondeT protestis gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba;
miiReT eqsplicituri avtorizacia: es Seexeba imas, Tu sad gsurT Tqveni

kolegebis dakvirveba da sad apirebT dokumentaciis ganxilvas.
SeuTanxmdiT adamianebs maTi samuSaos aRwerilobaze: yovelTvis mieciT

saSualeba maT, visac aRwerT, rom eWvis qveS daayenon Tqveni axsnebi
samarTlianobis, relevantobis da sizustis safuZvelze.
SeaTanxmeT sxvebis mosazrebebis angariSebi
(magaliTad,
komunikaciis
angariSi): yovelTvis mieciT saSualeba maT, vinc CarTulia interviuebSi,

Sexvedrebsa da mimoweris procesSi, rom moiTxovon Sesworebebi, rac
ufro samarTlians, relevanturs da zusts gaxdis Tqvens naSroms.
miiReT eqsplicituri avtorizacia citatebis gamoyenebamde: aq Sedis

sityvasityviT Cawerili transkriptebi, axsnili dakvirvebebi, amonaridebi
audio
da
video
Canawerebidan,
msjelobebi,
angariSebSi
mocemuli
daskvnebi an rekomendaciebi (werilobiTi an Sexvedrebze miRebuli).
191
SeaTanxmeT sxvadasxva doneze gamosaqveynebeli angariSebi: gaxsovdeT, rom

sxvadasxva
auditoria
sxvadasxvagvar
fakultetis
TanamSromlebis
angariSisTvis
aris
SexvedrisTvis,
statiisTvis,
saWiro,
gazeTisTvis,
Sexvedraze
SeiZleba
sabWosTvis
angariSs
araformaluri
Seusabamo
warsadgeni
mSoblebisTvis
saWiroebs.
iyos
zepiri
TanamSromelTa
angariSisTvis,
gasagzavni
rac
Jurnalis
SetyobinebisTvis.
iyaviT konservatiuli, Tu ver akontrolebT am gansxvavebebs.
aiReT konfidencialobis dacvis pasuxismgebloba.
SeinarCuneT Tqveni naSromis wardgenis ufleba: darwmundiT, rom yvela,

vinc kvlevaSi iyo CarTuli, kmayofilia angariSebis samarTlianobiT,
sizustiTa da relevanturobiT; rom isini zedmetad ar aaSkaraveben an
uxerxul
mdgomareobaSi
Sesabamisad,
angariSi
ar
an
ar
ayeneben
unda
kvlevaSi
aikrZalos,
CarTul
an
adamianebs,
daidos
Taroze
konfidencialobasTan dakavSirebuli sanqciebis gamo.
Tanmimdevruli da cnobili gaxadeT proceduris principebi: praqtikul

kvlevaSi CarTuli yvela adamiani muSaobis dawyebamde unda daeTanxmos
principebs. maT unda icodnen TavianTi uflebebi am procesSi.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kemmis and McTaggart (1981) da motanilia Hopkins (1985: 134-6)
eTika da SefasebiTi kvleva

straiki (1990) ganaTlebis sferoSi Sefasebis ganxilvisas or zogad
princips gvTavazobs, romelmac Sefasebis sferoSi Semdgomi msjelobis
safuZveli SeiZleba Seqmnas. esenia sargeblis maqsimizaciis principi da
Tanabari
pativiscemis
principi,
amtkicebs,
adamianTa
principi.
rom
pirveli,
saukeTeso
umravlesobisTvis
sargeblis
gadawyvetileba
yvelaze
met
maqsimizaciis
isaa,
sargebels
romelic
iZleva.
am
TvalsazrisiT, pragmatulia Cveni qmedebebis sisworis Sesaxeb Sedegebis

mixedviT msjeloba an, rogorc straiki (1990) ambobs, saukeTeso moqmedeba
isaa,
romelsac
saukeTeso
Sedegebi
mohyveba.
utilitaruli
principi
Cvengan iTxovs, dasaxeldes is konkretuli sargebeli, romlis maqsimumis

miRebac
gvsurs,
amisTvis
ki
saWiroa
saTanado
populaciis
identificireba da is, rom srulad gvesmodes, ra Sedegebi mohyveba Cvens
192
qmedebebs. meore principi, romelic Tanabar pativiscemas gulisxmobs,

moiTxovs, rom erTnairad Rirseulad moveqceT yvela adamians. es niSnavs,
rom adamianebs miviCnevdeT miznebad da ara saSualebebad,
Tavisufal da
racionalur pirovnebebad da vaRiarebdeT, rom maT iseTive bazisuri

uflebebi aqvT, rogorc sxvebs.
straikis (1990) mier mocemul CamonaTvalSi, misi azriT, SefasebiTi
kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani eTikuri principebia Setanili,
romelTa
ganxilvac
SesaZlebelia
zemoT
xsenebuli
ori
zogadi
principis WrilSi.
savaldebulo procesi: Sefasebis procedurebi unda iZleodes imis

garantias, rom Sefasebebi safuZvliania: rom cnobili da miRebuli
standartebi
Tanmimdevrulad
gamoiyeneba
yvela
SemTxvevaSi;
rom
mtkicebuleba racionaluria da rom mtkicebulebebis mosagroveblad

arsebobs sistematuri da racionaluri procedurebi.
piraduloba: aq Sedis adamianis ufleba, akontrolos informacia

Tavis
Sesaxeb,
pirovneba
daculi
unda
iyos
sakuTar
saqmeebSi
gaumarTlebeli, ukanono Carevebisgan. Sefasebis konteqstSi is iTxovs,

rom procedurebi Rrmad ar iWrebodes pirad cxovrebaSi da rom
Sefaseba maswavleblis aqtivobis mxolod samsaxurTan dakavSirebul
aspeqtebs exebodes. is Sefasebis informaciis konfidencialobasac
icavs.
Tanasworoba: Sefasebis konteqstSi es principi saukeTesod SegviZlia

gavigoT, rogorc iseT irelevantur safuZvlebze gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis
akrZalva,
rogoricaa
rasobrivi
mikuTvnebuloba,
religia,
sqesi, eTnikuroba an seqsualuri orientacia.
sajarooba: es principi gulisxmobs Sefasebis procedurebis, misi

miznebisa da Sedegebis Riaobas sazogadoebisTvis.
humanizmi:
es
principi
moiTxovs,
rom
angariSi
unda
gaewios
im
adamianebis grZnobebsa da mgrZnobelobas, romlebic CarTulni arian

Sefasebis konteqstSi.
193
klientis
sargebeli:
gadawyvetilebebi
am
ise
principis
miiReba,
rom
mixedviT
pativs
SefasebiTi
scems
studentebis,
mSoblebisa da sazogadoebis interesebs da maT aniWebs upiratesobas

saganmanaTleblo institutebisa da maTi TanamSomlebis interesebTan
SedarebiT. igulisxmeba isic, rom monawileebi miiCnevian cdis pirebad
da ara _ saeqsperimento masalad.
akademiuri Tavisufleba: aq igulisxmeba, rom klasSi SenarCunebulia

inteleqtualuri Riaobis atmosfero rogorc maswavleblebisTvis, ise,
studentebisTvis. Sefaseba ise unda ganxorcieldes, rom atmosfero
kvlavac aseTi darCes.
avtonomiis pativiscema: maswavleblebs miniWebuli aqvT muSaobisas

TavianTi Sexedulebebisamebr moqmedebis da sakuTari samuSaos Sesaxeb
racionaluri
daskvnebis
gamotanis
ufleba.
Sefaseba
ar
unda
ganxorcieldes ise, rom gaumarTleblad SeizRudos es ufleba.

es principebi ufro farTod da sistemurad straikis (1990) naSromSia
Camoyalibebuli.
kvleva da regulacia: eTikuri kodeqsebi da recenzireba

eTikuri
regulaciebi
ramdenime
doneze
arsebobs.
mniSvnelovani
maregulirebeli meqanizmebia: sakanonmdeblo done, eTikuri komitetebi,

romlebic mowodebulia universitetebsa da sxva institutebSi mimdinare
kvlevebis meTvalyureobisTvis (rac SeiZleba ZiriTad dabrkolebad iqces
maTTvis, vinc kvlevis Catarebas gegmavs), profesiuli gaerTianebebis da
asociaciebis
pirovnuli
eTikuri
eTikuri
kodeqsebi
da,
Rirebulebebi.
aseve,
yvela
calkeuli
mkvlevarma,
mkvlevrebis
dawyebuli
bakalavriatis studentidan, romelic sakurso kvleviT naSroms akeTebs,

damTavrebuli
profesiuli
gafarToebisTvis
regulaciebi,
iRvwis,
rac
mkvlevriT,
unda
marTavs
icodes
mis
romelic
is
praqtikas.
codnis
eTikuri
sazRvrebis
kodeqsebi
mkvlevris
mier
da
am
pasuxismgeblobebis ugulebelyofa mTeli samecniero procesis rRvevad
194
aRiqmeba,
ramac
individebi
da
institutebi
SeiZleba,
samarTlebriv
valdebulebebamde an finansur jarimebamde miiyvanos.

profesiul sazogadoebebsa da asociaciebs aqvT praqtikis kodeqsebi,
romelic asaxavs erT konkretul jgufSi RirebulebaTa konsensuss da
calkeul mkvlevrebs exmareba, gaarkvion, Tu ra aris sasurveli da ras
unda eridon. ra Tqma unda, amiT ar gvardeba yvela problema, mxolod
ramdenime pirveladi sawyisi arsebobs da amitom eTikuri principebis
farTo interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. yovelismomcveli maregulirebeli
meqanizmebis sistema kargad aris danergili did britaneTSi, magram es
informaciisa da monacemebis Senaxvas ufro exeba: magaliTad, rogor
inaxeba da visTvis aris gankuTvnili, rac ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave
mkvlevrisTvis
Sediodes,
mzardi
magaliTad,
interesis
sagania.
statistikuri
am
monacemebi,
kategoriaSi
Sefasebis
SeiZleba
safuZvlad
gamoyenebuli monacemebi, saswavlo Canawerebi, werilobiTi Canawerebi,

transkriptebi, nedli monacemebi, piradi dokumentebi, kvlevis monacemebi,
kompiuteruli failebi da audio-video masala.
vinaidan sainformacio teqnologiebi centralur adgils ikavebs da
sazogadoeba
ufro
da
ufro
metad
aris
damokidebuli
masze,
informaciis koncefcia mniSvnelovania ara marto imiT, Tu ra aris,

aramed imiTac, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZlia. uamravi avtori miuTiTebs
informaciisa
da
Zalauflebis
kavSirze.
magaliTad,
harisi
da
misi
kolegebi (1992) saubroben Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, romelic xorcieldeba

adamianebze
arsebuli
urTierTobaze
piradi
profesionalis
informaciis
ZalauflebasTan,
kontroliT
romelic
da
mis
eqspertis
codnas emorCileba. maSasadame, monacemebis borotad gamoyenebas, an maT

gavrcelebas araswor dros, an araswor klientebTan Tu organoebTan,
SeiZleba
individisTvis,
jgufisTvis
an
institutisTvis
samwuxaro
Sedegebi mohyves. viTareba kidev ufro mwvavdeba, Tu es mcdari, arasruli

an ganzrax SecdomaSi Semyvani informaciaa.
195
informaciiT
ufro
da
ufro
metad
mdidar
samyaroSi
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs sagarantio saSualebebis arsebobas, rac daicavda mas

arasworad an borotad gamoyenebisgan. am mizniT Seiqmna didi britaneTis
monacemebis dacvis aqtebi 4 1984 da 1998 wlebSi. am aqtebSi mocemulia
monacemebis
dacvis
principebi,
monacemebiT
mosargebleTa
pasuxismgeblobebi da monacemebis subieqtTa uflebebi. istoriuli da

kvleviTi miznebisTvis Senaxul informaciaze ar vrceldeba principi,
romelic individebs maT Sesaxeb piradi monacemebis naxvis uflebas
aZlevs,
mowodebuli
romliTac
monacemebi
SesaZlebelia
monacemebze
nawilobriv
ar
aris
individebis
ar
xelmisawvdomi
identificireba.
vrceldeba
ori
sxva
im
formiT,
aseve,
kvlevis
principic,
ris
Sedegadac aseTi monacemebi SeiZleba ganusazRvreli vadiT Seinaxos. maTi

kvleviTi miznebisTvis gamoyenebis sajarod gamocxadeba ar aris saWiro.
ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani principidan, romelic kvlevis monacemebs
Seexeba,
erT-erTis
romliTac
zustad
mixedviT,
SeiZleba
piradi
maTi
monacemebis
momwodebeli
(anu
monacemebi,
pirovnebis
amocnoba)
Senaxva mxolod specifikuri da kanonieri miznebisTvis SeiZleba. meore

principi
acxadebs, rom
miRebul
unda
iyos
usafrTxoebis
saTanado
zomebi piradi monacemebis ukanono wvdomis, Secvlis, gavrcelebis an

ganadgurebis
da,
aseve,
maTi
SemTxveviT
dakargvis
an
ganadgurebis
Tavidan asacileblad.
umaRlesi
komitetebi
ganaTlebis
aqvs
da
es
institutTa
komitetebi
umravlesobas
kvlevis
Tavisi
proeqtebis
eTikuri
Sefasebisas,
rogorc wesi, eTikis sakuTari kodeqsebiT sargebloben. garda amisa,

kvleviTi asociaciebi aqveyneben praqtikis zogierT mniSvnelovan kodebsa
da
saxelmZRvanelo
kvlevis
asociacia
http://www.bera.bps.org.uk),
principebs,
(British
magaliTad:
britaneTis
Educational
Research
britaneTis
sociologiuri
ganaTlebis
Association
asociacia
(British
Sociological Association http://www.britsoc.co.uk), socialuri kvlevis asociacia

4
UK Data Protection Acts (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
196
(Social Research Association http://www.the-sra.org.uk),
amerikis
ganaTlebis
kvlevis asociacia (American Educational Research Association http://www.aera.net),

amerikis
fsiqologiuri
http://www.apa.org)
da
(American Psychological Association
asociacia
amerikis
sociologiuri
Sociological Association http://www.asanet.org).
asociacia
mkiTxvels
(American
vurCevT,
rom
am
kodeqsi,
eTikuri
informacias detalurad gaecnos.

britaneTis
fsiqologiuri
sazogadoebis
qcevis
principebi da miTiTebebi (2005), sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, moicavs Tavebs

kompetenturobis,
Tanxmobis
miRebis,
konfidencialobisa
da
qcevis
Sesaxeb. dasawyis nawilSi jer ganixileba adamianebze kvlevis Catarebis
eTikuri
principebi: motyueba,
kvlevis
Semdgomi
interviu,
riski
da
ganxorcieleba da Semdeg modis TerTmeti ZiriTadi nawili: Sesavali;

zogadi principebi; Tanxmoba; motyueba; debrifingi; kvlevidan gamoTiSva;
konfidencialoba;
gamoiyeneba;
rCevis
monawileTa
micema
dacva;
da
kvleva,
kolegebi.
romelSic
zogad
dakvirveba
principebSi
Sedis
ZiriTadi wesi: gadamwyveti principia, rom kvleva unda ganixilon yvela

monawilis poziciidan da unda ganeitraldes savaraudo safrTxeebi,
romelic
SeiZleba
emuqrebodes
maT
fsiqologiur
keTildReobas,
janmrTelobas, Rirebulebebsa Tu Rirsebas (gv. 8); sainteresoa, rom

britaneli fsiqologebis es naSromi ar iTxovs informirebul Tanxmobas,
aramed ambobs: sadac SesaZlebelia, mkvlevarma yvela monawiles unda
miawodos informacia kvlevis miznebis Sesaxeb (para. 3. 1). analogiurad,
is ar krZalavs motyuebas da miuTiTebs, rom SesaZloa, SeuZlebeli iyos
zogierTi fsiqologiuri procesis Seswavla kvlevis WeSmariti miznebis
dafarvis an monawileTa ganzrax SecdomaSi Seyvanis gareSe (para. 4. 3).
Tumca is Tan miuTiTebs, rom amas mkacri dasabuTeba esaWiroeba, unda
moiZebnos sxva saSualebebi da dasabuTTdes, rom alternativebi ar aris
xelmisawvdomi.
amerikis
fsiqologiuri
asociaciis
eTikuri principebi da qcevis
kodeqsi (2002) xuT zogad princips ayalibebs, esenia: sargebeli da
197
uvnebloba,
erTguleba
da
pasuxismgebloba,
xelSeuxebloba,
samarTlianoba da adamianebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema. es

principebi safuZvlad udevs eTikuri standartebis aT nawils: eTikuri
sakiTxebis gadawyveta, kompetenturoba, adamianuri urTierTobebi (maT
Soris
zianis
arideba,
informirebuli
reklamireba
eqspluatatoruli
Tanxmoba),
da
sxva
piraduloba
sajaro
gancxadebebi,
urTierTobebi
da
da
konfidencialoba,
Canawerebis
warmoeba
da
honorarebi, ganaTleba da treningi, kvleva da publikacia, Sefaseba da,

bolos, Terapia.
amerikis
sociologiuri
asociaciis
(asa)
eTikisa da politikebis
kodeqsi da profesiuli eTikis asa-is komitetis procedurebi (1999)

moicavs xuT zogad princips: profesiul kompetencias; xelSeuxeblobas;
profesiul
da
Rirsebisa
mecnierul
da
pasuxismgeblobas;
gansxvavebulobis
adamianis
pativiscemas;
uflebebis,
socialur
pasuxismgeblobas. Semdeg es principebi oc eTikur standartad iyofa,

romlebSic
Sedis:
araeqspluatacia,
konfidencialoba,
informirebuli
Tanxmoba, motyueba, stimulebis SeTavazeba da sxva.
britaneTis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikuri praqtikis debuleba

(2002)
moicavs
nawilebs,
romlebSic
Sesulia
Semdegi
sakiTxebi:
profesiuli xelSeuxebloba, kvlevis monawileebTan urTierToba da maT

winaSe pasuxismgeblobebi, faruli kvleva, anonimuroba, piraduloba da
konfidencialoba, sponsorebTan da/an damfinanseblebTan urTierToba da
pasuxismgeblobebi
maT winaSe, valdebulebebi, rolebi da
uflebebi,
kvlevis procesSi sponsorebis da/an damfinanseblebis winaSe aRebuli

valdebulebebi.
socialuri
kanonidan
kvlevis
eTikuri principebi (2003) evropis
asociaciis
(http://www.respectproject.org)
valdebulebebis
oTx
doneze:
damqiraveblebi,
kolegebi
gaumarTlebeli
SeWrisTvis
da
Tavis
gamomdinareobs
sazogadoeba,
kvlevis
arideba,
da
miuTiTebs
damfinanseblebi
monawileebi
informirebuli
(aq
da
Sedis
Tanxmobis
198
miReba,
informirebuli
interesebis
dacva,
Tanxmobis
monawileobis
konfidencialobis
dacva
modifikaciebi,
SesaZleblobis
da
cdis
micema,
identobebis
pirebis
Canawerebis
gaumJRavneblobis
uzrunvelyofa).
britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociaciis eTikuri miTiTebebi (2000)
Semdegnairad aris gadmocemuli: pasuxismgeblobebi kvlevis profesiis
winaSe,
muSaoba,
pasuxismgebloba
monawileebis
winaSe
Tanxmoba,
kvlevidan
informirebuli
(maT
Soris,
gamoTiSvis
pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis winaSe, damfinansebel

urTierToba,
publikacia,
inteleqtualuri
bavSvebTan
ufleba),
organizaciebTan
sakuTreba,
maspinZel
institutTan urTierToba. analogiurad, amerikis ganaTlebis
asociaciis
sakvlevi
eTikuri
sferos
institutebi
gamoTiSvis
winaSe;
da
informirebuli
standartebis
ufleba;
sensitiuroba
sakvlevi
sazogadoeba
Tanxmoba;
Temebia:
populaciebi,
(bavSvebTan
konfidencialoba;
eqspluatacia
lokaluri
(2000)
piradi
pasuxismgebloba
saganmanaTleblo
muSaobis
CaTvliT);
patiosneba;
kvlevidan
sargeblis
garemoebebisadmi
kvlevis
miRebis
(magaliTad,
mizniT;
kultura,
religia, sqesi); uaryofiTi Sedegebis arideba, gavrceleba, anonimuroba;

inteleqtualuri
sakuTreba;
kvlevis
redaqtireba,
recenzireba
da
Sefaseba; sponsorebi, gadawyvetilebis mimRebni da sxvebi, vinc iyeneben

kvlevas;
studentebi
da
studenti
mkvlevrebi.
es
standartebi
patiosnebis Tu wesierebis? ganmartebisas ambobs, rom motyueba ar aris

waxalisebuli
da
mxolod
maSin
unda
gamoiyenebodes,
rodesac
namdvilad aucilebelia, ris Semdegac unda aixsnas motyuebis mizezebi

(para. B3),
am kvleviTi asociaciebis eTikuri principebi da miTiTebebi TiToeuli
magTanis veb-gverdze an Sesabamis bmulze SeiZleba moiZioT:
amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia:
http://www.aera.net/uploadedFiles/About_AERA/Ethical_Standards/EthicalStandards.pdf
amerikis fsiqologiuri asociacia:
199

http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html
amerikis sociologiuri asociacia:
http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html
britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia:
http://www.bps.org.uk/document-download-area/document-download$cfm?file_uuid=
6D0645CC-7E96-C67F-D75E2648E5580115&ext=pdf
britaneTis sociologiuri asociacia:
http://www.brirsoc.co.uk/new_site/user_doc/Statement%20of%20Ethical%20Practice.doc
socialuri kvlevis asociacia: http://www.thesra.org.uk/ethics03.pdf
eTikuri kodeqsebis sirTule da, amavdroulad, siZliere isaa, rom ver

da ar iZleva konkretul rCevebs, Tu ra unda movimoqmedoT konkretul
situaciebSi.
saboloo
xelSeuxeblobiTa
da
jamSi,
Tavad
sindisiT,
mkvlevari,
eTikuri
sakuTari
sakiTxebis
mkafiod
gacnobierebiT, saxelmZRvanelo kodeqsebisa da praqtikis regulaciebis

codniT aRWurvili, aris is, vinc unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra gaakeTos
mocemul konkretul situaciaSi da es qmedeba unda iyos gamarTlebuli,
kargad gaazrebuli da SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi dacva.
zemoT
ganxiluli
homogenuria.
kodeqsebi
miuxedavad
imisa,
da
rom
miTiTebebi,
garkveulwilad,
mkvlevrisTvis
kargi
damxmare
saxelmZRvaneloa, isini mainc ver mianiSneben mas, Tu rogor moiqces

yovel
konkretul
sxvadasxva
situaciaSi.
situaciaSi,
saqme
situaciiT
isaa,
rom
ganisazRvreba,
eTika
specifikuria
anu
situaciuria
(Simon and Usher 2000). faqtobrivad, avtorebi dasawyisSi acxadeben, rom

miuxedavad imisa, rom, tradiciulad, eTika ganixileboda, rogorc zogadi
principebis erToblioba, romelic ucvlelad da sandod gamoiyeneboda yvela
situaciaSi...
sxvadasxva
amis
sapirispirod,
kvlevis
praqtikaSi
eTikuri
da,
principebi
amgvarad,
am
Sualeduri
praqtikebTan
rgolia
mimarTebaSi
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iZens.

(Simons and Usher 2000: 1)
avtorebis
TvalsazrisiT,
es
niSnavs
imas,
rom
daculia, dazRveulia universalizaciisgan, radgan
situaciuri
eTika
200

mkvlevrebi ver gaeqcevian urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebebis awon-dawonvas
da dilemebs, romlebic kvlevis situaciis TaviseburebebSi imaleba da sadac
arsebobs eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saWiroeba, magram SeuZlebelia am
gadawyvetilebebis
miReba
calsaxad
gansazRvrul
da
erTmniSvnelovan
principebze Tu kodeqsebze apelirebiT.

(Simons and Usher 2000: 2)
faqtiurad, SemCneulia, rom mravali eTikuri kodeqsi da miTiTeba

Tavad eridebian calsaxad gansazRvrulobasa da erTmniSvnelovnebas,
amtkiceben
ra,
rom,
magaliTad,
motyueba,
faruli
kvleva
da
informirebuli Tanxmobis arqona SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos. saimoni

da aSeri (2000: 11) amtkiceben, rom mravalmniSvnelovneba (mravalgvari
interpretacia imisa, Tu ra aris Rirebuli, misaRebi da sasargeblo) da
situaciuri
eTika
konteqstebisadmi
kvlevis
praqtikulobidan,
mgrZnobelobisa
da
social-ekonomikuri
araprioritetul
mdgomareobaSi
myof jgufebTan samarTlianobis saWiroebidan momdinareobs. Sesabamisad,

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom kodeqsebi da miTiTebebi SeiZleba sasargeblo
iyos sakiTxebis dasasmelad da mkvlevrebisTvis orientaciis misacemad,
magram, miuxedavad amisa,
_
ara
konkretul
isini ver gadawyveten, ra unda gakeTdes da ra
situaciaSi,
anu
es,
calkeuli
mkvlevris
da,
informirebulobis fonze, misi sindisis gadasawyvetia.
dafinansebuli kvleva
dafinansebuli kvleva ar aTavisuflebs mkvlevars eTikuri qcevisgan.
magaliTad, SeiZleba araeTikuri iyos sponsorisTvis, rom mkvlevars
miuTiTos:
rogor Caataros kvleva;
ra Sedegebs unda miaqcios yuradReba da
ra _ dafaros;
ra Sevides angariSSi da ra _ ara;
dafaros sponsoris vinaoba;
ra miznebs emsaxureba kvleva.
201
meore mxriv, sponsorebs aqvT ufleba, SeinarCunon konfidencialoba.

maT SeiZleba hqondeT ufleba, ar ganacxadon sajarod TavianTi vinaobis,
kvlevis miznebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
dafinansebuli kvleva, Cveulebriv, molaparakebis sagania mkvlevarsa
da
sponsorsa
da
miuxedavad,
rom
gankuTvnili
da
mkvlevarsa
kvleva
ara
da
monawileebs
SeiZleba
farTo
mxolod
Soris,
magram,
sponsorisTvis
sazogadoebisTvis,
es
aravis
imis
iyos
aZlevs
uflebas, ukarnaxos mkvlevars, rogor Caataros kvleva da ra Sedegebi

miiRos; erTi sityviT, aravis ar aqvs kvlevis dakveTis ufleba.
cxadia, mkvlevris pasuxismgeblobebSi mxolod kvlevis Catareba da
sponsorisTvis angariSis wardgena Sedis. amis Semdeg ra bedi eweva
angariSs (magaliTad, srulad gamoqveyndeba Tu ara, xelmisawvdomi iqneba
mTeli
sazogadoebisTvis,
Tu
mxolod
misi
garkveuli
nawilisTvis
sponsoris organizaciaSi), es sponsoris gadasawyvetia. Tumca, es ar

aTavisuflebs mkvlevars kvlevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan
da man unda SeinarCunos kvlevis imgvarad Catarebis ufleba, rogorc man
icis da rogorc Tavad miaCnia saWirod da ara ise _ rogorc gadawyvita
sponsorma. mkvlevris xelSeuxebloba absoluturi unda iyos. xSirad
xdeba,
rom
mkvlevrebi
winaswar
aTanxmeben
sponsorTan
publikaciis
uflebas da imasac, ra saxis konfidencialoba unda daicvas mkvlevarma.

sponsors ufleba aqvs, elodos maRal xarisxs, zust da sasargeblo
kvlevas. mkvlevari ar unda daeqvemdebaros zewolas da
ar unda daarRvios respondentebis konfidencialoba;
garkveuli amocanis Sesrulebis mizniT, sasurveli mimarTulebiT ar

unda warmarTos monacemebi, maTi analizi da wardgena;
ar unda waradginos SerCeuli da arareprezentaciuli monacemebi da

daskvnebi;
ar unda gamoiyenos monacemebi SeuTanxmebeli piradi interesebisTvis,

gegmebisTvis, miznebisa da winsvlisTvis.
202
ar
unda
Caataros
kvleva,
romelSic
piradi
interesi
gavlenas
moaxdens kvlevis xasiaTze, Sinaarssa da procesze.

mkvlevars aqvs valdebulebebi sponsoris winaSe, magram ara _ kvlevis
Casworebisa da komprometirebis valdebuleba.
pasuxismgebloba mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis winaSe

mkvlevari
safrTxis
pasuxismgebelia
qveS
ar
sazogadoebis
kvleviTi
sazogadoebis
daayenos
universitetis)
reputacia,
SesaZlebloba.
amrigad,
xarisxisTvis
mkvlevarTa
an
xelidan
damwyebi
muSaobs, SeiZleba
ar
gauSvas
mkvlevari,
pirdapir
rom
(magaliTad,
Semdgomi
romelic
mivides
winaSe,
ufro
kvlevis
maRali
skolaSi mouqneli
midgomiT, monacemebis mogrovebisTvis araadekvaturi insturmentebiTa da

kvlevis gaumarTavi sqemiT da Semdeg ise gamoaqveynos Sedegebi, TiTqos
isini validuri da sando iyos. es mkvlevari ar imsaxurebs xarisxs. sul
mcire,
mas
unda
efiqra
da
direqtorisagan
(Tu
skolaa
da
xelmZrvanelisgan, Tu universitetia) mieRo rCeva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

Seecvala kvleva, aeRo kvlevis Catarebis nebarTva, saTanado SesavliT
daewyo
skolasTan
urTierToba
da
SeeTanxmebina
informaciis
gamJRavnebis uflebebi. am yvelafris ugulebelyofa SemdgomSi uaris

miRebis da reputaciis Selaxvis riskis qveS ayenebs mkvlevris instituts
da Tu xma gavrcelda, am instituts sajarod Sercxvena da Semdgom
kvlevebze
uaris
miReba
elis.
am
SemTxvevaSi
damwyebi
mkvlevari
araeTikurad moiqca (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi

2, faili 2. 6. ppt).
garda amisa, kidev ra pasuxismgeblobebi aqvs mkvlevars kvleviTi
sazogadoebis
winaSe?
Tu
kvlevis
negatiuri
angariSi
gamoqveynda,
Sewyveten Tu ara skolebi momavalSi skolis kvlevas? kvlevis negatiuri

Sedegebi, rogoricaa reputaciis SenarCunebis mizniT skolebis mxridan
niSnebis mizanmimarTulad awevis mtkicebulebebi (Morrison and Tang 2002),
namdvilad ar Caunergavs skolebs mkvlevrebis siyvaruls.
203
mkvlevars Semdegi pasuxismgeblobebi aqvs kolegebis winaSe:
daicvas
maTi
usafrTxoeba
(magaliTad,
sensitiuri
sakiTxebis
kvlevisas an safrTxis Semcvel adgilebSi kvlevisas);
daicvas maTi keTildReoba;
daicvas maTi reputacia;
SesaZlebeli gaxados Semdgomi kvlevis
ganxorcieleba;
kolegebisgan moelodes eTikur qcevas;
darwmundes, rom isini swor da eTikur
procedurebs icaven;
daicvas sponsorebis anonimuroba da konfidencialoba, Tu aseTia

SeTanxmeba.
mkvlevari
kvleviTi
sazogadoebis
wevria
da
es
mas
eTikur
zogierTi
eTikuri
movaleobebs akisrebs.
daskvna
am
TavSi
siZnele,
SevecadeT
romelic
SeuZlebelia
mosalodnelia
yvela
dabejiTebiT Tqma,
mkiTxvelisTvis
gagvecno
kvlevis
ganxorcielebis
potenciuri eTikuri sakiTxis
procesSi.
identificireba
an
rogoria mkvlevris swori qceva.3 vimedovnebT, rom am
gverdebis wakiTxvam mkiTxvels Seuqmna ganwyoba, romelic saSualebas

miscems mas, rom sakuTar proeqtebSi meti yuradRebiT da ukeT gagebis
surviliT moekidos eTikur dilemebsa da kvlevis procesSi wamoWril
moralur sakiTxebs. rogori gamoucdelic ar unda iyos mkvlevari am
sakiTxebSi, is socialur mecnierebaSi samarTlianobis gancdiT modis
(Huizinga 1949). am gancdaze SeuZlia mas sakuTari viTarebisTvis Sesatyvisi
racionaluri
principebis
ageba
da
es
principebi
mis
pirovnul,
profesiul da socialur Rirebulebebze iqneba dafuZnebuli (Cven xazs

vusvamT
sityvas
racionaluri,
vinaidan
keTilgoniereba
eTikuri
204
azrovnebis
umTavresi
mdgenelia
da
swored
keTilgonierebisa
da
samarTlianobis gancdis kombinaciaa, risic unda swamdes mkvlevars, Tu

surs, rom maRali eTikuri standartiT imuSaos).
miuxedavad imisa, rom verc erTi qcevis kodeqsi ver ganWvrets an
gadawyvets yvela problemas, eTikuri praqtikis piradi kodeqsis Seqmnas
eqvsi upiratesoba aqvs. pirveli, aseTi kodeqsi mkvlevars amkvidrebs,
rogorc ufro farTo samecniero sazogadoebis wevrs, romelsac masTan
saziaro Rirebulebebi da safiqrali aqvs. meore, eTikuri praqtikis
kodeqsi mkvlevars acnobs
cdis pirebis winaSe valdebulebebs da, aseve,
im
sadac
problemur
sferoebs,
misaRwevia
zogadi
konsensusi
imis
Taobaze, Tu ra aris misaRebi da ra _ miuRebeli. am TvalsazrisiT, mas

axsna-ganmartebis Rirebuleba aqvs. mesame, rodesac mkvlevris profesiul
qcevas
principebis
SesaZlebelia,
saxiT
mocemuli
eTikis
kodeqsi
marTavs,
rom is dafiqrdes, rogor gaakeTos erTi da igive saqme
alternatiuli gzebiT, moraluri gamowvevebis winaSe mdgarma, airCios

metad an naklebad eTikuri gamosavali.
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani
meoTxe, dabalansebuli kodeqsi
maorganizebeli
faqtori
iyos
mkvlevris
poziciidan kvlevis situaciis aRqmisas da am TvalsazrisiT, situaciis

winaswar
warmodgenasa
samarTlianobis
daexmareba
da
sakuTari
mkvlevars
momzadebaSi
gancdiT
gauwios
daxmareba.
mexuTe,
damtkicebuli
praqtikis
kodeqsi
intuiciuri
sensitiurobis
ganviTarebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, ucnob da moulodnel movlenebTan gamklavebaSi, ufro im

SemTxvevebSi,
eTnografia
sadac
da
iseTi
monawilis
moqnili
meTodebi
dakvirveba.
da
gamoiyeneba,
meeqvse,
rogoricaa
praqtikis
kodeqsi
mkvlevrebis cnobierebaSi disciplinis elements Seitans. 2.9 CanarTSi

magaliTis
saxiT
aRiniSnos,
rom
mocemulia
Seqmnili
mokle
anu
eTikuri
konkretuli
kodeqsi,
proeqtis
Tumca,
unda
moTxovnebis
Sesatyvisad SemuSavebuli debulebebi ukeTesia, vidre standartuli. 2. 9

CanarTSi mocemuli debulebebi sailustracioa da araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar aris amomwuravi.
205
CanarTi 2. 9
eTikuri kodeqsi: ilustracia
1.
mniSvnelovania,
rom
mkvlevarma
srulad
daasaxelos
Tavisi
vinaoba
da
konteqsti.
2. kvlevis dawyebamde srulad unda auxsnas cdis pirebs kvlevis mizani da
procedurebi.
3.
kvlevas
da
mis
eTikur
Sedegebs
unda
uyurebdes
cdis
pirebisa
da
institutis TvalTaxedvidan.
4. mosalodneli unda iyos SesaZlo winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebis miReba da, aseT
SemTxvevaSi didi sifrTxiliT unda moepyras maT.
5. kvleva SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad obieqturi unda iyos: amas sWirdeba
kvlevis dizainis, procesisa da angariSis detalurad dagegmva.
6. yvela monawilisgan miRebuli unda hqondes informirebuli Tanxmoba: pativi
unda sces am etapze miRweul yvela SeTanxmebas.
7. zogjer sasurvelia informirebuli Tanxmobis werilobiT miReba.
8. cdis pirebs unda hqondeT monawileobaze uaris Tqmis SesaZlebloba da maT
unda icodnen es; aseve _ kvlevidan nebismier dros gamoTiSvis ufleba da
esec unda icodnen.
9. sawyis Sexvedrebze unda moxdes SeTanxmeba ukukavSirze im monawileebTan,
vinc
iTxovs
amas:
es
SeiZleba
moxdes
Sedegebis
werilobiTi
formiT
wardgeniT.
10. kvlevis yvela etapze pativi unda eces da daculi unda iyos monawileebis
Rirseba, piraduloba da interesebi.
11. tyuili mxolod ukiduresi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda
gamoiyenebodes.
12. rodesac warmoiqmneba eTikuri dilemebi, mkvlevars SeiZleba dasWirdes sxva

mkvlevrebTan an maswavleblebTan konsultacia.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Reynolds 1979.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufro detaluri mosazrebebi unda gvaxsovdes

ganaTlebis sferos kvlevis dagegmvis, Catarebisa da angariSis wardgenis
procesSi (2. 10 CanarTi).
2.10
CanarTSi
SemoTavazebulia
sakiTxebi
da
maTi
gadaWris
rekomendaciebi da ara _ Tavad gadawyvetebi an gadawyvetilebebi. isini
206
TiToeulma
mkvlevarma
Tavad
unda
moifiqros,
gamomdinare
im
konkretuli situaciidan, romelSic aRmoCndeba. socialur mecnierebaSi

eTikur
principebze
saubris
SejamebisTvis
ix.
Tanmxlebi
veb-gverdi
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 2, faili 2. 1. doc).

CanarTi 2. 10.
eTikuri principebi ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisTvis (unda SeTanxmdes
kvlevis dawyebamde)
pasuxismgeblobebi kvlevis winaSe
mkvlevari kompetenturi unda iyos da acnobierebdes, rom kvlevis procesSia

CarTuli;
kvleva skrupulozurad da swori procedurebis gamoyenebiT unda CaataroT

_ yvela etapze Tavi unda aaridoT procedurebis mcdarad gamoyenebas;
procedurebi zustad da Riad unda aRweroT;
riskis winaSe ar unda daayenoT momavali mkvlevari (mkvlevrebi);
angariSi
gasagebi
unda
iyos
da
monacemebi
Semowmebas
unda
eqvemdebarebodes;
unda TqvaT simarTle, ar TqvaT tyuili an ar gaayalboT monacemebi, Tavi

aarideT
usamarTlo
seleqcias
(magaliTad,
SemTxvevis
mxardaWera),
ar
moaxdinoT monacemebis mcdarad interpretacia.
SeinarCuneT kvlevis xelSeuxebloba da avtonomiuroba, magaliTad, Tavi

aarideT cenzuras an zegavlenas sponsorebis an maTi mxridan, vinc kvlevis
ganxorcielebis nebarTvas gaZlevT.
pasuxismgeblobebi monawileebisa da auditoriis (auditoriebis) winaSe
miiReT savsebiT informirebuli Tanxmoba, sadac es saWiroa (rogorc wesi,

werilobiT), raTa pativi sceT TviTdeterminaciasa da avtonomias. gaeciT
informacia kvlevis yvela aspeqtisa da misi mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
gadawyviteT, rogori kvleva gWirdebaT _ Ria Tu faruli da
ramdenad Ria
an faruli, daasabuTeT.
gadawyviteT, gWirdebaT Tu ara motyueba da ra saxis. daasabuTeT. iyaviT

gulwrfeli an daasabuTeT aragulwrfeloba.
207
mieciT zianis aridebis garantia (ar avnoT, ar atkinoT da ar tanjoT

monawileebi da arc isini, visac SeiZleba Seexos kvleva); iyaviT humanurebi.
mieciT sargeblis garantia (kvleva sargebels moitans monawileebisTvis an

wvlils Seitans maT keTildReobaSi).
darwmundiT,
rom
monawileebi
kvlevis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
uares
interesebs;
iyaviT
mdgomareobaSi ar arian, vidre kvlevis dasawyisSi iyvnen.
pativi
eciT
zrdilobiani:
adamianTa
kvlevis
uflebebs,
monawileebi
Rirsebasa
cdis
da
pirebi
arian
da
ara
saeqspluatacio obieqtebi. adamianebs moepyariT rogorc subieqtebs da ara _

rogorc obieqtebs.
SeTanxmdiT individebis piradi saidumlos uflebaze.
mieciT garantia, rom monawileebs ufleba aqvT, nebismier dros gamoeTiSon

kvlevas.
uTxariT monawileebs, vis miuwvdeba xeli monacemebze/angariSze anu kvlevis

auditoriis Sesaxeb, ramdenad sajaro iqneba is, rodis gamoqveydneba da
rogor gavrceldeba; SeuTanxmdiT gavrcelebis doneebze anu vin
ra nawils
gaecnoba.
mieciT
anonimurobis/konfidencialobis/amoucnoblobis
garantia;
Tu
es
SeuZlebelia, maSin winaswar acnobeT monawileebs.
miuTiTeT,
rogor
daicavT
anonimurobas
(magaliTad,
konfidencialobiT,
monacemebis dagrovebiT).
uTxariT
monawileebs,
rogor
moagrovebT
monacemebs,
rogor
SeinaxavT
(failebis, kiTxvarebis, audiomonacemebis, video monacemebis, kompiuteruli

failebis saxiT) kvlevis ganmavlobaSi da rogor gaanadgurebT gamoyenebis
Semdeg.
iyaviT
sensitiuri
adamianebis
mimarT
(magaliTad,
asaki,
eTnikuri
warmomavloba, sqesi, kultura, religiuri mikuTvnebuloba, ena, socialekonomikuri statusi).
aiReT
nebarTva
yvela
relevanturi
mxarisgan
(magaliTad,
mSoblebisgan/meurveebisgan, skolisgan, direqtorebisgan da a. S.).
gaiTvaliswineT
interviuirebisas).
mowyvladoba
(magaliTad,
bavSvebis
an
umweoebis
208
SeuTanxmdiT respodents, rom SeamowmebT.
SeTanxmdiT
monacemebis
kuTvnilebaze
(da
rodis
gadaecema
monacemebze
madloba
gadauxadeT
sakuTrebis ufleba monawilidan mkvlevars).
mieciT dro gadaxedvisTvis.
Tavi
aarideT
gaumarTlebel
Seuracxyofas.
monawileebs.
daarwmuneT, rom monawileebs da sponsorebs aqvT
ufleba, ar daeTanxmon
kvlevas an misgan distancireba moaxdinon.
gamoavlineT socialuri pasuxismgebloba da valdebulebebi.
ganixileT kompensaciis, davalianebisa da uaryofis sakiTxebi.
borotad ar gamoiyenoT Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris pozicia an Zalaufleba.
ar gamoiyenoT saxifaTo meTodebi.
209
3 kvlevis dagegmva ganaTlebis sferoSi

Sesavali
ar arsebobs kvlevis dagegmvis erTi swori sqema. kvlevis sqemas
miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb mosazreba marTavs. kvlevis mizani
gansazRvravs kvlevis meTodologias da dizains. magaliTad, Tu kvlevis
mizania velis Seswavla, an ganzogadebadi komentarebis gakeTeba, maSin
sasurveli
iqneba
romelime
formis
Sefasdes,
maSin
Sesatyvisi;
gamokiTxvis
gamoyenebiT;
eqsperimenti
Catareba
Tu
an
statificirebuli
konkretuli
praqtikuli
Carevis
kvlevis
SerCevis
efeqti
modeli
unda
iqneba
xolo, Tu konkretuli situaciis an jgufis siRrmiseuli
Seswavla igegmeba, maSin SeiZleba eTnografiuli modeli gamodges.

miuxedavad
zemoT
Tqmulisa,
mainc
SesaZlebelia
im
sakiTxebis
identificireba, romelTa mogvarebac mouwevs mkvlevars, ganurCevlad

kvlevis Taviseburebebisa. es Tavi swored am Temebs exeba da miuTiTebs
im
sakiTxebze,
romlebic
unda
mogvardes
praqtikaSi, raTa
sakvlevi
garemo praqtikuli da kvlevisTvis gamosadegi gaxdes. winamdebare TavSi

mocemulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba kvlevis zogadi miznebisa da amocanebis
praqtikul, sakvlev Temebad gardaqmna.
kvlevis dawyebis Semdeg TamaSis wesebis Secvla namdvilad Seqmnis
problemebs. kvlevis pirobebi da misi warmarTvis meqanizmi winaswar unda
gaiweros,
Tu
gvinda,
ganxorcielebadi
iyos.
rom
mas
is
Semdeg,
miRebulia,
mkvlevars
ukve
yvela
dasawyebad.
kvlevis
dagegmili
SesaZleblobebisa
damajerebeli,
rac
piroba
dagegmva-daxvewa
da
maT
legitimuri
Sesaxeb
aqvs
gadawyvetileba
Seqmnili
balansirebis
aqtia,
ganxorcielebadi,
da
kvlevis
risTvisac
Tanmimdevruli
praqtikis harmonizaciaa saWiro, anu arsebuli gansxvavebis sakiTxis

mogvareba:
ra
SeiZleba
gakeTdes/risi
gakeTeba
surs
mkvlevars
da
realurad ra imuSavebs/risi gakeTeba SeuZlia mkvlevars; amis Sedegad ki

kvleva
imuSavebs.
kvlevis
dagegmvaSi
ori
fazaa:
divergenciis
da
konvergenciis. divergenciis faza mkvlevars arsebul SesaZlo variantebs
210
sTavazobs, konvergenciis faza ki gafiltravs am SesaZleblobebs, naxavs,

maT Soris romelia sasurveli, romeli romels Seesatyviseba, romeli
imuSavebs
mocemul
romelic
realurad
CamonaTvalis
situaciaSi da gadainacvlebs
imuSavebs.
amis
dadgeniT
gakeTeba
aris
moqmedebis
dagegmvis
gegmaze,
sakiTxebis
SesaZlebeli
(ix.
kvlevis dagegmvis principebi

cxadia,
sakiTxebi,
romlebic
kvlevis
dagegmvis
principebs
qmnis,
sxvadasxva tipis kvlevisTvis sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias saWiroebs;

Tumca mainc sasargebloa imis miTiTeba, Tu ra sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos
es (ix. 3. 1 CanarTi).
ganxilvis SesaZlo Tanmimdevroba mocemulia diagramaze.
mosamzadebeli meTodologia
SerCeva da
pilotireba
sakiTxebi
midgomebi,
instrumentebi
Tanmimdevrobis
SezRudvebi,
sandooba da
sandooba da
gawera
miznebi,
validoba
validoba,
fokusebi,
winaswari
kvlevis
pilotireba
droisa da
kiTxvebi,
politika
cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli, rom es realuri Tanmimdevroba iyos.

magaliTad,
SeiZleba
SerCevis
kvlevis
dasawyisSi
xelmisawvdomobis
saWiro
sakiTxis
gaxdes
potenciuri
ganxilva

CanarTi 3. 1.
kvlevis sqemis elementebi
1.
problemis naTlad gamokveTa/saWiroeba, ris gamo tardeba kvleva;
2. SezRudvebi kvlevaSi (magaliTad, xelmisawvdomoba, adamianebi, politika);

3.
kvlevis zogadi mizani da amocanebi;
(ix.
211

4. kvlevis mosalodneli Seegebi: ras gaakeTebs kvleva da ra Sedegs unda
velodoT;
5. rogor unda moxdes kvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis operacionalizacia;
6. kvlevis kiTxvebis (SesaZlebeli rom iyos specifikuri, konkretuli pasuxebis
gacema) da hipoTezebis (Tu SesaZlebelia) formireba;
7. kvlevis fokusi;
8. kvlevis prioritetebis identificireba da ranJireba;
9. kvlevis dizainis moxazva;
10. kvlevis fokusireba;
11. kvlevis meTodologia (midgomebi da kvlevis stili, magaliTad, gamokiTxva,
eqsmerimentuli,
eTnografiul-naturalisturi,
droSi
ganmeorebadi,
erTjeradi, istoriuli, korelaciuri, ex post facto);

12. eTikuri sakiTxebi da kvlevaSi monawileoba (magaliTad, informirebuli
Tanxmoba,
Ria
da
faruli
araidentificirebuloba,
Tqmis/kvlevidan
kvleva,
zianis
gamoTiSvis
anonimuroba,
miuyenebloba,
ufleba,
konfidencialoba,
sargeblianoba,
respondentis
gadamowmeba,
uaris
kvlevis
monawileebi, socialuri pasuxismgebloba, patiosneba da motyueba);

13. kvlevis
politika:
vin
aris
mkvlevari,
sakuTari
institutis
kvleva,
Zalaufleba da interesebi, upiratesoba, Sida da garedan Semotanili kvleva;

14. kvlevis auditoria, anu, visTvis aris kvleva gankuTvnili;
15. instrumentebi, magaliTad, kiTxvarebi, dakvirveba, testebi, savele Canawerebi,
angariSebi, dokumentebi, pirovnuli konstruqtebi, rolebis gaTamaSeba;
16. SerCeva:
zoma/xelmisawvdomoba/reprezentaciuloba;
SemTxveviTi,
sistematuri,
mravalfazuri;
stratificirebuli,
araalbaTuri:
tipi;
klasteruli,
xelmiswavdomi,
kvota,
albaToba:
etapobrivi,
miznobrivi,
ganzomilebis, zvavisebri 5
17. pilotireba:
teqnikuri
sakiTxebi:
sisufTave,
ganlageba
da
garegnuli
iersaxe, drois ganawileba, xangrZlivoba, safrTxe, simartive/sirTule, pirad

sivrceSi SeWra, kiTxvebi: validoba, bundovnebis aRmofxvra, kiTxvebis tipebi
(magaliTad, mravaljeradi arCevani, Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi), pasuxebis
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: qarTulenovan literaturaSi gvxvdeba sxva terminic:
Tovlis gundis
212

kategoriebi,
zedmeti
sarezervo
variantebis
identificireba,
winaswari
pilotireba, kategoriebis Seqmna, dajgufeba da klasifikacia;

18. drois ganawileba da Tanmimdevroba (ra moxdeba, rodis da visTan);
19. saWiro resursebi;
20. validoba: konstruqtuli, Sinaarsis, mimdinare, TvalsaCino, ekologiuri,
internaluri, eqsternaluri.
21. sandooba:
Soris,
konsistentoba
ekvivalenturi
(gameorebadoba),
formebi),
ekvivalentoba
prognozirebadoba,
(SemfasebelTa
sizuste;
patiosneba,
auTenturoba, simdidre, damokidebuloba, siRrme, hotornisa (damkvirveblis

yofnis Sedegad qcevis Secvlis) da halos (erT sferoSi Camoyalibebuli
azris gavlena meore sferoSi arsebul mosazrebaze) efeqtebis daZleva;
22. monacemebis analizi;
23. angariSi da kvlevis werilobiTi gaformeba.
es sakiTxebi oTx ZiriTad sferod SeiZleba gaerTiandes (Morrison 1993):
saorientacio gadawyvetilebebi;
kvlevis dizaini da meTodologia;
monacemebis analizi;
Sedegebis wardgena da moxseneba.

saorientacio
gadawyvetilebebi
is
gadawyvetilebebia,
romlebic
kvlevis sazRvrebs an SezRudvebs awesebs. magaliTad, vTqvaT, kvlevis

yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli
isaa,
rom
eqvs
TveSi
unda
dasruldes. es gavlenas moaxdens mTel wamowyebaze. erTi mxriv, es

saWiroebs gonebis mokrefas, sakiTxebis prioritetulobis mixedviT
dalagebas da monacemebis SedarebiT mcire droSi Segrovebas. meore
mxriv,
aman
SeiZleba
Seamciros
mkvlevrisTvis
xelmisawvdomi
SesaZleblobebis mravalferovneba. maSasadame, drois gadanawilebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gavlenas moaxdens:
kvlevis
kiTxvebze,
romlebzec
SesaZlebeli
iqneboda
realuri,
obieqturi da miukerZoebeli pasuxebis gacema (magaliTad, zogierTi
213
kvlevis kiTxva SeiZleba monacemebis mogrovebisTvis xangrZliv dros

saWiroebdes);
monacemebis SegrovebisTvis gamoyenebuli instrumentebis raodenobaze

(magaliTad,
dro
SeiZleba
mxolod
ramdenime
instrumentis
gamoyenebisTvis iyos sakmarisi);
wyaroebze (adamianebze), visTanac mividoda mkvlevari (magaliTad, dro

SeiZleba mxolod mcireodeni adamianebis interviuirebisTvis iyos
sakmarisi);
kvleviTi
naSromis
zomasa
da
xasiaTze
(dro
SeiZleba
mxolod
Sualeduri, winaswari angariSis momzadebisTvis iyos sakmarisi).

drois
Sualedis
dadgeniT
kvlevaSi
realizmis
mniSvnelovani
elementi Sedis, rac SesaZlebels xdis, rom pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs

praqtikulobis Sesaxeb.
modiT,
sxva
maxasiaTebelia
magaliTi
drois,
aviRoT.
adamianebisa
davuSvaT,
da
kvlevis
masalebis
wamyvani
Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelo xarjebi. esec imoqmdebs kvlevaze. erTi mxriv,

is
proeqts
Sesruldes
realurobas
da
ra
SesZens
ara.
meore
imis
dadgeniT,
mxriv,
wina
Tu
ra
SeiZleba
SemTxvevis
msgavsad,
Seamcirebs mkvlevrisTvis xelmisawvdom SesaZleblobebs. Rirebulebis

sakiTxebi imoqmedebs:
kvlevis
kiTxvebze,
romlebzec
SesaZlebeli
iqneboda
realuri,
obieqturi da miukerZoebeli pasuxebis gacema (magaliTad, zogierTi

kvlevis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdes intervius, romelic Zviri jdeba
rogorc
drois,
ise
administrirebis
TvalsazrisiT,
monacemebis
Segrovebis ZviradRirebuli komerciulad warmoebuli instrumentebi

(magaliTad, testebi) da ZviradRirebuli kompiuteruli momsaxureba,
rac SeiZleba programuli uzrunvelyofis SeZenasac moicavdes.
monacemebis SegrovebisTvis gamoyenebuli instrumentebis raodenobaze

(magaliTad, monacemebis Segrovebis zogierTi instrumenti, rogoricaa
214
safosto
kiTxvarebi,
Zviri
jdeba
reprografiisa
da
safosto
momsaxurebis gamo).
wyaroebze (adamianebze), visTanac mividoda mkvlevari (magaliTad, Tu

maswavleblebi
saswavlo
procesidan
arian
ganTavisuflebuli,
interviusTvis saWiroa maTi Semcvlelebis povna).
sakiTxebis raodenobaze, romelic SeiZleba daifaros mocemul droSi

(magaliTad, relevanturi monacemebis moZiebisas zogierTi sakiTxi
SeiZleba ZviradRirebuli iyos mkvlevris drois TvalsazrisiT).
kvleviTi
naSromis
zomasa
da
xasiaTze
(magaliTad,
werilobiTi
angariSebis raodenoba, Sekrebebis Rirebuleba).

drois garkveuli intervali garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Catarebis
saSualebas
pasuxebis
iZleva
gacema
Sesagroveblad
mokle
SeiZleba,
ufro
met
droSi
xolo
dros
mcire
ufro
moculobis
farTo
saWiroebs,
kvleva
raTa
sakiTxebze
monacemebis
ramdenime
sakiTxi
daifaros. drois, resursebisa da adamianebis xarjebi SeiZleba gavlenas

axdendnen monacemebis Segrovebis instrumentebis arCevazec. magaliTad,
droisa
da
xarjis
sakiTxi
mkvlevrisgan
moiTxovs
skolaSi
maswavleblebis an studentebis minimaluri reprezentaciuli SerCevis

zomis
gansazRvras,
vinaidan
intervius
didi
dro
sWirdeba
da
ZviradRirebulia. kvlevis ori realuri SezRudva arsebobs, romelic

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas. kvlevis adreulad dagegmva mkvlevars
miscems im sazRvrebis dadgenis saSualebas, romelSic unda imuSaos da,
aseve, SezRudvebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas.
modiT,
sxva
SesaZlebelia
skolebSi,
mniSvnelovani
misi
realurad
institutebSi
da
kiTxvebi
aviRoT:
ganxorcieleba?
adamianebTan?
es
realuria
miiReben
mkvlevars
ukanaskneli
maxasiaTeblad gadaiqceva, Tu kvleva sensitiuria (ix. Tavi 5).
kvleva?
wamyvan
215
velze miRebul gadawyvetilebebs strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. isini

qmnian kvlevis zogad xasiaTs. arsebobs romelsac mkvlevarma ramdenime
kiTxvas unda dauTmos yuradReba:
vis unda kvleva?
vin miiRebs kvlevas/visTvis aris gankuTvnili?
vin aris kvlevis savaraudo/SesaZlo auditoria?
ra Zalaufleba aqvT kvlevis mimRebT?
ra zogad miznebsa da amocanebs isaxavs kvleva?
ra ZiriTadi prioritetebi da SezRudvebi aqvs kvlevas?
realurad xelmisawvdomi Tu arian kvlevis monawileebi?
ra droSi da drois rogori ganawilebiT unda Catardes kvleva?
visi kuTvnileba iqneba kvleva?
ra etapze gadaecema kvlevis mesakuTreoba monawilisgan mkvlevars da

mkvlevrisgan _ kvlevis mimRebs?
vis ekuTvnis monacemebi?
ra
eTikuri
sakiTxebis
winaSe
dgeba
mkvlevari
kvlevis
ganxorcielebisas?
ra resursebi (magaliTad, fizikuri, materialuri, drois, adamianuri,

administraciuli) sWirdeba kvlevas?
aqedan
Cans,
rom
es
gadawyvetilebebi
aweseben
kvlevis
garkveul
ZiriTad parametrebs, zogierTi politikuri gadawyvetilebis CaTvliT

(magaliTad,
sakuTrebis
Sesaxeb
da
mimRebis
Zalauflebis
Sesaxeb,
imoqmedos kvlevis safuZvelze). am etapze dgeba sakiTxi, SeiZleba, Tu

ara kvlevis realurad ganxorcieleba.

Tu zemoT CamoTvlili saorientacio gadawyvetilebebi strategiuli
mniSvnelobisaa, maSin velze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi _ taqtikuria.
isini adgenen kvlevis praqtikulobas, uSveben ra, rom zogadad misi
216
ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebelia
(anu,
rom
miRebulia
saorientacio
gadawyvetilebebi). aq gadawyvetilebebi moicavs iseTi kiTxvebis dasmas,

rogoricaa:
ra konkretuli miznebi aqvs kvlevas?
rogoraa operacionalizebuli kvlevis zogadi miznebi kvlevis

konkretuli kiTxvebiT?
kvlevis ra konkretuli kiTxvebi arsebobs?
raze unfa fokusirdes kvleva, rom kvlevis kiTxvebs upasuxos?
ra ZiriTadi meTodologiaa kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli (magaliTad,

raodenobrivi gamokiTxva, Tvisebrivi kvleva, eTnografiuli Tu
praqtikuli kvleva, a. S.)?
rogor mogvardeba validobisa da sandoobis sakiTxebi?
ra saxis mosacemebia saWiro?
visgan unda miiRon es monacemebi (SerCevis sakiTxi)?
kidev saidan SeiZleba monacemebis mopoveba (magaliTad,

dokumenturi wyaroebi)?
rogor mogrovdeba monacemebi (instrumentebis sakiTxi)?
vin awarmoebs kvlevas?
rogor movaxdinoT kvlevis kiTxvebis operacionalizacia

operacionalizaciis process arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs efeqturi
kvlevisTvis.
operacionalizacia
niSnavs
operaciebis
an
qcevebis
erTobliobis dadgenas, romelic SeiZleba gavzomoT, SeviswavloT an

vcvaloT.
operacionalizaciisas
kvlevis
Zalian
zogadi
mizani
konkretul kiTxvad gardaiqmneba, romelzec aseTive konkretuli pasuxis

gacemaa SesaZlebeli. es zogadidan, abstraqtulidan konkretulisken,
kerZosken moZraobis procesia. amgvarad, mkvlevari kvlevis TiToeul
zogad mizans ufro specifikur miznebad da mdgenelebad anawevrebs da
es procesi manamde grZeldeba, sanam konkretul kiTxvebamde ar mivalT,
217
romlebzec
konkretuli pasuxebis gacema iqneba SesaZlebeli. qvemoT
mocemulia am procesis ori magaliTi.

warmovidginoT,
rom
kvlevis
mizania
dawyebiTi
da
saSualo
ganaTlebis uwyvetobis dadgena (Morrison 1993: 31 3). es Zalian zogadi

mizania da ufro konkretuli terminebiT warmodgenas saWiroebs. amitom
mkvlevarma termini uwyvetoba SeiZleba ramdenime mdgenelad daSalos,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gamocdileba, silabusis Sinaarsi, swavlebisa da
swavlis stilebi, unarebi, cnebebi, organizaciuli pirobebi, miznebi da
amocanebi, eTosi, Sefaseba. vinaidan CamoTvlili Zalian bevria, gadawyda,
rom
kvleva
pedagogikis
uwyvetobaze
fokusirebuliyo,
rac
Semdeg
komponentebad daiSala:
pedagogikis uwyvetobis done;
pedagogikis uwyvetobis buneba;
pedagogikis uwyvetobis warmatebulobis xarisxi;
uwyvetobaze pasuxismgebloba;
uwyvetobis Canawerebis warmoeba da dokumentireba;
uwyvetobis mxardasaWerad xelmisawvdomi resursebi.

mkvlevarma SemdgomSi SeiZleba kvlevaSi gaiTvaliswinos: uwyvetobis
buneba (anu uwyvetobis Sesaxeb informaciis uzrunvelyofa); uwyvetobis

xarisxi (anu mocemuli kriteriumiT gazomva); uwyvetobis warmatebulobis
done (anu msjeloba). Sesabamisad, operacionalizebuli kvlevis kiTxvebi
Semdegnairi SeiZleba iyos:
ramdenad uwyvetia pedagogika gardamaval etapebze TiToeul saswavlo

sferoSi?
ra
empiriuli
sabuTebia
saWiro
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxis
gasacemad? ra kriteriumiT ganisazRvreba uwyvetobis done?
ra
pedagogiuri
stili
gamoiyeneba
TiToeul
saswavlo
sferoSi?
romelia maT Soris yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli da prioritetuli?

rogoria balansi sxvadasxva pedagogiur stils Soris? ra gavlenas
axdens
pedagogika
resursebze?
ramdenad
igegmeba
da
iwereba
218
uwyvetoba? ra kriteriumis mixedviT Sefasdeba uwyvetobis buneba? ra

empiriuli sabuTebia saWiro am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
pedagogikis
romeli
aspeqtebi
Sefasdeba
uwyvetobis
igegmeba?
ra
kriteriumis
warmatebuloba?
ramden
mixedviT
studentTan,
maswavlebelsa Tu saswavlo programaSi unda dafiqsirdes uwyvetobis

SemTxveva, rom is warmatebulad CaiTvalos? ra empiriuli sabuTebia
saWiro am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
uwyvetoba SemTxveviT warmoiqmneba Tu dagegmilia? rogor gaizomeba

dagegmili da daugegmavi uwyvetobis odenoba? ra empiriuli sabuTebia
saWiro am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
vin agebs pasuxs uwyvetobaze gardamaval periodSi? ra moimoqmedes am

adamianebma?
rogor xdeba uwyvetobis Cawera skolebSi? vin awarmoebs Canawerebs?

ra
sixSiriT
xdeba
Canawerebis
ganaxleba
da
gadamowmeba?
ra
empiriuli sabuTebia saWiro am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
ra resursebi arsebobs gardamaval etapze uwyvetobis mxardasaWerad?

ramdenad adekvaturia es resursebi? ra empiriuli sabuTebia saWiro am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom am kiTxvebiT kvlevam interesis (anu zogadi
miznis) ubralo gamoxatvidan gadainacvla mTeli rigi sakiTxebisken,

romlebic konkretuli terminebiT kvlevas eqvemdebareba. es swored isaa,
rasac operacionalizaciis process vuwodebT. axla SesaZlebelia ara
marto konkretuli kiTxvebis gansazRvra, romelic unda daisvas, aramed
_
im
instrumentebisac,
mosagroveblad,
raTa
struqturirebuli
dokumentaciis
romlebic
vupasuxoT
interviuebi,
analizi).
SeiZleba
am
kiTxvebs
kiTxvarebSi
amrigad,
dagvWirdes
monacemebis
(magaliTad,
ranJirebis
naxevrad
skalebi
operacionalizaciis
an
procesis
meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba zogadi miznis kvleva, magaliTad, gazomviT

(Rose
and
Sallivan
1993:
6)
an
sxva
saSualebebiT.
zemoT
bevri
operacionalizebuli kvlevis kiTxvebia mocemuli da isini, maqsimum, oTx
219
an
xuT
kiTxvamde
unda
daviyvanoT,
raTa
kvlevis
ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebeli gaxdes (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi

3, faili 3. 3. ppt).
kvlevis
kiTxvebis
operacionalizaciis
alternatiuli
gza
hipoTezebis wamoyeneba da maTi Semowmebaa. karg hipoTezas ramdenime

Tviseba gamoarCevs: pirveli _ gamokveTilia, is calmxrivia Tu ara:
calmxrivi hipoTeza adgens gansxvavebis mimarTulebas or pirobas an
monawileTa or jgufs Soris (magaliTad, studentebis moswreba izrdeba,
Tu isini Sinaganad arian motivirebuli). ormxrivi hipoTeza ubralod
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom iqneba gansxvaveba or pirobas an monawileTa or
jgufs
Soris
(magaliTad,
studentebi
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan
Sinagani motivaciis doniT) da ar akonkretebs es gansxvaveba matebas

gulisxmobs, Tu klebas (statistikuri miznebisTvis, calmxrivi hipoTeza
calmxriv
kriteriums
kriteriums
iyenebs,
iTxovs,
ix.
nawili
xolo
ormxrivi
mexuTe).
hipoTeza
calmxrivi
ormxriv
hipoTeza
xSirad
gamoiyeneba, rodesac warsuli kvleva, winaswarmetyvelebebi an Teoria

gvafiqrebinebs, rom monacemebi erTi romelime konkretuli mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba
wavides;
ormxrivi
warsuli
kvleva
an
hipoTeza
Teoria
ki
bundovani
maSin
an
gamoiyeneba,
rodesac
winaaRmdegobrivia,
an
winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia, anu rodesac Sedegebi SeuzRudavia.

meore _ kargi hipoTeza Semowmebadi formiT aris dawerili ise, rom
naTelia, rogor dagegmavs mkvlevari eqsperiments an gamokiTxvas am
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, magaliTad, adamianebi maTematikur davalebebs
ukeT asruleben siCumeSi, vidre maSin, rodesac siCume ar aris. xmauriT

interferenciis
cneba
operacionalizebulia
Semowmebadi
hipoTezis
misaRebad.
mesame
SesaZlebelia
kargi
hipoTeza
gazomvadi
iseTi
Sedegebis
formiT
miReba.
aris
dawerili,
magaliTad,
rom
hipoTezaSi:
adamianebi ukeT muSaoben wynar, vidre xmaurian pirobebSi, mniSvnelovania

ganisazRvros,
ras
niSnavs
operaciebi
ukeT
muSaoben,
wynari
da
220
xmauriani. aq ukeT muSaoben SeiZleba maTematikur testSi ufro

maRali
qulebis
xmauriani
miRebas
niSnavdes,
CarTulia
wynari
musika.
siCumes,
maSasadame,
xolo
srulad
operacionalizebuli hipoTeza SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: adamianebi
SeiZleba ufro maRal qulebs iRebdnen maTematikur testSi, rodesac

testireba siCumeSi tardeba, vidre maSin, rodesac testirebis dros
musika ukravs. aq Cans, rom SeiZleba qula gaizomos da rom arsebobs
nulovani xmauri anu xmauris donis sazomi.
hipoTezis
gamoyenebiT
kvlevis
Catarebisas
mkvlevars
ramdenime
hipoTeza unda hqondes (Muijs 2004: 16), raTa SeZlos sakvlevi fenomenis
sirTulis
CaWera
da,
amasTan,
arc
ise
umniSvneloa
gamaSualebeli
cvladebis CarTva kvlevaSi. magaliTad, organizaciis TanamSromlebSi

TanamSromlobis survilze (damokidebuli cvladi) gavlenas axdens
profesiuli
xelmZRvaneloba
(damoukidebeli
cvladi)
da
lideris
pirovnuli lideruli Tvisebebi (Sualeduri cvladi: Mastrangelo et al. 2004),

romelsac, cxadia, ufro zustad operacionalizacia esaWiroeba.
garda amisa, hipoTezis Semowmebis modeli moiazrebs, rom kvlevaSi
saWiroa nulovani da alternatiuli hipoTezebis ganxilva (es sakiTxi
ganxilulia mexuTe nawilSi). nulovani hipoTezis mixedviT, magaliTad,
ar
arsebobs
posttestSi
kavSiri
or
monawileebis
cvlads
mier
Soris,
miRebuli
istoriis
qulebi
ar
pretestsa
da
gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan, an qalebi da kacebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan

socialuri mecnierebis gamocdaSi miRebuli niSnebiT. alternatiuli
hipoTezis Tanaxmad, magaliTad, arsebobs korelacia motivaciasa da

akademiur moswrebas Soris, socialur mecnierebaSi qalebsa da kacebs
gansxvavebuli qulebi aqvT, istoriis pre-testisa da post-testis qulebi
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. alternatiuli hipoTeza xSirad dasturdeba,
roca
ar
dasturdeba
nulovani
anu,
Tu
nulovani
hipoTeza
ar
dasturdeba, maSin dasturdeba alternatiuli hipoTeza. es hipoTezebi,

Cveulebriv, ase iwereba:
221
H0: nulovani hipoTeza.

H1: alternatiuli hipoTeza.
hipoTezebis Semowmebaze srulad mexuTe nawilSi visaubrebT.
meTodebis gansxvaveba meTodologiisgan

kvlevis dagegmvisas mniSvnelovania, mkafiod gaimijnos erTmaneTisgan
meTodologia da meTodebi, midgomebi da instrumentebi, kvlevis stili
da
monacemebis
mogrovebis
gzebi.
am
wignis
Semdegi
ramdenime
Tavi
monacemebis Segrovebis konkretul instrumentebs eZRvneba, rogoricaa,

magaliTad:
interviuebi;
kiTxvarebi;
dakvirveba;
testebi;
angariSebi;
biografiebi da SemTxvevis Seswavla;
rolebis gaTamaSeba;
simulaciebi;
pirovnuli konstruqtebi.
xSirad romelime instrumentis (meTodis) gamoyeneba damokidebulia
manamde miRebul mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaze imis Taobaze, Tu ra

saxis kvleva (meTodologia) unda Catardes, magaliTad, es unda iyos:
gamokiTxva;
eqsperimenti;
siRrmiseuli eTnografia
praqtikuli kvleva;
SemTxvevis Seswavla;
testireba da Sefaseba.
222
am wignis Semdeg TavebSi calcalkea ganxiluli kvlevis TiToeuli es

stili, maTi principebi, safuZvlebi da miznebi da maTTvis Sesatyvisi
instrumentebi da monacemebis tipebi. konceptualuri sicxadis mizniT,
SesaZlebelia
am modelebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis aRwera (CanarTi
3.2). igulisxmeba, rom rodesac kvlevis dizainisa da meTodologiis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miRebulia, moqmedebis konkretuli gegma unda
momzaddes.
amisTvis
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
kvlevis
modelebis
ganxilva (Morrison 1993).

CanarTi 3. 2.
kvlevis sxvadasxva stilis elementebi
modeli
miznebi
fokusebi
ZiriTadi
terminebi
maxasiaTeblebi
gamokiTxva
generalizaciis
mizniT
msxvilmasStabia
ni monacemebis
Segroveba
mosazrebebi
gazomva
aRwers da xsnis
qulebi
testireba
Sedegebi
reprezentaciul
oba
farTo
populaciis
warmomadgenlob
iTia
iseTi
monacemebis
Segroveba,
romelzec
SesaZlebeli
iqneboda
statistikuri
manipulaciebis
ganxorcieleba
pirobebi
reitingebi
generalizebado
ba
agrovebs
ricxobriv
monacemebs
farTod iyenebs
kiTxvarebisa da
Sefasebis/Semowm
ebis monacemebs
konteqstisgan
Tavisufali
monacemebis
Segroveba
eqsperimenti
Sedareba
gakontrolebul
pirobebSi
efeqturobis
generalizacia
eqsperimentuli
pirobis
sawyisi
mdgomareobebi,
Careva da
Sedegebi
SemTxveviTi
gakontrolebul
i cdebi
pre-testi da
posttesti
ZiriTadi
cvladebis
identifikacia,
izolacia da
kontroli
sakontrolo da
eqsperimentuli
jgufebi
situaciebs
laboratoriasav
iT udgeba
mizezebi
223

obieqturi
gazomva
generalizaciebi
Sedareba
mizezSedegobriobis
dadgena
eTnografia
movlenebis
aRwera/warmodge
na monawileebis
sityvebiT
subieqturi da
sxvadasxva
xedvis kuTxiT
mowodeba
mizezSedegobrioba
monawileebis
aRqmebi da
mosazrebebi
maT mier droTa
ganmavlobaSi
warmodgenili
sakiTxebi
subieqturoba
patiosneba,
auTenturoba
araganzogadeba
di
sxvadasxva
perspeqtiva
konkretuli
konteqstis
Seswavla da
mravalferovnad
warmodgena
konkretuli
situaciis
aRwera, gageba
da axsna
eqsperimentuli
CareviT miiReba
ar Rirs
Sefaseba
gamartivebulia
konteqstualura
d specifikuri
formirebadi da
ganviTarebadi
reagirebs
warmoqmnad
Tvisebebze
adgils utovebs
gansjasa da
sxvadasxvagvar
Tvalsazriss
warmoqmnadi
sakiTxebi
praqtikuli
kvleva
praqtikis
gaumjobesebis
mizniT,
konkretuli
problemis
gadasawyvetad
Carevis
dagegmva,
ganxorcieleba,
gadasinjva da
Sefaseba
monawileebisTvi
s uflebamosilebis
miniWeba
kvlevaSi
CarTulobiTa
da ideologiis
kritikiT
refleqsiuri
praqtikis
ganviTareba
demokratiis
yoveldRiuri
praqtika
Carevis Sedegebi
monawileebisTvi
s uflebamosilebebis
miniWeba
refleqsiuri
praqtika
socialuri
demokratia da
Tanasworoba
gadawyvetilebeb
is miReba
qmedeba
gaumjobeseba
konteqstualura
d speficikuri
monitoringi
monawileebi,
rogorc
mkvlevrebi
Sefaseba
refleqsia
intervencia/Care
va
praqtikaze
refleqsia
problemebis
gadawyveta
intervencionist
uli _
realuri
problemebis
gadawyvetisTvis
da ,,realuri
moTxovnilebebi
s
dakmayofilebis
Tvis
mowodebuli
refleqsia
uflebamosilebebis
miniWeba
dagegmva
gadasinjva
monawileebisTvi
s uflebamovaleobebis
224

mimniWebeli
Tanasworobis
xelSewyoba
kolaboraciuli
praqtikisa da
kvlevis
urTierTdakavSi
reba
dadgenili
wesebisa da
Tanasworobis
xelSemwyobi
kolaboracionistuli
kvlevis
xelSewyoba
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
realuri
individebisa da
situaciebis
aRwera, analizi
da
interpretacia
xelmisawvdomi
angariSebis
gamoyenebiT
individebi da
konkretuli
situaciebi
qcevis
kompleqsurobisa da
situaciurobis
moxelTeba
SezRuduli
raodenobis
fenomenebi da
situaciebi
moqmedebasa da
CarevaSi
wvlilis Setana
jgufi;
skolebi;
organizaciebi
Temi/sazogado
eba
realobis
warmoCena _ iq
yofnis gancdis
gamowveva
testireba da
Sefaseba
kvlevaSi
Tanamonawileob
a
miRwevisa da
potencialis
gazomva
Zlieri da
susti mxareebis
diagnostireba
moswrebisa da
SesaZleblobebi
s Sefaseba
unikaluri/ganum
eorebeli
SemTxvevebi
erTi calkeuli
SemTxveva
individi;
individualoba,
unikaluroba
siRrmiseuli
analizi da
portretis
Seqmna
interpretaciul
i da daskvniTi
analizi
subieqturi
aRweriTi
analitikuri
konkretuli,
specifikuri
situaciebis
wvdoma
gulwrfeloba
siRrmiseuli,
detaluri
monacemebi
monacemTa
farTo wyarodan
monawilis da
aramonawilis
dakvirveba
araintervencionistuli
empaTiuri
fenomenebisadmi
holisturi
midgoma
ra SeiZleba
viswavloT
konkretuli
SemTxvevidan
kompleqsuroba
konkretuloba
akademiuri da
araakademiuri,
afeqturi da
fsiqomotoruli
sferoebi _
dabali rigidan
maRali rigis
sferoebamde
moswreba,
miRweva,
potenciali,
SesaZleblobebi.
sandooba
validoba
kriteriumze
miTiTeba
normebze
miTiTeba
sferoze
miTiTeba
davalebebze
pasuxis,
masalebi
mowodebulia
dagrovebadi
qulebis
misaRebad
iZleva
individebisa da
jgufebis
Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas
siRrmiseuli
diagnozireba
225
pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi
formirebadi
zomavs
moswrebas
jamuri,
diagnostikuri,
standartizacia,
moderacia
monacemebis analizi
momzadebulma mkvlevarma unda gaiazros, Tu rogor gaaanalizebs
monacemebs.
es
Zalian
mniSvnelovania,
vinaidan
specifikur
gavlenas
axdens instumentebis SerCevaze. magaliTad, mkvlevarma zedmiwevniT unda

dagegmos kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT gamokiTxvis sqema da struqtura, raTa
xeli Seuwyos kompiuterSi monacemebis Setanas Semdgomi wakiTxvisa da
analizisTvis. Seusabamo sqemam SeiZleba dabrkoleba Seuqmnas monacemebis
Setanas da, saboloo jamSi, kompiuterul analizs. monacemebis analizis
dagegmvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT:
ras
vupirebT
Segrovebul
monacemebs?
rogor
davamuSavebT
da
gavaanalizebT maT?
rogor
davasabuTebT,
gadavamowmebT
an
davamowmebT
analizis
Sedegebs?
isic
unda
gadavwyvitoT,
Tu
romel
statistikur
kriteriumebs
gamoviyenebT monacemebis analizisas, vinaidan esec imoqmdebs kvlevis

sqemaze (magaliTad, kiTxvarSi) da romel programul uzrunvelyofas
gamoviyenebT raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis damuSavebisTvis,
magaliTad, Sesabamisad, SPSS-sa da N-Vivo-s. statistikuri damuSavebisTvis
mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros, gazomvis romel skalazea dasamuSavebeli
monacemebi _ saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebisa Tu Sefardebebis (es
sakiTxi
ganxilulia
24-e
TavSi).
wignis
mexuTe
nawili
eZRvneba
monacemebis analizis sakiTxebsa da imas, Tu romeli statistika unda

avirCioT: arCevani ar aris SemTxveviTi (Siegel 1956; Cohen and Holliday 1996;
226
Hopkins et al 1996). Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisTvis mkvlevars maragSi

aqvs mravalgvari teqnika, magaliTad:
savele Canawerebis kodireba da kontent analizi (Miles and Huberman

1984);
kognituri rukis Sedgena (Jones 1987; Morrison 1993);
pasuxebis paternebis Zieba;
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebisa da bmebis Zieba;
sxvadasxva
adgilas
ganxorcieleba
Catarebuli
kvlevebis
SedarebiTi
analizis
(Miles and Huberman 1984);
SemTxvevis Seswavla;
pirovnuli konstruqtebi;
naratiuli angariSebi;
praqtikuli kvlevis analizi;
analitikuri induqcia (Denzin 1970b);
mudmivi Sedareba da monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria (Glaser and Strauss

1967);
diskursiuli analizi (Stillar 1998);
biografiebi da cxovrebiseuli istoriebi (Atkinson 1998).

monacemTa analizis formis arCevis kriteriums gansazRvravs rogorc
miznisTvis Sesatyvisoba, ise, legitimuroba: monacemTa analizis forma

unda
Seesatyvisebodes
Segrovebuli
monacemebis
tips.
magaliTad,
araswori iqneba garkveuli statistikebis gamoyeneba garkveuli saxis

ricxobrivi
monacemebis
mimarT
(magaliTad,
saxeldebis
skalis
monacemebis
SemTxvevaSi),
saSualos
an
gamoyeneba
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis dadgena sxvadasxva adgilas Catarebuli kvlevebis analizisas.
Sedegebis warmodgena da angariSi
227
momzadebulma mkvlevarma, monacemebis analizis msgavsad, kvlevisa da

misi
Sedegebis
wardginebis
formazec
unda
ifiqros
da
saTanado
yuradReba miaqcios sxvadasxvagvari auditoriis moTxovnebs (magaliTad,

akademiuri auditoriisTvis SeiZleba sxva Sinaarsi iyos saWiro, sul
sxva _ ufro farTo profesiuli auditoriisTvis da, miT umetes, sul
sxva _ araprofesionalebisTvis). aq gadasawyvetia:
rogor unda daiweros kvleva da rogor moxdes misi prezentacia;
rodis unda daiweros kvleva da rodis moxdes misi prezentacia

(magaliTad, kvlevis procesSi Tu jamurad, misi dasrulebis Semdeg);
rogor unda moxdes monacemebis wardgena _ cxrilebis Tu teqstis

saxiT;
rogor
unda
moxdes
araverbaluri
formiT
miRebuli
Sedegebis
wardgena;
vis winaSe unda moxdes angariSgeba (kvlevis aucilebeli da SesaZlo

auditoriebi);
ra sixSiriT unda moxdes angariSgeba.

kvlevis
dagegmvis
magaliTebisTvis
ix.
Tanmxlebi
veb-gverdi
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/97804153 _ Tavi 3, faili 3. 1. ppt).

kvlevis
nawilis
dagegmvisas
mosagvarebeli
sakiTxebi
SeiZleba
matricaSi gaerTiandes. 3. 3 CanarTSi mocemulia aseTi matrica, mis

marcxena svetSi warmodgenilia kiTxvebi, romlebic zemoT ganxilul oTx
ZiriTad kategoriaSi nawildeba:
saorientacio gadawyvetilebebi;
kvlevis dizaini da meTodologia;
monacemebis analizi;
Sedegebis wardgena da moxseneba.
228
kiTxvebi 1_10 saorientacio gadawyvetilebebia, kiTxvebi 11_22 kvlevis

dizainsa da meTodologias exeba, kiTxvebi 23_24 faravs monacemebis
analizis
sakiTxebs,
kiTxvebi
25_30
ki
monacemebis
wardgenasa
da
moxsenebas. TiToeuli kiTxva moicavs qvekiTxvebs, romelTa gadawyvetac

SeiZleba mouwios mkvlevars. magaliTad, kiTxvaSi N5 (ra mizans isaxavs
kvleva?)
mkvlevarma
erTmaneTisgan
unda
gamijnos
ZiriTadi
da
meorexarisxovani miznebi, eqsplicituri da, albaT, implicituri miznebi,

isic, vis miznebs da vis interesebs emsaxureba kvleva. am qvesakiTxebisa
da problemebis magaliTebi meore svetSia mocemuli.
am etapze mkvlevari isev dagegmvis divergenciul fazaze imyofeba _
dagegmil SesaZleblobebs umklavdeba da SesaZlebels xdis kvlevis

yvela
aspeqtsa
gadawyvetilebebi,
dagegmili
da
interpretacias.
mkvlevari
konvergenciul
fazaSi
TvalsaCino
xdeba
SesaZleblobebi
xelmisawvdomi
SezRudvebis
svetSi,
terminebiT.
amisTvis
dasaxelebiT
gadadis,
sadac
mkvlevrisTvis
mkvlevarma
unda
gadaaTvalieros gadawyvetilebebis sveti, raTa naxos, Tu ramdenad

Seesatyviseba erTi sakiTxis/kiTxvis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba
sxva
sakiTxis/kiTxvis
Taobaze
miRebuls.
imisTvis,
rom
erTi
gadawyvetileba Seesatyvisebodes meores, saxeze unda iyos oTxi faqtori:
gadawyvetilebebis
(koherentuli)
unda
svetis
iyos
yvela
_
isini
ujredi
ar
urTierTSeTanxmebuli
unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes
erTmaneTs;
gadawyvetilebebis svetis yvela ujredi urTierTmxardamWeri unda

iyos;
gadawyvetilebebis
svetis
calke
aRebuli
TiToeuli
ujredis
winaswarmetyveleba unda SeiZlebodes;
gadawyvetilebebis
svetis
erTad
winaswarmetyveleba unda SeiZlebodes.
aRebuli
yvela
ujredis
229
Tu am oTx kriteriums mivuyenebT, yvela dagegmili SesaZleblobis

winaswarmetyveleba ver moxerxdeba. bevrs verafers miviRebT, Tu 21-e
kiTxvis (rogor Segrovdeba monacemebi?) gadawyvetilebebis svetSi
CamoTvlili monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebi meSvide kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad
saWiro
informaciis
mopovebas
SeuSlis
xels
(raze unda
moxdes fokusireba, raTa pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvebs?), an Tu monacemebis
Segrovebis
meTodebis
gamoyeneba
SeuZlebelia
drois
im
monakveTSi,
romelic meoTxe kiTxvaSia mocemuli.

3.3
CanarTSi
mocemuli
matricis
ujredebi
mizanmimarTulad,
konteqstisgan damoukideblad aris Sevsebuli. anu matrica im saxiT,

rogorc aq aris warmodgenili, ar moiazrebs iseT konkretul, realur
sakiTxebs, romlebic konkretuli kvlevis proeqtSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas.
es matrica realuri konkretuli kvlevis dasagegmad rom gamoeyenebinaT,
TiToeuli
ujredis
zogadi
terminebiT
Sevsebis
nacvlad,
ufro
sasargeblo iqneboda speficikuri, konkretuli pasuxebis formulireba,

romlebic
mocemuli
kvleviTi
proeqtis
konkretul
sakiTxebsa
da
pasuxismgeblobebsa
da
problemebs moagvarebda.
bevri
am
kiTxvaTagani
kvlevis
uflebebs,
politikur gamoyenebas (da borotad gamoyenebas) Seexeba. aq ZiriTadi

mosazreba
isaa,
aqtivobaa.
is
ar
rom
kvleva
aris
imTaviTve
politikurad
politikuri
da
da
moralurad
moraluri
neitraluri.
mkvlevars iseve unda afiqrebdes kvlevis gamoyenebis sakiTxebi, rogorc

_ misi Catarebis.
CanarTi 3. 3.
SekiTxva
1.
vis unda
kvleva?
qvesakiTxebi da problemebi
iqneba Tu ara kvleva gamosadegi?
vis SeiZleba undodes kvlevis
Ggadawyvetilebe
bi
kvlevaze
kontrolis
230

gamoyeneba?
ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxvadasxva
adamiani sxvadasxva rames moelis
kvlevisgan?
unda gaxdes Tu ara monacemebi sajaro?
SeuZliaT Tu ara adamianebs
Tanamonawileobaze uaris Tqma?
meqanizmebis
moZieba,
romlis
gamoyenebasac
SeZleben
monawileebi.
ra sazRvrebi
aqvs kvlevas
da vin aris
misi
auditoria.
angariSis
warmodgenis
meqanizmebis
gansazRvra.
2.
vin miiRebs
kvlevas?
eqnebaT Tu ara monawileebs ufleba,

veto daadon kvlevis elementebis
konkretuli auditoriisTvis gacnobas?
SeeZlebaT Tu ara monawileebs kvlevis
maTTvis sasurveli adamianebisTvis
gadacema?
etyvian Tu ara monawileebs, vis
miawodeben kvlevas?
kvlevis
savaraudo
Sida da gare
auditoriis
gansazRvra.
kvlevaze
kontrolis
meqanizmebis
gansazRvra,
romlis
gamoyenebasac
SeZleben
monawileebi.
monawileebisa
da mkvlevris
uflebebis
gansazRvra,
romlebic
kvlevis
gamoqveynebas
Seexeba.
3.
ra Zalaufleba
aqvs kvlevis
mimRebs?
ra sargebels moitans kvleva?

rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenon kvleva
monawileebis sasargeblod an maT
winaaRmdeg?
kvlevis
mimRebis
uflebebis
gansazRvra:
231
ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu monacemebi

cud xelSi Cavardeba?
winaswar ecodinebaT Tu ara
monawileebs, risTvis gamoyeneben
kvlevas da risTvis _ ara?
4.
5.
ra droSi unda
ganxorcieldes
kvleva?
aris Tu ara sakmarisi dro mTeli

kvlevis Casatareblad?
ra miznebs
isaxavs kvleva?
ra formaluri da faruli gegmebi

arsebobs?
rogor gadawydes, Tu ra unda gakeTdes

drois mocemul monakveTSi?
vis miznebs emsaxureba kvleva?

vin wyvets, ra mizans unda isaxavdes
kvleva?
rogor iqneba kvlevaSi miRweuli
gansxvavebuli miznebi?
ra surs mas
kvlevisgan.
respondentebi
s, rogorc
kvlevis
monawileebis,
dacvis
uflebebis
gansazRvra.
drois
Sualedis
gansazRvra da
kvlevis
droSi gawera.
kvlevis yvela
SesaZlo
gamoyenebis
gansazRvra.
respondtenteb
is mier
kvlevis
gamoyenebis
kontrolis
Zaaluflebis
gansazRvra.
angariSis
wardgenis
pirobebisa da
kvlevis
mosalodneli
da SesaZlo
auditoriis
dadgena.
6.
ra kvleviTi
kiTxvebi
arsebobs?
vin wyvets, ra kiTxvebi unda daisvas?

aqvT Tu ara monawileebs ufleba, uari
Tqvan pasuxis gacemaze, an
monawileobaze?
SeuZliaT Tu ara monawileebs TavianTi
sakuTari kiTxvebis damateba?
kvlevis
dagegmvaSi
monawileebis
CarTulobis
uflebebisa da
Zalauflebebi
s gansazRvra.
232
kvlevaSi
yvela
interesis
dabalanseba.
7.
raze unda
moxdes
fokusireba,
raTa pasuxi
gaeces am
kiTxvebs?
aris Tu ara sakmarisi dro imisTvis,

rom fokusireba moxdes kvlevis yvela
aspeqtze?
ra principiT ganisazRvreba sakiTxebis
prioritetuloba?
kvlevis yvela
aspeqtis
gansazRvra,
maT Soris
prioritetebi
s gamoyofa
da kvlevis
minimalurad
aucilebel
sferoebze
SeTanxmeba.
gansazRvra,
Tu vin iRebs
gadawyvetile
bebs
kvlevasTan
mimarTebaSi.
8.
adamianuri,
ra daxmarebaze miuwvdeba xeli
materialuri,
mkvlevars?
fizikuri,
administraciul ra masalebia saWiro?
i Tu drois
resursebis ra
xarjebi aqvs
kvlevas?
9.
vis ekuTvnis
kvleva?
vin akontrolebs kvlevis angariSis

gamoSvebas?
dacvis ra zomebi SeiZleba SesTavazon
monawileebs?
SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara
monawileebis identificireba?
vin iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebas,
Tu ra Seva monacemebSi?
kvlevis
xarjebis
daangariSeba.
gansazRvra,
Tu vin
akontrolebs
kvlevis
angariSis
gamoSvebas.
mkvlevris
uflebamosilebebis
gansazRvra
gadawyvetileb
a vetos
uflebis
233

Sesaxeb.
gadawyvetileba, rogor
daicvan isini,
visi vinaobis
amocnobac
SesaZlebelia.
10 ra momentSi
vin iRebs kvlevis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb
. gadadis kvlevis
gadawyvetilebas?
kuTvnileba
respondentidan SeuZliaT Tu ara monawileebs, uari
Tqvan pasuxis gacemaze kvlevis
mkvlevarze da
garkveul nawilebze, Tu maT ase surT,
mkvlevridan
an Tu SeuZliaT monawileobaze uaris
mimRebze?
Tqma? yvelaferze unda Tqvan uari?
SeuZlia Tu ara mkvlevars garkveuli
pasuxebis amoSla?
kvlevis
kuTvnilebis
sakiTxis
garkveva misi
mimdinareobis
yvela etapze.
garkveva, Tu
ra variantebi
arsebobs
monawileebisT
vis.
kvlevis
sxvadasxva
monawilis
uflebebis
gansazRvra,
magaliTad,
respondentebi
s, mkvlevris,
mimRebis.

SekiTxva
11.
ra konkretul
miznebs
isaxavs
kvleva?
rogor miiReba es miznebi
kvlevis zogadi
miznebidan?
daifareba farTo miznis
zogierTi aspeqti, Tu
konkretuli kvlevis
miznebi seleqciuri unda
iyos
gadawyvetilebebi
konkretuli kvlevis
miznebis dadgena da maTi
Cawera konkretuli
kiTxvebis saxiT.
ra prioritetebi arsebobs?
12.
rogor aris
kvlevis
zogadi
miznebi da
amocanebi
operacionali
moicavs Tu ara erTad

aRebuli konkretuli
kvlevis kiTxvebi kvlevis
yvela mizans?
aris Tu ara kvlevis
darwmuneba, rom kvlevis

TiToeuli ZiriTadi mizani
specifikur, konkretul
kiTxvad gardaiqmna,
romlebic, erTad aRebuli,
faravs sawyisi kvlevis
234

zebuli
konkretuli
kvlevis
kiTxvebis
saxiT?
kiTxvebi sakmarisad
konkretuli imisTvis, rom
pasuxebis tipis, saWiro
monacemebis, saTanado
instrumentebisa da
SerCevis moazrebis
saSualebas iZleodes?
rogor unda dabalansdes,
erTi mxriv, kvlevis
miznebis adekvaturi
dafarva da, meore mxriv,
qvekiTxvebis uzomod
grZeli CamonaTvalis
miRebis riski?
kiTxvebis areals.
darwmuneba, rom kiTxvebi
sakmarisad specifikuria,
raTa saTanado tipis
monacemebis, saWiro
pasuxebis saxeebis,
SerCevisa da
instrumentebis moazrebis
saSualebas iZleodes.
gadawyveta, Tu rogor
Semowmdeba, rom nebismieri
SerCeviToba mainc
warmoadgens kvlevis
kiTxvebis ZiriTad
sferoebs.
13.
romeli
konkretuli
kvlevis
kiTxvebi
arsebobs?
xasiaTdeba Tu ara
konstruqtuli da
Sinaarsis validobebiT
specifikuri kvleviTi
kiTxvebi?
darwmuneba, rom
specifikuri kiTxvebis
moculoba da
operacionalizacia
akmayofilebs, Sinaarsis da
konstuqtuli validobis
pirobebs.
14.
ra
saWiroebebze
unda
fokusirdes
kvleva, rom am
kvlevis
kiTxvebs
upasuxos?
ramdeni fokusia
aucilebeli?
kvlevis kiTxvebis
fokusebis raodenobis
gansazRvra.
kvlevis
ZiriTadi
meTodologia
ramdeni meTodologiaa
aucilebeli?
15.
aris Tu ara sakiTxebi

naTlad gamokveTili da
operacionalizebuli?
Tavsebadia Tu ara
erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva
meTodologia?
16.
rogor
gadawydeba
validobisa da
dasWirdeba Tu ara erT

calkeul sakiTxs/kvlevis
kiTxvas erTze meti
meTodologia (magaliTad,
triangulaciisTvis da
mimdinare
validobisTvis)?
iqneba Tu ara jvaredini

gadamowmebis
SesaZlebloba?
darwmuneba, rom sakiTxebi

kargad aris gamokveTili
da operacionalizebuli.
gamosayenebuli
meTodologiebis
raodenobis, tipisa da
miznebis garkveva.
garkveva, saWiroa Tu
araOAerTze meti
meTodologia specifikur
kvlevis kiTxvebze
pasuxebis misaRebad.
darwmuneba, rom yvelaze
Sesatyvisi meTodologiaa
arCeuli.
respondentis mier
monacemebis validaciis
procesis gansazRvra.
235

sandoobis
sakiTxebi?
realurad SesaZlebeli
iqneba Tu ara Sinaarsis
validobisTvis saWiro
siRrmisa da sifarTovis
ganxorcieleba kvlevis
farglebSi (magaliTad,
drois SezRudvebi,
instrumentebi)?
ra TvalsazrisiT aris
kvlevis kiTxvebi
validuri (magaliTad,
konstruqtis validoba)?
kiTxvebi samarTliania Tu
ara?
saidan icis mkvlevarma,
rom adamianebi simarTles
amboben?
ra saxis validobisa da
sandoobis sakiTxebi
gvardeba?
minimaluri dasafari
Temebis gansazRvra.
kritikuli megobrebis mier
gegmebis Sefaseba
(msajulebis validoba).
kvlevis pilotireba.
monacemebis jvaredini
gadamowmebis meqanizmis
Cadeba.
sandoobisa da validobis
Sesabamisi formebis
uzrunvelyofa.
dasasmeli kiTxvebis da
maTi dasmis meTodebis
gansazRvra.
balansis SenarCuneba Ria
da daxurul kiTxvebs
Soris.
rogor daubrundeba
mkvlevari monawileebs
imis gadasamowmeblad,
samarTliani da misaRebia
Tu ara maTi
interpretaciebi?
rogor moxdeba monacemebis
mogroveba drois WrilSi?
rogor uzrunvelvyofT,
rom TiToeul respodents
pasuxis gacemis erTnairi
SesaZlebloba mieces?
17.
rogor
mogvardeba
refleqsurobi
s sakiTxi?
rogor moxdeba
refleqsurobis amocnoba?
aris Tu ara
refleqsuloba problema?
rogor SeiZleba
refleqsurobis CarTva
kvlevaSi?
18.
ra saxis
monacemebia
saWiro?
kvleva sityvebs saWiroebs,

ricxvebs, Tu orives?
kvleva saWiroebs
refleqsurobis sakiTxis
mogvarebis saWiroebis
gansazRvra da misi
gamovlena.
refleqsurobis sakiTxis
mogvarebis gzebis
gansazRvra kvlevaSi
monacemebis tipis
gansazRvra, romelic
yvelaze metad Seesabameba
kvlevis Temebsa da
236

mosazrebebs, faqtebs, Tu
orives?
kvleva pasuxebisa da
Sedegebis Sedarebas
cdilobs, Tu mxolod
sakiTxisTvis naTelis
mofenas?
19.
visgan unda
iqnas
monacemebi
miRebuli? (anu
SerCevis
sakiTxi)
aris Tu ara sakmarisi

dro, rom yvela
relevantur mxaresTan
moxerxdes Sexvedra?
kidev sad
iqneba
monacemebi
xelmisawvdomi
?
obieqturi da subieqturi
monacemebis dabalanseba.
sxvadasxva tipis
monacemebis Segrovebis
miznebis da maTi
damuSavebis gzebis
gansazRvra.
SerCevis minimaluri da
maqsimaluri zomis
gansazRvra.
SerCevis kriteriumebis
gansazRvra.
ra saxis SerCevaa saWiro
(magaliTad,
SerCevis saWiro saxeobis
albaTuri/araalbaTuri/
gansazRvra.
SemTxveviTi/stratificireb
uli da a. S.)?
SerCevis
reprezentaciulobis
rogor unda iqnas
xarisxis gansazRvra.
miRweuli SerCevis
reprezentaciuloba (Tu
saWiroa)?
20.
kiTxvebs.
ra dokumentebis da sxva
werilobiTi wyaroebis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba
monacemebisTvis?
rogor moxdeba
konfidencialuri masalis
mopoveba da gamoyeneba?
gadawyveta, Tu rogor
moxdeba an ar moxdeba
Segrovebuli
monacemebisTvis Tvalis
midevneba.
aucilebeli/sasurveli/Se
saZlo dokumenturi
wyaroebis gansazRvra.
gadawyvetilebis miReba
sensitiuri monacemebis
gamoqveynebis uflebisa da
dacvis sakiTxis Taobaze.
ra dadebiT da uaryofiT
gavlenas moaxdens
individebze garkveuli
dokumentebis gamoyeneba?
21.
rogor
Segrovdeba
monacemebi (anu
instrumentebi)
?
monacemebis Segrovebis ra monacemebis Segrovebis

meTodebia xelmisawvdomi
yvelaze Sesatyvisi
Sesatyvisi kvlevis
instrumentebis
kiTxvebze pasuxebis
gansazRvra im monacemebis
gasacemad?
misaRebad, romelic
saWiroa kvlevis
monacemebis Segrovebis ra
kiTxvebze pasuxebis
meTodebi gamoiyeneba?
gasacemad.
rogor aigeba intervius
instrumentebis
237

grafiki/kiTxvarebi/testeb
i/dakvirvebis grafikebi?
pilotireba da Semdeg
maTi daxvewa.
ra efeqti eqneba
monacemebis Segrovebis
monawileebze dakvirvebas?
sxvadasxva instrumentis
Zlieri da susti
ramdeni meTodi unda
mxareebis gansazRvra
iqnas gamoyenebuli
xanmokle da xangrZliv
(magaliTad, sandoobisa
perspeqtivaSi.
da validobis
uzrunvelsayofad)?
gansazRvra, Tu romel
sakiTxebs romeli
erTsa da imave sakiTxze
meTodebi Seesatyviseba.
monacemebis
SegrovebisTvis
gansazRvra, Tu romel
aucilebelia Tu
sakiTxebs sWirdeba
sasurveli erTze meti
monacemebis
meTodis gamoyeneba?
SegrovebisTvis erTze
meti instrumenti.
iZlevian Tu ara metad
sando monacemebs meti
gansazRvra, monacemebis
raodenobis meTodebi?
Segrovebis erTi da igive
meTodebi gamoiyeneba Tu
iqneba Tu ara zogierTi
ara yvela monawilis
meTodi zogierTi
SemTxvevaSi.
adamianisTvis an
sakiTxisTvis Seusabamo?
22.
vin
ganaxorcieleb
s kvlevas?
SeuZlia Tu ara sxvadasxva garkveva, Tu vin

adamians kvlevis
ganaxorcielebs
sxvadasxva nawilis
monacemebis Segrovebas,
dagegmva da
damuSavebasa da angariSis
ganxorcieleba?
momzadebas.
monacemebis analizi
SekiTxva
23.
rogor
gaanalizdeba
monacemebi?
qvekiTxvebi da problemebi
gadawyvetilebebi
dasamuSavebeli monacemebi
ricxviTia Tu verbaluri?
raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi monacemebis
damuSavebisa da analizis
legitimuri da
aralegitimuri meTodebis
dadgena.
romeli programuli
uzrunvelyofaa
xelmisawvdomi monacemebis
damuSavebisa da
analizisTvis?
romeli statistikuri
kriteriumebi iqneba
saWiro?
rogor moxdeba
monacemebis kontent
analizi?
gansazRvra, monacemebis
damuSavebisa da analizis
romeli meTodebi romeli
tipis monacemebs da
kvlevis romel kiTxvebs
Seesabameba.
Semowmeba, rom monacemebis
damuSaveba da analizi
238
rogor Sejamdeba da
wardgindeba verbaluri
monacemebi?
rogor damuSavdeba Ria
kiTxvebze miRebuli
gansxvavebuli pasuxebi?
moxdeba pirovnebebis,
sakiTxebis, jgufebis
mixedviT, Tu am yvelafris
gaerTianebiT?
kvlevis miznebs
emsaxureba.
monacemebis dacvis
sakiTxebis gadawyveta, Tu
monacemebi garedan
mowveulma an
konkretulma Sinaurma
adamianma unda daamuSaos.
miznad isaxavs kvleva

ganzogadebebs?
vin daamuSavebs
monacemebs?
24.
rogor unda
moxdes
monacemebis da
maTi
interpretacie
bis Semowmeba
da validacia?
mkvlevris interpretaciis
Semowmebis ra
SesaZleblobebi aqvT
monawileebs?
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi
respondentebis
validaciis procesis
gansazRvra.
kvlevis romel etapzea

aucilebeli validacia?
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan
da sxvadasxva
interpretaciiT angariSis
momzadebis
gadawyvetilebis miReba.
ra moxdeba, Tu
respondentebi ar
daeTanxmebian mkvlevris
interpretacias?
angariSis Sesaxeb
respondentebis
mosazrebis gamoxatvisa
da masze vetos uflebis
Taobaze.
Sedegebis da angariSis warmodgena

SekiTxva
25.
rogor unda
daiweros
kvleva da
kvlevis
angariSi?
vin dawers angariSs da
visTvis?
ramdenad detaluri unda
iyos angariSi?
ras unda moicavdes
angariSi?
kvlevis gavrcelebis
romeli arxebi
gamoiyeneba?
gadawyvetilebebi
darwmuneba, rom mocemuli
auditoriisTvis
gamoiyeneba angariSis
yvelaze adekvaturi
forma.
angariSi unda iyos
SeZlebisdagvarad mokle,
gasagebi da sruli.
SesaZleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es
239

samarTliania, Sejamebebis
wardgena.
darwmuneba, rom angariSi
samarTliani kritikisa da
Sefasebis saSualebas
iZleva.
26.
27.
rodis unda
daiweros
kvleva da
kvlevis
angariSi
(magaliTad,
mimdinare Tu
Semajamebeli)?
ramdenjer unda moxdes

angariSis wardgena?
rogor unda
iqnas
wardgenili
Sedegebi _
cxrilebis Tu
narativis
saxiT?
rogor uzrunvelvyoT,
rom yvelam gaigos
angariSis ena an
statistika?
risTvis dgeba Sualeduri

angariSebi?
gadawyvetileba
angariSisTvis yvelaze
Sesatyvisi drois,
miznebisa da auditoriis
Taobaze.
angariSis wardgenis
statusis gansazRvra
(magaliTad, formaluri,
araformaluri, sajaro,
piradi).
rogor davicvaT
monawileebis
konfidencialoba?
rogor unda warvadginoT
sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi?
angariSis yvelaze
adekvaturi formis
SerCeva.
gadawyvetileba
angariSisTvis
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis
darTvis Taobaze.
angariSis formatis
(formatebis) Taobaze.
warsadgeni angariSebis
raodenobisa da drois
gansazRvra.
individis uflebebis
dacvis meTodebis
gansazRvra daMmaTi
dabalanseba sazogadoebis
uflebasTan _ icodes.
28.
rogor unda
iqnas
wardgenili
araverbaluri
formiT
miRebuli
Sedegebi?
moiTxovs Tu ara
sxvadasxva mxare
sxvadasxva angariSs?
rogor unda iqnas daculi
monawileebis
konfidencialoba?
rogor unda iqnas
wardgenili sxvadasxva
Tvalsazrisi?
angariSis yvelaze
adekvaturi formis
Taobaze.
warsadgeni angariSebis
raodenobisa da drois
gansazRvra.
zepiri angariSis
werilobiTi Canaweris
240

uzrunvelyofa.
individis uflebebis
dacvis meTodebis
gansazRvra da maTi
dabalanseba sazogadoebis
uflebasTan _ icodes.
29.
30.
vis
waredgineba
angariSi
(kvlevis
aucilebeli
da SesaZlo
auditoriebi)?
yvela monawile miiRebs

Tu ara angariSs?
dainteresebuli mxareebis
identificireba.
ra moxdeba, Tu
dainteresebul mxareebs
ar miewodebaT angariSi?
dainteresebuli
mxareebisTvis
misawodebeli minimaluri
da maqsimaluri masalis
gansazRvra.
ramdenad
xSirad unda
moxdes
angariSis
wardgena?
aucilebelia Tu ara
Sualeduri angariSebis
wardgena?
angariSis wardgenis
grafikis gansazRvra
droisa da sixSiris
TvalsazrisiT.
Tu Sualeduri angariSebi
gakeTda, ra gavlena
SeiZleba moaxdinos aman
momaval angariSebze, an
kvlevis msvlelobaze?
angariSebis
maformirebeli da
Semajamebeli bunebis
gansazRvra.
kvlevis dagegmvis marTva

zemoT Tqmulidan gamovlinda kvlevis dagegmvis sirTule, Tumca ar
unda vifiqroT, rom kvleva yovelTvis gegmis mixedviT warimarTeba!
magaliTad, SeiZleba Tavi iCinos SerCevis sikvdilianobam (monawileebi
toveben kvlevas) an kiTxvarebze pasuxis gacemis sixSire iyos Zalian
dabali, problemuri iyos Semdgomi analizis ganxorcieleba, angariSis
wardgena da generalizacia, ar iyos administraciuli mxardaWera an
aRmoCndes, rom kvlevisTvis gankuTvnili dro dagegmilze gacilebiT
naklebia. es
ar
niSnavs, rom kvleva
ar
unda
daigegmos, ubralod,
saxifaToa gegmaze srulad mindoba. imis sailustraciod, Tu ras unda

moicavdes
kvleviTi
proeqti,
ix.
wignis
Tanmxlebi
veb-gverdi
(http://www/routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 3, faili 3. 2. ppt).
241
zemoT aRwerili dagegmvis sirTuleebTan gasamklaveblad arsebobs

oTxi stadiis martivi modeli:
gansazRvreT kvlevis miznebi;
gansazRvreT
da
prioritetebis
mixedviT
daalageT
kvlevis
ganxorcieldebis SezRudvebi;
kvlevis
SesaZleblobebi
SezRudvebis
am
pirobebis
farglebSi
dagegmeT.
TiToeuli
stadia
ramdenime
operacias
moicavs
(ix.
http://www/routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 3, faili 3. 4. ppt). 3. 4

CanarTSi
ufro
detalurad
aris
warmodgenili
mocemulia TiToeuli stadiis operaciebi.
es
modeli,
sadac
242
kvlevis
dagegmvisas
mniSvnelovania,
romel
etapze
da
romeli
SerCevisas ra instrumentebs gamoiyeneben. 3. 5 CanarTSi warmodgenilia
243
aseTi
dagegmvis
matrica
(aseve,
ix.
Morrison 1993: 109),
magaliTad,
mciremasStabiani kvlevisTvis.
CanarTi 3. 5.
dro
I stadia
(dasawyisi)
direqtori/
saswavlo
nawilis gamge
dokumentebi interviu
dokumentebi interviu
dokumentebi
interviu
kiTxvari II
kiTxvari I
kiTxvari II
interviu
kiTxvari III
kiTxvari I
kiTxvari II
maswavleblebis
II jgufi
maswavleblebis
III jgufi
studentebi
kiTxvari I
kiTxvari II
kiTxvari I
kiTxvari II
kiTxvari I
kiTxvari II
mSoblebi
dokumentebi
maswavleblebis
I jgufi
II stadia
(3 Tve)
III stadia
(6 Tve)
IV stadia V stadia
(9 Tve)
(12 Tve)
kiTxvari III
kiTxvari III
kiTxvari III
interviu
kiTxvari III
interviu
interviu
dokumentebi
universiteti
maswavlebeli
ganmanaTleblebi
aseTi
matriculi
midgoma
dagegmvis
procesSi
myof
mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT dainaxos SerCeva da drois

garkveul
momentSi
gamoyenebuli
instrumentebi,
naTlad
dainaxos
Cavardnebi da dasvas iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa:
ratom gamoiyeneba es konkretuli instrumentebi mocemul dros da ara

_ sxvebi?
ratom gamoiyeneba es konkretuli instrumentebi mocemul adamianebTan

da ara _ sxvebTan?
ratom gamoiyeneba
am konkretul dros ufro meti instrumenti, vidre
_ sxva dros?
ratom aris Tavmoyrili amdeni instrumenti kvlevis dasasruls?
244
ratom miewodebaT garkveul jgufebs ufro meti instrumenti, vidre _

sxvebs?
ratom
aris
zogierTi
jgufi
aSkarad
uaryofili
(magaliTad,
mSoblebi): es kvlevisTvis politikuri ganzomilebaa?
ratom gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, kiTxvarebi?
ratom ar gamoiyeneba saerTod zogierTi instrumenti (magaliTad,

dakvirveba, testireba)?
ra ganasxvavebs xuT etaps erTmaneTisgan?
aqvs Tu ara dokumentebi mxolod garkveul konkretul mxares (da Tu

asea, SesaZlebelia Tu ara instituciuri xazis arsebobaSi daeWveba)?
aris Tu ara ufro rTuli kontaqtSi Sesvla zogierT mxaresTan,

vidre sxvebTan (magaliTad, universitetis pedagogebTan)?
aris Tu ara zogierTi mxare ufro mniSvnelovani kvlevisTvis, vidre

sxvebi (magaliTad, direqtorebi)?
ratom
ar
moxvda
zogierTi
mxare
SerCevaSi
(magaliTad,
skolis
mmarTvelebi, gadawyvetilebis mimRebni, maswavlebelTa asociaciebi da

kavSirebi)?
riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan maswavlebelTa sami jgufi?

matriculi
dagegmva
maxasiaTeblebis
gamosadegia
gamosavlenad.
kvlevis
SesaZlebelia
dagegmvis
damatebiTi
ZiriTadi
matricebis
Seqmna kvlevis sxva Tvisebebis saCveneblad, magaliTad:
SerCevis identifikaciis vadebi;
Sualeduri angariSis daweris vadebi;
saboloo angariSis daweris vadebi;
pretestisa da post-testis vadebi (eqsperimentul kvlevaSi);
aucilebeli resursebiT intensiuri momaragebis vadebi (magaliTad,

reprografia).
es
magaliTebi
matricebis
Seqmna,
mxolod
vadebis
romlebic
sxva
sakiTxs
faravs.
kombinaciebs
SeiZleba
moicavs,
sxva
magaliTad,
245
auditoriisTvis
angariSisTvis,
angariSis
monawileTa
wardgena,
mier
kvleviTi
mowodebuli
jgufis
Sexvedra
instrumentebi
da
a. S.
matrica Sejamebis sasargeblo saSualebaa.
magaliTi
vTqvaT, skolaSi Zalian dabalia moraluri mdgomareoba da moiwvies
mkvlevari, romelmac unda ikvlios skolis organizaciuli kultura.
mkvlevars
misces
sruli
wvdoma
skolaze
da
xuTi
Tve
proeqtis
dawyebidan angariSis wardgenamde (ufro sruli versiisTvis mimarTeT

Tanmxleb veb-gverds: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 3,
faili 3. 3. doc). mkvlevari Semdegnairad gegmavs kvlevas:
miznebi
skolaSi
arsebuli
subkulturebis
organizaciuli
sruli
da
kulturisa
siRrmiseuli
(kulturebisa)
suraTis
da
warmodgena,
dominirebuli kulturebisa da subkulturebis CaTvliT.
miTiTeba organizaciuli kulturis (kulturebis) Zlier mxareebze.
SeTavazebebisa
da
rekomendaciebis
uzrunvelyofa
skolis
organizaciuli kulturisa da misi ganviTarebisTvis.
kvlevis kiTxvebi
ra
ZiriTadi
da
meorexarisxovani
elementebi
aqvs
organizaciul
kulturas skolaSi?
ra organizaciuli kulturebi da subkulturebi arsebobs skolaSi?
romeli (sub)kulturebia
yvelaze
metad
an naklebad dominanturi
skolaSi da skolis romeli mxareebia yvelaze metad an naklebad

dominanaturi?
ramdenad Zlieri da intensiuria (sub)kulturebi skolaSi?
ra mizezebi da efeqtebi aqvs (sub)kulturebs skolaSi?
246
rogor aris SesaZlebeli skolaSi (sub)kulturebis gaumjobeseba?
fokusi
gamokvleuli iqneba organizaciuli kulturebis sami done:
Zireuli Rirebulebebi da daSvebebi;
miRebuli Rirebulebebi da dadgenili qcevebi;
artefaqtebi.
organizaciuli
kultura
exeba
Rirebulebebs,
daSvebebs,
rwmenebs,
miRebul Teoriebs, dakvirvebul praqtikebs, konfliqtur sferoebsa da

konsensuss; artefaqtebSi, werilebSi, dokumentebsa da sametyvelo enaSi
mocemul formalur da dafarul Setyobinebebs; Cven ase vakeTebT amas
_
damokidebulebas;
kontrols,
sistemasa
fizikur
komunikacias,
da
miRebaSi
motivacias,
garemos,
wesebsa
da
skolis
CarTulobas,
urTierTobebs,
ritualebs,
ambebs,
mikropolitikas,
uflebamosilebis
Zalauflebas,
waxalisebis
gadawyvetilebebis
miniWebasa
da
eqspulatacias/manipulacias, liderobas, erTgulebasa da a. S.
meTodologia
organizaciuli kultura mouxelTebelia, Tumca Zalze xelSesaxebia
misi
gavlena
raodenobrivi
skolis
sazomebis
funqcionirebaze.
gamoyenebis
es
gvafiqrebinebs,
miuxedavad,
isini,
rom
savaraudod,
skolis kulturis Sesaxeb mxolod SedarebiT zedapirul informacias

mogvcemen.
skolis
kulturis
(kulturebis)
aspeqtebis
raodenobrivi
kulturis
da
gamosavlenad
da
Tvisebrivi
ufro
Rrmad
subkulturebis
mniSvnelovania
meTodologiebis
kvlevisTvis,
skolis
naklebad
TvalsaCino
monacemebis
Segrovebis
kombinireba.
empiriuli
monacemebis mosagroveblad gamoyenebuli iqneba Sereuli meTodologia,

ricxvobrivi da verbaluri monacemebi, raTa mogrovdes sruli da sando
informacia. mTliani suraTis misaRebad gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokiTxva,
247
xolo ufro daxvewili analizi miRweuli iqneba individualuri da

jgufuri interviuebisa da fokus jgufebis meSveobiT (CanarTi 3. 6).
instrumentebi
Segrovebuli monacemebi didwilad iqneba aRqmaze dafuZnebuli da
masSi Seva TanamSromelTa mier (sub)kulturebis xedva. mas Semdeg, rac,
nawilobriv, eTnografiidan da anTropologiidan, miRebuli iqneba da
ganisazRvreba organizaciuli kulturis cneba, kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli
iqneba Tvisebrivi da erTnografiuli meTodebi.
erT-erTi winaswar ganWvretili sirTulea is, rom skolis naklebad
xelSesaxebi
aspeqtebi
SeiZleba
yvelaze
rTuli
gamosavleni
iyos
monacemebis mogrovebis TvalsazrisiT. adamianebs ara marto gauWirdebaT

pasuxebis gacema da konstruqtebis gamoTqma, aramed maT SeiZleba uari
Tqvan sajaro gancxadebaze. rac ufro metad iqneba mouxelTebeli da
aragazomvadi elementebi kvlevaSi da rac ufro mdidari monacemebi
iqneba
mosagrovebeli,
miT
metad
iqneba
intensiuri
da
sensitiuri
pirovnebaTSorisi qcevis, monacemebis pirispir Segrovebisa da Tvisebrivi

monacemebis saWiroeba.
248
monacemebis
aucilebel
SegrovebisTvis
minimums
Seadgens
ramdenime
instrumenti
kiTxvarebi, naxevrad
gamoiyeneba:
struqturirebuli
interviuebi (individualuri da jfuguri), dakvirvebis monacemebi da

dokumenturi
monacemebi.
qvemoT
mocemulia
TiToeuli
instrumentis
aRwera.
kiTxvarebi
gamokiTxvaSi gamoyenebulia komerciulad xelmisawvdomi kiTxvarebi,
romelTagan TiToeuli skolis kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqts zomavs,
kerZod:
organizaciuli kulturis kiTxvari (Harrison and Stokes 1992) naxulobs

erTian kulturebs da iZleva zogad suraTs rolis, Zalauflebis
miRwevisa
da
mxardaWeris
kulturebis
terminebiT;
aseve,
ikvlevs
gansxvavebebs arsebul da prioritetul kulturebs Soris.
organizaciuli kulturis
angariSi (Cooke and Lafferry 1989)
iZleva
arsebuli organizaciuli kulturebis yovelmxriv da sando analizs.

reitingebis
skalebis
gamoyenebiT
kiTxvarebi
daafiqsireben
organizaciuli kulturis gamoxatul, miRebul, dadgenil, TvalsaCino

aspeqtebs da gazomaven, magaliTad, kulturis gaziarebulobis xarisxs,
arsebuli da idealuri kulturebis Tanxvedras, kulturis siZlieresa
da intensivobas.
naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi

individebisTvis
Tvisebrivi
SedarebiT
da
jgufebisTvis
interviuebiT
mouxelTebeli
mogrovdeba
aspeqtebis,
naxevrad
monacemebi
struqturirebuli
skolis
magaliTad,
kulturis
Rirebulebebis,
daSvebebis, rwmenebis, survilebisa da problemebis Sesaxeb. interviuebi

iqneba naxevrad struqturirebuli, anu warimarTeba mocemuli gegmiT da
Ria kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT. vinaidan pirispir individualuri interviu
SeiZleba afrTxobdes garkveul jgufebs, amitom gamoyenebuli iqneba
249
jgufuri interviuebi. yvela interviuSi mniSvnelovani nawili iqneba

damxmare kiTxva ratom?.
dakvirvebis monacemebi
dakvirvebis
informacias
garemos
monacemebi
da
Semdeg
Taobaze
fizikuri
gadamowmdeba
monawileebis
garemos
intervius
pasuxebis,
Sesaxeb
gvawvdis
masalebiT, fizikuri
aRqmebis,
mosazrebebisa
da
damokidebulebebis gamosavlenad. artefaqtebi, tansacmeli, saerTo da

piradi sivrceebi, aveji, SeniSvnebi, regulaciebi da a. S. _ es yvelaferi
informacias awvdis monawileebs.
dokumenturi monacemebi
dokumentebis analizi da skolaSi formaluri sakiTxebis Semcveli
damatebiTi monacemebi gamoiyeneba, rom warmoCindes,
ras moicaven da ras
gamoricxaven isini.
SerCeva
pirveli _ kiTxvari miewodeba yvela TanamSromels, vinc gamoTqvams
monawileobis survils. meore _ naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu
Catardeba kritikuli SemTxvevis safuZvelze anu im monawileebTan,
romlebic gadamwyvet poziciebze imyofebian da vinc skolis aqtivobebisa
da muSaobis mcodne xalxia.
gamokiTxvis
instrumentebisTvis
iqneba
stratificirebuli
SerCeva,
raTa inaxos, rogor icvleba skolis organizaciuli kulturis aRqmebi

qveSerCevebis
pasuxebs
maxasiaTeblebis
Soris
mixedviT.
kongruentulobis
an
es
sxvadasxva
gansvlis
qvejgufebis
doneebis
dadgenis
saSualebas mogvcems. aq, aseve, Seva SerCevis nominaluri maxasiaTeblebi,

rogoricaa
asaki,
ganaTlebis
done,
departamenti,
warmomavloba, erovneba, skolaSi muSaobis wlebi.
sqesi,
eTnikuri
250
parametrebi
monacemebi aikrifeba erTjeradad da ara _ droSi ganmeorebulad.
monacemebis mogrovebisTvis gamoyenebul iqneba multi-meToduri midgoma.
kvlevis etapebi
kvleva xuTi etapisgan Sedgeba:
etapi I: SemuSaveba da operacionalizacia

es etapi moicavs:
literaturisa
da
komerciulad
warmoebuli
instrumentebis
mimoxilvas;
kvlevis kiTxvebis garkvevas;
meTodologiisa da SerCevis garkvevas.
etapi II: instrumentebi da instrumentebis pilotireba

es etapi moicavs:
kiTxvarebis Seqmnas da pilotirebas;
naxevrad struqturirebuli intervius dagegmvas da pilotirebas;
dakvirvebis monacemebis mogrovebas;
dokumenturi monacemebis analizs.
ufrosi TanamSromlebis SezRuduli raodenobis gamo SeuZlebelia

maTTan
piloturi
intervius
Catareba,
vinaidan
es
gamoricxavs
maT
monawileobas saboloo monacemebis mogrovebaSi.
etapi III: monacemebis Segroveba

es Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT moxdeba: jer miewodebaT kiTxvarebi, Semdeg
gaanalizdeba kiTxvarebiT miRebuli monacemebi, rac mogvcems masalas
interviusTvis. interviuebi paralelurad Catardeba.
251
etapi IV: monacemebis analizi da interpretacia

raodenobrivi monacemebi SPSS-is gamoyenebiT gaanalizdeba, romelic
analizisTvis
skolis
gamocalkevebasac
qvejgufebisgan
uzrunvelyofs.
miRebuli
Tvisebrivi
pasuxebis
monacemebi
kontent
analizis oqmebis mixedviT damuSavdeba.
etapi V: angariSi
kvlevis
Sedegebis
srul
angariSSi
Seva
daskvnebi,
praqtikuli
gamoyenebebi da rekomendaciebi.
eTika da sakuTrebis ufleba

proeqtSi
monawileoba
informirebuli
Tanxmobis
safuZvelze
da
nebayoflobiTi iqneba, kvlevidan nebismier momentSi gamoTiSvis uflebiT.

gamokiTxvis
skolaSi
zomisa
wamyvani
da
farglebis
figurebis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
identificirebis
mosalodnelia
SesaZlebloba,
Tumca
angariSi konfidencialuri iqneba. amas gasagebad avuxsniT potenciur

monawileebs. angariSis asli daegzavneba yvela TanamSromels. monacemebi,
mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevars miewodeba, misi kuTvnilebaa da man SeiZleba
isini ar gamoiyenos ise, rom skolis amocnoba sazogadod SesaZlebeli
iyos. angariSi skolis sakuTrebaa.
vadebi
proeqti dasruldeba xuT TveSi:
pirveli Tve daeTmoba saTanado literaturis mimoxilvas;
meore Tve _ instrumentebis Seqmnasa da kvlevis dizains;
mesame Tve _ monacemebis mogrovebas;
meoTxe Tve _ monacemebis analizs;
mexuTe Tve _ angariSis daweras.
warmodgenili
Catarebisadmi
magaliTi
sistemur
gviCvenebs
midgomas,
da
is
kvlevis
skolis
dagegmvisadmi
aRqmul
da
saWiroebas
252
emyareba.
is
muSaobs
mocemuli
SezRudvebis
farglebSi
da
naTlad
warmoaCens, Tu ras mogvcems. miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevaSi ar aris

gansazRvruli
Sesamowmebeli
hipoTeza,
ar
iqneba
Zneli
kiTxvebis
hipoTezebad gardaqmna, Tu am stils mieniWeba upiratesoba.
daskvna
kvlevis dagegmvas marTavs idea miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis gegma unda ergebodes kvlevis miznebs. Tu am Tavis wakiTxvis
Semdeg mkiTxvels Seeqmna gancda, rom kvlevis amocana rTulia, maSin
misTvis mniSvnelovani Setyobineba iqneba, rom dagegmvisas aucilebelia
sizuste
da
gaazrebuloba,
kvlevis
Sefasebis
Tu
mkvlevari
kiTxvarisTvis
Rirebuli
mimarTeT
da
Tanmxleb
efeqturia.
veb-gverds
253
4 SerCeva
Sesavali
kvlevis
xarisxi
Sesatyvisobis
ara
mixedviT
marto
meTodologiisa
narCundeba
an
da
ecema,
instrumentebis
aramed
kvlevaSi
gamoyenebuli SerCevis strategiis adekvaturobiTac (ix. Morrison 1993: 11217).
SerCevis
sakiTxi
sakvlevi
populaciis
gansazRvrisTanave
dgeba.
mkvlevarma SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi kvlevis dagegmvis adreul

etapebze
unda
miiRos.
iseTi
faqtorebi,
rogoricaa
xarjebi,
dro,
xelmisawvdomoba, xSirad ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs saSualebas, rom mTliani

populaciidan
esaWiroebaT,
miiRon
rom
informacia.
monacemebis
aqedan
miReba
gamomdinare,
SeeZloT
ufro
maT
mcire
xSirad
zomis
jgufisgan anu mTliani populaciis qveerTobliobidan ise, rom miRebuli

codna
Sesaswavli
mTliani
populaciis
(rogorc
ar
unda
iyos
gansazRvruli) reprezentaciuli iyos. Ees, ufro mcire zomis jgufi, anu

qveerToblioba
aris
SerCeva. gamocdili mkvlevrebi iwyeben mTliani
populaciiT da Semdeg gadadian SerCevaze. amis sapirispirod, naklebad

gamocdilebi muSaoben qvemodan zemoT, anu sazRvraven respondentTa im
minimalur raodenobas, romelic saWiroa kvlevis Casatareblad (Baily
1978). Tumca, populaciis winaswar identificirebis gareSe praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia SerCevis reprezentaciulobis Sefaseba.
davuSvaT, klasis maswavlebeli erTi TviT gaanTavisufles saswavlo
procesidan, raTa ikvlios mecnieruli eqsperimentebis Catarebis unarebi
13 wlis moswavleebSi. aseve, davuSaT, kvleva tardeba sam skolaSi, TiTo
skolaSi 300 moswavlea, sul _ 900, xolo monacemebis mosagroveblad
gamoiyeneba
naxevrad
struqturirebuli
interviu.
maswavleblisTvis
micemuli drois simciris gamo SeuZlebeli iqneba cxraasive moswavlis

(populaciis _ yvela SemTxvevis erTobliobis) interviuireba. aqedan
gamomdinare, interviu seleqciuri unda iyos da 900-ze naklebi moswavle
254
unda gamoikiTxos. rogor unda SearCios maswavlebelma? rogor
miiRebs
gadawyvetilebas
airCios
imis
Taobaze,
Tu
romeli
moswavle
interviusTvis?
Zalian bevri iqneboda, mas rom 200 moswavlesTan Caetarebina interviu?
Zalian cota iqneboda, mxolod 20 moswavle rom aerCia? mxolod vaJebTan
an mxolod gogonebTan rom emuSava, miiRebda swor suraTs? mxolod im
moswavleebs
rom
mieRoT
kvlevaSi
monawileoba,
zusti
da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblis TqmiT, kargebi rom iyvnen,

miscemda es mas 900 moswavlisgan Semdgari populaciis Sesaxeb realur
suraTs?
iqneb
misTvis
ukeTesi
iqneboda,
is
moswavleebi
aerCia,
romlebsac uWirdaT es sagani da didad ar siamovnebdaT. davuSvaT, man

mxolod interviuirebis dReebSi aRmoaCina, rom is kargi moswavleebi
da isinic,
romlebsac ar moswonT es sagani, acdenen da sul ar
eswrebian zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis gakveTilebs. rogor

SeZlebs is am moswavleebTan Sexvedras?
amgvari gadawyvetilebebis miReba da problemebTan Sejaxeba uwevT
mkvlevrebs
kvlevis
dagegmvisas.
SerCevis
procesSi
oTxi
ZiriTadi
faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli:
SerCevis moculoba;
SerCevis reprezentaciuloba da parametrebi;
SerCevis xelmisawvdomoba;
SerCevis Sedgenisas gamoyenebuli strategia.
aq miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi gansazRvravs, Tu romeli strategia

gamoiyeneba
SerCevis
Sedgenisas
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili 4. 1. ppt). am

SemTxvevaSi daSvebulia, rom SerCeva realurad saWiroa, Tumca SeiZleba
iyos SemTxvevebi, rodesac mkvlevars xeli populaciaze ufro miuwvdeba,
vidre _ SerCevaze.
SerCevis moculoba
255
kiTxva, romelic xSirad awuxebs axalbeda mkvlevars, aris, ramdenad

didi unda iyos SerCeva. aq ar arsebobs erTi swori pasuxi, SerCevis
swori zoma damokidebulia kvlevis mizanze da sakvlevi populaciis
bunebaze.
rCevis
Tumca,
mocema.
SeiZleba
SesaZlebelia
zogadad,
ara
marto
am
rac
met
sakiTxTan
ufro
didia
sandoobas,
dakavSirebiT
SerCeva,
aramed
miT
ramdenime
ukeTesi;
ufro
es
daxvewili
statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis saSualebasac iZleodes.

amrigad, bevri Tvlis, rom Tu mkvlevari statistikuri analizis
romelime
formis
gamoyenebas
apirebs
Tavisi
monacemebisTvis,
maSin
SerCevis minimaluri zoma unda iyos 30 SemTxveva, Tumca es Zalian mcire

ricxvia da gacilebiT mets girCevdiT. mkvlevrebma nebismieri saxis
monacemebis
mogrovebamde,
urTierTmimarTebebis
winaswar
kvleva
unda
surT
ifiqron,
TavianTi
Tu
momavali
ra
saxis
SerCevis
qvejgufebSi. cvladebis raodenoba, romelTa gakontrolebasac apirebs

mkvlevari analizisas da statistikuri testebi, romelTa gamoyenebac
surs, gasaTvaliswinebelia kvlevis dawyebamde, SerCevis Taobaze miRebul
gadawyvetilebebSi. Cveulebisamebr, gamoiyeneba wesi, romlis mixedviTac,
TiTo cvladze, sul mcire, 30 SemTxveva unda modiodes, anu mkvlevars
TiToeuli cvladisTvis minimum 30 SemTxveva unda hqondes (cxadia, erTi
cvladisTvis aRebuli 30 SemTxveva meore cvladisTvisac isev 30 SeiZleba
iyos).
Tumca,
swrafad
es
izrdeba,
realobasTan
Tu
SerCeva
Zalian
dabali
populaciis
miaxloebaa.
sxvadasxva
Sedgeba (es sakiTxi qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli), rac
ricxvi
qvejgufisgan
xSirad xdeba xolme.
garda amisa, gansaxorcielebeli analizidan gamomdinare, zogierTi

statistikuri kriteriumi ufro did SerCevebs saWiroebs. magaliTad,
warmovidginoT, rom mkvlevars niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilebis monacemebiT
unda xi-kvadratis (statistika, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba, ganxilulia
mexuTe nawilSi) gamoTvla, magaliTad, imisTvis, rom naxos, Tu rogor da
ra
pasuxebs
iZleva
xuTqulian
skalaze
monawileTa
ori
qvejgufi
256
dawyebiT skolaSi, romelSic 60 aTi wlis moswavle da 20 maswavlebelia

(ix. qvemoT mocemuli diagrama).
cvladi: 10 wlis moswavleebma kviraSi erT saRamos unda Seasrulon erTsaaTiani
saSinao davaleba.
Zalian
ar
arc
veTanxmebi
Zalian
ar
veTanxmebi veTanxmebi,
veTanxmebi
veTanxmebi
arc ar
veTanxmebi
skolis 10 wlis
25
20
3
8
4
moswavleebi
skolis maswavleblebi
6
4
2
4
4
aq SeamCnevT, rom SerCevaSi 80 SemTxvevaa _
namdvilad misaRebi
raodenoba; Tumca diagramis aTi ujridan eqvsSi (60%) xuTze naklebi

SemTxvevaa
warmodgenili.
xi-kvadratis
gamoTvlisTvis
saWiroa,
rom
ujrebis 80%-ze metSi (anu aTidan rva ujraSi) xuTi an meti SemTxveva
iyos. am magaliTSi ujrebis mxolod 40%-Sia xuTze meti SemTxveva, ase
rom,
SedarebiT
didi
SerCeviTac
ki
ver
sruldeba
statistikuri
moTxovnebi sando monacemebisTvis iseTi martivi statistikisTvisac ki,

rogoric xi-kvadratia. es niSnavs, rom mkvlevarma, ramdenadac SeZlebs,
winaswar unda ivaraudos monacemebis SesaZlo ganawilebebi da naxos,
daabrkolebs Tu ara es saTanado statistikur analizs. Tu ganawileba,
savaraudod, ar iZleva sando statistikebis gamoTvlis SesaZleblobas,
maSin
unda
gaizardos
SerCevis
zoma,
meti
sifrTxiliT
moxdes
monacemebis interpretireba, ar gamoiyenon konkretuli statistikebi, an

Tavi daanebon am saqmes, Tu SerCevis zomis gazrda SeuZlebelia.
saqme isaa, rom TiToeul cvlads zomierad didi SerCeva sWirdeba
(minimum 6-10 SemTxveva). faqtobrivad, gorardi (Gorard 2003: 63) gvTavazobs,
rom
SegviZlia
daviwyoT
TiToeul
ujraSi
saWiro
SemTxvevebis
minimaluri raodenobiT, es ricxvi gavamravloT ujrebis raodenobaze da

miRebuli Sedegi gavaormagoT. zemoT mocemul magaliTSi, romelSic
eqvsi SemTxveva iyo TiToeul ujraSi, minimaluri SerCeva iqneboda 120
(6X10X2), Tumca Tavis dasazRvevad, rom TiTo ujraSi 10 SemTxveva mainc
257
gveqneba, sul mcire, 200 SemTxvevisgan Semdgari SerCeva ukeTesi iqneboda

(10X10X2) da mainc, arc amiT gvaqvs sruli garantia.
kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic wamoiWreba am magaliTis miRma, isaa, rom
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani
variacia
arsebobdes
kvlevis
monawileebis
pasuxebs Soris. gorards (2003) miaCnia, rom Tu fenomeni potenciurad

did variacias moicavs, maSin es gazrdis SerCevis zomas. iseTi cvladis
kvlevisas,
rogoricaa
inteleqtis
koeficienti
(IQ),
romlis
cvalebadobis SesaZlo diapazoni 70-dan daaxloebiT 150-mdea, ufro did

SerCevas saWiroebs da ara _ pataras.
qvejgufebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevad, SerCevaSi minimaluri
raodenobis
SemTxvevebis
moTxovnis
msgavsad,
mkvlevarma
SerCevis
minimaluri zoma imitomac unda uzrunvelyos, rom samizne populacia

zustad iyos warmodgenili. iqneba ki didi SerCeva reprezentaciulobis
garantia? sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom iyos! Cvens pirvel magaliTSi
mkvlevars SeeZlo 450 mdedrobiTi sqesis monawilisgan Semdgar SerCevaze
Caetarebina interviu, Tumca aq ar iqneboda warmodgenili mamrobiTi
sqesis populacia. mogvcems Tu ara mcire SerCeva reprezentaciulobis
garantias? da isev, sulac ar aris aucilebeli! es bolo varianti
daaxloebiT aseTia: maTi 50 procenti, vinc gamoxata azri, Tvlis, rom
moswonT zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis gakveTilebi da es 50
procenti mxolod erTi moswavlea, radgan sul ori moswavle gamoikiTxa.
amasTan, Zalian didi SerCeva SeiZleba veeberTela gaxdes, Zalian patara
ki _ arareprezentaciuli iyos (magaliTad, pirvel magaliTSi mkvlevars
SeiZleba sdomoda 450 moswavlis interviuireba, magram es praqtikaSi
Zalian
didi
moculoba
iqneboda,
an
mas
SeiZleba
mxolod
10
moswavlesTan Caetarebina interviu, rac, yvela variantSi, ver iqneboda

900 moswavlisgan Semdgari populaciis reprezentaciuli).
rodesac
martivi
SemTxveviTi
SerCeva
gamoiyeneba,
SerCevis
zoma,
romelic unda asaxavdes garkveuli cvladis mniSvnelobas populaciaSi,

damokidebulia
rogorc
populaciis
zomaze,
ise
populaciaSi
258
heterogenulobis zomaze (Baily 1978). zogadad, Tanabari heterogenulobis

populaciebisTvis, rac ufro didia populacia, miT ufro didi zomis
SerCevaa saWiro. erTnairi zomis populaciebisTvis, rac ufro metia
heterogenuloba konkretuli cvladis mixedviT, miT ufro didi zomis
SerCevaa saWiro. imis gasazomad, Tu ramdenad arazustia SerCeva sakvlevi
populaciis
warmodgenisas,
gamoiyeneba
SerCevis
Secdoma,
romelsac
qvemoT ganvixilavT.
SerCevis
zomas,
garkveulwilad,
kvlevis
stilic
gansazRvravs.
magaliTad, gamokiTxvas, rogorc wesi, ufro didi SerCeva sWirdeba,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu daskvniTi statistika gamoiyeneba. eTnografiul
an Tvisebriv kvlevaSi mcire zomis SerCeva metad savaraudoa. SerCevis
zomaze, aseve, SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos xarjebma _ drois, fulis,
stresis, administraciuli uzrunvelyofis, mkvlevrebis raodenobis da
resursebis TvalsazrisiT. borgi da gali
(Borg and Gall 1979: 194_5)
Tvlian, rom korelaciur kvlevas, sul mcire, 30 SemTxvevis Semcveli

SerCeva
sWirdeba,
mizez-Sedegobriv_SedarebiT
da
eqsperimentul
meTodologiebs _ aranakleb 15 SemTxvevisa, xolo gamokiTxvaSi, sul

mcire, 100 SemTxveva unda grovdebodes TiToeul did qvejgufSi da 25 _
yovel mcire qvejgufSi.
borgi da gali (1979: 186) gvirCeven, rom SerCevis zomis dadgena
SerCevis
yvelaze
mcire
qvejgufSi
SemTxvevaTa
yvelaze
mcire
raodenobiT unda daviwyoT da Semdeg avideT zemoT da ara _ piriqiT.

ase magaliTad, Tu SerCevis 5 procenti 13-19 wlis biWebma unda Seadginon
da
es
qveSerCeva
30
SemTxvevisgan
unda
Sedgebodes
(magaliTad,
korelaciuri analizisTvis), maSin mTliani SerCeva iqneba: 30/0/05=600; Tu

SerCevis 15 procents 13-19 wlis gogonebi unda Seadgendnen da qveSerCeva
45 SemTxvevisgan unda Sedgebodes, maSin mTliani SerCeva iqneba 45/0/15=300.
albaTuri
(SemTxveviTi)
SerCevis
zoma
ori
gziT
SeiZleba
ganisazRvros: an mkvlevari windaxedulebas iCens da uzrunvelyofs, rom

SerCeva
SemTxvevebis
minimaluri
raodenobiT
populaciis
ufro
met
259
Tvisebas warmoaCens, an maTematikuri formuliT miRebul cxrils iyenebs,

romelSic
warmodgenilia
populaciis
mocemul
ra
zomis
raodenobas
SemTxveviTi
SerCeva
(Morrison 1993: 117).
Seesabameba
erT-erTi
aseTi
magaliTi kreicsa da morgans ekuTvniT (Krejcie and Morgan 1970), romlebic

TavianT naSromSi gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom Tu mkvlevari SerCevas
mcirericxovani _ 30 an naklebi wevrisgan Semdgari _ populaciidan iRebs
(magaliTad, studentebis jgufi an klasSi moswavleebis jgufi), maSin man
mTeli populacia unda aiRos, rogorc SerCeva.
kreici da morgani (1970) miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro mcirericxovania
populacia, miT ufro didi wili unda moxvdes misgan aRebul SerCevaSi.
amis sapirispiroc marTebulia: rac ufro mravalricxovania mTliani
populacia, miT ufro naklebi wili moxvdeba misgan aRebul SerCevaSi
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili 4. 2. ppt).
avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom rac ufro izrdeba populacia, miT ufro
mcirdeba am populaciis SerCevaSi Semavali wili da ucvleli rCeba mas
Semdeg, rac 384-s miaRwevs (Kreicie and Morgan 1970: 610). aqedan gamomdinare,
magaliTad, kvlevas, romelic moicavs patara dawyebiTi skolis bavSvebs
(100
moswavlemde),
dasWirdeboda,
SerCevaSi
xolo
did
skolis
moswavleTa
skolaSi,
romelSic
80-100
1200
procenti
moswavlea,
SemTxveviTobis misaRwevad moswavleTa 25 procenti iqneboda sakmarisi.

rodesac saqme SemTxveviT SerCevas exeba, zogadi wesis saxiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom rac ufro didia SerCeva, miT metia Sansi imisa, rom is
reprezentaciuli iyos.
albaTuri SerCevis moculobis gansazRvrisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos
ara
intervali
marto
_
populaciis
kidev
ori
zoma,
axali
aramed
termini.
ndobis
ndobis
done
done,
da
ndobis
Cveulebriv,
procentebiT gamoxatuli (Cveulebriv, 95 an 99 procenti), gviCvenebs, Tu

ramdenad darwmunebuli SegviZlia viyoT (95 an 99 procentiT), rom
miRebuli pasuxebi cvalebadobis mocemul diapazonSi ndobis mocemul
intervalSi
moxvdeba
(magaliTad,
procenti)
(ix.
260

ndobis
intervali
aris
cvalebadobis
(anu
variaciis)
xarisxi,
anu
cvalebadobis diapazoni (magaliTad, 1 procenti, 2 procenti an 3

procenti),
romlis
sazogadoebrivi
garantiis
azris
mocemac
mravali
surs
mkvlevars.
gamokiTxvisas
magaliTad,
intervali 3
ndobis
procentia. es niSnavs, rom, Tu gamokiTxvis MmixedviT, politikur partias

xmebis
52
procenti
procentisa
da
procentiani
ara
ndobis
aqvs,
is
umetes,
done
SeiZleba
55
(55+3)
iyos
ara
umcires
procentisa.
migviTiTebs,
rom
am
49
(52_3)
SemTxvevaSi
drois
95
95
procentSi
SegviZlia darwmunebuli viyoT, rom am intervalSi aseT Sedegs miviRebT.

Tu gvsurs, rom ndobis maRali done gvqondes (vTqvaT, drois 99
procenti),
maSin
SerCevis
zomac
unda
gavzardoT.
meore
mxriv,
Tu
naklebad mkacri ndobis done gvinda, rom gvqondes (vTqvaT, drois 90

procenti), maSin SerCeva ufro mcire zomis iqneba. Cveulebriv, miRweulia
kompromisi da mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian 95 procentian ndobis doneze.
analogiurad,
Tu
ndobis
cvalebadobis
SezRuduli
Zalian
diapazoni,
mcire
intervali
magaliTad,
gvinda
(anu
procenti),
maSin
SerCeva didi zomis iqneba, xolo Tu cvalebadobis maRali xarisxi

gvawyobs (magaliTad, 5 procenti), maSin SerCeva ufro mcire zomis iqneba.
albaTuri
SerCevisTvis
SerCevis
moculobebis
sruli
cxrili
warmodgenilia 4. 1 CanarTSi, sami ndobis donisa (90, 95 da 99 procenti)

da sami ndobis intervalis (5, 4 da 3 procenti) TanxlebiT.
261
CanarTi 4. 1.
SerCevis zoma, ndobis doneebi da ndobis intervalebi SemTxveviTi
SerCevisTvis
populacia
30
50
75
100
120
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
650
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
2,000
2,500
5,000
7,500
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
90%-iani ndobis done
ndoba
27
42
59
73
83
97
115
130
143
153
162
170
176
187
192
196
203
209
214
218
222
225
228
230
240
246
258
263
265
269
270
270
271
272
272
272
272
ndoba
28
44
63
79
91
108
132
151
168
183
196
207
217
234
241
248
260
269
278
285
291
297
301
306
322
333
357
365
370
377
379
381
381
383
383
383
384
ndoba
29
46
67
87
102
122
154
182
207
229
250
268
285
315
328
341
363
382
399
414
427
439
450
460
498
524
586
610
622
642
649
653
655
659
661
661
662
ndoba
28
45
64
81
94
111
136
157
176
192
206
219
230
249
257
265
278
289
298
307
314
321
326
331
351
364
392
403
408
417
419
421
422
424
424
424
425
ndoba
29
47
68
88
104
125
158
188
215
239
262
282
301
335
350
364
389
411
431
448
464
478
491
503
549
581
657
687
703
729
738
742
745
751
752
753
754
ndoba
29
46
67
86
100
120
150
176
200
221
240
257
273
300
312
323
343
360
375
388
400
411
420
429
462
484
536
556
566
583
588
591
593
597
598
598
599
ndoba
29
48
70
91
108
132
168
203
234
264
291
317
340
384
404
423
457
468
516
542
565
586
606
624
696
749
879
934
964
1,013
1,030
1,039
1,045
1,056
1,060
1,061
1,063
ndoba
29
48
70
91
108
131
168
201
233
262
289
314
337
380
400
418
452
482
509
534
556
577
596
613
683
733
859
911
939
986
1,002
1,011
1,016
1,026
1,030
1,031
1,033
ndoba
30
49
72
95
113
139
180
220
258
294
329
362
393
453
481
507
558
605
648
689
727
762
796
827
959
1,061
1,347
1,480
1,556
1,688
1,737
1,762
1,778
1,810
1,821
1,826
1,830
262

500,000
1,000,000
272
272
425
425
755
756
384
384
600
600
1,065
1,066
663
663
1,035
1,036
1,837
1,840
SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom populaciis zomis zrdasTan erTad SerCevis

zoma swrafad mcirdeba. zogadad (magram, cxadia, ara yovelTvis) rac
ufro didia populacia, miT ufro naklebi SeiZleba iyos albaTuri
SerCevis wili. aseve, rac ufro maRalia ndobis done, miT ufro didia
SerCeva da rac naklebia ndobis intervali, miT ufro didia SerCeva.
SerCevis tradiciul strategiaSi gamoiyeneba 95-procentiani ndobis done
da samprocentiani ndobis intervali.
arsebobs ramdenime veb-gverdi, romelic SemTxveviTi SerCevebisTvis
SerCevis zomis gamoTvlis serviss gvTavazobs. aseTi ufaso veb-gverdebis
ricxvSia Creative Service Systems-isa (http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm) da
Pearson NCS-is (http://www.pearsonncs.com/research/sample-calc.htm) kuTvnili vebgverdebi,
sadac
mkvlevars
da
populaciis
intervali,
Sehyavs
zoma,
sasurveli
SerCevis
ndobis
zoma
done,
ki
ndobis
avtomaturad
gamoiTvleba.
Tu
gamoiyeneba
gansxvavebuli
qvejgufebi
an
stratebi
(romelsac
qvemoT ganvixilavT), maSin mTliani SerCevisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebi

TiToeul
qvejgufzec
vrceldeba.
magaliTad,
warmovidginoT,
rom
gamokiTxvas vatarebT mTel 1000 moswavlian mravaleTnikur skolaSi.

zemoT
mocemuli
formulis
reprezentaciulobisTvis
gvsurs,
Cveni
jgufis
278
mixedviT,
moswavle
stratificireba,
SemTxveviT
gvWirdeba.
Tumca,
magaliTad,
SerCevaSi
davuSvaT,
Cinelebad
(100
moswavle), espanelebad (50 moswavle), ingliselebad (800 moswavle) da

amerikelebad
(50
moswavle).
SemTxveviTi
SerCevis
viTvliT Cveni SerCevis zomas:

populacia SerCeva
zomis
cxrilidan
263

Cinelebi
espanelebi
ingliselebi
amerikelebi
sul
100
50
800
50
1,000
80
44
260
44
428
Cveni sawyisi 278 wevriani SerCevis zoma swrafad gaizarda da 428

gaxda. aqedan naTelia Semdegi: rac ufro metia stratebis (qvejgufebis)
raodenoba, miT ufro didi iqneba SerCeva. ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis
did nawilSi stratebi ufro ainteresebT, vidre _ mTliani SerCevebi, ase
rom,
es
sakiTxi
mniSvnelovania.
didi
SerCevis
saWiroeba
swrafad
SeiZleba gaCndes. Tu qvejgufebis saWiroeba dgas, maSin mTliani SerCevis

zomis gamoTvlis wesebi TiToeul qvejgufze vrceldeba.
amasTan, SerCevis zomis gansazRvrisas, aseve, pasuxebis arqona, cveTa
da
respondentebis
SesaZlo
zogierTi monawile datovebs
sikvdilianobac
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT.
kvlevas, ar daabrunebs
an daabrunebs
arasrulad Sevsebul anda gafuWebul kiTxvars (magaliTad, zogierT

kiTxvaze ar iqneba pasuxi gacemuli, an erTi pasuxis arCevis nacvlad,
ori arCevani iqneba
gakeTebuli). aqedan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, rom
SerCevis zoma saWiroze meti iyos (anu daematos wevrebi), vidre _

naklebi (Gorard 2003: 60). Tu mkvlevars ar aqvs garantirebuli wvdoma,
pasuxebi da, albaT, arc piradi daswreba kvlevis Catarebis procesze
(magaliTad, kiTxvarebis Sevsebisas iq yofna), maSin sasurveli iqneba
SerCevis zomis gaormagebac ki, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos mTeli miRebuli
informaciis gafiltvra da mxolod sufTa da Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis an
pasuxebis miReba.
zogjer
SerCevis
zomis
moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba
evoluciur
safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom gsurT 300

maswavleblis SemTxveviTad SerCeva. 250 maswavleblisgan dadebiTi pasuxi
miiReT, magaliTad, satelefono interviuze an gamokiTxvaSi gamoyenebul
kiTxvarze, magram 50 maswavlebeli mainc gakldebaT. sakiTxi SeiZleba
martivad mogvardes SemTxveviT SerCevaze 50 sxva maswavleblis damatebiT
264
da Tu yvela maTganisgan ver miiRebT dadebiT pasuxs, SegiZliaT kidev

sxvebi daamatoT, sanam ar geqnebaT sasurveli raodenoba.
borgi da gali (1979: 195) Tvlian, rom, zogadi wesis saxiT, SerCevis
zoma didi unda iyos, rodesac:
bevri cvladia;
Tu
mosalodnelia
an
nawinaswarmetyvelebia
mxolod
mcire
gansxvavebebi an susti urTierTmimarTebebi;
SerCeva daiyofa qvejgufebad;
SerCeva heterogenulia Sesaswavli cvladis TvalsazrisiT;
damokidebuli cvladis sando sazomebi ar aris xelmisawvdomi.
openheimi (Oppenheim 1992: 44) amatebs, rom SerCevis zomaze moqmedebs da

gavlenas
axdens
monacemebisTvis
gamoyenebuli
SerCevis
skalebis
zoma
bunebac.
SeiZleba
ufro
saxeldebis
didi
iyos,
skalis
vidre
intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebis monacemebisTvis (anu qvejgufebis

raodenobis sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, rac ufro meti qvejgufi an SesaZlo
kategoriaa, miT didi iqneba SerCeva).
bori
da
gali
(1979)
gvTavazoben
SerCevis
zomis
formuliT
gansazRvris midgomas (aseve, ix. Moser and Kalton 1977; Ross and Rust 1997: 427-38)
da
isinic
korelaciuri
kvlevebisTvis
statistikis
gamoyenebis
winadadebiT gamodian, rac, praqtikulad, SerCevis

Sebrunebuli
yvela
procesia
saxelmZRvaneloSia
cxrilebis
(romlebic
gansazRvris
TiTqmis
korelaciuri
mocemuli)
(Borg and Gall 1979: 201)
zomis
anu
korelaciis koeficientebis mniSvnelobis doneebis naxva da Semdeg im

zomis SerCevis moZebna cxrilSi, romelic saWiroa mniSvnelobis aseTi
donis
misaRebad.
magaliTad,
korelaciuri
mniSvnelobis
done
0.01
moiTxovda 10 wevrian SerCevas, Tu korelaciis koeficientis mniSvneloba

0.65-ia; an 20 wevrian SerCevas, Tu korelaciis koeficientis mniSvneloba
0.45-ia da 100 wevrian SerCevas, Tu korelaciis koeficientis mniSvneloba
0.20-ia. da isev, SesaZlebelia ukuproporciuli damokidebulebis danaxva:
265
rac ufro didia populacia, korelaciis koeficientis miT ufro mcire

mniSvneloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos mniSvnelovnad.
rogorc
Tvisebrivi,
ise,
raodenobrivi
gadamwyveti moTxovnaa, rom SerCeva
monacemebis
SemTxvevaSi
im populaciis reprezentaciuli
iyos, romlidanac aris aRebuli. disertaciaSi, romelic cxovrebiseul

istorias eZRvneba (anu n=1), SerCeva aris populacia!
Tvisebrivi monacemebi
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, romelic miznad isaxavs 30 Zalze niWieri gogonas
Seswavlas, romelTac msgavsi social-ekonomikuri konteqsti aqvT da
damamTavrebeli
klasebis
biologiis
kurss
gadian,
xuTi
an
eqvsi
maTganisgan Semdgari SerCeva SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos mkvlevrisTvis,

romelic damatebiTi ganmamtkicebeli monacemebis miRebas validaciis
gziT apirebs.
Tu populacia heterogenulia, maSin didi zomis SerCevis Sedgenis
safuZveli heterogenulobas unda iTvaliswinebdes. amgvarad, saSualo
skolis
60
maswavleblidan,
sqesiT,
asakiT,
romlebic
specializaciis
erTmaneTisgan
sagniT,
gansxvavdebian
menejmentiT
an
saklaso
pasuxismgeblobebiT da a. S., arasakmarisi iqneba 10 wevrisgan Semdgari

SerCeva, romelSic mxolod qalebi da xelovnebisa da humanitaruli
sagnebis maswavlebeli iqnebian.
raodenobrivi monacemebi
raodenobrivi
monacemebisTvis
SerCevis
zusti
zomis
gamoTvla
SesaZlebelia sizustis donisa da albaTobis donis mixedviT, romelsac

mkvlevrebi iTxoven. Semdeg isini warmoadgens amgvari gadawyvetilebebis
safuZvelsa da dasabuTebas kvleviT naSromSi warmoadgenen (Blalock 1979).
magaliTisTvis
davuSvaT,
rom
maswavlebels/mkvlevars
saSualo
skolis 1000 moswavlis mosazrebebis SerCeva surs. is apirebs 10-quliani

skalis
gamoyenebas,
romelic
aradamakmayofilebelidan
moicavs
variantebs
absoluturad
sruliad
aRmafrTovaneblamde.
mas
266
ukve aqvs Tavisi klasis monacemebi, romelSic 30 moswavlea da fiqrobs,

rom sxva moswavleebis mosazrebebi mniSvnelovanwilad msgavsi iqneba.
misma
moswavleebma
Seafases:
saSualo
sityvebiT,
misi
aqtivoba
qula
(klasgareSe
7.27;
moswavleebi
RonisZieba)
standartuli
10-qulian
Semdegnairad
gadaxra
skalaze
1.98.
sakmaod
sxva
erTxmad
mogrovdnen Tbili, pozitiuri Sefasebis irgvliv. 1000 moswavlidan

ramdeni moswavle sWirdeba maswavlebels, rom zustad (anu sandod)
Seafasos,
Tu
ras
fiqrobs
mTeli
skola
(n
1000)
klasgareSe
RonisZiebaze?
es damokidebulia imaze, Tu sizustis ra xarisxis da albaTobis ra
donis miReba surs mas.
blalokis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
(1979:
215_18)
SerCevis
gamoTvlis
formula gviCvenebs, rom:
Tu mas awyobs +0.5-sa da _0.5 qulas Soris intervali da sizuste 20

SemTxvevidan
19,
maSin
1000
moswavlidan
mas
60
wevriani
SerCeva
sWirdeba.

SemTxvevidan 99, maSin 1000
moswavlidan mas
104
wevriani SerCeva
sWirdeba.

SemTxvevidan 999, maSin 1000 moswavlidan mas 170 wevriani SerCeva
sWirdeba.
Tu
is
perfeqcionistia
intervalSi
yofna
da
da
surs
sizuste
+0.25-sa
1000
da
_0.25
SemTxvevidan
qulas
999,
Soris
maSin
1000
moswavlidan mas 679 wevriani SerCeva sWirdeba.

cxadia, rom SerCevis zoma rogorc msjelobis ise _ maTematikuri
sizustis sagania; formulaze orientirebuli midgomebic ki naTlad
ambobs, rom SerCevis zomis gansazRvraSi CarTulia winaswarmetyvelebis,
standartuli Secdomisa da adamianis msjelobis elementebi.
267
SerCevis Secdoma
Tu erTi da igive populaciidan aviRebT bevr SerCevas, ar aris
mosalodneli, rom maTi yvela maxasiaTebeli erTmaneTis an populaciis
identuri iqneba. maTi saSualoebi gansxvavebuli iqneba. mokled rom
vTqvaT, iarsebebs SerCevis Secdoma (ix. Cohen and Holliday 1979, 1996). xSirad
iTvleba,
rom
SerCevis
saSualosa
da
populaciis
saSualos
Soris
gansxvavebas SerCevis Secdoma qmnis. ar aris aucilebeli, rom SerCevis

Secdoma
am
procesSi
daSvebuli
Secdomebis
Sedegi
iyos.
piriqiT,
variacia iyos SeiZleba sxvadasxva individis SemTxveviTad arCevis Sedegi.

magaliTad, Tu populaciidan didi raodenobiT SerCevebs aviRebT da
TiToeuli maTganis saSualos mniSvnelobas gamovTvliT, maSin SerCevebis
saSualoebi ar iqneba identuri. zogierTi SedarebiT maRali iqneba,
zogierTi
SedarebiT
dabali,
bevri
ki
dajgufdeba
SerCevebis
saSualoTa saSualo mniSvnelobis irgvliv. es diagramis saxiT aris

mocemuli 4. 2 CanarTSi (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _
268
ratom unda moxdes ase? am fenomenis axsna centraluri zRvruli

Teoremis
gamoyenebiT
SegviZlia,
romelic
albaTobis
kanonebidan
gamomdinareobs. es Teorema amtkicebs, rom, Tu nebismieri populaciidan

erTnairi
zomis
didi
raodenobiT
SemTxveviT
SerCevebs
ganmeorebiT
aviRebT, maSin am SerCevebis saSualoebi daaxloebiT normalurad iqneba

ganawilebuli. SerCevis zomis zrdasTan erTad SerCevis saSualoebis
ganawileba
uaxlovdeba
normalurs,
ganurCevlad
sawyisi
populaciis
ganawilebis formisa, iqneba is normalurad Tu sxvagvarad ganawilebuli

(Hopkins et al. 1996: 159, 388).
metic,
SerCevaTa
saSualoebis
saSualo
daaxloebiT igive iqneba, rac populaciis saSualo. hopkinsi da misi

kolegebi
(1996:
saSualoebis
159_62)
amas
ganawilebis
10000
gamoTvlis
Seswavlisas
safuZvelze
kompiuteruli
SerCevebis
simulaciis
gamoyenebiT aCveneben (meTodi, romelsac meaTe TavSi ganvixilavT). rouzi

da salivani (Rose and Sallivan 1993: 144) gvaxseneben, rom yvela SerCevis
saSualos 95 procenti SerCevis da populaciis saSualoebis plus an
minus
1.96
standartul
Secdomas
Soris
Tavsdeba,
anu
gvaqvs
95
procentiani Sansi imisa, rom am sazRvrebSi gvqondes calkeuli SerCevis

saSualo, romelic populaciis saSualos sazRvrebSi moxvdeba.
populaciidan erTnairi zomis didi raodenobiT SerCevebis aRebiT
vqmniT SerCeviT ganawilebas. Cven SegviZlia aseTi SerCevis Secdomis
gamoTvla (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili
4. 5. ppt). SerCevaTa saSualoebis Teoriuli ganawilebis standartuli
gadaxra
SerCevis
Secdomis
sazomia
da
mas
saSualos
standartuli
Secdoma (SEM) ewodeba. amrigad,
sadac
SDS=
SerCevis
standartuli
gadaxra
da
N =
raodenoba.
mkacrad rom vTqvaT, standartuli Secdomis formulaa:
SerCevaTa
269
sadac, SDpop = populaciis standartuli gadaxra.

Tumca, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, Cven ar SegviZlia mTliani populaciis
SD-is dadgena, mis nacvlad SerCevis standartuli gadaxra gamoiyeneba.

saSualos standartuli Secdoma SerCevis Secdomis saukeTeso Sefasebas
gvaZlevs.
cxadia,
cvalebadobaze
(anu
SerCevis
Secdoma
damokidebulia
heterogenulobaze),
vinaidan
mis
populaciis
gamoTvlaSi
gamoiyeneba rogorc SDpop, ise SerCevis zoma (N) (ROse and Sullivan 1993: 143).
rac ufro mcirea SDpop, miT ufro mcirea SerCevis Secdoma; rac ufro
didia N, miT ufro mcirea SerCevis Secdoma. roca SDpop Zalian didia,
maSin N-c Zalian didi unda iyos, rom is gaabaTilos. roca SDpop Zalian
mcirea,
maSin
N-c SeiZleba mcire iyos da mainc sakmarisad mcire
SerCevis Secdoma mogvces. SerCevis zomis zrdasTan erTad SerCevis

Secdoma mcirdeba. hopkinsi da misi kolegebi (1996: 159) Tvlian, rom Tu
raRac
Zalian
ucnauri
ganawileba
ar
gvaqvs,
25
an
meti
wevrisgan
Semdgari SerCevebi, Cveulebriv, mogcems saSualoTa normalur SerCeviT

ganawilebas.
im
nabijebis
Semdgomi
analizisTvis,
romlebic
unda
gadaidgas gamokiTxvebSi SerCevis zomis SefasebasTan gasamklaveblad,

mimarTeT Rose and Wilson (1997).
fardobis standartuli Secdoma

zemoT vTqviT, rom pasuxi kiTxvaze: ramdenad didi SerCeva unda
aviRo? aris: imdenad, ramdenadac zusti Sedegebis miReba minda
amis
karg ilustracias Semdegi magaliTi warmoadgens:

skolis direqtori aRmoaCens, rom 25 studenti, romlebsac SemTxveviTad
esaubra, sakmaod dadebiTad uyureben sadilze SesvenebisTvis gankuTvnil
saaTebSi cvlilebis SeTavazebul variants; kerZod, 66 procenti cvlilebas
dadebiTad afasebda, 34 ki _
winaaRmdegi iyo. rogor unda darwmundes igi,
rom es Tanafardoba marTlac 1000 moswavliani skolis reprezentaciulia?
270
direqtors
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxs
fardobis
standartuli
Secdomis
martivi gamoTvla aZlevs:

Q
=
,
sadac
P = dadebiTi Sefasebis procenti;

Q = 100 procenti _ P;
N = SerCevis moculoba.
formula
uSvebs,
rom
TiToeuli
SerCeva
martivi
SemTxveviTobis
safuZvelzea aRebuli. mcire koreqciis faqtori, romelsac saboloo

populaciis koreqcia ewodeba (fpc), zogadad, Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:
(1 )
,
sadac f SerCevaSi mocemuli fardobaa.

roca,
magaliTad,
100
wevriani
SerCeva
aRebulia
1000
wevriani
populaciidan, maSin f aris 0.1.
25
wevriani SerCevisTvis
SE=9.4. sxva
sityvebiT, sasurveli xmebis
odenoba SeiZleba icvlebodes 56.6-dan 75.4 procentamde. analogiurad,

arasasurveli
procentamde.
xmebis
cxadia,
raodenoba
dadebiTi
SeiZleba
pasuxebis
Seicvalos
miRebis
56.6
43.4-dan
24.6
procenti
da
uaryofiTi pasuxebis miRebis 43.4 procenti nakleb damajerebelia, vidre

66 procenti _ 34-is winaaRmdeg. Tu skolis direqtori SerCevas gazrdis
da 100 moswavles daamatebs, SE gaxdeba 4.5 da diapazonis variacia
Semcirdeba 61.5-dan 70.5 procentamde dadebiTi pasuxis da 38.5-dan 29.5
procentamde uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi. mTeli skolis SerCevad
271
aRebis
SemTxvevaSi
(n =
SE Semcirdeba
1000)
1.5-mde
da
diapazoni,
Sesabamisad, moiklebs 64.5dan 67.5 procentamde uaryofiTi pasuxis da 35.5dan 32.5 procentamde dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi. advilia imis danaxva,
Tu ratom eyrdnoba politikuri azris kvlevebi 1000-dan 1500-mde wevrian
SerCevas (Gardner 1978).
zogadad,
aq
SemoTavazebulia,
problemebis
dasaZlevad;
imis
SemTxveviTi
efeqtebisa
da
efeqtebisgan
da
rom
mkvlevarma
SerCevis
uzrunvelsayofad,
variaciis
imisaTvis,
rom
rom
gamijvna
Secdomis
SesaZlebelia
araSemTxveviTi
statistika
qmediTi
iyos,
SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad, didi SerCevis sasargeblod unda miiRos

gadawyvetileba. rogorc gorardi (2003: 62) ambobs: simZlavre aris Tqven
mier
gamoyenebuli
SemTxveviTi
kriteriumis
variaciisgan
unaris
Sefaseba
_
da
gamijnos
Tvlis,
efeqtis
rom
didi
zoma
SerCeva
mkvlevars statistikuri simZlavris miRwevaSi exmareba. 30-ze naklebi

wevrisgan Semdgari SerCevebi saxifaTod
pataraa, vinaidan seiozuli
standartuli
qmnis
wevrisagan
Secdomis
Semdgari
SesaZleblobas
SerCevis
gazrda
da,
mcireodenad
daaxloebiT,
Tu
80
moqmedebs
standartul Secdomaze.
SerCevis reprezentaciuloba
Tu SerCeva validuri unda iyos, mkvlevars mouwevs gaiazros, Tu
ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom SerCeva realurad warmoadgendes sakvlev
populacias (zemoT aRweril magaliTSi _ 1000 moswavle). mkvlevarma
zustad
unda
mkafiod
da
icodes,
sworad
Tu
ris
reprezentaciulobazea
gansazRvros
populaciisTvis
saubari
anu
damaxasiaTebeli
parametrebi da SerCevis CarCo. qvemoT mocemulia popularuli magaliTi

imisa, Tu ramdenad arareprezentaciuli da mkvlevrisTvis usargeblo
SeiZleba iyos cudad Sedgenili SerCeva. qveynis masStabiT gavrcelebuli
gazeTi iuwyeba, rom yovel meore adamians zurgis tkivili awuxebs. am
statiis
gamo
yvelgan
savsea
eqimis
kabinetebi.
Tumca
gazeTi
ver
272
asaxelebs
kvlevis
parametrebs,
romelmac
gamoiwvia
aseTi
statiis
gamoCena. irkveva, rom kvleva qveynis nestian mxareSi Catarda, sadac,

savaraudod, zurgis tkivilis SemTxvevebi ufro meti iqneba, vidre sadme
sxvagan; aseve, mosalodnelia, rom es SemTxvevebi meti iqneba qveynis im
mxareSi, sadac gacilebiT didia xanSiSesul macxovrebelTa wili, vidre
iq, sadac mosaxleobis umetesoba axalgazrdaa; zurgis tkivilis ufro
meti SemTxvevaa mosalodneli mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebis arealSi
dasaqmebul populaciaSic, vidre msubuq mrewvelobaSi an momsaxurebis
sferoSi dasaqmebul populaciaSi. amasTan, kvlevaSi mxolod ori eqimis
Canawerebi gamoiyenes da uyuradRebod datoves is, rom am or eqimTan
imitom midiodnen zurgis tkivilis CivilebiT, rom isini cnobili iyvnen,
rogorc
zedmetad
empaTiurebi
aseTi
pacientebisadmi
da
ara
pasuxismgeblad skeptikurebi.
am oTx cvlads _ klimats, asakobriv jgufs, saqmianobasa da tkivilis
dafiqsirebul SemTxvevas _ kvlevaze araproporciulad didi gavlena
qonda. gazeTma sensaciuri ganzogadeba gaakeTa monacemebis parametrebs
miRma
da
amiT
uyuradRebod
datova
kvlevis
SezRuduli
reprezentaciuloba: anu kvleva iseT adgilebSi rom Catarebuliyo, sadac

gansxvavebuli klimaturi pirobebi, asakobrivi jgufebi, saqmianoba da
tkivilis SemTxvevebi iqneboda, Sedegebi gansxvavebul saxes miiRebda.
monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg mniSvnelovania SerCevaSi qvejgufebis
wonebis daregulirebis sakiTxis ganxilva. magaliTad, erT-erT saSualo
skolaSi
moswavleTa
mdedrobiTis.
vnaxoT,
naxevari
ra
mamrobiTi
pasuxebs
sqesisaa
iZlevian
da
naxevari
moswavleebi
kiTxvaze:
ramdenad moqmedebs saskolo samuSaoebisadmi Tqvens damokidebulebaze

klasis damrigeblisadmi keTilganwyoba?.
cvladi: ramdenad moqmedebs saskolo samuSaoebisadmi Tqvens
damokidebulebaze klasis damrigeblisadmi keTilganwyoba?
Zalian
mcired
ise ra
sakmaod
Zalian
mcired
bevrad
273

mamrobiTi
mdedrobiTi
sul
10
50
60
20
80
100
30
30
60
25
25
50
15
15
30
vTqvaT, gvainteresebs respondentebis damokidebulebebi zogadad da

sqesis
mixedviT.
mTlianobaSi
mcired
am
magaliTiT
gviCvenebs,
an
rom
zomierad
SegviZlia
klasis
vivaraudoT,
rom
Sedegebi
damrigeblisadmi
keTilganwyoba
muSaobisadmi
moswavleTa
moqmedebs
damokidebulebaze. Tumca imasac SevamCnevT, rom SerCevaSi orjer meti

gogonaa,
vidre
vaJi.
es
aris
araswori
reprezentacia
skolis
populaciisa, romlis 50 procents gogonebi Seadgenen da 50 procents _

vaJebi. SerCevaSi ki gogonebi Warbad arian, vaJebi _ arasakmarisad. Tu
qulebs
gavaTanabrebT
populaciis
gazrdiT,
sqesis
Semadgenlobas
an
gogonebis
mixedviT
mivuaxlovebT
raodenobis
da
(an
ganawilebas
vaJebis
ganaxevrebiT),
skolis
raodenobis
maSin
Sedegebi
gansxvavebuli iqneba.
cvladi: ramdenad moqmedebs saskolo samuSaoebisadmi Tqvens

damokidebulebaze klasis damrigeblisadmi keTilganwyoba?
Zalian
mcired
ise ra
sakmaod
Zalian
mcired
bevrad
mamrobiTi
20
40
60
50
30
mdedrobiTi
50
80
30
25
15
sul
70
120
90
75
45
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi gamoikveTa gacilebiT pozitiuri suraTi,

romelic
gviCvenebs,
rom
moswavleebi
klasis
damrigeblisadmi
keTilganwyobas saskolo samuSaosadmi maTi damokidebulebis sakmaod

mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miiCneven. aq SerCevis SewonviT gaTanabrebam
im mizniT, rom ufro samarTlianad warmoeCina populacia, gansxvavebuli
suraTi mogvca. Sedegebis Sewonva mniSvnelovani gansaxilveli sagania.
274
SerCevis xelmisawvdomoba
xelmisawvdomoba gadamwyveti sakiTxia da im faqtorTa ricxvSi Sedis,
romelTa
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba
kvlevis
adreul
etapzea
misaRebi.
mkvlevari unda darwmundes, rom SerCeva ara marto xelmisawvdomia,

aramed
realuri
magaliTad,
Tu
faqtia,
romlis
mkvlevarma
ganxorcieleba
gacdenebi
da
skolaSi
SesaZlebelia.
arasanqcirebuli
aryofna unda ikvlios da gamcdenTa SerCevis interviuireba gadawyvita,

kvleva
verasodes
daiwyeba,
vinaidan
gamcdenebi,
TavianTi
bunebidan
gamomdinare, ar iqnebian skolaSi! analogiurad, sensitiur sferoebze

gasvla
aramarto
samarTlebrivi,
problemuria,
Zneli
ise,
moxvde:
ukmayofilo
ugulebelmyofebTan,
aramed
administraciuli
magaliTad,
moZaladeebTan,
iqneba,
problemuric,
TvalsazrisiT.
Zaladobis
da
maT
Zneli
da
msxverplebTan,
bavSvze
narkomanebTan,
skolis
msxverplebTan.
zogierT
studentebTan,
moCxubrebTan
rogorc
sensitiur sferoSi SerCevis xelmisawvdomobas SeiZleba, xeli SeuSalon

Tavad potenciurma monawileebma: magaliTad, aiv Sidsis konsultantebi
SeiZleba,
imdenad
seriozuli
stresis
qveS
imyofebodnen,
rom
maT
ubralod ver gauZlon mkvlevarTan TavianTi travmuli samuSaos Sesaxeb

saubars;
mkvlevarTan
gancdebis
gacocxlebis
gareSec
sakmao
didi
stresis wyaroa maTi saqmianoba.

Tavad potenciurma monawileebma xelmisawvdomobaze uari SeiZleba
sruliad
praqtikuli
maswavlebels,
ubralod,
mosazrebebiT
dro
ar
Tqvan,
hqondes
magaliTad,
kvlevisTvis.
eqims
garda
an
amisa,
mkvlevarma, SeiZleba, uari miiRos im adamianebisgan, visac raRac aqvs

dasacavi, magaliTad, skola, romelmac cota xnis win inspeqciis an gare
Sefasebis Semdeg Zalze cudi Sedegebi miiRo; an adamianebi, romlebmac
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena gaakeTes an axali gamogoneba aqvT da ar surT,
rom
TavianTi
sakuTrebis
warmatebis
sferoSi
saidumlo
komerciulma
gaamxilon;
saqmianobam
inteleqtualuri
es
Tema
bevri
275
mkvlevrisTvis aqtualuri gaxada. uamravi mizezi arsebobs imisa, ratomac

SeiZleba
dabrkoldes
SerCevasTan miaxloeba
da mkvlevari ar
unda
ecados garTulebis am potenciuri wyaros uaryofas kvlevis dagegmvisas.

bevr SemTxvevaSi SerCevaze wvdomas darajebi icaven _ isini, visac
SeuZlia
mkvlevris
ainteresebs.
wvdomis
skolis
kontroli
TanamSromlebis
im
adamianebTan,
SemTxvevaSi
es
SeiZleba
magaliTad, saswavlo nawilis gamge, skolis mmarTveli,

damrigebeli;
mSobeli,
moswavleebis
socialuri
SemTxvevaSi
muSaki
da
a.
_
S.
vinc
mas
iyos,
mdivani, klasis
megobari,
bandis
mkvlevrisTvis
wevri,
gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod SerCevaze wvdomis SesaZleblobas, aramed

imasac, Tu ra midgomas gamoiyenebs samizne jgufze wvdomis misaRwevad _
visTan mivides formalurad da araformalurad.
SeiZleba aramarto SerCevis wvdoma garTuldes, aramed Sedegic _
informaciis gamoaSkaravebac _ problemuri iyos. magaliTad, mkvlevarma
SeiZleba moipovos didi raodenobiT sensitiuri informaciis miRebisa da
saTanado
adamianebTan
moxvedris
sajarod
ganacxados,
rom
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
ufleba,
agrovebs
angariSebi
magram
monacemebs.
ikrZaleba,
SezRuduli
did
igvianebs
iyos,
britaneTSi
an
icvleba.
yovelTvis ar aris sakmarisi SerCevamde miRweva, problema SeiZleba

farTo
sazogadoebisTvis
informaciis
gareT
gamotana
iyos,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kritikaa.
SerCevis strategiebi
SerCevis Seqmnis ori gza arsebobs (Cohen and Holliday 1979; 1982; 1996;
Schofield 1996). mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos albaTur SerCevas (aseve,
cnobilia,
rogorc
SemTxveviTi
SerCeva)
mianiWebs
upiratesobas
Tu
araalbaTurs (aseve, cnobilia, rogorc miznobrivi SerCeva). maT Soris

gansxvaveba isaa, rom albaTur SerCevaSi populaciis wevrebis moxvedris
albaToba cnobilia, xolo araalbaTurSi _ ara. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
(albaTuri SerCevisas) populaciis yovel wevrs SerCevaSi moxvedris
276
Tanabari Sansi aqvs. SerCevaSi CarTva an SerCevidan gamoricxva mxolod

SemTxvevis da sxva arafris Sedegia. meore SemTxvevaSi (araalbaTuri
SerCevisas)
populaciis
zogierTi
wevri
danamdvilebiT
ar
moxvdeba
SerCevaSi da zogierTi danamdvilebiT iqneba CarTuli (anu populaciis

yvela wevrs ar aqvs SerCevaSi moxvedris erTnairi Cansi). am SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevari
ganzrax,
mizanmimarTulad
irCevs
populaciis
konkretul
nawils SerCevaSi CasarTavad an SerCevidan gamosaricxad.
albaTuri SerCevebi
vinaidan populaciidan SemTxveviT miiReba da reprezentaciulobaze
aqvs pretenzia, albaTuri SerCeva sasargeblo iqneba, Tu mkvlevars surs,
rom
Sedegebi
ganzogadebadi
statistikuri
iyos.
analizisas
SesaZleblobasac
is
ormxrivi
iZleva.
albaTuri
raodenobrivi
monacemebis
kriteriumis
gamoyenebis
SerCeva
popularulia
gakontrolebul randomizebul cdebSi. araalbaTuri SerCeva ki ganzrax

aridebs
Tavs
populacias.
populaciis
konkretuli
magaliTad,
studentebis
studentebis
is
mxolod
nawilis
jgufi,
jgufi,
an
erTi
warmodgenas
konkretuli
cdilobs,
konkretul
jgufis,
rogoricaa,
gamocdaze
maswavleblebis
gasuli
jgufi
(ix.

albaTur
SerCevaSi
ufro
naklebia
mikerZoebulobis
riski
vidre
araalbaTur SerCevaSi, xolo araalbaTuri SerCeva, romelic populaciis

arareprezentaciulia, piriqiT, gadaxrili an mikerZoebuli SeiZleba iyos
(aseTi tipis SerCevaSi miRebuli monacemebis statistikuri damuSavebisas
calmxrivi kriteriumi gamoiyeneba). es ar niSnavs, rom pirveli sruliad
miukerZoebelia; am SerCevaSic arsebobs
qvemoT
ganvixilavT)
magaliTad,
Secdomis albaToba (romelsac
maxasiaTeblisa,
sazogadoebrivi
azris
romelic,
unda
gamokiTxvisas,
vaRiaroT.
Cveulebriv,
iTvaliswineben Secdomis faqtors da Sedegebs acxadeben, vTqvaT, 3

procentis
cdomilebiT.
277
albaTuri
SerCevis
ramdenime
tipi
arsebobs:
martivi
SemTxveviTi
SerCevebi, sistemuri SerCevebi, stratificirebuli SerCevebi, klasteruli

SerCevebi, etapobrivi SerCevebi da mravalfazuri SerCevebi. TiToeuli
maTgani zomavs maTSi mocemul SemTxveviTobas da, maSasadame, garkveuli
xarisxis ganzogadebadobiT xasiaTdeba.
martivi SemTxveviTi SerCeva

martiv SemTxveviT SerCevaSi sakvlevi populaciis yovel wevrs arCevis
erTnairi Sansi aqvs da populaciis romelime wevris arCevis albaTobaze
ar moqmedebs am populaciis sxva wevrebis arCeva, anu TiToeuli arCevani
sruliad
damoukidebelia
danarCenebisgan.
meTodi
gulisxmobs
populaciis siidan (SerCevis CarCo) SerCevisTvis saWiro raodenobis

cdis pirebis SemTxveviTad arCevas. amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia yuTidan
imdeni saxelis amoRebiT, sanam ar Sesruldeba saWiro raodenoba. igive
keTdeba
SemTxveviTi
raodenobrivi
ricxvebis
kvlevis
cxrilis
meTodebisa
gamoyenebiT
da
(es
statistikis
cxrili
bevr
saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli) da monawileebisTvis an situaciebisTvis

SemTxveviTi ricxvebis mikuTvnebiT (magaliTisTvis ix. Hopkicns et al. 1996:
148_9). albaTobisa da SemTxveviTobis gamo SerCeva unda Sedgebodes
populaciisTvis, rogorc erTi mTlianisTvis, damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
msgavsi niSnebis mqone wevrebisagan; maTgan zogi moxuci unda iyos, zogi
_ axalgazrda, zogi _ maRali, zogi _ dabali, zogi _ janmrTeli, zogi
_ daavadebuli, zogi _ mdidari, zogi _ Raribi da a. S. SerCevis am
konkretul meTodTan dakavSirebuli erTi problema isaa, rom saWiroa
populaciis sruli sia da es yovelTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi ar aris
sistemuri SerCeva
es meTodi martivi SemTxveviTi SerCevis modificirebuli formaa. is
gulisxmobs
populaciis
siidan cdis
pirebis
sistemurad
da
ara
278
SemTxveviTad arCevas. magaliTad, Tu, vTqvaT, 2000 wevriani populaciidan

100
wevriani
SerCevis
miRebaa
saWiro,
maSin
yoveli
meoce
individi
SeiZleba airCes. arCevis sawyisi wertili SemTxveviTad aris aRebuli (ix.

sistemuri SerCevis sixSiris gamoTvla martivi statistikiT SeiZleba:
populaciis wevrTa saerTo raodenoba gavyoT SerCevis zomaze:
sadac
f = sixSiris intervali;
N = populaciis wevrTa saerTo raodenoba;
sn = SerCevis saWiro raodenoba.
vTqvaT, mkvlevari muSaobs skolasTan, romelSic 1400 bavSvi swavlobs.
SerCevis
zomis
cxrilis
(4.
CanarTi)
mixedviT,
am
raodenobis
moswavleTa populaciidan SemTxveviTi SerCevis misaRebad saWiroa 302

moswavlis arCeva. aqedan gamomdinare, sixSiris intervali (f) iqneba:
(rac 5.0-mde mrgvaldeba)

amrigad, mkvlevarma sruli siidan yoveli mexuTe SemTxveva unda
airCios.
aseTi
procesi,
TanmimdevrobiT
cxadia,
aris
uSvebs,
Camowerili.
rom
Tavad
qalebisa
da
saxelebi
kacebis
SemTxveviTi
siaSi
jer
SeiZleba sul qalebi iyvnen da Semdeg sul _ kacebi, amitom, Tu siaSi 200
qali iqneboda, mkvlevars SeeZlo sasurveli zomis SerCevis miReba manam,
sanam
siis
kacebis
nawilamde
miaRwevda
da
amiT
daamaxinjebda
(gadaxrida) SerCevas. kidev erTi magaliTi: mkvlevari gadawyvets, rom

skolis moswavleTa siidan yoveli 30-e airCios, magram ise xdeba, rom: (a)
skolis TiToeul klasSi 30-ze meti moswavlea; (b) TiToeul klasis
moswavleTa sia maTi miRwevis mixedviT aris Sedgenili _ saukeTesoebiT
279
iwyeba da yvelaze sustebiT mTavrdeba; (g) skolis siaSi moswavleebi

klasebis mixedviT arian ganawilebulni.
am SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom SerCeva yvela klass moicavs, is
mainc ver warmoadgens skolas ise, rogorc saWiroa, radgan TiTqmis
mTlianad
yvelaze
periodulobis
dabali
sakiTxia
moswrebis
(Calder
1979).
moswavleebisgan
sistemur
Sedgeba.
SerCevaSi
es
aramarto
saxelebis Tanmimdevrobis sakiTxi dgeba, aramed am procesiT SeiZleba

dairRves albaTuri SerCevis erT-erTi fundamenturi piroba _ SerCevaSi
moxvedris erTnairi Sansi yovel individs. zemoT aRweril magaliTSi,
sadac yovel mexuTes irCevdnen, pirvel, me-4, me-6, me-9 da a. S. saxelebi
avtomaturad gamoiricxeboda anu yvelas ar hqonda erTnairi Sansi, rom
arCeuli
yofiliyo.
am
problemis
minimumamde
dayvana
sawyis
siaSi
individebis SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobisa da sistemuri SerCevis sawyisi

punqtis SemTxveviTad arCevis uzrunvelyofiT aris SesaZlebeli.
stratificirebuli SerCeva
stratificirebuli SerCeva populaciis homogenur jgufebad dayofas
gulisxmobs
da
TiToeul
jgufSi
msgavsi
maxasiaTeblebis
mqone
individebi arian gaerTianebuli. magaliTad, A jgufi SeiZleba kacebisgan

Sedgebodes, xolo B jgufi _ qalebisgan. iseTi SerCevis misaRebad,
romelic populaciis reprezentaciuli iqneboda sqesis mixedviT, A da B
jgufebidan
cdis
pirebi
SemTxveviTad
unda
avirCioT.
saWiroebisas
SesaZlebelia populaciaSi qalebisa da kacebis realurad arsebuli

Tanafardobis SerCevaSi asaxva. mkvlevarma populaciis is maxasiaTeblebi
unda gansazRvros, romlebsac unda moicavdes SerCeva, anu moaxdinos
populaciis
parametrebis
identificireba.
swored
es
aris
SerCevis
CarCos dadgenis arsi (ix. http://www.roultedge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _

280
stratificirebuli SemTxveviTi SerCevis Sedgena oretapiani procesia:

pirveli:
populaciis
im
maxasiaTeblebis
identificireba,
romlebic
SerCevaSic unda iyos warmodgenili anu populaciis homogenur da, Tu

SesaZlebelia, diskretul jgufebad (stratebad), magaliTad, qalebad da
kacebad
dayofa.
meore:
am
jfgufebSi
SemTxveviTad
arCeva,
amasTan,
TiToeuli jgufis zoma mkvlevris gadawyvetilebiT an 4. 1 da 4. 2

CanarTebSi mocemul cxrilebze dayrdnobiT unda ganisazRvros.
gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, Tu romeli maxasiaTeblebi unda Sevides
SerCevaSi, maqsimaluri simartivis miRwevaze unda iyos orientirebuli,
vinaidan rac ufro meti faqtoria, ara marto SerCeva rTuldeba, aramed
ufro did SerCevebSi populaciis yvela stratis warmomadgenlis CarTva
xdeba saWiro.
maSasadame, stratificirebuli SemTxveviTi SerCeva randomizaciisa da
kategorizaciis sasargeblo narevia da amiT SesaZlebels xdis orive
saxis
raodenobrivi
raodenobriv
da
nawilSi
Tvisebrivi
SesaZlebelia
kvlevis
Catarebas.
analitikuri
da
kvlevis
daskvniTi
statistikis gamoyeneba, xolo Tvisebriv nawilSi _ institutebSi im

jgufebze
an
monawileTa
im
gaerTianebebze
fokusireba,
romlebic
xelmisawvdomia kvlevisTvis.
klasteruli SerCeva
rodesac populacia didia da farTod gafantuli, martivi SemTxveviTi
SerCevis mogrovebas administraciuli problemebi axlavs Tan. davuSvaT,
gvsurs, vikvlioT studentebis fizikuri momzadebis done SedarebiT did
dasaxlebaSi
an
mTel
qveyanaSi.
sruliad
arapraqtikuli
iqneba
studentebis SemTxveviTad arCeva da metismetad bevri drois daxarjva

aqeT-iqiT
mogzaurobasa
mkvlevars
SeuZlia
skolebSi
yvela
da
maT
konkretuli
studentis
SemowmebaSi.
raodenobis
Semowmeba
anu
klasteruli
SerCeviT
skolebis
arCeva
da
am
SeirCeva
geografiulad
281
axlomdebare klasteri (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780315368780 _

amasTan,
uzrunvelyofili
unda
iyos
klasteruli
SerCevis
miukerZoebloba. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom klasteruli SerCeva

mZime mrewvelobis mqone an ukiduresi siRaribiT gamorCeul regionSi
mdebare qalaqSi aviReT. amiT SeiZleba ar iyos warmodgenili yvela
tipis qalaqi an qalaqSi mcxovrebi yvela social-ekonomikuri jgufi anu
SerCevis
SigniT
SeiZleba
iyos
msgavsebebi,
romlebic
ar
asaxavs
populaciisTvis damaxasiaTebel cvalebadobas. aq reprezentaciulobis

sakiTxi dgeba. SeiZleba, ufro mizanSewonili iyos ramdenime klasteris
aReba
da
TiToeulis
farglebSi cot-cota
SemTxvevis
arCeva, vidre
TiTo-orola klasteridan bevri SemTxvevis arCeva.

klasteruli SerCeva farTod gamoiyeneba mciremasStabian kvlevebSi.
klasterul SerCevaSi populaciis parametrebi xSirad Zalian mkveTrad
aris gamoyofili, amitom mkvlevars monacemebis ganzogadebis Sesaxeb
komentaris
SeiZleba
gakeTeba
uwevs.
stratificirebac
monacemebis
miReba
mkvlevars
dasWirdes,
unda,
klasteruli
Tu
SerCevis
sasargeblo,
romlebic
SigniT
anu
iseTi
fokusirebulia
da
diskriminaciulobas avlenen.
etapobrivi SerCeva
etapobrivi SerCeva klasteruli SerCevis gafarToebuli variantia da
gulisxmobs SerCevis safexurebriv Sedgenas, anu SerCevebidan SerCevebis
aRebas.
Tu
Sesaxeb
varianti
TiToeul
klasteruli
motanil
SerCevis
magaliTs
SeiZleba
skolaSi
iyos
jer
klasebis
klasebidan studentebis arCeva.
Sesaxeb
gamoviyenebT,
skolebis
qveTavSi
didi dasaxlebis
etapobrivi
SemTxveviTad
SemTxveviTad
arCeva
SerCevis
arCeva,
da,
erTi
Semdeg
bolos,
am
282
morisoni (1993: 121_2) gvaZlevs magaliTs, Tu rogor unda gamoviyenoT

etapobrivi SerCeva praqtikaSi. vTqvaT, mkvlevars unda, rom kiTxvari
miawodos erTi regionis TerTmetive saSualo skolis 16 wlis yvela
moswavles. yvela skolasTan kontaqtis damyarebis Semdeg man aRmoaCina,
rom am skolebSi sul 2000 16 wlis moswavlea. radgan konfidencialoba
unda daicvas, mas ar SeuZlia, moiTxovos yvela maTganis saxeli da
amitom SeuZlebelia yuTidan maTi saxelebis amoRebiT SemTxveviTobis
miRweva (mas romc hqondes saxelebi, tvinis damRleli samuSaoa 2000
saxelis dawera maTi yuTSi moTavsebisa da mere iqidan amoRebis mizniT!).
Tu SevxedavT 4. 1 CanarTs, vnaxavT, rom 2000 moswavlidan SemTxveviTi
SerCevis
misaRebad
saWiroa
322
moswavle.
ra
unda
moimoqmedos
mkvlevarma?
pirvel etapze man unda gaakeTos TerTmeti skolisgan Semdgari sia.
Semdeg
saTiTaod,
patara
baraTebze
cal-calke
daweros
skolebis
saxelebi da moaTavsos yuTSi. amis Semdeg is yuTidan amoiRebs erT

baraTs, naxavs skolis saxels, siaSi misi saxelis gaswvriv dasvams
niSans da baraTs isev yuTSi daabrunebs. am proceduras imeorebs kidev
321-jer
anu
sul
322-jer
iRebs
baraTebs
yuTidan.
saboloo
Sedegi
SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes:

skola
moswavleebis saWiro raodenoba
22
31 32
10 11
sul
24
29
20
35
28
32
38 31
322
meore etapze mkvlevari saTiTaod miva TerTmetive skolaSi da sTxovs

maT,
rom
SemTxveviTad
SearCion
saWiro
raodenobis
moswavleebi.
SemTxveviToba orive etapze SenarCunebulia da didi raodenoba (2000)

daeqvemdebara
kontrols.
muSaobis
procesi
aq
zogadidan
kerZosken,
farTodan konkretulisken da dididan patarisken moZraobas gulisxmobs.

aq sifrTxile gvmarTebs, radgan navaraudevia, rom skolebi didia da
erTi zomis. praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia iyos iseTi SemTxveva, romelSic es
strategia ar iqneba mizanSewonili.
283
mravalfazuri SerCeva
etapobrivi SerCevis SemTxvevaSi SerCevis process erTi mizani aqvs.
wina magaliTSi mizani konkretuli regionis konkretuli moswavleebis
mocva iyo. mravalfazur SerCevaSi miznebi fazidan fazamde icvleba.
magaliTad,
pirvel
fazaze
SerCevis
arCevani
SeiZleba
geografiul
kriteriums efuZnebodes (magaliTad, moswavleebi erT garkveul regionSi

cxovroben), meore fazaze _ ekonomikur kriteriums (magaliTad, skolebi,
romelTa biujetebi aSkarad gansxvavebulad imarTeba), mesame fazaze _
politikur
kriteriums
(magaliTad,
skolebi,
romelTa
moswavleebi
konkretuli partiis mxardamWeri regionebidan arian) da a. S. aqedan

naTeli
xdeba,
rom
SerCevis
populacia
kvlevis
TiToeul
fazaze
Seicvleba (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili

4. 1 ppt).
araalbaTuri SerCevebi
araalbaTuri
SerCevisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
seleqciuroba
momdinareobs mkvlevrisgan, romelic konkretuli jgufis kvlevas isaxavs

miznad
da
kargad
warmoadgens,
icis,
aramed
rom
mxolod
es
jgufi
sakuTar
mTel
Tavs.
populacias
ase
xSirad
ki
ar
xdeba
mciremasStabian kvlevebSi, magaliTad, roca kvleva exeba mxolod erT an

or skolas, moswavleebis or an sam jgufs, an maswavlebelTa konkretul
jgufs da is miznad ar isaxavs generalizacias. aseT SemTxvevas xSirad
SevxvdebiT eTnografiul kvlevaSi, praqtikul kvlevaSi an SemTxvevis
Seswavlisas
faili
4.
12.
araalbaTuri
(ix.
ppt).
mcire
SerCeva,
zomis
rom,
kvlevaSi
miuxedavad
xSirad
imitom
Tavi
4,
gamoiyeneba
arareprezentaciulobidan
gamomdinare naklovanebebisa, naklebad rTulia misi Sedgena, SedarebiT

iafia da sruliad adekvaturi SeuZlia iyos, roca mkvlevrebs ar aqvT
284
ganzraxuli Sedegebis ganzogadeba sakvlevi SerCevis miRma, an roca

ZiriTadi kvlevis dawyebamde kiTxvaris pilotirebas akeTeben.
rogorc arsebobs albaTuri SerCevis ramdenime tipi, iseve arsebobs
araalbaTuri
SerCevis
ramdenime
tipic:
xelmiswvdomi
SerCeva,
SerCeva, ganzomilebis SerCeva, miznobrivi SerCeva da zvavisebri
kvota
SerCeva.
SerCevis TiToeuli tipi mxolod sakuTari Tavis an mxolod msgavsi

populaciidan SemTxvevebis warmodgenas isaxavs miznad da ar cdilobs,
mTliani, aradiferencirebuli populaciis reprezentaciuli iyos.
xelmisawvdomi SerCeva
xelmisawvdomi SerCeva anu, rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben, SemTxveviTi
an SesaZleblobis SerCeva, respondentebad yvelaze metad xelmisawvdomi
individebis arCevas gulisxmobs da es procesi manamde grZeldeba, sanam
saWiro zomis SerCeva ar Sedgeba, an sanam iqnebian isini, vinc SemTxveviT
iqve
aRmoCnda
da
xelmisawvdomia
im
momentisTvis.
iseTi
iolad
misawvdomi xalxi, rogoric studentebi an praqtikantebi arian, xSirad

gamoiyeneba
respondentebad
xelmisawvdomi
SerCevisaTvis.
mkvlevari,
ubralod, irCevs SerCevas iqidan, vinc advilad xelmisawvdomia. vinaidan

mxolod sakuTar Tavs warmoadgens, es SerCeva ar aris gankuTvnili
ufro farTo populaciaze generalizaciisTvis. xelmisawvdomi SerCevisas
es uadgiloa. cxadia, mkvlevarma Zalisxmeva unda gaiRos, rom angariSSi
Tqvas,
rom
am
tipis
SerCevaSi
ganzogadebis
parametri
umniSvneloa.
xelmisawvdomi SerCevis gamoyeneba SeiZleba SemTxvevis Sesaswavlad an

SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
seriebisTvis
(ix.
kvota SerCeva
kvota SerCeva stratificirebuli SerCevis araalbaTuri ekvivalentia
(Bailey
1978).
stratificirebuli
SerCevis
msgavsad,
kvota
SerCeva
populaciis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis (stratebis) reprezentacias
285
eswrafvis. stratificirebuli SerCevisgan gansxvavebiT, is amis gakeTebas

im
proporciiT
cdilobs,
romliTac
isini
moipovebian
populaciaSi.
magaliTad, vTqvaT, populaciis (rogorc ar unda iyos gansazRvruli) 55

procenti qalia da 45 procenti _ mamakaci, SerCevac ase unda moxdes _ 55
da 45 procenti Sesabamisad. Tu skolis populaciis 80 procents 16 wlis
an 16 wlamde asakis moswavleebi Seadgenen, xolo 20 procents _ 17 wlis
da zemoT, maSin SerCevaSi 80 procenti 16 wlis an 16 wlamde asakis
moswavleebi unda iyvnen da 20 procenti _ 17 wlis da zemoT. amrigad,
kvotirebuli SerCeva arCeuli faqtorebis (stratebis) im fardobiTi
wonebis asaxvas cdilobs, romliTac Sesabamisi faqtorebi populaciaSia
warmodgenili (ix. www.routledge.com/textbook/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili
4. 14. ppt). mkvlevarma, romelsac kvotirebuli SerCevis Sedgena surs, sami
etapi unda gaiaros:
1. im
maxasiaTeblebis
(faqtorebis)
dadgena,
romlebic
moiZebneba
populaciaSi da unda moiZebnebodes SerCevaSi, anu populaciis

homogenur da, Tu SesaZlebelia, diskretul jgufebad (stratebad)
dayofa,
magaliTad,
qalebi
da
kacebi,
azielebi,
Cinelebi
da
afrikeli karibelebi.
2. dadgena, ra TanafardobiT iCens Tavs SerCeuli maxasiaTeblebi
populaciaSi
anu
populaciaSi
maTi
procentuli
ganawilebis
identicifireba.
3. uzrunvelyofa,
rom
populaciidan
arCeuli
maxasiaTeblebis
procentuli Tanafardoba SerCevaSic gameordes.

SerCevaSi swori Tanafardobis uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba rTuli iyos,
roca ar viciT, Tu rogoria es Tanafardoba populaciaSi, an roca Wirs
SerCevamde
piloturi
misvla.
zogjer
gamokiTxva
iyos
am
Tanafardobis
saWiro
(da
am
dasadgenad
SemTxvevaSic
ki
SeiZleba
SerCevis
Secdoma an pasuxebis mcire raodenoba pilotur monacemebs problemurad

aqcevs).
286
kvotirebuli SerCevisTvis saWiro minimaluri raodenobis gansazRvra

martivia. vTqvaT, skolaSi sul 1700 moswavlea, romelTagan:
xelovnebas swavlobs 300 moswavle;
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs _ 300 moswavle;
humanitarul sagnebs _ 600 moswavle;
biznessa da socialur mecnierebebs _ 500 moswavle.
Tanafardobis 3:3:6:5 pirobebSi SerCevaSi minimum 17 moswavle (3+3+6+5)
unda moxvdes. cxadia, es mxolod minimumi iqneba da sasurveli iqneboda
ufro metis aReba. kvotirebul SerCevaSi Zalian bevri maxasiaTeblis
(stratas)
Setanis
safasuri
isaa,
rom
SerCevaSi
wevrTa
minimaluri
raodenoba swrafad SeiZleba Zalian gaizardos, amitom sasurvelia masSi

stratebis minimaluri raodenobis SenarCuneba. rac ufro meti strata
gvaqvs, miT metad izrdeba SerCevis wevrTa raodenoba, rogorc wesi,
geometriuli da ara _ ariTmetikuli progresiiT.
miznobrivi SerCeva
miznobriv SerCevaSi, romelic xSirad (magram ara mxolod) Tvisebrivi
kvlevis
maxasiaTebelia,
mkvlevari
SerCevisTvis
SemTxvevebs
im
mosazrebis safuZvelze arCevs, rom es SemTxveva tipuria, an konkretuli

saZiebeli maxasiaTebliT xasiaTdeba. amrigad, isini iseT SerCevas qmnian,
romelic
mkvlevris
saxelwodebidan
Cans,
speficikur
SerCeva
moTxovnebs
konkretuli
akmayofilebs.
miznisTvis
aris
rogorc
arCeuli,
magaliTad, Tu kvleva miznad isaxavs zeda donis menejerebSi stresis

gamovlinebis Seswavlas, SeirCeva saSualo skolebis direqtorebisa da
mTavari
menejerebis
jgufi;
studentebis
ukmayofilebis
gamomwvevi
ZiriTadi faqtorebis gamovlena yvelaze kargad ukmayofilo studentebis

jgufSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli (is miekuTvneba kritikul SemTxvevaTa
rigs, romelic hgavs meTvramete TavSi ganxilul kritikul movlenebs

an deviantur, anu normis sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebs) (Anderson and Arsenault
1998:
124);
erTkviriani
dakvirvebisTvis
erTi
klasis
moswavleebs
287
SearCeven,
Tu
gansxvavebuli
saswavlo
programisa
da
pedagogiuri
praqtikis angariSis miReba surT, raTa skolis sxva maswavleblebma

TavianTi praqtikis miRebul angariSTan Sedareba SeZlon. aseTi tipis
SerCeva SeiZleba akmayofilebdes mkvlevris miznebs, magram mas ar aqvs
populaciis
reprezentaciulobis
daufaravad
aris
pretenzia.
SerCeuli
is
da
mizanmimarTulad
da
mikerZoebuli
(ix.

xSir
SemTxvevaSi
miznobrivi
SerCeva
mcodne
xalxTan,
anu
im
adamianebTan mosaxvedrad gamoiyeneba, vinc garkveul Temaze bevri da

Rrmad ician TavianTi profesiuli saqmianobis, Zalauflebis, kavSirebis,
kvalifikaciis an gamocdilebis gamo (Ball 1990). bevris verafris momcemia
SemTxveviTi SerCeva, vinaidan SemTxveviTi SerCevis wevrTa didma nawilma
SeiZleba saerTod araferi icodes konkretuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da
veraferi
SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba
Tqvas
mkvlevrisTvis
aucilebelia
ar
iyos
saintereso
miznobrivi
Temebis
SerCeva.
reprezentaciuli
da
Sesaxeb;
miuxedavad
SerCevis
imisa,
wevrebis
aseT
rom
mier
gamoTqmuli komentarebi araganzogadebadi iyos, aseT SerCevaSi es ar

aris
mkvlevris
upirvelesi
safiqrali;
mas
saTanado
adamianebisgan
siRrmiseuli informaciis miReba ainteresebs.

miznobrivi
gorardi
SerCevis
(2003:
71)
erT-erTi
saubrobs
variantia
forsirebuli
forsirebuli
SerCevis
SerCeva.
gamoyenebis
saWiroebaze, roca SerCevaSi rTaven im wevrebs, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba
SerCevis
gareT
darCeniliyo
an
arasrulad
yofiliyo
warmodgenili raodenobrivi simciris gamo. magaliTad, dawyebiT skolaSi

an sabavSvo baRSi SeiZleba Zalian cota gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis
mqone maswavleblebi an moswavleebi iyvnen; an skolaSi konkretuli
eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgeneli Zalian cota bavSvi swavlobdes,
imdenad cota, rom SerCevaSi ver moxvdnen. am SemTxvevaSi saTanado
statistikuri
uzrunvelsayofad
analizis
mkvlevars
an
SerCevis
mizanmimarTulad
reprezentaciulobis
Sehyavs
SerCevaSi
maTi
288
sakmarisi
raodenoba
da
maTgan
miRebuli
monacemebis
koreqtirebas
SemTxvevaTa Sewonvis meSveobiT akeTebs, raTa saboloo SedegebSi isini

Warbad ar iyos warmodgenili. es aris socialuri inkluziis miRwevis
mcdeloba.
miznobrivi
SerCevis
kidev
erTi
negatiuri SemTxvevebis
variantia
SerCeva. aq mkvlevari mizanmimarTulad eZebs im adamianebs, romlebic

SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodnen wamoyenebul Teoriebs (falsificirebadobis
poperiseuli ekvivalenti) da Tu Teoria gauZlebs winaaRmdegobas, amiT
ganamtkicebs mas. negatiuri SemTxvevebis SerCevis ufro msubuqi variantia
maqsimaluri
cvalebadobis
SeZlebisdagvarad
SerCeva,
mravalferovani
rodesac
populaciidan
SemTxvevebs
iReben
(Anderson and
Arsenault 1998: 124) monacemebis siZlierisa da simdidris, gamoyenebadobisa

da
interpretaciis
uzrunvelsayofad.
am
bolo
SemTxvevaSi
SerCevis
moculoba Tavidanve didi iqneba an gaizrdeba.
ganzomilebis SerCeva
kvota SerCevisas SerCevis moculobis problemis daZlevis erTi gza
ganzomilebis SerCevis gamoyenebaa. es aris kvotirebuli SerCevis metad
daxvewili varianti. is gulisxmobs populaciaSi sxvadasxva faqtoris
identificirebas da am faqtorebis yoveli kombinaciisTvis, sul mcire,
erTi
respondentis
kvlevaSi
mkvlevars
miRebas.
ase
SeiZleba
magaliTad,
pirveli,
rasobrivi
meore
da
mimarTebebis
mesame
Taobis
emigrantebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna undodes. amisaTvis SerCevis gegmam

SeiZleba mravalganzomilebiani cxrilis saxe miiRos, romelsac zemoT
horizontalurad eqneba eTnikuri jgufi, vertikalurad gverdze ki _
Taoba. meore magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mkvlevari, romelsac ukmayofilo
studentebis,
ainteresebs
gogonebisa
da
romelmac
da
meore
SeiZleba
kurseli
mxolod
studentebis
erTi
meore
kvleva
kurseli
ukmayofilo gogona ipovos, anu is respondenti, romelsac erTdroulad
289
eqneba
yvela
saZiebeli
maxasiaTebeli
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbookc/9780415368780 _ Tavi 4, faili 4. 16. ppt).
zvavisebri SerCeva
zvavisebri
SerCevisas
mkvlevari
misTvis
saintereso
sakvlevi
maxasiaTeblebis mqone mcire odenobis individebs poulobs. Semdgom maT

im
adamianebis
SeiZleba,
axali
gamosavlenad
SerCevaSi
wevrebi,
moxvedris
Tavis
an
maTTan
pirobebs
mxriv,
kidev
Sesaxvedrad
iyenebs,
akmayofilebdes.
sxvebze
vinc,
SerCevis
iZlevian
es
analogiur
informacias da a. S. aqedan modis termini zvavisebri SerCeva. es meTodi

gamosadegia SerCevis misaRebad iseTi populaciidan, romelic Znelad
misawvdomia: sakvlevi Temis sensitiurobis (magaliTad, gamoaSkaravebuli
arasrulwlovnebze
(magaliTad,
moZaladeebi),
rodesac
sakomunikacio
mkvlevars
surs
qselis
sarezervo
uqonlobis
maswavleblebis
interviuireba _ anu im maswavleblebisa, romlebic droebiT cvlian

skolis Statian TanamSromlebs maTi aryofnisas, magram uZneldeba maTi
siis moZieba), an imis gamo, rom garedan mosul mkvlevars sirTuleebi
eqmneba skolebSi wvdomasTan dakavSirebiT (mkvlevari sakuTari nacnobmegobrebis da maTi nacnob-megobrebis da a. S. araformaluri kavSirebiT
cdilobs sakvlev jgufze gasvlas). mkvlevris amocanaa, daadginos, vin
aris informaciis gadamwyveti an ZiriTadi wyaro, rom masTan daamyaros
sawyisi kontaqti (ix. httl://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780_ Tavi 4,
faili 4.17. ppt).
moxaliseTa SerCeva
im
SemTxvevebSi,
sadac
Znelia
cdis
pirebamde
miRweva,
mkvlevars
moxaliseebis _ magaliTad, piradi megobrebis, megobrebis megobrebis,

sagazeTo
reklamiT
moziduli
monawileebis,
konkretuli
skolidan
dainteresebuli adamianebis an kursebis damswreTa _ imedze uwevs yofna.
290
zogjer es gardauvalia (Morrison 2006), vinaidan es SerCevis Sedgenis

erTaderTi SesaZlebeli variantia da SeiZleba ukeTesi iyos, gqondes
aseTi SerCeva, vidre _
saerTod ar gqondes
kvleva.
am SemTxvevebSi mkvlevari Zalze frTxili unda iyos generaliziebis

an
reprezentaciulobis
Sesaxeb
nebismieri
ganacxadis
gakeTebisas,
vinaidan moxaliseebs kvlevaSi monawileobis mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli

motivebi SeiZleba hqondeT, magaliTad, megobris daxmarebis survili,
kvleviT
daintereseba,
sazogadoebaSi
wvlilis
Setana,
samagieros
gadaxdis saSualeba an konkretuli skolisTvis, an maswavleblisTvis.

moxaliseebs
SeiZleba
keTili
ganzraxvebi
hqondeT,
magram
isini
uciloblad ar warmoadgenen mTel populacias da es naTlad unda

iTqvas.
Teoriuli SerCeva
Teoriuli SerCeva monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoriis maxasiaTebelia.
monacemebze dafuZnebul TeoriaSi SerCevis zoma SedarebiT umniSvneloa,
vinaidan
mkvlevari
mis
xelT
arsebul
monacemebTan
muSaobs.
faqtobrivad, dafuZnebuli Teoria amtkicebs, rom SerCevis moculoba

SeiZleba
usasrulod
didi
iyos
an,
saTadarigo
poziciis
saxiT,
sakmarisad didi iyos kategoriebisa da sakiTxebis imdenad Sesavsebad,

rom
axalma
monacemebma
ar
gamoiwvios
wamoyenebuli
Teoriis
modificireba.
Teoriuli SerCevisas mkvlevars sakmarisi monacemebi unda hqondes,
raTa SeZlos kvlevis konteqstSi Teoriis generacia da dafuZneba, anu
mocemul
situaciaSi
uzrunvelyofa
am
mimdinare
TeoriasTan
movlenebis
Teoriuli
winaaRmdegobaSi
mosuli
axsnis
yovelgvari
monacemis uqonlad. vinaidan mkvlevars winaswar ar ecodineba, ramdeni, an

rogori
monacemi
dasWirdeba,
SeuZleblobis,
gamofitvis
an
drois
limitis gamo Znelia winaswar codna, Tu ra moculobis SerCevaa saWiro.

mkvlevari manamde agrZelebs meti da meti monacemis mogrovebas, sanam
291
Teoria ucvleli rCeba an Seswavlis konteqstis farglebs ar miaRwevs;

sanam
araferi
Secvlila
monacemebze
dafuZnebul
TeoriaSi
mudmivi
Sedarebis meTodis gaTvaliswinebiT. Teoriul gajerebasTan (Glaser and

Strauss 1967: 61)
damatebiTi
maSin
gvaqvs
monacemebi,
saqme,
rodesac
romlebic
aRar
moipoveba
ganaviTarebdnen,
iseTi
Caasworebdnen,
daazustebdnen, ganavrcobdnen an raimes daamatebdnen arsebul Teorias.

glaseri da strausi (1967) weren, rom:
Teoriuli SerCeva Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi TeoriisTvis monacemebis
mogrovebis
procesia,
romliTac
analitikosi
erTdroulad
agrovebs,
akodirebs da aanalizebs Tavis monacemebs da gadawyvets, ra monacemebi

Seagrovos
SemdgomSi
da
sad
moipovos
isini,
raTa
im
mimarTulebiT
ganaviTaros Tavisi Teoria, rogorc viTardeba.

(Glaser and Strauss 1967: 45)
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli
Teoriis
TeoretikosisTvis,
romelic
Teoriul SerCevas iyenebs, ori ZiriTadi kiTxva dgas: pirveli, Semdeg

romel jgufebs unda mimarTos monacemebisTvis? meore, ra Teoriuli
miznebisTvis sWirdeba es Semdegi monacemebi? pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxad
glaseri da strausi (1967: 49) amboben, rom gadawyvetileba Teoriul
relevanturobas efuZneba, anu im jgufebs unda mimarTos, romlebic
SeZlebisdagvarad
bevri
Tvisebisa
da
kategoriis
generalizaciaSi
gauweven daxmarebas.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
SesaZlebelia
adamianebiT,
Semdgomi
monacemebis
organizaciis
magram
mkvlevarma
monacemebis
erTobliobis
TanamSromlebiT
isic
mopovebis
unda
moculobis
an
xelmisawvdomi
gaiTvaliswinos,
SesaZleblobac
Sevseba
SeiZleba
rom
mas
hqondes
Teoriuli adekvaturobis uzunvelsayofad da ukve mopovebuli codnis

axali monacemebiT gadasamowmeblad (Flick et al, 2004: 170). am SemTxvevaSi
yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli, kvlevis dasawyisSi winaswar iTqvas, vin
da ramdeni monawile iqneba SerCevisTvis saWiro; es procesi kvlav da
kvlav ganmeordeba.
292
araalbaTur SerCevebs ukavSirdeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom SerCeva

SeiZleba
exebodes
ara
adamianebs,
marto
aramed
sakiTxebsac.
adamianebis SerCeva SeiZleba imitom Sedges, rom mkvlevari konkretuli

sakiTxebis SeswavliT aris dainteresebuli, magaliTad, moswavleebiT,
romlebic
cudad
iqcevian,
uars
amboben
skolaSi
siarulze,
an
narkotikebTan aqvT problemebi, an klasgareSe saqmianobebs amjobineben

saklaso davalebebs. aq saubaria imaze, Tu ra marTavs SerCevis process
da amitom ismis ara marto kiTxva vin SevarCio?, aramed kiTxvac: ra
SevarCio? (Mason 2002; 127-32). es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs, rom ara marto
adamianebis
SerCevaa
Canawerebis,
SesaZlebeli,
situaciebis,
aramed
garemoebis,
teqstebis,
dokumentebis,
movlenebis,
sagnebis,
organizaciebis, xdomilobebis, aqtivobebisa da a. S.
SerCevis strategiis dagegmva

SerCevis strategiis dagegmva ramdenime nabijisgan Sedgeba:
1. gadawyviteT, SerCeva gWirdebaT, Tu SesaZlebelia populaciis
kvleva.
2. gansazRvreT populacia, misi mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi (SerCevis
CarCo) da misi zoma.
3. gansazRvreT, SerCevis rogori strategia gWirdebaT (magaliTad,
albaTuri da araalbaTuri strategiebis romeli varianti).
4. darwmundiT, rom danamdvilebiT migiwvdebaT xeli SerCevaze. Tu
ara, mzad iyaviT SerCevis strategiis Sesacvlelad (nabiji 2).
5. albaTuri SerCevisTvis gansazRvreT TqvenTvis saWiro ndobis
done
da
ndobis
intervalebi.
araalbaTuri
SerCevisTvis
gansazRvreT is adamianebi, romlebic gWirdebaT SerCevaSi.

6. gamoTvaleT wevrebis raodenoba SerCevaSi da am gamoTvlebisas
gaiTvaliswineT
pasuxis
uqonloba,
arasruli
an
gafuWebuli
pasuxebi, cveTa da sikvdilianoba, anu SerCevis sidide gaTvaleT

metobiT.
293
7. gadawyviteT, rogor daamyarebT kontaqts da warmarTavT wvdomas

(magaliTad, reklama, werili, satelefono zari, eleqtronuli
gzavnili, piradi viziti, piradi kontaqtebi/megobrebi).
8. mzad iyaviT ukve akrefili monacemebis Sesawonad.
daskvna
am Tavis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rac sxvebis _ kvlevaSi yoveli detali
dagegmili
da
gaazrebuli
unda
iyos
da
ara
SemTxveviTi,
da
rom,
adrindeliviT, dagegmvis kriteriumi miznisTvis Sesatyvisoba unda iyos.

SerCevis strategiis arCeva vargisianobis kriteriumiT unda xdebodes.
arCevani
imis
iTvaliswinebdes
Sesaxeb,
Tu
romeli
kvlevis
miznebs,
vadebs
strategia
da
miiRon,
kvlevis
unda
SezRudvebs,
monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebs da kvlevis meTodologias. validobis

misaRwevad arCeuli strategia yvela am faqtors unda Seesatyvisebodes.
pasuxi kiTxvaze ramdenad didi unda iyos Cemi SerCeva? rTulia. am
Tavis mixedviT, es yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria:
populaciis zoma;
ndobis done da ndobis intervali;
saWiro sizuste (umciresi SerCevis Secdomis miReba);
stratebis saWiro raodenoba;
sakvlevi cvladebis raodenoba;
sakvlevi faqtoris cvalebadoba;
SerCevis saxeoba (albaTuri da araalbaTuri SerCevebis sxvadasxva

varianti);
SerCevis reprezentaciuloba;
cveTisa da pasuxis arqonis SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswineba;
proporciul SerCevaSi proporciulobis dacvis saWiroeba.

es niSnavs, rom mkvlevrebs vurCevT didi da ara patara SerCevebis
gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT, raodenobriv kvlevaSi.
294
295
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis didi nawili SeiZleba ramdenime gagebiT

iyo sensitiuri da mkvlevrebi kargad unda acnobierebdnen delikaturi
sakiTxebis mravalferovnebas. am TavSi aRwerilia sensitiuri kvlevis
sxvadasxva
varianti.
Semdeg
ganxilulia
misi
dagegmvisa
da
ganxorcielebis ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi _ SerCeva da wvdoma da

aRniSnulia, Tu ratom SeiZleba iyos es ori sakiTxi mkvlevrisTvis
problemuri da rogor SeiZleba maTi mogvareba. aseve, saubaria guSagebsa
(8-e gverdi) da maT rolze. sensitiuri kvleva mTel rig sirTuleebs
qmnis, zogjer _ Znelad mosagvarebel eTikur problemebs da zogierTi
maTgani am TavSia warmodgenili. ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiuri kvlevis
SemTxvevad ganxilulia Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvleva, romlis
magaliTzec aris warmodgenili am sferoSi kvlevis ramdenime ZiriTadi
problema. Semdeg mocemulia praqtikuli rCevebi, Tu rogor unda daisvas
kiTxvebi
sensitiur
kvlevaSi.
bolos
naxavT
im
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
nusxas, romlebic unda mogvardes aseTi kvlevis dagegmvis, Catarebis da

angariSis wardgenisas.
ra aris sensitiuri kvleva?

sensitiuria kvleva, romelic potenciurad moicavs arsebiT safrTxes
maTTvis,
vinc
monawileobs
an
monawileobda
masSi
(Lee 1993: 4),
an
rodesac kvlevis monawileebi mas arasasurvelad miiCneven (Van Meter 2000).

sensitiuroba mravali wyarodan SeiZleba momdinareobdes, maT Sorisaa:
Sedegebi monawileebisTvis (Sieber and Stanley 1988: 49).
296
Sedegebi
sxva
adamianebisTvis,
magaliTad,
ojaxis
wevrebisTvis,
nacnobebisTvis, socialuri jgufebisa da farTo sazogadoebisTvis,

mkvlevarTa jgufebisa da institutebisTvis (Lee 1993: 5).
Sinaarsebi,
magaliTad,
kvlevis
tabuirebuli
an
emociurad
datvirTuli sferoebi (Ferberow 1963), rogoricaa, vTqvaT, kriminali,

deviacia,
sqesi,
rasa,
danakargi,
Zaladoba,
politika,
policiuri
kontroli, adamianTa uflebebi, narkotikebi, siRaribe, avadmyofoba,

religia da sakraluri Temebi, cxovrebis stili, finansebi, fizikuri
garegnoba, Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli interesebi (Lee 1993;
Arditti 2002; Cambers 2003).
situaciuri da konteqstualuri garemoebebi (Lee 1993).
pirad sferoebSi SeWra da Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdileba (Lee and

Renzetti 1993: 5), magaliTad, seqsualuri qceva, religiuri praqtikebi,
sikvdili da danakargi, Semosavali da asakic ki.
potenciuri sanqcia, riski an stigmatizaciis safrTxe, inkriminacia,

xarjebi da karieruli danakargebi mkvlevrisTvis, monawileebisTvis an
sxvebisTvis, magaliTad, jgufebisa da TemebisTvis (Lee and Renzetti 1993;
Renzetti and Lee 1993l De Laine 2000),
mkvlevrisTvis
gansakuTrebuli
situacia, rodesac is swavlobs adamianis seqsualobas da amis gamo

stigmis infeqciiT itanjeba, anu isevea stigmatizebuli, rogorc misi
kvlevis monawileebi (Lee 1993: 9).
politikur gaerTianebebze Tavdasxma (Lee 1993).

kulturuli da kroskulturuli faqtorebi da akrZalvebi (Sieber 1992:
129).
kritikulad Seswavlisa da eqspoziciis SiSi (Payne et al, 1980).

safrTxe,
romelic
emuqreba
mkvlevars
da
kvlevis
monawileebis
ojaxis wevrebsa da maT nacnobebs (Lee 1993). li (Lee 1993: 34) aRniSnavs,
rom SeiZleba moxdes gayinva, anu rodesac mkvlevari Tavs ikavebs
297
kvlevis ganxorcielebisgan an gavrcelebisgan, radgan kolegebisgan

mtrul
reaqciebs
moelis,
magaliTad,
rasobrivi
niSniT.
danaSaulebriv codnas SeiZleba kolegebis mxridan pirovnuli da

profesiuli riski mohqondes; is safrTxis Semcvelia orivesTvis _
mkvlevrisa da kvlevis monawileebisTvis (De Laine 2000: 67, 84).
meTodologiebi da qceva, magaliTad, rodesac axalgazrda mkvlevari

Zalauflebis
mqone
adamianebs
ikvlevs,
mamakac
interviuers
qali
respondenti hyavs, msxvili politikuri figurebi arian CarTuli, an

roca Znelia wvdoma da gamoaSkaraveba (Simons 1989; Ball 1990; 1994a;
Liebling and Shah 2001).
zogjer yvela an TiTqmis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxi erTad
dgas. faqtiurad, zogierT situaciaSi, ganaTlebis sferoSi realurad
ganxorcielebuli kvleva TavisTavad SeiZleba, sensitiuri iyos. aseTi
viTareba
didxans
ganaTlebis
iyo
sferoSi
totalitaruli
kvlevis
reJimebis
nebarTva,
pirobebSi,
Cveulebisamebr,
roca
mTavrobis
maRalCinosnebs da ganyofilebebis ufrosebs unda gaecaT. daxuruli

sazogadoeba ganaTlebis sferoSi mxolod nebadarTuli, rogorc wesi,
arasensitiuri da SedarebiT apolitikuri sakiTxebis kvlevis saSualebas
iZleva. rogorc li (1993: 6) ambobs, zogierTi jgufis kvleva . . .
anaTemaa sakmaod pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis
aqti, ganurCevlad misi miznisa, fokusisa, meTodologiisa Tu Sedegisa,

ukve sensitiuri saqmea (Morrison 2006). am viTarebaSi ganaTlebis sferoSi
kvlevis Catareba SeiZleba pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze, adgilobriv
politikasa
da
meTodologiuri
mikropolitikaze
sakiTxebi
SeiZleba,
iyos
damokidebuli.
eTikur
da
ubralo
politikur/mikro-
politikur naRmur velad iqces.

li (1993: 4) Tvlis, rom sensitiuri kvleva sam did sferos Seexeba,
esenia: pirad sivrceSi SeWris safrTxe (piradi, stresuli an sakraluri
sferoebis kvleva); deviaciisa da socialuri kontrolis Seswavla anu
kvlevebi, romlebic stigmatizaciis an inkriminaciis (sanqciebis dadebis
298
safrTxe)
gamomwvev
informacias
iZlevian;
politikuri
gaerTianebebi,
romlebic Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebebis an institutebis, iZulebis an

dominirebis, simdidrisa da statusis ukiduresobebisadmi interesebs
avlenen (Lee 1993). rogorc beinoni (Beynon 1988: 23) ambobs, mdidrebi da
Zalauflebis mqoneni hagiografias 6 aqezeben da ara _ kritikul kvlevaZiebas. faqtobrivad, li (Lee 1993: 8) amtkicebs, rom arsebobs zemodanqvemoT
kvlevis
da
ara
qvemodan-zemoT
kvlevis
tendencia,
anu
yuradRebis warmarTva Zalauflebis armqone da ara _ Zalauflebis mqone

jgufebze, gansakuTrebiT, imitom, rom isini ufro ioli sakvlevi da
naklebad sensitiuria. sensitiurma kvlevam SeiZleba susti, daCagruli
jgufebis nacvlad aRimaRlos xma, maT nacvlad, visac ar aqvs xmis
ufleba, an visac ar usmenen. amasTan, mis fokusSi Tanabrad SeiZleba
moxvdnen Zalauflebis mqone da maRal poziciebze myofi adamianebi.
zemoT aRwerili sami saxis sensitiuroba cal-calke an kombinaciaSi
SeiZleba Segvxvdes. sensitiuroba ara marto Tavad Temas exeba, aramed
da, albaT, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Temasa da im socialur konteqsts
Soris
urTierTobasac, romelSic
mkvlevars
ucodvelad
dainteresebuli
miaCnia,
mxareebisTvis
kvleva
kvlevaSi
SeiZleba
(Lee 1993: 5). rac
tardeba
monawileTaTvis
ukiduresad
an
sxva
sensitiuri
iyos.
sensitiurobis ZiriTad wyaros safrTxe warmoadgens. li (Lee 1993: 5)

Tvlis, rom sensitiuri Temebis siis Sedgenaze metad gamosadegi im
pirobebze
dakvirvebaa,
romelSic
warmoiqmneba
sensitiuroba
kvlevis
procesSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarma unda gaiazros, Tu ramdenad

sensitiuri iqneba kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi ara marto Tavad sakvlevi
Temis,
aramed
TvalsazrisiT,
adgilobrivi
am
kvleviT
magaliTad:
politikosebis
dainteresebuli
ufrosi
da
sxvadasxva
maswavleblebis,
gadawyvetilebis
mxaris
mmarTvelebis,
mimRebTa,
mkvlevris
(mkvlevrebis) da sakvlevi Temis, Cinovnikebis, Temis, socialuri muSakebis

6
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: aq hagiografia ixmareba ara rogoroc wmindanTa
cxovrebis aRwera, aramed rogorc movlenebis idealizirebulad warmoCena.
299
da skolis konsultantebis, sponsorebisa da sazogadoebis wevrebis,

kvlevaSi monawile Temis wevrebis da a. S.
sensitiuroba
axasiaTebs
ara
marto
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
sakvlev
Temas, aramed, rac gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, im socialur konteqsts,

romelSic
tardeba
es
kvleva
da
mis
mosalodnel
Sedegebs
yvela
dainteresebuli mxarisTvis. kvlevis Catareba mxolod proeqtis Seqmna da

monacemebis Segroveba, analizi da warmodgena ki ar aris _ es optimizmi,
idealizmi
an
ucodinrobaa,
aramed
pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebi,
potenciurad xangrZlivi molaparakebebi, urTierTobebis delikaturad

damyareba
da
SenarCuneba,
ukan
daxeva,
cvlilebebis
Setana
da
kompromisicaa. idealur samyaroSi ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi momuSave

mkvlevars daubrkoleblad SeeZleboda kvlevis dagegmva da Catareba,
magram idealuri samyaro, poet ietsis sityvebiT ,haeris gansaxierebaa.
ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiuri kvleva amas Zalian naTlad aCvenebs.
sanam
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevis
didi
nawili
sensitiurobis
matarebelia, sensitiuri kvlevis, rogorc aseTis, ganxilvis ZiriTadi

Tema iqneba, Tu ras SeiZleba exebodes es delikaturi sakiTxebi da
rogori SeiZleba iyos maTi umwvavesi gamovlinebebi. mkiTxvels vurCevT,
rom
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevebis
umetesoba
sensitiurad
miiCnios,
winaswar ganWvritos, Tu ra saxis sensitiurobasTan eqneba saqme da ra

kompromisebze SeeZleba wasvla.
SerCeva da xelmisawvdomoba
uolfordi (Walford 2001: 33) amtkicebs, rom sakvlev garemoSi Sesvlis
uflebis mopoveba da gaSinaureba neli procesia. hamersli da atkinsoni
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 54) Tvlian, rom Sesvlis ufleba aramarto
praqtikuli
sakiTxia,
aramed
garemos
socialuri
organizaciis
wvdomasac uzrunvelyofs.
lis (1993: 60) miaCnia, rom sensitiur kvlevaSi SerCevis da wvdomis
potenciurad seriozuli sirTuleebia, gansakuTrebiT, im populaciis
300
zomis
gansazRvris
airCion,
rogorc
devianturi
an
kavSirebis
da
problemis
gamo, saidanac
garkveuli
jgufis
ukanono
jgufebis
gaerTianebebis
SerCevis
wevrebi
warmomadgenlebi,
wevrebs
ar
gamoaSkaraveba.
unda
magaliTad,
endomebaT
TavianTi
analogiurad,
msgavsi
poziciis mqone jgufebs SeiZleba, ar surdeT gareSe Tvalis dakvirvebis

qveS yofna. SeiZleba, maT bevri dakargon TavianTi mikuTvnebulobis
gamJRavnebiT da, faqtiurad, maTi aqtivobebi SeiZleba, iyos arakanonieri,
gasakritikebeli,
arapopularuli,
profesiuli
usafrTxoebisTvis
safrTxis momtani, deviaciuri da, sxva jgufebis aqtivobebTan SedarebiT,

naklebad gavrcelebuli, rac maTdami wvdomas umTavres dabrkolebad
aqcevs. ra xdeba maSin, Tu mkvlevari moswavleebSi gacdenebs, mozardTa
orsulobas, Tanatolebis mxridan daSinebas an webos sunTqvas ikvlevs;
an maswavleblebSi alkoholisa da narkotikebis gamoyeneba, anda is
ojaxuri urTierTobebis problemebi ainteresebs, romlebic saswavlo
procesSi stresis saxiT iCens Tavs?
li (1993: 61) gansakuTrebuli (magaliTad, iSviaTi an deviaciuri)
populaciebidan
SerCevis
aRebis
ramdenime
strategiis
gamoyenebas
gvTavazobs, romlebic cal-calke an kombinaciaSi gamoiyeneba:
siidan
SerCeva:
sazogadoebisTvis
axalganqorwinebulTa
siebis
Ria
wyaroebis,
gadaTvaliereba
(Tumca
magaliTad,
aseTi
siebi
socialuri mkvlevrebisTvis ufro gamosadegi SeiZleba iyos, vidre

konkretulad ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevaze momuSaveTaTvis).
mravalfunqcioba:
gamokiTxvis
gamoyeneba
saWiro
populaciamde
misasvlelad (Tumca konfidencialobis problemebma SeiZleba, xeli

SeuSalos am strategiis gamoyenebas).
daTvaliereba: konkretul adgilze misvla xalxis iq SerCevisTvis

(rac
SesaZloa,
did
Zalisxmevas
saWiroebdes
da
mcire
ukugebas
iZleodes).
gamovlena:
konkretul
adgilze
misvla,
sadac
samizne
jgufis
nacnobi wevrebi gvegulebian (magaliTad, ,,tualetebis klienturad
301
(,,tearoom trade) wodebuli hamfreiseuli (Humphrey 1970) cnobili kvleva,

romelic
ikvlevda
sazogadoebriv
tualetSi
mamakacebs
Soris
anonimuri oraluri seqsis aqts). ganaTlebis sferoSi es SeiZleba,

iyos
TanamSromlebis
(maswavleblebis)
dasasvenebeli
oTaxi
an
Sexvedrebis oTaxi studentebisTvis. es strategia mikerZoebulobis

riskiT xasiaTdeba, radgan ar xdeba SerCevis reprezentaciulobis
martivi gadamowmebac ki.
momsaxureba: li (1993: 72) gvTavazobs, rom monawileebis mozidva

kvlevaSi monawileobis sanacvlod maTTvis garkveuli momsaxurebis
SeTavazebiT SeiZleba moxerxdes. mkvlevari darwmunebuli unda iyos,
rom maT namdvilad SeuZliaT Sepirebuli momsaxurebis gaweva. rogorc
uolfordi
(Walford
2001:
36)
wers:
adamianebi
produqtebs
ar
yiduloben; isini sargebels yiduloben da mkvlevarma garkveviT unda

Tqvas, ra sargebels sTavazobs.
profesionali informantebi: li (1993: 73) ambobs, rom es SeiZleba,

iyvnen, magaliTad, policielebi, eqimebi, sasuliero pirebi an sxva
profesionalebi. ganaTlebis sferoSi es SeiZleba, iyvnen socialuri
muSakebi
da
konsultantebi.
am
strategiis
gamoyenebaze
fiqri
SeiZleba, ararealuri optimistoba iyos, vinaidan mosalodnelia, rom

swored es adamianebi samarTlebrivi an eTikuri konfidencialobiT, an
nebayoflobiTi
TviTcenzuriT
iyvnen
SezRudulni
(magaliTad,
aiv
Sidsis konsultants mZime samuSao dRis Semdeg SeiZleba, sulac ar

undodes ucnob adamianTan isev Sidsis Temaze laparaki, socialur
muSaks an konsultants profesiuli konfidencialoba zRudavdes, an
gadaRlil maswavlebels ar surdes saswavlo procesis siZneleebze
saubari). garda amisa, li Tvlis, rom maSinac ki, Tu aseTi adamianebi
Tanxmdebian monawileobaze, maT SeiZleba, yvelaferi arc icodnen. lis
(1993:
73)
moaqvs
narkomanebis
magaliTi,
romelTac
sruliad
gansxvavebuli kontaqti SeiZleba hqondeT policielebTan da eqimebTan

an socialur muSakebTan; an, aqedan gamomdinare, policia, eqimebi da
302
socialuri muSakebi SeiZleba, ver xedavdnen nakromanTa am erTsa da

imave jgufs.
reklamireba: miuxedavad imisa, rom am gziT potenciurad farTo

populaciis
wvdomaa
kontroli,
Tu
SesaZlebeli,
vin
SeiZleba,
gamoexmaureba,
Zneli
iyos
reprezentaciulobis
imis
an
Sesatyvisobis TvalsazrisiT.
kontaqtebis damyareba: es strategia zvavisebr SerCevas hgavs, rodesac

adamianebis erTi jgufi mkvlevars ufro met adamianTan akavSirebs,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, kidev
sxvebTan akavSireben da a. S. es farTod
gamoyenebuli teqnikaa, Tumca li (1993: 66) ambobs, rom yovelTvis ioli

ar aris kontaqtebis moZieba, vinaidan sawyis informants SeiZleba, ar
undodes mWidrod Sekruli Temis wevrebis gamoaSkaraveba. meore mxriv,
morisoni (2006) aRniSnavs, rom kontaqtebis damyareba popularuli
teqnikaa,
rodesac
Znelia
iseT
formalur
organizaciaSi
SeRweva,
rogoric skolaa, an guSagebi (isini, visac SeuZlia nebarTvis micemaarmicema, magaliTad, ufrosi maswavlebeli an xelmZRvaneli pirebi) ar
iZlevian
Sesvlis
araformaluri
uflebas.
kavSirebis
is
saubrobs
farTod
gamoyenebaze
megobrebisa da profesiuli nacnobebis

profesiul
nacnobebs
kontaqtebis damyarebas
uolfordi
(2001:
daukavSirdnen
mkvlevrebis
im
mizniT,
mier
rom
meSveobiT maT megobrebsa da

da
skolebSi
formaluri
gverdi auaron.
36_47)
Sesvlis
uflebis
miRebis
oTxsafexurian
process aRwers:
1. miaxloeba (Sesvla, savaraudod, saerTo megobris an kolegis _

damakavSirebeli pirovnebis _ meSveobiT): am konteqstSi uolfordi
(2001) gvafrTxilebs, rom warsadgeni werili mxolod Sesavali
intervius an Sexvedris uflebis mopovebisTvis unda gamoviyenoT;
an imisTvis, rom direqtorTan satelefono saubarze SeTanxmdeT im
mizniT, rom masTan Sexvedra daTqvaT da ara imisTvis, rom kvleva
CaataroT an Sesvlis ufleba miiRoT.
303
2. interesi
(satelefono
SesaTanxmeblad):
SeniSnavs,
saubris
amasTan
rom
gamoyeneba
dakavSirebiT
direqtorebs
pirveli
Sexvedris
uolfordi
uyvarT
(2001:
laparaki,
43)
amitom
mniSvnelovania, rom maT mivceT amis saSualeba telefoniTac ki,

rodesac kvlevaze sasaubrod Sexvedraze uTanxmdebiT.
3. survili
(winaaRmdegobebis
daZleva
da
kvlevis
sargeblebis
xazgasma): rogorc uolfordi (2001: 44) keTilgonierad SeniSnavs:

bolos da bolos skolas xom sul sxva miznebi aqvs, vidre is, rom
kvlevis veli iyos. is amiT ambobs, rom kvleva SeiZleba marTlac
sasargeblo iyos skolisTvis, magram skola ver xvdebodes amas,
sanam ar miuTiTeben. magaliTad, direqtors SeiZleba undodes, rom
mkvlevris imedi hqondes; maswavleblebma SeiZleba sargebeli naxon
mkvlevarTan gamarTuli diskusiebidan; moswavleebisTvis sargebeli
SeiZleba is iyos, rom viRac dainteresdeba da kiTxvebs dausvams
swavlis Sesaxeb.
4. gayidva
(rodesac
potenciuri
monawile
Tanxmdeba
kvlevaSi
monawileobaze).
uiti da eduardsi (Whitty and Edwards 1994: 22) amtkiceben, rom Sesvlis
uflebis
miRebis
problemebis
dasaZlevad
da
monawileebis
dasayolieblad gamWriaxobaaa saWiro, zogjer ki cdunebac dasaSvebia:

mas Semdeg, rac damoukidebelma skolam uari gviTxra TanamSromlobaze,
dawyebiTi skolis meSveobiT SemTxveviT SevxvdiT zogierT mSobels,
romelTa Svilebic am skolaSi swavlobdnen da Semdeg damoukidebel
skolebs
vuTxariT,
moswavleebis
rom
Sesaxeb.
ukve
viRebdiT
avtorebi
garkveul
imasac
informacias
amateben,
rom
maTi
xandaxan
aucilebelia, mkvlevrebma Tqvan, rom isini kvlevis monawileTa mxares

arian.1 faqtobrivad, isini amboben, rom xSirad ukiTxavT Cveni sakuTari
mosazrebebis Sesaxeb da yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi mxridan
saeWvo damokidebuleba meore mxaresTan gamogvdgomia misgan Sesvlis
nebarTvis misaRebad (Whitty and Edwards 1994: 22). es isev bekeris (1968)
304
rCevasTan gvabrunebs _ mkvlevrebma unda gadawyviton, Tu vis mxares

arian.
zvavisebri
SerCevis
gamoyenebas
usafrTxoeba
Semoaqvs
(Lee 1993),
vinaidan zvavis wevrebi icnoben da endobian kontaqtebs. es ki asea,

magram am moments SeiZleba tendenciuroba sdevdes Tan, radgan SerCevis
wevrTa Soris urTierToba SeiZleba reciprokuli da tranzituli iyos
(Lee 1993: 67), anu monawileebs SeiZleba mWidro urTierTobebi hqondeT
erTmaneTTan da ar surdeT amis gafuWeba. amgvarad, savaraudod, SerCevis
Tvisebebis homogenurobas miviRebT.
aseTma zvavisebrma SerCevam SesaZloa kvleva Secvalos, magaliTad,
SemTxveviTi, stratificirebuli an proporciuli SerCeva mosaxerxebel
SerCevad aqcios da amiT ganzogadebadoba Seamciros, an bevri SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
sinTezirebiT
ganzogadebadobis
uzrunvelyofis
saWiroeba
Seqmnas. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, xSirad dgeba momenti, roca arCevani

araalbaTuri SerCevis strategiebis gamoyenebasa da saerTod arafris
gakeTebas Soris unda gakeTdes.
sensitiuri kvlevis Catarebis mizniT adamianebTan misvlis nebarTvis
aRebasTan
dakavSirebuli
mkvlevrisgan
mkvlevrebma
did
sakiTxebi
gamWriaxobasa
winaswar
marjved
da
unda
dagegmvis
procesSi
windaxedulebas
gaTvalon
SeiZleba
saWiroebdes.
sakvlevi
jgufis
wvdomasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da ise dagegmon kvleva, rom

Tavidan
airidon
institutSi
aseTi
Caataron,
an
problemebi,
piradi
magaliTad,
garemoebebi
kvleva
ikvlion,
sakuTar
Tundac
amiT
ganzogadebadoba zaraldebodes. aseTma winaswar ganWvretilma qcevam

SeiZleba
SemTxvevis
institutebis
Sesaxeb
Seswavlis,
praqtikuli
angariSebis
siuxve
kvlevisa
Seqmnas,
da
radgan,
sakuTari
wvdomis
problemis arsebobis pirobebSi, es kvlevis erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi

nairsaxeobebia.
305
guSagebi
wvdomis nebarTvis miReba guSagebis anu im adamianebis meSveobiT aris
SesaZlebeli, vinc akontroleben wvdomas. li (1993: 123) aRniSnavs, rom
socialuri
wvdoma
arsebiTad
aris
pirovnebaTSorisi
damokidebuli
ndobis damyarebaze. guSagebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben kvlevaSi,

gansakuTrebiT eTnografiul kvlevaSi (Miller and Bell 2002:
53). isini
akontroleben wvdomas da ganmeorebiT wvdomas (Miller and Bell 2002:

isini
iZlevian
mimarTuleba
mkvlevari
Sesvlis
miscen
xan
uflebas
kvlevis
erTi
an
blokaven
process
mimarTulebiT
imiT,
rom
waiyvanon,
mas;
maT
velze
xan
55).
SeuZliaT
muSaobisas
meoriT,
an
zedamxedveloba gauwion kvlevas.

guSagebma SeiZleba moisurvon riskis acileba, SezRudva, gazrda an
gakontroleba da, Sesabamisad, daabrkolon wvdoma an Tavisi pirobebi
wamoayenon. wvdomis maTeuli pirobebis wamoyenebam SeiZleba Secvalos
dagegmili kvlevis buneba meTodologiis, SerCevis, fokusis, gavrcelebis,
sandoobis
da
validobis,
angariSis
momzadebis
da
monacemebis
kontrolis TvalsazrisiT (Morriison 2006).

morisonma
(2006)
aRmoaCina,
rom
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
sensitiuri
kvlevis warmoebisas SeiZleba Semdegi xasiaTis problemebi Seiqmnas:
skolebSi Sesvlis an maswavleblebTan misvlis nebarTvis aReba;
kvlevis Catarebis uflebis aReba (magaliTad, skolis direqtorisgan);
direqtorebis ukmayofileba;
adamianebi,
romlebic
yuradRebiT
akontroleben,
Tu
romeli
monacemebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba;
SerCevaSi
moxvedris
msurveli
sakmarisi
raodenobis
monawileebis
povna;
skolebi/institutebi/adamianebi, romelTac ar surT sakuTari Tavis

Sesaxeb informaciis gamJRavneba;
306
skolebi/institutebi,
romelTac
ar
surT,
rom
identificirebuli
iyvnen maSinac ki, roca dacva garantirebulia;
adgilobrivi
politikuri
faqtorebi,
romlebic
zemoqmedeben
skolaze/saganmanaTleblo institutze;
maswavleblebis/monawileebis SiSi, rom maTi vinaoba gamJRavndeba/maT

miagneben maSinac ki, roca dacva garantirebulia;
monawileobis
raime
SiSi
kritikuls
maswavleblebis
ityvian
mxridan
skolis
an
(magaliTad,
sxvebis
Tu
Sesaxeb,
isini
SeiZleba,
dakargon samsaxuri);
samsaxurSi datvirTulobis gamo maswavleblebs ar surT kvlevaSi

monawileoba;
direqtori TanamSromlebTan gasaubrebis gareSe wyvets, CarTos Tu

ara isini SerCevaSi;
skolas eSinia kritikis/saxis an reputaciis dakargvis;
kvlevis sensitiuroba _ sakvlevi sakiTxebi;
mkvlevris
uflebamosileba/pozicia
(magaliTad,
Tu
mkvlevari
axalgazrda an xanSiSesuli TanamSromelia, an gavleniani pirovnebaa

ganaTlebis sferoSi).
riskis
Semcirebas
monawileTa
mxridan
kvlevisTvis
pirobebis
wamoyeneba SeiZleba, mohyves (magaliTad, imis Taobaze, Tu ra informaciis

gamoyeneba SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mkvlevars, visTvis SeuZlia monacemebis
Cveneba,
ras
niSnavs
konfidencialur
mkvlevarze
konfidencialuri
Canawerebsa
Tu
(da
SeniSvnebs).
zedamxedvelobac/mkvlevris
Tanxlebac
ra
mouva
riskis
aseT
Semcirebas
SeiZleba
mohyves
drois im monakveTSi, sanam kvleva adgilze warmoebs (Lee 1993: 125).

SeiZleba,
guSagebs
dabeWdili
da
gamocemuli
kvlevis
Semowmeba,
modificireba an dafarva surdeT (Lee 1993: 128). SeiZleba, maT kvlevis

sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyenebac undodeT, anu maTi CarTuloba ar iyos
uangaro anda uintereso; an sanacvlod iTxovdnen raimes, magaliTad,
307
mkvlevrisgan
iTxovdnen,
rom
kvlevaSi
piradad
maTTvis
saintereso
sfero CarTon, an uSualod mis _ da, SeiZleba, mxolod mis _ winaSe iyos
angariSvaldebuli.
mkvlevarma
winaswar
unda
potenciuri safrTxeebi, rom ar CaTvalon
SeaTanxmos
am
saxis
direqtoris informatorad.
rogorc uolfordi (2001: 45) wers: direqtorma (SeiZleba) SesTavazos

mkvlevars,
rom
Sesaxebac
Tavad
daakvirdes
mas
surs
im
konkretul
informaciis
maswavlebels,
miReba.
SeiZleba,
romlis
mkvlevars
dasWirdes monawileebis darwmuneba, rom maTi monacemebi ar moxvdeba

direqtorTan.
meore
mxriv,
li
(1993:
127)
fiqrobs,
rom
mkvlevari
mcireoden
daTmobebze unda wavides, raTa SeZlos kvlevis ganxorcieleba, anu

sjobs, guSagis moTxovnebis mcire nawili Seasrulos, vidre saerTod
ver SeZlos kvlevis warmoeba.
guSagis
garda,
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba,
sakvlev
jgufSi
ipovos
sponsori anu adamiani, vinc uzrunvelyofs wvdomas, informaciasa da

mxardaWeras. amis cnobili magaliTia dokis figura uaitiseul klasikur
kvlevaSi
Street Corner Society
(1993.
originaluri
kvleva
1943
wels
gamoqveynda). doki, bandis lideri CikagoSi, ambobs (gv. 292):

Tqven miTxariT, ra gindaT, rom gavakeToT da gavakeTebT. roca raime
informacia gindaT, me moviTxov mas da Tqven mousmineT. roca cxovrebis
maTeuli filosofiis gageba gindaT, me daviwyeb ganxilvas da Tqven CaerTeT
. . . aranairi problema ar geqnebaT. Tqven megobrad gvekuTvniT.
(Whyte 1993: 292)
rogorc uaiti wers:

Cemi urTierToba dokTan swrafad Seicvala . . . Tavdapirvelad is,
ubralod, informaciis mTavari wyaro da Cemi sponsoric iyo. masTan didi
drois gatarebis Semdeg aRar aRviqvamdi mas pasiur informatorad. sakmaod
gulRiad ganvixilavdi masTan, ris gakeTebas vcdilobdi, ra problemebi
mawuxebda da a. S. . . . ase rom, doki marTlac kvlevis realur TanamSromlad
iqca.
308

(Whyte 1993: 301)
uaiti aRwers, Tu, rogor moqcevas urCevda doki im adamianebTan, visac

kvlevis farglebSi xvdeboda:
frTxilad iyavi mag vin, ra, ratom, rodis, sad-ebTan, bil. am
kiTxvebs dausvam da adamianebi pirSi wyals Caigubeben. Tu xalxi migiRebs,
sadRac iqve SeZleb yofnas da, saboloo jamSi, kiTxvebis dasmis gareSec
gaigeb pasuxebs.
(Whyte 1993: 303)
faqtiurad, dokma Tavisi roli Seasrula kvleviTi naSromis daweraSi:

roca davwere, sxvadasxva nawili vaCvene doks da detalurad gaviareT
erTad. misi kritika fasdaudebeli iyo gadasinjvisas (gv. 341). 1993 wlis
gamocemaSi uaiti kvlevaze msjelobisas svams kiTxvas _ eqspluatacia
xom
ar
gauwia
sasargeblo
man
doks
Sexsenebaa,
(gv.
362).
romelic
es
aucilebeli
sensitiuri
reciprokulobis
kvlevis
warmoebisas
SeiZleba moiazrebodes.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom SerCevisa da wvdomis sakiTxebis
mogvarebisas aRsaniSnavia ramdenime momenti (5. 1 CanarTi).
CanarTi 5. 1.
SerCevisa da wvdomis sakiTxebi sensitiur kvlevaSi
rogor gamovTvaloT populaciis da SerCevis zoma.
ramdenad SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos SerCeva populaciis reprezentaciuli.
rogori SerCevaa sasurveli (magaliTad, SemTxveviTi), magram rogoria is
erTaderTi
SerCeva
(magaliTad,
zvavisebri),
romelic
praqtikaSi
ganxorcielebadi iqneba.
rogor
gamoviyenoT
kavSirebi
SerCevamde
misasvlelad
da
ra
saxis
kavSirebi gamoviyenoT.
rogor vawarmooT kvleva monawileTaTvis safrTxis Semcvel situaciaSi
(mkvlevris CaTvliT).
rogor davicvaT monawileTa vinaoba da safrTxis/riskis qveS myofi
jgufebi.
309

rogor davukavSirdeT Znelad misawvdom adamianebs.
rogor uzrunvelvyoT da SevinarCunoT wvdoma.
rogor vipovoT da CavrToT kvlevaSi guSagebi da sponsorebi.
ra SevTavazoT guSagebsa da sponsorebs.
ra sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba kompromisze wasvla.
ra sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT aris SeuZlebeli kompromisze wasvla.
rogor davamyaroT da SevinarCunoT urTierTobebi velze.
ra momsaxurebis gaweva SegviZlia, rogorc mkvlevars.
rogor davamyaroT Tavdapirveli kontaqti potenciur samizne jgufTan.
kvlevebis umravlesoba uZlebs an ver uZlebs SerCevis etaps. es

ganamtkicebs
Cvens
mosazrebas,
rom
kvlevis
mTlianad
akrZalvas,
SesaZloa, SerCevisa da wvdomis Taobaze kompromisis miRweva sjobdes.

SeiZleba, kompromisi ukeTesi gamosavali iyos, vidre saerTod kvlevaze
uaris Tqma.
eTikuri sakiTxebi sensitiur kvlevaSi

sensitiur kvlevaSi sirTules qmnis is, rom mkvlevars devianturi
jgufebis
an
skolis
im
wevrebis
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba
hqondes
danaSaulebrivi codna (De Laine 2000) da am codnaSi gasvrili xelebi

(Klockars
1979),
visac
skolis
deklarirebuli
ZiriTadi
misiisadmi
sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebebi aqvT. Tu kidev ufro Sors wavalT, es

niSnavs, rom mkvlevarma unda daadginos is sazRvrebi, romlis miRmac
aRar gariskavs. magaliTad, glazgos bandis patrikiseul kvlevaSi (Patrick
1973) mkvlevari mkvlelobis mowme gaxda. unda Seatyobinos man amis
Sesaxeb
policias
da
amiT
gamoiaSkaravos
Tavi,
Tu
gaCumdes,
raTa
bandasTan kontaqti SeinarCunos da, amgvarad, daarRvios kanoni, romelic

mkvlelobis Sesaxeb gancxadebas moiTxovs?
moswavleebis
wamowion
interviuirebisas
sakuTari
Tavis,
ojaxis
maT
da
SeiZleba
sensitiuri
maswavleblebis
Sesaxeb.
Temebi
aseTi
informaciis miRebisas mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, moimoqmedos Tu ara
310
raime da Tu ki, ra da rogor. ra unda qnas mkvlevarma, Tu, magaliTad,

direqtoris
mmarTvelobis
respondenti
ambobs,
mSobelTan
an
Sesaxeb
rom
maswavleblis
direqtors
alkoholTan
sqesobrivi
dakavSirebuli
interviuirebisas,
urTierToba
problemebi
hqonda
aqvs?
aseT
SemTxvevebSi mkvlevari, kvlevisTvis saWiro codna rom miiRos, unda

gaCumdes, Tu unda imoqmedos? ra Sedis sazogadoebis interesebSi _ erTi
calkeuli monawilis piradi cxovrebis dacva Tu mkvlevris interesebi?
li
(1993:
139)
miuTiTebs,
mizanmimarTulad
igonebdes
danaSaulebriv
codnas
rom
iseT
zogierTi
situaciebs,
awvdis
da
monawile
SeiZleba
romliTac
mkvlevars
amowmebs
mkvlevris
amiT
midrekilebebs: ndobis testi.

eTikuri
kvlevaSi.
sakiTxebi
faruli
deviaciuri
an
mosapoveblad
gamkveTrebulia
kvlevis
sakiTxi
sensitiuri
mkvlevris
ganaTlebis
wina
planze
situaciebis
farulad
muSaobas
sferoSi
sensitiur
gadmodis,
vinaidan
Seswavla
monacemebis
SeiZleba,
saWiroebdes.
farul kvlevaSi SesaZlebelia reaqtiulobis problemebis daZleva (Lee

1993:
143),
rodesac
kvleva
gavlenas
axdens
monawileTa
qcevaze
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 71). is mkvlevars jgufis wevrebis realuri

moazrebebis
moaxerxebs,
gagebis
Tu
maT,
SesaZleblobasac
visac
is
aZlevs,
ikvlevs,
rasac
ecodinebaT,
mkvlevari
rom
ver
ikvleven;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Sesvlaze, ubralod, uars etyvian da mkvlevars

xeli aRar miuwvdeba codnis mniSvnelovan sferoebze. es gansakuTrebiT
ase xdeba Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvlevisas, romelTac SeiZleba
ar surdeT informaciis gamJRavneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, wyvetdnen an
uars ambobdnen Sesvlis nebarTvis gacemaze. informirebuli Tanxmobis
eTikuri sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSi ignorirebulia gamovlenili viTarebebis
interesebis sasargeblod, rac sazogadoebis interesicaa.
im braldebisTvis, rom es jaSuSobas hgavs, miCeli (Mitchell 1993: 46)
naTlad
ambobs,
gansxvavebaa:
rom
farul
kvlevasa
da
jaSuSobas
Soris
didi
311
jaSuSoba
ideologiurad
proaqtiulia,
xolo
kvleva
ideologiurad gulubryvilo (Mitchell 1993: 46). is amtkicebs, rom

jaSuSebi
konkretuli
sistemis
an
ideologiis
muSaobas
uwyobnen
xels, kvleva ki gagebas cdilobs da ara _ darwmunebas.
jaSuSebs
aqvT
gancda,
rom
misias
asruleben
da
garkveuli
instrumentuli miznebis miRwevas cdiloben, xolo kvlevas ar aqvs

aseTi specifikuri miznebi.
jaSuSebs sjeraT, rom isini moralurad ufro maRla dganan, vidre

maTi dakvirvebis subieqtebi, xolo mkvlevars ar aqvs aseTi gancda.
faqtiurad, sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb refleqsiis Sedegad,
mkvlevari metad cdilobs, rom misma rolma ar daamaxinjos kvleva.
jaSuSebs zurgs umagreben institutebi, romelTac gawvrTnes isini da

sxvadasxvagvari maxeebis dageba da xrikebi aswavles, xolo mkvlevrebs
aseTi treningi ar gauvliaT.
jaSuSebs fuls uxdian am saqmeSi, mkvlevrebi ki xSirad yovelgvari

mogebis gareSe an sakuTari interesis gamo moqmedeben.
meore mxriv, informirebuli Tanxmobis miRebis gareSe monawileebma
Tavi
motyuebulad,
Zalian
gabrazebulad,
gamoyenebulad
da
eqspluatirebulad SeiZleba igrZnon, roca sabolood kvlevis Sedegebi

gamoqveyndeba da isini mixvdebian, rom maTi Tanxmobis gareSe ikvlevdnen.2
moRalated aRiqmeba mkvlevari (Lee 1993: 157), romelic kvlevas statusis,
Semosavlis
an
profesiuli
winsvlisTvis
iyenebs,
razec
kvlevis
monawileebs uari eTqvaT. rogorc li (1993: 157) aRniSnavs: axali ar

aris,
rom
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebis
zogierTi
getos
dasaxlebis mcxovreblebs gadabrunebuli sityva ar dacdeniaT
tipis
aTobiT
moswavle skolaSi rom miiyvanes. garda amisa, kvlevaSi gamoyenebul

adamianebs
SeiZleba
arc
hqondeT
iolad
pasuxis
gacemis
ufleba;
Tvlidnen, rom kvlevaSi arasworad warmoCndnen; hqondeT gancda, rom

uari eTqvaT xmis uflebaze; ar undodeT, rom cnobadi iyvnen da maTi
312
pirovnuli situacia sajro ganxilvis sagnad iqces; grZnobdnen, rom maT

eqspluatacia gauwies.
anonimurobis safarveli, rodesac respondentebi sruliad amoucnobni
arian, xSirad gadamwyvet rols asrulebs sensitiur kvlevaSi. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, deduqciuri amocnobis sakiTxi dgeba (Boruch and Cecil 1979),
rodesac
individebis
amocnoba
monacemebis
rekonstruqciiT
da
kombinirebiT aris SesaZlebeli. mkvlevarma Tavi unda daizRvios am

SesaZleblobisgan.
Tu
warmodgenili
detalebi
SesaZlebels
xdis
pirovnebis identificirebas (magaliTad, Tu skolis kvlevaSi mxolod

erTi 50 wlis mamakaci maswavlebelia, romelic biologias aswavlis,
saxelis
xseneba
sulac
ar
iqneba
aucilebeli
mis
amosacnobad),
mkvlevarma ar unda gaamJRavnos aseTi detalebi, raTa mkiTxvelma, romc

undodes respodentis amosacnobad detalebis gaerTianeba, ver SeZlos es.
mkvlevars, SeiZleba, surdes konfidencialobis dacva, magram isic
undodes, rom individebisgan informacia erTze meti Sexvedrisas miiRos.
am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia bmuli failis sistemis gamoyeneba (Lee 1993:
173): keTdeba sami faili. pirvelSi monacemebi inaxeba da monawileebs
SemTxveviTad
eniWebaT
ricxvebi.
meore
failSi
respondentebis
siaa,
mesameSi ki is informaciaa moTavsebuli, romelic aucilebelia pirvel

failSi mocemuli SemTxveviTi ricxvebisa da meoreSi Senaxuli saxelebis
erTmaneTTan
dasakavSireblad.
mesame
faili
neitralur
brokerTan
inaxeba da ara _ mkvlevarTan. es procedura ormagad brma klinikur

eqsperiments hgavs, romelSic mkvlevarma ar icis, romeli monawile iRebs
eqsperimentul wamals da romeli _ placebos. li aRiarebs, rom amis
gakeTeba SeiZleba ufro advili iyos raodenobrivi da ara _ Tvisebrivi
monacemebis SemTxvevaSi.
cxadia,
skolebisa
skolebis
zog
da
SemTxvevaSi
departamentebis
amocnoba
maTi
SeuZlebelia
ver
amocnoba,
gansakuTrebuli
calkeuli
adamianebis,
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
gamorCeulobiT
(Whitty and
Eswards 1994: 22). aseT SemTxvevebSi kargad unda ganisazRvros informaciis
313
gamJRavnebis pirobebi. es arc ise martivia, rogorc SeiZleba Candes.

magaliTad,
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevis
zogadi
principia,
rom
individebs ziani ar unda miadgeT (zianis miuyenebloba), magram ra xdeba

maSin, Tu iseTi Tema gamoitanes saaSkaraoze, romelic sazogadoebis
legitimur interesebSi Sedis (magaliTad, skolaSi saTanadod ar aris
daculi
Tavad
sabuRaltro
unda
procedurebi)?
gaarkvios,
sajaro
mkvlevarma
gaxados,
Tu
aRmoCenili
saerTod
viTareba
araferi
unda
moimoqmedos? saqmis garkvevis SemTxvevaSi skolaSi momuSave Tanamdebobis

pirebs namdvilad miadgebaT ziani.
eTikuri sakiTxebi kvlevis warmoebisas mkveTrad vlindeba pirovnuli,
instituciuri da sazogadoebrivi politikis fonze da sazogado da
pirad
sferoebs
Soris
sazRvari
aramarto
fardobiTia,
aramed
bundovanic. debatebma eTikis Temaze imata, magaliTad, im potenciuri

daZabulobis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebobs pirad cxovrebaze individis
uflebasa da sazogadoebis codnis uflebas Soris; aseve, individisTvis
zianis miuyeneblobaze zrunvasa da sazogadoebriv sikeTeze zrunvas
Soris. vinaidan sazogado da piradi sferoebi SeiZleba erTiandebodnen,
Znelia, Tu SeuZlebeli ara, aseTi daZabulobis iolad ganmuxtva (cf. Day
1985; Lee 1993).
uolfordi
wers
sazogadoebis interesisTvis . . .
(2001:
30):
potenciuri
sargebeli
didi iyo. kvlevis monawileTa pirad
cxovrebaSi garkveulwilad SeWra ki moxda, magram amis gamarTleba

kvleviT SeiZleboda . . . es mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxia. mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas.
es sakiTxebi yvelaze mkveTrad dgas, Tu kvleva negatiuri Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis
riskis
winaSe
dgas.
garkveuli
praqtikebis
sakvlev
obieqtad qceva SeiZleba Ria Wrilobidan saxvevis aZrobis tolfasi iyos.

ra valdebulebebi aqvs mkvlevars mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis winaSe? Tu
kvlevis negatiuri angariSi gamoqveynda, samomavlod skolebi Sewyveten
da akrZalaven Tu ara kvlevis warmoebas (konkretuli problemaa, Tu
mkvlevars ukan unda dabruneba, an surs, rom sxva mkvlevrebs ar hqondeT
314
skolaSi Sesvlis nebarTvis miRebis problema)? vis emsaxureba mkvlevari

_ sazogadoebas, skolebs Tu mkvlevarTa wres? aq SeiZleba mkvlevris
simpaTiebis
SeiZleba
sakiTxis
dadges;
arakomfortuli
aseT
viTarebaSi
partniorebi
politika
iyvnen.
da
negatiuri
eTika
kvlevis
monacemebiT, rogoricaa skolebSi konformulobis treningis negatiuri

dafaruli programa (Morrison 2005a), mkvlevari, albaT, ver moawonebs
skolebs Tavs. aman SeiZleba CaaxSos ganaTlebis sferoSi kvleva, rac,
ubralod, ar Rirs pirad an sazogadoebis xarjebad. rogorc saimonsi
(2000: 45) wers: fasi Zalian didia.
garda
amisa,
socialurma
mqone,
mecnierebma
privilegirebul
romelTac
(Mitchell 1993: 54)
miCeli
SeiZleba,
SeiZleba
da
Tavi
SeWidul
surdeT,
rom
wers,
rom
moridebulma
gaiTavisuflon
jgufebTan
dafaron
Zalauflebis
Sejaxebis
TavianTi
qmedebebi
interesebi sazogadoebis Tvalisgan. (aseve, ix. Lee 1993: 8).

mkvlevrebs
ar
surdeT
Zalauflebis
mqoneTa
riskisgan,
da
safiqralia,
Seuracxyofa,
uxerxul
situaciebSi aRmoCena. rogorc saimonsi da aSeri (2000: 5) SeniSnaven:

politika da eTika ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan.
moswavleebi
da
maswavleblebi
pirad
saubrebSi
SeiZleba
akritikebdnen TavianT skolebs, magaliTad, menejmentis, mmarTvelobis,

gadatvirTuli
grafikisa
da
stresis
gamo,
magram
ar
surdeT
amis
sajarod gakeTeba; faqtobrivad, maswavleblebi, romlebic ganaxlebadi

kontraqtis safuZvelze muSaoben, ar moiWrian xels, romelic maT kvebavs.
isini sul gaCumdebian da kritikuli araferi dascdebaT (Burgess 1993;
Morrison 2001a; 2002b).
eTikis
sfero
ganaTlebis
sferos
gansxvavdeba
yoveldRiuri
kvlevis
diapazoniT.
aq
warmoebisas
kvlevis
kvlevaSi
eTikisgan
da
igive
mniSvnelovnebiT
ara
eTikuri
sakiTxTa
sakiTxebia
mosagvarebeli da mkiTxvels meore Tavis gadaxedvas vurCevdiT. Tumca,

mniSvnelovani
eTikuri
sakiTxebi
gansakuTrebiT
aris
gamokveTili
sensitiur kvlevaSi. es sakiTxebi warmodgenilia 5. 2. CanarTSi
315
CanarTi 5. 2.
sensitiuri kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
rogor umklavdeba mkvlevari danaSaulebrivi codnisa da gasvrili
xelebis sakiTxs?
vis mxares aris mkvlevari? saWiroa Tu ara amis gamxela? ra xdeba maSin,
Tu mkvlevari ar aris gamokvleulTa mxares?
rodis aris gamarTlebuli faruli kvleva?
rodis aris gamarTlebuli informirebuli Tanxmobis arqona?
aris Tu ara faruli kvleva jaSuSoba?
rogor
maTdami,
unda
daZlios
rogorc
mklevarma
obieqtebTan
monawileebis
mopyroba
da
eqspluatirebis
ara
rogorc
(anu
kvlevis
subieqtebTan anu cdis pirebTan) braldeba?

rogor unda uzrunvelyos mkvlevarma konfidencialoba da anonimuroba?
rogor unda SenarCundes balansi individis piradi cxovrebis uflebasa
da sazogadoebis codnis uflebas Soris?
realurad ra Sedis sazogadoebis interesebSi?
rogor
unda
gavumklavdeT
situacias,
sadac
SeuZlebelia,
rom
ar
amoicnon monawileebi?
ra
pasuxismgeblobebi
aqvs
mkvlevars
mkvlevarTa
wreSi,
romelTagan
zogierTs SeiZleba samomavlod imave sferoSi surdes kvlevis warmoeba?

rogor
agvarebs
mkvlevari
SeSinebuli
an
damfrTxali
jgufebis
problemas, romlebmac SeiZleba Zalian cota ram Tqvan?

ra saxis dacvas uzrunvelyofs kvleva, visTvis da risgan?
ra valdebulebebi aqvs mkvlevars?

es CamonaTvali mxolod sawyis sakiTxebs moicavs. am da sxva eTikuri
sakiTxebis
ufro
sruli
ganxilvisTvis
mkiTxvels
meore
Tavis
gadakiTxvas vurCevdiT. eTikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli siZnele isaa,

rom isini situaciuri xasiaTisaa (Simons and Usher 2000) anu specifikur
adgilobriv
SeTanxmeba
garemoebebsa
da
damuSaveba
da
situaciebzea
konkretuli
damokidebuli.
situaciis
maTze
maxasiaTeblebTan
316
mimarTebiT unda moxdes. zogadi miTiTebebi gamosadegia, magram isini,

rogorc wesi, ar wyveten praqtikul problemebs, maTi interpretacia
adgilze Seqmnili viTarebis Sesatyvisad unda moxdes.
Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvleva

sensitiuri
kvlevis
erT-erT
mimarTulebas
Seadgens
kvlevebi,
romlebic Zalauflebis mqone adamianebze, an maTTan erTad warmoebs; es

arian wamyvan poziciebze an elitarul organizaciebSi myofi adamianebi.
ganaTlebis sferoSi, magaliTad, es SeiZleba iyvnen direqtorebi da
ufrosi
maswavleblebi,
saxelmwifo
moxeleebi,
politikosebi,
wamyvan
gadawyvetilebis
postebze
mimRebni,
myofi
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis moxeleebi da skolis mmarTvelebi. es Tema gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, roca kvleva politikisa da marTvis sakiTxebs exeba
(Walford 1994a: 3). Zalauflebis mqoneTa kvleva qvemodan zemoT kvlevis
magaliTia da ara _ tradiciuli zemodan qvemoT kvlevis (magaliTad,
bavSvebis, maswavleblebisa da praqtikantebis kvleva).
kvlevas
sensitiurad
Camoyalibebisa
da
aqcevs
is,
rom
gadawyvetilebebis
xSirad
miRebis
exeba
politikis
sakiTxebs;
sakiTxebs,
romlebic aqtualuri ganxilvis da polemikis sagania maTi politikuri

sensitiurobis gamo. es SeiZleba wvdomaze xSiri uaris erT-erTi mizezic
iyos. Zalauflebis mqoneni arian isini, vinc kontrols axorcieleben
sasurveli an SesaZlebeli miznebis miRwevis uzrunvelsayofad, didi
pasuximgeblobis mqoneni da isini, visi gadawyvetilebebic mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs bevr adamianze.
akademiuri ganaTlebis sferoSi Zalauflebis mqoneTa kvleva SeiZleba
ar hgavdes am sferoSi kvlevis sxva formebs imiT, rom SeuZlebeli iyos
konfidencialobis
uzrunvelyofa.
monawileebi
identificirebuli
da
sazogadoebaSi cnobili figurebi arian. aman SeiZleba cenzuris da

TviTcenzuris
niSnavs,
rom
problemebi
warmoqmnas
konfidencialurad
da
(Walford 1994c: 229).

araformalurad
es
imasac
gacemuli
317
informacia, samwuxarod, aseve unda darCes. Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa

kvlevaSi wamoWrili sakiTxia identobis gamJRavneba, gansakuTrebiT, im
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
gaurkvevelia,
ra
iTqva
oficialuri
CanawerebisTvis da ra _ ara (Fitz and Halpin 1994: 35-6).

fici
da
halpini
(1994)
miuTiTeben,
rom
ministrma,
romelTanac
interviu hqondaT, dasawyisSive ganacxada, Tu risi Tqma SeiZleboda.

isini imasac aRniSnaven, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvlevaSi
naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu gamoiyenes, rogorc struqturis,
ise,
misi
moqnilobis
gasakeTeblad
intervius
interviusTvis
nawils
gamo
ori
uZRveboda,
da
kvlevis
Caweris
interviueri
meore
miznebisTvis
uflebac
gamoiyenes,
iwerda
da
transkriptis
miiRes.
erTi
damxmare
maT
intervius
kiTxvebs
TiTo
ZiriTad
svamda.
ori
interviueris gamoyeneba jvaredini gadamowmebis saSualebasac iZleoda.

faqtiurad,
orma
interviuerma
xeli
Seuwyo
intervius
formatis
erTobliv gansazRvras, romelsac respondentis mrCevlebic eswrebodnen;

isini Tvalyurs adevnebdnen process, saubarSi erTvebodnen, roca amas
saWirod miiCnevdnen da iwerdnen kidec (Fitz and Halpin 1994: 38, 44, 47).
fici da halpini (1994: 40) saubroben Zalauflebis mqoneTa kvlevisas
guSagebisgan Seqmnili seriozul winaRobebze: iblokeboda adamianebamde
miRweva (Sesasvlelebis mcveli Cinovnikebi da administratorebi iRebdnen
gadawyvetilebas,
(,,elitaruli
unda
garemo)
Catarebuliyo
da
dro
Tu
ara
(arasakmarisi
interviu),
dro
adgili
respondentis
mouclelobis gamo), ideboda ,,SeTanxmebebi, rom strategiis dagegmvis

procesi
dafaruli
iqneboda
sazogadoebisa
da
akademiuri
wreebis
mzerisgan, izRudeboda wvdoma, kvlevis warmoeba da monitoringi (Fitz and

Halpin 1994: 48-9). gevircisa da ozgas (Gewirtz and Ozga 1994L 192-3) azriT,
Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvlevaSi guSagis fenomens SeuZlia iseTi
siZneleebi Seqmnas, rom ,,moxdes kvlevis ganzraxvas arasworad gaigeben,
mkvlevari
kontrolsa
da
damoukideblobas
dakargavs,
Seurigdes kvlevis procesis mediaciasa da kompromiss.
igi
unda
318
Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvleva, Cveulebisamebr, maT teritoriaze

tardeba,
maT
mier
gansazRvruli
pirobebiTa
da
dRis
wesrigiT
(saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pozicia: Fitz

and Halpan 1994: 42), im diskursis farglebSi, romelsac isini sazRvraven
(da mkvlevrebi, nawilobriv, imeoreben) da SeTanxmebiT, Tu risi gatana
SeiZleba saaSkaraoze da risi _ ara (magaliTad, mTavrobis oficialuri
saidumlo aqtis, an konfidencialuri informaciis), mkvlevrisTvis ucnob
da amitom damabnevel samyaroSi da monawileebTan, romlebic SeiZleba
zedmetad
Tavdajerebulni
iyvnen
da
xandaxan
mkvlevars
Tavis
ise
moCveneba uwevdes, TiTqos imaze naklebi icodes, vidre realurad icis.

rogorc
fici
da
halpini
(1994:
40)
amboben,
maT
Caiqroles
ucnob
samyaroSi, romelic mxolod nawilobriv gamoCnda da sadac yovelTvis

komfortulad ver grZnobdnen Tavs. analogiurad, boli (Ball 1994b: 113)
Tvlis, rom Cven unda SevxedoT . . . intervius, rogorc Zalauflebis
TamaSis gagrZelebas da ara _ rogorc misgan gamijnul aqtivobas,
mxolod komentars mis Sesaxeb. . , Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan
interviu eTnografiuli movlenacaa . . . da politikuric.
uolfordi
(1994c) aRniSnavs:
Zalauflebis mqoneni miCveuli arian, rom maTi ideebi yuradRebas ipyrobs.
maT kargad SeuZliaT interviuerebTan gamklaveba, konkretul kiTxvebze,
TavianTi miznebis Sesatyvisad, pasuxebis gacemac da Tavis aridebac da, aseve,
movlenebSi sakuTari rolis ukeTesi mxridan warmoCena. maT kargad esmiT,
Tu
ras
gulisxmobs
akademiuri
kvleva
da
maTTvis,
rogorc
respondentebisTvis, ucxo ar aris intervius situacia da maTi saubris

Cawera. saerTo jamSi, maTi Zalaufleba ganaTlebis samyaroSi gamoZaxils
hpovebs intervius situaciaSi da interviu didad ar uqmnis safrTxes maT
Tanamdebobebs.
(Walford 1994c: 225)
makhiu (McHugh 1994: 55) ambobs, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan

miRweva ara mxolod oficialuri arxebiT aris SesaZlebeli, aramed
319
Suamavlebis meSveobiTac, romlebic maT warudgenen mkvlevrebs. Tavad mas

mRvdeli
daexmara
Zalauflebis
mqone
qristian
politikosebTan
SexvedraSi da urCia: Tu ityvi, vin dagexmara, maT ecodinebaT, rom Sen

ar xar ucnauri, gaugebari adamiani, vinc daamaxinjebs maT naTqvams
(McHugh 1994: 56).
adamianTa
wvdoma
kvlevaSi,
mniSvnelovani
gansakuTrebiT
sakiTxia
maSin,
Zalauflebis
mqone
sakvlevi
Temebi
Tu
winaaRmdegobrivi an sakamaToa. uolfordi (1994c: 222, 223) ambobs, rom

saqmis
gamartiveba
araformaluri
da
piradi,
kulisebs
miRma
kontaqtebis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli: rac ufro meti sponsoris

moZieba xerxdeba, miT ukeTesi, instituciuri iqneba es, Tu piradi.
wvdoma
SeiZleba
gaioldes,
Tu
kvleva
aRiqmeba,
rogorc
uwyinari
(Walford 1994c: 223). am TvalsazrisiT, uolfordi aRniSnavs, rom qal

mkvlevrebs
uwyinrad
SeiZleba
da
upiratesoba
arasaSiSad
hqondeT
aRiqmebian..
im
gagebiT,
uolfordi
rom,
imasac
ufro
ambobs,
rom
amarTlebs (gv. 224). rogorc is sxvagan wers (Walford 2001:
Seupovroba
31), wvdoma procesia da ara erTjeradi gadawyvetileba.

makhiu (1994) aRniSnavs Zalauflebis mqone pirovnebasTan interviusTvis
skrupulozurad momzadebis saWiroebas, raTa mkvlevars erTiani suraTis
danaxva SeeZlos da iseve iyos informirebuli faqtebis, informaciisa da
terminologiis
Sesaxeb, rogorc
informirebuli
gamovlinebas.
gansazRvris
adamianis
igi
respondenti; Sedegad
urTierTobas
intervius
saWiroebasac
dros
da
ara
dasasmeli
aRniSnavs;
winaswar
miviRebT ori
ucodinrobis
kiTxvebis
winaswar
zedmiwevniT
unda
daigegmos yvela kiTxva da daixvewos maTi formulireba. makhiu (1994: 60,

62)
Tvlis,
rom
intervius
maqsimalurad moqnili
msvlelobisas
interviueri
ara
marto
unda iyos da respondentis azrTa msvlelobas
mihyvebodes, aramed dabejiTebulic, Tu respondenti Temidan uxvevs da

dasmul kiTxvas ar pasuxobs. Tumca, is gvaxsenebs, rom interviu, ra Tqma
unda,
ar
aris
sasamarTlo
darbazi
(gv.
62)
da
amitom
taqts,
diplomatiasa da, rac mniSvnelovania, empaTias arsebiTi mniSvneloba
320
aqvs. diplomatia gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia, roca dasmul kiTxvaze

pasuxma,
SesaZloa, Zalauflebis
mqone
adamianebis
warumatebloba
an
arakompetenturoba gamoavlinos da maT moindomon gaakontrolon, romel

kiTxvaze gipasuxon. intervius rogorc formis, ise, Sinaarsis momzadeba
arsebiTad mniSvnelovania.
sirTuleebi axlavs sensitiuri kvlevis angariSis Sedgenasac, radgan
Znelia tendenciurobisTvis Tavis arideba, gansakuTrebiT, imis gamo, rom
kvlevis angariSebi da publikaciebi sazogadoebis sakuTrebaa. uolfordi
(2001: 141) miuTiTebs ciliswamebis riskze, roca cnobilia sazogado
moRvaweebis saxelebi. is svams kiTxvas (1994b: 84): ramdenad sworia, sxvebs
afiqrebinoT, rom eTanxmebiT maSinac ki, roca ar eTanxmebiT? Riad unda
afiqsirebdes Tu ara mkvlevari sakuTar politikur, ideologiur Tu
religiur mosazrebebs? rogorc maikelsoni (Mickelson 1994: 147) ambobs: am
adamianebis
interviuirebisas
ar
viyavi
bolomde
miukerZoebeli.
gacilebiT gulwrfeli da miukerZoebeli var Cveulebrivi adamianebis

interviuirebisas.
(Deem 1994: 156)
dimi
aRniSnavs,
rom
is
da
misi
Tanamkvlevari winaaRmdegobisa da wvdomis problemebs waawydnen imis

gamo,
rom
maTi
kvleva
TiTqosda
mTavrobis ganaTlebis reformebs,
ewinaaRmdegeboda
konservatiuli
wvdoma ki SeiZleba, dablokiliyo
imis safuZvelze, rom kvleva ar iyo neitraluri.

maikelsoni
(1994:
identifikacisTvis
147)
amas
iyenebs,
roca
SemdgomSi
zogjer
eTikuri
Zalauflebis
dilemis
mqone
respondentebi intervius msvlelobisas amazrzen komentarebs akeTeben.

mkvlevarma araferi unda Tqvas, Tu xma amoiRos da amiT intervius
Sewyvetis riskis winaSe dadges? is retrospeqtiulad ambobs, rom surda,
SekamaTeboda am mosazrebebis Taobaze da ufro damajerebeli yofiliyo
(Mickelson 1994: 148). uolfords (2001) magaliTad moyavs interviu eklesiis
msaxurTan, romlis mosazrebebidan erT-erTi aseTi iyo da mas mkvlevari
ar eTanxmeboda:
321

aiv Sidsi, ZiriTadad, homoseqsualTa daavadebaa . . . da Zalian efeqturad
ganaridebs mosaxleobas arasasurvelisgan. is afrikaSi bevrgan praqtikulad
ar arsebobs. . . . Tu Tqven cisferi xarT, imas miiRebT, rasac imsaxurebT. . . .
me arasodes miviRebdi homoseqsuals Cems klasSi.
(Walford 2001: 137)
maikelsonma (1994: 132) aRmoaCina, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis

kvlevisas
maT
Soris
iSviaTad
arian
qalebi,
mkvlevrebi
ki
xSirad
swored qalebi arian. aseTi genderuli ganawileba SeiZleba problemuri

iyos. dimi (1994: 157) aRniSnavs, rom is, rogorc qali, ufro met sirTules
waawyda kvlevis warmoebisas, vidre misi mamakaci kolegebi, Tumca mas
ufro maRali Tanamdeboba ekava, vidre kolega mamakacebs. meore mxriv, is
imasac ambobs, rom mamakacebi ufro meti gaxsnilobiT xasiaTdebian qal
mkvlevrebTan,
vidre
mamakacebTan,
radgan
qalebs
naklebad
mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. gevirci da ozga (Gewirtz and Ozga 1994) weren:

[rogorc
mkvlevrebi]
vgrZnobdiT,
rom
Zalian
stereotipulad
gviyurebdnen, radgan qalebi viyaviT. iseTi STabeWdileba movaxdineT, rom

mxardamWerebad aRgviqves da da Cvenc, garkveulwilad, unda migveRo es
roli, vinaidan kvlevas waadgeboda.
(Gewirtz and Ozga 1994: 196)
roca Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvlevas apirebT, mizanSewonili

iqneba ramdenime sakiTxis ganxilva. es sakiTxebi mocemulia 5. 3. CanarTSi
322
CanarTi 5. 3.
Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa kvleva
ra aqcevs kvlevas sensitiurad.
rogor
movipovoT
da
SevinarCunoT
wvdoma
Zalauflebis
mqone
adamianebTan.
ramdenad
aris
mosalodneli,
rom
monawileebi
gaixsnebian,
an
TavSekavebuli iqnebian.
ra aris formaluri da araformaluri saubarSi.
rogor movemzadoT Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan interviusTvis.
rogor davusvaT kiTxvebi da gamoviwvioT Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi.
rogor CavataroT interviu ise, rom SevinarCunoT balansi interviueris

gegmebsa da respondentis gegmebs da RirebulebaTa sistemas Soris.
rogor gamoavlinos mkvlevarma sakuTari codna, momzadeba da xedva

ZiriTad sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
mkvlevris statusi monawileebTan pirispir Sexvedrisas.
vin unda waiyvanos interviu Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan.
ramdenad
neitraluri
da
Semwynarebeli
unda
iyos
mkvlevari
monawileebTan.
unda dasaxeldes Tu ara monawile kvlevis angariSSi.
rogor davabalansoT sazogadoebis codnis ufleba da individis piradi

cxovrebis ufleba.
ra Sedis sazogadoebis interesebSi.
kiTxvebis dasma
kvlevaSi kiTxvebis
dasmasTan dakavSirebiT, sadmeni
da
bredbarni
(Sudman and Bradburn 1982: 50-1) Tvlian, rom Ria kiTxvebi SeiZleba, ukeTesi
iyos, vidre _ daxuruli, grZeli kiTxva ki mokles sjobdes. kiTxvis es
orive (Ria da grZeli) varianti saSualebas aZlevs respondents, Tavisi
sityvebiT upasuxos, rac, SesaZloa, ufro metad ergebodes sensitiur
Temebs.
faqtobrivad,
avtorebi
amboben,
rom
Tu
mokle
kiTxvebi
damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb informaciis mogrovebisas gamodgeba, grZeli
323
kiTxvebi qcevis Sesaxeb informacias ufro ergeba da SeiZleba, moicavdes

magaliTebs, romlebzec respondentebma, pasuxis gacema isurvon. grZelma
kiTxvebma
SeiZleba
Seamciros
qcevis
realuri
viTarebis
warmoCenis
SemTxvevebi (magaliTad, stresSi myofi maswavleblebis mier alkoholisa

Tu medikamentebis gamoyeneba). meore mxriv, mkvlevars sifrTxile marTebs,
rom ar gadaRalos, emociurad ar gamofitos an stresi ar miayenos
respondents grZeli kiTxviT an interviuTi.
li (1993: 78) gvirCevs, rom kiTxvebSi nacnobi sityvebi gamoviyenoT,
radgan es amcirebs safrTxis SegrZnebas sensitiur Temebze saubrisas da
exmareba respondents, rom Tavi ufro mSvidad igrZnos. is amonaridebis
gamoyenebasac gvirCevs: pirovnebis an situaciis mokle aRwera, romelic
zustad miuTiTebs, Tu ra moiazreba yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad
respondentis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis an msjelobis procesSi (Lee
1993: 79). es ara marto konkretulad sakvlevi sakiTxebis gamijvnasa da
izolirebas axdens, aramed yuradRebac gadaaqvs piradi sensitiurobidan
aRweril
SemTxvevaze
SegviZlia,
an
respondents
amonaridze,
misi
axdens
piradi
maT
reaqciebis
proecirebas
Sesaxeb
da
vkiTxoT,
magaliTad, ase: Tqven ras moimoqmedebdiT am situaciaSi?

sensitiur
situaciisadmi
Temebze
Zalze
momuSave
mkvlevrebi
mgrZnobiareni.
komunikacia
SeiZleba
gamomdinare,
araviTari
gadamwyveti
miniSneba
Tavad
magaliTad,
iyos
ar
maTi
intervius
unda
unda
iyvnen
araverbaluri
dros.
gaakeTon
aqedan
msjelobaze,
mxardaWerasa Tu gakicxvaze. isini kontrtransfers (mkvlevris sakuTari

mosazrebebis,
Rirebulebebis,
damokidebulebebis,
tendenciurobisa
da
warsuli gamocdilebis situaciaze proecirebas) unda eridon. sakiTxs,

riT
axdens
efeqts
interviueri,
meTeqvsmete
TavSi,
mkvlevris
maxasiaTeblebTan (magaliTad, sqesi, rasa, asaki, statusi, Cacmuloba,

garegnoba,
raporti,
warsuli
gamocdileba,
profesionalizmi,
instituciuri mikuTvnebuloba, politikuri mikuTvnebuloba, saqmianobis

tipi, magaliTad, mRvdloba) kavSirSi ganvixilavT. qal interviuerTan
324
SeiZleba qalebi ufro komfortulad grZnobdnen Tavs; mamakacebi ki _

arakomfortulad.;
Zalauflebis
mqone
adamianebma
SeiZleba
Seracxyofilad igrZnon Tavi, Tu mokrZalebuli poziciis mqone axalbeda

asistentis
respondentoba
molodinebzec
aris
kvlevisgan
hqondes
SfoTavdes,
an
uwevT.
interviueris
damokidebuli,
romelic
1993L 99).
(Lee
arakomfortulad
intervius
gamo.
bredbarni
aRniSnaven,
rom
intervius
msvlelobisas
da
magaliTad,
grZnobdes
sadmeni
interviuerebma,
romlebic
wamoWril
im
interviuers
SeiZleba
mkvlevari
SeiZleba,
Tavs
(1979
efeqturoba
sensitiur
Lee 1993: 101)
wyaroSi
winaswar
SesaZlo
Temaze
ar
fiqrobdnen
sirTuleebze,
5_30
procentiT meti informacia miiRes sensitiur Temebze, vidre maT, vinc

winaswari gaTvlebiT iyo dakavebuli. es faqti treningis saWiroebaze
miuTiTebs.
li (1993: 102-14) ramdenime sakiTxs asaxelebs, romelic ganxiluli da
mogvarebuli unda iyos sensitiuri intervius Catarebisas:
rogor
mivuaxlovdeT
SeboWiloba
miudgnen
da
Temas
davexmaroT,
sakiTxs).
(raTa
rom
gvirCeven,
Tavidan
maTTvis
aviciloT
monawileTa
prioritetuli
vecadoT,
rom
Tema
mxridan
nel-nela,
TandaTanobiT wamoiWras intervius msvlelobisas (Lee 1993: 103) da

respondentis ndoba da informirebuli Tanxmoba miviRoT.
rogor gavumklavdeT winaaRmdegobebs, sirTuleebsa da emociebs (rac

interviueris
treningsa
moiTxovdes);
rogor
da
zedamxedvelobas/Semowmebas
davdgeT
Semwynareblur
da
SeiZleba
mimteveblur
poziciaze; rogor gavumklavdeT im respondents, romelic interviuers

SeiZleba didad ar moswons, an ar eTanxmeba.
rogor
davZlioT
kontroli:
(a)
intervius
roca
dros
Zalauflebasa
Zalauflebis
da
statuss
gamoyeneba
Soris
da
arsebuli
gansxvaveba moqmedebs, roca interviuers ufro maRali an dabali

statusi
aqvs,
respondents
vidre
Tanabari
respondents
statusebi
da
aqvT;
roca
(b)
interviuersa
rogor
da
gavumklavdeT
325
situacias, rodesac interviuers unda informacia, magram ar aris iseT

poziciaze, rom SeeZlos misi moTxovna da rodesac respondents surs
an ar surs informaciis gacema; (g) rogor gavumklavdeT situacias,
romelSic Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi intervius xangrZlivad da,
savaraudod,
uadgilod
iyeneben,
rogorc
sakuTari
siamovnebis
mixedviT moqcevis SesaZleblobas; (d) rogor gavumklavdeT situacias,

rodesac Sexvedris dasrulebis Semdeg interviueri flobs sensitiur
informacias,
amiT
mowyvladobis
respondentze
gancdas
uCens;
Zalauflebas
(e)
ra
unda
iZens
uqnas
da
mas
interviuerma
informacias, romelic imaT sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba miimarTos, vinc

es informacia gasca (magaliTad, Tu sazogadoebis romelime jgufi
ityvis, rom arasakmarisad Wkviania umaRlesi an Semdgomi ganaTlebis
misaRebad);
dabolos,
(magaliTad,
(v)
rogori
dialogis
formiT
saxiT,
warvmarToT
formalurad,
interviu
ukiduresad
struqturirebulad, ukiduresad direqtiulad).
im pirobebTan gamklaveba, sadac interviu mimdinareobs. li (1993: 112)

Tvlis, rom interviu, romelic sensitiur Temebs exeba, erTjeradi
unda iyos anu respondenti unda grZnobdes, rom is da interviueri,
SesaZloa,
aRarasodes
Sexvdnen
erTmaneTs.
aman
SeiZleba
uzrunvelyos ndoba da respondentis gaxsniloba, vidre
metad
interviuersa
da respondents Soris axlo urTierTobam. meore mxriv, ,,erTjeradi

interviu
xels
ar
uwyobs
kvlevis
farglebSi
TanamSromlobiTi
urTierTobis Camoyalibebas (Lee 1993: 113).

ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis didi nawili metnaklebad sensitiuria.
mkvlevris
rogor
gadasawyvetia,
gaumklavdeba
rogor
mis
miudgeba
mraval
sensitiurobis
formas,
masTan
sakiTxs
dakavSirebul
erTgulebis, eTikis, wvdomisa da politikis sakiTxebs da Sedegebs.
daskvna
da
326
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis ganxilvisas, Cveni rCeva iqneba, rom is ar

gegonoT dalagebuli, sufTa, mowesrigebuli, uproblemo da neitraluri
procesi,
aramed
miudeqiT
mas,
rogorc
gamWol
gasrolas,
SesaZlo
maRali mgrZnobelobiT. gvaxsovda ra es, Tavi SevikaveT cdunebisgan,

mogveca
sensitiuri
Temebis
CamonaTvali,
vinaidan
SeiZleboda,
gamartivebuli varianti gamogvsvloda da yuradRebis miRma darCeniliyo

is fundamenturi sakiTxebi, romlebic kvlevas sensitiurs xdis maTi
socialuri konteqstis gamo. is, rac mkvlevars SeiZleba Tavazian da

neitralur
kvlevad
moeCvenos,
monawileebSi
SeiZleba
Rrma
sensitiurobis gamomwvevi iyos. Cven vTqviT, rom xSirad swored es xdis

kvlevas
sensitiurs
da
ara
fokusSi
mosaxvedri
Temebis
SerCeva.
mkvlevrebma unda ifiqron imaze, Tu ra mosaldneli an SesaZlo gavlena

eqneba kvleviT proeqts, process, Sedegebs, angariSsa da gavrcelebas ara
marto
maTTvis,
aramed
monawileebisTvis,
maTTan
dakavSirebuli
adamianebisTvis da kvlevaSi CarTuli yvela dainteresebuli mxarisTvis

(anu Sedegebis validoba: kvlevis efeqtebi). es gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mizanSewonili
sifrTxiliT
mkvlevarma
iqneba,
rom
movepyraT
SeiZleba,
dagegmvasTan,
ganaTlebis
da
potenciurad
dasvas
warmoebasTan,
sferoSi
mTeli
angariSis
rigi
yvela
kvlevas
sensitiurad
miviCnioT.
kiTxvebisa
kvlevebis
wardgenasa
da
gavrcelebasTan
dakavSirebiT. am kiTxvebs warmogidgenT 5. 4. CanarTSi

CanarTi 5. 4
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis ganxilvisas dasasmeli ZiriTadi kiTxvebi
ra aqcevs kvlevas sensitiurad?
ra valdebulebebi aqvs mkvlevars, vis winaSe da rogor unda Seasrulos

isini? rogor vlindeba es valdebulebebi?
ra mosalodneli Sedegebi aqvs kvlevas (yvela etapze) monawileebisTvis

(individebisTvis
da
jgufebisTvis),
dainteresebuli
mxareebisTvis,
mkvlevrisTvis, sazogadoebisTvis? visze moaxdens kvleva gavlenas da

rogor?
327
vin ganixileba kvlevis samizned?
pasuxis gacemisa da kontrolis ra uflebebi aqvT kvlevis monawileebs?
ra eTikuri sakiTxebi dgeba meti simwvaviT kvlevaSi?
ra sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba mouwios mkvlevars kompromisze

wasvla
dagegmvis,
meTodologiis,
fokusis,
sandoobis,
qcevis,
analizis,
SerCevis,
angariSgebisa
instrumentebis,
da
gavrcelebis
etapebze? raze SeiZleba da ar SeiZleba kompromisi?
usafrTxoebisa da dacvis (risgan) ra zomebia miRebuli kvlevaSi, ra

valdebulebebsa
da
kompensaciebs
iTvaliswinebs
kvleva
da
visTvis?
rogor SeiZleba am sakiTxebis mogvareba?
visTvis aris kvleva gankuTvnili? vis ekuTvnis kvleva? vin igebs da vin
agebs (ra sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi) kvlevaSi?
ra riskebi da sargeblebi aqvs kvlevas da visTvis? ras iZleva da

akeTebs kvleva?
Riad unda daafiqsiros Tu ara mkvlevarma sakuTari Rirebulebebi da

daupirispirdes maT, visac ar eTanxmeba an miuReblad miaCnia?
ra Sedegebi, ukugeba da ukureaqcia SeiZleba hqondes kvlevas da visTvis?
ra sanqciebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes kvlevas?
raze unda moxdes SeTanxmeba sakontraqto Sexvedraze da ra unda darCes

SeTanxmebis miRma?
ra garantiebi unda misces mkvlevarma monawileebs?
monitoringis
da
angariSgebis
ra
procedurebi
unda
iyos
uzrunvelyofili kvlevaSi?
ra unda gamoaSkaravdes an ra _ ara, ra SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba

gamoaSkaravdes,
ra
SeiZleboda,
rom
gamoaSkaravebuliyo,
an
ar
gamoaSkaravebuliyo kvlevaSi?
unda iyos Tu ara kvleva faruli, Ria, nawilobriv faruli, patiosani

miznebze saubrisas?
unda iyos Tu ara
cnobili,
vin vin aris kvlevis monawileebs Soris
an unda SeiZlebodes Tu ara maTi amocnoba kvlevis monacemebis mixedviT?

ra xdeba maSin, roca identifikacia gardauvalia?
328
rogor
moxdeba
wvdomisa
da
SerCevis
uzrunvelyofa
da
ramdenad
saTanadod?
rogor SenarCundeba wvdoma droTa ganmavlobaSi?
vin arian guSagebi da ramdenad sandoni arian isini?
es kiTxvebi ganamtkiceben ,,situaciuri eTikis ganxilvis mniSvnelobas

(Simons and Usher 2000), rogorc konkretuli situaciebiT ganpirobebulis
da
ara,
metwilad,
eTikuri
kodeqsebiTa
da
direqtivebiT.
am
TvalsazrisiT, ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiuri kvleva sxva nebismier

kvlevas hgavs, magram aq ufro mkveTrad dgas eTikuri sakiTxebi. amasTan,
sensitiurobasTan dakavSirebuli mravali kiTxvis miRma Zalauflebis
pretenziuli sakiTxi imaleba: vis aqvs is, vis _ ara, rogor moZraobs
kvlevis situaciebSi (da ra SedegebiT) da rogor unda movepyraT mas.
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
sensitiuri
kvleva
xSirad
imdenad
aris
Zalauflebis TamaSi, ramdenadac is mniSvnelovania. mkiTxvels vurCevT,

rom ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis didi nawili sensitiurobis Semcvelad
miiCnios; saWiroa amis danaxva da masTan gamklaveba.
329
6 validoba da sandooba
validobisa
da
sandoobis
sxvadasxva
tipi
arsebobs.
verasodes
xerxdeba validobisa da sandoobisTvis safrTxeebis srulad arideba,

SesaZlebeli mxolod maTi Semcirebaa, Tu am sakiTxs yuradReba mTeli
kvlevis manZilze mieqceva.
am
TavSi
validoba
da
bunebriv
sandooba
kvlevaSi.
ganxilulia
anu
terminebis
miyeneba SesaZlebelia orive tipis kvlevisaTvis, Tumca isini

gvardeba
validobisa
sandoobis
da
TiToeul
miRwevis
maTganSi.
gzebi
mosazreba,
rom
da
Tvisebriv,
gansxvavebulad
gamoTqmulia
raodenobriv
am
bolos
mocemulia
monacemebis
Segrovebis
sxvadasxva instrumentis gamoyenebisas. aqve gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

kvlevaSi sandooba aris validobis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi
piroba; sandooba aris validobis aucilebeli winapiroba da validoba
SeiZleba iyos sandoobis sakmarisi, magram ara _ aucilebeli piroba.
brok-utni (Brock-Utne 1996 612) amtkicebs, rom farTod gavrcelebuli
mosazreba sandoobis mxolod raodenobrivi kvlevisadmi kuTvnilebaze,
uarsayofia da es Tavi aCvenebs misi naazrevis mniSvnelovnebas.
validobis gansazRvreba
validoba
efeqturi
aravaliduria,
maSin
kvlevis
mas
mniSvnelovani
araviTari
gasaRebia.
Rirebuleba
ar
Tu
aqvs.
kvleva
amgvarad,
validobas moiTxovs rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi, bunebrivi

kvleva
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _
Tavi
6,
faili 6. 1. ppt).
Tu validobis adrindeli variantebi efuZneboda mosazrebas, romlis
mixedviT, mniSvnelovani iyo eCvenebina, rom konkretuli instrumenti
marTlac
zomavs
imas,
ris
gazomvasac
miznad
isaxavs,
SedarebiT
330
gviandelma
validobam
mravali
forma
miiRo.
magaliTad,
Tvisebriv
monacemebSi validobis miRweva SesaZlebelia
gulwrfeli, Rrma, mdidari
da
SerCeuli
moculobiTi
monacemebiT;
aseve,
monawileebiT,
triangulaciis xarisxiT, mkvlevris miukerZoeblobiTa da obieqturobiT

(Winter 2000). raodenobrivi monacemebis validoba SeiZleba gaumjobesdes
swori SerCeviT, saTanado instrumentebis gamoyenebiTa da monacemebis
damuSavebisTvis
SeuZlebelia,
gamoyenebuli
rom
adekvaturi
kvleva
100
statistikuri
procentiT
meTodebiT.
validuri
iyos,
es
perfeqcionistis optimizmia. raodenobrivi kvleva moicavs standartuli

Secdomis
sazoms,
romelic
imTaviTve
Cadebulia
masSi
da
gasaTvaliswinebelia. Tvisebrivi monacemebis tendenciurobis xarisxSi

Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs respondentebis subieqturobas, maT mosazrebebs,
damokidebulebebsa da xedvis kuTxeebs. Sesabamisad, validoba fardobiTi
da ara absoluturi mdgomareoba,
(Gronlund
1981).
aravalidurobis
aqedan
unda Sefasdes misi arsebobis xarisxi
gamomdinare,
minimumamde
dayvanas
da
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi,
validobis
maqsimizacias
vcdilobT.
arsebobs
validobis
ramdenime
ganxvavebuli
saxeoba
(ixileT
Sinaarsis validoba;
kriteriumis validoba;
konstruqtis validoba;
Sinagani validoba;
garegani validoba;
analogiis validoba;
TvalsaCino validoba;
msajulTa validoba;
prognostuli validoba;
sistemuri validoba;
331
katalizis
ekologiuri validoba;
kulturuli validoba;
deskriptuli validoba;
interpretaciuli validoba;
Teoriuli validoba;
SefasebiTi validoba.
am
TavSi
siRrmiseuli
davasabuTebT,
raodenobriv
validoba;
Cveni
mizani
ganxilva.
rom
ar
aris
yvela
ganvixilavT
zogierTi
magram,
saxeobis
mxolod
maTganis
meTodologiebSi,
am
miRweva
amis
validobis
ZiriTad
ufro
tipebs.
mosaxerxebelia
miuxedavad,
es
ar
aris
erTaderTi xerxi. faqtobrivad, validoba ganaTlebis sferoSi yvela

tipis kvlevis qvakuTxedia. es niSnavs, rom mniSvnelovania, validoba
sxvadasxva kvleviT tradiciaSi marTlac am tradiciebis Sesatyvisi iyos.
absurdi
iqneba
gakeTebula
kvlevis
konkretuli
aravalidurad
tipis
gamocxadeba,
validobis
misaRwevad,
Tu
araferi
magaliTad,
ganzogadeba, ganmeoreba da kontroli. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma validobis

Sesaxeb
msjeloba
im
paradigmaSi
unda
CarTos,
romelsac
kvlevaSi
iyenebs. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom kvleva paradigmaze unda iyos mibmuli,

rac stagnaciisa da konservatizmis pirdapiri receptia. miuxedavad amisa,
validoba unda Tanxvdebodes mis wanamZRvrebsa da pozitivisturi kvleva
pozitivisturi principebis erTguli unda iyos, magaliTad, rogoricaa:
kontrolirebadoba;
ganmeorebadoba;
prognozirebadoba;
kanonebisa da zogadi debulebebis miReba qcevis Sesaxeb;
konteqstisgan Tavisufleba;
kvlevis fragmentizacia da atomizacia;
dakvirvebadoba.
332
amis sapirispirod, bunebriv kvlevas ramdenime principi aqvs (Lincoln and

Guba 1985; Bogdan and Biklen 1992):
bunebrivi garemo monacemebis upirvelesi wyaroa;
mniSvnelovania konteqstze mibmuloba da gajerebuli aRwera 7;
monacemebi socialurad situaciuria da socialurad da kulturulad

datvirTuli;
mkvlevari sakvlevi samyaros nawilia;
vinaidan Cven ukve interpretirebul samyaroSi vcxovrobT, ormagi

hermenevtuli Zalisxmevaa (Giddens 1979) aucilebeli imis gasagebad, Tu
rogor esmiT samyaro sxvebs. paradoqsia, rom adamianis cxovrebis
gasagebad
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
kompleqsuri
instrumenti
meore
adamiania (Lave and Kvale 1995: 220), magram misi yvela forma adamianuri
Secdomis riskis Semcvelia.
kvleva holizmiT unda xasiaTdebodes;
kvlevis mTavari instrumenti mkvlevaria da ara _ kvlevis meTodi;
monacemebi aRweriTia;
procesi ufro ainteresebT, vidre, ubralod, Sedegebi;
monacemebis
gaanalizeba
induqciurad
xdeba
da
ara
aprioruli
kategoriebis gamoyenebiT;
monacemebi respondentebis terminebiT aris warmodgenili da ara _

mkvlevrebis;
situaciis
xedva
da
mowodeba
unda
xdebodes
masSi
CarTuli
monawileebis TvaliT, maTive poziciidan, (Geertz 1974);
respondentis mxridan validacia mniSvnelovania;
arsebiTia mniSvnelobisa da ganzraxvis wvdoma.
anTropolog kliford gercis terminia, romelic movlenebis amomwurav aRweras
niSnavs maTi gagebis mizniT.
333
faqtiurad,
yuradRebiT
maqsveli
unda
(1992)
iyvnen,
amtkicebs,
rom
rom
muSaobisas
Tvisebrivi
mkvlevrebi
pozitivizmis
CarCoSi
ar
aRmoCndnen im moTxovniT, rom kvlevas hqondes mimdinare, prognostuli,

konvergenciuli, kriteriumis, Sinagani da garegani validoba. qvemoT
mocemuli
diskusia
linkolTan
(1989)
aCvenebs,
erTad
rom
mas
ase
ar
mohyavs
unda
iyos.
argumentebi
gubasTan
im
da
mosazrebis
sasargeblod, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi validobis pozitivisturi cneba

auTenturobis cnebam unda Caanacvlos. maqsveli (1992) exmianeba miSlers
(1990)
da
ambobs,
rom
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
gageba
ufro
Sesatyvisi
terminia, vidre validoba. Cven, rogorc mkvlevrebi, im samyaros nawili

varT, romelsac vikvlevT da, masTan mimarTebiT, ar SegviZlia sruliad
obieqturi
viyoT;
Sesabamisad,
sxva
adamianebis
mosazrebebi
iseTive
validuria, rogorc Cveni sakuTari da kvlevis amocana amis gamovlenaa.

amrigad,
validoba
ebmis
axsnebs
da
ara
monacemebs
an
meTodebs
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983); es is mniSvnelobaa, romelsac cdis pirebi

aniWeben monacemebs da am monacemebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebul sagulisxmo
daskvnebs. erTguleba (Blumenfeld-Jones 1995) mkvlevrisgan moiTxovs, rom
SeZlebisdagvarad
patiosani
iyos
kvlevis
monawileebis
TviTaRweris
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
mogrovebisas
mimarT.
amtkicebdnen
(Agar 1993),
rom
individebis intensiuri pirovnuli CarTuloba da siRrmiseuli pasuxebi

uzrunvelyofs validobisa da sandoobis sakmaris xarisxs. es mtkiceba
uaryves
hamerslim
amtkiceben,
rom
(1992:
es
144)
da
silvermenma
arasakmarisi
(1993:
safuZvelia
153),
romlebic
validobisa
da
sandoobisTvis da dainteresebul pirovnebebs ar aqvT privilegirebuli

pozicia interpretaciisas. (cxadia, arc aqtorebi arian kulturuli
narkomanebi, romelTac sociologisgan an mkvlevrisgan sWirdebaT Tqma,
ra
xdeba
sinamdvileSi!)
JurnalistikisTvis
silvermeni
operatiuloba
da
(1993)
amtkicebs,
auTenturobaa
rom
Tu
saintereso,
eTnografias validobisa da sandoobis ufro mkacri cneba unda hqondes.
334
es
imaze
Sors
wasvlas
gulisxmobs,
vidre
monacemebis
ubralod
Segrovebaa imisTvis, rom fenomenis winaswar warmodgenil an idealur

koncefcias ergebodes, an imitom, rom isini saocrad sainteresoa (Fielding
and FIelding 1986).
arCeuli
monacemebi
SerCevis,
monacemebis
sruli
erTobliobis da velis reprezentaciuli unda iyos, anu unda hqondes

Sinaarsis, konstruqtis da analogiis validoba.
hamersli
(1992:
50_1)
Tvlis,
rom
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
validoba
Sedegebisadmi ndobas anacvlebs. aseve, Tvlis, rom vinaidan realoba

damoukidebelia mkvlevrebis mier misTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebisgan,
Cveni axsnebi am realobis mxolod reprezentaciebi iqneba da ara misi
reproduqciebi.
maqsveli (1992) xuTi saxis validobis momxrea Tvisebriv meTodebSi,
romlebic gagebis
miseul cnebas ikvleven.
deskriptuli validoba (axsnis faqtobrivi sizuste; is, rom axsna ar

aris xelovnuri, SerCeviTi an damaxinjebuli): am kuTxiT, validoba
moicavs
sandoobas,
rac
enaTesaveba
kvlevaSi
,,marTlis
Tqmis
blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas _ imis Tqma, rac realurad moxda

(faqtobrivi obieqturi masala).
interpretaciuli validoba (kvlevis unari, sityvebsa da terminebSi

amoicnos
is
mniSvnelobebi,
monawileebi/cdis
pirebi
interpretaciebi,
aniWeben
situaciebs,
rasac
Tavad
movlenebs,
anu
monacemebs da is survilebi (an zraxvebi), rac maT amoZravebT): es

enaTesaveba erTgulebis blumenfild-jonsiseul (1995) cnebas, anu
imas, Tu ras niSnavs is (validoba) kvlevaSi monawile pirovnebisTvis
an
jgufisTvis
validobas
ar
(subieqturad
aqvs
mniSvnelovani).
mkveTrad
interpretaciul
gamoxatuli
analogi
eqsperimentul/pozitivistur meTodologiebSi.
Teoriuli validoba (Teoriuli konstruqtebi, romelic mkvlevars

Seaqvs kvlevaSi, maT Soris kvlevis monawileTa kuTvnilic): Teoria aq
axsnas niSnavs. Teoriuli validobiT irkveva, ramdenad xsnis kvleva
335
fenomens. am kuTxiT, is enaTesaveba konstruqtul validobas (romelic

qvemoT aris ganxiluli). Teoriul validobaSi konstruqtebi yvela
monawilisaTvis saerTo unda iyos.
ganzogadebadoba
situaciebis
(mosazreba,
gasagebadac
rom
unda
Seqmnili
gamodges):
Teoria
sxva
gulisxmobs
msgavsi
konkretuli
jgufebis an Temebis, situaciebis an garemoebebis SigniT (Sinagani
validoba)
da
sxva
Temebis,
situaciebis
an
garemoebebis
mimarT
(garegani validoba) sworad ganzogadebas. am SemTxvevaSi Sinagani

validoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre _ garegani.
SefasebiTi validoba (sakvlevi subieqtisadmi SefasebiTi, gansjiTi da

ara
aRweriTi,
axsniTi
an
interpretaciuli
CarCos
miyeneba)
naTelia, rom es im kritikul-Teoriul pozicias exmianeba, romelSic

SesaZlebelia mkvlevris sakuTari SefasebiTi sistemis Setana.
garegani
da
Sinagani
validobis
miRweva
orive
tipis
meTodebSi,
kvleviT
miRebuli
TvisebrivSic da raodenobrivSic aris SesaZlebeli.
Sinagani validoba
Sinagani
konkretuli
validoba
cdilobs
movlenis,
sakiTxisa
aCvenos,
Tu
rom
monacemebis
erTobliobis
axsna
realurad SeiZleba daeyrdnos monacemebs. garkveulwilad es sizustes

ukavSirdeba, rac raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevas SeiZleba exebodes.
monacemebi zustad unda aRwerdes sakvlev fenomens.
eTnografiul kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba ramdenime gziT miiRweva
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 338):
originalTan miaxloebuli deskriptorebis gamoyenebiT;
ramdenime mkvlevris gamoyenebiT;
monawile mkvlevrebis gamoyenebiT;
monacemebis wyvilSi gadamowmebis gamoyenebiT;
monacemebis Caweris, Senaxvisa da moZebnis meqanikuri saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT.
336
eTnografiul,
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
Sinagani
validobis
ramdenime
ZiriTadi saxe gamoiyofa (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 323-4): L
monacemebis sandoba;
monacemebis
auTenturoba
(kvlevis
unari,
warmoadginos
monawilis
TvaliT danaxuli situacia);
monacemebis damajerebloba;
kvlevis sqemis simyare;
monacemebis mosalodneloba;
monacemebis Semowmebadoba;
monacemebis saimedooba;
monacemebis damowmebadoba.
lekomti
da
preisle
(1993)
detalurad
ganixilaven
auTenturobis
sakiTxs da Tvlian, rom:
samarTlianoba: situaciebSi arsebuli mravaljeradi realobebi da am

situaciebis axsna srulad da dabalansebulad unda warmoCndes.
ontologiuri auTenturoba: kvlevam unda mogvces situaciis axleburi

da
ufro
mkvlevris
daxvewili
gageba,
kulturuli
maxasiaTebeli,
problema,
magaliTad,
sibrmavis
romelic
nacnobis
Semcirebis
SeiZleba
ucnobad
qceva,
mniSvnelovani
wamoiWras
monawilis
rolidan damkvirveblis rolSi gadasvlisas (Brock-Utne 1996: 610).
saganmanaTleblo auTenturoba: kvlevam am gagebis axleburi xedva da

Sefaseba unda warmoqmnas.
katalituri auTenturoba: kvleva qmedebis konkretul mimarTulebebs

warmoqmnis.
taqtikuri auTenturoba: kvlevam sargebeli unda moutanos yvelas,

vinc CarTulia masSi _ ,kargi damokidebulebis eTikuri sakiTxi.
hamersli
(1992:
71)
Tvlis,
rom
Tvisebrivi
validobisTvis saWiroa yuradReba mieqces:
mosalodnelobasa da damajereblobas;
monacemebis
Sinagani
337
saWiro
mtkicebulebebis
ramdenadac, rac
ufro
ragvarobasa
masStaburia
da
raodenobas
kvlevis
daskvnebi,
(imdenad,
miT
metad
damajerebeli mtkicebulebebia saWiro);
kvlevidan
gakeTebuli
daskvnebis
ragvarobis
sicxade
(magaliTad,
ganmartebiTi, aRweriTi, axsniTi, Teoriis maformirebeli);

linkolni da guba (1985: 219, 301) fiqroben, rom bunebriv kvleva-ZiebaSi
damajereblobis miRweva SeiZleba iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa:
velze xangrZlivad yofna;
mudmivi
dakvirveba:
fokusSi
moqceuli
movlenis
maxasiaTeblebis
relevanturobis dasadgenad;
triangulacia: meTodebis, wyaroebis, mkvlevrebisa da Teoriebis;
kvlevis
Semdgomi
dauinteresebeli
hgavs
da
interviu
kolegis
miznad
isaxavs
kolegasTan:
Sexvedra,
romelic
patiosnebis
da
mkvlevrisa
jvaredin
samuSao
da
dakiTxvas
hipoTezebis
Semowmebasa da kvlevis Semdgomi etapebis identificirebas.
negatiuri SemTxvevis analizi: iseTi Teoriis formirebis mizniT,

romelic
yvela
SemTxvevas
ergeba;
aseve,
SemdgomSi
hipoTezebis
gadasinjvis mizniT.
wevrebis gadamowmeba: respondentis mier validacia, mizanmimarTulebis

Sefaseba,
faqtobrivi
Secdomebis
gasworeba,
respondentebisTvis
damatebiTi informaciis mowodebis SesaZlebelobis an informaciis

Caweris SeTavazeba; Sejameba da analizis adekvaturobis Semowmeba.
maSin, roca pozitivistur kvlevaSi istoria da ganviTareba kvlevis
validobis safrTxeebad aRiqmeba, eTnografiuli kvleva ubralod uSvebs,
rom es ase moxdeba. eTnografiuli kvleva uSvebs droSi cvlilebas _ is
misi ganuyofeli nawilia. eTnografiul
kvlevaSi Sinagani validoba
damkvirveblis efeqtis SemcirebiTac miiRweva. efeqts amcirebs is, rom

damkvirveblebi bevrni arian da imdenad didxans rCebian situaciaSi, rom
maTi iq yofna ukve Cveulebrivad aRiqmeba. garda amisa, informaciis
338
garkveva da gasagebi formiT Senaxva eTnografs SeuZlia movlenebisa da

situaciebis sxvadasxvagvari axsnis gamoricxviT.
garegani validoba
garegani validoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad ganzogadebadia miRebuli
monacemebi
farTo
ganzogadebadobis
ganzogadebadoba
populaciaze,
sakiTxi
SemTxvevebze
problemuria.
aucilebeli
pirobaa,
an
pozitivisti
Tumca
situaciebze.
mkvlevrebisTvis
bunebriv
kvlevaSi
es
sakiTxi moisustebs. erTi skolisTvis konteqstis cvladebis CamoSorebis

Semdeg ganzogadebadobas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin, roca
meoresTvis
ganzogadeba,
romelic
bevrs
arafers
ambobs
konteqstis
Sesaxeb, nakleb sasargebloa da arc adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb eTqmis

bevri (Schofield 1990). pozitivistebisTvis cvladebi unda gamoiyos da
gakontroldes, xolo SerCeva SemTxveviTi unda iyos, eTnografebisTvis
ki
adamianis
qceva
usasrulod
kompleqsuri,
arareducirebadi,
socialurad situaciuri da unikaluria.

bunebriv
kvlevaSi
ganzogadeba
ganimarteba,
rogorc
Sedareba
da
gadatana (Lincoln and Guba 1985; Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 647). es avtorebi
Tvlian,
rom
tipurobis
Cveneba,
SesaZlebelia
Sefaseba,
Tu
situaciis
SesaZlo
rogor
monawileebisa
Sesadarebeli
SeiZleba
jgufebis
gardaiqmnas
da
garemos
gamoyofa
monacemebi
da
sxvadasxva
garemoebebsa da kulturebSi (aseve, ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 348).

skofildi
kvlevaSi
(Schofield 1990:
mniSvnelovania
200)
gamoTqvams
mkafio,
mosazrebas,
detaluri
da
rom
Tvisebriv
siRrmiseuli
aRweris
mocema, raTa sxvebma Seafason, Tu ramdenad ganzogaddeba erTi kvlevidan

miRebuli
Sedegebi
Sewyvilebuli
SeiZleba
sxva
sakiTxebis
ganzogaddes
situaciebze,
mogvareba.
anu,
Sedarebisa
Tvisebrivi
(Schofield 1990; 209)
tipuri
da
gadatanis
kvleva,
faqtiurad,
kvlevis
SeswavliT
(imisTvis, rom sxva situaciebisTvisac gamoiyenebodes gadatanis sakiTxi:

LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 324) da kvleva sxvadasxva adgilze ganxorcieldes
(magaliTisTvis ixileT Miles and Huberman 1984), Tumca sakamaTo SeiZleba
339
iyos
is,
rom
es
arapozitivistur
kvlevaSi
garkveuli
odenobis
pozitivizmis Setanaa. linkolni da guba (1985: 316) amasTan dakavSirebiT

Tvisebriv mkvlevars windaxedulobisken mouwodeben. isini amtkiceben,
rom gadatanis maCveneblis uzrunvelyofa ar aris mkvlevris amocana.
isini
Tvlian,
miawodon
rom
kvlevis
mkvlevrebma
sakmarisad
mkiTxvelebsa
da
mdidari
momxmareblebs,
monacemebi
rom
maT
unda
Tavad
gansazRvron, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gadatana. am mxriv, is gajerebul

aRweras saWiroebs.
bogdani da bikleni (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 45) amtkiceben, rom Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
SesaZlebelia
pozitivistur
ganzogadebadobis
meTodologiebSi
uzrunvelyofa,
gamoyenebisgan
Tu
gansxvavebulad
is
aris
agebuli. avtorebis azriT, pozitivisti mkvlevrebi zogadi socialuri

procesebis
Sesaxeb
dainteresebuli,
universaluri
vidre
imiT,
rom
debulebebis
axsnan,
Tu
miRebiT
ramdenad
ufro
arian
gansxvavdeba
socialuri situaciebi (magaliTad, skolebi da klasebi) erTmaneTisgan.

bogdansa da biklens (1992) is ki ar ainteresebT, maTi Sedegebi, yvelaze
farTo gagebiT, ganzogaddeba Tu ara, aramed is garemoebi, adamianebi da
situaciebi, romlebzec SesaZloa ganzogadebadi iyos es Sedegebi.
bunebriv kvlevaSi garegan validobas ramdenime safrTxe SeiZleba
daemuqros (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 189, 300):
arCevis efeqtebi: rodesac arCeuli konstruqtebi realurad mxolod

erTi konkretuli jgufis relevanturia.
garemos efeqtebi: rodesac Sedegebi didwilad konteqstis funqcias

warmoadgens.
istoriis
efeqtebi:
rodesac
situaciebi
unikaluri
viTarebebis
Sedegad Seiqmna da, maSasadame, araSedarebiTia.
konstruqtis
efeqtebi:
rodesac
gamoyenebuli
konkretuli jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
Sinaarsis validoba
konstruqtebi
340
validobis am formis saCveneblad instrumentma unda aCvenos, rom is

patiosnad da amomwuravad faravs im sferos an sakiTxebs, romelTa
dafarvasac isaxavda miznad. naklebad mosalodnelia, rom TiToeuli
sakiTxi srulad mogvardes imitom, rom dro ar aris sakmarisi, an
monawileebs,
magaliTad,
arasakmarisi
motivacia
grZeli
aqvT.
kiTxvaris
aseT
bolomde
SemTxvevaSi
Sesavsebad
mkvlevari
unda
darwmundes, rom ZiriTadi sakvlevi sakiTxis elementebi kvlevisTvis

saintereso ufro farTo sakiTxis samarTliani reprezentaciaa (da misi
Sewonva) da kvlevisTvis arCeuli elementebi Rrmad da vrclad aris
nakvlevi.
reprezentaciulobis
uzrunvelsayofad
aucilebelia
debulebebis yuradRebiT SerCeva. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevars undoda enaxa,

Tu rogor gamoTqvamda studentebis jgufi 1000 sityvas frangulad da
gamoTqmis testisTvis mxolod 50 sityvis SerCeva gadawyvita, es testi im
1000 sityvis reprezentaciuli unda yofiliyo, savaraudod, ise, rom
testSi CarTuliyo sityvebis gamoTqmis yvela SesaZlo wesi, an testiT
dafaruliyo
gamoTqmis
yvela
SesaZlo
Secdoma
im
TanafardobiT,
rogorc im 1000 sityvaSi Segvxvdeboda.
konstruqtis validoba
konstruqti
ganxiluli
abstraqtulia.
tipebisgan,
es
ganasxvavebs
romlebsac
mas
validobis
realobasTan,
aqamde
gansazRvrul
SinaarsTan, hqondaT Sexeba. am tipis validobis SemTxvevaSi Tanxmoba

unda miiRweodes konstruqtis operacionalizebuli formebis Taobaze,
sadac garkveviT unda iyos naTqvami, Tu ras vgulisxmobT am konstruqtis
gamoyenebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, validobis am formaSi mniSvnelovania
konstruqtis danawevrebulad, gasagebad warmodgena, an is, Tanxvdeba Tu
ara konstruqtis mkvlevriseuli xedva mis im zogadad miRebul gagebas<,
magaliTad,
vTqvaT,
mkvlevars
bavSvis
inteleqtis
Sefaseba
surs
(magaliTisTvis davuSvaT, rom es erTi Tvisebaa). man unda Tqvas, rom

inteleqtSi gulisxmobs fanqris gaTlis unaris gamovlenas. inteleqtis
341
ramdenad misaRebi konstruqtia es? sxva araferia inteleqti (magaliTad,

is, rac inteleqtis testSi maRali quliT gamoixateba)?
konstruqtis validobis dasadgenad mkvlevarma unda uzrunvelyos,
rom
konkretuli
sakiTxis
miseuli
konstruqti
Tanxvdeba
iseTive
fuZiseuli sakiTxebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, kreatulobis, SfoTvis,

motivaciis
sxva
konstruqtebs.
amis
miRweva
SesaZlebelia
mocemuli
sakiTxis sxva sazomebTan korelaciebiT, an konstruqtis dafuZnebiT

literaturis farTo mimoxilvaze, saidanac is iRebs am konstruqtis
Sinaarss (anu Teorias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris konstruqti) da mis
mdgenelebs.
konstruqtis
literaturaSi
sapirispiro
mocemul
magaliTebis
validobis
Cveneba
konstruqtTa
ara
marto
Tanxvedras
moZiebasac,
ramac,
relevantur
niSnavs,
SeiZleba,
aramed
mkvlevris
konstruqtis falsificireba moaxdinos. rodesac damadasturebeli da

uarmyofeli mtkicebulebebi dabalansebulia, mkvlevars ukve SeuZlia
aCvenos konstruqtis validoba da wamoayenos pirobebi gamoyenebuli
konstruqtis
ragvarobaze.
konstruqtis
urTierTswinaaRmdego
interpretaciebis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars mouwevs konfliqturi situaciis

arsebobis
aRiareba
da
im
interpretaciaze
miTiTeba,
romelsac
gamoiyenebs.
Tvisebriv/eTnografiul
aCvenebdes,
rom
kvlevaSi
kategoriebs,
konstruqtis
romelsac
mkvlevari
validoba
unda
iyenebs,
Tavad
monawileebisTvis aqvs azri/mniSvneloba (Eisenhart and Howe 1992: 648), anu

maTSi asaxulia is, Tu monawileebi realurad rogor ganicdian da ageben
situaciebs kvlevaSi; is, rom isini situacias aqtorebis TvaliT xedaven.
kempbeli da fiske (1959), brok-utne (1996) da kuperi da Sindleri (2001)
gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom konstruqtis validoba konvergentuli da
diskriminantuli teqnikebiT miiRweva. konvergentuli teqnika gulisxmobs,
rom sxvadasxva teqnika, romelic erTsa da imave konstruqts ikvlevs,
SedarebiT
maRal
interkorelaciebs
unda
aCvenebdes,
xolo
diskriminaciuli moiazrebs, rom sxvadasxva konstruqtisTvis msgavsi
342
meTodebis gamoyenebam SedarebiT dabali interkorelaciebi unda mogvces,

anu
sakvlevi
konstruqti
gansxvavdeba
sxva
potenciurad
msgavsi
konstruqtebisgan. aseTi diskriminaciuli validobis miReba faqtoruli

analiziTac SeiZleba, romelic erTad ajgufebs msgavs sakiTxebs da
gamoyofs maT sxvebisgan.
ekologiuri validoba
raodenobriv, pozitivistur kvlevaSi xSirad xdeba Seqmnil garemoSi
cvladebis
izolireba,
gakontroleba
da
manipulireba.
Tvisebrivi,
bunebrivi kvlevis fundamentur daSvebas warmoadgens is, rom mkvlevari

mizanmimarTulad ar cdilobs cvladebiT an mdgomareobiT manipulirebas
da situaciebi bunebrivad warmoiqmneba. aq mizans socialuri situaciebis
realobebis maTive terminebiT, maT bunebriv an tradiciul garemoSi
zedmiwevniT
validoba
aRwera
warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebiT
ganaTlebis
mniSvnelovani
da
sferoSi
ekologiuri
sasargebloa,
rodesac
ikvleven, Tu realurad rogor xorcieldeba politika saklaso iTaxSi.

skolebSi
(Brock-Utne
1996;
617).
ekologiuri
validobis
saCveneblad
mniSvnelovania, rom kvlevaSi SeZlebisdagvarad bevri maxasiaTebeli da

faqtori iyos CarTuli da Seswavlili. aq sirTule isaa, rom rac ufro
meti maxasiaTebelia CarTuli da aRwerili, miT ufro rTulia kvlevis
ZiriTadi eTikuri principebis _ Tvalis miudevneblobis, anonimurobis da
araidentificirebis dacva.
kulturis validoba
validobis
tips,
romelic
ekologiur
validobas
ukavSirdeba,
kulturul validobas uwodeben (Morgan 1999). es sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT,

kroskulturul, interkulturul da SedarebiT kvlevebSi dgeba, roca
kvlevaSi
monawileTa
kulturisTvis
Sesatyvisi
kvleva
igegmeba
da
mkvlevari da monawile sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian.

kulturuli
validoba
ganisazRvreba,
rogorc
xarisxi,
romliTac
343
kvleva
Seesatyiseba
im
kulturul
garemos,
romelSic
is
unda
ganxorcieldes (Joy 2003: 1). morgani (1999) Tvlis, rom kulturuli

validoba
kvlevis
dagegmvaze,
yvela
stadias
ganxorcielebasa
monawileebis,
kulturebisa
Seexeba
da
da
da
gavlenas
gavrcelebaze.
viTarebebis
axdens
masSi
mis
moiazreba
sensitiurobis
xarisxi.
morgani (2005) wers, rom:

kulturul
validobas
Tan
sdevs
maTi
kulturuli
Rirebulebebis
aRiareba, visac ikvleven. es SeiZleba moicavdes: samizne kulturis SesaZlo

gansxvavebuli
terminebis
damokidebulebis
identificirebasa
gagebas
da
kvlevisadmi;
gagebas,
romlebic
im
gamorCeuli
samizne
kulturaSi
gamoiyeneba; samizne enis Sesaxeb saTanado literaturis gadaxedvas; kvlevis

iseTi
instrumentebis
arCevas,
romelic
misaRebia
samizne
jgufebisTvis;
monacemebis interpretaciebisa da Targmanebis gadamowmebas maTTan, visTvisac

samizne jgufis ena mSobliuria; mkvlevris codnas, rom adamianebi sakuTari
kulturuli filtrebiT operireben.
(Morgan 2005: 1)
joi (2003: 1) warmogvidgens Tormet mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, romelic

SeiZleba gauCndeT mkvlevrebs gansxvavebul kulturul konteqstebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyon kvlevis kulturuli
samarTlianoba da kulturuli
sensitiuroba:
gasagebi
da
mniSvnelovania
Tu
ara
kvlevis
kiTxva
samizne
jgufisTvis?
aris Tu ara mkvlevari is pirovneba, vinc unda Caataros es kvleva,

anu Seesatyviseba Tu ara misi pirovneba gansaxorcielebel kvlevas?
Seesatyviseba Tu ara is Teoriebi, romelsac kvleva eyrdnoba,
samizne
jgufs?
rogor
ganixilaven
mocemuli
kvlevis
samizne
kulturis
kiTxvasTan
warmomadgeneli
dakavSirebul
meTodebisa da Sedegebis CaTvliT)?
Sesatyvisi guSagebi da informantebi SeirCa?
mkvlevrebi
sakiTxebs
(maTi
344
eTikuri da
adekvaturia
Tu ara
kvlevis
sqema
da
instrumentebi
samizne kulturis standartebis mixedviT?
rogor gansazRvraven kvlevis ZiriTad terminebs samizne kulturis

warmomadgenlebi?
kulturisTvis Sesatyvisad iTargmna Tu ara dokumentebi da sxva

informacia?
miiRebs
Tu
ara
potenciur
sargebels
samizne
kultura
kvlevis
mosalodneli SedegebiT?
moicavs Tu ara kvlevis Sedegebis interpretacia samizne kulturis

warmomadgenlebis mosazrebebsa da Tvalsazrisebs?
xelmisawvdomia
Tu
ara
warmomadgenlebisTvis,
kvlevis
raTa
Sedegebi
gadaxedon
da
samizne
TavianTi
kulturis
komentarebi
daurTon?
sworad da samarTlianad acnobs Tu ara mkvlevari Sedegebs maTive

kulturul konteqstSi im adamianebs, romlebic ar ekuTvnian samizne
kulturas?
Kkataliizis 8 validoba
katalituri
romelic
validoba
pirvel
katalituri
TavSi
validoba
moicavs
kritikuli
ganvixileT.
mxolod
imis
Teoriis
neitralurad
uzrunvelyofas
paradigmas,
rom
vTqvaT,
cdilobs,
rom
kvlevas qmedebisken mivyavdeT. Tumca, es yvelaferi ar aris, radgan

katalituri
Teoriis
validobis
msgavsad,
sakiTxi
programas
mravlismomcvelia.
gvTavazobs.
lazeri
is,
kritikuli
(Lather 1986, 1991),
kinCelo da maklareni (Kincheloe and McLaren 1994) Tvlian, rom katalituri

validobis programaa daexmaros monawileebs sakuTari samyaros gagebaSi
8
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: katalizis validoba SedarebiT axali terminia da
kritikuli socialuri mecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. is niSnavs, rom mkvlevari

ubiZgebs maT, visac is swavlobs, ukeT gaacnobieron sakuTari situacia misi Secvlis
mizniT.
345
maTi transformirebis mizniT. programa aSkarad politikuria, radgan

katalituri validoba saWirod xdis gamomJRavndes, situaciis viseuli
gansazRvrebebia gamoyenebuli mocemul situaciaSi. linkolni da guba
(1996) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom kvleva samarTlianobis kriteriums
unda
akmayofilebdes,
monawileebis
rac
niSnavs
cxovrebiseuli
imas,
rom
gamocdileba
ara
unda
marto
kvlevis
gaZlierdes
da
gaumjobesdes, aramed monawileTa uflebamosilebac. am mxriv, kvleva

SeiZleba fokusirdes imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos (inovaciebi da axali
mimarTulebebi) da ra SesaZloa, rom iyos (idealuri, SesaZlo momavali)
(Schofield 1990: 209).
katalituri validoba,
aSeris
(1996)
saWiroebs:
feministuri kvlevis mTavari maxasiaTebeli,
TvalsazrisiT,
monawileTa
mTel
kvlevaze
solidarobas;
unda
kvlevis
vrceldebodes.
unars,
xeli
is
Seuwyos
emansipacias, damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas mxolod egalitarul

da
demokratiul
ideologiuri
sazogadoebaSi
deformaciebisa
(Masschelein 1991);
da
SezRudvebis
im
damaxinjebebis,
gamovlenas,
romelic
arsebobs kvlevaSi, urTierTobasa da socialur struqturebSi (aseve,

ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993). amtkiceben (Mishler 1990; Scheurich 1996), rom
validoba
aramed
aRar
aris
sakamaToa da
akademiuri
wreebis
istoriul
konteqsts
moklebuli
mocemuloba,
fiqroben, rom validuri kvlevis
gansazRvreba
avtoritetebTan
unda
veZioT.
lazerisTvis
(1986)
aucilebelia, rom kvleva emansipaciuri iyos da kvlevis monawileTa

SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas emsaxurebodes. amasTan, mas miaCnia, rom
katalituri validoba, konsaentizaciis 9 freireseuli (Freire 1970) cnebis
msgavsad, monawileebs imis Zalas unda aZlevdes, rom gaacnobieron da
Secvalon TavianTi Cagruli mdgomareoba.
validoba, rogorc amboben (Scheurich 1996), sxva araferia, Tu ara
niRabi, romelic awesrigebs da awesebs
kvlevis misaReb sazRvrebs
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: paulo freiris es termini niSnavs kritikuli

cnobierebis zrdas
346
avtoritetuli kvleviTi sazogadoebisTvis. saubrebi validobis Sesaxeb

sinamdvileSi Rirebuli codnis gansazRvris uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb
saubrebia.
is,
Tu
ramdenad
gamarTlebulia
mtkiceba,
rom
mkvlevrebs
aseTi
ideologiuri miswrafebebi unda hqondeT, albaT, sakamaToa, Tumca am

sferos yuradRebis miRma datoveba, daudevrobiTa da ugulebelyofiT
uTanasworobis
kvlevis
SenarCunebaa.
procesSi
eTikas
katalituri
centraluri
validoba
adgili
adasturebs,
uWiravs
da
rom
amisTvis
saWiroa, rom mkvlevrebma gaarkvion, visi an risi erTgulni arian da ra

pasuxismgeblobebi da TviTdaintereseba aqvT (Surgess 1989).
socialuri Sedegebis validoba

katalitur validobas nawilobriv ukavSirdeba socialuri Sedegebis
validoba,
romelic
amtkicebs,
rom
monacemebis
(kvlevis
Sedegebis)
gamoyenebis gzebi Seesabameba kvlevis SesaZleblobebs an miznebs, anu

kvlevis
Sedegebi
ar
scildeba
kvlevis
SesaZleblobebs, praqtikuli
Sedegebi ki legitimuria da Sesrulebuli. naTelia, rom vinaidan kvleva

sayovelTao kuTvnilebaa, mkvlevari mcired an saerTod ver akontrolebs
mis gamoyenebas. Tumca, da es xSirad politikuri sakiTxia, kvleva ar
unda
gamoiyenon
ise,
rogorc
ar
iyo
ganzraxuli
misi
gamoyeneba,
magaliTad, monacemebze miTiTebiT amtkicon raRac, risi mtkicebac am

kvlevis monacemebis SesaZleblobebs scildeba; ar SeiZleba kvlevis
saxeliT imgvarad moqmedeba, rasac ar uzrunvelyofs is (magaliTad,
kvlevis gamoyeneba aralegitimuri codnis mxardasaWerad); dauSvebelia
kvlevis
gamoyeneba
damaxinjebiT)
iyeneben
miuRebeli
aralegitimuri
kvlevas;
arc
formebiT
gacxadebebis
winaswar
(magaliTad,
SerCeviT,
gasakeTeblad,
risTvisac
SeTanxmebuli
gzebiT
kvlevis
gamouyenlobaa dasaSvebi da arc umoqmedobiT gamowveuli Secdomebis

Cadena.
socialuri Sedegebis validobis naTeli magaliTia maformirebeli
Sefaseba. aq laparakia imaze, Tu ramdenad gaaumjobeses studentebma
347
TavianTi
Sedegebi
ukukavSiris
miRebis
Sedegad;
Sesabamisad,
Tu
studentebi gasaumjobeseblad arasakmaris ukukavSirs iReben, an Tu maT

ar SeuZliaT ukukavSiris Sedegad gaumjobeseba, maSin maformirebeli
Sefaseba socialuri Sedegebis mcire validobiT xasiaTdeba.
kriteriumis validoba
validobis
es
forma
erTi
konkretuli
instrumentiT
miRebuli
Sedegebis sxva garegan kriteriumTan dakavSirebas cdilobs. am tipis

validoba or ZiriTad formas aerTianebs: prediqtul validobas da
analogiis validobas.
prediqtuli validoba miRweulia, Tu kvlevis pirvel da Semdeg

etapze moRebuli monacemebi mWidro urTierTkavSirSia.
magaliTad, Tu
16 wlis asakSi Cabarebul gamocdaze miRebuli Sedegebi zustad efardeba

18 wlis asakSi imave studentebis mier miRebul Sedegebs, maSin SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom pirvelma gamocdam Zlieri prediqtuli validoba aCvena.
am Temis variacias analogiis validobis cnebaSi vxvdebiT. validobis
am
formis
saCveneblad
erTi
instrumentiT
mopovebuli
monacemebi
mWidrod unda korelirebdes sxva instrumentiT miRebul monacemebTan.

magaliTad,
gadaWris
davuSvaT,
unaris
gadawyvites
kvleva.
mkvlevari
studentebis
SeiZleba
mier
problemebis
problemaze
muSaobisas
daakvirdes students, gamoikiTxos, rogor umklavdeba problemas, an

sTxovos, daweros, rogor gadaWra problema. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars
monacemebis Segrovebis sami instrumenti aqvs _ dakvirveba, interviu da
dokumenti. Tu samive gziT miRebuli Sedegebi
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs da,
mocemuli kriteriumis mixedviT, studenti problemis
gadaWris karg
unars avlens, maSin mkvlevari ufro meti darwmunebiT (validoba) ityvis,

rom studenti kargad arTmevs Tavs problemis gadawyvetas, vidre ityoda,
mxolod erTi instrumentis gamoyenebiT rom misuliyo imave daskvnamde.
analogiis
validoba
ZiriTadi
koncefciiT
(anu
meore
sazomTan
TanxvedriT) Zalian hgavs Tavis mewyviles _ prediqtul validobas. maT

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs is, rom konkurentul validobaSi ar aris
348
drois momenti; Tanxvedris demonstrireba sxva instrumentTan erTad,

erTdroulad aris SesaZlebeli.
analogiis
validobis
kidev
romelic,
rogorc
triangulacia,
erTi
mniSvnelovani
SemdgomSi
vnaxavT,
mewyvilea
sandoobasac
ukavSirdeba.
triangulacia
triangulacia
romelime
SeiZleba
aspeqtis
ganisazRvros,
Seswavlisas
rogorc
monacemebis
adamianis
Segrovebis
ori
qcevis
an
meti
meTodis gamoyeneba. ramdenime meTodis gamoyeneba anu mravalmeTodiani

midgoma, rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben, upirispirdeba gavrcelebul,
magram zogadad ufro mowyvlad erTmeTodian midgomas, romelic ase
axasiaTebs kvlevis umravlesobas socialur mecnierebebSi. originalur
saTanado
literaturaSi
gavrcelebuli
azriT,
triangulacia
aris
fizikuri gazomvis teqnika: magaliTad, sazRvao navigatorebi, samxedro

strategebi da topografebi iyeneben (an iyenebdnen) ramdenime lokaciur
markers
erTi
konkretuli
wertilis,
an
samiznis
adgilmdebareobis
zustad gansasazRvrad. analogiurad, triangulaciis teqnika socialur

mecnierebaSi cdilobs, moniSnos, an ufro srulad axsnas adamianis
qcevis
mravalferovneba
da
kompleqsuroba
misi
erTze
meti
xedvis
kuTxidan _ mravalmxrivi SeswavliT, risTvisac iyenebs orive monacems _

raodenobrivsa
da
Tvisebrivs.
triangulacia
analogiis
validobis
Cvenebis mZlavri saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi (Campbell

and Fiske 1959).
socialur
kvlevaSi
mravalmeTodiani
midgomis
gamoyenebas
bevri
upiratesoba aqvs, Tumca Cven mxolod or maTgans ganvixilavT. pirveli:

rom iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa medicina, qimia da fizika, mxolod
dakvirvebiT,
rogorc
wesi,
SesaZlebelia
arCeuli
fenomenis
Sesaxeb
sakmarisi da araorazrovani informaciis mopoveba, magram, miuxedavad

amisa, is mxolod SezRudul xedvas gvaZlevs adamianis qcevisa da im
situaciebis
kompleqsurobisas,
romelSic
isini
urTierTqmedeben.
349
aRiniSna,
rom
romliTac
vinaidan
garemo
kvlevis
meTodebi
SerCeviTad
filtrebiviT
ganicdeba,
moqmedeben,
gamocdilebis
samyaros
warmodgenisas isini arasodesaa abstraqtuli an neitraluri (Smith 1975).

Sesabamisad, mxolod erT meTodze dayrdnobam SeiZleba tendenciuri
gaxados an daamaxinjos realobis im konkretuli nawilis mkvlevriseuli
suraTi, romelsac ikvlevs. mkvlevari darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom
miRebuli monacemebi maTi mogrovebis erTi konkretuli meTodis ubralo
artefaqtebi ar aris (Lin 1976). aseTi Tavdajerebis miRweva SesaZlebelia,
ramdenadac
Segrovebis
vsaubrobT
sxvadasxva
nomoTetur
meTodiT
kvlevaze,
arsebiTad
rodesac
erTsa
da
monacemebis
imave
Sedegebs
viRebT. (rodesac interpretaciul kvlevaSi triangulacia sxvadasxva

aqtoris TvalTaxedvis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba, igive meTodi, magaliTad,
angariSebi, bunebrivad mogvcems gansxvavebul monacemebs).
garda
amisa,
rac
ufro
meti
meTodi
upirispirdeba
erTmaneTs,
mkvlevars miT metad darwmunebuli SeuZlia, rom iyos. Tu, magaliTad,

kiTxvariT miRebuli Sedegebi Seesatyviseba imave fenomenis dakvirvebiT
Seswavlis
Sedegebs,
mkvlevari
ufro
darwmunebuli
iqneba
Tavis
SedegebSi. an, ufro eqstremaluri situacia: rodesac mkacrad gawerili

eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegebi meordeba, vTqvaT, roluri gaTamaSebis
savarjiSoSi, mkvlevari gacilebiT metad TviTdajerebuli iqneba. Tu
Sedegebi meTodis artefaqtebia, maSin kontrastuli meTodebis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs albaTobas, rom nebismieri Tavsebadi Sedegi
meTodebis msgavsebas mieweros (Lin 1976).
axla meore upiratesoba: zogierTma Teoretikosma mkveTrad gaakritika
socialur mecnierebebSi kvleva-Ziebis arsebuli meTodebis SezRuduli
gamoyeneba. magaliTad, erT-erTi avtori wers:
meTodologiuri
SezRudulobisa
Tu
eTnocentrizmis
gamo
mraval
kvlevaSi konkretul meTods an teqnikas iyeneben. meTodologebi xSirad

konkretuli sasurveli meTodebis win wamoweviT arian dakavebuli imitom,
350

rom an mxolod isini ician, an hgoniaT, rom es meTodebi yvela sxva meTodze
ukeTesia.
(Smith 1975)
amtkiceben,
rom
triangulaciis
teqnikis
gamoyeneba,
meTodze
mibmulobis problemis, rogorc mas uwodes, daZlevaSi dagvexmareba.

gorardma
da
teilorma
(2004),
faqtiurad,
aCvenes
Tvisebrivi
da
SesaZlebelia
an
raodenobrivi meTodebis kombinirebis Rirebuleba.

ramdenime
meTodis
arCevisas
triangulaciaSi
normatiuli, an interpetaciuli teqnikis gamoyeneba; an meTodebis orive

midgomidan aReba da maTi kombinireba.
linkolni da guba (1985: 315) ukan, bunebriv kvlevasTan gvabruneben da
gamoTqvamen
mosazrebas,
rom
triangulacia
monacemebis
gadamowmeba,
Tumca
wevrebis
Cafiqrebulia,
mier
agebuli
rogorc
monacemebis
gadasamowmeblad wevrebis gadamowmeba da damajereblobis elementebi

unda gamoviyenoT.
triangulaciis tipebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi

axlaxans
vnaxeT,
gansxvavebiT,
Tumca,
triangulacia,
problemisadmi
denzinma
Semoitana
rom
mravalmeTodiani
(Denzin 1970b)
mravalmeTodiani
erTmeTodiani
gaafarTova
kvlevis
sxva
midgomisgan
midgomiT
xasiaTdeba.
triangulaciis
ramdenime
tipi
cneba,
da
man
maT
meTodologiuri triangulacia uwoda:
drois triangulacia: am tipis triangulacia erTjeradi da droSi

ganmeorebadi sqemis gamoyenebiT cdilobs cvlilebis da procesis
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas. kirki da mileri (Kirk and Miller 1986)
Tvlian, rom diaqronuli sandooba cdilobs, miaRwios dakvirvebebis
stabilobas
sxvadasxva
dros,
xolo
sinqronuli
erTdroulad mopovebuli monacemebis msgavsebas.
sandooba
351
sivrcis
triangulacia:
subkulturaSi
es
tipi
Catarebuli
erTsa
kvlevebis
da
imave
qveyanaSi
SezRudulobis
an
daZlevas
kroskulturuli teqnikebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs.
triangulaciis kombinirebuli doneebi: es tipi analizis erTze met

dones iyenebs socialur mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli sami ZiriTadi
donidan:
individualuri,
interaqciuli
(jgufebi)
da
koleqtiuri
an
sapirispiro
(organizaciuli, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi).
Teoriuli
triangulacia:
es
tipi
alternatiul
Teoriebs eyrdnoba da ar iyenebs mxolod erT perspeqtivas.
mkvlevris triangulacia: aq erTze meti damkvirvebelia CarTuli,

romlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad moipoveben monacemebs.
meTodologiuri triangulacia: am tipis triangulaciaSi an erTi da

igive
meTodi
gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi,
an
sxvadasxva
meTodi erTi da igive obieqtis Seswavlisas.

socialur mecnierebebSi mravali kvleva mxolod erTjeradad tardeba
da amiT yuradRebis miRma tovebs socialuri cvlilebisa da procesis
gavlenebs. drois triangulacia rogorRac asworebs am Cavardnebs krosseqciuri
da
longituduri
kvlevebSi
monacemebs
midgomebis
drois
erT
gamoyenebiT.
momentSi
kros-seqciur
agroveben;
longitudur
kvlevebSi drois sxvadasxva momentSi erTi da igive jgufidan iReben

monacemebs.
amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
panelis
da
tendenciis
kvlevebic
SegviZlia vaxsenoT. panelis kvlevaSi erTmaneTs adareben erTi da imave

individebisgan
monacemebs,
uwyvetad
erTi
xolo
Seswavla
da
imave
trendis
xdeba.
sazomebiT
kvlevisas
TiToeuli
sxvadasxva
arCeuli
am
meTodis
dros
procesebis
sisuste
miRebul
droSi
SeiZleba
Semcirdes mocemuli problemisadmi kombinirebuli midgomis gamoyenebiT.

sivrcis triangulacia erT kulturaSi an subkulturaSi warmoebuli
kvlevis SezRudvebis daZlevas cdilobs. rogorc smiTi (1975) ambobs,
qcevis Semswavleli mecnierebebi ara marto kulturiT aris SezRuduli,
aramed _ subkulturiTac. bevri samecniero naSromi jer kidev isea
352
dawerili,
TiTqos
gadmocemulia
aRmoCenilia
WeSmariteba
bazisuri
nebismieri
principebi,
romlebSic
sazogadoebisTvis,
nebismieri
adgilisa da droisTvis. kroskulturuli kvleva SeiZleba moicavdes

Teoriebis Semowmebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi, rogorc moxda piaJeseul da
froidiseul fsiqologiaSi; an SeiZleba sxvadasxva populacias Soris
gansxvavebebs ramdenime gansxvavebuli sazomi instrumentiT zomavdes. Cven
ukve visaubreT kulturul validobaze.
socialur
mecnierebs
kvlevisas
ainteresebT
individi,
jgufi
da
sazogadoeba. es aisaxeba analizis sam doneSi, romelsac mkvlevrebi

muSaobisas
iyeneben.
isini,
vinc
kritikulad
uyureben
dRevandeli
kvlevebis did nawils, amtkiceben, rom zogierT kvlevaSi mcdarad aris

gamoyenebuli analizis done. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia individualuri
done maSin, roca es sazogadoebrivi done unda iyos; an erTi doniT
izRudeba, rodesac ufro saintereso da mravlismTqmeli suraTis miReba
iqneboda
SesaZlebeli
erTze
meti
donis
gamoyenebiT.
smiTi
(1975)
ganavrcobs analizs da Svid SesaZlo dones gamoyofs: agregaciul, anu

individualur dones da eqvs dones, romlebic ufro globaluria imiT,
rom
axasiaTebs
koleqtivs,
rogorc
mTlians
da
is
ar
gamohyavs
dagrovili individualuri maxasiaTeblebidan (Smith 1975). es eqvsi donea:
jgufis analizi: individebisa da jgufebis urTierTqmedebis paternebi;
analizis
organizaciuli
erTeulebi:
erTeulebi,
romlebic
iseTi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian, romlebic ar aqvT mis Semqmnel individebs;
instituciuri analizi: urTierTobebi sazogadoebis samarTlebriv,

politikur, ekonomikur da ojaxur institutebSi da maT Soris;
ekologiuri analizi: dainteresebulia sivrciTi axsniT;
kulturuli analizi: ainteresebs kulturis normebi, Rirebulebebi,

praqtikebi, tradiciebi da ideologiebi;
sazogadoebrivi
analizi:
iseT
didmasStabian
faqtorebs
exeba,
rogoricaa urbanizacia, industrializacia, ganaTleba, keTildReoba

da a. S.
353
sadac
SesaZlebelia,
analizis
ramdenime
kvlevas
iwyeben
orientaciisadmi
done
erTi
upiratesoba
eniWeba
gamoiyeneba.
zogjer
konkretuli
erTgulebis
kvlevebs,
mkvlevrebi
Teoriisadmi
gamo,
romlebSic
an
sakiTxis
Teoriuli
sawinaaRmdego
Teoriebis
gamosaricxad. smiTi (1975) ki gvirCevs, rom kvleva sapirispiro Teoriebis

Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenoT.
mkvlevris triangulacia kvlevis garemoSi erTze meti damkvirveblis
(an
monawilis)
gamoyenebas
gulisxmobs.
TavisTvis
momuSave
damkvirveblebsa da monawileebs dakvirvebis warmoebis sakuTari stili

aqvT da es miRebul monacemebze aisaxeba. Sesabamisad, ori an meti
damkvirveblis
an
monawilis
frTxilma
gamoyenebam
SeiZleba
ufro
validuri da sando monacemebi mogvces (Smith 1975), mkvlevrebs Soris

gansvlis Semowmeba minimalur gansvlas, anu sandoobas iZleva.
am mxriv, triangulaciis cneba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sandoobisa da
validobis
sakiTxebs.
Cven
ukve
ganvixileT
meTodologiuri
triangulacia. denzini (1970b) Tavis tipologiaSi triangulaciis or

kategorias gamoyofs: meTods Sida da meTodebs Soris. meTods Sida
triangulacia Seexeba kvlevis gameorebas, rogorc sandoobis Semowmebas
da Teoriis dadasturebas. meTodebs Soris triangulacia ki gulisxmobs
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad erTze meti meTodis gamoyenebas. rogorc
validobis Semowmeba, meTodebs Soris midgoma moicavs erTi samiznis
damoukidebeli sazomebis konvergenciis cnebas (Campbell and Fiske 1959).
denzinis
tipologiis
eqvsi
kategoriidan
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevisas xSirad gamoiyeneba oTxi: drois triangulacia longituduri

da
erTjeradi
kvlevebiT;
sivrcis
triangulacia,
rogorc
erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ikvleven skolebs regionSi an qveyanaSi; mkvlevris
triangulacia,
rodesac
erTsa
da
imave
saklaso
fenomens
ori
damoukidebeli damkvirvebeli afasebs; meTodologiuri triangulacia. am

oTxidan
yvelaze
xSirad
meTodologiuri
triangulacia
romelsac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze metis SemoTavazeba SeuZlia.
gamoiyeneba,
354
triangulaciis teqnika maSin aris gamosadegi, rodesac ganaTlebis

sferoSi kvlevis Sedegebis ufro metad holisturi xedvisken iswrafian
(magaliTad, skolis efeqturobis kvleva (Mortimore et al. (1988)) an, rodesac
saWiroa rTuli fenomenebis axsna. triangulacia sasargebloa, roca
dadgenili,
miRebuli
midgoma
SezRudul
da
xSirad
damaxinjebul
suraTs iZleva. dabolos, triangulacia SeiZleba gamosadegi teqnika

iyos, rodesac mkvlevari SemTxvevis anu rTuli fenomenis konkretuli
magaliTis SeswavliT aris dakavebuli (Adelman et al. 1980).
triangulaciasac
hyavs
kritikosebi.
magaliTad,
silvermeni
(1985)
gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom triangulaciis cneba arsiT pozitivisturia

da
es
yvelaze
miCneulia,
rom
naTlad
monacemebis
monacemebis
triangulaciaSi
ramdenime
wyaro
Cans,
(analogiis
vinaidan
validoba)
ukeTesia, vidre erTi wyaro an instrumenti. daSveba, rom calkeuli

erTeuli
yovelTvis
ganviTarebis,
SeiZleba
fluidurobis,
erT
jerze
metad
unikalurobisa
gaizomos,
da
arRvevs
specifikurobis
interpretaciis principebs (Denzin 1997: 320). garda amisa, petoni (Patton 1980)
Tvlis,
rom
Tvisebrivi
gqondes
monacemebis
monacemebisTvis,
ganmeorebadobas.
fildingi
ramdenime
ar
uzrunvelyofs
da
fildingi
wyaro,
gansakuTrebiT,
konsistenturobas,
(Fielding
and
Fielding
an
1986)
amtkiceben, rom meTodologiuri triangulacia aucileblobiT ar zrdis

validobas, ar amcirebs mikerZoebulobas, an aqcevs kvlevas obieqturad.
mkvlevris triangulaciasTan dakavSirebiT, linkolnisa da gubas (1985:
307) mtkicebiT, arasworia daSveba, rom erTi mkvlevari mxars dauWers
meores da arc gamarTlebulia, gansakuTrebiT Tvisebriv, refleqsiur
kvlevaSi.
avtorebi
TavianTi
interesis
sferoSi
Teoriasa
da
meTodologiur triangulacias rTaven da amtkiceben, rom Teoriis Zieba

da meTodologiuri triangulacia epistemologiurad araTanmimdevrulia
da empiriulad carieli (aseve, ixileT Patton 1980). amtkiceben, rom ori
Teoria verasodes mogvcems sakvlevi fenomenis sakmarisad srul axsnas.
355
es basri da gesliani kritikaa, magram denzinic aseve geslianad pasuxobs

(1997).
validobis miRweva
Zalian
advilia,
mavnebelia,
rom
radgan
kvleva
kvlevis
aravalidurad
yovel
iqces;
etapze
is
SeiZleba
veragi
da
Semoiparos.
aravalidobis aRmofxvris mcdeloba arsebiTia, Tu mkvlevars surs, rom

darwmunebuli iyos kvlevis gegmis, monacemebis miRebis, maTi damuSavebisa
da
analizis,
interpretaciisa
da
Semdgomi
Sefasebis
mdgenelebSi
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 3.

ppt).
dizainis
etapze
validobisadmi
safrTxis
Semcireba
Semdegi
saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli:
saTanado vadebis dawesebiT;
Casatarebeli
kvlevisTvis
saWiro
adekvaturi
gasacemad
saTanado
resursebis
uzrunvelyofiT;
kvlevis
kiTxvebze
pasuxebis
meTodologiis
arCeviT;
saWiro tipis monacemebis SegrovebisTvis saTanado instrumentebis

arCeviT;
saTanado SerCevis gamoyenebiT (magaliTad, iseTi SerCevis, romelic

reprezentaciulia, arc Zalian pataraa da arc _ Zalian didi);
Sinagani, garegani, Sinaarsis, analogiis da konstruqtis validobis

CvenebiTa da konstruqtebis samarTlianad operacionalizebiT;
sandoobis
stabilobis terminebiT uzrunvelyofiT (konsistenturoba,
ekvivalenturi formebi, testis masalebis analizi Suaze gaxleCviT);
kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad saTanado sakiTxebis arCeviT;
saTanado
instrumentebis
SeqmniTa
da
gamoyenebiT,
romlebic,
uzrunvelyofen zusti, reprezentaciuli, relevanturi da amomwuravi

monacemebis miRebas (King et al. 1987); teqstis kiTxvadobis saTanado
356
donis
uzrunvelyofa;
instruqciebSi,
terminebsa
da
kiTxvebSi
nebismieri orazrovnebisTvis, bundovnebisTvis Tavis arideba; iseTi

instrumenebis
gamoyeneba,
kompleqsuroba
ar
kiTxvebisTvis
romlebsac
gamoeparebaT;
Tavis
arideba;
sakvlevi
STamagonebeli
testis
da
sirTulis
sakiTxebis
mimaniSnebeli
saTanado
donis
uzrunvelyofa, magaliTad, arc Zalian rTuli da arc Zalian martivi;

testSi
diskriminaciulobis
debulebebisTvis
Tavis
arideba;
dabali
Zalian
maCveneblis
mokle
an
Zalian
mqone
grZeli
instrumentebis SeqmnisTvis Tavis arideba; TiToeuli sakiTxSi Zalian

bevri, an Zalian cota debulebebis CarTvisTvis Tavis arideba.
mkvlevris an mkvlevarTa gundis mikerZoebulad arCevisTvis Tavis

aridebiT
(magaliTad,
mkvlevris
arCeva
imitom,
rom
Sinauria
an
imitom, rom ucxoa).

aravalidoba
an
mikerZoebuloba
kvlevaSi
monacemebis
Segrovebis
etapze ramdenime sferoSi SeiZleba Seiparos. amis minimumamde dayvana

SesaZlebelia:
efeqtis 10
hoTornis
SemcirebiT
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/089-415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 1. doc);
reaqtiulobis
iqcevian,
efeqtis
rodesac
magaliTad,
maT
intervius
SemcirebiT:
ikvleven,
respondentebi
an
situaciaSi
axal
Cven
gansxvavebulad
situaciaSi
viWrebiT
xvdebian,
adamianebis
cxovrebaSi imiT, rom vikvlevT maT (Lave and Kvale 1995: 226);
respondentebis
mier
kvlevis
datovebis
sixSiris
Semcirebis
mcdelobiT;
zomebis miRebiT kiTxvarebis daubruneblobis Tavidan asacileblad;
pretestebsa da posttestebs Soris Zalian mokle an Zalian grZeli

intervalebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
10
Hawthorne effect radgan ician, rom akvirdebian, cdis pirebis mier naCvenebi Sedegebi
icvleba,. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
357
sandoobis uzrunvelyofiT SemfasebelTa Soris;
sakontrolo
da
eqsperimentuli
jgufebis
samarTliani
SeTanxmebulobiT;
monacemebis
Segrovebis
an
testebis
administrirebis
standartuli
procedurebis uzrunvelyofiT;
respondentebis motivaciaze dayrdnobiT;
respondentebis samuSao adgilTan instrumentebis morgebiT da sxva

situaciuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, janmrTeloba,
garemo, xmauri, safrTxe, sxva distraqtorebi);
mkvlevarTan
dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis
mogvarebiT
(gansakuTrebiT,
intervius situaciaSi), magaliTad, mkvlevris damokidebuleba, sqesi,

rasa, asaki, pirovneba, Cacmuloba, komentarebi, pasuxebi, kiTxvis dasmis
teqnika, qceva, stili da araverbaluri komunikacia.
monacemebis
analizis
etapze
ramdenime
sferoa,
sadac
SeimCneva
(magaliTad,
niSnebis
aravalidoba, risi mininumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia:
respondentebis mier validaciis gamoyenebiT;
monacemebis
subieqturi
dawerisas
zedmeti
interpretaciisTvis
guluxvoba
an
siZunwe)
anu
Sedegebis
standartizaciisa da gasaSualoebis arqonisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
halos efeqtis SemcirebiT, rodesac mkvlevris msjelobaze gavlenas

axdens is, rom icnobs kvlevaSi CarTul pirovnebas an am pirovnebis
Sesaxeb sxva monacemebic aqvs;
monacemebis
(magaliTad,
donis
Sesabamisi
intervalebis
statistikuri
skalisTvis
meTodebis
gamoyenebiT
gankuTvnili
teqnikebis
gamoyeneba rigis skalis monacemebisTvis, an araswori statistikebis

gamoyeneba
mixedviT);
monacemebis
tipis,
zomis,
sirTulis,
sensitiurobis
358
moCvenebiTi
korelaciebisa
da
gareSe
faqtorebis
amocnobiT,
romlebic SeiZleba gavlenas axdendnen monacemebze (anu gvirabuli

mxedveloba 11);
Tvisebrivi monacemebis uxarisxo, mwiri kodirebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
imaze
meti
daskvnebisa
da
ganzogadebebis
gakeTebisTvis
Tavis
aridebiT, vidre amis saSualebas monacemebi iZleva;
korelaciebisa da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gaigivebisTvis Tavis

aridebiT;
monacemebis seleqciurad gamoyenebisTvis Tavis aridebiT;
monacemebis
arasamarTlianad
dajgufebisTvis
Tavis
aridebiT
(gansakuTrebiT, sixSireTa cxrilebis);
monacemebis
arasamarTliani
teleskopirebisTvis
(monacemebis
gaufasureba) Tavis aridebiT;
da
II
gvaris
SecdomebisTvis
Tavis
aridebiT
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 6, faili 6. 2. doc).

I gvaris Secdoma maSin xdeba, rodesac mkvlevari uaryofs nulovan
hipoTezas,
roca
is
sinamdvileSi
WeSmaritia
(udanaSaulo
adamianis
gasamarTlebis msgavsad: Mitchell and Jolley 1988: 121); aseT SecdomasTan

gamklaveba ufro mkacri mniSvnelobis donis (magaliTad, p< 0.01 da ara
p< 0.05) dawesebiT aris SesaZlebeli. II gvaris SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac nulovan hipoTezas viRebT maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi ar aris
WeSmariti (damnaSave adamianis udanaSaulod cnobis msgavsad: Mitchell and
Jolley 1988: 121). boruhi (Boruch 1997: 211) Tvlis, rom II gvaris Secdoma im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davuSvaT, Tu: eqsperimentul Carevaze reaqciis
sazomi
arasakmarisad
arasakmarisad
11
validuria;
relevanturia;
eqsperimentuli
eqsperimentis
Carevis
statistikuri
sazomi
simZlavre
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: Ggvirabuli mxedveloba viTardeba maSin, roca
periferiuli mxedvelobaa dazianebuli da Sesabamisad, adamiani SezRudulad xedavs
359
Zalian dabalia; eqsperimentuli CarevisTvis
saTanado
populacia ar
aris arCeuli.
II gvaris SecdomasTan gamklaveba SesaZlebelia mniSvnelobis donis
daweviT (magaliTad, p< 20 an p< 30 nacvlad imisa, rom p< 0.05). cxadia,
rom, rac ufro mcirdeba I gvaris Secdomis daSvebis Sansi, miT ufro
matulobs II gvaris Secdomis daSvebis albaToba da piriqiT. Tvisebriv
monacemebSi maSin xdeba I gvaris Secdoma, roca ujereben debulebas da
is sinamdvileSi ar aris marTali, xolo II gvaris SecdomasTan gvaqvs
saqme, Tu debuleba uariyofa maSin, roca is sinamdvileSi marTalia.
monacemebis warmodgenis etapze aravalidoba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba
gamovlindes. amis mininumamde dasayvanad mkvlevarma iseTi zomebi unda
miiRos, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
Tavi
aaridos
monacemebis
seleqciurad
da
arareprezentaciulad
gamoyenebas, magaliTad, dadebiTis xazgasmas da uaryofiTis uaryofas

an uyuradRebod datovebas;
miuTiTos: kvlevis konteqstsa da parametrebze, romelSic xdeboda

monacemebis Segroveba da eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba; ndobis doneze,
rac Sedegebis aRweraSi SeiZleba gakeTdes; monacemebis konteqstisgan
damoukideblobaze, an konteqstiT gansazRvrulobaze (anu imaze, Tu
ramdenad SesaZlebelia Sedegebis ganzogadeba);
ise warmoadginos monacemebi, rom zustad is Tqvas, rasac monacemebi

amboben;
mxolod is amtkicos, risi mtkicebis saSulaebasac iZleva monacemebi;
Tavi
aaridos
monacemebis
arazustad,
mcdarad
warmodgenas
(anu
teqnikuri an orTografiuli SecdomebiT);
uzrunvelyos, rom kvlevis kiTxvebi pasuxgacemulia; kvlevis Sedegebi

arc Zalian male da arc Zalian dagvianebiT gamoaqveynos.
aravalidobis
gamovlenis
Semdeg
mkvlevars
SeuZlia
garkveuli
RonisZiebebis gatareba da misi SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde dayvana

kvlevis yvela sferoSi.
360
sandooba raodenobriv kvlevaSi

sandoobas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
(ixileT
Tavi
6,
faili 6. 4. ppt). Semdeg or qveTavSi am or cnebas cal-calke ganvixilavT.

raodenobriv
kvlevaSi
sandooba,
arsebiTad,
droTa
ganmavlobaSi,
sxvadasxva instumentis SemTxvevaSi da respondentTa sxvadasxva jgufTan

garantiis, Tanmimdevrulobisa da ganmeorebis sinonimia. is sizustesa da
skrupulozurobas exeba. zogierTi niSani, magaliTad, simaRle, SeiZleba
zustad gaizomos, sxvebi ki, magaliTad, musikaluri unari, vera. imisTvis,
rom kvleva sando iyos, man unda aCvenos, rom respondentebis msgavs
jgufTan
msgavs
konteqstSi
(nebismierad
gansazRvruli)
Catarebis
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT. sandoobis sami ZiriTadi tipi

arsebobs:
stabiloba,
ekvivalentoba
da
Sinagani
SeTanxmeba
(ixileT
sandooba stabilobis saxiT

sandooba
am
formiT
droSi
da
msgavs
SerCevebSi
SeTanxmebas
gulisxmobs. kvlevaSi sando instrumenti sxvadasxva dros msgavsi

respondentebisgan msgavs monacemebs iZleva. Tu sacobidan yovel
dRe erTi litri wyali Jonavs, SegiZlia vTqvaT, rom wyali sandod
iJoneba, magram Tu sacobidan zogjer erTi litri wyali iJoneba
da zogjer _ ori, maSin es ar iqneba sandod gaJonva. kvlevis
eqsperimentul da gamokiTxvis modelebSi es niSnavs, rom Tu testi
da
retesti
saTando
drois
SualedSi
Catarda,
maSin
msgavsi
Sedegebi unda miviRoT. mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, drois ra

Sualedia adekvaturi. Zalian mcire drois SualedSi monawileebs
SeiZleba axsovdeT, ra Tqves, an ra gaakeTes pirveli testis dros;
drois did SualedSi ki gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos monacemebi (magaliTad, momwifeba studentebSi, maTze
moqmedi
garegani
gavlenebi).
am
tipis
sandoobis
saCveneblad
mkvlevarma sworad unda SearCios testisa da retestis vada, anu
361
drois
ra
Sualedi
iqneba
or
testirebas
Soris.
Semdeg
gamoiTvleba korelaciis koeficientebi pretestsa da posttests

Soris,
romelTa
mocemuli
gamosaTvleli
statistikis
formulebi
saxelmZRvaneloebsa
pirdapir
da
testis
aris
aRmwer
wignebSi.
droSi stabilobis garda, sandooba, rogorc stabiloba, SeiZleba,
msgavs
SerCevebs
kiTxvars
Zalian
Soris
stabilobac
erTdroulad
hgvanan
vawodebT
erTmaneTs
iyos.
magaliTad,
studentebis
mniSvnelovani
or
Tu
tests
jgufs,
maxasiaTeblebiT
an
romlebic
(magaliTad,
asakiT, sqesiT, unarebiTa da a. S. _ ra maxasiaTeblebsac unda hqondes

mniSvnelovani gavlena Sedegebze), maSin Sedegebi (testebSi) an pasuxebi
(kiTxvarebSi) urTierTmsgavsi unda miviRoT. test-retestis meTodis am
formis korelaciis koeficientis gamoTvla an mTliani testisTvisaa
(magaliTad,
pirsonis
korelaciis
koeficientis
an
kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT) SesaZlebeli, an _ kiTxvaris nawilebisTvis (magaliTad,

spirmenis
an
pirsonis
korficienti,
Sesatyvisobis
mixedviT,
an
kriteriumi). Semdeg dadgindeba korelaciis koeficientis statistikuri

mniSvnelovneba, romelic 0.05-is toli an meti unda iyos, rom sandooba
garantirebulad
CavTvaloT.
SerCevebs
Soris
sandoobis
es
forma
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia testebisa da kiTxvarebis pilotirebisas.

test-retestis meTodis gamoyenebisas safiqralia da mosagvarebelia
(Cooper and Schindler 2001: 216) Semdegi:
testsa da retests Soris drois Sualedi ar unda iyos imdenad didi,

rom situaciuri faqtorebi Seicvalos.
monawileebi
SeiZleba,
dainteresdnen
sakvlevi
sferoTi
da
Tavad
miadevnon mas Tvali testsa da retests Soris drois SualedSi.
sandooba ekvivalentobis saxiT

am tipis sandooba or ZiriTad saxeobas aerTianebs. pirvel rigSi,
sandooba SeiZleba miiRweodes testis, an monacemebis Segrovebis sxva
instrumentis
ekvivalenturi
formebis
(cnobilia,
aseve,
rogorc
362
alternatiuli
formebi)
gamoyenebiT.
Tu
arsebobs
testis,
an
instrumentis ekvivalenturi formebi da isini msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian,

maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom instrumenti aCvenebs am formis sandoobas.
magaliTad, am tipis sandoobis mqoned miCneuli pretesti da post-testi
eqsperimentSi erTi da imave sakiTxebis gazomvis alternatiul formebad
gamoiyeneba.
testis
an
aseTi
sxva
sandoobis
Cveneba
instrumentis
maSinac
aris
ekvivalenturi
SesaZlebeli,
formebi
Tu
Tavsebadi
SerCevebisTvis (magaliTad, eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufebi, an

ori SemTxveviTi stratificirebuli SerCeva gamokiTxvaSi) erTdroulad
miwodebisas msgavs Sedegebs iZlevian. aq sandooba SeiZleba gaizomos t
kriteriumiT,
korelaciis
maRali
koeficientis
CvenebiT
da
ori
jgufisTvis msgavsi saSualoebisa da standartuli gadaxrebis CvenebiT.

meore, ekvivalentobis saxiT sandoobis miRweva SeiZleba SemfasebelTa
Soris TanxmobiT. Tu kvlevaSi erTze meti mkvlevari monawileobs, maSin,
vinaidan
adamianis
mier
gakeTebuli
Sefaseba
ar
aris
Secdomisgan
dazRveuli, SeTanxmebis miRweva yvela mkvlevars Soris unda moxdes

monacemebis
analizis
etapze,
erTnairad
dafiqsirebis
TiToeuli
uzrunvelyofiT.
maTganis
es
mier
monacemebis
gansakuTrebiT
exeba
mkvlevarTa gunds, romelic struqturirebuli dakvirvebis, an naxevrad

struqturirebuli
intervius
meSveobiT
TiToeuli wevri unda daeTanxmos

kategoriaSi
Sevides.
dakvirvebis
krefs
monacemebs;
gundis
imas, Tu romeli monacemi romel

monacemebis
sandoobis
sakiTxi
gvardeba treningiT, rodesac mkvlevrebi videomasalaze muSaoben, raTa

naxon, Tu ramdenad erTnairad SeaqvT monacemebi.
martiv doneze damkvirvebelTa SeTanxmebulobis gamoTvla procentis
saxiT aris SesaZlebeli:

100.

robsoni (2002: 341) SemfasebelTa SeTanxmebulobis donis gazomvis

ufro daxvewil gzas gvTavazobs, rodesac saqme dakvirvebis kodirebul
363
monacemebs
exeba
da
am
meTodis
gamoyeneba
sxva
tipis
monacemebis
SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia.
sandooba Sinagani SeTanxmebis saxiT

maSin,
roca
ekvivalenturi
sandoobis
formebis
demonstrirebis
meTodi
testebis
test-retestis
an
meTodi
instrumentebis
da
orjer
gamoyenebas moiTxovs, Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis saCveneblad testebis an

instrumentebis miwodeba mxolod erTxel aris saWiro Suaze gaxleCvis
meTodis gamoyenebiT.
vTqvaT, testi studentebis jgufs unda CavutaroT. am SemTxvevaSi
testis debulebebi iyofa Suaze ise, rom TiToeul naxevarSi Tanabari
sirTulisa da Sinaarsis mqone debulebebi moxvdes. TiToeuli naxevari
damoukideblad fasdeba. Tu testma
aCvenos,
maSin
TiToeul
naxevarSi
Suaze gaxleCvis sandooba unda

miRebuli
Sefasebebi
erTmaneTTan
mWidrod unda korelirebdes. nebismieri studentis mier erT naxevarSi

miRebuli
Sefaseba
unda
miRebul
Sefasebas.
amis
Seesatyvisebodes
gamoTvla
mis
mier
spirmen-braunis
meore
naxevarSi
formuliT
aris
SesaZlebeli:
sadac
instrumentis
naxevrebs
Soris
realurad
arsebuli
korelaciaa (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/tetbooks/9780315368780 _ Tavi 6,

faili 6. 6. ppt).
am
formulisTvis
saWiroa
korelaciis
koeficientis
gamoTvla,
magaliTad, spirmenis ranguli korelacia, an pirsonis Sereuli momentis

korelacia.
vTqvaT,
viyenebT
spirmen-braunis
formulas
da
gvaqvs
korelaciis
koeficienti 0.85. am SemTxvevaSi sandoobis formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
364
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom koeficientis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 1.00ia, SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom am instrumentis sandooba, gamoTvlili Suaze
gaxleCvis sandoobisTvis, Zalian maRalia.
sandoobis es tipi uSvebs, rom SesaZlebelia Casatarebeli testis or,
Tanabari Zalis mqone, naxevrad gaxleCva. bevr tests aqvs sirTulis
gradienti, an gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis debulebebi TiToeul naxevarSi.
Tu es asea, maSin mkvlevars, testis Suaze gaxleCvis nacvlad SeuZlia,
pirveli aTi debuleba erT naxevarSi gaaerTianos da meore aTi (11-dan 20is CaTvliT) _ meore naxevarSi; luwi rigiTi nomris mqone debulebebi
erT jgufs misces da kentebi _ meores. es mogvcems saSualebas, rom ori
naxevari erTmaneTs Tanxvdebodes Sinaarsisa da sirTulis kumulaciis
xarisxiT.
sandoobis, rogorc Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis alternatiul sazoms
kronbaxis alfa koeficienti warmoadgens, romelsac xSirad sandoobis
alfa koeficients, an ubralod alfas uwodeben. kronbaxis alfa iZleva
debulebebs Soris korelaciis koeficients, anu TiToeuli debulebis
korelacias
sxva
relevanturi
mravaldebulebiani
magaliTad,
debulebebis
skalebisTvis.
adamianebis)
Sinagani
es
jamTan
da
gamosadegia
debulebebis
aris
SeTanxmebulobis
(da
sazomi.
ara,
alfa
koeficientze da mis gamoTvlaze mexuTe nawilSi visaubrebT. amgvarad

axsnili
sandooba
instrumentebi,
ramdenime
monacemebi
prognozdebodes
da
daSvebas
da
meordebodes.
akeTebs,
Sedegebi
es
magaliTad,
unda
garkveuli
imas,
rom
kontroldebodes,
stilis
kvlevas
gulisxmobs, rogorc wesi, pozitivisturi paradigmis farglebSi. kumeri

da Sindleri (2001: 218) Tvlian, rom am paradigmaSi sandoobis miRweva
variaciis nebismieri garegani wyaros SemcirebiT aris SesaZlebeli: im
pirobebis standartizebiTa da gakontrolebiT, romelSic Segrovda da
gaizoma monacemebi; SeTanxmebulobis (damkvirvebelTa Soris sandoobis)
uzrunvelsayofad
mkvlevrebisTvis
treningis
CatarebiT;
konkretuli
Temis Sesaxeb debulebebis raodenobis gazrdiT; monacemebis analizidan
365
ukiduresi pasuxebis gamoricxviT (magaliTad, calke mdgomi monacemebis

gamoricxviT, rac SPSS-Si SeiZleba gakeTdes).
sandooba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi

am qveTavSi Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sandoobis ganxilvisas vnaxavT, rom am
terminis
Tvisebrivi
kvlevisadmi
Sesatyvisoba
sakamaToa
linkolni
Winner 2000; Stenbacka 2001; Golafshani 2003).
(magaliTad,
da
guba
(1985)
amjobineben, rom sandooba iseTi terminebiT Caanacvlon, rogoricaa

damajerebloba,
neitraloba,
dadastureba,
stabiloba,
Tanmimdevruloba, gamoyeneba, ndobis Rirsi da gadacema.

lekomti da preisli (1993: 332) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom sandoobis
kanonebi,
romlebic
ubralod,
raodenobrivi
gamousadegari
iyos
kvlevisTvis
Tvisebrivi
gamoiyeneba,
kvlevisTvis.
SeiZleba,
raodenobrivi
kvleva uSvebs gameorebis SesaZleblobas. Tu erTi da imave SerCevis

mimarT erTi da igive meTodebi gamoiyeneba, maSin Sedegebic erTi da igive
unda iyos. raodenobrivi meTodebi, rogorc wesi, saWiroeben fenomenebis
garkveuli xarisxiT kontrolsa da manipulacias. es arRvevs fenomenebis
bunebriv gamovlinebas (ixileT zemoT: ekologiuri validoba). bunebrivi
kvlevebis
winapirobebi
idiosinkraziulobas
moicavs
situaciebis
unikalurobasa
imdenad,
SeuZlebelia
rom
da
kvlevis
gameoreba da es maTi siZlierea da ara _ sisuste.

meore mxriv, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva ar unda
eswrafodes
daxvewis,
gameorebas,
Sedarebisa
anu
replikacias
da
konstruqtebis
validaciisTvis
generirebis,
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi 6, faili 6. 7. ppt). lekomti

da
preisli
(1993:
334)
amtkiceben,
rom
aseTi
replikacia
moicavdes:
mkvlevris poziciis gameorebas;
informantebis/respondentebis arCevis gameorebas;
socialuri situaciebisa da mdgomareobebis gameorebas;
SeiZleba
366
gamoyenebuli
analitikuri
konstruqtebisa
da
winapirobebis
gameorebas.
garda
amisa,
kvlevaSi
denzini
sandoobis
da
linkolni
ganmeorebiT
(1994)
Tvlian,
miRweva
rom
ramdenime
Tvisebriv
gziT
aris
mkvlevari
igive
SesaZlebeli:
dakvirvebebis
dakvirvebebs
stabiluroba:
da
gaakeTebda
interpretaciebs,
Tu
dakvirveba
ara
sxva
dros
an
sxva
adgilas rom ganexorcielebina.
paraleluri formebi: gaakeTebda Tu ara mkvlevari igive dakvirvebebs

da interpretaciebs, dakvirvebis dros sxva fenomenisTvis rom mieqcia
yuradReba.
damkvirvebelTa Soris sandooba: iseTive interpretacias gaakeTebda

Tu ara sxva mkvlevari imave Teoriul CarCoSi imave fenomens rom
dakvirveboda.
cxadia,
es
sakamaTo
sakiTxia,
vinaidan
Tvisebrivi
kvlevisTvis
raodenobrivi kvlevis sandoobis kanonebis miyenebas cdilobs.

Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
sandooba
SeiZleba
ganixilebodes,
rogorc
Tanxvedra mkvlevris mier monacemad Cawerilsa da bunebriv garemoSi

realurad
momxdars
Soris,
anu
dafarvis
sizustis
da
moculobis
xarisxi (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 48). es ar aris erTgvarovnebisken swrafva.

orma mkvlevarma, erTi da imave garemos Seswavlisas, SeiZleba, sruliad
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi miiRos, magram mosalodnelia, rom monacemTa
orive
erToblioba
sando
iyos.
kveili
(Kvale
1995:
181)
gamoTqvams
mosazrebas, rom intervius SemTxvevaSi Tvisebrivi monacemebis imdeni

interpretacia SeiZleba arsebobdes, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa. amis naTeli
magaliTia britaneTSi Catarebuli nisanis saavtomobilo qarxnis kvleva.
am
organizaciaSi
uikensma
(Wickens
1987)
organizaciis
muSaobis
praqtikebis saTno wre aRmoaCina, sadac warmodgenili iyo moqniloba,

gunduri muSaoba da cnobierebis xarisxi. garahanma da stiuartma (Garrahan
and
Stewart
1992)
ki
imave
praqtikebis
SeswavliT
eqspluataciis,
367
zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis mankieri wre aRmoaCines. erTi da imave

realobis
es
ori
mravalSriania.
es
versia
imitom
instrumentebis,
Tanaarsebobs,
mkvlevrebis,
rom
realoba
perspeqtivebisa
da
interpretaciebis ekleqturi gamoyenebiT gansazRvruli sandoobis cnebis

sasargeblod
wamoyenebuli
argumentia
(es
exmianeba
triangulaciis
Sesaxeb zemoT gamoTqmul komentarebs) (aseve, ixileT Eisenhart and Howe

1992).
brok-utne
bunebidan
(1996)
amtkicebs,
gamomdinare,
rom
Tvisebrivi
situaciebisa
da
kvleva,
movlenebis
holisturi
mravalgvari
interpretaciebis, miznebisa da mniSvnelobebis dafiqsirebas cdilobs. aq

sandoobis cneba gaigeba, rogorc saimedooba (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 108 9;
da
Anfara et al. 2002)
gavixsenoT
warmodgenili
diskusia.
gadamowmebas
(respondentis
Sinagani
avtorebisTvis
validobis
saimedooba
validacia),
Sesaxeb
moicavs
kolegebTan
zemoT
wevrebis
gasaubrebas,
triangulacias, velze xangrZlivad darCenas, refleqsiis Jurnalebis

warmoebas, nagatiuri SemTxvevebis analizs da damoukidebel audits
(kvlevis
warmoebis
misaRebi
procesebis
miRebuli
Sedegebi
Seesatyvisebodes
kvlevaSi
Sedegebis
dadasturebis
identificirebas
monacemebs).
sakiTxis
ise,
auditoruli
mogvarebas
rom
cdebi
emsaxureba
rogorc procesis, ise, produqtis anu Sedegis TvalsazrisiT (Golafshani

2003:
601).
es
aris
dacva
Tvisebrivi
mkvlevrebisTvis
wayenebuli
braldebis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, im azris winaaRmdeg, rom isini mxolod

yvelaze did xmaurze da yvelaze kaSkaSa sinaTleze reagireben.
saimedooba respondentis validaciis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs ayenebs
(aseve, ixileT McCormick and James 1988). miuxedavad imisa, rom saimedooba
mkvlevrebisgan respondentebTan dabrunebasa da Sedegebis saimedoobis
maTTan
erTad
gadamowmebas
moiTxovs,
mkvlevrebs
windaxedulebac
marTebT, rom respondentTa interpretaciebi eqskluziuri ar aRmoCndes,

vinaidan,
rogorc
hamersli
da
atkinsoni
(1983)
amboben,
isini
ar
368
imyofebian iseT privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, rom TavianTi qmedebebis

erTaderTi interpretatorebi iyvnen.
bluri (Bloor 1978) respondentis validaciis miRwevis sam saSualebas
gvTavazobs:
mkvlevrebi
cdiloben,
iwinaswarmetyvelon,
Tu
rogori
iqneba
situaciebis monawileTa mier mowodebuli klasifikaciebi.
mkvlevrebi
hipoTetur
situaciebs
amzadeben
da
Semdeg
maTze
monawileebis savaraudo reaqciebs winaswarmetyveleben.
mkvlevrebs kvlevis angariSi monawileebTan miaqvT da am angariSze

maT reaqciebs iweren.
am msjelobaSi meordeba paradigmebis brZola, romelic wignis pirvel
TavSi
ganvixileT:
raodenobriv
sazomebs
akritikeben
detalurad
gawerili da daxvewili procesisa da daumuSavebeli cnebis kombinirebis

(Ruddock
da,
1981)
saganmanaTleblo
gamijvnas
aseve,
da
imis
gamo,
statistikuri
(Eisner 1985).
Tvisebriv
rom
isini
ver
mniSvnelovnebis
meTodologiebs,
axerxeben
erTmaneTisgan
maTi
uSualobis,
moqnilobis, auTenturobis, simdidrisa da gulwrfelobisda miuxedavad,

imis
gamo
akritikeben,
rom
isini
impresionistuli,
mikerZoebuli,
banaluri, umniSvnelo, araganzogadebadi, idiosinkrazuli, subieqturi da

axlomxedveli meTodologiebia (Ruddock 1981). es arafris momcemi debatia,
saqme
ki
miznisTvis
Sesatyvisobas
exeba.
Cveni
miznebisTvis
unda
aRiniSnos, rom sandoobis kriteriumebi raodenobriv meTodologiebSi

gansxvavdeba
analogiuri
meTodologiebSi
gamoiyeneba.
kriteriumebisgan,
Tvisebriv
romelic
meTodologiebSi
Tvisebriv
sandooba
moicavs realuri cxovrebis erTgulebas, specifikurobas konteqstisa da

situaciis
mixedviT,
auTenturobas,
mravalmxrivobas,
detalurobas,
patiosnebas, pasuxebis siRrmesa da respondentebis gaazrebulobas.
validoba da sandooba interviuebSi
369
interviuebSi
validobis
Sesaxeb
xSirad
TvalsaCino
validobis
safuZvelze askvnian (Cannell and Kahn 1968) anu aris Tu ara kiTxvebi ise
dasmuli,
rom
aravalidobis
imas
erTi
zomavdnen,
mizezi
risi
gazomvis
mikerZoebulobaa,
pretenziac
romelic
aqvT.
ganisazRvreba,
rogorc erTi da imave mimarTulebiT Secdomebis daSvebis sistemuri an

mudmivi tendencia, anu Tvisebis WeSmariti Rirebulebis moWarbebulad
an
arasakmarisad
Sefaseba
(Lansing et al. 1961).
intervius
sazomebis
validaciis erTi gza intervius sazomis sxva iseT sazomTan Sedarebaa,

romlis validoba ukve dadasturebulia. aseTi Sedareba konvergenciuli
validobis saxeliT aris cnobili. Tu ori sazomi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs,
maSin
SegviZlia
davuSvaT,
rom
SesaZlebelia
intervius
validobis
Sedareba meore sazomis ukve damtkicebul validobasTan.

savaraudod,
mikerZoebulobis
meti
validobis
miRwevis
SeZlebisdagvarad
metad
yvelaze
praqtikuli
Semcireba.
gzaa
mikerZoebulobis
wyaroebia interviueris maxasiaTeblebi, respondentis maxasiaTeblebi da

kiTxvebis realuri Sinaarsi. ufro konkretulad, maT ricxvSi Sedis:
interviueris damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da molodinebi;
interviueris
tendencia,
dainaxos
respondentis
sakuTari
(anu
interviueris) xati;
interviueris tendencia, eZios tendenciuri mosazrebebis mxardasaWeri

pasuxebi;
interviueris mier respondentis naTqvamis mcdari aRqma;
respondentis mier kiTxvis arasworad gageba.

kvlevebma
isic
aCvena,
rom
rasa,
religia,
sqesi,
seqsualuri
orientacia, statusi, socialuri klasi da asaki garkveul konteqstebSi

mikerZoebulobis
potenciuri
wyaroebi,
anu
interviueris
efeqtebi
SeiZleba iyos (Lee 1993; Scheurich 1995). interviuerebs da respondentebs

intervius situaciaSi erTnairad moaqvT, xSirad aracnobierad, TavianTi
sakuTari gamocdileba da warsuli. hiCkoki da hagisi (1989) amtkiceben,
370
rom vinaidan interviu interpersonaluria _ adamianebi urTierTqmedeben

adamianebTan,
mkvlevari
aucileblad
respondentze
da,
gamomdinare,
aqedan
fildings
(1986:
12)
damajerebeli
daxvewili
gamokiTxvebic
romlebic
odesRac
ki
moaxdens
monacemebzec.
argumenti
mxolod
mainc
miuRiaT
raRac
fildingsa
moaqvT,
manipulireben
adamianebis
gavlenas
rom
im
da
yvelaze
monacemebiT,
gamokiTxvis
gziT!
interviueris neitraluroba qimeraa (Denscombe 1995).

li (1993) miuTiTebs intervius Catarebis problemebis yvelaze mwvave
gamovlinebaze, rodesac mkvlevari sensitiur monawileebs ikvlevs, anu
kvleva
SeiZleba
adamianebs
mniSvnelovan
(iqneba
es
safrTxes
interviueri,
Tu
uqmnides
respondenti).
masSi
am
CarTul
SemTxvevaSi
interviu pirad samyaroSi SeWrad SeiZleba miviCnioT, an interviueri

SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas, rogorc viRac, visac SeuZlia respondentisTvis
sanqciebis daweseba, an viRac, visac SeuZlia umweoTa eqspluatireba;
respondents proJeqtori anaTebs, romelic interviuers upyria xelT
(aseve, ixileT Scheurich 1995). gadi (Gadd 2004) aRniSnavs, rom respondentma
daculi subieqtis rolis morgebiT SeiZleba Seamciros mzaoba, rom
gaixsnas,
Tu
intervius
situaciis
dinamika
metismeti
safrTxis
Semcvelia. am sakiTxTa ricxvSi Sedis transferi da kontrtransferi,

romelic saTaves fsiqoanalizSi iRebs. transferis dros respondents
interviuerze
gadaaqvs,
anu
aproecirebs
Tavisi
gamocdilebidan
momdinare sakuTar grZnobebs, SiSebs, survilebs, moTxovnilebebsa da

damokidebulebebs.
(Scheurich 1995). kontrtransferis dros Sebrunebul
procesTan gvaqvs saqme.

sandoobis
miRwevis
mizniT,
kontrolis
erTi
gzaa
yvela
respondentisTvis ukiduresad struqturirebuli interviu, sityvebisa da

kiTxvebis erTi da igive formati da Tanmimdevroba (Silverman 1993), Tumca
sqoriCi (Scheurich 1995: 241 9) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom es socialuri
urTierTqmedebis
interpretaciaa.
Riaobisa
sityvebis
da
usasrulo
formulirebis
kompleqsurobis
gakontroleba
araswori
ar
aris
371
intervius
gakontrolebis
amtkicebs,
rom
sityvebis
garantia.
openheimi
formulireba
(Oppenheim
gansakuTrebiT
1992:
147)
mniSvnelovani
faqtoria damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebSi da ara _ faqtobriv

kiTxvebSi. is Tvlis, rom sityvebis, konteqstisa da aqcentebis Secvla
azianebs sandoobas, vinaidan es ukve aRar iqneba erTi da igive kiTxva
TiToeuli respondentisTvis. faqtiurad, is amtkicebs, rom Secdoma da
mikerZoeba
SeiZleba,
momdinareobdes
sityvebis
formulirebis,
proceduris, Tanmimdevrobis, Cawerisa da raportis cvlilebebidan da

maT minimumamde dasayvanad arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs interviuerebis
trenings.
silvermenis
(1993)
azriT,
mniSvnelovania,
rom
yovelma
respondentma erTnairad gaigos kiTxva. is ambobs, rom interviuebis

sandooba
SeiZleba
pilotirebiT,
gaumjobesdes
interviuerebis
intervius
treningiT,
ganrigis
saguldagulo
pasuxebis
kodirebisas
SemfasebelTa Soris sandoobiT da meti daxuruli kiTxvis gamoyenebiT.

meore
mxriv,
silvermeni
(1993)
Ria
kiTxvebis
Semcveli
intervius
mniSvnelovnebas amtkicebs, radgan is respondentebs samyaros maTeuli

unikaluri xedvis, situaciis maTi gansazRvrebis gamovlenis saSualebas
aZlevs.
aseTi
romelic
interviu
erTi
ergebodes
aRiarebs,
respondentisTvis
meores,
Ria
kiTxvebi
rom
kiTxvebis
moxerxebulia,
ki
is
Tanmimdevroba,
SeiZleba,
mniSvnelovani,
magram
naklebad
daugegmavi
sakiTxebis wamoWris SesaZleblobas qmnis.

openheimi (1992: 96 7) interviuirebisas mikerZoebulobis ramdenime
mizezs asaxelebs:
cudi raporti interviuersa da respondents Soris;
cvlilebebi kiTxvis (magaliTad, damokidebulebebis da faqtobrivi

kiTxvebi) formulirebaSi;
mwiri motivireba da mikerZoebuli zondireba;
damxmare
masalebis
(magaliTad,
gamoyeneba da marTva;
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla;
sademonstracio
baraTebis)
mwiri
372
pasuxebis araTanmimdevruli kodireba;
monacemebis/transkriptebis SerCeviTi, an interpretirebuli Cawera;
Zneli intervius dauZlevloba.

aqve SeiZleba daematos mdumare Tanxmobis sakiTxi (Breakwell 2000: 254)
_ tendencia, rom respondentebma SeiZleba Tqvan diax ganurCevlad

imisa, Tu ras ekiTxebian, realurad ras grZnoben, an fiqroben.
kidev erTi sakiTxia mimarTulebis mimcemi kiTxvebi. STamagonebelia
kiTxva, romelic daSvebebs akeTebs respondentis Sesaxeb an maT sityvebs
uReWavs,
rodesac kiTxva, savaraudod, aralegitimurad, gavlenas axdens
pasuxze. magaliTad (Morrison 1993: 66 7), kiTxva: rodis SewyviteT ufros

maswavlebelTan Civili? uSvebs, rom respondenti xSiri momCivani iyo,
xolo kiTxva: ramdenad kmayofili xarT maTematikis axali gegmiT?
gulisxmobs
gegmiT
perifrazirebis
kmayofilebis
Semdeg
SeiZleba,
xarisxs.
STamagonebeli
kiTxvebi
naklebad
STamagoneblad
JRerdes,
magaliTad, ase: ramdenad xSirad saubrobT ufros maswavlebelTan? da

ras fiqrobT maTematikis axal gegmaze?
ar vambobT, rom STamagonebeli kiTxvebis adgili saerTod ar aris
interviuSi.
kveili
(1996:
158)
STamagonebeli
kiTxvebis
damajerebel
magaliTs qmnis da amtkicebs, rom isini SeiZleba aucilebeli iyos im

informaciis
misaRebad,
romelsac,
interviueris
varaudiT,
iZleva
respondenti. aq SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos respondentisTvis uaryofis

tvirTis
akideba
(magaliTad,
rodis
SewyviteT
colis
cema?).
policielebTan interviuebSi STamagonebeli kiTxvebi, xSirad, SeiZleba,

respondentis
naTqvamis
mizanmimarTulad
sandoobis
dasmuli
aseTi
gadasamowmeblad
SekiTxviT
gamoviyenoT,
gamoviwvioT
an
konkretuli
araverbaluri qcevebi, romlebic respondentis naTqvamis sensitiurobaze

migvaniSnebs.
Sesabamisad,
zusti
mikerZoebulobis
formulireba
ise,
rom
Semcireba
mniSvneloba
ufro
martivia:
kristalurad
kiTxvebis
sufTa
da
gasagebi iyos; procedurebis srulad damuSaveba da treningi ise, rom
373
interviuerma
kargad
icodes
SesaZlo
problemebis
Sesaxeb;
respondentebis albaTuri SerCeva; zogjer interviueris maxasiaTeblebis

Tanxvedra
respondentTa
maxasiaTeblebTan.
mkvlevrebma,
openheimi
romelTac
SerCevaSi
(1992:
148)
Semavali
magaliTad,
damokidebulebebis
Sesaxeb
adamianebis
amtkicebs,
pasuxebis
rom
miReba
surT, unda uzrunvelyon, rom SerCevaSi CarTuli iyos kriteriumis

jgufi, masSi Semavali cnobili maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebiT. Cven
unda
vaRiaroT,
rom
interviu
saerTo,
SeTanxmebuli
da
dinamikuri
mniSvnelovania
Zalauflebis
cneba,
socialuri momentia.
intervius
situaciaSi
vinaidan
interviu ar aris, ubralod, monacemebis Segrovebis situacia, aramed

socialuri da, xSirad, politikuri situaciaa. inter-view sityvasityviT
niSnavs xids or adamians Soris, ormxrivi procesia da ara calmxrivi _
erTi adamianis mier meorisgan monacemebis miReba. Zalaufleba SeiZleba
erTnairad iyos rogorc interviueris, ise, respondentis mxares (ThaparBj rkert
and
Henry
Cveulebisamebr,
2004),
meti
Tumca
sqoriCi
Zalaufleba
(1995:
246)
interviueris
amtkicebs,
mxaresaa:
rom,
interviueri
svams kiTxvebs da respondenti pasuxobs maT; respondents akvirdebian,

interviuers
Zalauflebis
ki
ara.
garkveuli
kveilic
(1996:
asimetriebi,
126)
Tvlis,
vinaidan
rom
arsebobs
interviueri
sazRvravs
Lee 1993)
gamoTqvams
situacias, Temebs da intervius mimarTulebas.

j.
qaseli
mosazrebas,
(J. Cassell citirebulia

rom
elitis
wyaroSi
warmomadgenlebi
da
Zalauflebis
mqone
adamianebi SeiZleba damcirebulad an Seuracxyofilad grZnobdnen Tavs,

roca maTze dabali statusis an naklebi Zalauflebis mqonesTan uwevT
respondentis rolSi yofna. garda amisa, Zalauflebis, resursebisa da
kompetenciis
mqoneni
SeiZleba,
TavianTi
reputaciis
SenarCunebaze
fiqrobdnen da amitom ufro metad akontrolebdnen saTqmels da mas

kargad SerCeuli, gasagebi frazebiT SefuTuls warmoadgendnen. li (1993)
gamoTqvams mosazrebas sxvadasxva intervius situaciaSi Zalauflebis
374
asimetriis Sesaxeb, rodesac erT mxares ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs da

metad
akontrolebs
intervius,
vidre
meore.
interviuerebi
unda
acnobierebdnen Zalauflebis potenciurad saziano efeqtebs, kritikuli

Teoriis mniSvnelovan niSans, rogorc iTqva pirvel TavSi.
nili (Neal 1995) yuradRebas uTmobs fizikuri garegnobiTa da statusiT
gamowveul
eufleba
umweobis
grZnobasa
Zalauflebis
gansakuTrebiT, xSiria
da
mqone
SfoTvas,
adamianTa
romelic
interviuers
interviuirebisas.
es,
martosuli, dabali statusis mqone studenti
mkvlevrebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis

interviuireba
uwevT;
dabali
statusis
mqone
mdedrobiTi
sqesis
studentma mkvlevarma SeiZleba, aRmoaCinos, rom misi interviu maRal

Tanamdebobaze myof mamakacTan (magaliTad, universitetis vicereqtorTan,
wamyvan politikosTan an ufros menejerTan) sruliad gansxvavdeba imave
adamianTan interviusgan, Tu is mihyavs universitetis mamakac profesors,
radgan
misi
regaliebis
gamo,
respondenti
am
intervius
aRiqvams
TanasworTa Soris dialogad (aseve, ixileT Gewirtz and Ozga 1993: 1994).
beli (1994b) ambobs, rom interviu Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan
ganixilebodes,
rogorc
ZalauflebiT
TamaSis
gagrZeleba,
unda
misi
TamaSisebri konotaciebiT. is fiqrobs, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi

akontroleben intervius dRis wesrigsa da mimarTulebas da, Cveulebriv,
Zalian kargad ician es saqme, vinaidan aqvT respondentobis rogorc
pirovnuli, ise, profesiuli gamocdileba (aseve, ixileT Batteson and Ball
1995; Phillips 1998).
Zalauflebis efeqti intervius dawyebamdec SeiZleba igrZnobodes,
aRniSnavs nili (1995) da sakuTari magaliTi mohyavs, roca mas alodines
da, saboloo jamSi, Seawyvetines, mfarvelobdnen da respondentma Tavad
mas
aiZula
respondentoba.
(aseve,
ixileT
Walford 1994b).
faqtiurad,
sqoriCi (1995) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom bevri Zlevamosili respondenti

ar upasuxebs kiTxvas, an mis perifrazirebas moaxdens. qoneli da misi
kolegebi (Connell et al. 1996) amtkiceben, rom muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli
375
qalisa
da
transnacionaluri
firmis
direqtoris
saubari
sruliad
gansxvavebuli iqneba amave pirovnebasTan saSualo klasidan gamosuli

profesoris saubrisgan. limeriki da misi kolegebi (Limerick et al. 1996)
saubroben
im
SemTxvevebze,
rodesac
interviuerebi
Tavs
pasiurad,
mowyvladad, umweod da realurad manipulirebis obieqtebad grZnobdnen.

am
sirTulis
daZlevis
erTi
gzaa
ori
interviueri
TiToeuli
interviusTvis (Walford 1994c: 227). meore mxriv, hiCkokma da hagisma (1989)

naxes, rom Tu respondentebi icnoben interviuers, maSin reciprokulobis
raRac xarisxi SeiZleba iyos interviuSi da respondenti iseT pasuxebs
iZleodes, rogorsac, misi azriT, interviueri elodeba.
Zalauflebis sakiTxi feministur kvlevaSic dgas (magaliTad, ThaparBj rkert and Henry 2004) anu kvlevaSi, sadac xazgasmulia subieqturoba,
Tanaworoba,
reciprokuloba,
TanamSromloba,
araierarqiuli
urTierTobebi da emansipaciuri potenciali (katalizis da socialuri

Sedegebis validoba) (Neal 1995) da exmianeba komentarebs kvlevis Sesaxeb,
romelic
kritikuli
Teoriis
paradigmis
gavlenis
qveS
imyofeba.
am
SemTxvevaSi fenimisturi kvleva cdilobs, gadawyvitos iseTi interviuebi,

romlebic adaptirebuli kiTxvebis dominantur, mamakacur paradigmazea
agebuli da pasiuri respondentisgan iTxovs pasuxebs.
limeriki
da
misi
kolegebi
(Limerick
et
al.
1996)
Tvlian,
rom
sinamdvileSi swori iqneba, Tu intervius miviCnevT saCuqrad, romliTac

respondents mieZRvna Zalaufleba imisTvis, rom dafaros informacia,
Tavad
airCios
intervius
Catarebis
adgili,
airCios,
ramdenad
seriozulad moekideba mas, ramden xans gagrZeldeba, rodis Catardeba,

raze
iqneba
saubari,
mniSvnelovani
da
ra
zogjer
terminebiT,
isic
ki,
visi
Tu
sityvebiT,
rogor
ra
codnaa
gaanalizdeba
da
gamoiyeneba monacemebi (aseve, ixileT Thapar-Bj rkert and Henry 2004).

mileri da qaneli (1997) gamoyofen zogierT konkretul problemas,
romelic
intervius
satelefono
situaciis
intervius
mxolod
Catarebisas
smeniT
warmoiqmneba,
maniSneblebze
sadac
dayvana
376
gansakuTrebiT problemuri SeiZleba iyos. aq SerCevis problema dgeba,

vinaidan yvelas ar eqneba telefoni. garda amisa, dgeba mTeli rigi
praqtikuli sakiTxebisa, magaliTad, respondentebs mxolod garkveuli
raodenobis informaciis Sekaveba SeuZliaT xanmokle mexsierebaSi, amitom
Zalian
bevri
variantis
(SesaZlo
pasuxebis
saCvenebeli
baraTebis
arawerilobiTi formis) miwodeba uSedego xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,

pasuxebis
sandooba
respondentis
mexsierebis
SesaZleblobebzea
damokidebuli _ magaliTad, erTi debulebisTvis skalis ramdeni punqtis

da deskriptoris damaxsovreba SeuZlia? garda amisa, mniSvnelovania
araverbaluri
mimniSneblebis,
magaliTad,
saxis
gamometyvelebis,
Jestebis, pozis, siCumisa da pauzebis mniSvnelobis ararseboba (Robinson

1982), vinaidan respondenti SeiZleba naTlad ver gamoTqvamdes sityvebs
da
ver
gadmoscemdes
debulebebs
miRma
arsebul
mniSvnelobas.
es
problema rTuldeba, Tu respondenti ar icnobs interviuers.

milersa da qanels (1977) kvleviT miRebuli mniSvnelovani sabuTi
moaqvT
verbalur
dialogSi
araverbaluri
mediaciis
mniSvnelobis
mxardasaWerad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, interviu socialuri situaciaa.

satelefono interviuSi ZiriTadi socialuri elementebis ararsebobam
SeiZleba daarRvios intervius ZiriTadi msvleloba da, Sesabamisad, misi
sandooba
da
validoba.
gavlenas
axdens
araverbaluri
intervius
paralingvisturi
msvlelobisas
qcevaze,
maniSneblebi
winsvlasa
da
urTierTobebze da, aseve, im mxardaWeraze, safrTxesa da ndobaze, rasac

respondenti grZnobs. satelefono
interviu advilad SeiZleba iqces
meqanikur da civ procesad. garda amisa, araverbaluri maniSneblebis

arqonas
Zalauflebis
asimetriac
emateba, romelic
xSirad
arsebobs
interviuersa da respondents Soris. interviuerma dauyovnebliv unda

miiRos
zomebi
am
sakiTxebis
mosagvareblad
(magaliTad,
misces
respondentebs Tavisufleba da nebaze miuSvas isini).

meore mxriv, niasi (Nias 1991), mileri da qaneli (1997) gamoTqvamen
mosazrebas,
rom
swored
im
faqtoriT,
rom
interviu
pirispir
ar
377
mimdinareobs, gaZlierdes sandooba, radgan respondentma SeiZleba, iseTi

informacia gasces, romlis miRebac ase martivad ver moxdeboda pirispir
intervius dros, intimur situaciaSi. Sesabamisad, satelefono intervius
Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs da maTi gamoyeneba miznisTvis
Sesatyvisobis principiT unda xdebodes. aseTi interviu ufro xanmoklea,
metad
fokusirebuli
da
gamosadegia
dakavebul
adamianebTan
urTierTobisas (Harvey 1988; Miller, 1995).

intervius, rogorc kvlevis instrumentis,F kritikisas kitvudi (Kitwood
1997) yuradRebas amaxvilebs konfliqtze, romelsac is validobisa da
sandoobis
tradiciul
cnebebs
intervius
Semdgenlebis
Soris
kontrolis
warmoqmnis.
gziT
is
misi
amtkicebs,
sandoobis
rom
zrda
validobis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba da gvixsnis:

ramdenadac
sandooba
gaizrdeba
racionalizaciis
Semcirdeba validoba. kvlevaSi intervius
gziT,
imdenad
gamoyenebis mTavri mizani isaa,
rom pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebSi adamianebi ufro metad gaixsnebian da

ilaparakeben sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, vidre naklebad adamianur situaciaSi.
zogierTi miznisTvis mainc aucilebelia iseTi saubris generireba, romlis
drosac respondenti Tavisuflad igrZnobs Tavs. sxva sityvebiT, interviuSi
gamokveTili adamianuri elementi aucilebelia misi validobisTvis. rac
ufro racionaluri, angariSiani da ganyenebulia interviueri, miT naklebia
albaToba imisa, rom interviu megobrul urTierTqmedebad iqneba aRqmuli,
ufro metad mosalodnelia angariSiani pasuxebis miReba.
(Kitwood 1977)
kitvudi
(1977)
Tvlis,
rom
validobisa
da
sandoobis
problemis
gadawyveta gonivruli kompromisiT SeiZleba moiZebnos.

pirovnebas,
axvevia
Tavs.
romlisganac
magaliTad,
intervius
takmenma
iReben,
problemaTa
(Tuckman 1972)
naxa,
rom
klasteri
kiTxvebis
formulirebisas interviuerma unda ifiqros imaze, Tu ramdenad ubiZgebs

kiTxva
respondents,
ukeTesad
warmoaCinos
sakuTari
Tavi
an
gaumarTleblad Tanamonawile iyos da cdilobdes, winaswar ganWvritos,

Tu risi mosmena unda interviuers; an ramdenad moiTxovs kiTxva iseTi
378
informaciis
gacemas,
romelsac
Tavad
ar
flobs
an
ar
aris
darwmunebuli, rom icis. garda amisa, intervius procedurebi efuZneba

daSvebas, rom adamianebma, romlisganac iReben intervius, ician TavianTi
qcevis
mizezebi.
aseTi
codna
iSviaTad
miiRweva
da
Tu
xdeba,
es
xangrZlivi da sirTuleebiT aRsavse Zalisxmevis Sedegia da, Cveulebriv,

meordeba klinikuri interviuebis konteqstSi.
saganmanaTleblo
wreebSi
interviuireba
SeiZleba
gansakuTrebiT
problemuri iyos bavSvebTan muSaobisas. saimonsi (1982), makkormiki da

jeimsi (McCormik and James 1988) bavSvebis interviuirebasTan dakavSirebul
iseT problemebs asaxeleben, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
ndobis mopoveba;
TavSekavebulobis daZleva;
araformalobis SenarCuneba;
Tavis arideba daSvebisTvis, rom bavSvebma ician pasuxebi;
gaurkvevlad, daunawevreblad metyveli bavSvebis problemis daZleva;
kiTxvis sworad SerCeul doneze dasma;
swori leqsikonis SerCeva;
gacnobiereba, rom xdeba araverbaluri maniSneblebis gacema da miReba;
ufro Sors wasvla, vidre instituciuri pasuxebi, an imis miRebaa, risi

gagonebac, bavSvebis azriT, interviuers surs;
Tavis arideba imisTvis, rom interviueri avtoritetad, jaSuSad an

mogzavnilad aRiqvan;
Temis farglebSi darCena;
dumilis darRveva tabuirebul sferoebsa da Tanatolebis zewoliT

ganmtkicebul Temebze;
bavSvebis mozrdilebze naklebad mniSvnelovnad miCneva (SesaZloa, im

TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc tardeba interviu _ ufrosi maswavlebeli,
saswavlo personali da Semdeg bavSvebi).
379
es Temebi ar aris axali. gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi labovis mier

Catarebulma
kvlevebma
aCvena,
rom
studentebi
mwvaved
reagireben
konteqstualur sakiTxebze intervius situaciaSi (Labov 1969). bavSvebis

sametyvelo ena icvleboda maTi eTnikuri warmomavlobis, garemocvis
keTilganwyobis,
megobrebTan
erTad
interviuirebis
SesaZleblobis,
mozrdilis manerebis (magaliTad, mozrdili zis Tu dgas) da sasaubro

Temis mixedviT. gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani iyo da icvleboda ucnob da
arakeTilganwyobil garemoSi myofi bavSvebis erTmarcvliani pasuxebidan
vrcel
naklebi
pasuxebamde,
safrTxis
romelsac
Semcvel,
iZleodnen
bavSvebis
ufro
keTilganwyobil
yoveldRiur
garemosTan
da
metad
mimsgavsebul garemoSi myofni. interviueris da respondentis sametyvelo

ena, Jargoni (Edwards 1976), socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebi mZlavr
gavlenas axdens intervius situaciaze.
aq kidev erTi sakiTxi dgeba
interviuTi
unda
gancalkevebulobis
mniSvnelovania
(Lee 1993): mkvlevari
Semoifarglos
SesanarCuneblad
sensitiuri
Temebis
(rac,
mxolod
dauintereseblobis
savaraudod,
SemTxvevaSi),
Tu
erTi
da
gansakuTrebiT
ganmeorebiTi
interviuebia saWiro siRrmiseuli informaciis misaRebad da kvlevis

TanamSromlobiTi
bunebisadmi
erTgulebis
(maxasiaTebeli,
romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mniSvnelovania fenimistur kvlevaSi: Oakley 1981)

saCveneblad.
kveili (1996: 148 9) Tvlis, rom gamocdilma interviuerma:
unda icodes intervius Tema, raTa informirebuli saubari awarmoos;
ise unda daalagos intervius struqtura, rom monawilisTvis misi

yvela etapi gasagebi iyos;
gasagebi terminologiiT unda ilaparakos da mkafiod Tqvas, ra Temebs

exeba interviu;
monawileebs
unda
misces
dafiqrebis
mosaxerxebeli formiT gacemis saSualeba;
da
pasuxebis
maTTvis
380
sensitiuri da empaTiuri unda iyos, yuradRebas unda aqcevdes, rogor

iTqva
saTqmeli,
iyenebdes
aqtiur
mosmenas
da
araverbalur
komunikacias;
frTxilad da yuradRebiT unda moekidos intervius im aspeqtebs,

romlebic SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos monawilisTvis;
ar unda gascdes Temas da Tu interviu Temas uxvevs, mimarTuleba

misces mas;
sworad dasmuli kiTxvebiT unda gadaamowmos pasuxebis sandooba,

validoba da SeTanxmebuloba;
unda SeeZlos monawilis mier adre naTqvamis gaxseneba da maTze

miTiTeba;
unda SeeZlos monawilesTan misive komentarebis garkveva, dadastureba

da modificireba.
uolfordi
interviueri
(1994c:
225)
winaswar
interviuirebisas,
am
CamonaTvals
unda
radgan
aseTma
amatebs
moemzados
moTxovnas,
Zalauflebis
adamianebma
SeiZleba
rom
mqoneTa
detalurad
gamokiTxon interviueri, vinaidan CaTvlian, rom is kompetenturi da

mcodne
adamiania.
Zalauflebis
mqone
respondentebi,
Cveulebriv,
dakavebuli adamianebi arian da moelian, rom interviuers wakiTxuli

eqneba masalebi, romelic sayovelTao kuTvnilebaa.
sandoobis problemebi intervius mxolod momzadebasa da CatarebaSi
ar
iCens
magaliTad,
Tavs.
isini
intervius
li
(1993)
da
ganxorcielebul
rogori
kveili
gaanalizebis
(1996:
163)
SerCeviTobazesaubroben.
detaluri
da
srulic
ar
unda
proceszec
vrceldeba.
transkriptoris 12
intervius
iyos,
mier
transkriptebi
mainc
socialuri
situaciebis interpretaciebia. isini maSinac kia konteqstisgan daclili

da abstraqtuli, roca dumilis periodebi, intonaciebi, araverbaluri
12
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: intervius srul, daweril teqsts transkripti
ewodeba, xolo is, vinc am teqsts wers, transkriptoria.
381
qcevebi da a. S. aris Cawerili. Sesabamisad, dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,

Tu saerTod ramdenad gamosadegia isini mkvlevrisTvis da ara maTi
sruli sandoobis Sesaxeb.
interviuSi
problemaa
Ria
kiTxvebis
pasuxebis
Caweris
gamoyenebisas
warmoWrili
damakmayofilebeli
erT-erTi
meTodis
SemuSaveba.
erTi varianti intervius msvlelobisas pasuxebis Sejamebaa. misi naklia

is, rom irRveva intervius uwyvetoba da SeiZleba tendenciurobis wyarod
iqces, vinaidan interviuerma SeiZleba gaucnobiereblad im pasuxebze
gaamaxvilos
SeamCnios
yuradReba,
maTi
romelic
sawinaaRmdego
mis
molodinebs
pasuxebi.
zogjer
Tanxvdeba
pasuxebis
da
ver
Sejameba
intervius bolos aris SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom ase daculia

intervius uwyvetoba, aq ufro metia tendenciurobis albaToba, vinaidan
interviuers SeiZleba, ubralod, daaviwydes zogierTi detali da ufro
metad
swored
is
detalebi,
romlebic
ar
Tanxvdeba
interviueris
molodins.
validoba da sandooba eqsperimentebSi

rogorc vnaxeT, eqsperimentuli dizainis fundamenturi mizania im
pirobebis
gakontroleba,
romlebic
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
SeniRbavdnen
damokidebul cvladze damoukidebeli cvladis realur zemoqmedebas.

kempbeli da stenli (1963), braCi da glasi (Bracht and Glass 1968) da luisbeki (1993) miiCneven, rom bundovanebis Semomtani pirobebi, romlebic
safrTxes
uqmnis
eqsperimentis
kvazieqsperimentebis
validobaze,
sandoobas,
vidre
ufro
metad
WeSmariti
zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentebis,
sadac eqsperimentul pirobaSi moxvedra SemTxveviTia da mkvlevars ukeT

SeuZlia
orive
pirobis
eqsperimentulisa
da
sakontrolos
gakontroleba. qvemoT mocemulia kempbelisa da stenlis (1963), braCisa da
382
glasis (1968) da luis-bekis (1993) Sromebidan Sejamebuli CamonaTvali,

romelSic
cal-calkea
daemuqros
Sinagan
warmodgenili
da
garegan
safrTxeebi,
validobas.
romelic
erTi
SeiZleba
mxriv,
Sinagani
validoba pasuxobs kiTxvas: eqsperimentuli Careva realurad iwvevs Tu

ara gansxvavebas am konkretul eqsperimentSi? garegani validoba, meore
mxriv,
svams
kiTxvas:
SesaZlebelia
Tu
ara
am
naCvenebi
efeqtis
generalizacia? (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi

6, faili 6. 8. ppt)
Sinagani validobis safrTxeebi
istoria: ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebul kvlevaSi xSirad xdeba, rom

eqsperimentuli zemoqmedebis garda, pretestsa da post-tests Soris
drois SualedSi, sxva movlenebic moqmedeben. es movlenebi amcireben
efeqts, romelic SeiZleba SecdomiT mieweros eqsperimentul Carevas.
momwifeba: kvlevis monawileebi sxvadasxvagvarad icvlebian nebismier

or
dakvirvebas
eqsperimentuli
warmoqmnas.
sferoSi
Soris
drois
Carevisgan
momwifebis
warmoebul
monakveTSi.
damoukidebeli
problema
xangrZliv
ufro
aseTma
cvlilebebma
gansxvavebebi
mwvaved
kvlevebSi,
dgas
SeiZleba
ganaTlebis
vidre
xanmokle
laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi.
statistikuri regresia: momwifebis efeqtis msgavsad, pretestsa da

post-tests Soris drois intervalTan erTad sistematurad izrdeba
regresiis
efeqti.
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
(da
sxvagan)
warmoebul
kvlevaSi statistikuri regresia Tavs iCens sazomi instrumentebis

arasandoobis
da
yoveli
eqsperimentuli
jgufisTvis
unikaluri
gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. regresia, ubralod, niSnavs,

rom,
mosalodnelia,
cdis
pirebi,
romlebmac
axla
maRali
qula
miiRes, SedarebiT dabal qulas miiReben post-testSi; da, piriqiT,

isini, vinc dabali qulebi miiRes pirvel testirebaSi, mosalodnelia,
rom
SedarebiT
vTqvaT,
maRal
qulebs
pretestpost-testis
miiReben
post-testSi.
situaciebSi
xdeba
mokled
rom
saSualosken
383
regresireba anu maCveneblebi saSualosTan miaxloebis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeba. regresiis efeqtis gavleniT mkvlevarma post-testSi mateba
an kleba SeiZleba arasworad miaweros meti an naklebi qulis miRebas.
testireba: eqsperimentis dasawyisSi Catarebulma pretestma SeiZleba,

eqsperimentuli Carevisgan gansxvavebuli efeqti mogvces. SesaZloa,
maT Soris iyos cdis pirebis mgrZnobeloba eqsperimentis realuri
miznebisadmi da gavarjiSebis efeqti, rac post-testis dros ufro
maRal qulebSi aisaxeba.
instrumentebi:
seriozuli
arasando
Secdomis
Semfaseblebis,
an
testebs
an
gamowveva
instrumentebs
SeuZlia.
instrumentebisa
da
eqsperimentSi
damkvirveblebis
Semowmebis
an
cvlilebebis
SemTxvevaSi, Secdomebi eqsperimentis msvlelobisas maTi unarebis da

koncentraciis donis cvlilebidan SeiZleba momdinareobdes.
SerCeva: mikerZoebuloba Sesadarebel jgufebSi cdis pirebis arCevisas

daSvebuli
gansxvavebebis
mikerZoebulobasTan
sakontrolo
maSin
jgufebad
tendenciuroba
Sedegi
gvqondes
mTlian
SeiZleba
SeiZleba
saqme,
klasebs
sxva
roca
iyos;
an
eqsperimentul
iReben.
faqtorebTan
metic,
an
SerCevis
(istoriasTan,
momwifebasTan da a. S.) urTierTqmedebdes.
eqsperimentis sikvdilianoba: xangrZliv eqsperimentebSi xSiria cdis

pirebis dakargva kvlevidan maTi gamoTiSvis gamo, rac eqsperimentuli
cvladebis efeqtTan SerevaSi SeiZleba aisaxos, amitom miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
arCeuli,
dasawyisSi
jgufebi
mosalodnelia,
gansxvavebuli
iqneba
rom
kvlevis
SeiZleba
SemTxveviT
sabolood
dasawyisSi
yofiliyo
darCenili
aRebuli
jgufi
miukerZoebeli
SerCevisgan.
instrumentis reaqtiuloba: kvlevis instrumentebis gavlena kvlevaSi

monawile adamianebze (aseve, ixileT Vulliany et al. 1990).
384
arCevisa da momwifebis urTierTqmedeba: im viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme,

rodesac erTmaneTSi ireva kvlevis dizainis efeqtebi da cvladis
efeqtebi.
garegani validobis safrTxeebi

safrTxeebi, romelic garegan validobas emuqreba, mosalodnelia, rom
SezRudavs konkretul eqsperimentul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebis sxva
populaciaze an garemoze ganzogadebis xarisxs. qvemoT Sejamebulad
aris warmodgenili mTeli rigi faqtorebisa (adaptirebulia Semdegi
wyaroebidan: Campbell and Stanley 1963; Bracht and Glass 1968; Hammersley and Atkinson
1983; Vulliamy 1990; Lewis-Beck 1993), romlebic SeiZleba safrTxes uqmnides
garegan validobas:
damoukidebeli
cvladis
gaugebari
aRwera:
Tu
damoukidebeli
cvladebi adekvaturad da gasagebad ar iqna aRwerili, momavalSi

praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneba eqsperimentuli pirobebis gameoreba.
xelmisawvdomi
miuxedavad
da
samizne
imisa,
rom
populaciebis
eqsperimentis
arareprezentaciuloba:
monawileebi
SeiZleba
xelmisawvdomi populaciis reprezentaciul jgufs qmnidnen, es jgufi,

SesaZloa,
ar
iyos
im
populaciis
reprezentaciuli,
romelzec
eqsperimentis Sedegebis ganzogadebaa dagegmili, anu araswori SerCeva

da/an randomizacia.
hoTornis efeqti: samedicino kvlevebSi ukve didi xania cnobilia

fsiqologiuri
efeqti,
romelsac
eqsperimentebSi
monawileoba
wamlebTan
iwvevs.
dakavSirebul
monawileobiT
gamowveuli
mikerZoebulobis sawinaaRmdegod, aseT kvlevebSi placebo da ormagad

brma eqsperimentebi gamoiyeneba. analogiurad, e. w. hoTornis efeqti
ganaTlebis
gaWuWyianebis
sferoSi
eqsperimentul
safrTxes,
rodesac
pirobebs
monawileebi
maSin
sakuTar
uqmnis
Tavs
saeqsperimento virTxebad aRiqvamen.
damokidebuli
cvladebis
araadekvaturi
operacionalizacia:
eqsperimentatoris mier operacionalizebuli damoukidebeli cvladebi
385
validuri unda iyos im araeqsperimentul garemoSic, romelzec unda

ganzogaddes kvlevis Sedegebi. magaliTad, karieris arCevis Sesaxeb
kiTxvari didad validuri ver unda iyos im situaciisTvis, roca
universitetis
damTavrebis
Semdeg
saqme
realur
dasaqmebasTan
dakavSirebul arCevanze midgeba.
eqsperimentuli pirobebisadmi sensibilizacia/reaqtiuloba: Sinagani

validobisTvis arsebuli safrTxeebis msgavsad, pretestma SeiZleba
Secvalos eqsperimentuli cvladebisadmi cdis pirebis mgrZnobeloba
da amgvarad gadafaros da Seerios eqsperimentuli Carevis realur
efeqts.
gareSe
faqtorebisa
da
eqsperimentuli
Carevis
urTierTqmedebis
efeqtebi: zemoT dasaxelebuli yvela safrTxe, romelic SeiZleba

daemuqros
garegan
urTierTmoqmedi
urTierTqmedebis
zogierTi
an
validobas,
sxvadasxva
efeqti
yvela
eqsperimentul
faqtoria.
SeiZleba
faqtoris
maTi
CarevasTan
moqmedebis
gamoiwvios
urTierTqmedebam
garda,
CamoTvlilidan
im
faqtorebTan,
romlebic mocemulia qveTavSi safrTxeebi Sinagani validobisTvis.
instrumentebis aravalidoba an arasandooba: monacemebis mopoveba

arasando instrumentebiT (ixileT qvemoT testebis Sesaxeb).
ekologiuri
dakvirvebuli
validoba
qcevis
ramdenad
sxva
SesaZlebelia
konteqstebze
erT
ganzogadeba:
konteqstSi
hamersli
da
atkinsoni (1983: 10) asaxeleben seriozul problemebs, romlebic Tan

axlavs
daskvnebs
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
eqsperimentul
pirobebSi an intervius procesSi miRebul pasuxebze dayrdnobiT.

amrigad, Tu SevajamebT, vnaxavT, rom eqsperiments imdenad SeiZleba
ewodos Sinaganad validuri, ramdenadac, mis farglebSi, sandoa mis mier
miRebuli
Sedegebi
(Pilliner 1973),
magram
gamosadegi
rom
iyos,
maTi
ganzogadeba konkretuli eqsperimentis miRma unda SeiZlebodes. erTi

sityviT,
Sedegebi
randomizebuli
garegani
validobiTac
gakontrolebuli
unda
eqsperimentebis
xasiaTdebodes.
da
ganzogadebis
386
problemebis kritikas morisonTanac (2001b) SexvdebiT. filineri (Pilliner

1973) Sinagan da garegan validobebs Soris calmxriv urTierTobaze
miuTiTebs. Sinagani validobis gareSe eqsperiments ver eqneba garegani
validoba; Tumca, piriqiT, ar aris yovelTvis marTebuli: Sinaganad
validuri eqsperimenti SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos garegani validobis
matarebeli. amgvarad, maqsimaluri yuradRebiT dagegmili eqsperimenti,
valiur enaze molaparake bavSvebis monawileobiT, ar aris aucilebeli,
ganzogaddes iseT samizne populaciaze, romelSic am enis armcodne
wevrebic Sedian.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom skolebSi da, praqtikulad, nebismier sxva
organizaciaSi,
marTebuli
eqsperimentireba
mdgomareobs
orive
saxis
validobis _ Sinaganis da gareganis _ maqsimizaciaSi.
validoba da sandooba kiTxvarebSi

safosto kiTxvarebis validoba ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba Sefasdes
(Belson 1986). pirveli, zustad, patiosnad da sworad Seavses Tu ara
respondentebma kiTxvarebi; da meore, daubrunebel kiTxvarebSi pasuxebis
iseTive ganawileba iqneboda, rogoric dabrunebulebSi aRiniSna, Tu ara.
sizuste intensiuri intervius meTodiT SeiZleba gadamowmdes. es aris
teqnika,
gacnoba,
romelic
12
droebiTi
ZiriTadi
moqmedebisgan
rekonstruqcia,
Sedgeba,
zondireba
maT
da
Sorisaa
gamowveva.
dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia mimarTos Belson (1986: 35 8).

pasuxis gaucemlobis probleba _ moxalisis tendenciurobis sakiTxi,
rogorc mas belsoni (1986) uwodebs, nawilobriv, SeiZleba Semowmdes da
gakontroldes im konkretul SemTxvevebSi, roca safosto kiTxvarebi
uwyvetad
igzavneba.
es
procesi
moicavs
Semdgom
kontaqts
im
respondentTan, vinc ar daabruna kiTxvari da amas is interviuerebi

akeTeben, visac aseT adamianebTan muSaobisTvis saTanado momzadeba aqvs
gavlili. amis Semdeg erTmaneTs dardeba dabrunebuli kiTxvarebiT
da
am kontaqtebis Sedegad miRebuli pasuxebi. aseve, hadzoni da mileri
387
(Hudzon
and
Miller
1977)
safosto
kiTxvarebis
dabrunebis
sixSiris
maqsimizaciis ramdenime strategias gvTavazoben:
markiani da misamarTiani konvertis gagzavna kiTxvarTan erTad;
kiTxvarebis dabrunebis ramdenjerme moTxovna (savaraudod, samjer

mainc);
kiTxvariT motanili sargeblis mniSvnelobis xazgasma;
samizne jgufisTvis sargeblisa da am jgufis mniSvnelobis xazgasma

(gansakuTrebiT
maSin,
Tu
es
umciresobis
jgufia,
romelic
xmis
uflebisTvis ibrZvis);
Sualeduri monacemebis uzrunvelyofa dabrunebasa da ardabrunebas

Soris, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos maTi kvlevaSi CarTva;
misamarTebis gadamowmeba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Secvla;
kiTxvaris moZieba piradi satelefono zariT;
kiTxvarebis moZiebis procesis morgeba individebze (miTiTeba, rom maT

piradad
icnoben
kvlevisTvis.
saubarSi
imis
maTze
da/an,
rom
isini
saCveneblad,
garkveuli
rom
piradi
mniSvnelovani
marTla
figurebi
icnoben,
informaciis
arian
SeiZleba
CarTva.
ar
aris
gamarTlebuli zogadi xasiaTis erTnairi werilebis dagzavna.
Tavad
kiTxvaris
maxasiaTebelebis
aRniSvna
(Sevsebis
simartive.
SevsebisTvis saWiro dro, dasmuli kiTxvebis sensitiuroba, kiTxvaris

moculoba);
mosawvevebis
dagzavna
Semdgomi
(pirispir
an
satelefono)
interviusTvis;
monawileobis waxalisebis uzrunvelyofa megobruli mesame mxaris

mier;
SerCevis bunebis siRrmiseuli wvdoma ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes

SerCeulebTan urTierTobis efeqturi strategiebis gamoyeneba.
kiTxvars, magaliTad, interviusTan SedarebiT, Semdegi upiratesobebi
aqvs:
ufro
sandoa;
vinaidan
anonimuria,
respondents
meti
388
gulwrfelobisken
moxerxdes
(Tumca,
aragulwrfelobisa
ekonomiuria
fostiT
ubiZgebs
droisa
gagzavnis
da
cxadia,
da
fulis
kiTxvarSi
falsifikaciis
TvalsazrisiT;
SesaZlebloba.
meore
mxriv,
SeiZleba
dadgena);
arsebobs
misi
ver
ufro
kiTxvaris
naklia:
zogjer
Zalian cota kiTxvari brundeba ukan; interviuers ar SeuZlia upasuxos

kiTxvebs,
romlebic
respondents
ebadeba
intervius
miznebisa
da
kiTxvaris nebismieri gaugebari nawilis Sesaxeb. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom

sxvadasxva adamians erTi da igive kiTxva sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT esmis;
Tu kiTxvarSi daxuruli kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba, man SeiZleba ver dafaros
sakvlevi
Tema
an
ar
iyos
auTenturi;
Tu
mxolod
Ria
kiTxvebi
gamoiyeneba, maSin respondents SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizeziT ar surdes

pasuxebis Cawera; kiTxvarebi problemebs uqmnis maT, visac uWirs werakiTxva; interviu SeiZleba saTanado tempiT Catardes, xolo kiTxvarebi
xSirad siCqareSi ivseba. maSasadame, saWiroa kiTxvarebis pilotireba da
maTi Sinaarsis, kiTxvebis formulirebis, moculobisa da a. S. daxvewa da
samizne jgufze morgeba.
kiTxvarebis
centraluri
sandoobisa
sakiTxi
da
SerCevas
validobis
exeba.
Zalian
ganxilvisas
mcire
an
erT-erTi
Zalian
didi
moculobis, arareprezentaciulma, gadaxrilma SerCevam SeiZleba iolad

daamaxinjos monacemebi. sinamdvileSi, Zalian mcire moculobis SerCevebi
SeuZlebels xdis statistikur analizs (Morrison 1993). SerCevis sakiTxebi
meoTxe TavSia ganxiluli.
validoba da sandooba dakvirvebebSi

dakvirvebaze
dafuZnebul
kvlevaSi
ori
tipis
validobis
sakiTxi
dgeba. faqtobrivad, monawilis dakvirvebis subieqturi da metismetad

mgrZnobiare bunebis Sesaxeb komentarebi mis garegan validobas exeba.
saidan
viciT,
rom
kvlevis
am
nawilis
Sedegebis
gamoyeneba
sxva
situaciebSi SesaZlebelia? meTodis Sinagani validoba ukavSirdeba SiSs,

rom
damkvirveblis
Sefasebebze
imoqmedebs
misi
jgufSi
CarTuloba.
saidan viciT, rom mTliani kvlevis an misi nawilis Sedegebi realuri,
389
namdvili produqtia? meoTxe TavSi _ SerCeva ganvixileT mTeli rigi

teqnikisa (kvota, zvavisebri, miznobrivi SerCevebi), romlebsac mkvlevrebi
iyeneben
dakvirvebuli
movlenebis
reprezentaciulobisa
da
maTeuli
interpretaciebis jvaredini SemowmebisTvis.

garegan
validobasTan
validobac
mkacrad
validobasa
da
erTad,
unda
sandoobas
monawilis
mowmdebodes.
ramdenime
dakvirvebis
dakvirvebis
safrTxe
Sinagani
SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba
daemuqros,
magaliTad:
mkvlevarma,
romelic
mimdinare
mdgomareobas
ikvlevs,
SeiZleba,
araferi icodes winmswrebi mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb;
informantebi
SeiZleba,
ar
iyvnen
kvlevaSi
CarTuli
SerCevis
reprezentaciuli;
damkvirveblis iq yofnam SeiZleba, gansxvavebuli qcevebi gamoiwvios

(reaqtiuloba da ekologiuri validoba);
mkvlevari SeiZleba gaSinaurdes, Zalian miejaWvos sakvlev jgufs da

veRar SeZlos sakmarisad civi gonebiT misi yureba.
am problemebis mosagvareblad denzini (1970a) monacemebis wyaroebisa
da
meTodologiebis
triangulacias
gvTavazobs.
bunebriv
kvlevaSi
dakvirvebis sandoobisa da validobis problemebis daZlevis ZiriTad

gzebs meTvramete TavSi ganvixilavT. arsebiTad, es aris SemoTavazeba,
rom cnebam ndobis Rirsia(Lincoln and Guba 1985), romelic sindisierebis,
dadasturebis, gadatanisa da ndobis sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT ganviTarda,
Caanacvlos
sandoobisa
da
validobis
ufro
tradiciuli
xedva.
meTvramete TavSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am sakiTxebis mogvareba.

Tu
dakvirveba,
emsaxureba,
bunebiT
romelic
gacilebiT
raodenobrivi
metad
monacemebis
struqturirebulia,
mopovebas
maSin
mas
damkvirveblebs Soris da maT Sida sandoobis pirobebs uyeneben. aq

saWiroa
darwmuneba,
rom
damkvirvebels
Tanmimdevrulad
da
sworad
Seaqvs monacemebi saTanado kategoriebSi (anu sandooba damkvirvebelTa
390
Soris
da
maT
SigniT).
garda
amisa,
validobis
uzrunvelsayofad
aucilebelia piloturi dakvirvebis warmoeba, raTa davrwmundeT, rom

Tavad
dakvirvebis
adekvaturi,
kategoriebi
amomwuravi,
kvlevis
wyvetili,
miznisTvis
araorazrovani
Sesatyvisad
da
efeqturad
operacionalizebulia.
validoba da sandooba testebSi

mkvlevarma unda Seafasos testebis monacemebis roli da mniSvneloba,
magram
ar
unda
daaviwydes,
rom
hoTornis
efeqti
uaryofiTad
an
dadebiTad moqmedebs testirebaSi monawile studentebze. aq dgeba mTeli

rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebmac SeiZleba, testis sandoobaze imoqmedos,
magaliTad, dRis dro, saswavlo wlis dro, oTaxis temperatura, sadac
testireba tardeba, testis aRqmuli mniSvneloba, testirebis situaciis
formalurobis xarisxi, nervebis omi, studentebis mier navaraudevi
pasuxebis
raodenoba
(testisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
standartuli
Secdomis gamoTvla), testis administrirebis meTodi, testis markirebis

meTodi, ramdenad Riaa an daxuruli testis debulebebi. Sesabamisad,
mkvlevari, romelic monacemebis misaRebad testis gamoyenebas apirebs,
unda darwmundes, rom es testi Sesatyvisi, validuri da sandoa (Linn 1993;
Borsboom et al. 2004).
vulfi (1994) gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad faqtors, romlebmac SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos sandoobaze, esenia: im jgufis diapazoni, romlis
testirebac xdeba; ramdenad gamocdilia jgufi; sazomis moculoba (rac
grZelia testi anu rac ufro meti debulebaa masSi, miT metia Secdomebis
daSvebis albaToba); sandoobis gamoTvlis meTodi. fic-giboni (Fitz-Gibbon
1997: 36) amtkicebs, rom sxva yvela Tanabar pirobebSi grZeli testebi
metad sandoa, vidre _ mokle. amasTan, arsebobs ramdenime faqtori, ramac
SeiZleba daazaralos testebis sandooba. feldi da brenani (Feldt and
Brennan
1993)
oTxi
daemuqros sandoobas:
tipis
safrTxes
gamoyofen,
romelic
SeiZleba
391
individebi:
maTi
janmrTeloba,
(magaliTad,
motivaciebi,
udardeloba,
kiTxvis
koncentracia,
varaudebi,
unari,
msgavsi
sxva
tipis
gulmaviwyoba,
Tanmxlebi
problemebis
unarebi
gadaWris
gamocdileba, praqtikis efeqti);
situaciuri
faqtorebi:
fsiqologiuri
da
fizikuri
mdgomareoba
testirebisas _ konteqsti;
testis gasworebis faqtorebi: idiosinkrazia da subieqturoba;
instrumentis
davalebebis
cvladebi:
SerCevaSi,
gamocdilebisadmi
sferoebis
davalebebis
araswori
SerCeva,
realuroba
Sesatyvisoba,
da
Secdomebi
testirebulis
araswori
debulebebi,
erTganzomilebianobis daSveba an moculoba, zoma davalebaze pasuxis

TeoriaSi, testis moculoba/sigrZe, meqanikuri Secdomebi, Secdomebi
qulebis miniWebisas, gamoTvlis Secdomebi.
arasandoobis wyaroebi
testirebis
magaliTad,
da
gamocdebis
gamomcdelebisa
dros
ramdenime
safrTxe
gamsworeblebisgan,
da
arsebobs,
gansakuTrebiT,
Sesrulebis an miRwevis testebis SemTxvevaSi (Cunningham 1998; Airasian 2001):
Secdomebi
gasworebaSi:
magaliTad,
niSnebis
miwera,
damateba
an
gadatana;
Semfaseblebs Soris sandooba: sxvadasxva gamsworebeli sxvadasxva

niSans wers erTsa da imave an msgavs naSromebSi;
araTanmimdevruloba gasworebisas: magaliTad, Tu naweri vrcelia,

gasworebis dasawyisSi meti simkacris gamoCena, Semdeg ki _ SedarebiT
rbilad Sefaseba.
variaciebi
erTnairi
niSnebis
donis
dawerisas:
namuSevrebs,
niSnis
erTma
sazRvrebTan
gamsworebelma
zRvris qula mianiWos, sxvam ki _ qveda.
axlos
SeiZleba
mdgom,
zeda
392
halo efeqti: studenti, romlis Sedegebi kargad an cudad Sefasda

erTxel, daumsaxureblad iRebs sasurvel an arasasurvel Sefasebebs,
Sesabamisad, sxva sferoebSic.
gamoiyofa
Tavad
studentebisgan
maswavleblebisgan
da
momdinare
arasandoobis ramdenime wyaro:
davalebis
Sesrulebis
motivacia
da
interesi
mniSvnelovnad
zemoqmedebs Sedegze. cxadia, studentebi motivirebuli unda iyvnen, Tu

testSi seriozuli Sedegis miRebas apireben. motivacia SeiZleba iyos
Sinagani (raRacis keTeba sakuTari Tavis gamo) an garegani (raRacis

keTeba garegani mizeziT, magaliTad, sertifikatis aReba, dasaqmeba an
umaRles saswavlebelSi moxvedra). ganawyenebuli moswavleebis mier
umiznod,
usistemod
Sesrulebuli
testi
maTi
SesaZleblobebis
Sesaxeb didad sando informacias ver miscems maswavlebels (Wiggins

1998). testirebis seansebSi monawileobis motivacia yvelaze Zlieria
maSin, rodesac students daanaxves testirebis mizani da gamomcdeli
testirebis
procesSi
keTilganwyobil,
mizanze
orientirebul
damokidebulebas inarCunebs (Airasian 2001).
Sefasebaze gavlenas axdens urTierToba (dadebiTidan uaryofiTamde)

Semfasebelsa
matulobs
da
testirebuls
maswavleblis
mier
Soris.
am
Sefasebisas,
momentis
mniSvneloba
rodesac
studentebi
piradad da profesiulad icnoben maswavlebels da piriqiT, aseve,

rodesac Sefaseba maswavleblisa da studentis pirispir kontaqts
moiazrebs. gamomcdeli da gamosacdeli erTmaneTze gavlenas axdenen
gamocdis, zepiri Sefasebis da msgavs situaciebSi _ es ormxrivi
procesia (Harsen 1994). testirebis situaciaSi studentebi reagireben
Semfaseblis
iseT
maxasiaTeblebze,
rogoricaa
sqesi,
asaki
da
pirovneba.
pirobebi
Sefasebaze,
fizikuri,
emociuri,
gansakuTrebiT,
Tu
socialuri
isini
ucnobia.
gavlenas
Tu
axdenen
SesaZlebelia,
393
moswavleebma testireba nacnob garemoSi unda gaiaron, sasurvelia,

sakuTar saklaso oTaxSi, skolis Cveul garemoSi. distraqtorebi,
gareSe xmauris, gamomcdelis oTaxSi siarulis da oTaxSi sxvebis
SemoWrebis saxiT, zemoqmedebs miRebul niSnebze, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
Tu dabali klasis moswavleebTan gvaqvs saqme (Gipps 1994). gamocdis
dros
moswavleebis
SfoTvisa
da
daZabulobis
SemcirebisTvis
mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, Tu ramdenad kargad ician, zustad ras

iTxoven maTgan. gamomcdelis mier naTlad da mSvidad micemul martiv
instruqciebs SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros saerTo daZabuloba
sagamocdo oTaxSi. am TvalsazrisiT, maswavleblebisTvis, romlebic
testirebis
Catarebas
moswavleebisTvis
apireben,
misacemi
dawyebamde.
testirebis
SeiZleba
instruqciebis
idealur
variantSi
gamosadegi
gamkacreba
testis
iyos
realuri
instruqciebi
martivi, pirdapiri da SeZlebisdagvarad mokle unda iyos.
rodesac am konteqstSi hoTornis efeqtTan gvaqvs saqme, studentebs,

ubralod,
unda
avuxsnaT,
rom
mxolod
Sefasebis
situaciac
ki
sakmarisia, rom maTi Sedegi uaresobisken an ukeTesobisken Seicvalos

(arc
erT
SemTxvevaSi
ar
gveqneba
maTi
Cveuli
SesaZleblobebis
realuri asaxva).
nebismieri
distraqtori,
Warbi
informaciis
CaTvliT,
moaxdens
gavlenas.
studentebi
imis
mixedviT
reagireben
gamomcdelze,
rogorc,
maTi
azriT, gamomcdeli elodeba maTgan reagirebas (Haladyna 1997; Tombari and

Borich 1999; Stiggins, 2001).
testis Sedegze gavlenas moaxdens dRis dro, kvira da Tve. zogierTi

studenti diliT ukeT grZnobs Tavs da ukeT axerxebs koncentrirebas
(Stiggins 2001).
studentebi
yovelTvis
zustad
ver
igeben,
Tu
ras
gulisxmobs
mocemuli kiTxva. amitom maT SeiZleba icodnen swori pasuxi, magram

egonoT, rom is ar aris kiTxvis Sesatyvisi.
394
Sedegebi
SeiZleba
studentma
Seicvalos
ukeTesi
Sedegi
kiTxvidan
aCvenos
kiTxvamde
sxva
SeiZleba,
kiTxvebis
miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi, romlebic imave sakiTxzea dasmuli. bleqi (1998) amtkicebs,

rom ori kiTxva eqspertisTvis SeiZleba, erTsa da imaves kiTxulobdes,
oRond sxvadasxvagvarad, studentebma ki isini sruliad gansxvavebul
kiTxvebad aRiqvan.
studentebi (da maswavleblebi) varjiSoben testis msgavs masalaze,

romelic,
miuxedavad,
momatebuli
qulebisa,
SeiZleba
ukeTesad
amzadebdes maT, magram testirebis SedegebSi Sesrulebis gaumjobeseba

ar aisaxebodes.
students SeiZleba, SeeZlos konkretuli unaris testSi gamovlena,

magram ver axerxebdes igive unari gamoavlinos da gamoiyenos swavlis
ufro farTo konteqstSi.
ramdenad
mniSvnelovani
Sefasebis
procesi
iqneba
Sefasebis
studentebisTvis,
davalebebi
damokidebulia
an
Tavad
kulturuli,
eTnikuri da genderuli fonis zemoqmedebaze; amasTan, gaazrebuloba

gavlenas axdens maT mier testis Sesrulebaze.
studentis
pirovnebam
SeiZleba,
cvlileba
Seitanos
testis
SeiZleba,
cvlides
SesrulebaSi.
studentebis
swavlis
strategiebi
da
stilebi
testis Sesrulebas.
gasworebis
procesi
yovelTvis
ar
aris
sando,
gamsworeblebi
SeiZleba, Zalian xelgaSlilebi, sulgrZelebi iyvnen da Zalisxmevasa

da SesaZleblobas afasebdnen da ara _ testis Sesrulebas.
konteqsti, romelSic davaleba sruldeba, gavlenas axdens testis

Sesrulebaze:
mocemuli
zogierT
davalebis
students
Sesruleba,
yoveldRiur
magram
pirobebSi
igives
ver
SeuZlia
axerxebs
testirebisas.
Tavad testis debulebebis TvalsazrisiT, Semdegi saxis problemebi
SeiZleba iyos:
395
Tavad
davaleba
SeiZleba
mravalganzomilebiani
iyos,
magaliTad,
kiTxvis Semowmeba ramdenime komponents da konstruqts SeiZleba

saWiroebdes.
moqmedebebi
moswavleebma
maTematikis
SeiZleba,
gakveTilze,
Seasrulon
magram
ver
maTematikuri
gaakeTon
igive,
magaliTad, fizikis gakveTilze. moswavleebi yuradRebas ar miaqceven

inglisuris gramatikas sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis gakveTilze,
magram ar daaviwydebaT misi gamoyeneba inglisuris gakveTilze. es
viTareba
badebs
sakiTxs
im
konteqstebis
raodenobis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic unda gamovlindes qceva manam, sanam CaiTvleba, rom es

konkretuli qceva akmayofilebs kriteriums (Cohen et al. 2004). amasTan
dakavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxvac codnisa da unarebis gadatanis Sesaxeb.
davalebis konteqsti gavlenas axdens moswavlis mier am davalebis
Sesrulebaze.
SeiZleba saeWvo iyos debulebebis validoba.
ra eniT xdeba Sefaseba da ra enaze metyvelebs Semfasebeli,

axdens
testis
Semsrulebelze,
magaliTad,
Tu
gavlenas
Sefaseba
xdeba
Semsruleblis aramSobliur an saSualo klasis enaze (Haladyna 1997).
davalebis kiTxvadobis donem SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos testze,

magaliTad, kiTxvisas wamoWrilma sirTuleebma SeiZleba yuradReba
gadaanacvlos testis miznidan, romelic maTematikuri algoriTmis
principiT
aris
agebuli.
am
testSi
ricxvebis
an
Sesasrulebeli
moqmedebebis raodenobam da kompleqsurobam (magaliTad, maTematikaSi)

SeiZleba
yuradReba
gaufantos
testis
Semsrulebels,
romelsac
da
davalebis
realurad esmis es operaciebi da cnebebi.
Sesasrulebeli
Sesrulebis
moqmedebebis
etapebi:
raodenoba
moswavlem
SeiZleba
tipi
icodes,
da
rogor
unda
Seasrulos TiToeuli elementi, magram rodesac isini kombinaciaSi

miewodeba, davalebis zoma SeiZleba damTrgunavad didi aRmoCndes.
kiTxvebis formasa da mowodebis stils moswavleebis mier testis

SesrulebaSi variacia Seaqvs da amiT zemoqmedebs Sedegebze.
396
kompleqsur mimdevrobaSi adreul etapze daSvebulma erTma Secdomam

SeiZleba
mimdevrobis
kiTxvaTa
jgufSi)
Semdgomi
da
etapebi
moswavlem,
arios
miuxedavad
(erT
imisa,
kiTxvaSi
rom
an
SeeZlo
mimdevrobis Semdgomi etapebis kargad Sesruleba, SeiZleba, mTlianad

dakargos
imisTvis
gankuTvnili
qula,
risi
gakeTebac
realurad
SeuZlia.
SeiZleba kiTxvebi gamiznuli iyos biWebze, an gogonebze.
Tu
neitralur,
kiTxvebi
arapirovnul
biWebisTvisaa
Temebzea
gamiznuli,
saubari,
xolo
maSin
Tu
sagamocdo
piradi
da
interpersonaluri Temebia win wamoweuli _ gogonebze (Haladyna 1997;

Wedeen et al. 2002).
biWebi
gogonebze
ukeTesad
pasuxoben
kiTxvebi
mravali
arCeviTi
pasuxiTkiTxvebs, xolo gogonebi biWebze ukeTesi arian eses tipis

kiTxvebSi (albaT, imitom, rom biWebi ufro mondomebuli arian, vidre
gogonebi, rom mravaljeradi arCevnis kiTxvebis pasuxebi gamoicnon).
aseve, gogonebi biWebze ukeT asruleben werilobiT davalebebs.
kiTxvebi
da
Sefaseba
SeiZleba,
kulturiT
iyos
SezRuduli:
rac
gasagebia erT kulturaSi, SeiZleba, gaugebari iyos meoreSi.
testi SeiZleba imdenad grZeli iyos (raTa dafaros mTeli masala),

rom moyirWebam da koncentraciis dakargvam gaauaresos sandooba.
amrigad, konteqstis specifikur faqtorebs mniSvnelovani gavlenis
moxdena
SeuZliaT
swavlaze
da
es
gaTvaliswinebuli
unda
iyos
Sefasebisas, raTa Sefasebis procesi SeZlebisdagvarad usafrTxo da

bunebrivi
iyos.
harleni
(Harlen
araTanmimdevruloba
dafuZnebul
1994:
da
SefasebaSi
140
2)
arasandooba
SeiZleba,
gamoTqvams
mosazrebas,
maswavlebelze
momdinareobdes
da
rom
skolaze
gansxvavebebisgan,
romelic arsebobs:
maswavleblebis
an
Semfaseblebis
mier
davalebebisa da Sinaarsis interpretaciaSi;
Sefasebis
miznebis,
397
realuri davalebebis nakrebSi an maT irgvliv arsebul konteqstebsa

da viTarebebSi (magaliTad, dro da adgili);
imaSi, Tu ramdenad daexmarnen testis Semsrulebels testirebisas;
niSnebis daweris kriteriumebis konkretulobis xarisxSi;
niSnebis daweris kriteriumebis gamoyenebasa da niSnebis daweris an

gasworebis sistemaSi, romelic Tan axlavs am kriteriumebs.
imaSi, Tu moswavlis Sesaxeb ra moculobis damatebiTi informacia

gamoiyenes Sefasebisas.
harleni
(1994)
mxars
uWers
moderaciis
mTeli
rigi
strategiebis
gamoyenebas rogorc testirebamde, ise _ mis Semdeg, maT Soris:
statistikis /kriteriumebis gamoyeneba;
SerCevebis Semowmeba (fostiT an piradi vizitiT);
niSnebis jgufuri moderacia;
niSnebis post-hoc daregulireba;
institutebis akreditacia;
gadammowmebelTa vizitebi;
SeTanxmebis panelebi;
gasworebisa da qulebis miniWebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra;
ganmartebiTi magaliTebis motana;
jgufuri moderaciis Sexvedrebi.

Tu moderaciis procedurebi arsebiTad testirebis Semdeg qulebis
daregulirebaa,
SeTanxmebis
cdebi
da
gasworebis
praqtika
SeiZleba,
testis miwodebamde ganxorcieldes, rac, gansakuTrebiT, mniSvnelovania,

Tu
didi
raodenobiT
nawerebia
gasasworebeli,
an
ramdenime
gamsworebelia.
saqme isaa, rom rogorc Sedegebi, ise _ instrumentebi sando unda
iyos. sandoobis misaRwevad saWiroa:
398
sandoobis
koeficientebis
kuder-riCardsonis
gamoTvla,
formula,
Suaze
testis
gaxleCvis
teqnikebi,
paraleluri/ekvivalenturi
formebi, test-retestis meTodebi, alfa koeficienti;
gazomvis standartuli Secdomis gamoTvla da kontroli;
SerCevis zomis gazrda (normatiuli ganawilebis mqone testSi qulebi

diapazonisa
da
gafantvis
maqsimizaciisTvis),
Tumca
kriteriumze
dafuZnebul testebSi qulebi SeiZleba zeda donesTan Sejgufdes

(magaliTad, profesiis dauflebisas), anu qulebis diapazoni SeiZleba
SezRuduli iyos da amgvarad mcirdebodes gamosaTvleli korelaciis
koeficientebi;
dakvirvebebis da testSi CarTuli debulebebis raodenobis gazrda

(qulebis diapazonis gasazrdelad);
davalebaze
pasuxis
Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT
testSi
debulebebis
efeqturi SerCevis uzrunvelyofa (calke sakiTxad aris ganxiluli

qveTavSi kompiuterisTvis adaptirebuli testireba. ixileT mecxramete
Tavi);
debulebebis diskriminaciis xarisxisa da sirTulis efeqturi donis

uzrunvelyofa.
ara marto unda mivaRwioT sandoobas, aramed _ unda gamoCndes kidec,
rom
mivaRwieT,
gansakuTrebiT,
iseTi
testirebisas,
roca
fsonebi
maRalia (rodesac bevria damokidebuli testis Sedegebze, magaliTad,

umaRles
sasawavlebelSi
moxvedra
an
samsaxuris
dawyeba).
gamomdinare, sandoobis uzrunvelyofis procedurebi gamWvirvale
aqedan
unda
iyos. aq sirTule isaa, rom rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT zemoT gansazRvrul

sandoobas,
gaizomeba
miT
ise,
metad
obieqturi
TiTqos
isini
xdeba
usulo
testi,
sagnebi
miT
iyvnen
meti
da
studenti
miT
metad
konteqstidan amovardnili iqneba testi.

sandoobis alternatiuli forma, romelic ufro konstruqtivistul
fsiqologias
eyrdnoba,
xazs
usvams
konteqstis
mniSvnelobas,
subieqturobis mniSvnelovnebas da saWiroebas, rom testis Semsrulebeli
399
ufro srulad iyos CarTuli, vidre ubralo testSi. pozitivizmsa da

ufro interpretaciul midgomebs Soris daZabulobis Sesaxeb am wignis
pirvel TavSi visaubreT. obieqturi testebi, rogorc am TavSia aRwerili,
mkveTrad ixreba pozitivisturi paradigmisken maSin, roca socialuri
mecnierebis
kvlevis
ufro
fenomenologiuri
da
interpretaciuli
paradigmebi garemos, individualuri aRqmebis, damokidebulebebis, mokled

rom
vTqvaT,
auTenturi
testebis
mniSvnelobaze
gaakeTeben
aqcents
(testis monacemebis daumuSavebuli, araxelovnuri formebis gamoyeneba,

magaliTad,
portfolioebi,
dokumentebi,
sakurso
naSromebi,
ufro
realuri davalebebi da meti aqtiuri CarTuloba). miuxedavad imisa, rom

es
ukanaskneli
iseT
poziciaze
dgas,
romelic
ufro
axlosaa
SefasebasTan, vidre _ viwro testirebasTan, es ori midgoma faravs

erTmaneTs,
orive
SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia
niSnebis,
qulebisa
da
jildoebis miniWeba, orive SeiZleba iyos rogorc maformirebeli, ise _

Semajamebeli da orive SeiZleba iyos kriteriumze dafuZnebuli.
rac
Seexeba
validobas,
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
efeqturi
testi
adekvaturad uzrunvelyofs Semdegs:
Sinaarsis validoba (magaliTad, testis debulebebSi programis da

testis miznebis adekvaturi da reprezentaciuli dafarva _ sferos
SerCevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli): miiRweva imiT, rom uzrunvelyofili
iyos testis SinaarsSi situaciebis klasis an sferos, an kidev samizne
Temis samarTliani SerCeva. Sinaarsis validoba miiRweva konkretuli
sferosadmi testis Sinaarsis relevanturobisa da SerCevis Sesaxeb
profesiuli
daskvnebis
gamotaniT.
es
dafarvas
da
reprezentaciulobas exeba da ara pasuxebis paternebs an qulebs. aq

SefasebiT
Sinaarsis
msjelobazea
saubari
validobisTvis
da
ara
testis
gazomvaze
ramdenime
(Kerlinger 1986).
maxasiaTeblis
uzrunvelyofa (Wolf 1994): (a) testis farglebi, anu dafarvis are

(ramdenad
faravs
relevanturoba
testi
(ramdenad
relevantur
iswavles
testis
sferos);L(b)
debulebebSi
testis
mocemuli
400
masala,
an
ramdenad
relevanturia
debulebebi
konkretuli
programisTvis); (g) programis farglebi (ramdenad faravs programa

mTlian sakvlevs sferos).
kriteriumis
validoba:
rodesac
maRali
korelaciis
koeficienti
gvaqvs testis qulebsa da imave unaris Sesafasebel sxva, ukve miRebul

qulebs Soris, validoba miiRweva testis qulebisa da sxva sazomidan
an testidan aRebuli erTi an meti cvladis (kriteriumis) erTmaneTTan
Sedarebis gziT, rac imave faqtoris sazomad miiCneva. vulfi (1994)
amtkicebs, rom kriteriumis validobis miRwevisas ZiriTadi problema,
romlis winaSec dganan testis Semqmnelebi, saTanado kriteriumis
sazomis
arCevaa.
mas
moaqvs
magaliTi,
romelSic
naCvenebia,
Tu
ramdenad rTulia akademiuri unarebis testSi akademiuri miRwevisTvis

saTanado kriteriumis SerCeva. kriteriumi unda iyos: relevanturi (da
SeTanxmebuli, rom relevanturia); tendenciurobisgan Tavisufali (anu
garegani faqtorebi, romlebic
SeiZleba
aWuWyianebdes
kriteriums,
moSorebulia); sando _ zusti da swori; SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi

gazomva an miRweva.
konstruqtis validoba (magaliTad, testis debulebis TvalsaCino

mikuTvnebuloba misi SemoTavazebuli konstruqtisadmi/aradakvirvebadi
Tvisebisadmi
an
maxasiaTeblisadmi,
romelsac
aCvenebs
rogorc
empiriuli monacemebi, ise _ logikuri analizi da kamaTi, anu xarisxi,

romliTac konkretul konstruqtebs an cnebebs testis Sesrulebis
axsnis mocema SeuZliaT): es miiRweva imiT, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos
testis
Sesrulebis
saTanado
axsna
konkretuli
Sesatyvisi
konstruqtebiTa da cnebebiT. Sinaarsis validobis msgavsad, is ar

eyrdnoba testis qulebs, aramed saqme ufro metad exeba imas, Tu
ramdenad aris testis debulebebi kvlevisTvis samizne safuZvlad
mdebare,
faruli
konstruqtis
moicavs.
konstruqtis
validoba
amtkiceben
indikatori.
Sinaarsisa
(Loevinger
1957),
da
am
kriteriumis
rom
TvalsazrisiT,
validobasac
konstruqtis
validoba
401
sinamdvileSi yvela tipis validobis dedofalia, vinaidan masSi sxva

tipis validobebi erTiandeba da konstruqtebs an axsnas Seexeba da
ara _ meTodologiur faqtorebs. konstruqtul validobas safrTxes
uqmnis konstruqtis arasakmarisi reprezentacia, anu testi Zalian
viwroa
da
aspeqtebs;
yuradRebis
aseve
miRma
safrTxis
tovebs
konstruqtis
Semcvelia
mniSvnelovan
irelevanturi
sakiTxebis
damatebac _ sando dispersiis siWarbe.
analogiis validoba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac erTi testis Sedegebi

Tanxvdeba sxva testebis an instrumentebis Sedegebs, romlebic imave
konstruqts/unars amowmebs/afasebs. validobis es tipi axlos dgas
prediqtul
analogiis
validobasTan,
validobis
Tumca
gamovlena
ar
sxva
gaaCnia
drois
ganzomileba.
instrumentTan
erTdroulad
aris SesaZlebeli da ara _ garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg.
TvalsaCino validoba: rodesac testi garegnulad, erTi SexedviT

zomavs imas, ris gasazomadac Seqmnes.
msajulTa validoba konstruqtis validobis mniSvnelovani elementia;

rodesac
mniSvnelovania
Tanxmobis
miRweva
aradakvirvebadi,
araTvalsaCino konstruqtebis koncefciebisa da operacionalizaciis

Taobaze.
prediqtuli validoba: testis Sedegebi zustad winaswarmetyvelebs Tu

ara Semdgom Sesrulebas _ enaTesaveba kriteriumis validobas.
Sedegebis validoba: daskvnebi, romlis gamotana SeiZleba testidan,

Sinaarsiania.
sistemuri validoba (Frederiksen and Collins 1989) maSin gvaqvs, rodesac

programis
aqtivobebi
aumjobesebs
testis
Sesrulebasac
da
konstruqtsac, rasac programa isaxavda miznad. qaningemi (Cunningham

1998) gvTavazobs sistematuri validobis magaliTs, sadac Tu tests da
leqsikuri maragis Semowmebis mizans testis Semsruleblis leqsikuri
maragis
gazrdisken
validoba.
mivyavarT,
maSin
uzrunvelyofilia
sistemuri
402
testis validobis uzrunvelyofis Semdeg is miznisTvis Sesatyvisi

unda iyos da, aseve, validobis zemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis sakiTxi
unda
hqondes
validobaa
mogvarebuli.
yvelaze
mkvlevrisTvis,
rTulad
albaT,
mosagvarebeli,
konstruqtis
risTvisac
saWiroa
SeTanxmebis miRweva araTvalsaCino, naxevrad navaraudevi konstruqtis an

fenomenis definiciisa da operacionalizaciis Taobaze. aq Tavisi roli
mecnierTa
sazogadoebam
unda
Seasrulos.
validobis
ufro
sruli
ganxilvisTvis ixileT Messick (1993). am Tavis bolos mokled mimovixilavT

validobasa da sandoobas cxovrebiseuli istoriebis angariSebSi.
validoba da sandooba cxovrebiseul istoriebSi

sami
centraluri
sakiTxi
ganamtkicebs
cxovrebiseuli
istoriis
meTodologiiT miRebuli monacemebis xarisxs. esenia reprezentaciuloba,

validoba
da
sandooba.
plameri
yuradRebas
apyrobs
cxovrebiseuli
istoriis kvlevis xSir kritikas, kerZod, imas, rom misi SemTxvevebi

atipuria da ara _ reprezentaciuli. am braldebis Tavidan asacileblad,
is urCevs mkvlevrebs, rom daamuSaon da naTlad, gasagebad aRweron
cxovrebiseuli istoriis mimarTeba ufro farTo populaciasTan (Plammer
1983) imiT, rom kvlevis subieqti moaTavson reprezentaciulobasa da
arareprezentaciulobas Soris kontinuumze.
sandooba cxovrebiseuli istoriis kvlevaSi mikerZoebulobis wyaros
identifikaciasa
da
misi
Sesamcirebeli
teqnikebis
gamoyenebazea
damokidebuli. mikerZoebuloba momdinareobs informantidan, mkvlevridan

da Tavad urTierTqmedebidan. 6. 1, CanarTSi romelic plameris Sromidan
aris
adaptirebuli
(1983),
am
ZiriTadi
wyaroebidan
momdinare
mikerZoebulobis zogierTi aspeqtia warmodgenili.

CanarTi 6. 1.
mikerZoebulobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi cxovrebiseuli istoriebis kvlevaSi
wyaro: informanti
mowodebulia Tu ara (uneblieT) mcdari informacia?
403
adgili hqonda Tu ara Tavis daZvrenas?
arsebobs Tu ara tyuilisa da SecdomaSi Seyvanis uSualo

mtkicebulebebi?
mxolod zedapiria Tu ara warmodgenili?
ra SeiZleba miiCnos informantma isedac cnobilad da amitom aRar

Tqvas?
ramdenad gTaflavT informanti?
ra moculobis masalaa daviwyebuli?
ra moculobis masala SeiZleba iyos TviTmotyueba?
wyaro: mkvlevari
mkvlevris damokidebulebebi: asaki, sqesi, klasi, rasa, religia, politika

da a. S.
mkvlevris qcevis manerebi: Cacmuloba, metyveleba, sxeulis ena da a. S.
mkvlevris pirovneba: SfoTva, mowonebis moTxovnileba, mtruli ganwyoba,

siTbo da a. S.
mkvlevris mecnieruli roli: Teoriis gamarTva da a. S.
mkvlevris molodini.
wyaro: urTierTqmedeba
Sexvedraze unda ganixilebodes: saidan modis mikerZoebuloba:
fizikuri garemodan socialuri sivrcidan?
winmswrebi urTierTqmedebidan?
araverbaluri komunikaciidan?
metyvelebidan?
wyaro: adaptirebulia Plummer 1983: cxrili N5. 2. gv. 103.
mkvlevars
validobis
gadamowmebis
ramdenime
SesaZlebloba
aqvs.
plameri (1983) asaxelebs Semdegs:
cxovrebiseuli istoriis subieqti SeiZleba, TviTkritikuli gaxdes

mas Semdeg, rac mTlian produqts waikiTxavs;
SeiZleba,
erTmaneTs
Sedardes
msgavsi
werilobiTi
gansvlisa da Tanxvedris ZiriTadi punqtebis gamosavlenad;
wyaroebi
404
sizustis
gadasamowmeblad
cxovrebiseuli
istoria
SeiZleba,
Sedardes oficialur Canawerebs;
Sedareba SesaZlebelia sxva informantebis gamokiTxviT.

nebismieri
ganapirobebs
cxovrebiseuli
informantis
unari
istoriis
_
validobas,
gadmosces
realoba anu situaciis miseuli gansazRvreba.
sakuTari
arsebiTad,
subieqturi
405
nawili mesame
kvlevis saxeebi ganaTlebis sferoSi

mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT kvlevis sqema, meTodologia
da instrumentebi. Zalian xSirad erevaT meTodebi meTodologiaSi da
meTodologia sqemaSi. meore nawilSi warmodgenili iyo Sesavali sqemis
sakiTxebSi, winamdebare Tavi ki kvlevis sxvadasxva stils,
saxes, misdami
midgomebs ganixilavs da maT ganasxvavebs meTodebisgan _ monacemebis

Segrovebis instrumentebisgan. am nawilSi ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis
rva ZiriTad saxes gamovyofT, erT-erTi Tavi ki internetze dafuZnebuli
kvlevis
ganviTarebad
vacnobierebT
ra,
rom
sferos
es
da
araviTar
kompiuteris
SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebas
ar
aris
Seexeba.
amomwuravi
mimoxilva, mainc vTvliT, rom amiT vfaravT kvlevis meTodologiis

ramdenime ZiriTad saxes. aq Sedis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise, Tvisebrivi
kvleva, mciremasStabian da farTomasStabian midgomebTan erTad. wina
nawilebis msgavsad, aqac centraluria miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis cneba.
Cven ar vemxrobiT kvlevaSi erTi calkeuli meTodologiisadmi monur
erTgulebas.
sinamdvileSi,
mocemul
konkretul
kvlevas
SeiZleba,
kombinirebuli meTodologiebi Seesabamebodes. am nawilSi Cveni mizania,

naTeli movfinoT kvlevis sxvadasxva saxes da isini pirvel nawilSi
warmodgenil kvlevis paradigmebSi gadavanawiloT.
406
7 bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvleva

bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis 13 elementebi
socialuri da ganaTlebis samyaro uwesrigo adgilia, romelic savsea
winaaRmdegobebiT,
mravalferovnebiT,
kompleqsurobiT,
logikurobiT,
kavSirebiTa da wyvetebiT. is mravalSriania da advilad ar eqvemdebareba

danawevrebis process, romelic raodenobrivi kvlevebis umravlesobis
ganuyofeli
nawilia.
Tu
realurad
gvsurs
am
samyaros
gageba,
is
mTlianobaSi unda SeviswavloT da ara _ fragmentulad. wignis pirvel

TavSi iTqva, rom ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisadmi zogierTi midgoma
Tvisebrivi, bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvlevis paradigmebSi erTiandeba.
am paradigmebis maxasiaTeblebia (Boas 1943; Blumer 1969; Lincoln and Guba 1985;
Woods 1992; LeCompte and Preissle 1993):
adamianebi aqtiurad qmnian situaciis iseT mniSvnelobas, anu Sinaarss,

romelic am situaciis maTeul xedvas asaxavs.
Sinaarsi socialuri situaciidan

interpretaciuli
gamomdinareobs da misi gaazreba
procesebiT
xdeba
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com.textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 7, faili 7. 1. ppt).
qceva da, aqedan gamomdinare, monacemebi socialuri situaciiT

gansazRvruli, mis konteqsts
Sinaarsobrivad
mdidaria.
aris
ukavSirdeba, maszea damokidebuli da
situaciis
gasagebad
konteqstis
gagebaa
saWiro, vinaidan situaciebi zemoqmedeben qcevasa da xedvis kuTxeze

da _ piriqiT.
realoba mravaljeradi, Sedgenili da holisturia.
Semmecnebeli
da
Sesamecnebeli
urTierTmoqmedi
da
erTmaneTisgan
ganuyofelia.
13
mTargmnelis SeniSvna: termin kvleva-Ziebas viyenebT imisaTvis, rom avsaxoT
gansxvaveba inglisurenovan terminebs: research and inquiry-s Soris. inquiry swored Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi ixmareba.
407
mxolod
droiT
da
konteqstiT
SezRuduli
samuSao
hipoTezebis
(ideografiuli mtkicebebis) warmoyenebaa SesaZlebeli;
yvela
erTeuli
procesSi
da
monawileobs
amitom
erTdrouli
SeuZlebelia
urTierTformirebis
mizezebisa
da
Sedegebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna;
kvleva-Zieba mecnieruli RirebulebiTaa SezRuduli;
kvlevaze gavlenas axdens mkvlevris Rirebulebebi, romlebic aisaxeba

problemis SerCevaSi, Sesafaseblis an strategiis arCevaSi da am
problemis,
Sesafaseblis
an
arCeuli
strategiis
formirebaSi,
SezRudvasa da fokusirebaSi.
kvlevaze gavlenas axdens paradigmis arCeva, romelsac kvleva-Zieba

problemisken mihyavs.
kvlevaze
gavlenas
warmarTavs
axdens
monacemebis
arsebuli
Segrovebasa
Teoriis
da
arCeva,
analizs
da
romelic
miRebuli
Sedegebis interpretacias.
kvlevaze
gavlenas
axdens
konteqstisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Rirebulebebi.
kvleva
an
TanxmobaSi
modis
RirebulebebTan
(ganmamtkicebelia
an
kongruentuli), an ewinaaRmdegeba maT (konfliqtSi Sedis maTTan).

kvlevam
azriani,
mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi
rom
mogvces,
problema,
Sesafasebeli, strategiis varianti, paradigma, Teoria da konteqsti

kongruentuli unda iyos (RirebulebebTan TanxmobaSi unda modiodes).
kvleva valdebulia, rom konteqstSi mocemuli qcevis gajerebul

aRweras iZleodes.
sazrisis,
mniSvnelobis
miniWeba
uwyveti
da
droSi
ganviTarebadi
procesia;
adamiani moqmedebisas windaxeduli, mizanmimarTuli da kreatulia.
istoria
da
biografia
kveTs
erTmaneTs
Cven
viqmniT
sakuTar
momavals, magram ara aucileblad Cvens mier arCeul situaciebSi.
408
socialurma kvlevam monawileTa TvaliT unda Sexedos situaciebs:

malinovskis
(Malinowski
adgilobrivebis
1922:
25)
TqmiT,
Tvalsazrisis,
samyaros
eTnografebis
maTeuli
amocanaa
xedvisa
da
cxovrebisadmi damokidebulebis wvdoma.
kvlevis instruments mkvlevari warmoadgens (Eisner 1991).
mkvlevari gamoTqvams hipoTezebs da ara amowmebs
mkvlevarma winaswar ar icis, ra daxvdeba, an ras ipovnis
adamians winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlia.
adamianuri fenomeni, rogorc Cans, ufro met pirobiT SeTanxmebebs
maT.
saWiroebs, vidre sxva romelime fenomeni.
dasabuTebas Sinaarsi (mniSvneloba) da gaazreba cvlis.
ganzogadeba
gaigeba
identificirebadi,
ara
rogorc
konkretuli
yvelafris,
garemoebebisa
aramed
da
mxolod
subieqtebis
generalizacia.
situaciebi unikaluria anu ar meordeba.
kvlevisa da qcevis procesebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc _ maTi

Sedegebi.
adamianebs,
situaciebs,
movlenebsa
Sinaarsi garedan aqvT miniWebuli,
da
sagnebs
mniSvneloba,
anu
sakuTari Sinagani mniSvneloba maT
ar gaaCniaT.
socialuri kvleva bunebriv, araxelovnur, realur garemoSi unda

Catardes mkvlevris, SeZlebisdagvarad, minimaluri CareviT.
socialuri
realoba,
mravalgvari,
gamocdileba
zogjer
da
socialuri
winaaRmdegobrivi
fenomeni
interpretaciebis
SesaZleblobas iZlevian; maTze socialuri urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT

migviwvdeba xeli.
unda
aixsnas
raodenoba.
yvela
faqtori
da
ara
cvladebis
SezRuduli
409
monacemebis
gaanalizeba
induqciurad
xdeba,
kvlevis
procesSi
miRebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare konstruqtebiT.
Teoriis warmoqmna monacemebzea dafuZnebuli (Glaser and Strauss 1967) _

monacemebi gvTavazobs Teorias da ara _ piriqiT.
linkolni
da
guba
(1985:
37
43)
gvTavazoben
am
aqsiomebidan
gamomdinare Sedegebis CamonaTvals:
kvleva bunebriv garemoSi unda daigegmos, radgan konteqsti Zalian

zemoqmedebs Sinaarsze.
kvlevis instrumenti adamiania.
gardauvalia nagulisxmevi codnis gamoyeneba.
cnebas adamiani, rogorc instrumenti Tvisebrivi meTodebi ufro

ergeba, vidre _ raodenobrivi.
sakvlevi
sakiTxebis
srulad
dafarvis
SesaZleblobas
miznobrivi
SerCeva iZleva.
monacemebis analizi induqciuria da ara _ aprioruli da deduqciuri.
Teoriebi warmoiqmneba da ar aris winaswar SeTanxmebuli. apriorul

Teorias monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria anacvlebs.
kvlevis sqema droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba (iseve, rogorc
icvleba
SerCeva).
kvlevis Sedegebi molaparakebis Sedegad miiRweva.
angariSis wardgenis bunebrivi formaa SemTxvevis Seswavla.
nomoTetur interpretacias idiografiuli anacvlebs.
praqtikuli gamoyeneba saorientacio, savaraudo da pragmatulia.
kvlevis fokusi gansazRvravs mis sazRvrebs.
ndobis Rirsad yofna da misi komponentebi anacvlebs sandoobisa da

validobis ufro tradiciul xedvas.
lekomti da preisli (1993) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom eTnografiuli
kvleva aris procesi, romelic moicavs kvleva-Ziebis meTodebs, Sedegs da
410
kvlevis Semajamebel saboloo Canawers. kvleva mimarTulia Sesaswavli

kulturis
an
jgufebis,
rekonstruqciaze
(gv.
235).
SeZlebisdagvarad,
Tvisebriv
kvlevas
naTel,
TvalsaCino
ramdenime
mizani
aqvs,
magaliTad, aRwera da angariSis momzadeba, ZiriTadi cnebebis Seqmna,

Teoriis
generacia
eTnografiuli
da
kvlevis
Semowmeba.
lekomti
da
preisli
midgomebis
ramdenime
ZiriTad
(1993)
elementze
migviTiTeben:
moipoveben fenomenologiur monacemebs (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 3).
ikvleven
da
warmoadgenen
monawileebis
msoflmxedvelobas
situaciis maTeul gansazRvrebas (Thomas 1923).
fenomens mniSvnelobas mkvlevari da monawileebi sZenen; maSasadame,

kvlevis
procesi
hermenevtikulia
da
mniSvnelobis
gamovlenazea
mimarTuli (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 31 2).
kvlevis asagebad monawileebis konstruqtebi gamoiyeneba.
empiriuli monacemebi bunebriv garemoSi grovdeba (laboratoriebisgan

an
kontrolirebuli
situaciebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
rogorc
iseT
kvlevebSi, sadac cvladebiT manipulireben).
realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan monacemebis misaRebad farTod

gamoiyeneba
dakvirvebis
(rogorc
monawilis,
ise,
aramonawilis)
sxvadasxva teqnika.
kvleva
holisturia,
anu
mTliani
fenomenebis
aRwerasa
da
interpretacias cdilobs.
aRweridan da monacemebidan midian axsnisken, mizezebis SeTavazebisken

da Teoriis generirebisken.
meTodebi
multimodaluria
da
eTnografi
meTodologiuri
yvelafrismWamelia (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 232).

hiCkoksa da hagiss (1989: 52 3) miaCniaT, rom eTnografiuli kvleva
moicavs:
411
jgufis
kulturis
aRweras
da
am
kulturis
Sesaxeb
codnis
Camoyalibebas.
aqtivobebis aRweras konkretul kulturul konteqstTan mimarTebaSi

Tavad am jgufis wevrebis TvalTaxedviT;
im ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvalis Seqmnas, romelic jgufis,

an kulturis wevrobisTvis aris aucilebeli;
socialuri urTierTqmedebis paternebis aRwerasa da analizs;
Signidan axsnis uzrunvelyofas, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia;
Teoriis SemuSavebas.
loflandi (Lofland 1971) Tvlis, rom bunebrivi meTodebi sam mTavar
kiTxvaze iZleva pasuxs:
ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs socialur fenomens?
ra mizezebi iwvevs socialuri fenomenis warmoqmnas?
ra Sedegebi moaqvs socialuri fenomenis arsebobas?

am CarCos gamoyenebiT SegviZlia davakvirdeT: garemos, adamianebsa da
maT urTierTobas; qcevebs, moqmedebebsa da aqtivobebs; fsiqologiur

mdgomareobas; istoriebs; fizikur sagnebs (Baker 1994: 241 4).
bunebriv
da
pozitivistur
midgomebs
Soris
ramdenime
arsebiTi
gansxvavebaa, romlebzec pirvel TavSi visaubreT. lekomti da preisli

(1994: 39 44) Tvlian, rom eTnografiul midgomebs aRwera ainteresebs da
ara
winaswarmetyveleba,
induqcia
da
ara
deduqcia,
Teoriis
generacia da ara _ Semowmeba, struqtura da ara _ daTvla, subieqturi

da
ara
obieqturi
codna.
am
ukanasknelTan
mimarTebiT,
avtorebi
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben orgvar midgomas: -emur-s (rogorc terminSi

fonemuri, sadac subieqturi, monawilis mier situaciisTvis miwerili
Sinaarsis,
mniSvnelobis
wvdoma
ainteresebT)
da
-etikur-s
(rogorc
terminSi fonetikuri, sadac situaciis obieqturi an mkvlevriseuli

mniSvnelobebisa da wyobis identificirebas isaxaven miznad) (LeCompte and
Preissle 1993: 45).
412
Tumca vudsi (Woods 1992: 381) amtkicebs, rom raodenobriv da Tvisebriv

kvlevebs
Soris
arsebuli
zogierTi
gansxvaveba
gazviadebulia.
magaliTad, is ambobs, rom 70-ian wlebSi arsebobda arafris momcemi

diqotomia, rodesac raodenobrivi kvleva mkacrad hipoTetur-deduqciur
modusad (Teoriebis Semowmebad) iyo miCneuli, Tvisebrivi kvleva ki _
Teoriebis
generaciis
induqciur
meTodad.
mas
miaCnia,
rom
epistemologiuri kontrasti, romelic am or midgomas Soris arsebobs,

gadaWarbebulia,
vinaidan
Tvisebrivi
teqnikebi
Teoriebis
generaciisTvisac SegviZlia gamoviyenoT da maT Sesamowmebladac.

doberti da kurT-sqai (Dobbert and Kurth-Schai 1992: 94 5)
amtkiceben, rom
eTnografiuli midgomebi ara marto metad sistemuri gaxda, aramed isini

interesdebian
socialuri
kanonzomierebebiT
da
qcevisa
Seiswavlian
da
mas.
socialuri
eTnografebis
struqturis
amocanaa,
rom
Tanabrad Seitanon wvlili, erTi mxriv, socialuri urTierTqmedebebis

mravalferovnebis,
unikalobisa
cvalebadobis,
da
spontanobis
kreatulobis,
SeswavlaSi
individualobis,
(magaliTad,
gajerebuli
aRwerebiT) da, meore mxriv, socialur mecnierebaSi, romlis amocanaa, am

mravalferovnebaSi
moiZios
kanonzomierebebi,
wesrigi
da
modelebi.
rogorc durqhemi (1950) SeniSnavs, arsebobs socialuri faqtebi.

am xazs Tu gavyvebiT, SesaZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom eTnografiul
kvlevas
principis
SeuZlia
_
Sedarebadoba
generalizebis
mogvareba,
da
sakiTxis
romelic
gadatanadoba
aq
pozitivisturi
interpretirdeba,
(LeCompte
and
Preissle
kvlevis
rogorc
1993:
47).
Sedarebadobis SemTxvevaSi Sesaswavli jgufis maxasiaTeblebi imdenad

eqspliciturad da gasagebad unda iyos warmodgenili, rom mkiTxvelma
SeZlos
maTi
gadatanadobis
Sedareba
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
msgavs,
an
kvlevaSi
gansxvavebul
analizisTvis
jgufebTan.
gamoyenebuli
kategoriebi, jgufebis maxasiaTeblebis msgavsad, eqspliciturad unda

iyos
mocemuli,
raTa
SesaZlebeli
iyos
gakeTeba sxva jgufebTan an disciplinebTan.
mniSvnelovani
Sedarebebis
413
spindleri da spindleri (Spindler and Spindler 1992: 72 4) efeqturi

eTnografiebis ramdenime ZiriTad maxasiaTebels aRweren:
dakvirveba
Seesatyviseba
rogorc
im
uSualo
sadac akvirvebian qcevas, ise, am konteqstis
garemos
miRma
konteqsts,
arsebul
sxva
konteqstebsac.
hipoTezebi
adgilze,
muSaobis
procesSi,
dasakvirvebel
garemoSi
kvlevis ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoiqmneba.
dakvirveba xangrZlivia da xSirad meordeba. dakvirvebis monacemebis

sandoobis dasadgenad movlenebsa da movlenaTa seriebs erT jerze
metad akvirdebian.
dakvirvebaze
dayrdnobiT
gamotanili
daskvnebi
da
eTnografiuli
kvlevis sxvadasxva forma Signidan danaxuli realobis SeswavlisTvis

gamoiyeneba.
eTnografiuli
amocanebis
ZiriTadi
mizani
monawileebisgan
sociokulturuli codnis miRebaa, rac socialur qcevas gasagebs

xdis.
instrumentebi
da
miwodebis
kiTxvarebisTvis da a. S.
grafikebi
interviuebisTvis,
advilzeve unda iqmnebodes, dakvirvebisa da
eTnografiuli kvleva-Ziebidan gamomdinare.
Cveulebriv,
gamoiyeneba
transkulturuli,
istoriul-SedarebiTi
xedva, Tumca xSirad es nagulisxmevi daSvebaa; kulturuli variacia

(drosa da sivrceSi) bunebrivi movlenaa.
garkveuli
sociokulturuli
codna,
romelic
gavlenas
axdens
Sesaswavl qcevasa da komunikaciaze, nagulisxmevia/implicituria da

SeiZleba monawileebmac ar icodnen, an bundovnad icodnen. aqedan
gamomdinarobs,
rom
eTnografiis
erT-erTi
amocanaa,
auxsnas
mkiTxvels, Tu ras gulisxmoben informantebi, anu ra aris maTTvis

implicituri mocemuloba.
414
eTnografma interviuerma ar unda SezRudos, an winaswar gansazRvros

pasuxebi dasmuli kiTxvebis formulirebebiT, vinaidan informantebs
Tavad aqvT sakuTari gulubryvilo, yofiTi kulturis codna.
SeZlebisdagvarad meti monacemis mosagroveblad nebismieri teqnikuri

mowyobilobis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli.
monawileebma
subieqtebi
unda
da
icodnen,
maTTvis
rom
arian
cnobili
eTnografiuli
unda
iyos
mkvlevris
kvlevis
piradi,
socialuri da interaqciuli statusi.

mkvlevrisa da monawileebis urTierTformirebisa da interaqciis
pirobebSi (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 155) mkvlevari xdeba kvlevis adamianiinstrumenti,
romelic
deklarirebulTan
erTad,
nagulisxmev,
implicitur codnas eyrdnoba da iyenebs adamianis kvlevisTvis kargad

morgebul
meTodebs, magaliTad, dakvirvebas, intervius, dokumentebis
analizsa da naklebad SesamCnev, moridebul meTodebsac (Lincoln and Guba

1985: 187). adamiani-instrumentis upiratesobas qmnis misi adaptirebadoba,
reaqtiuloba, codna, sensitiur sakiTxebTan gamklavebis Zala, erTiani
suraTis
danaxvis
niWi,
atipuri
an
idiosinkrazuli
pasuxebis
naTelyofis, Sejamebis, Seswavlis, analizisa da garCevis unari (Lincoln

and Guba 1985: 193 4).
bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis ZiriTadi formebia (Arsenault and Anderson 1998: 121;
Flick 2004):
SemTxvevis Seswavla: konkretuli epizodis an fenomenis Seswavla

realur cxovrebiseul konteqstSi.
SedarebiTi Seswavla: ramdenime SemTxvevis Sedareba mkvlevrisTvis

saintereso ZiriTadi sferoebis mixedviT.
restrospeqtuli Seswavla: fokusirdeba monawileebis biografiebze,

an
monawileebs
gaxsenebas sTxovs.
warsulSi
darCenili
movlenebisa
da
Temebis
415
momentaluri kadrebi: drois erT konkretul momentSi konkretuli

situaciis, movlenis an fenomenis analizi.
longituduri
Seswavla:
adamianebis
an
sakiTxebis
droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Seswavla.
eTnografia: socialuri jgufebis da situaciebis portretuli aRwera

da maTi axsna realuri cxovrebis konteqstSi.
monacemebze dafuZnebuli Teoria: Teoriis ganviTareba fenomenebis

asaxsnelad.
Teoria
monacemebze
dayrdnobiT
iqmneba
da
ara
monacemebis mogrovebamde, winaswar warmoisaxeba an ganisazRvreba.
biografia: individualuri an koleqtiuri.
fenomenologia:
nivTebis
mniSvnelobisTvis
realuri
naTlis
mofena
xedva,
axsniT
maTi
da
ara
sazrisisa
da
taqsonomiuri
midgomebiTa da abstraqciebiT; Teoriis Camoyalibeba mkvlevrisa da

kvlevaSi monawilis dialogis meSveobiT.
bunebriv kvleva-ZiebaSi monacemebis Segrovebis ZiriTadi meTodebia
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983):
monawilis dakvirveba;
interviu da saubari;
dokumentebi da savele Canawerebi;
angariSebi;
Canawerebi da samaxsovro SeniSvnebi.
bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmva

bunebrivi
kvlevis
dagegmvisas
mosagvarebeli
sakiTxebi
didad
ar
gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisgan, romelTa mogvarebac sxva tipis kvlevebSi

uwevT, magaliTad, problemisa da kvlevis miznebis dadgena, kvlevis
fokusis
gansazRvra,
sandoobisa
da
kvlevis
validobis
sqemisa
sakiTxis
da
instrumentebis
mogvareba,
eTikuri
SerCeva,
sakiTxebi,
monacemebis analizisa da interpretaciis sakiTxis gadawyveta. es Temebi

saerToa
yvela
kvlevisTvis.
ufro
axlodan
Tu
SevxedavT
sakiTxs,
416
uolkoti
(Wolcott
1992:
19)
Tvlis,
rom
naturalistma
mkvlevrebma
dakvirvebis, kiTxvebis dasmisa da gadaxedvis etapebs anu, rogorc is

ambobs,
gamocdilebis
miRebas,
Ziebasa
da
Seswavlas
unda
miaqcion
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. bunebriv kvlevaSi SesaZlebelia kvleva-Ziebis

procesSi gasavleli etapebis ufro detalurad aRwera (Hitchcock and
Hughes 1989; 57 71; Bogdan and Bilken 1992; Lecompte and Preissle 1993). qvemoT
warmodgenilia is TerTmeti etapi, romelsac mkvlevari gadis bunebrivi
kvlevisas. SemdgomSi TiToeuli maTgani detalurad aris ganxiluli
ppt):
1. sakvlevi velis gansazRvra;
2. eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvareba;
3. gadawyvetilebis miReba SerCevis Sesaxeb;
4. rolis morgeba da konteqstSi Sesvla;
5. informantebis moZieba;
6. urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da SenarCuneba sakvlev velSi;
7. monacemebis Segroveba adgilze;
8. monacemebis Segroveba velis gareT;
10. velis datoveba;
11. angariSis dawera.
es etapebi gaJRenTilia mTeli rigi sakiTxebiT, romlebic gavlenas
moaxdens kvlevaze, maT Sorisaa:
pirovnuli sakiTxebi: mkvlevris simpaTiebi disciplinis konkretuli

Temebisadmi,
misi
hiCkoki
hagisi
da
subieqturi
(1989:
56)
damokidebulebebi
miuTiTeben,
rom
da
maxasiaTeblebi.
savele
samuSaos
warmoebisas arsebobs garkveuli seriozuli daZabuloba imis gamo,

rom masSi mkvlevars sakuTari emociebi, damokidebulebebi, rwmenebi,
Rirebulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi Seaqvs. praqtikulad, rac ufro metad
417
xdeba
ase,
miT
ufro
naklebia
monawileebis
Tvalsazrisebisa
da
Sinaarsebis wvdomis albaToba.
ra saxiT miiRebs mkvlevari monawileobas _ ra rols
moirgebs da
rogor CaerTveba konteqstSi.
mxardaWeris
sakiTxebi:
gaiTavisebs
Sesaswavli
problemebs
axasiaTebs
da
maTi
kvlevis
rodis
aris
jgufis
wevrebis
miznebis
dasawyissa
mosalodneli,
emociebs,
miRwevaSi
da
rom
sazrunavsa
CaerTveba.
dasasruls,
mkvlevari
es
rodesac
da
xSirad
mkvlevari
jgufis kanonieri warmomadgenelia.
roluri urTierTobebi.
sazRvrebis dacva kvlevaSi.
wonasworoba distanciasa da CarTulobas Soris.
eTikuri sakiTxebi.
refleqsuroba.
refleqsuroba
aRiarebs,
rom
mkvlevrebi
gardauvlad
arian
im
socialuri samyaros nawili, romelsac ikvleven (Hammersley and Atkinson

1983: 14) da es samyaro, faqtiurad, ukve aqtorebis mier interpretirebuli
samyaroa, rac arRvevs obieqturi realobis cnebas. mkvlevrebi arian
samyaroSi da ikvleven am samyaros. isini sakuTari biografiebiT Sedian
sakvlev
situaciaSi
TandaswrebiT.
da
monawileebi
refleqsiuroba
moiazrebs,
garkveulad
rom
iqcevian
mkvlevrebma
maTi
kvlevis
procesSi gaacnobieron da gaxsnan sakuTari Tavi da ecadon, gaigon

sakuTari roli, an gavlena. mkvlevris efeqtis ganeitralebis nacvlad
(rac praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan mkvlevari im samyaros nawilia,
romelsac ikvlevs), mkvlevrebi dRis Suqze unda rCebodnen, rac sarkis
418
TviTobis 14
quliseul
(1902)
cnebas
exmianeba.
rogorc
hamersli
da
atkinsoni (1983) amboben:

is [mkvlevari] par excellencekvlevis instrumentia. is faqti, rom qceva da
damokidebulebebi xSirad konteqstidan konteqstSi stabilurad gadadis, da
mkvlevars
SeuZlia,
monawileoba
miiRos
konteqstis
formirebaSi,
centraluri xdeba analizisTvis . . . Teoriebi, romlebsac adamianebis qcevis

asaxsnelad
vqmniT,
Cveni,
rogorc
mkvlevris,
sakuTari
aqtivobebis
relevanturic unda iyos.
(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 18 19)

marTlac refleqsuri mkvlevari kargad gaacnobierebs, Tu rogor
ayalibebs
kvlevas
misi
seleqciuroba,
aRqma,
warsuli,
induqciuri
procesebi da paradigmebi. isini kvlevis instrumentebia. makkormiki da

jeimsi
(1988:
191)
dasaZlevad
amtkiceben,
mkvlevrebi
monawileebTan
TavianT
rom
zustad
reaqtiulobis
da
uwyvetad
urTierTqmedebas,
refleqsiurobiT
unda
sakuTar
daakvirdnen
reaqciebs,
rolebs,
mikerZoebasa da sxva Temebs, romlebmac SeiZleba imoqmedos kvlevaze. es

Tema
ufro
srulad
triangulaciisa
da
ganvixileT
mexuTe
respondentis
TavSi,
mier
rodesac
validobis,
validaciis
sakiTxebze
vsaubrobdiT.
linkolni da guba (1985: 226 47) bunebrivi kvlevebisTvis kvlevis
sqemis aT elements gamoyofen:
1. kvleva-Ziebis fokusis gansazRvra;
2. gansazRvra, ergeba Tu ara paradigma fokuss;
3. gansazRvra,
ergeba
Tu
ara
kvlevis
paradigma
arsebul
Teorias,
romlis farglebSic unda ganxorcieldes kvleva;

4. gansazRvra, Tu sad da visgan unda moipovebodes monacemebi;
5. kvlevis Tanmimdevruli fazebis gansazRvra;
14
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: qulis es cneba niSnavs, rom pirovneba socializaciis
procesSi yalibdeba da sakuTari Tavis (TviTobis) aRqma damokidebulia socialur

interaqciebze
419
6. instrumentebis SerCeva;
7. monacemebis Segrovebisa da Caweris wesebis dagegmva;
8. monacemebis analizis procedurebis dagegmva;
9. organizebis dagegmva:
mTeli proeqtis organizebis gaazreba winaswar;
sakvlev velSi Sesvlamde misi monaxulebis organizeba;
velSi yofnisas iq moZraobis organizeba;
velis monaxulebis Semdgomi aqtivobebis organizeba;
kvlevis dasrulebis organizeba.
10. kvlevis ndobis Rirsad yofnis dagegmva.

es elementebi bunebrivi kvlevis dagegmvis Tanmimdevrul, etapobriv
midgomad SeiZleba dalagdes (magaliTisTvis ixileT Schatzman and Strauss
1973; Delamont 1992).
spradli (Spradley 1979)
Semdeg
etapebs
asaxelebs:
kulturis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba, kulturis Sesaxeb monacemebis

analizi;
eTnografiuli
hipoTezebis
formulireba;
eTnografiuli
kvlevis dawera srul, TerTmetetapian models am TavSi cota mogvianebiT

SemogTavazebT.
kvlevis
sxva
saxeebis
msgavsad,
bunebriv
da
Tvisebriv
meTodebs
kiTxvebis formulireba sWirdeba, romlebic gasagebi da arabundovani,

magram
kvlevis
procesSi
momxdari
cvlilebisadmi
Ria
unda
iyos.
strausi (1987) maT uwodebs generaciul kiTxvebs, romlebic kvlevis

mimarTulebis, sawyisi hipoTezisa da monacemebis mogrovebis arealis
stimulirebas axdens, Tumca ar gamoricxavs kvlevis winsvlasTan erTad
modifikaciis SesaZleblobebs. unda SenarCundes balansi erTi mxriv,
Zalian zogad kiTxvebs, romlebic arc erTi konkretuli mimarTulebiT
ar warmarTavs kvlevas da Zalian viwro kiTxvebs Soris, romlebic axali
mimarTulebebisken ketavs gzas (Flick 2004: 150).
mailsi
da
hubermeni
(1994)
Tvisebrivi
ganasxvaveben:
farTosa
da
viwros.
gansazRvruli
cnebebi
da
kvlevis
farTo
kvlevis
kvlevis
sferoebia
da,
sqemis
sqemaSi
or
tips
farTod
faqtiurad,
Riaa
420
meTodologiis cvlilebebisTvis. avtorebi Tvlian, rom aseTi sqema maSin

aris
gamosadegi,
rodesac
mkvlevari
gamocdilia
da
axal
sferos
ikvlevs, an axal konstruqtebs qmnis, rac glazerisa da strausis (1967)

moqnilobasa
da
Teoriuli
SerCevis
Riaobas
uaxlovdeba.
amis
sapirispirod, viwro kvlevis sqema viwrod ayalibebs kvlevis kiTxvebs da

winaswar
sazRvravs
cvlilebas.
procedurebs,
avtorebis
azriT,
romlebic
aseT
sqemas
naklebad
maSin
eqvemdebareba
moaqvs
sargebeli,
rodesac mkvlevari ar aris gamocdili, kvleva konkretul specifikur

sakiTxebs, konstruqtebs, jgufebs an individebs ikvlevs, an rodesac
kvleva aSkarad xanmoklea.
miuxedavad
imisa,
monacemebidan
rom
bunebriv
momdinareobs,
es
ar
kvlevaSi
Temebi
amcirebs
da
kvlevis
Teoriebi
kiTxvebis
Rirebulebas. fliki (Flick 1998: 51) Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sami tipis kvlevis
kiTxvebs gvTavazobs, romlebic Seexeba: (1) mdgomareobis, maTi mizezebisa
da SenarCunebis meqanizmebs; (2) am mdgomareobis cvlilebis procesebisa
da Sedegebis aRweras; (3) imas, Tu ramdenad gamodgeba es kiTxvebi
hipoTezebis
hipoTezebisa
an
daSvebebis
da
daSvebebis
mxardasaWrad
an
generaciisTvis
uarsayofad,
(generaciuli
an
axali
kiTxvebi,
rogorc zemoT movixsenieT).
saWiroa Tu ara hipoTeza Tvisebriv kvlevaSi?

pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, rom pozitivisturi midgomebi, Cveulebriv,
winswar formulirebul hipoTezebs amowmebs. aseve, vTqviT, rom bunebrivi
da Tvisebrivi midgomebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani hipoTetur-deduqciur
paradigmaze uaris Tqmaa (magaliTad, Meinefeld 2004: 153), kerZod, imitom,
rom aRiarebulia mkvlevris gavlena kvlevaze da imitom, rom kvleva
gacilebiT
metad
Ria
da
ganviTarebadia
Tvisebriv
midgomebSi.
meinefildi (2004) iseT klasikur Sromebs iSveliebs, rogoricaa uaitis

(1955) Street Corner Society
da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom SeuZlebelia
hipoTezis winaswar gansazRvra, ganurCevlad imisa, surs es mkvlevars Tu

ara, vinaidan codnas winaswar ver ivaraudeb. glaseri da strausi (1967)
421
Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebi Segnebulad unda ganTavisufldnen yovelgvari

winaswari
codnisgan;
imasac
ki
amboben,
rom
winaswar
literaturis
gacnobac ki SeuZlebelia, vinaidan gaurkvevelia, wakiTxuli relevanturi

aRmoCndeba Tu ara _ monacemebi Tavad metyvelebs sakuTar Tavze. Teoria
kvlevis saboloo punqtia da ara _ sawyisi.
unda
gvaxsovdes,
rom
mkvlevris
sakuTari
interesebi,
codna
da
biografia win uswrebs kvlevas da amitom, SesaZlebelia, rom Tvisebriv

kvlevaSi ar gamoiTqvas sawyisi
hipoTeza, Tumca kvlevis Tavdapirveli
dafuZneba moiazrebs interesis sferoSi Semaval konkretul Temas, anu

kvleva da samizne monacemebi ar aris Teoriisgan damoukidebeli; codna
ar aris Teoriisgan damoukidebeli. faqtiurad, glaseri da strausi
(1967) aRiareben, rom maT winaswari codniTY daiwyes TavianT kvleva,
romelSic gardacvalebis process Seiswavlidnen.
aq aSkara winaaRmdegobaa: erTi mxriv, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sawyisi
hipoTezis uaryofisken mowodebaa da, meore mxriv,
aRiareba, rom yvela
kvleva Teoriis garkveuli winaswari codniT iwyeba, romelic dasabams

aZlevs mas. am winaaRmdegobis daZlevis gza, marTalia, jerjerobiT
Canasaxovan
formaSia,
magram,
SesaZloa,
ramdenime
sferoSi
mainc
aRmoCndes. aq Sedis: monacemebis Riaoba (Meinefeld 2004: 156 7); winaswari

daSvebebisa
da
poziciis
SecvlisTvis
mzaoba;
gancxadeba
imisa,
Tu
ramdenad SeiZleba imoqmedos kvlevaze mkvlevris winaswarma codnam (anu

refleqsiurobam);
hipoTezebis
pirobiTobis
gacnobiereba;
kvlevis
gamoyenebiT hipoTezis formulirebisTvis mzaoba; da, rogorc ukiduresi

pozicia, gacnobiereba da aRiareba imisa, rom hipoTeza SeiZleba mxolod
imdenad iyos Tvisebrivi kvlevis nawili, ramdenadac is raodenobrivi
kvlevis nawilia.
422
Tvisebrivi kvlevis maxasiaTeblebi da etapebi

efeqtur Tvisebriv kvlevas ramdenime maxasiaTebeli aqvs (Cresswell 1998:
20 2) da maTi danaxva SesaZlebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sefasebisas. es
maxasiaTeblebia:
gamokvlevaSi monacemebis mosapoveblad zusti da mravalgvari meTodi

gamoiyeneba.
gamokvleva
Tvisebrivi kvlevis
bunebisa
da
daSvebebis
farglebSi
warmoebs.
kvleva-Zieba ZiriTadi Tvisebaa da erTi an meti tradiciis Sesatyvisad

SeiZleba,
warmoebdes
fenomenologia,
(magaliTad,
SemTxvevis
Seswavla,
biografia,
eTnografia,
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli
Teoria).
kvlevis proeqti Temaze an problemaze erTi fokusiT iwyeba da ara

_ cvladebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb hipoTeziT, an
winaswari
daSvebiT.
urTierTmimarTeba
SeiZleba
SemdgomSi
ganviTardes, magram es Ria sakiTxia.
gansazRvrulia gadamowmebis kriteriumebi,
angariSi iwereba zustad
da zedmiwevniT.
damajerebloba saWiroa imdenad, rom mkiTxvels SeeZlos aRweril

situaciaSi Tavis warmodgena.
monacemebis gaanalizeba sxvadasxva doneze xdeba, isini mravalSriania.
naweri itacebs mkiTxvels da, damajereblobisa da sizustis fonze,

savsea moulodneli wvdomebiT.
etapi 1: sakvlevi velis gansazRvra

bogdani da bikleni (1992: 2) Tvlian, rom kvlevis kiTxvebi Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi ar Semoifargleba mxolod cvladebis operacionalizaciiT,
rogorc pozitivistur paradigmaSi. piriqiT, kvlevis kiTxvebi in situ_
adgilze yalibdeba arsebuli situaciebis pasuxad, anu Temas mTeli
Tavisi
kompleqsurobiT
bunebriv
garemoSi
ikvleven.
veli,
rogorc
423
arseno da andersoni (Arsenault and Anderson 1998: 125) amboben Tvisebriv

kvlevaSi
farTo
mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba
da
ubralod
fenomenis
adgilmdebareobas aRniSnavs.
zogierT Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sakvlevi sferos
SerCevaze gavlenas
axdens kvlevis miznebi, saWiroeba, kvlevisTvis biZgis mimcemi,
kvlevaSi
wamoweuli problema da kvlevis kiTxvebi da qvekiTxvebi. zog Tvisebriv

kvlevaSi ki es elementebi SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg Camoyalibdes,
rac mkvlevari garkveul dros Tavad gaatarebs sakvlev velSi.
etapi 2: eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvareba

dili da misi kolegebi (Deyle et al. 1992: 623) gamoyofen ramdenime
ZiriTad
eTikur
sakiTxs,
romlebic
gaTvaliswinebuli
unda
iqnas
kvlevaSi:
rogor
waradgens
warudgens
sakuTar
mkvlevari
Tavs?
sakuTar
ramdenad
Tavs
eTikurad
sakvlev
velSi?
gamarTlebulia
vis
sxva
adamianad Tavis moCveneba im codnis misaRebad, romelsac sxva gziT ver

miiRebda da im adgilebSi mosaxvedrad, sadac sxva SemTxvevaSi ver
moxvdeboda an ver darCeboda?
aq
ramdenime
sakiTxia.
pirvelia
informirebuli
Tanxmobis
Tema
(monawileobisTvis da gaxsnisTvis), unda miviRoT Tu ara monawilis

Tanxmoba (aseve, ixileT LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 66). amas sxva msjelobamde
mivyavarT
faruli Tu Ria kvleva. erTi mxriv, arsebobs Zlieri
argumenti informirebuli Tanxmobis sasargeblod, Tumca, rac ufro meti

ician monawileebma kvlevis Sesaxeb, miT naklebad bunebrivad SeiZleba
iqceodnen (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 108), xolo bunebrioba, TavisTavad
cxadia, rom bunebrivi paradigmis ZiriTadi kriteriumia.
miCeli (1993) saubrobs dilemaze, romelic mkvlevris winaSe dgas: man
unda gadawyvitos, faruli kvleva awarmoos, Tu Ria. is ambobs, rom
informirebuli
formebis
Tanxmobis
arCevamde
sakiTxma
migviyvanos,
SeiZleba
iseTi
kvlevis
formebis,
sadac
konkretuli
mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT sakvlevi fenomenis gakontroleba. amiT gamoiricxeba kvlevis
424
sxva saxeebi, sadac monawileebi moqmedeben naklebad kontrolirebulad,

naklebad
prognozirebulad
da
dadgenili wesiT, sadac
maT droTa
ganmavlobaSi realurad SeuZliaT kvlevaSi CarTva, an kvlevis datoveba.

is amtkicebs, rom realur socialur samyaroSi kvlevis mniSvnelovani
sferoebi xelmiuwvdomeli iqneba, Tu informirebuli Tanxmobis miRebas
vecdebiT, magaliTad, sazogadoebis marginaluri jgufebis, an upovarTa
kvlevisas. Tavad monawileebisTvisaa ukeTesi kvlevis saidumlod Senaxva,
vinaidan Tu ase ar moxda, maSin SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani samuSao ar
Sesruldes
da
saidumloebad
is
mniSvnelovani
darCes;
es
saidumlo
sazogadoebis
da
(Mitchell
Tavad
1993:
54)
monawileebis
legitimur interesebSi Sedis. miCeli saidumlod Senaxvis seriozul

SemTxvevas
aRwers
mkvlevarma
amtkicebs,
SeiZleba
privilegirebul
sazogadoebis
da
da
Tavi
informirebuli
daiZvrinos
SeWidul
Tvalisgan
rom
jgufebTan
surT
Tavis
TanxmobiT
Zalauflebis
Sexvedrisgan,
dacva.
mqone,
romelTac
gasaidumloeba
da
informirebuli Tanxmoba sakamaTo Temebia. amitom mkvlevrebma Tavad

unda
gadawyviton,
ras
erTguleben
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 106),
da
magaliTad,
ra
pasuxismgeblobebi
risi
codnis
ufleba
aqvT
aqvs
sazogadoebas da risi saidumlod datovebis ufleba _ individs (Morrison

1993; De Laine 2000: 13).
lekomti da preisli (1993) miuTiTeben, rom faruli da Ria kvlevis
sakiTxTan erTad,
unda
monawilisTvis riskisa da mowyvladobis problemebic
ganixilebodes.
monawilisTvis
riskisa
da
zianis
miyenebis
asarideblad garkveuli zomebis miRebaa saWiro (principi ar avno _

primum non nocere). bogdani da bikleni (1992: 54) afarToeben ganxilvis
areals da monawileTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebisa da zianis
sakiTxebic SemoaqvT. mowyvladobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas,
rodesac kvlevaSi monawileebs SezRuduli aqvT arCevanis Tavisufleba,
magaliTad,
asakis,
janmrTelobis,
socialuri
SezRudvebis,
maTi
cxovrebis stilis (magaliTad, kriminalSi monawileobis), socialuri
425
miuReblobis da Cagvris (magaliTad, Zaladobis, Zaladobrivi danaSaulis

msxverplni) gamo (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 107). rogorc avtorebi amboben,
monawileebi iSviaTad arian kvlevis iniciatorebi, amitom maTi dacva
mkvlevris
valdebulebaa.
mkvlevrisa
da
kvlevis
monawileebis
urTierTobebi iSviaTad aris simetriuli Zalauflebis mxriv, xSirad

xdeba,
rom
meti
Zalauflebis,
informaciisa
da
ikvleven imaT, vinc moklebulia am yvelafers an
resursebis
mqoneni
flobs, magram ufro
naklebi odenobiT.
xSirad dacvis standartul meTods konfidencialobis garantia, anu
monawileebis
namdvili
saxelebisa
da
sxva
saidentifikacio
maxasiaTeblebis gaumJRavnebloba warmoadgens. bogdani da bikleni (1992:

106) amas anonimurobas adareben, rodesac vinaoba imitom ar mJRavndeba,
rom marTlac ucnobia. amasTan, dgeba amocnobisa da Tvalis devnebis
sakiTxebi. monawileebma SeiZleba Tavad amoicnon sakuTari Tavi kvlevis
angariSSi, Tumca sxvebma ver SeZlon es. amas ukavSirdeba monacemebisa da
Sedegebis kuTvnilebis, gacemuli Sedegebis kontrolisa (vis da rodis)
da
monawilis
mier
kvlevis
Sedegebze
vetos
dadebis
uflebis
gansazRvris sakiTxebi. patriki (1973) am sakiTxis ukidures variantze

miuTiTebs: is, rogorc mkvlevari, glazgos bandaSi yofnisas Tavad gaxda
mkvlelobis
mowme.
dilema
naTelia
policiaSi
wasuliyo
da
ganecxadebina mkvlelobis Sesaxeb (da amiT gamoeaSkaravebina Tavi da

safrTxeSi Caeyenebina sakuTari sicocxle), Tu gaCumebuliyo da farul
mkvlevrad darCeniliyo.
bogdani
subieqtebis,
da
bilkeni
pativiscemis
(1992:
54)
saWiroebas,
amateben
monawileebis,
romlebic
ar
arian,
rogorc
ubralod,
sakvlevad mosaxmari da Semdeg gadasayreli obieqtebi. masoni (Mason 2002:

41)
Tvlis,
organizaciebi,
rom
mniSvnelovania,
praqtikebi
da
mkvlevarma
mxareebi,
gaiTvaliswinos
romlebic
is
SeiZleba
dainteresebuli iyvnen kvleviT an ganicdidnen mis zemoqmedebas da, aseve,

mxedvelobaSi miiRos yvela dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxebis gavlena kvlevis
426
warmoebaze, angariSis momzadebasa da gavrcelebaze. eTikis sakiTxebi

meore da mexuTe TavebSi ganvixileT da mkiTxvels vurCevT, rom mimarTos
am Tavebs.
etapi 3: SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba

idealur variantSi mkvlevars jgufis mTlianad Seswavla SeeZleboda.
aseTi
SemTxveva
institutebi,
iyo
romelic
gofmanis
exeba
(Goffman
naSromSi
1968)
saavadmyofoebs,
cixeebs
da
mTliani
policias.
analogiuri gamocdileba hqondaT anTropologebs, rodesac calkeul

izolirebul Temebs, an tomebs swavlobdnen. dRes es iSviaTad aris
SesaZlebeli,
vinaidan
aseTi
jgufebi
aRar
arian
izolirebuli,
an
Caketili. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevari SerCevis sakiTxis winaSe dgeba,

anu, man ise unda SearCios adamianebi, rom isini ufro farTo jgufs
warmoadgendnen (nebismierad gansazRvruls). mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros
is
jgufebi,
visTvisac
adekvaturia
kvlevis
kiTxvebi,
kvlevisTvis
mniSvnelovani konteqstebi, saWiro drois Sualedi da misTvis saintereso

mosalodneli
artefaqtebi.
sxva
sityvebiT,
aucilebelia
gadawyvetilebebis miReba adamianebis SerCevis, konteqstebis, sakiTxebis,

vadebis, artefaqtebisa da monacemebis wyaroebis Taobaze.
zogierTi saxis kvlevaSi SerCeva dasawyisSive gansazRvrulia, Tumca
SeiZleba moxdes SerCevis kvdomis gamo
(magaliTad, adamianebi toveben
kvlevas). amas problemurad miiCneven. eTnografiuli kvleva amas bunebriv

procesad aRiqvams da ara _ mosabezreblad. adamianebi kvlevaSi modian
da midian. es gavlenas axdens arCevanze _ Catardes erTi sinqronuli
kvleva
drois
erT
momentSi,
Tu
upiratesoba
mieniWos
diaqronul
kvlevas, rodesac movlenebsa da qcevebs droTa ganmavlobaSi akvirdebian

da
situaciebs
SesaZleblobas.
utoveben
Secvlis,
eTnografiul
ganviTarebisa
kvleva-ZiebaSi
SerCeva
da
warmoqmnis
cvalebadi
da
situaciuria da ara _ dasawyisidanve gansazRvruli. is icvleba da

viTardeba droSi. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba moxdes es.
427
lekomti da preisli (1993: 82 3) miuTiTeben, rom eTnografiuli

meTodebi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gamoricxaven statistikur SerCevas. es
mizezebia:
ucnobia populaciis maxasiaTeblebi;
jgufSi ar aris sazRvrebis TvalsaCino markerebi (kategoriebi an

stratebi);
ganzogadebadoba _ statistikuri meTodebis mizani _ ar warmoadgens

eTnografiuli kvlevisF aucilebel mizans;
SerCevaSi SesaZloa Tanabrad ar gadanawildes misi maxasiaTeblebi;
mTliani
SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebis
mxolod
erTi
an
ori
jgufi
SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani;
mkvlevrebs SeiZleba xeli ar miuwvdebodeT mTel populaciaze;
SerCevis
zogierTi
wevri
SeiZleba
ar
iyos
im
populaciis
warmomadgeneli, romlidanac ganzraxuli iyo SerCevis aReba.

aqedan
gamomdinare,
dafuZnebuli
SerCeva
maxasiaTeblebis,
romlebsac
anu
yuradReba
saWiroa
sxva
mkvlevrisgan
kriteriumebis
unda
mieqces
im
tipis
SerCevebi.
Tvisebebis,
kriteriumze
faqtorebisa
da
winaswar
gansazRvras
moiTxovs,
kvlevaSi.
Sesabamisad,
mkvlevris
amocanaa, uzrunvelyos, rom es kriteriumebi warmodgenili iyos aRebul

SerCevaSi (stratificirebuli SerCevis ekvivalenti). arsebobs SerCevis
sxva
formebic
(ganxilulia
meoTxe
TavSi),
romlebic
gamosadegia
eTnografiul kvlevaSi (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 70; LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 69
83). es formebia:
xelmisawvdomi
SerCeva:
SesaZleblobis
SerCeva,
xelmisawvdomi
adamianebidan arCeva.
kritikuli SemTxvevis SerCeva: magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebTanac

mkvlevrisTvis saintereso Temebi an maxasiaTeblebi mTeli sisruliT,
an maTi qcevisTvis ukiduresad mniSvnelovani formiT vlindeba.
428
maxasiaTeblis normis identificireba: rodesac dadgenilia mocemuli

maxasiaTeblis ukiduresi gamovlinebebi da maTi sazRvrebi.
tipuri
SemTxvevis
maxasiaTeblebis
SerCeva:
profili,
identificirdeba
romelic
Cveulia
Tvisebebis
saSualo,
an
tipuri
pirovnebisTvis, an SemTxvevisTvis da SerCevas axdenen am Cveulebrivi

adamianebisgan, an SemTxvevebisgan.
unikaluri
SemTxvevis
SerCeva:
identificirdeba
erTi
an
meti
kriteriumis mixedviT iSviaTi, ganumeorebeli, an ucnauri SeTxvevebi

da maTgan xdeba SerCeva. ra maxasiaTeblebiT da TvisebebiTac ar unda
hgavdes individi sxvebs, is erTi an ramdenime konkretuli Tviseba an
maxasiaTebeli mainc gamoarCevs mas.
reputaciis SemTxvevis SerCeva: kritikuli SemTxvevisa da unikaluri

SerCevis
varianti,
rodesac
mkvlevari
SerCevas
axdens
garkveuli
sferos eqspertis rekomendaciis safuZvelze.
zvavisebri SerCeva: sxva respondentebis mozidva pirveli respondentis

rCeviT da rekomendaciiT.
patoni (1980) gamoyofs SerCevis ramdenime tips, romelic gamosadegia
bunebriv kvlevaSi, maT Sorisaa:
eqstremaluri/deviaciuri SemTxvevebis SerCeva: uCveulo SemTxvevebis

Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad iseTi SemTxvevebis aReba, romlebic
SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT problemuri, an naTlis momfeni iyos.
zvavisebri SerCeva: rodesac erTi monawile uzrunvelyofs Semdgom

monawileebTan wvdomas da a.S.
maqsimaluri cvalebadobis mqone SerCeva: mowodebulia unikaluri

cvlilebebis diapazonis dasafiqsireblad; es cvlilebebi xSirad imis
Sedegia,
rom
gamosadegia,
adamianebs
Tu
kvleva
uwevT
miznad
gansxvavebul
isaxavs
pirobebTan
konkretuli
Segueba.
fenomenis,
an
fenomenebis cvalebadobis, diapazonisa da paternebis dadgenas (Ezzy

2002: 74).
429
intensiurobis
mixedviT
SerCeva:
damokidebulia
imaze,
Tu
mkvlevrisTvis saintereso romeli maxasiaTeblebi Cans, an vlindeba.
kritikuli SemTxvevebis SerCeva: SesaZlebelia misi gamoyeneba sxva

SemTxvevebSic: Tu informacia WeSmaritia kritikuli SemTxvevebisTvis
(magaliTad, rodesac yvela faqtori saxezea), maSin, mosalodnelia,
rom is sxva danarCeni SemTxvevebisTvisac WeSmariti iqneba.
politikurad
mniSvnelovani,
an
sensitiuri
SemTxvevebis
SerCeva:
yuradRebis mipyroba konkretul SemTxvevaze.
xelmisawvdomi
SerCeva:
mkvlevars
azogvinebs
dros,
fulsa
da
naklebad damyoli monawileebis moZebnaze daxarjul Zalisxmevas.

am CamonaTvals SegviZlia davamatoT mailsisa da hubermanis mier
dasaxelebuli SerCevis tipebi (1994: 28):
homogenuri
SerCeva:
fokusirdeba
msgavsi
maxasiaTeblebis
mqone
jgufebze.
Teoriuli
SerCeva:
romelsac
qvemoT
gamoiyeneba
ganvixilavT,
monacemebze
rodesac
dafuZnebul
monawileebs
TeoriaSi,
arCeven
maTi
unaris gamo, wvlili Seitanon Teoriis SemuSavebaSi.
damadasturebeli da uarmyofeli SemTxvevebi: hgavs eqstremalur da

deviaciur SemTxvevebs, romelzec patoni (1980) miuTiTebs. gamoiyeneba
wesidan
gamonaklisebis
mosaZieblad,
ramac
SeiZleba,
wesis
modifikaciamde migviyvanos.
SemTxveviTi miznobrivi SerCeva: rodesac potenciuri SerCeva Zalian

didia, SeiZleba ufro mcire moculobis qveSerCevebis gamoyeneba da am
dros mainc narCundeba garkveuli ganzogadebadoba.
stratificirebuli miznobrivi SerCeva: gamoiyeneba qvejgufebisa da

stratebis identificirebisTvis.
kriteriumis
mixedviT
SerCeva:
irCeva
yvela,
vinc
akmayofilebs
mocemuli jgufis, an klasis wevrobis garkveul dadgenil kriteriums.
430
SesaZleblobis
SerCeva:
aseTi
SerCeva
moulodneli
movlenebis,
iniciativebis, ideebis, Temebis upiratesobiT sargeblobs.L

mailsi da hubermani (1994) Tvlian, rom am strategiebis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba rogorc cal-calke, ise _ kombinirebuli saxiT da maT ase
gamoyenebas triangulaciaSi Seaqvs wvlili.
qvemoT SerCevis or kategorias ganvixilavT: pirvelad informantebs
da
meorad
informantebs
akmayofileben
SerCevis
(Morse 1994: 228)
kriteriumebs
anu
da
maT,
maT,
vinc
vinc
sruliad
avseben
am
kriteriumebis SerCevas.
linkolni da guba (1985: 201 2) aRweren mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas,
romelic arsebobs tradiciuli da bunebrivi kvlevis sqemebs Soris.
tradiciuli kvleva msgavsebebis gamovlenasa da ganzogadebis miRwevazea
orientirebuli,
imdenad
xolo
bunebrivi
mravalferovani
kvlevis
wvrilmanebis,
mizani
informaciulobaa
detalebis
mopoveba,
rom
SesaZlebeli iyos TiToeuli SemTxvevis unikalobisa da individualobis

warmoCena.
braldebas,
naklovanebebidan
rom
gamomdinare,
bunebrivi
ver
axerxebs
kvleva-Zieba,
SerCevis
ganzogadebas,
avtorebi
pasuxoben, rom es gardauvalia, magram _ trivialuri; erTi sityviT,

umniSvneloa.
SerCevis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT odnav ufro radikalur pozicias
ikavebs patoni (1980: 184) da ambobs, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis
moculobisTvis wesebi ar arsebobs . SerCevis moculoba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu risi codna surs mkvlevars, kvlevis miznebze, ra iqneba
gamosadegi, sando da risi gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli arsebuli resursebiT,
magaliTad,
dro,
fuli,
adamianebi,
mxardaWera
es
yvelaferi
mniSvnelovani gaazrebis sagania damwyebi mkvlevrisTvis.

ezi
(Ezzy 2002: 74)
aqcents
Teoriuli
SerCevis
cnebaze
akeTebs,
romelsac glaseri da strausi (1967) gvTavazoben, da ambobs, rom kvlevis

sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi kvlevis dawyebisas SeiZleba
yovelTvis
zustad
ar
icodnen,
Tu
vin
unda
SearCion
da
SerCeva
431
adgilze, kvlevis winsvlis procesSive ganisazRvros. Teoriuli SerCeva

monacemebTan erTad iwyeba da Sedegad miRebuli suraTis Sefasebis
safuZvelze mkvlevari iRebs gadawyvetilebas, ra mimarTulebiT wavides
Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi Teoriis gansaviTareblad (Glaser and Strauss
1967: 45). am sakiTxs ufro detalurad 23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
individebs da jgufebs imitom irCeven, rom maT aqvT potenciali (an
imedovneben, rom aqvT), raRac axali SesZinon ganviTarebad Teorias, anu
maT Teoriis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi Setanili mniSvnelovani
wvliliT gamoarCeven. Teoriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mkvlevari iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, Tu vis mimarTos monawileobis saTxovnelad. Teoriuli
SerCeva ar iTxovs populaciis maxasiaTeblebis codnas, an cnobili
populaciis winaswar warmodgenas, xolo SerCevis moculoba ar aris
winaswar
gansazRvruli.
SerCeva
mxolod
maSin
sruldeba,
rodesac
Teoriuli gajereba (qvemoT aris ganxiluli) miiRweva.

ezis (2002: 74 5) magaliTad moaqvs sakuTar SromaSi gamoyenebuli
Teoriuli
SerCeva,
romelSic
umuSevrobas
ikvlevda.
man
ganaviTara
Teoria, rom umuSevari adamianebis mier gancdili distresis 15 doneze

gavlenas
axdenda
finansuri
distresis
done.
distresis
donis
gansasazRvrad man Caatara interviuebi valis mqone da armqone mcire

Semosavlisa da didi Semosavlis mqone jgufebTan. igi aRniSnavs, rom
distresis
dones
imdenad
ar
ganapirobebda
Semosavlis
absoluturi
odenoba, ramdenadac Semosavlisa da valis urTierTmimarTeba.

ganaTlebis sferoSi Teoriuli SerCevis gamoyenebis magaliTi aseTi
SeiZleba
iyos:
moraluri
mdgomareobis
interviuirebam
SeiZleba,
migiyvanoT
maswavleblis
moralur
mdgomareobaze
moswavleebis
xelisSemSleli
maswavleblebis
15
SerCeva,
qceva.
romlebsac
Sesaxeb
Teoriamde,
aman
bevr
maswavleblebis
rom
uaryofiTad
SeiZleba
aseT
skolebSi
moqmedebs
gvafiqrebinos
moswavlesTan
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: medicinaSi am terminiT aRniSnaven mdgomareobas,
rodesac admians ar SeuZlia stresTan Segueba
im
uwevs
432
muSaoba Znelad aRsazrdelTa skolebSi. es iqneba kritikuli SemTxvevis

SerCeva. Tumca, kvleva aCvenebs, rom aseT garemoSi momuSave zogierT
maswavlebels myari moraluri mdgomareoba aqvs, kerZod, imitom, rom
isini moelian xelisSemSlel qcevas problemuri moswavleebisgan da
amitom ar ukvirT, anda ar aSinebT is; da kidev imitom, rom am skolebis
TanamSromlebi udides mxardaWeras uweven erTmaneTs _ yvelam icis, Tu
ras niSnavs rTul moswavleebTan muSaoba.
amrigad,
mkvlevrebi
iReben
gadawyvetilebas,
rom
skolis
iseT
maswavleblebze fokusirdnen, romlebsac SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis

problemur moswavleebTan uwevT muSaoba. mkvlevari aRmoaCens, rom am
maswavleblebis moraluri mdgomareoba gacilebiT uaresia. is gamoTqvams
hipoTezas,
rom
es
imitom
xdeba,
rom
maswavleblebi
bevrs
elian
moswavlis qcevisgan da rodesac gamoCndeba erTi an ori moswavle,

romelic
ar
amarTlebs
mdgomareoba
am
mniSvnelovnad
molodins,
maswavleblebis
zaraldeba;
da
moraluri
imitomac,
rom
xelisSemSleli qceva am skolebSi maswavleblis sisusted aris miCneuli

da
TiTqmis
ar
arsebobs
urTierTmxardaWeris
praqtika.
Sesabamisad,
daixveweba mkvlevris Teoria da is CaTvlis, rom maswavleblis moralur

mdgomareobaze misive molodini ufro metad axdens gavlenas, vidre
moswavlis
xelisSemSleli
qceva.
ase
rom,
mkvlevari
iRebs
maswavleblebis maqsimaluri variaciis SerCevas mTel rig skolebSi,

raTa ikvlios, ra mimarTebaSia molodini da moraluri mdgomareoba
moswavlis xelisSemSlel qcevasTan. am SemTxvevaSi SerCeva warmoiqmneba
kvlevis winsvlasTan da Teoriis ganviTarebasTan erTad. swored es aris
Teoriuli SerCeva _ Tvisebrivi kvlevis samefo gza (Flick 2004: 151).
Sacmanma da strausma (Schatzman and Strauss 1973: 38 ff) gamoTqves mosazreba,
rom Teoriuli SerCevis SigniT SerCeva, SeiZleba, Seicvalos drois,
adgilis, individebisa da movlenebis mixedviT.
zemoT aRwerili procedura Tanxvdeba glaserisa da strausis (1967)
mosazrebas, rom SerCeva moicavs monacemebis uwyvetad Segrovebas manam,
433
sanam
praqtikuli
faqtorebi
(sazRvrebi)
ar
Sewyvets
monacemebis
mogrovebas, an Tu Semdgomi, damatebiTi monacemebiT Teorias axali

aRaraferi
emateba
Teoriuli
gajerebis
etapi,
rodesac
Teoria
irgebs axal monacemebs. Teoriul gajerebas glaseri da strausi (1967:

610) aRweren, rogorc mdgomareobas, rodesac aRar moipoveba damatebiTi
monacemebi, romliTac sociologi kategoriis Tvisebebs ganaviTarebda.
miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari frTxilad unda iyos, rom Tavidan airidos
monacemebis
mogrovebis
naadrevad
Sewyveta.
Zalian
ioli
iqneboda
kvlevis Sewyveta SezRuduli odenobis monacemebiT, rodesac Semdgom

SerCevas
da
monacemebis
Segrovebas
realurad
SeiZleboda
Teoriis
Tavidan formulirebamde mieyvana mkvlevari.

Teoriuli SerCevis gagrZelebaa analitikuri induqcia _ procesi,
romelic znanieckim SemogvTavaza (Znaniecki 1934). am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari
TeoriiT (romelic SeiZleba monacemebidan warmoqmniliyo, rogorc es
monacemebze dafuZnebul TeoriaSi xdeba) iwyebs da Semdeg, Teoriis
mtkice dacvis uzrunvelsayofad, mizanmimarTulad eZebs deviaciur,
an
winaaRmdegobriv SemTxvevebs. es Tanxvdeba poperis mosazrebas, rom myari

mecnieruli
Teoria
falsificirebadobis
analitikur
induqciaSi
mkvlevari
Semowmebas
ganzrax,
unda
uZlebdes.
mizanmimarTulad
eZebs
monacemebs, romlebic potenciurad SeZlebda Teoriis falsificirebas

da amiT gaaZlierebda saboloo Teorias.
Cven vTvliT, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCeva yovelTvis ver iqneba
winaswar
SesaZloa,
erTxel
da
monacemebis
samudamod
Segrovebis,
gansazRvruli.
analizisa
da
SerCevis
procesi
angariSis
etapebze
gagrZeldes. amaSi aisaxeba Tvisebrivi kvlevis wriuli procesi, rodesac

monacemebis Segroveba, analizi, interpretacia, angariSis wardgena da
SerCeva aucileblad sworxazovnad ar misdevs erTmaneTs. es cvalebadi
da mravaljeradi procesia. SerCevis Taobaze gadawyvetileba, imTaviTve
anu
winaswar,
ar
miiReba.
SerCeva
SeiZleba
gadawydes,
gaizardos da gafarTovdes kvlevis winsvlasTan erTad.
Seicvalos,
434
etapi 4: rolis morgeba da konteqstSi Sesvla

aq
Sedis
sakvlev
velSi
yofnis
mizezis
mofiqreba,
wvdomisa
da
nebarTvis sakiTxebi, rolisa da legendis Seqmna, guSagebis moZieba,

romlebic mkvlevars sakvlev jgufSi SesvlaSi daexmarebian (ixileT
LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 100 da 111). mkvlevris winaSe rTuli amocana dgas:
is jgufis wevric unda iyos da unda Seiswavlides kidec mas, amitom
frTxilad aris mosafiqrebeli is roli, romelic mkvlevars saSualebas
miscems, iyos orive _ monawileca da mkvlevaric. lekomti da preisli
(1993:
112)
amboben,
umniSvnelovanesi
rom
elementebia
Sesvlis
uflebis
mkvlevris
mzaoba
uzrunvelyofaSi
moqnili
iyos
da
monawileTa qcevisa da reaqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba. rogorc de laini

(De Laine 2000: 41) SeniSnavs: Sesvlis uflebis mosapoveblad mniSvnelovani
kriteriumebia
sakvlev
garemoSi
adamianebTan
daaxloebis
unari
da
mimdinare aqtivobebSi maTTan erTad monawileoba.

vulfi (2004: 195 6) Tvlis, rom velze Sesvlis uflebis mopovebisas
or fundamentur kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi:
rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars kontaqtebis damyareba da informantebTan

TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofa?
rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars Tavis imgvarad warmoCena, rom hqondes

kvlevis
warmoebisTvis
saWiro
dro,
sivrce
da
socialuri
urTierTobebi?
fliki (1998: 57) ajamebs vulfis (2004) mier identificirebul ramdenime
sakiTxs,
romelic
kvlevis
warmoebis
mizniT
institutebSi
Sesvlas
Seexeba.
kvleva yovelTvis aris socialur sistemaSi SeWra da Careva da amitom

arRvevs Sesaswavl sistemas; Sedegad sistema reagirebs, xSirad _
dacviTi reaqciebis saxiT.
sakvlev socialur sistemasa da kvleviT proeqts Soris arsebobs e. w.

ormxrivi gaumWvirvaloba, romelic ar mcirdeba Sesaswavl sistemasa
435
da mkvlevars Soris informaciis gacvliT. es ki arTulebs situacias

da, aqedan gamomdinare, imunur reaqciebsac.
garmoSi
Sesvlisas
urTierTgagebis
mopovebis
nacvlad,
sjobs,
TanxmobisTvis, rogorc procesisTvis, brZola.
vinaidan aucilebelia monacemebis Senaxvis uflebebze SeTanxmeba, aman

SeiZleba gaarTulos Tanxmobis miRweva.
sakvlevi veli mxolod maSin xdeba naTeli da gasagebi, rodesac

mkvlevari Seva masSi.
kvleviTi
proeqti,
Cveulebriv,
verafers
sTavazobs
socialur
sistemas. Sesabamisad, bevr verafer sargebels an serviss dahpirdeba

mkvlevari, Tumca SeiZleba, mainc ar arsebobdes realuri mizezi imisa,
Tu ratom SeiZleba socialurma sistemam uari uTxras mkvlevars.
urTierTobebis marTvis sakiTxi mniSvnelovania Tvisebriv kvlevaSi.
xelmisawvdomobis, guSagebisa da informatebis sakiTxebi meoTxe TavSi
ganvixileT.
mkvlevars
uyureben,
rogorc,
viRacas,
visac
ar
aqvs
istoria (Wolff 2004: 198), profesional ucnobs (Flick 1998: 99), vinc unda
miiRon, gaicnon da mainc SeinarCunos distancia maTTan, visac ikvlevs.
faqtiurad, fliki (1998: 60) mkvlevrisTvis oTx rols gvTavazobs: ucxo,
stumari, Sinauri da axali wevri. pirveli ori arsebiTad inarCunebs
gareSe piris rols, xolo mesame da meoTxe institutis danaxvas wevrebis
TvaliT, Signidan cdilobs. am ori ukanaskneli rolis ganxorcieleba
Zneldeba,
Tu
saqme
sensitiur
Temebs
Seexeba
(ixileT
Tavi
5).
es
tipologia TanxmobaSi modis oTx rolTan, romelsac, Cveulebisamebr,

damkvirveblisTvis asaxeleben xolme, rogorc diagramazea mocemuli.
gareSe piri
Sinauri
ganyenebuli
damkvirvebeli,
monawile, rogorc
damkvirvebeli
rogorc monawile
damkvirvebeli
rolis
SeTanxmeba,
balansi
da
ndoba
sruli monawile
mniSvnelovani
da
rTuli
misaRwevia. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevarma skolaSi unda imuSaos, ra roli
436
unda airCios: maswavleblis, mkvlevris, inspeqtoris, megobris, menejeris,

garkveuli
servisis
(magaliTad,
aqtivobebis)
uzrunvelmyofis,
resursebis
mimwodeblis,
eqskursiebisa
da
konsultantis,
biblioTekaris,
sxva
kulturuli
socialuri
muSakis,
damlageblis,
skolis
gaCerebaze an sasadiloSi momsaxure personalis da a. S.? saqme isaa, rom

man is roli unda airCios, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad met adamianTan
wvdomis SesaZleblobas miscems, neitralobas SeunarCunebs (ar dadgeba
aravis mxares) da usafrTxoebis garantiebsac miscems.
roluri
konfliqti,
daZabuloba
da
gaurkvevloba
mosalodnelia
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi. magaliTad, de leini (2002: 29) saubrobs SesaZlo

konfliqtze mkvlevars, rogorc aseTs, Terapevtsa da megobars Soris.
igi miuTiTebs, rom sxvadasxva rolis winaswar dagegmva iSviaTad aris
SesaZlebeli da is savele samuSaos aucilebeli nawilia, uqmnis ra
mkvlevars eTikur da moralur problemebs da mudmiv molaparakebasa da
mogvarebas moiTxovs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi rolebi icvleba. uolfordi (2001: 62) aRwers
etapobriv
process,
romelSic
mkvlevris
roli
xuT
fazas
gadis:
axalmosuli, pirobiT miRebuli, kategoriulad miRebuli, pirovnulad

miRebuli da gardauvali migranti. igi (2001: 71)
TiTqmis mosalodnelad
miiCnevs, rom sxvadasxva rolSi yofna mkvlevars ara marto situaciasTan

gamklavebis sakuTar unarSi daaeWvebs, aramed mniSvnelovan emociur da
fsiqologiur stress miayenebs, SfoTvasa da araadekvaturobis gancdas
Seuqmnis. es gansakuTrebiT mwvaved Cans, rodesac mkvlevrebs informaciis
dafarva da sxvadasxva rolis Sesruleba uwevT, raTa moipovon wvdoma,
SeinarCunon
neitraloba,
pirovnuli
rwmenebisa
da
Rirebulebebis
erTgulni darCnen da gaumklavdnen situaciebs; amasTan, unda moipovon

informacia
sxvebis
Sesaxeb
ise,
rom
araferi
Tqvan
sakuTar
Tavze.
uolfordi (2001) Tvlis, rom mkvlevars, SeiZleba, rolebis mofiqrebisa

da
manevrirebis
Zalian
mcire
SesaZlebloba
SezRudulia maTi molodinebiT, visac ikvlevs.
hqondes,
vinaidan
437
kidev erTi relevanturi sakiTxia sakvlev velSi Sesvlis vadebi,

romelic ise unda daigegmos, rom mkvlevrebma muSaoba SeZlon saTanado
momentebSi (magaliTad, programis dawyebamde, dawyebisas, msvlelobisas
da dasasruls). saqme ufro Sors midis eTnografisTvis, romelmac jer
jgufSi Sesvla unda uzrunvelyos da misi Sesvla-ar Sesvla SeiZleba
Cacmulobas,
qcevis
stils,
pirovnebas,
asaks,
kanis
fers,
eTnikur
kuTvnilebas, empaTiasa da jgufTan identifikacias, sametyvelo enas,

aqcents, Jargons, jgufis saqmeebSi CarTulobisadmi mzaobas, jgufis
qcevebisa da Rirebulebebis miRebas da a. S. ukavSirdebodes (ixileT
glazgos bandis patrikiseuli (1973) momxibvleli da warmtaci kvleva).
amitom
mkvlevarma
unda
gaacnobieros
STabeWdilebis
marTvis
mniSvnelovneba (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 78 ff). farul kvlevaSi es

faqtorebi kidev ufro sagulisxmo xdeba, vinaidan erTma waborZikebam
SeiZleba mTeli legenda CaSalos (Patrick 1973).
loflendi (1971) Tvlis, rom sakvlev velSi momuSave mkvlevarma unda
aRiaros da moirgos misaRebi arakompetenturobis roli _ icodes
rogor
daicvas
balansi
SeWrasa
da
ganze
gadgomas
Soris.
aseTi
balansireba mudmivad mimdinare procesia. hamersli da atkinsoni (1983: 97

9) fiqroben, rom mkvlevrebma unda moaxerxon marginalobis marTva:
isini arian organizaciaSi, magram ar ekuTvnian mas. avtorebi amboben, rom
eTnografi
gonebrivad
nacnobobasa
da
ucnobobas
Soris
unda
inarCunebdes wonaswarobas, xolo socialurad _ ucnobsa da megobars

Soris.
isini
imasac
amboben,
rom
ramdenime
rolTan
gamklavebam,
gansakuTrebiT, ,,marginalobis marTvam, SeiZleba daucvelobis mudmivi

SegrZneba gaaCinos (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 100).
rogorc mexuTe TavSi vTqviT, wvdomisa da Sesvlis uflebis miReba
procesis saxiT unda ganvixiloT (Walford 2001: 31), romelic droSi iSleba
da ar xdeba erTxel da srulad. uolfordi aRwers sxvadasxvagvar
marcxs,
Seferxebasa
da
cvlilebas,
rac
xdeba,
an
mosalodnelia
438
Tvisebrivi
kvlevis
Casatareblad
sakvlev
velSi
Sesvlis
uflebis
mopovebisas.
etapi 5: informantebis povna

informantebis povna gulisxmobs im adamianebis identificirebas, visac
aqvs codna sakvlevi sazogadoebis, an jgufis Sesaxeb. aq mkvlevari
rTul situaciaSi vardeba, vinaidan man unda SeZlos ZiriTadi
informantebis Sefaseba da gadawyvitos:
vis mier mowodebuli informacia ufro mniSvnelovania;

vin aris kompetenturi informatebs Soris, rom komentarebi da
SeniSvnebi gamoTqvas;
vin aris sando;
ra statusi aqvT informantebs;
ramdenad reprezentaciulebi (garkveuli adamianebis, sakiTxebis,

situaciebis, mosazrebebis, statusebis, rolebisa Tu jgufis) arian
ZiriTadi informantebi;
rogor unda moiZebnon informantebi sxvadasxva garemoSi;
realurad ician Tu ara informantebma situacia axlodan da

eqspertuli poziciidan;
ramdenad centraluri adgili uWiravs informants organizaciaSi an

situaciaSi (magaliTad, centraluri an marginaluri);
rogor unda Sexvdes mkvlevari informatebs
da rogor unda SearCios
isini;
ramdenad mniSvnelovania
guSagi informanti sxva informantebTan
mimarTebaSi, uSvebs adamianebs kvlevaSi, Tu kars uketavs (Hammersley

and Atkinson 1983: 73);
urTierToba informantsa da Sesaswavli jgufis sxva wevrebs Soris

da maTi damokidebuleba situaciiisadmi.
informantebis arCeva da maTTan urTierTobis damyareba problemuria.
lekomti da preisli (1993: 95), magaliTad, gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom
439
pirveli
informantebi,
SesaZloa,
TviTSerCeuli
adamianebi
iyvnen,
romlebic jgufis marginalur nawils warmoadgenen, dabali statusi

aqvT
da
amitom
sakuTari
prestiJis
gazrdas
kvlevaSi
CarTulobiT
cdiloben. linkolni da guba (1985: 252) gvaswavlian, rom mkvlevari

windaxedulad unda moiqces da informantebi, romlebsac, savaraudod,
angarebiani miznebi aqvT, enis mimtanebad ki ar unda gamoiyenos, aramed
mxolod
informacia
mkvlevrebi,
unda
romlebic
miiRos
maTgan.
guSagebTan
avtorebi
muSaoben,
amtkiceben,
rom
molaparakebisa
da
SeTanxmebis mudmiv procesSi arian CarTuli.

morsi (Morse 1994: 228) ambobs, rom kargi informanti is aris, visac
sakvlevi
sakiTxis
Sesaxeb
aucilebeli
codna,
informacia
da
gamocdileba aqvs, SeuZlia am codnasa da gamocdilebaze dafiqreba, aqvs

proeqtSi monawileobis dro, mzad aris amisTvis da realurad SeuZlia
sxva informantebis mozidva. informants, romelic yvela am kriteriums
akmayofilebs,
pirveladi
informanti
ewodeba.
morsi
(1994)
imasac
ambobs, rom informants SeiZleba ar hqondes yvela es Tviseba, magram

mainc
sasargeblo
iyos
kvlevisTvis.
aseTebs
,,meorad
informatebs
uwodeben da mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, ra dros mimarTos maT.
etapi 6: urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da SenarCuneba

es
etapi
iseTi
interpersonaluri
da
praqtikuli
sakiTxebis
mogvarebas moicavs, rogoricaa:
monawileebis ndobis mopoveba;
raportis, ndobis, sensitiurobisa da keTilgonierebis formireba;
iseT adamianebTan da sakiTxebTan gamklaveba, romlebsac mkvlevari ar

eTanxmeba an miuReblad miaCnia.
yuradRebianoba da empaTiuroba;
TavSekavebuloba;
sakvlev velSi darCenis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra.
440
spaindleri da spaindleri (Spindler and Spindler 1992: 65) gamoTqvamen

mosazrebas, rom eTnografiuli validoba imiT miiRweva, rom mkvlevari
sakmarisad didxans rCeba velSi da xedavs, rom movlenebi ganmeorebadia
da ara erTjeradi, anu akvirdeba maT regularobas.
lekomti
da
preisli
(1993:
89)
Tvlian,
rom
savele
samuSao,
gansakuTrebiT, imis gamo, rom pirispir tardeba, iseT problemebsa da

sakiTxebs
wamoWris,
rac
naklebad
mniSvnelovania
Sor
manZilze
warmoebuli kvlevebisTvis maT ricxvs miekuTvneba:
rogor ekontaqton monawileebs gasagebad;
ra
gavlenas
axdens
monawileebze
da
mkvlevarze
erTmaneTSi
gamowveuli emociebi da rogor unda gaumklavdnen maT;
ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinon mkvlevarsa da monawileebs Soris

arsebulma
msgavsebebma
da
gansxvavebebma
(magaliTad,
pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi, Zalaufleba, resursebi) mxareebis urTierTobasa da

kvlevis mimdinareobaze.
mkvlevris
(rogorc
mkvlevris
da
rogorc
Temis
wevris)
pasuxismgeblobebi monawileebis winaSe maSinac ki, roca igi TemSi

mcire xniT rCeba.
rogor
unda
SenarCundes
wonasworoba
Temis
winaSe
pasuxismgeblobebsa da sxva dainteresebul mxareebs Soris.

am
sferoSi
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
ndobisa
da
raportis
SenarCuneba (De Laine 2000: 41), interesis gamovlena, konfidencialobis

uzrunvelyofa (sadac saWiroa) da Sefasebebisgan Tavis Sekaveba. amas
emateba
gaurkvevlobis
moTmenis,
eWvebis
gadamowmebis,
daucvelobis
atanis, situaciasTan morgebis unarebi da moqniloba (De Laine 2000: 97). es

Tvisebebi ver darCeba mxolod formaluri SeTanxmebis farglebSi, isini
efeqturi
Tvisebrivi
procesisTvis
kvlevis
macocxlebeli
aris damaxasiaTebeli.
Zalaa
da
Tavad
441
etapi 7: monacemebis Segroveba adgilze

Tvisebriv mkvlevars informaciis Sesagroveblad sxvadasxva teqnikis
gamoyeneba
SeuZlia.
ar
arsebobs
konkretuli instrumentis
miznisTvis
monacemebis
gamoyenebis
Sesatyvisobis
mogrovebisTvis
erTi
erTaderTi recepti, aramed
sakiTxi
dgeba,
radgan,
rogorc
aq
zemoT
aRiniSna, eTnografi meTodologiuri yvelafrismWamelia! es ki asea,

magram
mainc
arsebobs
monacemebis
Sesagrovebeli
instrumentebis
ramdenime tipi, romlebic sxvebze metad gamoiyeneba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi.

mkvlevars SeuZlia gamoiyenos savele Canawerebi, monawilis dakvirveba,
saJurnalo Canawerebi, interviuebi, dRiurebi, cxovrebiseuli istoriebi,
artefaqtebi, dokumentebi, video da audioCanawerebi da a. S. zogierTi
maTganis ganxilva am wignSia mimofantuli. linkolni da guba (1985: 199)
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben abezar (magaliTad, intervius, dakvirvebas,
araverbalur
sametyvelo
enas)
da
araabezar
meTodebs
(magaliTad,
dokumentebsa da Canawerebs) imis mixedviT, eswreba Tu ara meore adamiani

monacemebis Segrovebis process.
savele Canawerebi SeiZleba adgilzec gakeTdes da situaciis gareTac.
maTSi
mocemulia
eTnografiul
teqnikis
dakvirvebis
kvlevaSi
Tanmxlebi
cxovrebiseuli
ganxiluli
meCvidmete
meTodebia
istoriebi.
meSvide,
Sedegebi.
es
meTxuTmete
dakvirvebis
TavSia
Taviseburebebi
ganxiluli.
interviu,
dokumentebis
meTodebi,
Sesabamisad,
da
meTeqvsmete
dakvirvebis
analizi
da
cal-calkea
TavebSi.
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba interviuirebis erT-erTi teqnika _ naxevrad

struqturirebuli
interviu,
rodesac
keTdeba
zogadi
monaxazi
da
sakmaod Riaa imisTvis, rom gadaanacvlon, gadauxvion da metad ganavrcon

Temebi, CarTon axali mimarTulebebi da ganagrZon zondireba. karspiqeni
(Carspecken 1996: 159 60) aRwers aseTi intervius cvalebadobis diapazons:
interviueri
zomieri
waxalisebidan,
aradireqtiuli
miTiTebebidan,
aqtiuri mosmenidan, naklebi daskvnebis Semcveli perifrazirebidan midis

zomier da meti wili daskvnebis Semcvel perifrazirebamde. mkvlevars
442
SeiZleba
dakvirvebis
Seswavla
intervius
procesSi
gziT
wamoWrili
undodes.
zogierTi
bunebriv
Temis
kvlevaSi
metad
intervius
validobis wesebSi Sedis: patiosneba, respondentis dainteresebuloba,

pasuxebis siRrme da mravalferovneba (Oppenheim 1992).
linkolni da guba (1985: 268 70) interviuirebis ramdenime mizans
aRweren,
maT
Soris:
movlenebis
Seswavla,
pirovnebis
grZnobebis,
aqtivobebis, motivaciebis, safiqralis, moTxovnebis gamovlena da a. S.

aseve,
struqturebis
organizaciebis,
rekonstruqcia;
gamocdilebis
aRwera-warmodgena,
warsuli
dagegmva-prognozireba;
momavlis
monacemebis Semowmeba, gaumjobeseba da ganvrcoba.

garda amisa, silvermeni (1993: 92 3) amatebs, rom interviuireba
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi
gamosadegia:
faqtebis
Sesagroveblad;
faqtebSi
dasarwmuneblad; grZnobebisa da motivebis gamosavlenad; moqmedebebis

standartebis
situaciebSi)
Sesaxeb
mosazrebebis
mosasmenad;
mizezebis dasadgenad da
(ra
mimdinare
SeiZleba,
an
warsuli
gakeTdes
qcevis
mocemul
Sesaswavlad;
asaxsnelad.
linkolni da guba (1985) xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom mniSvnelovania

intervius
procesis
samuSaoebis
dagegmva,
Catarebas,
rac
intervius
moicavs
winaswari
dawyebas,
mis
mosamzadebeli
tempsa
da
drois
ganawilebas, saubris dinamikis SenarCunebas da intervius dasasrulisken

wayvanas da
ramdenime
mis saboloo dasrulebas. cxadia, mniSvnelovania intervius

etapis
detalurad
da
zedmiwevniT
gaazreba.
magaliTad,
dagegmvis etapze yuradReba unda mieqces raodenobas (Sexvedrebis ricxvs

TiToeul
pirovnebasTan),
garemos/adgilmdebareobas,
raodenobas
(magaliTad,
respondentebis
stils
xangrZlivobas,
erT
interviuze
individualuri
Tu
vadebs,
sixSires,
damswre
adamianebis
jgufuri
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 177).
interviu)
da
ganxorcielebis
etapze mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, respondentisTvis pasuxebis gacema,

waxaliseba, zondireba, mxardaWera, TanagrZnoba, axsna, kristalizacia _
formis
micema,
magaliTebis
moyvana,
Sejameba,
cenzurisTvis
Tavis
443
arideba,
miReba.
analizis
etapze
ramdenime
mniSvnelovani
momentia,
magaliTad (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 195): azris martivad da gasagebad

gadmocema;
monawileebis
dainteresebis
done;
kiTxvisa
da
pasuxis
sicxade; interviueris sizuste (da amis gadmocema); rogor umklavdeba

interviueri saeWvo pasuxebs (magaliTad, SeTxzul pasuxebs, sicrues,
pretenziebs).
Tvisebrivi
kvleva
Sordeba
winaswar
struqturirebul,
standartizebul formebs da Tavisufal an naxevrad struqturirebul

interviuze
maTeuli
gadadis
gagebis
(ixileT
proecirebis
Tavi
16),
rac
SesaZleblobas
respondentebs
aZlevs.
is
samyaros
moqnilobis
saSualebas iZleva da ar zRudavs monawileebs saubris fiqsirebuli

TanmimdevrobiT,
aZlevs
maT
winaswar
gauTvaliswinebeli
Temebis
wamoWrisa da ganxilvis SesaZleblobas (Denzin 1970b; Silverman 1993).

interviuebTan erTad, linkolni da guba (1985) ganixilaven monacemebis
miRebas iseTi wyaroebidan, romlebSic adamiani ar aris CarTuli, maT
Soris:
dokumentebi da Canawerebi (magaliTad, saarqivo an piradi Canawerebi)

imiT aris mimzidveli, rom yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia, xSirad sakmaod
iafad iZleva faqtobriv masalas. meore mxriv, isini SeiZleba, iyos
arareprezentaciuli da seleqciuri, obieqturobas moklebuli, ucnobi
iyos
maTi
validoba
da,
SesaZloa,
ganzrax
Sehyavdes
mkiTxveli
SecdomaSi (ixileT Finnegan 1996).
naklebad SesamCnevi informaciuli narCenebi: aq Sedis artefaqtebi,

fizikuri kvali da sxvadasxvagvari Canaweri. marTalia, maT xSirad
aqvT zedapiruli validoba, isini martivia, uSualod mocemuli da
Carevis
gareSea
miRebuli
(da,
Sesabamisad,
Semcirebulia
reaqtiulobis problema), magram SesaZloa, ukiduresad deduqciuri,

logikuri msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli, Znelad asaxsneli iyos da
iseT elementebs Seicavdes, romelTa relevanturobac eWvqveS dgas.
444
Tvisebrivi
monacmebis
Segroveba
ar
Semoifargleba
ramdenime
dasaxelebuli strategiiT. mas ekleqtizmi da miznisTvis Sesatyvisoba

axasiaTebs.
es
ar
niSnavs,
rom
yvelaferi
gamodgeba,
aramed
gamoiyene is, rac Sesatyvisia _ da es qmediTi rCevaa. masoni (2002: 33 4)

mxars uWers meTodebis integracias ramdenime mizezis gamo:
fenomenis sxvadasxva nawilis an elementis Seswavla mkvlevris mier

da rwmena imisa, rom icis, ra mimarTebaa maT Soris;
pasuxebis gacema kvlevis sxvadasxva kiTxvaze;
sxvadasxvagvari pasuxis gacema xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxidan kvlevis

erT kiTxvaze;
met-naklebad Rrma da vrceli analizi;
triangulacia (dasabuTeba) erTi da imave fenomenis Sesaxeb moZiebuli

monacemebiT.
masoni (2002: 35) amtkicebs, rom integracia sxvadasxva formiT SeiZleba
moxdes. is Tvlis, rom mkvlevarma aucileblad unda Seamowmos, aris Tu

ara misi monacemebi urTierTSemavsebeli, raTa gaaerTianos, daafuZnos,
daagrovos isini da amiT mTliani suraTi Seqmnas. igi imasac amtkicebs,
rom mniSvnelovania, monacemebi ontologiurad avsebdnen erTmaneTs, anu
efuZnebodnen socialuri arsebisa da fenomenis bunebis Sesaxeb msgavs,
komplementarul (anu erTmaneTis Semavsebel) an urTierTSesadarebel
daSvebebs. masoni (2002: 36) fiqrobs, rom integracia epistemologiuri
TvalsazrisiT unda moxdes, anu monacemebi erTi da igive, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, komplementaruli epistemologiebidan unda momdinareobdes;
is
ambobs,
rom
monacemebi
urTierTSesadarebel
efuZneba
daSvebebs
imis
msgavs,
urTierTSemavsebel
an
Sesaxeb, Tu risi dasabuTebuli
mocema SeuZlia mtkicebulebebis codnas. da bolos, masoni (2002: 36)

amtkicebs,
rom
integracia
axsnis
doneze
unda
moxdes,
raSic
is
gulisxmobs, rom SesaZlebeli unda iyos sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan
445
sxvadasxva
meTodiT
miRebuli
monacemebis
gaerTianeba
Tanmimdevrul,
damajerebel da saTanado argumentad.
etapi 8: monacemebis Segroveba sakvlevi velis gareT

Sesadareblad
da
fenomenis
asaxsnelad
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
sasargeblod miiCnios im jgufis farglebs gareT gasvla, romelSic es

fenomeni vlindeba.
Cans:
ori
es rom rTuli da mZime sakiTxia, Semdeg magaliTSi
moswavle
SexedviT,
es,
Zalian
ubralod,
agresiulad,
ori
adamianis
fizikurad
Cxubia;
Cxubobs.
Tumca
erTi
aseTi
ram
Cveulebrivi ambavia am ori moswavlisTvis _ isini mezoblebi arian da

didad megobruli urTierTobiT ar gamoirCevian, vinaidan maT ojaxebs
Soris didi xnis uTanxmoebaa. isini erTmaneTis mezoblad adgilobrivma
xelisuflebam daasaxla, vinaidan gadawyda, rom erTad daesaxlebinaT is
ojaxebi,
visac
uWirda
binis
qiris
gadaxda.
xelisflebam
aseTi
gadawyvetileba mTavrobis mier gatarebuli politikis Sesabamisad miiRo,

romlis
Tanaxmadac,
lokalizaciis
ekonomikur
SemTxvevaSi
siduxWireSi
myofi
efeqturi
iqneboda
ufro
jgufebis
erTad
mizanmimarTuli
qmedebebi da intervenciebi. amiT dakmayofildeboda rogorc mTlianad

Temis, ise, calkeuli individebis saWiroebebi.
aq sakiTxi ase dgas: ramdenad unda daSordes mkvlevari mikrogaremos
am situaciaSi gasarkvevad? es dauzustebeli sakiTxia, magram ar aris
umniSvnelo
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevisTvis,
is
safuZvlad
edo
ramdenime naSroms, magaliTad: (a) boulsisa da gintisis (Bowles and Gintis

1976)
cnobil
kvlevas,
romelic
kapitalisturi
amerikis
skolebs
Seexeboda da sadac avtorebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom skolebi faruli

programiT
iseTi
amzadebdnen
moswavleebs,
sistemisTvis
iyo
sxvadasxvagvari
romelic
samsaxurebrivi
karierisTvis
araegalitaruli
kapitalisturi
damaxasiaTebeli;
(b)
TviTaRsrulebadi
winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevas (Hurn 1978); (g) polardis (1985: 110) Sromas,

romelic exeba dawyebiTi skolis socialur garemos, sadac yoveldRiuri
interaqciebi
moswavleebs
amzadebda
individualizmis,
konkurenciis,
446
miRwevaze orientaciis, ierarqiebisa da TavdajerebulobisTvis, rac ase

popularobiT sargeblobs farTo sazogadoebaSi; (d) delamontis (1981)
propagandas, rom ganaTlebis sferos Teoretikosebma skolebis msgavsi
institutebi
ki
(magaliTad,
ar
unda
saavadmyofoebi
ikvlion,
da
sxva
aramed
maTgan
totaluri
gansxvavebuli
institutebi),
raTa
ucnobi nacnobad aqcion (aseve, ixileT Eriskon 1973).
etapi 9: monacemebis analizi

miuxedavad imisa, rom am wignis ori Tavi (22-e da 23-e) mTlianad
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizs eZRvneba, Tvisebrivi kvlevis 11-etapiani
procesis mTlianobis dacvis mizniT, ramdenime winaswari SeniSvna mainc
unda gavakeToT. monacemebis analizi moicavs organizebas, raodenobriv
Sefasebasa da axsnas. mokled rom vTqvaT, es aris monacemebSi Sinaarsis
Cadeba
situaciis,
SemCneuli
paternebis,
Temebis,
kanonzomierebebis ganmsazRvreli monawiliseuli

kvlevaSi
monacemebis
procesSive
iwyeba.
es
kategoriebisa
da
terminebiT. Tvisebriv
analizi,
Cveulebisamebr,
ramdenime
mosazrebiT
maTi
xdeba,
Segrovebis
razec
qvemoT
visaubrebT.
praqtikul
aRwevs
uzarmazar
monacemebiT
Semdgomi
mailsi
zustad
WrilSi
Tu
raodenobas,
gadatvirTulobis
fokusirebisTvis
da
SevxedavT,
hubermeni
warmoCena
(1984)
Tvisebrivi
ufro
adreulianalizi
problemas,
mniSvnelovani
gamoTqvamen
reduqciisa
da
monacemebi
vinaidan
ki
am
SerCevis
amcirebs
dros
maxasiaTeblebis
mosazrebas,
swrafad
rom
mniSvnelovani
xdeba
gadarCeva.
monacemebis
elementia.
parletisa da hamiltonis mixedviT (Parlett and Hamilton 1976), TandaTanobiTi

fokusireba maSin iwyeba, rodesac mkvlevari monacemebis Segrovebisas
xedvis farTo kuTxes iRebs da Semdeg maTi gamoxSirviT, daxarisxebiT,
gadaxedviTa
da
gaazrebiT
naTeli
xdeba
situaciis
ZiriTadi
da
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. am procesis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi

Semdgomi fokusirebis sayrdenad gamoiyeneba. es procesi Zabrisebria _
farTodan viwrosken.
447
Teoriul WrilSi Tvisebrivi kvlevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli isaa,

rom analizi monacemebis Segrovebis dawyebisTanave iwyeba, ase rom, ukve
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
Teoriis
generacia
(LeComple and Preissle 1993: 238).
lekomti da preisli (1993: 237 53) Tvlian, rom mkvlevrebma sakvlevi

fenomenis ZiriTadi konturebi unda moxazon. Semdeg unda gadaaxarisxon,
daajgufon
monacemebi,
raTa
erTiani
logikuri
suraTi
dainaxon
(magaliTad, werilobiT Seajamon nanaxi). amis Semdeg guldasmiT unda

daanawevron
savele
Canawerebi,
SeuTavson
erTmaneTs,
daupirispiron,
gadaajgufon, Seadaron da moawesrigon arsebuli Canawerebi. aq mizania

gadanacvleba aRweridan axsnisken da Teoriis generaciisken.
meti
sicxadisTvis
monacemebis
analizi
SegviZlia,
warmovidginoT
Svidnabijian procesad, romelic qvemoT aris mocemuli:

nabiji 1:
monacemebis analizis erTeulebis dadgena da am
erTeulebis
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Cveneba;

nabiji 2: sferoebis analizi;
nabiji 3: sferoebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da kavSiris dadgena;
nabiji 4: spekulaciuri daskvnebis gakeTeba;
nabiji 5: Sejameba;
nabiji 6: negatiuri da gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis moZieba;
nabiji 7: Teoriis generacia.
nabiji 1: monacemebis analizis erTeulebis dadgena da am erTeulebis
msgavsebisa
TiToeuli
da
gansxvavebis
erTeuli
klasifikaciis
Cveneba.
(kategoria
elementi,
aq
_
klasteri,
kriteriumia,
rom
konceptualuri,
sakiTxi)
analizis
realuri,
SeZlebisdagvarad
diskretuli iyos da, amasTanave, mTlianobasac inarCunebdes, anu yoveli

erTeuli naTlad unda iyos formulirebuli da konteqsts an sxva
monacemebs damaxinjebulad ar unda warmoadgendes. analizis erTeulebis
Seqmna monacemebisTvis kodebis miniWebiT aris SesaZlebeli (Miles and
Huberman 1984), rac unifikaciis process hgavs (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 203).
448
nabiji 2: sferoebis analizi. sferoebis analizi debulebebisa da

erTeulebis urTierTdakavSirebul klasterebad, Temebad da paternebad
dajgufebas
moicavs;
sfero
kategorias
aerTianebs.
is
kategoriaa,
sferoebis
analizs
romelic
ramdenime
detalurad
23-e
sxva
TavSi
ganvixilavT
nabiji
sferoebs
3:
dadgena.
es
simdidre
procesi
da
Soris
urTierTmimarTebebisa
uzrunvelyofs,
konteqstiT
rom
da
SenarCundes
dafuZnebuloba.
kavSirebis
monacemebis
kavSirebis
povna
damadasturebeli SemTxvevebis identificirebiT aris SesaZlebeli, rac

safuZvlad
mdebare
asociaciebisa
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 246)
da
monacemTa qvejgufebs Soris kavSirebis moZiebiT xorcieldeba.

nabiji
4:
safexuria,
spekulaciuri
vinaidan
am
daskvnebis
dros
kvleva
gakeTeba.
aRweridan
es
mniSvnelovani
daskvnaze
gadadis.
mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze mkvlevarma garkveuli axsnebis postulireba

unda moaxdinos mocemuli situaciisTvis, zogierTi ZiriTadi elementisa
da, savaraudod, maTi mizezebisTvisac ki. es hipoTezebis generaciis an
samuSao hipoTezebis wamoyenebis procesia, rasac Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi
Seaqvs wvlili.
nabiji 5: Sejameba. mkvlevari ukve dadgenili ZiriTadi Tvisebebis,
sakiTxebis, cnebebis, konstruqtebisa da ideebis Sejamebis monaxazs wers.
Sejamebaze ufro dawvrilebiT 23-e TavSi visaubrebT.
nabiji 6: negatiuri da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis moZieba. Teoriis
generaciisas mniSvnelovania ara marto damadasturebeli SemTxvevebis
moZieba,
aramed
sawinaaRmdego
SemTxvevebis
mniSvnelobis
Sefasebac.
lekomti da preisli (1993: 270) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom vinaidan

monacemebis interpretacia Tavad monacemebsve efuZneba, Sedegebi ver
axerxebs sawyisi hipoTezebis mxardaWeras, arc uariyofa da arc saeWvod
iTvleba. amitom Tavad hipoTeza unda Seicvalos ise, rom moergos am
monacemebs.
problemebis
gadawyvetis
TandaTanobiT
process
eriksoni
(1992: 208) erTnografiuli kvlevisa da monacemebis analizis erT-erT
449
ZiriTad aspeqtad miiCnevs. lekomti da preisli (1993: 250 1) negatiur

SemTxvevas
ganmartaven,
rogorc
nimuSs,
romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba
an
uaryofs arsebul samuSao hipoTezas, wess an axsnas. aseTi SemTxveva

pozitivisti
kvlevaSi.
mkvlevris
ganviTarebis
myardeba, Tu
nulovani
procesSi
negatiur
hipoTezis
myofi
SemTxvevas
ekvivalentia
Teoria
ufro
Tvisebriv
Zlierdeba
umklavdeba, vinaidan es
da
SemTxveva
awesebs Teoriis sazRvrebs, axdens mis modificirebas da gansazRvravs

Teoriis gamoyenebis parametrebs.
gansxvavebuli SemTxveva imdenad wesidan gamonaklisi ar aris (rogorc
negatiuri SemTxveva), ramdenadac wesis varianti (LeCompte and Preissle 1993:
251).
gansxvavebul
SemTxvevas
konstruqtis,
wesis
an
wamoyenebuli
hipoTezis modifikaciamde an SemuSavebamde mivyavarT. mkvlevarma iseTi

SemTxvevebi unda moZebnos da gaaanalizos, romlebsac wesi, konstruqti
an axsna ver miudgeba, an romelTac maT ver movargebT, anu es SemTxvevebi
arc gamonaklisia da arc sawinaaRmdego, isini, ubralod, erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba!
nabiji 7: Teoriis generacia. Teoria monacemebidan momdinareobs, mas
safuZveli monacemebSi aqvs da maTgan warmoiqmneba. rogorc linkolni da
guba
(1985:
205)
ergebodes
amtkiceben,
sakvlev
monacemebze
situacias.
dafuZnebuli
dafuZnebuli
Teoria
Teoria
unda
interaqciuli
procesia, romelic monacemebsa da Teorias Soris moZraobs manam, sanam

Teoria
ar
moergeba
monacemebs.
amiT
irRveva
tradiciuli
kvlevis
umetesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sworxazovneba (Flick 1998: 41, 43), romlis

drosac yalibdeba hipoTezebi, miiReba gadawyvetileba SerCevis Sesaxeb,
grovdeba monacemebi da analizdeba. hipoTezebi an dasturdeba, an _ ara.
dafuZnebul
TeoriaSi
miRebulia
wriuli
da
cvalebadi
procesi,
rodesac Teoria monacemebis mixedviT icvleba da wamoWrili sakiTxebis

sakvlevad
SerCeva).
meti
da
meti
monacemebis
mopovebas
cdilobs
(Teoriuli
450
linkolni
da
guba
(1985:
354
5)
mouwodeben
mkvlevars,
rom
monacemebis analizisas da interpretirebisas ramdenime sakiTxi axsovdes,

maT Soris:
monacemebiT gadatvirTva;
mxolod pirveli STabeWdilebis mixedviT moqmedebis problema;
adamianebisa da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba (magaliTad, ramdenad

reprezentaciulia isini da saidan unda vicodeT, rom is adamianebi da
monacemebi, romlebzec
xeli ar migviwvda, SeiZleba, mniSvnelovani
yofiliyo);
safrTxe,
romelsac
qmnis
mxolod
damadasturebeli
da
ara
sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebis Zebna;
monacemebis sandooba da Tanmimdevruloba da rwmena, rom SeiZleba am

monacemebis SedegSi Setana.
es mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia kvlevaSi sandoobis, damajereblobisa da
validobis problemebis mogvarebisas (ixileT sandoobisa da validobis

ganxilva mexuTe TavSi). am midgomis arsi, rom Teoria monacemebidan
momdinareobs da maT efuZneba, ar rCeba kritikis gareSe. magaliTad,
silvermens
(1993:
47)
miaCnia,
Teoriebis
gaTvaliswinebas,
rom
is
ver
romlebic
axerxebs
kvlevis
im
implicituri
adreul
etapebze
warmarTavs kvlevas (anu monacemebi Teoriisgan Tavisufali, anu sruliad

neitraluri ki ar aris, aramed gaJRenTilia TeoriiT); aseve, Tvlis, rom
mas SeiZleba, kargad exerxebodes kategorizacia aucilebeli axsniTi
potencialis
gareSe.
es
gafrTxilebaaa,
romelic,
albaT,
Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi refleqsiis procesSia gamosayenebeli.
etapi 10: sakvlevi velis datoveba

kvlevis dasasruls gadasawyvetia, rogor davamTavroT kvleva, rogor
gamovideT aRebuli rolebidan, rogor SevwyvitoT kvlevis procesSi
awyobili urTierTobebi (da unda SevwyvitoT Tu ara saerTod) da rogor
gamovideT velidan ise, rom, SeZlebisdagvarad, minimalurad dazaraldes
451
jgufi an situacia (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 101). de leini (2000: 142)
SeniSnavs, rom SeiZleba, zogierT monawiles kvlevis Semdegac undodes
urTierTobis SenarCuneba da uarma maTSi imedgacruebis, eqspluataciis,
Ralatis gancdac ki gamoiwvios. mkvlevarma unda gaiazros wasvlis
Semdgomi efeqtebi da izrunos, rom aravin datovos gulnatkeni kvlevis
dasrulebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca SeuZlebelia dadgena,
naxes Tu ara
maT raRac sargebeli kvlevidan.
etapi 11: werilobiTi angariSi

kvleviT
literaturaSi
wardgenisken
SeiniSneba
gadanacvleba.
xSirad
kvlevis
xdeba,
Catarebidan
kvlevis
bunebrivi
kvlevis
rom
werilobiTi saxiT wardgenis mTavari saSualeba SemTxvevis Seswavlaa

(ixileT Tavi 11), romlis ndobis Rirsad yofna (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 189)
ganisazRvreba
terminebiT:
damajerebloba,
gadatana,
sandooba
da
dadastureba. es Temebi meeqvse TavSi ganvixileT. SemTxvevis Seswavla im

mxriv
aris
gamosadegi,
gajerebul aRwerebs
rom
iZleva
eTnografiuli
da
SeuZlia
kvlevisTvis
daafiqsiros
da
sasargeblo
mkiTxvels
gadasces, ras niSnavs situaciaSi yofna (gv. 214). rogorc linkolni da

guba (1985: 359) amboben, SemTxvevis Seswavla idealuri instrumentia -emur
kvleva-ZiebaSi. is im nagulisxmevi codnis ganuyofeli nawilia, romelsac
avtori da mkiTxveli deben naSromSi. SemTxvevis Seswavla am codnazeve
aigeba da, amgvarad, seriozulad uyurebs kvlevaSi adamianis, rogorc
instrumentis mkvlevrisa da monawileebiseul cnebas, miuTiTebs ra maT
urTierTqmedebaze.
linkolni da guba (1985: 365 6) SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiTi
saxiT wardgenisTvis ramdenime miTiTebas iZlevian:
werilobiTi
naSromi
araformaluri,
bunebrivi
unda
iyos,
raTa
gadmosces araformaluroba da bunebrioba.
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, naSromSi warmodgenili unda iyos faqtebi.

gamonakliss Seadgens naSromis is nawilebi, sadac TvalnaTliv aris
mocemuli interpretacia, Sefaseba da daskvna.
452
naSromis konturebis moxazvisas umjobesia, saWiroze meti daiweros,

vidre daakldes rame.
angariSis
weris
eTikur
wesebs
saTanado
pativi
unda
miegos,
magaliTad, anonimurobas da amoucnoblobas.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT wardgenisas imdenad naTlad unda

iyos
mocemuli
monacemebi,
romelsac
eyrdnoba
naSromi,
rom
mkiTxvelma SeZlos sandoobis, validobisa da daskvnebis gadamowmeba.
unda ganisazRvros naSromis dasrulebis konkretuli TariRi.

spradli (1979) eTnografiuli kvlevis werilobiTi naSromis saxiT
gaformebis cxra praqtikul nabijs gvTavazobs:

1. SearCieT samizne auditoria;
2. SearCieT Tezisi;
3. CamowereT Temebi da gaakeTeT eTnografiuli kvlevis gegma;
4. moxazeT gegmis TiToeuli nawilis uxeSi, zogadi konturebi;
5. gadasinjeT gegma da gaukeTeT qvesaTaurebi;
6. SeasworeT Tqvenive redaqtirebuli monaxazi;
7. dawereT Sesavali da daskvna;
8. waikiTxeT monacemebi da angariSi magaliTebis mosaZebnad;
9. dawereT saboloo varianti.
cxadia, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT gadmocemisas bevri sxva
aspeqtia, romelic unda aRiniSnos. maTze meTerTmete TavSi visaubrebT.
eTnografiis
ganviTarebadi Stoa, romelic
pirvel TavSi ganxilul kritikul paradigmas Tanxvdeba. aq warmoebs

Tvisebrivi, anTropologiuri, monawilis, damkvirvebelze dafuZnebuli
kvleva da misi Teoriuli safuZveli kritikul TeoriaSi Zevs (Quantz 1992:
448;
Carspecken
1996).
dainteresebulia,
uTanasworobis
rogorc
pirvel
rom
sazogadoebaSi
pirobebSi,
gaizardos
TavSi
iTqva,
arsebuli
individebisa
es
paradigma
Cagvrisa
da
da
jgufebis
453
uflebamosileba
koleqtiuri
emansipirebis
ideis
warmoCeniT.
am
TvalsazrisiT, kvleva imTaviTve politikuri wamowyebaa. qarspekeni (1996:

4 ff) kritikuri eTnografiis ramdenime ZiriTad wanamZRvars asaxelebs:
kvleva
da
azrovneba
ZalauflebiTi
urTierTobebiT
aris
gaSualebuli;
es ZalauflebiTi urTierTobebi konkretul socialur da istoriul

konteqstSi xorcieldeba;
faqtebi da Rirebulebebi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan;
urTierTobebi sagnebsa da cnebebs Soris
denadia da warmoebis
socialuri urTierTobebiT aris gaSualebuli;
sametyvelo enas centraluri adgili ukavia aRqmaSi;
sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufebi sxvebze ufro Zlieria;
uTanasworoba da Cagvra warmoebisa da moxmarebis kapitalisturi

urTierTobebis ganuyofeli nawilia;
ideologiuri dominacia yvelaze Zlieria maSin, rodesac Cagruli

jgufebi
sakuTar
mdgomareobas
gardauvlad,
bunebrivad
an
aucileblad miiCneven;
Cagvris
formebi
erTmaneTs
aSualeben
da
amitom
erTad
unda
ganixilebodes (magaliTad, rasa, genderi, klasi).

quanci
(Quantz 1992: 473 4)
moiazreba
garkveuli
amtkicebs,
Rirebulebebi,
rom
amitom
kvlevaSi
is
uciloblad
garkveul
interesebs
emsaxureba. igi imasac amtkicebs, rom kritikul eTnografiaSi momuSave

mkvlevrebma
unda
gamoikvlion
es
interesebi
da
monawileebi
emansipaciisken da Tavisuflebisken waiyvanon. amgvarad, kvlevis fokusi

da
mizani
suliT
dominirebas,
xmis
eTnografiaSi
is
xorcamde
uflebasa
kulturebi,
politikuria
da
jgufebi
da
exeba
Zalauflebas,
uflebamosilebas.
da
individebi,
kritikul
romlebsac
Seiswavlian, Zalauflebisa da interesebis konteqstebSi imyofebian. es

konteqstebia sakvlevi, maTi legitimurobaa gasarkvevi da Tavad kvlevis
454
safuZvlad mdebare Rirebulebebia gamosavleni. kritikul eTnografiaSi

maRalia refleqsiurobis done. eTnografiis sxva formebisgan kritikuli
eTnografia imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is sazogadoebaSi legitimurobis,
Zalauflebis da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb svams kiTxvebs da wina planze
swevs dominirebasa da Cagvras.
rogor muSaobs kritikuli eTnografi?

qarspekeni da eifli (Carspecken and Apple 1992: 512 14) da qarspekeni (1996:
41 2) kritikul eTnografiaSi xuT etaps gamoyofen. es etapebi qvemoT
aris aRwerili.
etapi 1: pirveladi ,,monologuri Canawerebi

am
etapze
mkvlevrebi
monawile
damkvirveblebi
SedarebiT
pasiurebi da SeumCnevlebi arian. maTi amocana obieqturi monacemebis

mopovebaa. es monologuri procesia im mxriv, rom mkvlevari mxolod
TavisTvis akeTebs Canawerebs. linkolni da guba (1985) Tvlian, rom am
etapze validobis Semowmeba mocavs:
CawerisTvis
sxvadasxvagvari
mowyobilobisa
da
sxvadasxva
damkvirveblis gamoyenebas;
dakvirvebis moqnili ganrigis gamoyenebas mikerZoebulobis minimumamde

dayvanis mizniT;
situaciaSi xangrZlivad darCenas hoTornis efeqtis daZlevis mizniT;
daskvnebis
naklebad
Semcveli
terminologiisa
da
aRwerebis
gamoyenebas;
kolegebTan gasaubrebis gamoyenebas;
respondentis mier validaciis gamoyenebas.

exmianeba ra validobis Sesaxeb habermasiseul (1979; 1982; 1994) naSroms,
validoba moiazrebs simarTles (naTqvamis utyuaroba), legitimurobas

(naTqvamis sisworesa da Sesatyvisobas), gagebas (naTqvami gasagebia) da
gulwrfelobas
(mTqmelis
ganzraxvebi).
qarspekeni
(1996:
104
5)
455
iTvaliswinebs
amas,
rodesac
obieqturi
validobis
Sesaxeb
daskvnis
ramdenime kategorias gvTavazobs: aqti gasagebi, socialurad legitimuri

da
Sesatyvisia;
grZnobebi
aqtiors
aqvs,
konkretuli
rodesac
moqmedeba
identoba
da
xorcieldeba;
ganzraxvebi
aRiarebuli
an
da
gaTvaliswinebulia obieqturi, konteqstualuri faqtorebi.
etapi 2: winaswari rekonstruqciuli analizi

rekonstruqciuli
analizi
cdilobs,
gamoavlinos
situaciis
mniSvnelobis an abstraqciebis is mdgenlebi, romlebsac monawileebi

TavisTavad
sistemebis,
miznad,
nagulisxmevad
normebisa
romlebic
da
mas
miiCneven.
aseTi
ZiriTadi
cnebebis
safuZvlad
udevs
analizi
RirebulebaTa
identificirebas
da
romlebic
isaxavs
marTaven
situaciebs. qarspekeni (1996: 42) fiqrobs, rom mkvlevari ubrundeba I

etapze
gakeTebul
ZalauflebiTi
pirvelad
Canawerebs
urTierTobebis,
rolebis,
urTierTqmedebis
movlenebis
paternebis,
mimdevrobis
da
situaciebisTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelobebis Sesaswavlad. is acxadebs,

rom
am
etaps
rekonstruqciulad
aqceven
is
kulturuli
Temebi,
socialuri da sistemis faqtorebi, romelTa Sesaxeb Tavad monawileebi,

Cveulebisamebr,
ar
saubroben
xolme
da,
faqtiurad,
xdeba
maTi
rekonstruqcia da garkveviT warmoCena _ SeumCnevel diskursad iqceva. am

etapze abstraqciis ufro maRal doneze gadanacvlebisas SesaZlebelia
kodirebis ufro maRali donis gamoyeneba (ixileT kodirebis ganxilva am
TavSi).
kritikul eTnografiaSi qarspekeni (1996: 141) am etapze validobis
uzrunvelyofis ramdenime gzas aRwers:
Tavad subieqtebTan interviuebisa da jgufuri diskusiebis gamoyeneba;
rekonstruqciebis jgufis wevrebTan gadamowmeba, raTa gaTanabrdes

Zalauflebrivi urTierTmimarTeba;
kolegebTan
gasaubrebis
gamoyeneba
(wyvils
sTxoven,
monacemebs da Tqvas, mkvlevari Zalian seleqciuri
gadaxedos
xom ar iyo,
456
magaliTad,
individebis,
monacemebis
an
daskvnebis
mimarT)
rekonstruqciebSi mikerZoebulobis an Cavardnebis gadasamowmeblad;
velSi xangrZlivad yofna, raTa mkvlevarma ukeT SeZlos Sinauris,

jgufis wevris TvalTaxedvis wvdoma;
ukuanalizis
monacemebSi
gamoyeneba
Temebisa
da
pirveladi
segmentebis
monacemebidan
gadamowmeba,
amokrefil
maTi
pirvelad
monacemebTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofad;
negatiuri SemTxvevebis analizis gamoyeneba.
etapi 3: monacemebis dialoguri mogroveba

am
etapze
monacemebis
mopoveba
monawileebTan
saubriT
xdeba
da
maTTanve ganixileba (Carspecken and Apple 1992). avtorebi amtkiceben, rom es

procesi arabunebrivia im mxriv, rom monawileebs sTxoven, dafiqrdnen
sakuTar
situaciebze,
garemoebebsa
da
cxovrebaze
da
wamoayenon
Teoriebi maT Sesaxeb. es gadamwyveti etapia, vinaidan monawileebs xmis

uflebas aZlevs, xolo kvlevas demokratiulobas sZens. SesaZloa, am
etapze axali monacemebi gaCndes, rac wina ori etapisTvis gamowvevaa da
saeWvos xdis manamde miRebul suraTs.
kvlevis am etapze monawileebis meti subieqturobis uzrunvelsayofad
qarpsekeni
(1996:
gvTavazobs,
164
magaliTad:
5)
validobis
gadamowmebis
Cawerili
interviuebis
ramdenime
meTods
SeTanxmebulobis
Semowmebas, ganmeorebiT interviuebs monawileebTan, mimdinare movlenis

an
momxdari
Sedegebis
movlenis
Sesaxeb
urTierTSedarebas,
kiTxvebisTvis
Tavis
monawilis
naTqvamisa
interviuirebisas
aridebas,
kolegasTan
da
dakvirvebis
mimarTulebis
gasaubrebis
momcemi
gamoyenebas,
respondentebis mier validacias, Txovnas, rom monawileebma bunebrivi

konteqstebis
aRwerisas
TavianTi
terminebi
gamoiyenon
da
ganmarton
isini.
etapi 4: sistemuri mimarTebebis aRmoCena

am etapze dgindeba sakvlevi jgufis mimarTeba sxva faqtorebTan,
romelTanac uwevs mas Sejaxeba, magaliTad, lokaluri adgilmdebareoba,
457
lokaluri
qarpsekeni
moicavs
Temis
(1996:
wina
monawileebisa
jgufebi,
202)
aRniSnavs,
etapebis
da
rom
moTxovnebis
sxva
urTierTSedarebas,
romlebic
am
etapze
produqts
validobis
dacvas,
mkvlevris
mier
mowodebuli
mkvlevrebis
kolegasTan
kulturul
gasaubrebas
da
qmnian.
Semowmeba
analizisa
da
komentarebis
respondentis
mier
validaciis gamoyenebas.
etapi 5: sistemuri mimarTebebis gamoyeneba miRebuli Sedegebis

asaxsnelad
am
etapze
xdeba
miRebuli
Sedegebis
Seswavla
da
axsna
makro-
socialuri Teoriebis WrilSi (Carspecken 1996: 202). nawilobriv, es aris

kvlevis
Sedegebisa
da
socialuri
Teoriis
urTierTSedarebis
da
Sedegebis TeoriisTvis morgebis procesi.

amrigad,
kritikul
eTnografiaSi
moZraobis
mimarTuleba
aseTia:
situaciis aRwera, gageba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba da Secvla. es

Seesabameba
ideologiis
kritikis
etapebs,
romelic
pirvel
TavSia
warmodgenili:
etapi 1: arsebuli situaciis aRwera hermenevtikuli procesi;
etapi 2:L im mizezebis wvdoma, romlebmac Seqmna arsebuli situacia;
etapi 3: situaciis Secvlis gegma;
etapi 4: axali situaciis miRwevis Sefaseba.
eTnografiul da bunebriv midgomebTan dakavSirebuli

zogierTi problema
eTnografiul da bunebriv midgomebSi ramdenime sirTule arsebobs
ppt),
romlebmac
SeiZleba
gavlena
iqonios
kvlevis
sandoobasa
da
validobaze. maT ricxvSi Sedis:

1. situaciis
definiciis
definicia:
mocemas,
monawileebs
Tumca
es
ar
sTxoven
iqneba
situaciis
erTaderTi
maTeuli
WeSmariti
gansazRvreba. isini SeiZleba mcdarad patiosanni iyvnen (araferi
458
icodnen
realuri
situaciis
Sesaxeb),
ganzrax
amaxinjebdnen,
an
mcdarad warmoaCendnen situacias, an ukiduresad seleqciurni iyvnen.

sandoobisa
da
validobis
es
sakiTxebi
wignis
meeqvse
TavSia
ganxiluli (ixileT triangulaciis ganxilva).

2. sandooba:
hoTornis
efeqti
mkvlevris
yofna
situaciaSi
ganapirobebs mis ESecvlas, radgan monawileebs SeiZleba, surdeT,

mkvlevars
Tavi
aaridon,
mimarTuleba
miscen
an
uaryon,
masze
zemoqmedeba iqonion, an STabeWdileba moaxdinon. es sakiTxebic meeqvse

TavSia ganxiluli. reaqtiulobis problema, rogorc wesi, gvardeba
guldasmiT molaparakebiT, velSi sakmarisad xangrZlivad yofniTa da
mkvlevris mier sakuTari Tavis SeZlebisdagvarad sworad wardgeniT.
3. angelozis
efeqti:
rodesac
situaciis
an
monawileebis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli an miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba monacemebis

Semdgomi mogroveba seleqciuri gaxdes, anda am informaciis arsebobam
SemdgomSi
situaciis
(TviTaRsrulebadi
sandoobis
damkvirveblis
gulisxmobs,
sulgrZeloba
Sesabamisad,
da
misi
monacemTa
daxmarebiT.
rom
mkvlevars
(monawileebi
maTi
WrilSi
winaswarmetyvelebis 16
sakiTxia
triangulirebuli
konkretul
qcevis
ekvivalenti
mogvareba
bazis
efeqti,
monawileebis
SaravandediT
uaryofiTi
mxare
migviyvanos
kvlevaSi).
SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebiTa
Saravandedis
swams
xedvamde
farTo,
gareSe
Cveulebriv,
gulkeTiloba
arian
Tu
da
es
mosilni!)
pirovnuli
da
da,
nakli
uariyofa an uyuradRebod rCeba. amis sapirispiroa, eSmakis efeqti,

roca mkvlevars swams, rom monawileebi cudi, uvargisi adamianebi
arian (eSmakis rqebi adgaT Tavze!) da uaryofs an uyuradRebod tovebs
maT dadebiT mxareebs.
16
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: Sesatyvisi inglisuri terminia self-fulfiling prophecy,
romelic niSnavs, rom winaswarmetyveleba, varaudi Tavad iwvevs Sesrulebas, radgan mis
dajerebasa da qcevas Soris kavSiria.
459
4. interpretaciuli meTodologiis implicituri konservatizmi. kvlevis

es
tipi,
kritikuli
eTnografiis
gamoklebiT,
monawileebsa
da
damxmareebs maTi status kvoTi iRebs. is maT warsulsa da awmyoze

fokusirdeba da ara momavalze.
5. arsebobs nacnobze fokusirebis sirTule. monawileebi (da, SesaZloa,
mkvlevrebic) imdenad axlos arian situaciasTan, rom uaryofen mis
namdvilad arsebul, xSirad nagulisxmev, aspeqtebs. Sesabamisad, dgeba
nacnobis ucnobad gadaqcevis amocana. delamonti (1981) Tvlis, rom
nacnobis ucnobad gadaqceva SeiZleba:
erTi sakiTxis uCveulo
magaliTebis ESeswavliT (magaliTad,
atipuri klasebi, saskolo cxrilebi an struqtura);
sxva kulturebidan aRebuli magaliTebis SeswavliT;
im
sxva
situaciebis
ukavSirdebodnen
SeswavliT,
romlebic
SeiZleba
situacias
(magaliTad,
skolebis
sakvlev
Seswavlisas SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos iseTi, garkveulwilad,

msgavsi, magram gansxvavebuli organizaciebis naxva, rogoricaa
saavadmyofo an cixe).
6. Sesaswavli
(1993)
situaciebis
ambobs,
rom
RiaobiTa
specifikur
da
mravalferovnebiT.
konteqstebsa
da
hamersli
situaciebze
fokusirebiT SesaZloa zedmetad gamokveTili aRmoCndes konteqstebsa

da situaciebs Soris gansxvavebebi da ara maT Soris arsebuli ufro
meti msgavseba, maTi saerTo niSnebi. igi amtkicebs, rom mkvlevrebi
kanonzomierebebsac iseve unda acnobierebdnen, rogor gansxvavebebs.
7. ufro farTo socialuri konteqstisa da SezRudvebis uaryofiT. iseTi
situaciebis
Seswavlisas,
sadac
xazgasmulia
maTi
situaciiT
SezRuduloba, SeiZleba uaryofil iqnas ufro farTo dinebebi da

konteqstebi _ kvlevis mikrodone sazRvrebis dawesebis riskis winaSe
dgas, rac gamoricxavs makrodonis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs. farTo
makrokonteqstebi ver gamoiricxeba konkretuli situaciebidan.
460
8. ganzogadebis sakiTxi. Tu situaciebi unikaluri da araganzogadebadia,

rogorc mravali bunebrivi principi ambobs, rogor unda gadawydes
ganzogadebis sakiTxi? ra konteqstebisTvis iqneba miRebuli Sedegebi
gamosadegi? ra roli aqvs da rogoria replikaciis kvlevebi?
9. rogor
unda
daiweros
mravaljeradi
realoba
da
axsna?
rogor
miiRwevaa reprezentaciuli xedva? ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari

iseT raRaceebs xedavs, rac monawileebs ar daunaxavT?
10. vis ekuTvnis monacemebi, angariSi, da vin akontrolebs maT gacemas?
amrigad, bunebrivi da eTnografiuli kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi
mniSvnelovani,
legitimuri
da
magram
problemuri
mniSvnelovani
kvlevis
stilis
es
meTodebis
kvlevebi
gavrcelebuli da TandaTan matulobs maTi gamoyeneba.
erTianobaa.
farTod
aris
461
8 istoriuli da dokumenturi kvleva

Sesavali
moli (Mouly 1978) acxadebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriuli
kvleva,
dedamiwis
Semswavleli
mecnierebebis
interpretaciiT,
ver
akmayofilebs mecnieruli meTodis zogierT kriteriums (magaliTad, is

ver iqneba damokidebuli uSualo dakvirvebasa da eqsperimentze, man
iseTi teqstebi, iseTi wyaroebi unda gamoiyenos, romelTa gameorebac
SeuZlebelia), is mecnierul wamowyebad miiCneva im TvalsazrisiT, rom
imave principebsa da zogad mecnierul codnas iziarebs, romelic yvela
tipis mecnieruli kvlevisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
istoriuli
kvleva
ganisazRvra,
rogorc
mtkicebulebebis,
anu
empiriuli sabuTebis sistematuri da obieqturi mopoveba, Sefaseba da

sinTezireba
faqtebis
dadgenisa
da
warsulis
movlenebis
Sesaxeb
daskvnebis gamotanis mizniT (Borg 1963). es aris rekonstruirebis aqti,

romelic kritikuli kvleva-Ziebis suliskveTebiT xorcieldeba da miznad
isaxavs
warsuli
epoqis
zust
da
keTilsindisier
reprezentacias.
Piradad, Tu sxvebis daxmarebiT dokumentebsa da CanawerebSi monacemebis

moZiebisas,
mkvlevari
xSirad
awydeba
uzustobebs
informaciaSi
da
Sedegad iRebs monaxazs da ara _ srul suraTs. faqtiurad, adekvaturi

monacemebis miRebis sirTule istoriul kvlevas kvleva-Ziebis erT-erT im
saxed aqcevs, romlis damakmayofileblad ganxorcieleba Zalian did
danaxarjebTan
aris
dakavSirebuli.1
istoriuli
kvleva-ZiebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kvlevis meTodi cdilobs, moicvas da Semdeg axsnas

adamianis warsulis mTeli sfero im perspeqtividan, romelic kargad
warmoaCens mis socialur, kulturul, ekonomikur da inteleqtualur
ganviTarebas
(Hill and Kerber 1967).
am
mcdelobis
holistur
xedvas
moiazrebs rekonstruqcia
saboloo jamSi, istoriul kvlevas ainteresebs ama Tu im viTarebis
farTo xedva da ara aucileblad is konkretuli movlenebi, ramac
462
gamoiwvia esa Tu is viTareba, Tumca aseTi sinTezi iSviaTad Tu miiRweva

intensiuri debatisa Tu dapirispirebis gareSe, gansakuTrebiT, maSin,
roca saqme detalebs exeba. istoriuli kvlevis aqti moicavs: Sesaswavli
problemis
an
hipoTezis
(an
organizebas,
saWiroa,
sferos
identifikaciasa
kiTxvebis)
gadamowmebas,
hipoTezebis
da
Semofargvlas;
formulirebas;
validacias,
Semowmebas
(an
monacemebis
analizsa
da
kiTxvebze
xandaxan
Segrovebas,
SerCevas;
pasuxebis
sadac
gacemas);
kvleviTi naSromis daweras. am Tanmimdevrobas warsulis da awmyosadmi

da momavlisadmi misi relevanturobis axlebur gagebamde mivyavarT.
istoriuli kvlevis Rirebulebebi hilma da kerberma (1967) gaaerTianes
kategoriebSi, romlebic qvemoT aris warmodgenili:
iZleva
Tanamedrove
problemebis
gadawyvetis
warsulSi
moZiebis
SesaZleblobas;
naTels hfens awmyosa da momavlis tendenciebs;
xazs
usvams
yvela
kulturaSi
aRmoCenili
sxvadasxvagvari
urTierTqmedebis fardobiT mniSvnelobas;
iZleva warsulis Sesaxeb awmyoSi arsebuli monacemebis gadafasebis

SesaZleblobas SerCeul hipoTezebTan, TeoriebTan da ganzogadebebTan
mimarTebaSi.
rogorc
avtorebi
aRniSnaven,
istoriis
SesaZlebloba,
gamoiyenos
warsuli momavlis winaswarmetyvelebisTvis da awmyos gamoyenebiT axsnas

warsuli,
mas
gansakuTrebiT
ormag
da
unikalur
sasargeblos
xdis
Tvisebas
istorias
aniWebs.
yvela
tipis
es
Tviseba
mecnieruli
codnisa da kvlevisTvis.2
ganaTlebis sferoSi istoriuli kvlevis gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba
eWvgareSea. miuxedavad imisa, rom es erT-erTi rTuli sferoa kvlevis
sawarmoeblad,
aq
miRebul
Sedegebs
udidesi
sargebeli
moaqvs
ganaTlebis sferos TeoretikosebisTvis da mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis.

magaliTad, mas aqvs zogierT saganmanaTleblo problemaSi Cawvdomis
unari,
rasac
vercerTi
sxva
saSualeba
ver
axerxebs.
garda
amisa,
463
saganmanaTleblo ideis an institutis istoriuli Seswavla, SeiZleba,

Zalian dagvexmaros, gavarkvioT, Tu rogor Camoyalibda amJamad arsebuli
ganaTlebis sistema; es ki, Tavis mxriv, Semdgomi cvlilebis, samomavlo
winsvlis myari safuZvlis SeqmnaSi SeiZleba, gamogvadges. ganaTlebis
sferoSi istoriulma kvlevam, aseve, SeiZleba, gvaCvenos, Tu rogor da
ratom
ganviTarda
ganaTlebis
Teoria
da
praqtika.
is
ganaTlebis
Teoretikosebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom warsulis gamocdileba axali,

ganviTarebis
procesSi
myofi
praqtikis
Sesafaseblad
gamoiyenon.
istoriuli xedvis kuTxidan gacilebiT iolia ganmeorebadi tendenciebis

identifikacia
da
Sefaseba,
magaliTad,
progresivizmi 17
ganaTlebaSi
sxvadasxva garegnuli formiT iyo SeniRbuli. mas, aseve, SeuZlia Tavisi

wvlilis Setana im urTierTobebis ukeT gagebaSi, romelic arsebobs
politikasa da ganaTlebas, skolasa da sazogadoebas, adgilobriv da
centralur mTavrobas, maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris.
istoriuli kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi SeiZleba Seexebodes individs,
jgufs, moZraobas, ideas an instituts. Tumca, rogorc besti (Best 1970)
miuTiTebs, istoriuli interesisa da dakvirvebis vercerTi es obieqti
ver ganixileba izolirebulad. vercerTi pirovneba ver daeqvemdebareba
istoriul
mocemul
Seswavlas
drosa
im
Tu
wvlilis
adgilze
ganxilvis
arsebul
gareSe,
ideebSi,
romelic
moZraobebSi
mas
an
institutebSi miuZRvis. es elementebi yovelTvis urTierTdakavSirebulia.

fokusi
mxolod
istorikosi
im
wertils
mkvlevrebis
gansazRvravs,
yuradReba.
zogierTi aseTi urTierTmimareba

sul
erTia,
istorikosi
8.
romliskenac
CanarTSi
miemarTeba
warmodgenilia
ganaTlebis istoriidan. magaliTad,
Sesaswavlad
iezuitur
ordens
airCevs,
religiuri swavlebis ordens, kontrreformacias, Tu ignasio loiolas,

TiToeuli elementi Cndeba, rogorc maTi Sedegi an SesamCnev gavlenas
axdens maTze da Txrobis aucilebel, ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.
17
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: niSnavs cvlilebebis mxardaWeras. Mmisi
sawinaaRmdegoa konservatizmi.
464
istoriuli kvlevis magaliTad ixileT Tomasi (1992) da gaukrogeri da

Svarci (1997).
CanarTi 8. 1
zogierTi urTierTmimarTeba adamianebs, moZraobebsa da institutebs Soris
adamianebi
moZraobebi
institutebis tipebi
konkretulad
ignasio
loiola
kontrreformacia
religiuri
swavlebis ordeni
iesos
sazogadoeba, 1534
benjamin
franklini
samecniero moZraoba;
ganaTleba cxovrebisTvis
akademia
filadelfiis
akademia, 1751
jon diui
eqsperimentalizmi
eqsperimentuli
skola
Cikagos
universiteti
progresuli ganaTleba
dawyebiTi skola,
1896
wyaro: adaptirebulia Best 1970
sakvlevi subieqtis arCeva

am wignSi ganxiluli istoriuli kvleva, sxva meTodebis msgavsad,
SeiZleba, etapebis moqnili Tanmimdevrobisgan Sedgebodes da problemis
an Sesaswavli mimarTulebis SerCeviTa da SefasebiT iwyebodes. amas
Semdeg
mohyveba
monacemebis
problemis
Sesatyvisi
ufro
konkretuli
wyaroebis
arCeva,
terminebiT
definicia,
monacemebis
mogroveba,
klasifikacia da damuSaveba, dabolos, monacemebis analizi da sakvlevi

subieqtis
dabalansebuli
da
obieqturi
sinTezi.
Tumca,
istoriuli
kvlevis meTodi da ganaTlebaSi gamoyenebuli kvlevis sxva meTodebi

mniSvnelovnad
gamokveTa
gasxvavdeba
borgma
(1963),
kidec
romelis
erTmaneTisgan.
mosazrebiT,
ZiriTadi
istoriul
sxvaoba
kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania, rom mecnierma manamde gansazRvros zustad problema da

Seafasos
misi
adekvaturoba,
sanam
seriozulad
CaerTveba
kvlevaSi,
vinaidan bevri problema SeiZleba saerTod ar ergebodes istoriuli

kvlevis meTodebs. meore mxriv, SesaZloa, mcire iyos Sansi an saerTod
465
ar
iyos,
rom
problemis
kvlevam
mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi
moitanos
relevanturi monacemebis simwiris an problemis trivialobis gamo.

borgis
dakvirvebidan
SegviZlia
davinaxoT,
rom
potenciuri
mkvlevrisTvis problemis arCeva zogjer, SeiZleba, damafiqrebeli saqme

iyos. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac Tema SerCeulia da istoriuli kvlevisTvis
misi potenciali da mniSvnelovneba Sefasebulia, Semdegi nabiji am Temis
ufro zustad da konkretulad gansazRvraa, an, rac ufro sworia, misi
imgvarad Semofargvlaa, rom metad qmediTi da damajerebeli analizi
miviRoT. Zalian farTo an Zalian bundovanma formulirebam Sedegad
SeiZleba mimarTulebis an gavlenis armqone saboloo angariSi mogvces.
besti (1980) am viTarebas Semdegnairad aRwers: gamocdili istorikosi
acnobierebs, rom kvleva konkretul farglebSi gansazRvruli problemis
siRrmiseuli analizi unda iyos da ara _ farTo sferos zedapiruli
Seswavla. kvlevis iaraRi SaSxanaa da ara _ Tofi. istoriuli Temis
gansazRvris
sxvadasxva
recepti
arsebobs.
gotSalki
(Gottschalk 1951)
gvirCevs, rom Temis identifikaciisas oTxi kiTxva davsvaT:
sad moxda movlenebi?
vin arian movlenebSi CarTuli adamianebi?
rodis moxda movlenebi?
ra saxis qmedebebia CarTuli?
rogorc traversi (1969) Tvlis, Temis farglebis modificireba erTerT
am
kiTxvaTaganze
gaizardos
an
fokusirebiT
Semcirdes
geografiuli
aris
SesaZlebeli:
arealis
SeiZleba
moculoba;
TemaSi
SeiZleba meti an naklebi adamiani iyos CarTuli; SeiZleba gaizardos an

Semcirdes
gansaxilveli
Seviwrovdes
adamianebis
drois
monakveTi;
moqmedebis
SeiZleba
kategoriebi.
gafarTovdes
zogjer
xdeba,
an
rom
konkretuli istoriuli kvleva mxolod Temis Sesaxeb zogadad, uxeSad

moxazuli ideiT SeiZleba daiwyos da mxolod relevanturi masalebis
moZiebis Semdeg moxdes misi dakonkreteba.
466
problemis dakonkretebasTan erTad saWiroa (sadac SesaZlebelia),

analogiurad
konkretuli
da
Semowmebadi
hipoTezis
formulireba
(xandaxan hipoTeza kiTxvebma SeiZleba Caanacvlos). rogorc empiriul

kvlevaSi, istoriul kvlevaSic hipoTezebi mimarTulebasa da fokuss
sZenen monacemebis mogrovebasa da analizs, Zleven faqtebis umiznod da
ubralod
dagrovebis
risks,
anu,
sakvlev
velSi
didi
raodenobiT
monacemebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, hipoTezebi konkretuli problemis

Sesatyvisi
monacemebis
monacemebis
SerCevasa
moZiebasa
da
da
SerCevas
struqturas
uwyoben
uzrunvelyofs,
xels.
is
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi monacemebi informaciis uzarmazar masad darCeboda. borgi

(1963)
aRniSnavs,
rom
saWiroa
hipoTezis
zedmiwevniT
fokusireba,
daviwroeba da operacionalizacia.
hili
da
qerberi
(1967)
miuTiTeben,
rom
istoriul
kvlevasTan
asocirebuli problemis Sefasebasa da formulirebaSi xSirad ufro

metad aris CarTuli mkvlevari pirovnulad, vidre kvlevis sxva ZiriTad
saxeebSi.
isini
Tvlian,
rogoricaa
interesi,
istoriuli
faqtebis
rom
mkvlevris
motivacia,
iseTi
pirovnuli
istoriuli
interpretaciisTvis
faqtorebi,
cnobismoyvareoba
saWiro
codna,
da
didwilad
zemoqmedebs sakvlevi problemis arCevaze.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba istoriul da sxva saxis kvlevebs
Soris
isaa,
rom
istoriuli
kvleva
iZulebulia,
ukve
arsebuli
monacemebiT imuSaos. hoketi (Hockett 1955) amtkicebs, rom istoria ar aris

is mecniereba, romelic uSualo dakvirvebas iyenebs qimiis an biologiis
msgavsad. istorikosma, arqeologiviT, datovebuli kvalis gamoyenebiT
unda moaxdinos warsulis movlenebis interpretireba. cxadia, man Tavisi
msjeloba mtkicebulebebze unda daafuZnos, awon-dawonos, Seafasos da
gansajos sxvebis dakvirvebiT miRebuli mtkicebulebebis namdviloba da
es
procesi
grZeldeba
mtkicebulebas ar axsnis.
manam,
sanam
hipoTeza
yvela
relevantur
467
istoriuli
SeiZleba
kvlevis
monacemebis
pirveladi
daiyos:
wyaroebi
wyaroebi,
or
rac
ZiriTad
jgufad
istoriuli
kvlevis
sasicocxlo energias warmoadgens da meoradi wyaroebi, rac pirveladi

wyaroebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi an maT Sesavsebad gamoiyeneba.
monacemebis
pirvelad
wyaroebad
iwodeba
is
sagnebi,
romlebic
originaluria sakvlevi problemisTvis. pirveladi wyaroebi, Tavis mxriv,

orgvari
SeiZleba
iyos:
pirveli
mocemuli
periodis
naSTebi
an
reliqtebi. muxedavad imisa, rom aseTi naSTebi da reliqtebi, rogoricaa,

ConCxebi,
siZveleebi,
iaraRebi,
xelsawyoebi,
WurWeli,
nagebobebi,
suraTebi, aveji, monetebi da patara zomis sxvadasxva nakeToba, ar iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli Semdgomi epoqebisTvis informaciis gadasacemad, isini
warsulis gasacnobad sasargeblo wyaroebia. meore _ rekonstruirebuli
movlenis realuri monawileebis an mowmeebis mier Seqmnili werilobiTi
da zepiri mtkicebulebebi da, agreTve, Tavad am movlenebSi monawileebi.
dokumentebi,
romlebic
pirvelad
wyaroebad
miiCneva,
SeiZleba
iyos
xelnawerebi, sigelebi, kanonebi, memorandumebi, biografiebi, oficialuri

gamocemebi, anderZebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi, rukebi, diagramebi, katalogebi,
filmebi, naxatebi, warwerebi, Canawerebi, transkriptebi, saregistracio
wignebi
da
movlenis
kvlevis
angariSebi.
pirvelwyarodan
am
axsna
yvelafers,
SeuZlia
da,
nebsiT
Tu
maSasadame,
uneblieT,
pirveladi
monacemebis wyarod miiCneva. istoriuli kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi,

ZiriTadad,
am
meore
jgufSi
gaerTianebul
wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT
warmoebs.
meoradia is wyaroebi, romelTac ar hqoniaT uSualo fizikuri Sexeba
Sesaswavl
movlenasTan.
vuwodebT
originalurs.
isini
Seqmnili
amgvarad,
monacemebia,
meoradi
wyaro
romelTac
iqneba
is,
ver
sadac
pirovneba, romelic aRwers movlenas, realurad ki ar daswrebia mas,

aramed sxva pirovnebisgan an wyarosgan moipova mis Sesaxeb informacia.
es ukanasknelni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen an ar yofiliyvnen pirveladi
wyaroebi.
istoriul
kvlevaSi
gamoyenebuli
meoradi
wyaroebis
sxva
468
variantebia:
citirebuli
masala,
saxelmZRvaneloebi,
enciklopediebi,
masalis an informaciis sxva reproduqciebi, naxatebis nabeWdi aslebi an

xelovnebis
nimuSebis
monacemebis
meoradi
dublikatebi.
wyaroebi,
besti
Cveulebriv,
(1970)
miuTiTebs,
naklebad
Rirebulia
rom
im
Secdomebis gamo, romlebic erTi adamianisgan meoresTvis informaciis

gadacemas axlavs Tan.
sxvadasxva komentatori aRniSnavs monacemebis pirveladi wyaroebis
(sadac SesaZlebelia) gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas (Hill and Kerber 1967), Tumca
arc meoradi wyaroebis Rirebuleba unda daknindes. uamravi SemTxveva
yofila, rodesac meorad wyaros istoriuli kvleva gacilebiT validur
da sando kvlevad uqcevia, vidre is mis gareSe iqneboda.
kidev
erTi
SemTxvevaSi,
momenti:
ganaTlebis
literaturis
sferoSi
mimoxilva
sxva
formis
monacemebis
kvlevebis
mogrovebis
mosamzadebel etapad ganixileba da mkvlevrisTvis misTvis saintereso

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukve arsebuli kvlevebis gacnobas emsaxureba
(Travers 1969). amgvarad, literaturis gacnoba mas arsebuli tradiciis
gagrZelebis,
codnis
sakuTari
miRebis
kvlevis
saTanado
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs.
konteqstSi
Tumca,
moTavsebisa
istoriul
da
kvlevaSi
literaturis mimoxilvas gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvs im mxriv, rom is

kvlevisTvis
iZleva
monacemebs.
mkvlevris
mier
hipoTezis
miReba
an
uaryofa damokidebuli iqneba am mimoxilvisas arCeul informaciasa da

mis interpretaciaze. borgi (1963) sxva gansxvavebebzec saubrobs: erTerTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom istorikos mkvlevars ufro didi moculobis
dokumentebis
Seswavla
uwevs,
vidre
empiriul
mkvlevars,
romelic
gacilebiT mcire moculobis da konkretul statiebs kiTxulobs. garda

amisa,
dokumentebi,
romlebic
istoriul
kvlevas
esaWiroeba,
xSirad
gacilebiT Zvelia, vidre _ empiriul kvlevaSi. da kidev erTi, bolo

momenti:
dokumentebi
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
xSirad
gamouqveynebeli
masalebisgan Sedgeba da, Sesabamisad, naklebad xelmisawvdomia, vidre

samecniero JurnalebSi dabeWdili empiriuli kvlevebis angariSebi.
469
dokumentebis kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri problemebis

dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisTvis mkiTxvels vurCevdiT platis (Platt 1981)
statiebs, sadac is dokumentebis xelmisawvdomobis, auTenturobisa da
SerCevis problemebze, daskvnasa da interpretaciaze saubrobs.
Sefaseba
vinaidan istoriuli kvlevis sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi monacemebisa
da informaciis did nawils Canawerebidan da dokumentebidan iReben,
aucilebelia maTi guldasmiT Sefaseba, raTa dadgindes maTi Rirebuleba
mocemuli
kvlevisTvis.
istoriuli
monacemebisa
da
informaciis
Sefasebas xSirad istoriul kritikas uwodeben, xolo am gziT miRebul

sando
masalas
mtkicebulebas
istoriul
warmoadgens
mtkicebulebas.
dasabuTebuli
maSasadame,
faqtebisa
da
istoriul
informaciis
erToblioba, romelic ndobis Rirsad SeiZleba, iqnas miCneuli, rogorc

hipoTezebis
Semowmebisa
da
interpretaciis
validuri
safuZveli.
istoriuli kritika, rogorc wesi, or etapad xorcieldeba: pirveli,

fasdeba wyaros auTenturoba da meore, fasdeba, ramdenad Rirebulia
monacemi sizustis TvalsazrisiT. es ori procesi cnobilia, rogorc
garegani
da
Sinagani
kritika
da
vinaidan
TiToeuli
Sefasebis
problemebs Seexeba, Semdgom ganxilvas imsaxurebs.
garegani kritika
garegan
kritikas
monacemebis
auTenturobis
dadgena
ainteresebs.
Sesabamisad, Tavad dokumentzea (an sxva wyaroze) mimarTuli da ara _

masSi gadmocemul Sinaarsze; monacemebis formis analizze da ara _ maT
interpretaciaze an mocemul kvlevasTan mimarTebiT maT mniSvnelobaze.
amgvarad,
is
gayalbebis,
falsifikaciis,
sicruis,
gamonagonis
an
damaxinjebis gamovlenas cdilobs. am miznisTvis, dokumentis asakis an

avtoris
dadgena,
SeiZleba,
moicavdes
iseTi
faqtorebis
Semowmebas,
rogoricaa xelmowera, xelwera, kaligrafia, tipi, stili, marTlwera da

geografiuli dasaxelebebi. amasTanave, xelmisawvdomi iyo Tu ara masSi
gadmocemuli codna im droisTvis da Seesatyviseba Tu ara am avtoris an
470
periodis
Sesaxeb
sxva
wyaroebidan
miRebul
codnas.
fizikuri
faqtorebis iseTma daxvewilma da ufro detalurma analizmac SeiZleba,

daasabuTos an uaryos dokumentis auTenturoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
melnis, qaRaldis, pergamentis, qsovilis da sxva masalebis fizikuri da
qimiuri
analizi.
istoriaSi
naklebad
momuSave
mosalodnelia,
mkvlevrebi
met
rom
ganaTlebis
mizanmimarTul
sferos
falsifikacias
waawydebian, vidre, vTqvaT, politikuri an socialuri sferos mkvlevrebi,

Tumca,
SeiZleba,
korespondencia
da
aRmoCndes,
rom
avtobiografiebi
oficialuri
erTi
adamianis
momzadebuli iyos, mopovebuli masala ki
dokumentebi,
dawerili
an
sxvis mier Cawerili da
xelmowerili.
Sinagani kritika
dokumentis auTenturobis dadgenis Semdeg mkvlevris Semdegi amocana
im
monacemebis
sizustisa
da
Rirebulebis
Sefasebaa,
romelsac
es
dokumenti Seicavs. SeiZleba isini namdvili iyos, magram uciloblad ar

asaxavdes
simarTlesTan
miaxloebul,
realur
suraTs.
monacemebis
mniSvnelobisa da sandoobis dadgenisas mkvlevrebi gacilebiT rTuli

problemis winaSe dganan, vidre _ garegani kritikis etapze, vinaidan maT
unda
daadginon,
SeiZleba
Tu
ara
vendoT
dokumentebis
avtors.
traversi (1969) asaxelebs im maxasiaTeblebs, romelTac, Cveulebisamebr,

ganixilaven avtorebis Sefasebisas. movlenis gawafuli, Tu gamoucdeli
damkvirveblebi
iyvnen
isini?
kompetenturni?
ramdenad
pativmoyvareobis
zemoqmedebis
gamoetovebinaT
faqtebi?
Semdgenlebi?
ramdenad
sxva
sityvebiT,
imyofebodnen
qveS,
ras
gawafulni
rom,
SiSis
vTqvaT,
isaxavdnen
iyvnen
ramdenad
am
an
iyvnen
sakuTari
daemaxinjebinaT
miznad
an
dokumentebis
konkretuli
movlenebis
CaweraSi? hqondaT Tu ara avtorebs iseTi Cvevebi, romelTac SeiZleba

gavlena moexdinaT Canawerebis sizusteze?
ganwyobili
realobisadmi
Tu
zedmeti
Zalian antagonisturad iyvnen

simpaTiiT
ganmsWvaluli?
movlenidan ra drois gasvlis Semdeg gaakeTes Canawerebi? SeeZloT Tu
471
ara zustad gaexsenebinaT momxdari? da bolos, Tanxmdebian Tu ara isini

sxva damoukidebel mowmeebTan?
ganaTlebis sferos istoriaSi mravali dokumenti neitraluria Tavisi
bunebiT,
Tumca
damkvirveblis
zemoT
dasaxelebuli
maxasiaTeblebis
gamo, SesaZlebelia, rom zogierTi maTgani mcdari iyos. traversis (1969)

mier dasmuli kiTxvebidan momdinare konkretuli problema mikerZoebas
Seexeba. is gansakuTrebiT mwvavdeba cxovrebis istoriebis Seswavlisas.
rogorc plameri (1983) gvaxsenebs, aq mTavari sazrunavia mikerZoebis
SesaZlo wyaroebis minimumamde dayvana da maTi Seswavla, rac mkvlevars
Tavidan
aaridebs,
ipovos,
rac
surs.
aseve,
mkvlevrebi,
zogadad,
mikerZoebis sam wyaros asaxeleben: wyaroebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba im

subieqts, visi interviuirebac xdeba, Tavad
mkvlevrebs da subieqtisa da
mkvlevris urTierTqmedebas (Travers 1969).
kvlevis angariSis dawera

mas
Semdeg,
kritikas
rac
monacemebi
auTenturobis
da
Segrovda
Sinagan
da
dauqvemdebarda
kritikas
sizustis
garegan
dasadgenad,
mkvlevari dgeba amocanis winaSe, Tavi mouyaros da axsnas is movlenebi,

romelsac
sakvlevi
problema
moicavs.
es
etapi
cnobilia,
rogorc
sinTezis procesi. es, albaT, istoriuli kvlevis yvelaze rTuli etapia

da mniSvnelovan warmosaxvasa da gamomgoneblobas moiTxovs. Sedegad
miRebuli paterni hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad gamoiyeneba.
saboloo angariSis werac bevrs iTxovs _ kreatiulobas da obieqturi
da sistemuri analizis maRal standartebs.
besti
(1970)
im
problemebis
CamonaTvals
iZleva,
romlebic
studentebis mier daweril sxvadasxva saxis istoriul kvleviT proeqtSi

iCens Tavs. maT Sorisaa:
problema Zalian farTod aris gansazRvruli;
advilad sapovneli meoradi wyaroebis gamoyenebis tendencia rTulad

mosaZiebeli, magram, rogorc wesi, ufro sando, kvlevisTvis sruliad
sakmarisi pirveladi wyaroebis nacvlad;
472
monacemebis
araadekvaturi
auTenturobis
magaliTad,
da
istoriuli
monacemebis
xSiria
kritika,
sandoobis
tendencia,
rac
wyaroebis
daudgenlobis
rodesac
ramdenime
Sedegia;
damkvirvebeli
eTanxmeba erTmaneTs da debulebas miiCnevs uciloblad WeSmaritad.

arsebobs albaToba, rom erTi maTgani gavlenas axdendes danarCenebze,
an
yvela
maTgani
informaciis
arazusti
wyaros
gavlenis
qveS
eqceodes.
susti logikuri analizi, romelsac SeiZleba iwvevdes:

zedmetad gamartiveba, rodesac ver xerxdeba gacnobiereba, rom
movlenebis mizezi, ufro xSirad, bevri da rTulia da ara _
erTi da martivi;
zegeneralizacia arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze da
mcdari analogiiT daskvna, situaciebis zedapirul msgavsebebze
dafuZnebiT;
adreul
periodSi
xmarebuli
sityvebisa
da
gamoTqmebis
mniSvnelobebis auxsneloba;
situaciaSi
mniSvnelovani
da
umniSvnelo,
an
naklebad
mniSvnelovani faqtebis erTmaneTisgan ganusxvavebloba.
piradi
mikerZoeba,
gamoxatuli
konteqstidan
win
wamoweul
iseT
debulebebSi, romlebic miznad isaxavs darwmunebas da pirovnebisadmi

an
ideisadmi
mtrulad
zedmetad
ganwyobili
sulgrZeli
da
da
kritikuli)
arakritikuli
damokidebulebis
(an
Zalze
daSvebas,
warsuliT moWarbebul aRtacebas (xandaxan amas Zveli muxis kalaTis

iluziasac uwodeben). mikerZoebaa ararealisturi aRtacebac axliT, an
TanamedroveobiT,
roca
yvela
cvlileba
progresis
momaswaveblad
miCneva.
naSromis wardgenis stili, romelic SeiZleba mosawyeni da uferuli

iyos, Zalian maRalfardovani an zedapiruli, zedmetad damajereblad
mowodebuli
gamouyenebeli.
an,
piriqiT,
naucbaTevad
dawerili
da
saTanadod
473
borgi da gali (1979: 400) CamoTvlian istoriuli kvlevis warmoebisas

SesaZlebel Secdomebs:
iseTi
Temebis
SerCeva,
romlisTvisac
istoriuli
wyaroebi
arasakmarisia, xelmiuwvdomelia an ar arsebobs;
zedmetad dayrdnoba meorad wyaroebze;
marcxi istoriuli wyaroebis Sinagani an garegani validobis/kritikis

Semowmebisas;
mouqneloba da wyaroebis gamoyenebisas mkvlevris seleqciuroba da

mikerZoeba;
cnebebis gadmotana sxva disciplinebidan;
mizez-Sedegobriobis
da
erTi
mizezis
arsebobis
Sesaxeb
aralegitimuri daskvnebis gakeTeba;
monacemebis misaReb farglebs miRma ganzogadeba;
faqtebis CamoTvla saTanado Temebad gaerTianebis gareSe.

garda amisa, saTerlendi (Satherland 1969) iZleva ori gavrcelebuli
Secdomis brwyinvale ilustracias, romelsac ganaTlebis istorikosebi

uSveben
xolme.
pirvelia
awmyoSi
mimdinare
movlenebis
warsulze
proecireba, rasac damaxinjebamde mivyavarT da meore, vakuumSi aRwera,

rodesac
ver
xerxdeba
ganaTlebis
sistemasa
da
sazogadoebriv
struqturas Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Cveneba.

SedarebiT pozitiur notaze rom davasruloT, mouli (Mouly 1978)
istoriuli kvlevis Sefasebis xuT ZiriTad kriteriums gamoyofs:
problema: gasagebad aris problema gansazRvruli? sakmaod Znelia

istoriuli kvlevis saTanadod warmoeba, Tu mas bundovnad mocemuli
problemiT gamowveuli dabneuloba emateba. SesaZlebelia problemis
gadaWra? Sedis es mkvlevris kompetenciaSi?
monacemebi:
xelmisawvdomia
problemis
gadasaWrelad
saWiro
sakmarisad sruli pirveladi monacemebi, Tu metismetad aris kvleva

damokidebuli meorad an gadaumowmebel wyaroebze?
474
analizi: adekvaturad dadginda monacemebis sandooba? adekvaturad

aris Seswavlili monacemebis relevanturoba?
interpretacia: Cans, rom avtori adekvaturad flobs Tavis monacemebs

da kargad esmis maTi fardobiTi mniSvnelovneba? avlens is adekvatur
istoriul
xedvas?
tendenciurobis
inarCunebs
saSualebas
obieqturobas
mtkicebulebis
Tu
piradi
dazianeba
aZlevs?
damajerebelad da adekvaturad aqvs Semowmebuli hipoTezebi? mTliani

situaciis
sakmarisad
farTo
xedvis
kuTxe
aqvs
aRebuli?
xedavs
sakuTar monacemebsa da sxva istoriul faqtebs Soris urTierTobas?
wardgena:
weris
mocemulia
stili
siaxle
interpretaciebis
mimzidveli
da
informatiulia?
axalaRmoCenili
saxiT,
Tu
monacemebis
is
naSromSi
an
ubralod
axali
mosawyeni,
arakeTilsindisierad Sesrulebuli samuSaoa? mecnierulia naSromi?
raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba

istoriuli
kvlevis
udidesi
nawili
Tvisebrivia
Tavisi
bunebiT,
vinaidan misi Sesatyvisi Temebi, umeteswilad, verbaluri da sxva saxis

simboluri masalisgan Sedgeba, romelic sazogadoebis an kulturis
warsulidan
momdinareobs.
ZiriTad
unarebs,
romelic
am
sferoSi
momuSave mkvlevars mocemuli saxis Tvisebrivi an simboluri masalis

analizis procesSi moeTxoveba, Segroveba, klasificireba, mowesrigeba,
sinTezireba, Sefaseba da interpretireba warmoadgens. yvela am aqts
safuZvlad
myari
pirovnuli
msjeloba
SedarebiT
axlo
warsulSi,
istoriuli
raodenobrivi
meTodebis
gamoyeneba
da
daskvnebi
problemebis
scades
udevs.
Tumca,
gadasaWrelad
(Travers 1969).
istoriuli
kvlevisTvis am meTodebidan yvelaze relevanturi kontent analizia,

romlis
ZiriTadi
mizani
verbaluri,
araraodenobrivi
dokumentis
raodenobriv monacemebad gardaqmnaa (Bailey 1978). kontent analizs ufro

detalurad
23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
Tavad
analizi
kontent
ganisazRvreba,
rogorc
mravalmiznobrivi
kvlevis meTodi, romelic specialurad Seiqmna iseTi problemebis farTo
475
speqtris
sakvlevad,
sadac
komunikaciis
Sinaarsis
mixedviT
keTdeba
daskvna, sityvebis daTvlidan dawyebuli, kategorizaciiT damTavrebuli.

kontent analizi frTxilad udgeba saTanado kategoriebisa da analizis
erTeulebis
gamoyofas,
romlidanac
TiToeulSi
gasaanalizebeli
dokumentis buneba da kvlevis mizani aisaxeba. rogorc wesi, kategoriebi

dokumentis winaswari daTvalierebisa da Seswavlis Semdeg ganisazRvreba
da Sinaarsis ZiriTad sferoebs moicavs.
Cven
martivad
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
Tu
rogor
gamoiyeneba
kontent
analizi ganaTlebis sferoSi istoriuli kvlevis zogierTi aspeqtis

Seswavlisas. magaliTad, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia saganmanaTleblo
dokumentebis analizSi. dokumentis Sinaarsis garkvevisa da garCevis
garda, meTodi naTels mohfens komunikaciis wyaros, mis avtors da mis
nagulisxmev
adresatebsac,
anu
maT,
visTvisac
Seiqmna
mocemuli
dokumenti. garda amisa, am tipis analizi mets gvetyvis, magaliTad,

socialuri
konteqstis,
faqtorebis
da
gamokveTili
politikuri
an
faqtorebis
uyuradRebod
gavlenis
datovebuli
Sesaxeb.
aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom kontent analizma SedarebiTi, an kros-kulturuli

kvlevebis safuZveli SeiZleba Seqmnas. kidev erTi gamoyeneba, uaxlesi
istoriis sxvadasxva momentSi saxelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarsis Seswavla
iqneboda,
rogorc,
vTqvaT,
kulturuli
gansxvavebebis,
kulturuli
centris an kulturuli cvlilebis Cvenebis saSualeba. holstim (Holsti

1968) Camoayaliba kontent analizis miznebi:
komunikaciis Sinaarsis tendenciebis aRwera;
wyaroebis cnobili maxasiaTeblebis
misadageba maT mier Seqmnili
teqstebisadmi;
komunikaciis Sinaarsis standartebis mixedviT Semowmeba;
darwmunebis teqnikebis gaanalizeba;
stilis gaanalizeba;
auditoriis
teqstebisadmi;
cnobili
Tvisebebis
misadageba
maTTvis
Seqmnili
476
komunikaciis paternebis aRwera.

istoriul konteqstSi kontent analizis gamoyenebis sxvadasxvagvari
magaliTebi SeiZleba naxoT Semdeg avtorebTan: Tomasi da znanieCki (1918)3

da bredbarni da berlou (1961). istoriul garemoSi kontent analizis
kidev erTi magaliTia maklelandisa da misi kolegebis (1953) kvleva,
romelic
sazogadoebis
konkretuli
wevrebis
sakvlevi
urTierTmimarTebas
raodenobrivi
sazogadoebis
Seexeboda.
meTodebis
miRwevis,
da
moTxovnilebisa
ekonomikuri
zrdis
istoriul
kvlevaSi
bolos,
gamoyenebis
ufro
da
detaluri
da
teqnikuri
ganxilvisTvis mkiTxvels floidis (Floud 1979) naSromis gacnobas vurCevT,

romelic istoriuli monacemebis klasificirebasa da mowesrigebas da
elementaruli aRweriTi statistikis mimoxilvas eZRvneba.
cxovrebis istoriebi
Tomasisa
da
znanieCkis
monumenturi
kvleva
poloneli
glexoba
evropasa da amerikaSi (1918), romelic am qveTavis Sesavlad gamodgeba,

cxovrebis
pirvel
sociologiur
istoriad
iTvleba,
vinaidan
masSi
detalurad aris aRwerili da axsnili vladek visnevskis cxovreba da

droeba.
plameris
(1983)
mixedviT,
cxovrebis
istoria
xSirad
erTi
pirovnebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb misive sityvebiT dawerili erTi mTliani

wignia. plameri aRniSnavs, rom xSirad masalebi aseTi wignisTvis wlebis
manZilze
grovdeba
da
ikribeba,
mkvlevari
frTxilad,
msubuqad
warmarTavs subieqts, waaxalisebs mas, rom daweros, an firze Caiweros

sakuTari
cxovrebis
epizodebi.
sakmaod
xSirad
am
masalebs
zurgs
umagrebs subieqtis cxovrebaze intensiuri dakvirveba, interviuebi mis

nacnob-megobrebTan
da
Sesatyvisi
dokumentebisa
da
werilebis,
dRiurebisa da fotosuraTebis detaluri Seswavla. cxovrebis istoria,

praqtikulad, interaqciuli da TanamSromlobiTi teqnikaa, romelSic
mkvlevari uSualod aris CarTuli (Plummer 1983).
Sexedulebebis axsnebi da interpretaciebi mniSvnelovani da droulia
sxvadasxvagvar
saganmanaTleblo
garemoSi,4
vinaidan
isini
iZlevian
477
Rirebul wvdomas im gzebis bunebaSi, romliTac ganaTlebis sferoSi

dasaqmebuli personali maT samuSao garemoSi arsebul SezRudvebsa da
pirobebs
egueba.
Sorsmimavali
gudsoni
wvlilis
amtkicebs,
Setana
rom
SeuZlia
cxovrebis
pirad
istoriebs
usiamovnebebsa
da
sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs Soris kavSiris gagebis problemaSi _ amocana,

romelic sociologiuri kvlevis SuagulSia dabudebuli. is ambobs, rom
mis mniSvnelobas saukeTesod adasturebs is faqti, rom maswavleblebi
yovelTvis sakuTari iniciativiT iyeneben cxovrebis istoriebs klasSi
mimdinare movlenebis asaxsnelad (Goodson 1983).
mileri (1999) aCvenebs, rom biografiuli kvleva socialuri aqtivobis
konceptualizaciis Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gzaa. is analizisadmi sam
ZiriTad midgomas asaxelebs, esenia:
realisti
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli
Teoriis
teqnikebzea
orientirebuli;
neopozitivisti ufro metad struqturirebul intervius iyenebs;
mTxrobeli cxovrebis istoriebis aqtiurad asagebad interviuersa da

respondents Soris urTierTqmedebas iyenebs.
denzini (1999) Tvlis, rom biografiuli kvlevis meTodebis ramdenime
varianti arsebobs, maT Sorisaa:
biografia;
avtobiografia;
ambavi;
diskursi;
Txroba;
piradi istoria;
zepiri istoria;
SemTxvevis istoria;
cxovrebis istoria;
piradi gamocdileba;
478
SemTxvevvis Seswavla.
am sakiTxs koneli da klandininic (Connelly and Clandinin 1999) ganixilaven
da naratiuli kvlevisadmi ramdenime midgomas asaxeleben:
zepiri istoria;
ambebi;
memuarebi da qronikebi;
fotosuraTebi;
samaxsovro yuTebi;
interviuebi;
Jurnalebi;
avtobiografia;
werilebi;
saubrebi;
dokumentebi.
konkretuli
kvlevis
proeqtisadmi
cxovrebis
istoriis
teqnikis
Sesabamisobis garkvevisas da drois yovelTvis arsebuli SezRudvebis

pirobebSi, gamosadegia cxovrebiseuli istoriebis gansxvaveba tipisa da
warmodgenis stilis mixedviT. orive faqtori kvlevis masStabidan da
ganxorcielebadobidan gamomdinareobs. 8. 2 CanarTSi mocemulia hiCkokisa
da hagisis (1989) mier SemoTavazebuli sqema. mkiTxvels SeiZleba surdes
8. 2 CanarTSi mocemuli istoriis warmodgenis tipebisa da stilebis
aRweris
gamoyeneba,
raTa
Seafasos
is
gansxvavebuli
moTxovnebi,
romlebic mkvlevris winaSe dgeba monacemebis mogrovebisas, analizisa

da warmodgenisas. retrospeqciuli iqneba Tu Tanamedrove, cxovrebis
istoriis kvleva xuT farTo process moicavs. plameri (1983) gamoyofs da
aRwers maT.
CanarTi 8. 2
cxovrebis istoriebis tipologia da maTi wardgenis stili
479
tipebi
retrospeqciuli cxovrebis istoria
warsulis movlenebis rekonstruqcia samizne individis awmyo grZnobebiTa da
interpretaciebiT.
Tanamedrove cxovrebis istoria

individis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amJamindeli aRwera.
wardgenis stili
naturalisturi
pirvel
pirSi
individis
moyolili
sityvebiT
aris
cxovrebis
gadmocemuli
istoria,
da
Tan
romelSic
axlavs
ambavi
mkvlevris
samizne
mokle
Sesavali, komentarebi da daskvna.
Tematurad redaqtirebuli
samizne individis sityvebi xeluxleblad aris gadmocemuli, magram maT
mkvlevari gadmoscems Temebis, sakiTxebis an saTaurebis saxiT, xSirad Tavebad
dayofils.
interpretirebuli da redaqtirebuli
misi
samizne
individis
cxovrebis
istoriis
gadmocemisas,
romelsac
mkvlevari Tavisi poziciidan da Tavisi versiiT gadmocems, aSkarad SesamCnevia

misi
gavlena.
mkvlevari
warmogvidgens
gafiltrul,
gasufTavebul,
redaqtirebul da interpretirebul istorias.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Hitchcock and Hughes 1989
momzadeba
aq Sedis saTanado Temis da kvlevis teqnikis arCeva. am etapze unda
daisvas kiTxvebi: pirveli, vin unda iyos Seswavlis obieqti? _ cnobili
adamiani, Cveulebrivi rigiTi adamiani, moxalise, SerCeuli, iZulebiT
moyvanili? meore,
ra qmnis karg informants? plameri (1983) yuradRebas
iseT ZiriTad faqtorebze amaxvilebs, rogoricaa adgilze SeRwevadoba

da dro, potenciuri informantis mier sakuTari konkretuli kulturuli
viTarebis codna. karg informants SeuZlia da mzad aris mkvlevarTan
mWidro,
axlo
simpaTiebi
da
urTierTobebis
dasamyareblad.
urTierTpativiscema
cxovrebis
aqsiomaa,
rom
istoriis
zogadi
proeqtis
480
ganxorcielebisa da warmatebis winapirobaa. mesame,
ra moTxovnebi unda
dakmayofildes kvlevis adreul etapebze? mkvlevarma Tavisi motivaciebi

gasagebad unda auxsnas kvlevis momaval subieqts. aseve, dasawyisSive
unda gairkves subieqtis mier gaweuli samsaxuris anazRaurebis sakiTxi.
anonimurobis sakiTxic unda mogvardes; kvlevis sxva meTodologiebisgan
gansxvavebiT, cxovrebis istoriebi Zalian piradul detalebs (saxelebs,
adgilebs, movlenebs) amJRavnebs da arasakmarisad faravs monawileebs
cnobismoyvare
subieqtTan,
intervius
Tvalisgan.
aseve,
proeqtis
ganixileba
situaciebis
adreul
cxovrebis
organizaciuli
stadiebze
istoriis
mxare
da
kvlevis
kvlevis
buneba,
monacemebis
Caweris
formebi.
cxovrebis
mkvlevris
istoriis
mier
warmatebisTvis
interviuirebis
centraluri mniSvneloba
sxvadasxvagvari
teqnikis
aqvs
gamoyenebis
unars (aseve, ixileT Tavi 16). situaciidan gamomdinare, intervius tipi

SeiZleba, icvlebodes. SedarebiT struqturirebuli interviu, romelic
kvlevis dasawyisSi zogadi gzamkvlevis funqcias asrulebs, SeiZleba,
iqces
araformalur,
arastruqturirebul
interviud,
romelic
konsultirebisadmi karl rojersiseul (1945) aradireqtiul midgomas

mogvagonebs.
am
ukanasknelis
SemTxvevaSi
plameri
(1083)
yuradRebas
amaxvilebs interviueri-mkvlevris mxridan empaTiisa da upirobo siTbos

gamovlenis
mniSvnelovnebaze.
interviuirebis
mesame
strategiaa
monawilis dakvirvebisa (ixileT Tavi 18) da konkretul Temaze saubris

zomieri narevi, rasac Tan axlavs CaniSvnebis gakeTeba.
monacemebis Senaxva
Cveulebrisamebr, cxovrebis istoriis kvlevaSi uzarmazari moculobis
monacemebi grovdeba. mkvlevarma winaswar unda gadawyvitos,
ara audioCanawerebs, gansazRvros, rogor, ra da rodis
rogor, ras da rodis gaukeTos redaqtireba,
akeTebs Tu
gaSifros,
SeimuSaos kodirebisa
da cxrilebis sistema, Tu surs, rom bolos Tavze ar eyaros da Tavad
481
ar ikargebodes sakuTar masalaSi. mkiTxvels vurCevT meSvide TavSi

mocemuli msjelobis gadaxedvasa da fidleris (Fiedler 1978) naSromis
gacnobas, romelSic vrclad aris aRwerili bunebriv garemoSi savele
kvlevebisTvis Sesatyvisi meTodebi.
monacemebis analizi
cxovrebis istoriis meTodologiiT Seqmnili
sami
ZiriTadi
sakiTxi
udevs
monacemebis xarisxs
safuZvlad.
es
sakiTxebi
reprezentaciulobas, sandoobasa da validobas Seexeba (aseve, ixileT

Tavebi 4 da 6). plameri (1983) yuradRebas uTmobs cxovrebis istoriis
kvlevis xSir kritikas, kerZod, imas, rom misi SemTxvevebi atipuri ufroa,
vidre _ reprezentaciuli. am braldebisTvis Tavis asarideblad, is
mouwodebs
mkvlevrebs,
vinc
am
meTodiT
apireben
muSaobas,
rom
daamuSaon da gasagebad axsnan cxovrebis istoriis mimarTeba farTo

populaciasTan
(Plummer
1983)
subieqtis
reprezentaciuloba-
arareprezentaciulobis kontinuumze ganTavsebiT.

cxovrebis
istoriis
kvlevis
sandooba
mikerZoebulobis
wyaroebis
identifikaciasa da maTi Semcirebis teqnikis gamoyenebazea damokidebuli.

mikerZoeba
momdinareobs
informantisgan,
mkvlevrisgan
da
Tavad
urTierTqmedebidan: ixileT 8. 2 CanarTi. validobis Semowmebis ramdenime

saSualeba arsebobs. plameri (1983) asaxelebs Semdegs:
saboloo produqtis wakiTxvis Semdeg is SeiZleba, Tavad cxovrebis

istoriis subieqtma gaakritikos;
ZiriTadi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis punqtebis dasadgenad SeiZleba,

ramdenime msgavsi werilobiTi wyaro Sedardes erTmaneTs;
cxovrebis
istoriis
sizustis
Sesamowmeblad
miRebuli monacemebi
SeiZleba, oficialur Canawerebs Sedardes;
Sedareba, SeiZleba,sxva informantebis interviuirebiT ganxorcieldes.

arsebiTad, cxovrebis
istoriis
validoba
informantis
subieqturi
realobis, sxva sityvebiT, situaciis miseuli xedvis, warmoCenis unarSi
482
mdgomareobs.
detaluri
piradi
angariSebi
da
cxovrebis
istoriebi
SeiZleba, Tematurad dalagdes (magaliTad, Tomasisa da znanieCkis (1918)

naSromi).
sinamdvileSi
biografiebis
da
avtobiografiebis
gamoyeneba,
mogonili aRwerebi an sagazeTo Jurnalistika badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra

iTvleba
kvlevis
umjobesia
legitimur
cnebebisTvis
da
monacemebad.
aseTi
konteqstebisTvis
angariSebi,
yuradRebis
albaT,
misapyrobad
gamoviyenoT da ara _ kvlevis ZiriTad monacemebad. sakiTxi sandoobasa

da validobas exeba. am Temebs vexebiT qvemoT da meeqvse TavSi.
plameri
(1983)
sam
mimarTulebas
usaxavs
mkvlevars,
romelic
cxovrebiseuli istoriis daweras apirebs. pirveli, mkvlevars naTlad

unda hqondes warmodgenili, Tu visTvis wers da risi miRweva unda
naSromiT; SemTxvevis istoriis aRweras isaxavs miznad, Tu SemTxvevis
Seswavlas;
yveba
Tu imitom, rom SemTxvevis istoria ubralod karg ambavs
(Plummer 1983).
amis
sapirispirod,
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
pirad
dokumentebs ufro farTo Teoriuli miznebisTvis iyenebs, rogoricaa

Teoriis
Semowmeba
da/an
Seqmna.
meore,
cxovrebis
istoriis
miznis
dadgenis Semdeg, mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, ramdenad Rrmad unda

Caerios
mopovebul
redaqtirebiT,
monacemebSi.
ise,
Careva
interpretirebiT.
an
SeWra
xdeba
redaqtirebis
rogorc
(amoWra,
Tanmimdevrobis dalageba, saxelebis, adgilebis Secvla da a. S.) gareSe

TiTqmis warmoudgenelia nebismieri cxovrebis istoriis kvleva. plameris
perifrazireba
sityvebis
rom
aRebas,
movaxdinoT,
maT
Signidan
redaqtireba
gulisxmobs
danaxvas
ukuRma
da
subieqtis
gadmobrunebas
struqturirebuli da Tanmimdevruli debulebebis saxiT, romlSic alagalag
gamoyenebulia
subieqtis
da
Tavad
mkvlevris
sityvebi,
magram
teqsti mTliand auTenturi rCeba. mesame, vinaidan cxovrebis istoria

weris
meqanikur
plameri
processac
aRniSnavs,
rom
moicavs,
wera
regularulad
yoveldRiurad
weras
moiTxovs.
monaxazebis
gakeTebas,
483
gadasinjvasa
da
xelaxla
moxazvas
moiTxovs.
cxovrebis
istoriis
meTodologiisa da kvlevis Sesaxeb ixileT evetsis naSromi (Evetts 1991).
dokumenturi kvleva
kvlevaSi
monacemebis
uamravi
dokumenturi
wyaro
arsebobs
da,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es exmareba mkvlevars, maT gamoyenebas mTeli rigi

sakiTxebis
ganxilva
axlavs
Tan.
magaliTad,
zogierTi
socialuri
samyaro, kultura da movlena wignieria anu mravlad aris dokumentebi

da isini monawileebis yofiTi samyaros nawilia, zogierTi kultura ki
naklebad aris aseTi. es dokumentebis statusze moqmedebs. garda amisa,
zogierTi
Seqmnili,
dokumenti
Tumca
dawerilia
umravlesoba
da
sxva
ara.
umravlesoba
garkveuli
SeiZleba
an
ara.
zogierTi
mkvlevrebisTvisaa
faqtiurad,
miznisTvis,
mkvlevrisTvis
mizanmimarTulad
kvlevisTvis,
rac
mkvlevris
magram,
umravlesoba
auditoriisTvis
maTi
kvlevisTvis
maTgani
gankuTvnili,
dokumentebis
gegmisTvis,
iyos
sandoobisa
da
da
isev,
daiwera
ara
validobis
sakiTxebs ayenebs. dokumentebi gamosadegia Sesaswavli fenomenis ufro

TvalsaCinod warmodgenisTvis (Prior 2003: 87). Tumca, isini imave droSi
gamovlenil mTel rig sxva faqtorebTan erTad unda iqnas Seswavlili.
priori
(2003:
173)
operis
mosawyeni
libretos
analogias
iSveliebs,
romelic calke ki ar unda waikiTxos adamianma, aramed moqmedebis,

dramis, musikisa da warmodgenis mTlian konteqstSi unda aRiqvas. is
Tavsatexis
mxolod
erTi
nawilia
http://www.routledge.com/textooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 8, faili 8. 1. ppt).

dokumentebs mravalgvari forma aqvs, maT Soris, magaliTad:
savele Canawerebi;
dRiurebi da Jurnalebi;
Canawerebi;
biografiebi;
avtobiografiebi;
(ixileT
484
oficialuri Canawerebi;
drois cxrilebi/ganrigebi;
teqnikuri dokumentebi;
Sexvedris Canawerebi;
moswavleebis naSromebis nimuSebi;
samaxsovroebi da eleqtronuli mimowera;
safosto mimowera;
gegmebi;
pamfletebi da reklamebi;
cnobarebi da maCveneblebi;
arqivebi;
ambebi;
memuarebi da qronikebi;
fotosuraTebi da artefaqtebi;
saubrebi da warmoTqmuli sityvebi;
policiis dokumentebi;
pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;
sagazeTo statiebi;
wignebi da statiebi;
sajaro Canawerebi.
es mxolod sawyisi CamonaTvalia. SegiZliaT naxoT, rom werilobiTi
wyaro wamyvania dokumentur kvlevaSi.

dokumentebis analizi ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris mimzidveli (Bailey
1994: 294 6). is mkvlevars, istoriuli kvlevis msgavsad, miuwvdomeli
pirovnebebis an Temebis wvdomis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. garda amisa,
aramonawilis an arapirdapiri dakvirvebis msgavsad, mcirea an saerTod
ar aris reaqtiuloba dokumentis avtoris mxridan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
dokumentis Sedgena ar iyo kvlevisTvis gamiznuli. dokumenturi kvleva
droSi ganmeorebadi analizisTvisac gamosadegia, vinaidan man SeiZleba
485
aCvenos, rogor viTardeba situaciebi droTa ganmavlobaSi. zogierTi

dokumenti
didi
moculobis
SerCevas
wvdeba
(magaliTad,
dabadebis,
qorwinebis da sikvdilis registracia, mosaxleobis aRwerebi, gazeTebSi

gamoqveynebuli nekrologebi da a. S.). dokumentebi SeiZleba dawerili
iyos
cocxlad
arsebuli
da
situaciis
adgilze,
SeiZleba
asaxavdes
weris
dinamikas.
zogierTi
dokumenti,
momentSi
gansakuTrebiT,
piradi (magaliTad, werilebi da dRiurebi), SeiZleba pirad detalebsa da

grZnobebs asaxavdes (aRsarebebs: Baily 1994: 296), romelic sxva gziT ar
gamomJRavndeboda.
Tu
dokumentebi
centralur
adgilas
inaxeba,
magaliTad, biblioTekaSi, koleqciaSi an arqivSi, SesaZlebelia, droisa

da fulis dazogva. da bolos, bevri dokumenti SeiZleba gawafuli
profesionalebis mier iyos dawerili da ufro Rirebul informacias
Seicavdes, vidre _ SedarebiT arainformirebuli moyvarulis Sedgenili
dokumentebi.
meore mxriv, dokumentebs sirTuleebi axlavs Tan (Baily 1994: 296 8).
isini
SeiZleba
uaRresad
mikerZoebuli
da
SerCeviTi
iyos,
vinaidan
kvlevisTvis ki ar iyo gankuTvnili, aramed sul sxva mizniT, sxva

auditoriisTvis da sxva konteqstSi daiwera. isini Tavad SeiZleba iyos
movlenebis interpretacia da ara _ obieqturi angariSi. faqtiurad,
cveTa da SerCeviTi gadarCena, avtoriseul seleqciur interpetaciasTan
erTad,
SeiZleba
Sesaswavli
situaciis
arasrul
Canawers
qmnides.
zogierTi dokumenti SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram mkvlevars maTze ar

miuwvdebodes xeli, amitom SezRuduli iyos maTi Seswavla. rodesac
dokumentebi arsebobs, isini imdenad mravalferovani formiT SeiZleba
iyos
mocemuli,
rom
standartuli
analitikuri
formis
gamoyeneba
SeuZlebeli gaxdes (magaliTisTvis ixileT kontent analizi, romelic

23-e TavSia ganxiluli). garda amisa, dokumentebi sakuTar konteqstSi
unda
iqnas
Seswavlili,
raTa
gasagebi
gaxdes
maTi
imdroindeli
mniSvneloba. amis gasagebad martivi magaliTic sakmarisia: asi girvanqa

sterlingi dRes SeiZleba mcire Tanxad gveCvenebodes, magram rodesac
486
dokumenti daiwera, vTqvaT, 200 wlis win, es 100 girvanqa sterlingi didi
fuli iqneboda.
dokumenturi
saSinlad
kvlevis
grZeli
dawyebamde
kiTxvebis
CamonaTvalia
amomwuravi
da,
pasuxgasacemi
albaT,
(ixileT
dokumentis konteqsti
ra dokumentia?
saidan movida?
rodis daiwera?
ra saxis dokumentia?
ras Seexeba?
raze fokusirdeba?
ra Tavdapirveli ganzraxvebi da miznebi (Ria da/an faruli) hqonda

dokuments?
ratom da risTvis daiwera?
ra politikuri da socialuri konteqsti hqonda dokuments?
ra mosalodneli Sedegebi hqonda dokuments?
rogor gamoiyenes/apirebdnen gamoyenebas?
realurad rogor gamoiyenes?
ra efeqtebi/Sedegebi hqonda dokuments?
ra funqcia Seasrula dokumentma sakvlev fenomenSi an situaciaSi?
sxva romel dokumentebs eyrdnoboda, an sxva ra dokumentebi

gamoiyenes Sesaswavl dokumentTan erTad?
ra gegmaSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli mocemuli dokumenti?
vin iyo dokumentis Tavdapirveli savaraudo auditoria?
ra statusi hqonda da aqvs dokuments?
Tavdapirvelad ra konteqsti hqonda dokuments?
ra stiliT da toniT aris Sesrulebuli dokumenti?
487
ras moicavs da ras gamoricxavs dokumenti?
ras gulisxmobs dokumentis avtori (avtorebi) TavisTavad arsebulad

mkiTxvelSi (mkiTxvelebSi)?
dokumentis avtori
vin dawera dokumenti?
ra daskvna SeiZleba avtoris Sesaxeb?
ra interesebi hqonda avtors?
ra statusi/pozicia/codna/SesaZlebloba hqonda avtors (avtorebs)?
ra ambobs dokumenti misi avtoris (avtorebis) Sesaxeb?
mkvlevari da dokumenti
rogor unda wavikiTxoT dokumenti?
vis ekuTvnis/ekuTvnoda dokumenti (magaliTad, mkvlevars, sxvebs)?
mkvlevari piradad icnobs Tu ara dokumentis avtors (avtorebs), anu

ra urTierTobaa
mkvlevarsa da avtors (avtorebs) Soris?
eswreboda Tu ara mkvlevari dokumentSi aRweril movlenebs (dgeba

mkvlevris efeqtis sakiTxi)?
ramdenad axlos an Sors iyo/aris mkvlevari monawileebisgan?
ra (damatebiTi) informacia sWirdeba mkvlevars da auditorias

dokumentis gasagebad?
rogor SeiZleba dokumentis gamoyeneba kvlevaSi, an unda iyos Tu ara

is gamoyenebuli?
rogor axdens dokumenti mkvlevris organizebas?
rogori SeiZleba iyos dokumentis saukeTeso analizi?
ras geubnebaT dokumenti Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvels/mkvlevars?
Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvels/mkvlevars ra wvlili SegaqvT dokumentis

ukeT gagebaSi?
dokumentis ra alternatiuli interpretaciebia SesaZlebeli da

sando? rogor asabuTebs mkvlevari arCeul interpretacias?
488
dokumentis kiTxvisas sandoobisa da validobis ra problemebi dgeba?
ra adgili ukavia dokuments mTlian kvlevaSi?

aq dokumentis sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxebi dgeba (ixileT

dokumentebi socialuri produqtia da amitom isini ubralod ki ar
unda miiRon, aramed maT Sesaxeb kiTxvebi unda daisvas da pasuxebi
gaeces. dokumentebi xSirad SerCeviTia, mizanmimarTulad gamoricxavs
garkveul detalebs, an informacias da TavianT miznebsa da auditorias
emsaxureba
da
ara
mkvlevars.
dokumentebi
ramdenime
kontinuumze
Tavsdeba, magaliTad:
formaluri/oficialuri araformaluri/araoficialuri
gamoqveynebuli gamouqveynebeli
sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba piradi qaRaldebi
anonimuri avtoriani
faqtebi rwmenebi
profesiuli samoyvarulo
mimoqcevisTvis aramimoqcevisTvis
dokumentebis am ramdenime kontimuumze ganTavseba mkvlevars, SeiZleba,

zemoT dasmuli kiTxvebis grZel siaze pasuxis gacemaSi daexmaros.
dokumenturi analizis sandooba da validoba

validoba SeiZleba Zlieri iyos pirvel pirSi daweril an konkretuli
miznisTvis
SeiZleba
Seqmnil
ar
dokumentebSi
Tanxvdebodes
(Bailey 1994: 317).
kvlevis
mizans
da
Tumca
amiT
es
mizani
irRveodes
misi
validoba. adre aRvniSneT, rom mikerZoebulobis problema, SerCeviToba,

autidoriis kuTvnileba da kvlevis miznebisgan gansxvavebuli zraxvebi,
cveTa
da
SerCeviTi
istoriul
kvlevaSi
warmomavlobas
dauqvemdebaron
da
gadarCena
did
es
yuradRebas
dokumentebi
(magaliTad,
yvelaferi
melnis,
uTmoben
qimiur
azianebs
auTenturobasa
analizsac
qaRaldis,
validobas.
ki
pergamentis
da
SeiZleba
da
a.
S.)
gayalbebebis gamosavlenad. beili (1994: 318) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom
489
zedapiruli da konstruqtis validoba dokumentebSi SeiZleba ufro

Zlieri da metad sakmarisi iyos, vidre validobis sxva formebi, Tumca
sxva dokumentebiT ganmtkiceba mainc unda moxdes, sadac es SesaZlebelia.
rac
Seexeba
uaRresad
sandoobas,
subieqturi
vinaidan
iyos,
garkveuli
SedarebiT
da
dokumentebi
dasabuTebiT
SeiZleba
sandoobis
miRwevac SeiZleba. mkvlevarma unda ganacxados sandoobis standartebisa

da
kriteriumebis
validobisa
da
Sesaxeb.
sandoobis
skoti
oTx
(1990)
dokumentebis
kriteriums
asaxelebs:
gamoyenebisas
auTenturoba,
damajerebloba (sizustis, legitimurobisa da gulwrfelobis CaTvliT),

reprezentaciuloba
(xelmisawvdomobis
CaTvliT
da
romelma
dokumentebmac gauZlo drois msvlelobas) da mniSvneloba (realuri da

interpretaciuli).
xSirad Znelia dokumentSi faqtis gamijvna interpretaciisgan da aseve
gamoiyeneba kvlevaSi (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/texbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi 8, faili 8. 4. ppt). dokumentebis gageba hermenevtikuli saqmianobaa,
romelic
ramdenime
mkvlevrebma
ormagi
etapisgan
Sedgeba.
hermenevtikiT
gidensi
unda
(1979)
icxovron,
SeniSnavs,
anu
rom
moaxdinon
samyaros interpretacia, romelic ukve intrpretirebulia monawileebis

mier,
preinterpretirebulia.
aqtorebi,
anu
monawileebi
samyaros
interpretacias axdenen, anu mniSvnelobebs miaweren. saqme ufro Sors

midis. dokumentebSi realuri movlenebia asaxuli, amitom socialuri
movlenebis
vinaidan
werilobiTi
isini
monacemebi
meore
samyaros
xelis
monacemebi
xdeba,
mkvlevriseuli/avtoriseuli
interpretaciebis/daskvnebis saxiT Suamaval rgols gadian qmedebidan

werisken _ hermenevtika sammagdeba. dokumentebi samyaros da im qmedebis
nawilia,
romelsac
aRweren.
interpretacias/daskvnas
miawers
Semdeg
mkvlevari/mkiTxveli
dokuments
es
ukve
Tavis
oTxmagi
hermenevtikaa. TiToeul am oTx etapze SeiZleba Semovides interpretacia,

daskvna da mikerZoeba, Sedegad ki _ arasandooba. rogorc koneli da
klandinini
(1997:
84)
aRniSnaven,
velze
mopovebuli
teqstis
kvlevis
490
teqstad gardaqmna (mzardi) interpretaciis procesia. avtorebi Tvlian,

rom
savele
teqstebi
gamocdilebisTvis,
da
romelic
dokumentebi
mklevars
daxurulia
ainteresebs,
realuri
xolo
kvlevis
teqstebi ufro Sors aris. es manZili arasandoobisa da aravalidobis

matebas uwyobs xels. miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari acnobierebs da
iTvaliswinebs amas, icis kvlevis Sefasebis kriteriumebi da sakiTxebis
mogvarebis zogierTi gzac (anu refleqsiuroba), amiT, SesZloa, ki ar
gadaiWras problema, aramed _ gamoiTqvas da dafiqsirdes.
saqme
isaa,
dokumentebis
rom
mkvlevari
gamoyenebas.
ukiduresi
vinaidan
sifrTxiliT
dokumentebs
unda
TavianTi
miudges
sakuTari
cxovreba aqvs, movlenebis interpretaciebs warmoadgenen. rogorc priori

(2003: 26) ambobs, Sinaarsi SeiZleba sulac ar iyos dokumentis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli da dokumenti situaciuri produqtia. isini
socialuri interaqciis warmmarTvelebi, arxebi, mediatorebi (filtrebi)
da Sedegebia (struqturirebis gidensiseuli Teoriis naTeli magaliTi).
dokumentis gagebaSi arsebiT rols asrulebs maTi konteqstis gageba.
dokumentebi mravaldoniania da am mraval doneze unda moxdes maTi
interpretireba. amasTan, saWiroa maTi konteqstSi moTavseba da ganxilva.
kvlevaSi
dokumentebis
analizisTvis
mkiTxvels
gamoyenebis
prioris
zogierTi
(Prior
2003)
aspeqtis
Sromaze
detaluri
mivuTiTebT.
dokumentebis magaliTebisTvis mkiTxvels wignis Tanmxlebi vebgverdis

monaxulebas vurCevdiT (http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi
8, faili 8. 1. doc; http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 Tavi 8,
faili 8. 2. doc).
491
9 gamokiTxvebi, droSi ganmeorebadi,

erTjeradi da tendenciis kvlevebi
Sesavali
ganaTlebis
sferoSi kvlevis
bevri
meTodia
aRweriTi. isini
imis
asaxvasa da interpretacias isaxaven miznad, rac aris. bestis mixedviT,

aRweriT kvlevas ainteresebs:
arsebuli
mdgomareoba
an
urTierTobebi;
gamokveTili
praqtikebi;
arsebuli rwmena, mosazrebebi an damokidebulebani; mimdinare procesebi;

nagrZnobi gavlenebi; ganviTarebadi tendenciebi. xandaxan aRweriT kvlevas
ainteresebs gaarkvios, rogor ukavSirdeba winmswrebi movlena, romelmac
gavlena moaxdina amJamad arsebul mdgomareobaze, an movlenaze imas, ra
aris.
(Best 1970)
aseT
kvlevebSi
meTodebsa
da
naxuloben
masalebs,
individebs,
raTa
aRweron,
jgufebs,
Seadaron,
institutebs,
daupirispiron,
daaxarisxon, gaaanalizon da axsnan is arsebebi da movlenebi, romlebic

maTi kvleva-Ziebis mravalferovan sferoebs qmnian.
am TavSi ramdenime tipis aRweriTi gamokiTxvis kvlevas ganvixilavT,
maT
Soris
longitudur,
kros-seqciur
da
tendenciis,
anu
winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevebs. es Tavi wignis im TavebTan erTad unda

waikiTxoT, romlebic SerCevas, kiTxvarebs, interviuebsa da monacemebis
analizis teqnikebs Seexeba. bevri mkvlevari, vinc am wigns kiTxulobs,
albaT,
umaRlesi
akademiuri
xarisxis
mosapoveblad
swavlobs
gansazRvrul da, savaraudod, mokle droSi, rac misTvis TavisTavad

gamoricxavs longitudur kvlevas. miuxedavad amisa, droSi ganmeorebadi
Seswavla
kvlevis
dasaxelebuli
Sesatyvisi.
is
mniSvnelovani
mkvlevrebisTvis,
farTod
saxeobaa
albaT,
gamoiyeneba
da
aq
erTjeradi
sadoqtoro
maszec
visaubrebT.
gamokiTxva
kvlevebSi
http://www.routledge.com/textbook/97680415368780 _ Tavi 9, faili 9. 1. ppt)
iqneba
(ixileT
492
droSi
ganmeorebad,
erTjerad
da
tendenciis,
anu
winaswarmetyevelebis kvlevebs erTad zogjer ganviTarebis kvlevebsac

uwodeben xolme,
radgan maTi mizania, rogorc
cvladebs
amJamad
Soris
arsebuli
mocemul
mimarTebebis
situaciaSi
aRwera,
ise
am
mimarTebebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis axsna. termini

ganviTarebis
biologiuri
warmoSobisaa
da
cocxali
arsebebis
organizaciasa da sicocxlis procesebs Seexeba. cneba miesadaga da

gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo, istoriuli, sociologiuri da
fsiqologiuri fenomenebis mimarT. ganaTlebaSi ganviTarebis kvlevebi
xSirad inarCuneben terminis biologiur orientacias, vinaidan patara
bavSvebSi
Tumca,
motoruli
termins
iyeneben,
da
ganviTarebis
magaliTad,
cvlilebebis
perceptuli
ganaTlebis
bavSvebis
piaJeseul
unarebis
sferoSi
azrovnebaSi
kvlevebSi
aTvisebas
da
swavloben.
ufro
mimdinare
moraluri
farTodac
Tvisebrivi
ganviTarebis
kolbergiseul SromebSi.
gamokiTxvebiT,
rogorc
wesi,
monacemebi
grovdeba
drois
erT
konkretul momentSi, raTa aRweron arsebuli garemoebebi, daadginon am

garemoebaTa
Sesafasebeli
standartebi,
an
gansazRvron
konkretul
movlenebs Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebebi. amgvarad, gamokiTxvebi

SeiZleba
sirTulis
mixedviT
icvlebodes
sixSireebis
martivi
daTvlidan urTierTobebis analizamde.

gamokiTxvebi
kidev
magaliTad, saSualos
SeiZleba
daiyos
wvdomis
Semdgomi ganaTlebis
arealis
mixedviT.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebis
kvleva SeiZleba mTel dasavleT evropas moicavdes; meore mxriv, sagnis

arCevis
procesis
kvleva
SeiZleba
erTi
saSualo
skoliT
Semoifarglebodes. ganaTlebis sferoSi gamokiTxvebis wvdomis arealis

sirTulis Cveneba nacnobi magaliTebis moSveliebiT SeiZleba. dawyebiTi
skolis bavSvebis ploudenis komitetma (Plowden Committee on primary school
children, Central Advisory Council for Education 1967) didZali informacia moagrova
bavSvebis,
maswavleblebisa
da
mSoblebis
Sesaxeb
da
moswavleebis
493
miRwevebis
winaswarmetyvelebisTvis,
analizis
daxvewil
teqnikas
dauqvemdebara. amis sapirispirod, jeksonisa da marsdenis (Jackson and

Marsden 1962) mciremasStabiani kvleva muSaTa klasis im 88 warmomadgenlis
warsulisa da Rirebulebebis detalur Seswavlas moicavda, romlebmac
warmatebas
SerCeviTi
mravalkulturuli
meoradi
ganaTlebiT
msoflmxedvelobis
miaRwies.
treningis
analogiurad,
kvlevaSi,
romelic
bimrossa da beins (Bimrose and Bayne 1995) ekuTvnis, gamokiTxvaSi mxolod 28

adamiani monawileobda.
gamokiTxvas ramdenime maxasiaTebeli da cnobili mimzidveli Tviseba
aqvs. Cveulebriv, is sakiTxebis, populaciebis, programebis da a. S. farTo
speqtris
mimoxilvisTvis
gamoiyeneba,
raTa
gaizomos
an
aRiweros
nebismieri ganzogadebuli niSani. gamokiTxva kargia imiTac, rom is,

rogorc wesi: (Morisson, 1993: 38 40):
erTjeradad
agrovebs
monacemebs
da,
Sesabamisad,
ekonomiuri
da
Sedegiania;
farTo samizne populacias warmoadgens (amitom saWiroa gulmodgine

SerCeva, ixileT Tavi 4);
qmnis raodenobriv, ricxobriv monacemebs;
iZleva aRweriT, daskvniT da amxsnel informacias;
sixSireebis
misaRebad
manipulirebs
ZiriTadi
faqtorebiTa
da
cvladebiT (magaliTad, konkretuli mosazrebis, an testis qulebis

aRmniSvneli ricxvebi);
agrovebs
standartizebul
informacias
(magaliTad,
yvela
monawilesTan erTsa da imave instrumentebs da kiTxvebs iyenebs);
adgens
korelaciebs
(magaliTad,
arkvevs,
arsebobs
Tu
ara
raime
mimarTeba sqessa da qulebs Soris);
iZleva
masalas,
romelic
konteqstualuri faqtorebiT;
ar
aris
garTulebuli
specifikuri
494
monacemebs
kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiTkiTxvebis, daxuruli
kiTxvebis, testebis qulebis, an dakvirvebis cxrilebiT iRebs;
adasturebs an uaryofs hipoTezas samizne populaciis Sesaxeb;
qmnis zust instrumentebs maTi pilotirebiTa da gadasinjviT;
ganazogadebs samizne fokuss da akvirveba masze pasuxis nimuSebs;
iseT
monacemebs
agrovebs,
romelTa
statistikurad
damuSaveba
SesaZlebelia;
Cveulebriv,
eyrdnoba
farTomasStabian
farTo
Segrovebas,
raTa
populaciidan
SesaZlebeli
iyos
monacemebis
mocemuli
faqtorebis an cvladebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebis gakeTeba.

qvemoT mocemulia gamokiTxvis magaliTebi:1
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, romelic aqarwylebs mosazrebas,

rom mxolod sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxviT aris SesaZlebeli
sazogadoebrivi azris dafiqsireba;
testis qulebi (magaliTad, moswavleebis testirebis Sedegebi mTeli

qveynis an adgilobrivi masStabiT);
upiratesobebi, romlebsac moswavleebi konkretul sagnebs (magaliTad,

humanitaruls, sabunebismetyvelos) aniWeben;
kiTxvis
unaris
gamokiTxvebi
(magaliTad,
sauTgeitisa
da
misi
kolegebis (Southgate et al 1981) mier did britaneTSi swavlebis praqtikis

kvleva).
bavSvis ganviTarebis erovnuli kvleva (National Child Development Study
NCDS) Semdeg veb misamarTebzeSegiZliaT naxoT:
http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/Ncds/nibntro.htm
http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/Ncds/narchive.htm
http://www.mimas.ac.uk/surveys.ncds/ncds_info.html
droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebis centris (Centre for Longitudinal Studies CLS)

veb gverdebi SegiZliaT naxoT Semdeg misamarTebze:
495

http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/Bcs70/bhome.htm
http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/Bcs70.bintro.htm
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
gamokiTxvisas
xSirad
iyeneben
testirebis
Sedegebs, cdis piris mier Sevsebul kiTxvarebsa da damokidebulebebis

skalebs.
mkvlevri,
romelic
am
models
farTomasStabiani
monacemebis
mogrovebas
reprezentaciuli
SerCevidan.
misi
iyenebs,
cdilobs
mizania,
Cveulebriv,
SeZlebisdagvarad
statistikur
monacemebze
dayrdnobiT sando ganacxadi gaakeTos imis Taobaze, rom garkveuli

maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebsac
akvirdeboda,
garkveuli
regularobiT
gvxvdeba, garkveuli faqtorebi erTad jgufdeba (ixileT Tavi 25), isini

korelireben erTmaneTTan (korelacia da kovariacia), icvlebian drosa
da sivrceSi (magaliTad, testirebis Sedegebi gamoiyeneba ganaTlebaSi
damatebiTi
Rirebulebis
analizisa
da
zomis
naSTebis
dasadgenad,
analizis
savaraudod,
gamoyenebiT,
raTa
regresiuli
ganisazRvros
nawinaswarmetyveleb da realurad miRebul qulebs Soris gansxvaveba).

regresiuli
analizis
gamoyenebiT,
erTi
cvladis
monacemebiT
meore
cvladis mniSvnelobis winaswarmetyvelebac SeiZleba.

gamokiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos dazverviTi,, romelSic araviTar daSvebebs
ar akeTeben da ar gvTavazoben modelebs, aramed urTierTmimarTebebsa da
nimuSebs/modelebs
ikvleven
(magaliTad,
korelaciiT,
regresiiT,
mravaljeradi regresiiT da faqtoruli analiziT). gamokiTxvebi, aseve,

SeiZleba axsniTi iyos, romelSic models, mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebas
an
hipoTezas
ganxilva
amowmeben
mexuTe
(ixileT
nawilSi).
dazverviTi
aRweriTi
da
gamokiTxvebi
axsniTi
analizis
ubralod
aRweren
mkvlevrisTvis saintereso cvladis Sesaxeb monacemebs, xolo analituri

gamokiTxvebi
hipoTeturi
prediqtorebiT
an
amxsneli
cvladebiT
operireben, rodesac mowmdeba maTi damokidebul cvladze gavlena.

gamokiTxvebis
umravlesobaSi
erTiandeba
monawileTa
mimdinare
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saxeldebis skalis (anu, Tvisebrivi monacemebi) da

sxva
skalebidan
(magaliTad,
damokidebulebebis
skalebi,
rigis,
496
intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebi) miRebuli saTanado pirovnuli

detalebi.
gamokiTxvebi
gamogvadgeba
rogorc
warsulis,
ise
awmyos
Sesaxeb faqtobrivi informaciis, damokidebulebebisa da prioritetebis,

rwmenebisa da winaswarmetyvelebaTa, qcevisa da gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb
informaciis mosagroveblad (Weisberg et al. 1996).
gamokiTxvis mimzidvelobas qmnis mocemuli parametrebis farglebSi
ganzogadebis unari da universaluroba, didi raodenobiT monacemebiT
ganmtkicebuli
mtkicebebis
gamoTqmis
da
Sedegebis
sandoobis
donis
gamokiTxva
ar
gamoadgeba, Tu misi mizani
dadgenis unari.
meore mxriv, mkvlevrs
adgilobrivi,
cvladebis
instituciuri
moZiebaa,
gansakuTrebuli
aRsawerad.
an
situaciis
sirTulis,
gamokiTxva
ar
mcire
masStabiani
Taviseburebis,
aseve,
misi
gamoadgeba
faqtorebis
an
ganumeoreblobis
da
pirovnebaTSorisi
maSinac,
Tu
dinamikis
mkvlevars
agvixsnas, ratom Seiqmna es situacia, ratom iZleva
surs
es adamiani an
adamianTa jgufi aseT Sedegebs, ratom iqceva ase am situaciaSi, an

rogor
icvleba
da
viTardeba
programa
droTa
ganmavlobaSi.
SezRudulia misi axsniTi da informaciis wvril detalebad mowodebis

SesaZleblobebi.
romelic
ar
is,
aris
umetesad,
miaxloebiT
damokidebuli
drois,
ganzogadebebs
sivrcis
an
iZleva,
adgilobriv
konteqstebze, anu, misi gamonaTqvamebi, didwilad, pozitivizms eyrdnoba.

individualuri SemTxveva ewireba krebiT pasuxs (romelic mimzidvelia
respondentebisTvis anonimurobis, amoucnoblobisa da konfidencialobis
gamo).
gamokiTxvebi,
farTomasStabian
rogorc
wesi
monacemebs
(Tumca
eyrdnoba,
arsebobs
gamonaklisebic),
magaliTad,
kiTxvarebiT,
testirebis qulebiT, daswrebis sixSiriT, sajaro gamocdebiT da a. S.

miRebul monacemebs. yoveli maTgani iZleva droSi an jgufebs Soris
Sedarebis saSualebas. es ar niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia gamokiTxvebis
mciremasStabiT gamoyeneba. namdvilad SesaZlebelia. es niSnavs imas, rom
497
aseTi
mcire
moculobis
monacemTa
ganzogadeba
umniSvnelo
iqneba.
gamokiTxvebSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, aSkarad situaciis miRma rCeba.

sandoobis
sakuTari
sakiTxebi
cdis
kavSirSia
monawileebze
mkvlevrebTan,
atareben,
romlebic
magaliTad
imaTze,
kvlevas
vinc
maT
kursebs eswreba (magaliTad, Bimrose and Bayne 1995; Morrison 1997). aseve
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
SemTxvevaSi,
ufro
yuradReba
farTo
mkacr
SerCevas
konteqstebSi
eqceva.
winaaRmdeg
gamokiTxviT
operirebis
SesaZlebloba seriozulad dazaraldeboda. Tu mkvlevrebi ganzogadebas

apireben, isini cdiloben, rom gamokiTxvebSi Tavi aaridon araalbaTur
SerCevebs;
albaTuri
SerCeva
Segrovili
monacemebis
ganzogadebis
winapirobas qmnis.
zogierTi winaswari mosazreba

nebismieri
gamokiTxvis
dagegmvis
sami
winapiroba
arsebobs:
gamokvlevis zusti miznis gansazRvra; gamokvlevis samizne populacia da

xelmisawvdomi resursebi. gamokiTxvis dagegmvis am ZiriTadi faqtorebis
saTiTaod ganxilvas, romelsac hoinvili da joueli (Hoinville and Jowell
1978) gvTavazoben, ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis dagegmvis magaliTze
SegviZlia gavecnoT.
gamokvlevis mizani
zogadi mizani, pirvel rigSi, konkretul ZiriTad amocanad unda
gardaiqmnas. ase magaliTad, warmoebisgan mowyvetis swavlis Sesaxeb
maswavleblebis mosazrebis kvleva raRac bundovani da gaurkvevelia
maSin, roca warmoebisgan mowvetis gareSe saswavlo kursebis miwodebis
Sesaxeb dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis maswavleblebis prioritetebis
detaluri aRweris miReba sakmaod konkretulia.
gamokiTxvis
dakonkretebis
ZiriTadi
Semdeg,
miznis
dagegmvis
Sesaxeb
meore
gadwyvetilebis
etapi
im
miRebisa
damxmare
da
Temebis
dadgenasa da CamonaTvalis gakeTebas moicavs, romlebic centralur

mizans ukavSirdeba. Cvens magaliTSi aseTi damxmare Temebi SeiZleba iyos:
498
saWiro kursebis tipebi, Sinaarsi, Catarebis adgili, vadebi, forma da

dafinanseba.
damxmare Temebis gamovlenasa da CamonaTvalis saxiT dalagebas mesame
etapi
mosdevs.
konkretuli
aq
Sedis
TiToeul
informaciuli
am
moTxovnebis
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli,
formulireba.
magaliTad,
moTxovnil kursebTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba saWiro iyos detaluri

informacia kursebis xangrZlivobis (erTi Sexvedra, ramdenime Sexvedra,
kvira,
Tve,
semestri
waxaliseba,
an
sertifikati,
weliwadi),
diplomi,
statusis
kolejis
(waxalisebis
an
gareSe,
universitetis
mier
daSvebuli xarisxi) da orientaciis (Teoriaze orientirebuli leqciebi,

sakiTxavi
da
a.
S.,
Tu
praqtikaze
orientirebuli
praqtikuli
samuSaobebisa da saswavlo masalebis Seqmnis CaTvliT) Sesaxeb.

rogorc am detalebidan Cans _ aRniSnaven hoinvili da joueli (1978) _
informaciis
mogrovebis
maqsimalurad
Sesabamisi
gzebi
(interviuebi
SerCeul maswavleblebTan, safosto kiTxvarebi SerCeul skolebSi da a.

S.) unda ganvixiloT da gaviazroT.
gamokvlevis samizne populacia

gamokiTxvis dizainis meore winapiroba kvlevis samizne populaciis
gansazRvra
da
dakonkretebaa.
es
Semdgom
gavlenas
moaxdens
im
gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic mkvlevrma SerCevisa da resursebis Taobaze

unda
miiRos.
warmoebisgan
mowvetis
gareSe
miwodebuli
saswavlo
kursebis hipoTeturi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, Cveni populacia

SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc
dawyebiTi
da
saSualo
skolis
maswavleblebi, romlebic lofsboros universitetidan milis mesamedis

radiusSi cxovroben. am SemTxvevaSi populacia swrafad da martivad
ganisazRvra da aRniSnuli jgufis TiToeul wevrTan dakavSirebisTvis,
saWiro resursebis arsebobis pirobebSi, SerCevis sakiTxi ar dadgeba.
Tumca, ase martivad saqme iSviaTadaa. xSirad Znelia im kriteriumebis
operacionalizacia,
(Zalian
romlis
problemurebi,
mixedviTac
maCanCalebi,
xdeba
momavali
samizne
populaciis
maswavleblebi
an
499
ukiduresad
mSfoTvarebi)
dakonkreteba.
metic,
populaciebi
mniSvnelovnad icvleba maTi xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT. moswavleebisa

da
praqtikantebis
saswavlo
nawilis
gamokiTxva
gamgeebi
SedarebiT
ki
ufro
martivia,
boSa
mouxelTeblebi
bavSvebi
arian.
da
ufro
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom did gamokiTxvebSi mkvlevrebi, rogorc

wesi, samizne populaciidan iReben SerCevas. isini iSviaTad cdiloben
populaciis TiToeul wevrTan dakavSirebas. qvemoT mokled mimovixilavT
SerCevis sakiTxs.
xelmisawvdomi resursebi
gamokiTxvis dagegmvis mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori kvlevis finansuri
Rirebulebaa.
SerCevis
gamokiTxvebi
bevr
Sromas
moiTxovs
(ixileT
Davidson 1970). yvelaze didi xarji savele samuSaoebze modis, sadac fass
interviuerebis mier interviusaTvis moTxovnili dro, mogzaurobis dro
da
transportireba
iseTi
damatebiTi
qmnis.
gamokiTxvis
xarjebic,
biujetSi
rogoricaa
gasaTvaliswinebelia
interviuerTa
wvrTna
da
meTvalyureoba. es SeiZleba iseve Zviri dajdes, rogorc maT mier velze

realurad gatarebuli dro. kiTxvaris Sedgena, pilotireba, dabeWdva,
dagzavna, kodireba, kompiuteruli programebi _ yovelive es _ finansur
resursebs ukavSirdeba.
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
momuSave
im
mkvlevrTa
mier
warmodgenili
kvlevis proeqtebi, romlebic samTavrobo an kerZo dafinansebas iTxoven,

yvelaze metad proeqtSi mocemuli kvleva-ZiebisTvis saWiro finansuri
gaTvlebis detalurad dagegmvisa da amisaTvis daTmobili drois mxriv
moikoWleben xolme. (cdis piris mier Sevsebul kiTxvarebze dafuZnebuli
gamokiTxvis
ganxilvamde
droebiT
SevwyvitoT
am
Temaze
saubari.
intervius, rogorc kvlevis teqnikis, sruli aRwera meTeqvsmete TavSia

mocemuli.)
gamokiTxvis dagegmva
ganurCevlad imisa, rogoria gamokiTxva _ didmasStabiani Tu mcire,
romelime samTavrobo uwyeba atarebs mas, Tu calkeuli mkvlevri _
500
informaciis Segroveba, rogorc wesi, monacemebis mogrovebis Semdeg erT

an
met
teqnikas
iyenebs.
esenia:
struqturirebuli
an
naxevrad
struqturirebuli interviu, cdis piris mier Sevsebul, an safosto

kiTxvarebi,
satelefono
Sesrulebis
interviu,
standartizebuli
internet-gamokiTxvebi,
testebi
da
miRwevis
damokidebulebis
an
skalebi.
amasTanave, gamokiTxva, Cveulebriv, kargad gansazRvrul etapebs gadis,

Tumca, gamokiTxvis warmatebiT Casatareblad, 9. 1 CanarTSi aRwerili
yvela
etapi
aucilebeli
ar
aris.
(ixileT

procesi
zogadidan
urTierTSemavsebel
komponentisTvis
kerZosken
sakiTxebad
kiTxvebi
viTardeba.
da
zogadi
kiTxvebad
mzaddeba.
sakvlevi
iyofa
rogorc
da
vnaxavT,
Tema
TiToeuli
kiTxvarebis
ganxilvisas (Tavi 15) mniSvnelovania, rom sandoobisa da validobis

interesebisaTvis,
sakiTxis
yovel
komponents
ramdenime
debuleba
an
kiTxva hqondes. ase samarTlianad iqneba warmodgenili mocemuli Temis

erTiani buneba. safsfords (Sapsford 1999: 34 40) miaCnia, rom gamokiTxvis
dagegmvisas
gasaazrebelia
da
gansaxilveli
Semdegi
oTxi
ZiriTadi
sakiTxi:
problemis
gansazRvra:
Sinaarsis
pasuxebia
gadawyvetilebis
saWiro;
ra
miReba,
hipoTezebia
Tu
ra
saxis
da
Sesamowmebeli;
ra
cvladebia sakvlevi.
SerCeva: vin aris samizne populacia; rogor unda uzrunvelvyoT

reprezentaciuloba;
romeli
sxva
SerCevebis
aRebaa
saWiro
Sesadareblad.
sazomis formati: ra gaizomeba da rogor (anu ra gazomvis ra

erTeulebi gamoiyeneba _ ixileT kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb Tavi 15); ra
cvladebi iqneba saWiro; rogor moxdeba sandoobisa da validobis
uzrunvelyofa.
monawileebze
zrunva:
konfidencialobisa
da
anonimurobis
dacva;
respondentebisTvis tkivilis arideba; zianis arideba maTTvis, visac
501
SeiZleba
Seexos
kiTxvebisTvis
kvlevis
Tavis
Sedegebi;
arideba;
zedmetad
iZulebisTvis
sulSi
CamZromi
Tavis
arideba;
informirebuli Tanxmoba (ixileT eTikis Sesaxeb Tavi 2).

gamokiTxvis dagegmva 14-etapian procesad SegviZlia ganvixiloT:
1. miznebis gansazRvra;
2. gamokiTxvis
tipis
gansazRvra
(magaliTad,
droSi
ganmeorebadi,
Sesatyvisia)
formulireba:
erTjeradi, tendenciis kvleva, kohortis kvleva);

3. kvlevis
kiTxvebis
an
hipoTezebis
(Tu
nulovani da alternatiuli hipoTezebi;

4. im sakiTxis SerCeva, romelzec kvleva fokusirdeba;
5. imis gansazRvra, Tu ra informaciaa saWiro am sakiTxvebisTvis;
6. SerCevis moTxovnebis gansazRvra;
7. instrumentebisa
da
sazomi
erTeulebis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis
miReba;
8. monacemebis Sesagroveblad saWiro instrumentebis SemuSaveba;
9. imis gadawyveta, Tu rogor moxdeba monacemebis Segroveba (magaliTad,
safosto gamokiTxva, interviuebi);
10. instrumentebis pilotireba da daxvewa;
11. interviuerebis wvrTna (Tu saWiroa);
12. monacemebis Segroveba;
14. Sedegebis warmodgena.
rosiers
(Rosier 1997)
miaCnia,
rom
gamokiTxvis
dagegmvisas
unda
gairkves:
kvlevis kiTxvebi, romlebzec unda miviRoT pasuxebi;
gamokvlevis konceptualuri CarCo, sadac zustad aris gansazRvruli

is cnebebi, romelsac iyenebs da ikvlevs kvleva;
kvlevis kiTxvebis operacionalizacia (magaliTad, hipoTezebSi);
502
monacemebis SegrovebisTvis gamosayenebeli instrumentebi, magaliTad,

SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebis
akademiuri
miRwevebis
(xSirad
saxeldebis
(magaliTad,
gamocdis
skalis
monacemebi),
Sedegebi,
miniWebuli
jildoebi), damokidebulebebis da mosazrebebis (xSirad gamoiyeneba

ranJirebis skalebidan miRebuli rigis skalis monacemebi) da qcevis
(dakvirvebis teqnikebis gamoyenebiT) moxazva an gazomva;
SerCevis
strategiebi
da
SerCevis
qvejgufebi
(im
SemTxvevebis
gamoklebiT, roca mTeli populaciis gamokiTxva xdeba. magaliTad,

mosaxleobis
aRwera,
an
qveynis
masStabiT
Catarebuli
testis
dagrovili Sedegebi da a. S.).
gamokiTxvis winaswari pilotireba;
monacemebis
Segrovebis
praqtikuloba
da
procesi
(magaliTad,
nebarTvebi, dafinanseba, eTikuri sakiTxebi, pasuxebis sixSire);
monacemebis
momzadeba
(magaliTad,
kodireba,
kompiuteruli
analizisTvis monacemebis Setana, gadamowmeba da dadastureba);
monacemebis analizi (magaliTad, statistikuri damuSaveba, cvladebis

ageba da faqtoruli analizi, daskvniTi statistika);
Sedegebis warmodgena (kvlevis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema).

mniSvnelovania
pilotirebasa
gansxvavebaa.
gamokiTxvis
da
winaswar
winaswari
xolo
winaswari
pilotireba,
Soris
Cveulebriv,
daxuruli, rogorc
pasuxiTkiTxvebisTvis
mowodebuli.
da
pilotirebas
pilotireba,
Tanmimdevrobaa, romelic
arCeviTi
pilotireba
mniSvnelovani
Ria
kiTxvebis
wesi, kiTxvebi mravali
kategoriebis
Tavad,
pilotireba.
dasadgenad
gamokiTxvis
instrumentis Sesamowmeblad gamoiyeneba (ixileT Tavi 15).
aris
realuri
503
wyaro: adaptirebulia Davidson 1970
504
skurpulozurad dagegmil gamokiTxvaSi naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli

konkretuli
miznebi
instrumentebi,
da
kvlevis
da
kvlevis
SerCeva
kiTxvebi,
kiTxvebze
uzrunvelyofilia
misaRebi
pasuxebis
Sesatyvisi tipis monacemebi, ganxorcielebuli monacemebis daxvewili,

xarisxiani
da
Sesabamisi
(imaze
meti
ara,
vidre
monacemebi
aitans!)
damuSaveba.
gamokiTxvis SerCeva
SerCeva gamokiTxvis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da mkiTxvels vurCevT,
kargad gaecnos SerCevisadmi miZRvnil meoTxe Tavs. vinaidan SerCevis
Sesaxeb
kiTxvebi
uSualod
gamokiTxvis
meore
winapirobidan
momdinareobs, romelic kvlevis samizne populaciis gansazRvras exeba,

mkvlevrebma
SerCevis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebi
gamokiTxvis
dagegmvis
sul adreul etapebze unda miiRon (ixileT 9. 1 CanarTi). ukve vnaxeT, rom
finansuri
xarjebis,
droisa
da
xelmisawvdomobis
faqtorebis
gamo
yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli, an praqtikuli, populaciis gazomva.

aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevrebi informaciis mogrovebas SedarebiT mcire
jgufebSi an populaciis qveerTobliobebSi iwyeben ise, rom miRebuli
codna mTel sakvlev populacias warmoadgendes. am SedarebiT mcire
jgufs an qveerTobliobas SerCeva ewodeba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rogor
iwyeben kompetenturi mkvlevrebi mTliani populaciidan da SerCevamde
midian. amis sapirispirod, axalbedebi qvemodan zemoT muSaoben, anu,
gansazRvraven respondentebis minimalur raodenobas, romelic saWiroa
warmatebuli
winaswar
ar
gamokiTxvis
aqvT
Casatareblad.
gansazRvruli
miuxedavad
mTeli
amisa,
populacia,
Tu
maT
praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia aRebuli SerCevis reprezentabelobis winaswar Sefaseba.

SerCevis aRebis ori meTodi arsebobs. erTi albaTur SerCevebs gvaZlevs,
romelSic, rogorc termini gviCvenebs, cnobilia TiToeuli respondentis
arCevis albaToba. meore _ araalbaTurs, sadac ar aris cnobili arCevis
albaToba.
rogorc meoTxe TavSia mocemuli, albaTuri SerCevebia:
505
martivi SemTxveviTi SerCevebi;
sistemuri SerCevebi;
stratificirebuli SerCevebi;
klasteruli SerCevebi;
etapobrivi SerCevebi;
mravalfazuri SerCevebi.
isini mopovebuli monacemebis ganzogadebadobiT arian mimzidvelni.
araalbaTuri SerCevebis ricxvSi Sedis:
xelmisawvdomi SerCeva;
kvota SerCeva;
ganzomilebis SerCeva;
miznobrivi SerCeva;
zvavisebri SerCeva.
SerCevis es saxeebi ar cdiloben mopovebuli monacemebis safuZvelze
ganzogadebas.
warmoCenas
TiToeuli
cdilobs.
tipis
SerCeva
mkvlevrma
mxolod
SerCevis
sakuTari
strategiis
Tavis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze unda miiRos da,

amasTan,
yuradReba
miaqcios
da
gaiazros,
magaliTad,
SerCevis
reprezentabeloba, ganzogadebis survili, SerCevaSi Sesvlis ufleba da

SerCevis moculoba. yvela es sakiTxi da SerCevaTan dakavSirebuli sxva
sakiTxebi meoTxe TavSia ganxiluli.
droSi ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi da tendenciis kvlevebi

termini
droSi
ganxxorcielebuli
ganmeorebadi,
drois
sxvadasxvagvari
kvlevis
garkveul
aRsawerad
periodSi
gamoiyeneba,
xSirad, rogorc vnaxeT, sityva ganviTarebis longitudur kvlevasTan

kavSirSic, romelic konkretulad adamianis zrdis aspeqtebs Seexeba.
mkafio gansxvaveba arsebobs longitudur da kros-seqciur kvlevebs
Soris.2
droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvleva
didxans
agrovebs
monocemebs.
506
xanmokle kvleva SeiZleba ramdenime kvira an Tve gagrZeldes. xangrZlivi

kvleva SeiZleba araerTi weli gagrZeldes. rodesac drois sxvadasxva
momentSi
Tanmimdevruli
gamoiyeneba
terminis
termini
panelis
maxasiaTeblis
gazomva
miyola
kvlevis
mqone
an
xdeba,
britanul
kohortis
kvleva,
ekvivalentia.
adamianTa
jgufs
termini
aRniSnavs.
literaturaSi
rac
amerikuli
kohorta
kohortis
saerTo
kvlevaSi
drois garkveuli periodi konkretul populacias swavloben, Tumca, mis

SigniT seleqciuri SerCeva xorcieldeba (Borg and Gall 1979: 291). es niSnavs
imas, rom kohortis zogierTi wevri SeiZleba yovel jerze ar Sevides
SerCevaSi. amis sapirispirod, panelis kvlevaSi garkveuli periodi, yovel
jerze, erTi da igive individebi monawileoben.
rodesac
drois
sxvadasxva
monakveTSi
sxvadasxva
adamianebi
monawileoben, kvlevas erTjeradi ewodeba. rodesac drois garkveul

periodSi
uwyvetad
tendenciis
swavloben
kvleva
ramdenime
gamoiyeneba.
SerCeul
regularuli,
faqtors,
anu
termini
ganmeorebadi
erTjeradi socialuri gamokiTxvis erT-erTi magaliTia Sinameurneobis

zogadi gamokiTxva (General Household Survey), romelSic sxvadasxva SerCevas
yovelwliurad erTsa da imave kiTxvebs usvamen. britaneTis socialuri
damokidebulebebis gamokiTxva (British Social Attitudes Survey) ganmeorebadi
erTjeradi
gamokiTxvis
magaliTia,
romelSic
3.600
respodenti
monawileobs.
droSi ganmeorebadi (kohortis) kvlevis cnobili magaliTia bavSvis
ganviTarebis
erovnuli
kvleva
(NCDS),
romelic
1958
wels
daiwyo.
britaneTis Sinameureobis panelis zogad gamokiTxvaSi 1990-ian wlebSi

yovelwliurad
individebi.
gamoikiTxebodnen
kidev
erTi
reprezentaciul
magaliTia
britaneTis
SerCevaSi
Semavali
saojaxo
xarjebis
gamokiTxva (British Family Expenditure Survey). es ori bolo kvleva erTjeradia

imiT,
rom
drois
mocemul
momentSi
populaciis
Sesaxeb
gvawvdian
informacias da, Sesabamisad, monacemebis dagrovebas uzrunvelyofen.
507
amis sapirispirod, longitudur kvlevebsac SeuZliaT individualuri

donis
monacemebis
individebze
mocema
fokusirebis
droTa
gziT
ganmavlobaSi
(magaliTad,
erTsa
da
Sinameurneobis
imave
panelis
kvleva), rodesac individebsa da ojaxebs garkveuli drois monakveTSi

ikvleven (Ruspini 2002: 4). panelis cneba pol lazarsfeldma Semoitana 1940ian wlebSi (Lazarsfeld 1940), rodesac mizez-Sedegobrivi modelebisa da
maTTvis
Tvalis
midevnebasTan
dakavSirebuli
siZneleebis
dadgenas
cdilobda (Ruspini 2002: 13).
droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebi

droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevebi
SeiZleba
iyenebdnen
kros-seqciur
kvlevebs, anu kvlevebs, romlebic regularulad tardeba, yovel jerze

Zalian gansxvavebuli SerCevis an sruliad axali SerCevis gamoyenebiT
(Ruspini 2002: 3) an mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi _ erTsa da imave SerCevas.
isini mkvlevars saSualebas aZleven: gaaanalizon socialuri fenomenis
xangrZlivoba (Ruspini 2002: 24); gamokveTon erTi an meti cvladis an
monawilis (monawileebs Soris da Sida) droSi arsebuli msgavsebebi,
gansxvavebebi
da
cvlilebebi;
daadginon
xangrZlivi
gavlenebi
(miZinebulis efeqti); cvlilebebi stabiluri maxasiaTeblebiT axsnan,

magaliTad, sqesiT an cvladebis maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
Semosavali.
droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevis
xibls
mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTebis dadgenisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unarebi qmnis. raspini amas

amatebs droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevis unars _ Seqmnas wmindad erTjerad
an drois seriebis monacemebze metad garTulebuli qceviTi modelebi
(gv.
26).
isini
longitudur
adamianis
kvlevebSi
qcevis
sirTules
SesaZlebelia
afiqsireben.
raodenobrivi
garda
da
amisa,
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis kombinireba.
kohortisa da tendenciis kvlevebi prospeqtuli droSi ganmeorebadi
kvlevebia imitom, rom isini uwyvetad agroveben individebis Sesaxeb
informacias, an akvirdebian da iweren konkretul movlenebs. meore mxriv,
retrospeqtuli
droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevebi
im
individebze
508
fokusirdeba, vinc ukve miaRwia garkveul gansazRvrul saboloo punqts,

an
mdgomareobas.
axalgazrda
magaliTad,
adamianTa
socialuri
muSakebi,
universitetidan
mkvlevrs
garkveuli
jgufi
gamoaSkaravebuli
garicxulebi)
SeiZleba
da
ainteresebdes
(magaliTad,
narkotikebiT
kiTxva,
momavali
movaWreebi
romelsac
is
an
dasvams,
daaxloebiT amgvari iqneba: aris raime am adamianebis warsulSi iseTi,

rac
maT
dRevandel
mdgomareobas
axsnida?
retrospeqtuli
droSi
ganmeorebadi kvlevebi akonkreteben periods, romelsac unda misdion

Seswavlisas, magaliTad, erTi an xuTi weli.
retrospeqtuli analizi mxolod droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebiT ar
Semoifargleba. magaliTad, rouzi da salivani (Rose and Sullivan 1993: 185)
da
rueni
(Ruane
SesaZlebelia
2005:
87)
Tvlian,
retrospeqciuli
rom
kros-seqciur
kvlevebSi
kiTxvebis
gamoyeneba,
faqtobrivi
magaliTad, wina saqmianobebze, ojaxSi dabadebis dReebze, qorwinebis

TariRebze, ganqorwinebebze da a.S. Tumca, roiuzi da salivani (1993: 185)
ar
gvirCeven
kros-seqciur
kvlevaSi
sxva
tipis
retsorpeqciuli
monacemebis mopovebas, vinaidan monacemebis xarisxi uaresdeba, rodesac

respondentebs warsuli mdgomareobebis, an faqtebis gaxsenebas sTxoven.
erTjeradi kvlevebi
erTjeradia kvleva, romelic drois konkretul mocemul momentSi
populaciis erTjerad kadrs iZleva. erTjeradi kvlevis Semcirebuli
modelia mosaxleobis aRwera, rodesac sxvadasxva asakis, saqmianobis,
ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis mqone, qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi mcxovrebi
individebisgan Semdgari populaciis reprezentaciuli SerCeva erT dRes
gamoikiTxeba.
ufro
konkretulad,
kvlevebi
moicavs
bavSvebis
SerCevis
sixSiris
arapirdapir
mkvlevrs
an
monacemebs.
reprezentaciuli
fizikuri
da
gazomvas.
retrospeqciuli
an
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
asakobrivi
jgufebidan
gonebrivi
erTjeradi
cvlilebebis
kvlevis
prospeqtuli
erTjeradi
aRebuli
bunebis
erTi
kvlevisTvis
da
kadri
aZlevs
509
kros-seqciur
paraleluri
kvlevas
jgufebis
populaciidan
(magaliTad,
erTdroulad
asakobrivi
aRebuli
jgufebis)
droSi
ganmeorebadi kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSanic SeiZleba

hqondes. magaliTad, drois erT momentSi 5, 7, 9 da 11 wlis moswavleebis
arCevas droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli eqneba da
asakobriv
jgufebSi
ganviTarebisTvis
Tvalis
gadevneba
iqneba
SesaZlebeli, Tumca, cxadia, amas ar eqneba iseTive wona, rogorc droTa

ganmavlobaSi imave asakobriv jgufze Catarebuli longitudur kvlevas
aqvs. aseT SemTxvevasTan saqme gvaqvs, roca saganmanaTleblo miRwevis
saerTaSoriso kvleva warmoebs, romelic erTi da imave populaciidan
aRebul SerCevebs saWiroebs (Lietz and Keeves, 1997: 122) da faqtorebi,
romlebic,
SesaZloa,
gavlenas
cvlilebaze, mudmivi rCeba
axdendnen
sxvadasxva
damokidebuli
cvladebis
asakobriv jgufSi. erTjeradi
kvlevebi SeiZleba uSedego iyos cvlilebis Seswavlisas. Tu cvlilebebi

aseTi gamokiTxvebiT unda iqnas nakvlevi, maSin gamokiTxvis ganmeorebiT
Catareba, an tendenciis analizi xdeba saWiro.
tendenciis kvlevebi
tendenciis Seswavla faqtorebze fokusirdebaa da ara _ adamianebze.
es faqtorebi droSi Seiswavleba. monacemebis Segrovebis yovel etapze
axal SerCevebs iReben, magram erTsa da imave faqtorebze fokusirdebian.
sxvadasxva SerCevis aRebiT Tavidan irideben reaqtiulobis problemas
(ixileT qvemoT: pretestuli sensitizacia) anu imis problemas, rom
adre Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi gavlenas axdenen Semdgom gamokiTxvebSi
monawileTa qcevaze. es gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, Tu kvleva sensitiur
Temebs exeba, vinaidan kvlevis adreul etapebze sensitiuri sakiTxis
wamowevam
SeiZleba
SeiZleba
Secvalos
Secvalos
misi
individis
pasuxebi
qceva,
monacemebis
ramac,
Tavis
Segrovebis
mxriv,
Semdgom
etapebze. yovel jerze sxvadasxva SerCevis gamoyenebiT es problema

daZleulia.
510
tendenciis, anu winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevebi aSkarad mniSvnelovania

ganaTlebis
sferoSi
momuSave
mmarTvelebisTvis
da
maTTvisac,
vinc
saswavlo process gegmavs. kohortis kvlevebis msgavsad, es kvlevebi

SeiZleba SedarebiT xanmokle an xangrZlivi iyos. tendenciis kvleva,
arsebiTad,
Caweril
magaliTebis
moxdes
monacemebs
dasadgenad,
momavalSi.
erTjeradi
kvleva
monakveTSi,
raTa
raTa
tendenciis
erTnair
swavlobs
momxdari
iwinaswarmetyvelon,
kvlevebSi
asakobriv
SesaZlebeli
ukve
iyos
Tu
xorcieldeba
jgufebSi
droSi
drois
cvlilebis
ra
SeiZleba
ori
an
erT
Sedareba
an
meti
met
(magaliTad,
swavlebis unarisa da miRwevis testebi aSS-Si (Keeves, 1997b: 141) da

saganmanaTleblo progresis erovnuli Sefasebis Sedegebi (Lietz and Keeves,
1997: 122)). mTavari sirTule, romelsac mkvlevrebi tendenciis analizisas
awydebian,
gauTvaliswinebeli
faqtorebis
SemoWraa,
rac
warsulSi
miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebul prognozebs usargeblos

xdis. amis gamo tendenciis xanmokle kvlevebi ufro zustia, vidre _
xangrZlivi analizi. tendenciis kvlevebSi yovelTvis erTi da igive
adamianebi ar monawileoben, amitom arsebobs monacemebis cvalebadobis
albaToba, rac monawileebs ukavSirdeba da ara _ tendenciis cvlilebas.
gorardi (2001: 87) Tvlis, rom am problemis Semsubuqeba dagorebuli
SerCeviT
aris
SesaZlebeli,
rodesac
sawyisi
SerCevis
nawili
monacemebis mogrovebis meore talRaSi rCeba, xolo am SerCevis nawili

monawileobs mesame talRaSi da a. S.
ganviTarebis
kvlevaSi
gamoyenebul
terminebs
Soris
romelzec zemoT visaubreT, mocemulia 9. 2. CanarTSi
gansxvavebebi,
511
droSi ganmeorebadi, kohortisa da erTjeradi kvlevebis

Zlieri da susti mxareebi
kohortis analizis tipis longitudur kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia ganaTlebis sferoSi kvleva-Ziebis kvleviT aRWurvilobaSi. mas
mdidari monacemebis mopovebis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba aqvs, riTac
SeiZleba droSi cvlilebisTvis Tvalis midevneba da Tan Zalian zustad
(Gorard 2001: 86). meore mxriv, mwvaved udgas cveTis problema (monawileebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi toveben kvlevas, es gansakuTrebiT problemuria
panelis kvlevaSi, rodesac kvleva erTi da imave individebis droSi
Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs) da SeiZleba misi Catareba Zviri iyos fulisa
da drois TvalsazrisiT (Ruspini 2002: 71). gorardi (2001) aRwers karieris
kvlevas da ambobs, rom kvlevis dasawyisSi, pirvel talRaze pasuxebis
sixSire 60-70 procents Seadgenda, Semdeg ki, mesame talRisTvis es
maCvenebeli 25 procentamde daeca, xolo TiToeul talRaSi ufro da
ufro meti saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli monawileobda. gorardi (2001)
axalgazrdebis kohortis kvlevasac ganixilavs, romelSic respondentTa
512
mxolod 45-ma procentma miiRo monawileoba samive talRaSi. ruspini

(2002: 72) aRniSnavs 1997 wels evropuli Sinameurneobis komitetis mier
did britanetSi Catarebuli kvlevis 78 procentian cveTas sam talRaSi.
ruspini (2002) imazec
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba
garTuldes
droTa ganmavlobaSi gazomvaSi daSvebuli patara Secdoma longitudur

kvlevaSi.
mas
mohyavs
romelmac
droTa
SemosavalSi
ganmavlobaSi
daSvebuli
siRaribesa
da
Secdomis
magaliTi,
umuSevrobaSi
mcdar
gadasvlamde SeiZleba migviyvanos (Ruspini 2002: 72).

garda amisa, xangrZlivi kvlevebi Sinagan validobis safrTxis winaSe
dganan,
rac
erTi
da
igive
individebis
testirebisa
da
xelaxali
testirebis saWiroebidan momdinareobs _ acxadebs gorardi (2001: 86).

duli (2001: 120) amas pretestis sensitizacias uwodebs. am fenomens
panelis
ganpirobebas,
an
SerCevaSi
yofniT
gamowveul
mikerZoebulobasac uwodeben (Ruspini 2002: 73). es is SemTxvevaa, roca

pirvel intervius meoreze SeuZlia zemoqmedeba, anu, pirvelma intervium
SeiZleba
dasabami
misces
TviTganxorcielebad
winaswarmetyvelebas,
romelic meore intervius msvlelobaSi aisaxeba. dulis (2001) moyvanil

magaliTSi, janmrTelobis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvaSi monacemebis Segrovebis
pirvelma
talRam
SeiZleba
ise
daafiqros
monawileebi
mowevis
mavneblobaze, rom meore talRis dawyebis win ukve Semcirebuli an

danebebuli hqondeT Tavi mowevisTvis. tendenciis kvlevebSi am problemas
monacemebis
mogrovebis
yovel
etapze
sxvadasxva
SerCevis
aRebiT
agvareben.
duli
(2001)
im
sirTuleebzec
saubrobs,
romelsac
longitudur
gamokiTxvebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrTa Semadgenlobis cvlileba

iwvevs. mas miaCnia, rom respondentis gansxvavebuli pasuxebi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mkvlevris da ara _ Tavad respondentis faqtoriT iyos
gamowveuli. erTi da igive instrumentebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic ki
sxvadasxva
mkvlevarma
isini
SeiZleba
(magaliTad, qceva intervius msvlelobisas).
sxvadasxvagvarad
gamoiyenos
513
yovelive
zemoT
Tqmuls
ruspini
(2001:
73)
amatebs,
rom
droSi
ganmeorebadi kvlevis monacemebze SeiZleba imoqmedos:
istoriam: mimdinare movlenebma SeiZleba Secvalon sakvlevis jgufze

dakvirvebis Sedegebi;
momwifebam:
monawileebi
gansxvavebulad
da
gansxvavebuli
tempiT
izrdebian da viTardebian;
testirebam:
monawileebi
SeiZleba
testisadmi
swavloben
mgrZnobeloba
ganmeorebiTi
Camoyalibdes
testirebisas/interviuirebis
gamo;
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris drois Sualedma: zogierTi mizezi myisierad

iZleva Sedegs, zogs ki, Sedegis gamosavlenad, didi dro sWirdeba;
mizez-Sedegobriobis mimarTuleba yovelTvis ar aris gasagebi da

erTmniSvnelovani.
droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebis ZiriTadi sirTule isaa, rom monacemebi
droSi
Sedarebadia.
magaliTad,
skolebSi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
ar
icvleba sajaro gamocda, magram icvleba sagamocdo testebis formati

da Sinaarsi. (aq meordeba debatebi imis Taobaze, rom iseTi sajaro
gamocdebi, rogoricaa A-levels did britaneTSi, drosTan erTad ioldeba.)
es sakiTxi droTa ganmavlobaSi monacemebis SegrovebisTvis gamoyenebuli
instrumentis Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebas exeba. garda
amisa, Tu longitudur kvlevaSi monacemebis Sedarebadobaa misaRwevi, es
niSnavs, rom kvlevis sul adreul etapze winaswar unda ganisazRvros da
kvlevaSi CaerTos momavalSi sakvlevi yvela cvladi.
longitudur kvlevebs kros-seqciurTan SedarebiT meti midrekileba
aqvT cveTisken da maTi warmoeba, droisa da finansebis TvalsazrisiT,
gacilebiT
Zviri
jdeba.
meore
mxriv,
maSin,
rodesac
tendenciis
kvlevebSi icvleba populacia da amiT SeuZlebeli xdeba mikro-donis (

individualuri donis) analizi, droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebi iZlevian
aseTi
individualuri
donis
analizis
warmoebis
SesaZleblobas.
514
faqtobrivad, Tu erTjeradi formati (ganmeorebadi erTjeradi dizainis

SemTxvevaSic ki) SeiZleba gamousadegari iyos kohortis ganviTarebis
paternebisa da mizez-Sedegobriobis Sesaswavlad, droSi ganmeorebadi
analizi zustad amisTvis aris mowodebuli. longitudur monacemebs
SeuZlia individualuri qcevis determinantebis da dinamikis Sesaxeb
kiTxvebze damakmayofilebeli pasuxebis mocema (Ruspini 2002: 71), rac, arc
ise ioli misaRwevia erTjeradi dizainiT.
retrospeqciuli
droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevebi
monawileebis
mexsierebas eyrdnoba. isini SeiZleba cdebodnen da rac ufro Soreuli

warsulis mogonebas sTxoven respondentebs, miT metia damaxinjebebis an
gaxsenebis
uunarobis
saSiSroeba.
mexsierebaze,
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
imoqmedos (Ruspini 2002: 97):
movlenis Semdeg gasulma drom;
monawilisTvis movlenis mniSvnelovnebam;
kvlevisTvis saWiro informaciis odenobam _ rac metia saWiro, miT

Znelia miReba;
sxva msgavsi movlenis Sesaxeb mogonebebiT gadafarvam/interferenciam

(anu, msgavsi movlenebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis sirTule);
emociurma, an socialurad arasasurvelma Sinaarsma;
intervius msvlelobisas monawilis fsiqologiurma mdgomareobam;

garda
amisa,
monawileebi
warsulis
movlenebs
ukana
ricxvis
da
Semdgomi movlenebis prizmaSi Sexedaven da ara im TvaliT, TuU ra

mniSvneloba hqonda im dros im movlenebs. amasTan, monawileebisTvis
yovelTvis
advili
ar
aris
mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso
dros
maTi
emociuri mdgomareobis gaxseneba. SesaZloa, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli

iyos garkveuli warsuli drois Sesaxeb informaciis mogroveba, vinaidan
aseTi
informacia
SeiZleba
ubralod
arc
arsebobdes,
magaliTad,
samedicino Canawerebi, Semosavlis Sesaxeb monacemebi, an SeuZlebeli

iyos maTi povna, an aRdgena.
515
kohortis kvleviT populaciebis reprezentaciul SerCevebze adamianis

zrda-ganviTarebis Seswavlas ganviTarebis modelebis dadgenis da am
SerCevebSi moqmedi im faqtorebis gamovlenis unikaluri SesaZlebloba
aqvs,
romlebic
kohortis
kvlevis
kvlevebi
cvalebadobis
sxva
sqemebis
maxasiaTeblebis
Seswavlis
da
SemTxvevaSi
mouxelTebelia.
niSnebis
individualuri
an
individualuri
zrdis
mrudis
saSualebas iZleva. aseTi kvlevebi gansakuTrebiT waadgeba

romlebic
mizez-Sedegobrivi
amisaTvis
im
konkretuli
mimarTebebis
dadgenas
maxasiaTeblebis
dadgenis
mkvlevrebs,
cdiloben
cvlilebebs
da
adgenen,
romlebsac Sedegad sxva maxasiaTeblebis cvlileba mohyveba.

erTjeradi dizaini gamousadegaria mizezobriobis kvlevaSi, vinaidan
aseTi dizainis pirobebSi (roca kvleva droSi ar meordeba), mizezSedegobrivi analizi ver ganxorcieldeba. kohortis analizi gamodgeba
sociologiur
kvlevaSi,
radgan
SeuZlia
gviCvenos,
individebis
Tvisebebis cvlileba rogor Tanxvdeba socialuri sistemebis, rogorc

mTlianis,
cvlilebas.
TanamSromlebis
myof
magaliTad,
moraluri
organizaciul
axladgaxsnili
mdgomareobis
klimatTan
misi
da
Camoyalibebis
kavSiris
Seswavla
skolis
procesSi
am
tipis
ganviTarebis kvlevas daefuZneba. skolebSi kohortis kvlevis kidev erTi

Zlieri
mxare
isaa,
rom
longitudur
Canawerebs
iZleva,
romelTa
Rirebuleba, nawilobriv, nebismieri erTjeradad Catarebuli testirebis

an Sefasebis Secdomebisadmi mowyvladobidan gamomdinareobs (ixileT
Davie 1972). da bolos, dro _ mudmivad SemzRudavi faqtori eqsperimentul
situaciebSi
mosapovebelia
da
intervius
kohortis
dakvirvebis, aseve,
aRebisas
kvlevebSi,
_
rac
zogadad
mkvlevars
ufro
iolad
tendenciebis
realuri da SemTxveviTi cvlilebebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvnis did SesaZleblobas aZlevs (ixileT Baily 1978).

longitudur, kohortisa da tendenciis kvlevebSi arsebobs riski, rom
respondentebis maxasiaTeblebi gavlenas moaxdenens Sedegebze (Robson
1993: 128). magaliTad, maTi mexsiereba, codna, motivacia da pirovneba
516
SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes maT pasuxebze da SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon

informaciis
gacemisgan, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac
is
sensitiur
Temas
exeba.
droSi
ganmeorebadi
faqtorebis
(magaliTad,
kvleva
droTa
adamianis
ganmavlobaSi
ganviTareba),
biologiuri
garemosa
da
Carevis
gavlenebs (Keeves 1997b: 139) da maT urTierTqmedebas aCvenebs. amasTan

dakavSirebiT,
droSi
ganmeorebadi
analizis
mimzidvelobas
mizez-
Sedegobrivi analizis SesaZlebloba qmnis. longitudur dizainSi drois

seriebis kvlevac iZleva ganviTarebadi modelebis droSi dakvirvebis
SesaZleblobas,
diapazonis
sxva
SeswavliT.
faqtorebTan
es
erTad,
SesaZlebels
cvladebis
xdis
individis
mocemuli
da
jgufis
profilebis droSi da ganviTarebis WrilSi Seswavlas da mocemuli

cvladebis mixedviT maT Soris msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis dadgenas.
vinaidan longitudur kvlevebSi ar ainteresebT mocemuli droisTvis
specifikuri gavlenebi, isini mxolod bunebrivad gamoCenili gavlenebiT
Semoifarglebian (Keeves 1997b: 147).
longitudur kvlevebs ramdenime nakli aqvs (Tumca, maT wonas anu
seriozulobas,
eWvis
TvaliT
uyureben
kohortis
analizis
mxardamWerebi). pirvel rigSi, maT didi dro da fuli sWirdebaT, radgan

mkvlevri
iZulebulia,
monacemebis
dagrovebas
daelodos.
meore
sirTules qmnis SerCevis sikvdilianoba. kohortis grZelvadiani kvlevis

manZilze gardauvalia cdis pirebis kvlevidan gamoTiSva, dakargva an
maTgan Semdgom TanamSromlobaze uaris miReba. aseTi cveTa amcirebs imis
albaTobas,
rom
kvlevaSi
darCenili
xalxi
Tavdapirvelad
aRebuli
SerCevis reprezentaciuli iqneba. SerCevis sikvdilianobis Semcirebas

zogjer kvlevaSi erTjeradi aspeqtebis SetaniT cdiloben, anu, yoveli
Semdgomi
ganmeorebiTi
populacidan
aRebuli,
problema
isaa,
aq
rom
kvlevisTvis
imave
or
kohortis
raodenobis
gamokiTxvaSi
sawyis
axali
miRebul
SerCevas
wevrebiT
imave
avseben.
monacemebs
Soris
517
gansxvavebas
gamokiTxulTa
pirovnebebi
SeiZleba
qmnides
da
ara
realuri cvlilebebi an tendenciebi.

mesame sirTules kontrolis efeqts uwodeben (zogjer gazomvis
efetadac
moixsenieben).
monawileTa
ganmeorebadi
moqmedebebsa
da
interviuireba
damokidebulebebze
xSirad
kvlevaSi
arasasurvel
da
damabnevel gavlenas axdens _ zemoqmedebs maT qcevaze, iseT Temebze

amaxvilebinebs yuradRebas, rac aqamde SeumCneveli rCebodaT, an sxva an
arasasurvel TemebTan Sexebisken ubiZgebs (ixileT Riley 1963). meoTxe _
kohortis kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi organizaciis problemebs qmnis,
rac moswavleebis, TanamSromlebis, swavlebis meTodebisa da a. S. uwyveti
cvlis Sedegia. aseTi cvlilebebi ukiduresad amcireben kvlevis imgvarad
warmoebis albaTobas, rogorc es dasawyisSi iyo dagegmili.
kohortis kvlevebi, rogorc vnaxeT, gansakuTrebiT ergeba adamianis
zrda-ganviTarebis kvlevas. ibadeba kiTxva: aba, ratom aris am sferoSi
amdeni
erTjeradi
kvleva?
mizezi
isaa,
rom,
kohortis
kvlevasTan
SedarebiT, erTjeradi dizaini mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT xasiaTdeba: is

ufro iafi jdeba, ufro swrafad iZleva Sedegebs, naklebia kontrolis
efeqtis
albaToba
da
erT
jerze
ufro
advilia
respomdentebis
TanamSromlobaze daTanxmeba. zogadad, kros-seqciur dizainSi ufro meti

monawilis CarTva xerxdeba xolme, vidre _ kohortaSi.
kohortis
kvlevis
siZliere
erTjeradi
dizainis
sisustea.
es
ukanaskneli naklebad efeqturi meTodia im mkvlevrebisTvis, vinc zrdis

procesSi
individualuri
Sedegobrivi
kavSiris
cvalebadobis,
dadgeniT
arian
an
cvladebs
dainteresebuli.
Soris
mizez-
kros-seqciur
kvlevaSi garTulebulia SerCevis sakiTxi, vinaidan yovel jerze axali

cdis
pirebi
araSedarebadi
monawileoben
iyos.
SerCevis
da
miRebuli
efeqtiTa
da
monacemebi
SeiZleba
araTanazomieri
zrdis
gauTvaliswineblobiT gamowveuli problemebi imdenad asusteben krosseqciur kvlevas, rom damkvirvebelma SeiZleba ugulebelyos is, rogorc
ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb
monacemebis
miRebis
ukiduresad
518
aradamakmayofilebeli meTodi, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu Zalian zogadi

miznebi aqvs. duglasi (Douglas 1976), visac kohortis pirveli erovnuli
kvleva ekuTvnis, energiulad icavs meTods mis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli
gavrcelebuli kritikisgan, rom mas bevri fuli da dro sWirdeba. krosseqciur
dizainTan
kohortis
analizis
upiratesobebis
miseuli
dasabuTeba warmodgenilia 9. 3. CanarTSi

CanarTi 9. 3.
kohortis kvlevis upiratesobebi kros-seqciur dizainTan SedarebiT
1. garkveuli saxis informacia, magaliTad, damokidebulebebis an potenciuri
unarebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, Tu
erTdroulad aris mopovebuli. sxva saxis informacia ufro sruli an
ufro zustia, Tu droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevis farglebSia Segrovebuli,
Tumca maT garkveuli Rirebuleba retrospeqciulad miRebis SemTxvevaSic
SeiZleba hqodeT, magaliTad, swavlis xangrZlivoba, dasaqmebis istoria an
geografiuli gadaadgileba.
2. kohortis kvlevaSi ar xdeba informaciis dublireba, xolo erTjeradi
dizainis SemTxvevaSi yovel jerze erTi da igive saxis konteqstis mqone
informacia unda aikrifos, rac zrdis interviuirebis xarjebs.
3. erTi cvladis gamotovebac ki, romelic SeiZleba mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes,
katastrofaa erTjeradi kvlevisTvis, xolo, kohortis kvlevaSi, rogorc
wesi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia aseTi Cavardnebis, nawilobriv mainc, Sevseba
Semdeg interviuze.
4. kohortis kvleva gacilebiT meti cvladebis dagrovebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva, romlebic codnis ufro farTo speqts faravs, vidre es erTjeradi
kvlevisas xerxdeba. es, cxadia, imitom xdeba, rom monacemebis Segroveba
mravaljeradi interviuirebiTaa SesaZlebeli. metic, informaciis miReba
SesaZlebelia
maqsimalurad
adekvatur
dros,
magaliTad,
samsaxuris
dawyebis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba maSin SeiZleba, roca es samsaxuri

gamoCndeba, imisda miuxedavad, rom SerCevis wevrebisTvis es sxvadasxva
dros moxdeba.
5. erT
periodSi
dabadebulTa
kohortiT
kvlevis
dawyeba
gamoricxavs
Semdgom etapebze SerCevis problemas da qveSerCevebis aqtiuri gamoyenebis
519

saSualebas
iZleva,
rac
mikerZoebulobisa
da
sandoobis
problemebis
Semsubuqebas uwyobs xels.

6. longitudur kvlevebSi ar arsebobs mizez-Sedegobrivi analizis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
dabrkoleba,
kerZod,
gaxsenebuli
informaciis
iseTi
reinterpretacia, romelic mizez-Sedegobriobaze tradiciul mosazrebebs

eqvemdebareba.
aseTi
kvlevebi
efeqtis
mimarTulebis
Sefasebis
saSualebasac iZleva.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Douglas 1976
kros-seqciur
kvlevebSi
yuradReba
unda
mieqces
SerCevas
da
uzrunvelyofili iyos im informaciis sisrule, romelsac is eyrdnoba

(Lietz and keeves 1997: 124). garda amisa, arsebobs riski, rom zogierTi
potenciuri monawile uars ityvis monawileobaze, rac asustebs SerCevas.
zogierTi respondenti upasuxod datovebs konkretul kiTxvebs an, nebiT
Tu
uneblieT,
naklovanebis
arasworad
SemTxvevaSic
pasuxobs.
gazomvis
Secdoma
iqnas
daSvebuli,
SeiZleba
instrumentis
magaliTad,
Seusabamo sazomi erTeulis, an skalebis aRebiT.

droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevis (retrospeqciuli kvlevebis CaTvliT),
erTjeradi
analizisa
da
tendenciis
kvlevebis
Zlieri
da
susti
mxareebis Sedareba warmodgenilia 9. 4 CanarTSi (aseve ixileT Rose and

Sullivan 1993: 184 8).
rogorc
meTormete
TavSi
vnaxavT,
retrospeqciul
longitudur
kvlevas da ex post facto retrospeqtuli efeqtis mqone kvlevebs ramdenime

saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT.
CanarTi 9. 4
520

droSi ganmeorebadi, erTjeradi, tendenciis analizisa da retrospeqciuli
droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebis maxasiaTeblebi. Zlieri da susti mxareebi
kvlevis tipi
maxasiaTeblebi
Zlieri mxareebi
susti mxareebi
droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevebi
(kohortis da
panelis
kvlevebi)
1. erTi SerCeva
xangrZlivi
drois
ganmavlobaSi;
1. gamodgeba mizezSedegobrivi mimarTebebis

dasadgenad da sando
daskvnebis gasakeTeblad;
1. bevri dro sWirdeba _

warmoebasa da Sedegebis
didi dro miaqvs;
2. SesaZlebels
xdis erTi da
imave
individidebis
droSi
Sedarebas
(diaqronul
analizs);
2. aCvenebs, Tu rogor ergeba

individis Tvisebebis
cvlileba sistemur
cvlilebas;
3. mikro donis
analizi.
2. droTa ganmavlobaSi i
SerCevis sikvdilianobis
da mcirdeba sawyisi
reprezentaciuloba;
3. moqmedebs gamoyenebuli
instrumentebis
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi;
3. kontrolis efeqtebi _
imave SerCevis ganmeoreba
interviuireba gavlenas a
SerCevis wevrebis qcevaze
4. erTmaneTisgan mijnavs
realur tendenciebsa da
SemTxveviT cvlilebebs;
4. interviuirebis efeqteb
afermkrTaleben sawyis kv
gegmas;
5. gaxangrZlivebis dadebiTi
Sedegebi moaqvs;
5. monawileebis usafrTx
problema, vinaidan ganmeo
kontaqts moiazrebs;
6. gamodgeba zrdaganviTarebis sakvlevad;

7. agrovebs mimdinare
monacemebs da ara _
retrospeqciuls, riTac
Tavs aridebs SerCeviT, an
mcdarad mogonebis
problemas;
8. ekonomiuria im
TvalsazrisiT, rom SerCevis
suraTi droTa ganmavlobaSi
ikveTeba;
9. rogorc Tavdapirvelad
aRebuli, ise _ SemdgomSi
warmoqmnili cvladebis
farTo diapazonis
siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi
dafarva _ individisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli efeqtebi da
populaciis heterogenuloba;
6. rogorc wesi, rTulia

individualur doneze md
monacemebiss gaaanalizeb
521
10. iZleva cvlilebis

individualur/mikro doneze
gaaanalizebis
SesaZleblobas;
11. iZleva cvlilebis
dinamikis, konkretul
mdgomareobebSi gadasvlis,
sxva mdgomareobebSi
gadmosvlis da
mdgomareobebis cvlis
moxelTebis SesaZleblobas;
12. individualuri donis
monacemebi ufro zustia,
vidre _ makro donis,
erTjeradi monacemebi;
13. Semcirebulia SerCevis
Secdoma, vinaidan kvlevaSi
sul erTi SerCeva
monawileobs;
14. iZleva Carevis naTeli
da konkretuli
rekomendaciebis mocemis
SesaZleblobas.
erTjeradi
kvlevebi
1. drois erT an
ramdenime
monakveTSi
sxvadasxva
SerCevis
erTjeradi
suraTi
(sinqronuli
analizi);
2. farTomasStab
iani da
reprezentaciul
i SerCeva;
3. makro donis
analizi;
4. iZleva
1. SedarebiT swrafad
tardeba;
1. ar iZleva mizez-Sedego
analizis SesaZleblobas
2. SedarebiT iafia Catareba;
2. SeuZlebelia ganviTare
individualuri cvalebad
cvlilebebis da maTi
mniSvnelovnebis dadgena;
3. naklebia kontrolis
efeqti, vinaidan adamianebi
mxolod erTxel
monawileoben kvlevaSi;
3. SerCevebi srulad ar a
Sedarebadi, vinaidan mona
4. monawileobaze daTanxmebis
Segrovebis yovel jerze
didi albaToba, radgan
SerCeva gamoiyeneba;
kvleva mxolod erTxel
4. didi dro SeiZleba wai
tardeba;
radgan TiToeuli SerCev
5. iZleva dagrovil, krebsiT
informacia TiTo jerze
magaliTebs;
mogrovdes
6. gamodgeba populaciisTvis
5. calkeuli cvladebis g
damaxasiaTebeli niSnis
SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad d
droSi erTxel an
522

sxvadasxva
jgufis
Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas;
5. SeiZleba iyos
retrospeqciuli
an prospeqtuli.
ramdenjerme
dasafiqsireblad;
7. mkvlevrebs garkveul
mdgomareobaSi, an jgufebSi
myofi adamianebis
Tanafardobebis dadgenis
saSualebas aZlevs;
8. didi SerCevebi daskvniTi
statistikis gamoyenebis,
magaliTad, SerCevaSi
qvejgufebis Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
tendenciis
analizi
1. droTa
ganmavlobaSi
uwyvetad
swavloben
arCeul
faqtorebs;
2. Cawerili
monacemebi
samomavlo
tendenciebis
winaswarmetyvel
ebisTvis
gamoiyeneba.
1. mTeli kvlevis
ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs
gamokveTil fokuss;
2. identificirebuli da
gakontrolebuli
cvladebisa da daSvebebis
safuZvelze
winaswarmetyvelebisa da
proeqciis SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
monacemebi;
6. SeuZlebelia droSi mi
cvalebadi socialuri pr
konturebis moxazva;
7. dagrovili, krebsiTi m
mxolod makro-donis, erT
cvlilebis analizis Ses
iZleva.
1. uaryofs gauTvaliswine
faqtorebis gavlenas;
2. warsulis tendenciebi
ar aris samomavlo tende
kargi prediqtori;
3. formuliT aris marTul

Zalian konservatiuli un
Torem winaaRmdeg SemTxv
daSvebebi SeiZleba mcdar
aRmoCndes;
4. ar cnobs qaosisa da si
Teoriis praqtikul Sedeg
magaliTad, imas, rom xang
droze gaTvlili
winaswarmetyveleba saxif
5. winaswarmetyvelebis kr
SeiZleba arazusti iyos.
retrospeqciu
li droSi
ganmeorebadi
kvlevebi
1. SerCevis
istoriis
retrospeqciuli
analizi;
2. individualur
i da mikrodonis
monacemebi.
1. gamodgeba mizezSedegobrivi mimarTebis

dasadgenad;
2. mkafio fokusi (magaliTad,
rogor warmoiqmna es
konkretuli saboloo
mdgomareoba da viTareba?);
3. iZleva monacemebis
dagrovebis SesaZleblobas,
rac warmoudgenelia
eqsperimentuli analizis
SemTxvevaSi.
1. gaxsenebuli informaci
mzradi, SerCeviTi da uzu
2. adamianebs SeiZleba da
gandevnon an ver gaixseno
gakrveuli faqtorebi;
3. individebma TavianTi w
qcevebi cxovrebaSi am qc
Semdgom momxdari movle
prizmaSi SeiZleba gaiazr
maTi interpretaciebi ar
realuri movlenebis Tana
523
4. saboloo mdgomareobis
mizezebi SeiZleba mraval
mravalgvari, kompleqsur
daudgeneli da gamosavl
ise ioli iyos;
5. naklebad aris mosalo

martivi mizez-Sedegobrio
6. mizezi SeiZleba Tavad
Sedegi da piriqiT;
7. Znelia realuri mizeze

gamijvna aRqmuli an warm
mizezebisgan.
8. iSviaTad aris martivad

falsificirebadi an dad
safosto, satelefono gamokiTxvebi da gamokiTxvebi intervius

gamoyenebiT
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
ukve
visaubreT
monacemebis
Segrovebisadmi
midgomebis zogierT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebelze, mkiTxvels vurCevT

gaecnos 10-e, 15-e da 16-e Tavebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, internetze
dafuZnebul kvlevas, kiTxvaris formatsa da interviuers Seexeba.
safosto gamokiTxvebi
robsoni (1993) safosto da intervius gamoyenebiT gamokiTxvebis Zlier
da sust mxareebze miuTiTebs. safosto gamokiTxvisas SesaZlebelia didi
raodenobiT adamianebisTvis xmis miwvdena, monacemebis SedarebiT iafad
da sakmaod swrafad mopoveba da konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofa (Bailey
1994: 148). amasTanave, kiTxvaris Sevseba respondentisTvis mosaxerxebel
drosa
da
garemocvaSi
SeiZleba,
rac
saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
mas
informaciis gadamowmebis (magaliTad, piradi sabuTebis) da pasuxebze

dafiqrebis
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs.
standartuli
formulirebebis
gamoyenebis gamo sakmaod maRalia miRebuli pasuxebis Sedarebadobis

xarisxi da vinaidan interviueri ar eswreba kiTxvaris Sevasebas, ar
arsebobs
kiTxvarebi
iZleva.
interviueris
farTod
mikerZoebulobis
gafantuli
riski.
mosaxleobis
amasTan,
miwvdomis
safosto
saSualebasac
524
meore mxriv, safosto gamokiTxvebs, rogorc wesi, pasuxebis dabali

sixSire axasiaTebT da vinaidan mkvlevars araviTari informacia ara aqvs
maT Sesaxeb, vinc ar upasuxa, man ar icis, ramdenad reprezentaciulia
miRebuli SerCeva. garda amisa, respondentebma SeiZleba Tavi ar Seiwuxon
kiTxvaris zedmiwevniT SevsebiT, an sworad ver gaigon kiTxvebi. amis
gadamowmebis araviTari saSualeba ar arsebobs. beils (Baily 1994: 149)
miaCnia,
rom
zustad
erTi
da
igive
sakiTxebi
amcirebs
safosto
gamokiTxvebiT dainteresebas da matebs mas mimzidvelobas. magaliTad:
kiTxvebis standartuli formulireba;
mxolod sityvieri pasuxebi;
garemo, romelSic
respondenti kiTxulobs
da
pasuxobs
kiTxvars,
ukontroloa;
zogierTi kiTxvis upasuxod datovebis riski;
spontanuri pasuxebis Caweris SeuZlebloba;
pasuxis
gaucemlobisa
da
ver
gacemuli
pasuxebis
erTmaneTisgan
gamijvnis SuZlebloba (pirvel SemTxvevaSi dagegmili respondenti

iRebs
kiTxvars,
dagegmili
magram
respondenti
ar
ver
pasuxobs,
iRebs
xolo
kiTxvars
meore
im
SemTxvevaSi
mizeziT,
rom,
magaliTad, sxvagan gadavida sacxovreblad);
kiTxvaris
formatis
simartivis
aucilebloba,
radgan
ar
aris
interviueri, romelic respondents ufro rTul formatSi garkvevaSi

daexmareboda.
gamokiTxvebi intervius gamoyenebiT

Tu
safosto
gamokiTxvisas
respondenti
Tavad
avsebs
kiTxvars,
intervius gamoyenebiT warmoebul gamokiTxvebs mkvlevari atarebs da,

Sesabamisad, naklebi sirTulea mosalodneli. gamokiTxvis monacemebis
Segrovebis intervius meTodi imiT aris sasargeblo, rom interviueris
daswreba saqmes uiolebs respondents da mas sruli pasuxebis gacemis
motivacias
uqmnis
realurad
iq
myofi
interviuerisTvis
da
ara
525
anonimuri ucnobisaTvis, romelsac mxolod werilebiT icnobs (Robson

1993).
realurad
arsebobs
mtkicebuleba,
rom
pirispir
Sexvedra
aumjobesebs pasuxebis sixSires. garda amisa, vinaidan interviu SeiZleba

moqnili
iyos,
dasmuli
kiTxvebi
ufro
srulad
aris
mocemuli
da
axsnili (Baily 1994: 174). interviu maSinac gamosadegia, roca respodentebs

wera-kiTxvis
problemebi
aqvT.
am
dros
SesaZlebelia
monawileobis
wasaxaliseblad araverbaluri qcevis gamoyenebac. metic, intervius dros

gacilebiT ukeT SeiZleba gamokiTxvis Catarebis garemos gakontroleba,
gansakuTrebiT
piradulobis,
xmauris
da
garegani
gamRizianeblebis
TvalsazrisiT.
pirispir
Sexvedrisas
urTierTndobisa
garda
amisa,
dadgenili
da
metia
interviuerisa
TanamSromlobis
interviuerebs
Tanmimdevroba,
SesaZlebloba
SeuZliaT
an
da
mkacrad
pasuxebis
respodentis
(Dooley 2001: 122).
daicvan
gamokiTxvis
mimdevroba
calkeul
respondentebs moargon _ areulad dausvan kiTxvebi da am gziT yvela

kiTxvaze pasuxi miiRon. metic, gamokiTxvis interviuSi sruli garantiaa
imisa, rom kiTxvebs Tavad respondenti pasuxobs maSin, roca safosto
gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevarma arasodes icis, vinme sxvam Seavso kiTxvari, vinme
daexmara respondents pasuxebis gacemaSi, Tu man Tavad gaarTva Tavi
amocanas. beili (1994) amatebs, rom intervius gamoyenebiT warmoebul
gamokiTxvebSi SesaZlebelia spontanuri qcevisa da pasuxebis fiqsireba.
amasTan, intervius SeiZleba gacilebiT rTuli struqtura hqondes, vidre
safosto gamokiTxvebs, radgan mkvlevars SeuZlia respondenti metad
gaarkvios proceduraSi.
meore
mxriv,
mimzidvels
intervius
iqonios
xdis,
zustad
igive
SeiZleba
gamoyenebiT
interviueris
Tvisebebi,
problemebis
warmoebuli
rac
wyaroc
gamokiTxvebze
maxasiaTeblebma
intervius
iyos.
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
(magaliTad,
meTods
sqesma,
gavlena
rasam,
eTnikurma warmomavlobam, pirovnebam, unarebma, socialurma statusma,

Cacmulobam da garegnobam). masze Tavad interviueris qcevamac SeiZleba
526
imoqmedos (magaliTad, raporti interviuersa da respondents Soris) da

respondentma SeiZleba uari Tqvas zogierTi informaciis gamJRavnebaze,
Tu ar grZnoben, rom interviu anonimuria, an sensitiur informacias
sTxoven.
moqniloba,
romelsac
interviu
iZleva,
gamokiTxvis
standartizebis naklebobis potenciur safrTxes qmnis, ramac, SeiZleba,

Tanmimdevruloba da, Sesabamisad, sandooba problemuri gaxados. garda
amisa, gamokiTxvisas interviu mkvlevrisa da respondentisgan garkveul
dros moiTxovs da vinaidan interviuebi fiqsirebul
dros tardeba,
respomdentma SeiZleba ver moaxerxos im Canawerebis gadaTvaliereba,

romelic
pasuxebis
gacemaSi
daexmareboda.
aseve,
respondentTan
Sesaxvedrad mkvlevars SeiZleba did manZilebze uwevdes gadaadgileba,

rac Zviria rogorc drois TvalsazrisiT, ise Tanxobrivad (Baily 1994: 175).
Tu interviuebi monawilis saxlSi unda Catardes, maSin maT SeiZleba ar
surdeT ucxo adamianis saxlSi miReba. da kidev: zogierTi mkvlevrisTvis
is ubani SeiZleba saxifaTo iyos, sadac kvlevis Catarebaa ganzraxuli
(magaliTad, xelSi furclebiani TeTrkaniani mkvlevri araTeTrkanianTa
uRaribes
dasaxlebaSi,
an
feradkaniani
mkvlevari
konservatiul
satelefono
gamokiTxvebis
TeTrkanianTa ubanSi).
satelefono gamokiTxvebi
amtkiceben
(Dooley
upiratesoba
droisa
2001:
da
rom
122),
mogzaurobis
xarjebis
Semcirebaa.
roca
respondenti saxlSi ar aris, mxolod ramdenime moneta da xelmeored

darekvisTvis saWiro dro Tu daixarjeba. Sor manZilebze ganmeorebiT
misvla
ki,
SeiZleba
droisa
da
mgzavrobis
mniSvnelovan
xarjebs
ukavSirdebodes. garda amisa, Tu savaraudo monawiles ar SeuZlia, an ar

surs
pasuxis
gacema,
SedarebiT
iolia
saWiro
moculobis
SerCevis
SenarCuneba sxvasTan _ Tu am respondentis SemcvlelTan darekav. da

isev, rodesac respondentebs ar SeuZliaT, an ar surT yvela dasmul
kiTxvaze
pasuxis
nawilobrivi
gacema,
pasuxebis
maSin
gauqmeba
SesaZlebelia
da
maT
SerCevis
mier
siidan
mocemuli
Semdeg
527
CamnacvlebelTan darekva. advilia imis mixvedra, Tu ratom unda iqonioT

satelefono
intervius
potenciur
respondentTa
SeZlebisdagvarad
grZeli sia, SerCevis saWiro moculobis misaRebad.

meore mxriv, yvelas ar aqvs telefoni (magaliTad, Raribs, pataras,
naklebad
ganaTlebuls)
da
aman
SeiZleba
gadaxril
SerCevamde
migviyvanos. aseve, arc yvela adamiania interviuirebisTvis xelmisawvdomi,

Tu isini muSaoben. aseve, bevri adamianis telefonis nomeri ar aris
mocemuli cnobarSi, anu, maTi nomrebi ar aris sajarod cnobili. duli
(2001: 123) aRniSnavs, rom bevri adamiani _ axalgazrda, dauojaxebeli da
maRali samsaxureobrivi poziciis mqone _ avtomopasuxeebs iyenebs da
SeuZlia
moisminos
da
waSalos
mkvlevris
Semomavali
zari.
amanac
SeiZleba migviyvanos gadaxril SerCevamde.

maSinac ki, roca telefons pasuxoben, mopasuxe pirovneba SeiZleba ar
iyos is, vinc unda miiRos zari. man SeiZleba ar icodes kiTxvebze pasuxi,
an xeli ar miuwvdebodes moTxovnili tipis informaciaze. magaliTad,
Sinameurneobis
biujetis
yuradRebas
ar
aqcevdes
punqtebTan
dakavSirebul
xanSesulma
adamianma
kvlevaSi
ojaxis
Semosavals,
xarjebs.
upasuxos,
respondenti
an
telefons
romelic
SeiZleba
ubralod
biujetis
garkveul
SeiZleba
ojaxis
ufrosi
bavSvma
ar
an
aris.
interviuerebs sWirdebaT winaswari skriningis kiTxvebis momzadeba, an

ganmeorebiT
darekvis droze (roca dasmul kiTxvebze ufro Sesatyvisi
adamiani SeZlebs pasuxebis gacemas) SeTanxmeba.

satelefono
magaliTad,
gamokiTxvebs
Zalian
xSirad
Tavisi
Zlieri
respondentis
da
sqesi
susti
mxareebi
gasagebia
misi
aqvs.
xmis
mixedviT, amitom garkveuli kiTxvebi SeiZleba uadgilo iyos da aRar

daisvas.
meore
mxriv,
satelefono
gamokiTxvisas
aramizanSewonilia
kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiTtipis kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, radgan

respondentebs SeiZleba ubralod daaviwydeT dasaxelebuli kategoriebi
da daxmarebisTvis ver mimarTaven werilobiT baraTebs.
528
analogiurad,
SeiZleba
Zalian
didi
iyos
Tanmimdevrobis
efeqti:
intervius dasawyisSi mosmenili debulebebi mogvianebiT wakiTxulebze

axdenen
gavlenas;
aseve,
pasuxebis
CamonaTvalis
dasawyisSi
mocemul
pasuxebze respondenti SeiZleba metad dafiqrdes, vidre _ mogvianebiT

mocemulebze. es is sakiTxia, romelic zogadad kiTxvarebs exeba da
satelefono gamokiTxvebiT ar Semoifargleba. duli (2001: 136) zogad
kiTxvaze Tanxmobis 17 procentian gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs, rodesac is
debulebamde
konkretul
konkretulad
konkretul
moaqvs
da
ara
kvlevis
kiTxvebze
Semdeg
mis
magaliTebi
pasuxebi,
mis
iyo
imis
mocemuli.
saCveneblad,
irgvliv
myofi
mas
rom
kiTxvebis
zegavleniTaa ganpirobebuli. is gvirCevs, rom jer zogadi kiTxvebi

davsvaT
da
Semdeg
konkretuli.
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi,
zogad
kiTxvebze winmswrebi konkretuli kiTxvebis pasuxebi zemoqmedeben. kidev

erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom es Seexeba ara marto satelefono gamokiTxvebs,
aramed zogadad kiTxvarebsac.
garda
amisa,
Tu
kiTxvebis
dasma
Zalze
sensitiuri
xdeba,
respondentebma SeiZleba Sua intervius dros ubralod dakidon yurmili,

moityuon, an ar gaamJRavnon informacia. duli (Dooley 2001: 123) aRniSnavs,
rom
pirispir
SemTxvevaSi
arideben
interviusTan
nakluli
Tavs,
ufro
SedarebiT,
monacemi
ufro
damTmobni
arian
satelefono
metia,
da
respondentebis
pasuxebis
skalis
gacemas
ganapira
metad
kiTxvebs
pasuxoben (upiratesobas aniWeben reitingis skalebis bolo punqtebs).

vinaidan
satelefono
interviu
moklebulia
vizualur
sensorul
stimulacias, pirispir interviuirebas an werilobiT instruqciebsa da

wardgenas,
satelefono
gamokiTxvis
xangrZlivi
zaris
dagegmva
aramizanSewonilia. 10-15 wuTi xSirad is maqsimaluri droa, romlis

atanac respondentTa umravlsobas SeuZlia da mravali maTganisTvis 15
wuTic
SeiZleba
Zalian
bevri
aRmoCndes.
es
niSnavs
imas,
rom
saguldagulo pilotirebaa saWiro, rom intervius gegmaSi mxolod da

mxolod
kvlevisTvis
aucilebeli
debulebebi
Sevides.
529
gasaTvaliswinebelia
sandoobisa
da
validobis
riskic,
radgan
debulebebis raodenoba SeiZleba imaze mcire iyos, vidre monacemebis

mogrovebis sxva formebis SeTxvevaSi.
pasuxebis maCveneblis18 gaumjobeseba gamokiTxvaSi

gamokiTxvis ZiriTadi sirTule pasuxebis sakmarisad maRali sixSiris
uzrunvelyofaa, rac aucilebelia damajerebeli da sando monacemebis
misaRebad. zogierT safosto gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis sixSire SeiZleba 2023 procents ar scdebodes, rac mniSvnelovnad azianebs monacemebis
sandoobas. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba ganzraxuli da miRweuli SerCeva
(Fogelman 2002: 105). fanCs (Punch 2003: 43) miaCnia, rom mkvlevarma kvlevis
dasrulebis Semdeg ki ar unda daiwyos SerCevis morgeba, aramed raRac
unda
moimoqmedos,
(magaliTad,
pasuxebis
gazardos
dabali
SerCevis
sixSiris
moculoba).
Tavidan
igi
imasac
asacileblad
ambobs,
rom
SerCevis xelmisawvdomoba gamokiTxvis dawyebamde unda Sefasdes, albaT,

savaraudo respondentebis winaswar gafrTxilebiT (Tu es sasurvelad
CaiTvleba). avtori amtkicebs, rom pasuxebis dabali sixSire kiTxvaris
ukan
dabrunebis
detalebisadmi
uyuradRebobiTac
SeiZleba
iyos
gamowveuli. es sakiTxi Tavad kiTxvarSi unda iyos naTlad mocemuli.

safosto
gamokiTxvebis
SemTxvevaSi
respondents
kiTxvarTan
erTad
markiani da ukan dasabrunebeli misamarTiT aRniSnuli konvertic unda

gaegzavnos.
garda
amisa,
pasuxebis
sixSireze
gamokiTxvis
dizaini,
gegma
da
wardgenac SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas. mniSvnelovania, kiTxvars Tan

erTvodes Sesavali werili, romelSic gasagebad iqneba axsnili kvlevis
Sinaarsi da
mocemuli iqneba
informacia
mkvlevarze. mniSvnelovania
gamokiTxvis vadebic. magaliTad, gamocdebis periodSi an gansakuTrebuli

SemTxvevebis dros, rogoricaa Soba, an saskolo Semowmebebi, mkvlevrebs,
18
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: gamokiTxvis Catarebisas kiTxvars xSirad ar avsebs
imdeni respondenti, ramdenic mkvlevars aqvs dagegmili. pasuxis maCvenebeli unda iyos
100%, magram xSirad is bevrad naklebia.
530
an gamokiTxvas skolebSi didi enTuziazmiT ar egebebian (Dogerman 2002:

106). dabolos, mniSvnelovania gamokiTxvis Semdgomi kontaqtis dagegmva,
raTa
darwmundenen,
rom
daurekes
im
respondentebs,
romlebmac
ar
daabrunes kiTxvari da Seaxsenes kiTxvaris Sevsebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.

safosto
gamokiTxvebSi
pasuxebis
sixSiris
gazrdis
ramdenime
saSualeba arsebobs, maT Sorisaa:
Semdgomi kontaqtis dagegmva da zrdilobiani Sexseneba (magaliTad,

fostiT, eleqtronuli fostiT, satelefono zariT);
gamokiTxvis
Sesaxeb
winaswari
Setyobinebis
gagzavna
(magaliTad,
fostiT, eleqtronuli fostiT, satelefono zariT);
ukan
dasabrunebeli
misamarTiani
da
markiani
konvertiT
uzrunvelyofa;
mkvlevrisa
kvlevis
da
kvlevis
maRali
institutTan
statusis
mqone
uSualo
sponsorebis
kavSiris
an
aRniSvna,
mxardamWerebis
dasaxeleba;
finansuri dainteresebis SeTavazeba (Tumca finansuri motivatoris

didi odenoba ar moitans pasuxebis Tanazomier sixSires);
kiTxvaris dabrunebisTvis dajildoveba;
gamokiTxvisTvis gankuTvnili kiTxvaris simartivis uzrunvelyofa;
pasuxebis
gacemis
da
kiTxvaris
dabrunebis
proceduris
Sesaxeb
detaluri da gasagebi instruqciis micema;
monawileebis, maTTvis SeumCnevlad, moTafvla da Seqeba;
kvlevis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi werilis

gagzavniT da/an winaswari gafrTxilebiT;
gamokiTxvis
kiTxvari
ar
unda
hgavdes
makulaturas,
usargeblo
safosto gzavnils;
kiTxvaris piradad mitana da ara _ fostiT gagzavna.

kuperi da Sindleri (2001: 314 15) aRniSnaven, rom qvemoT CamoTvlil
faqtorebs mcire gansxvaveba SeaqvT dabrunebuli pasuxebis sixSireSi:
531
individualurad, mimarTviT dawerili Tanmxlebi Sesavali werili;
kiTxvaris sigrZis gaTvaliswineba: yovelTvis ise ar xdeba, rom mokle

kiTxvarebi
grZel
uzrunvelyofen.
kiTxvarebze
magram,
met
mkvlevarma
ukan
unda
dabrunebul
pasuxebs
gaiTvaliswinos
grZeli
kiTxvaris efeqti _ respondentebs SeiZleba dadebiTi an uaryofiTi

gancda hqondeT mis mimarT, an droebiT gverdze gadadon da mere
saerTod daaviwydeT kiTxvaris ukan dabruneba;
kiTxvaris
zomis,
beWdvis
dizainisa
da
ferebisTvis
yuradRebis
miqceva;
kiTxvarebis dabrunebis vadebis miTiTeba (aRmoCnda, rom es miRebuli

pasuxebis sixSires ki ara, dabrunebuli kiTxvarebis sixSires zrdis).
mniSvnelovania
upasuxod
imis
datovon
gaazreba,
gamokiTxvaSi
Tu
ratom
SeiZleba
monawileobis
respondentebma
Txovna.
mizezebis
CamonaTvalSi SeiZleba Sediodes Semdegi:
im dros, roca gamokiTxvaSi monawileobas sTxoven, sxva saqmiT aris

datvirTuli;
arcodnis
gamo
uxerxul
mdgomareobaSi
Cavardnis
SiSi,
rodesac
respondentebi grZnoben, rom ver upasuxeben SekiTxvas;
Temis arcodna/araviTari gamocdileba TemasTan dakavSirebiT;
ar moswonT intervius Sinaarsi an Tema;
gamokiTxvis SesaZlo Sedegebis SiSi (misTvis an sxvebisTvis);
kargad ar esmiT instruqcia;
ar moswonT an eSiniaT respondentoba;
Temis sensitiuroba, an potenciurad Seuracxmyofeli an safrTxis

Secveli Tema;
ndobis dakargva;
ukan dasabrunebeli konvertis, an misamarTis dakargva;
uSualo adresati ar xsnis safosto gzavnils, xolo vinc xsnis, is

ver axerxebs adresatisTvis gzavnilis gadacemas.
532
meore mxriv, potenciuri respondentebi SeiZleba davarwmunoT, miiRon

monawileoba gamokiTxvaSi. es damokidebulia, magaliTad, Semdegze:
kvlevis Camtarebeli institutis, an mkvlevris statusi da prestiJi;
aRqmuli sargebeli, romelsac kvlevisgan elian;
sakvlevi Temis aRqmuli mniSvnelovneba;
piradi daintereseba kvleviT;
respondentobisadmi interesi, anu, intervius gamocdilebis miReba;
mkvlevrisadmi piradi simpaTia;
sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblobisa da samoqalaqo valis gancda;
martooba an mowyeniloba (sxva araferi aqvT sakeTebeli);
sakuTari Tavis mniSvnelovnebis gancda.

girCevT, gaecnoT meTxuTmete Tavs kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb.
movlenis istoriis analizi

droSi ganmeorebadi kvlevebis bolodroindeli genezisi movlenis
istoriis analizs moicavs (magaliTisTvis ixileT von Eye 1990; Rose and
Sullivan 1993: 189 90; Plewis 1997; Ruspini 2002). movlenis istoriis analizi
gvTavazobs
cxovrebis
im
movlenebis
ciklSi
Caweras,
erevian
romlebic
(Ruspini 2002: 5).
cdis
aseT
pirTa
jgufis
cxovrebis
cikls
calkeuli traeqtoriebi da gadasvlebi ganapirobeben: arCeuli gzebi da

gzebis cvlilebebi. movlena sasveni niSani, anu cvlilebis wertilia.
movlenis istoriis analizi da droSi ganmeorebadi analizi erTmaneTs
retrospeqciuli
bunebiT
hgvanan
orives
monawileebi
warsulSi
gadahyavs da cvlilebis momentebsa da im dros mimdinare movlenebs

axsenebinebs.
movlenis
ganmeorebadi
da
konkretuli
drois
istoriis
erTjeradi
analizi
kvlevisgan,
momentebi
imiT
rom
fiqsirebuli
gansxvavdeba
monacemebis
ar
aris.
droSi
Segrovebis
analizisTvis
gadamwyveti mniSnveloba aqvs ara monacemebis akrefvis, aramed _ Tavad

movlenis
mocemul
vadebs.
momentebs
droSi
ganmeorebadi
moicavs
(magaliTad,
analizi
yovel
drois
eqvs
wyvetil
TveSi
da
erTxel),
533
movlenis istoriis analizi ki maSin xdeba, roca movlena moxdeba.

fiqsirebul grafikSi yovelTvis ar aris advili imis garkveva, Tu ra
moxdeba drois am SualedSi.
movlenis
istoriis
analizisas
gamoiyeneba
iseTi
statistikuri
teqnika, rogoricaa: riskis testi (monawileTa jgufi, visac jer ar

ganucdia
konkretuli
movlena
an
situacia);
sicocxlisunarianobis
funqcia, an mrudi (droTa ganmavlobaSi riskis kleba); safrTxe an

safrTxis maCvenebeli (konkretuli movlenebis moxdenis albaToba, an
konkretuli
movlenis
konkretul
dros
moxdenis
riski).
sicocxlisunarianobis cnebis warmoqmna movlenis istoriis analizs

ukavSirdeba,
romelSic
zomavdnen
sicocxlisunarianobis
dros
_ cxovelisTvis wamlis micemasa da mis sikvdils Soris gasul dros. am

meTodSi
gamoyenebuli
sxva
terminebia:
gadasvlis
nixri,
riskis
funqcia, sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli da gadasvlis intensivoba.

movlenis istoriis analizis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli drois
SualedSi individebze damokidebuli cvladis (magaliTad, qorwinebis,
samsaxuris
cvlilebebis,
sacxovrebeli
adgilis
kadrebis
Secvla,
Semcirebis,
sikvdili)
umaRlesi
ganaTleba,
winaswarmetyveleba.
amis
safuZvels sicocxlis cxrilebis analizi iZleva, romelsac demografebi

mocemul
droSi
mocemuli
populaciis
sicocxlisunarianobisa
da
sikvdilianobis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben. magaliTad, Tu x im populaciis

raodenobaa, romelic cocxalia t droisTvis, maSin SesaZlebelia am
populaciis sicocxlisunarianobis maCveneblis winaswarmetyveleba t+1
drois momentisaTvis. garkveuli azriT, es winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevas
hgavs. sicocxlis cxrilebis kvlevebi martivia im TvalsazrisiT, rom
maT
konkretuli,
ganumeorebeli
movlenebi
(magaliTad,
sikvdili)
ainteresebT. am SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba ar

emyareba sikvdilis sxvadasxva mizezis dadgenas (Rose and Sullivan 1993: 189).
Tumca,
movlenis
istoriis
analizSi
parametrebi
gacilebiT
534
kompleqsuria, radgan gantolebaSi mravali faqtori Sedis da amitom,

garkveuli saxis mravalcvladiani analizi xdeba saWiro.
movlenis istoriis analizis amocana riskis maCveneblis _ drois
mocemul
SualedSi
damokidebuli
cvladis
individTan
gamovlenis
albaTobis _ gamoTvlaa. midgoma maTematikuria da ramdenime faqtoridan

(damoukidebeli cvladebis) TiToeulis fardobiTi zomis gamosaTvlelad
logariTmul-wrfiv
analizs
iyenebs.
magaliTad,
kros-tabulaciaSi
koeficientebis gamoTvla, rasac zegavlena eqneba riskis maCvenebelze konkretuli drois SualedSi xdomilobis ganxorcielebis albaTobaze
(Rose and Sullivan 1993: 190).3
movlenis
istoriis
analizi
arc
cveTis
problemas
tovebs
uyuradRebod, radgan monawileebi droTa ganmavlobaSi toveben kvlevas.

pleviss (Plewis 1997: 117) miaCnia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi bevri droSi
ganmeorebadi
mogvarebas
kvleva
ganicdis
SerCevis
danakargs
da
am
sakiTxis
cenzuriT cdilobs _ kvlevaSi aucilebelia monacemebis
morgeba-koreqtireba,
gaTvaliswinebuli.
raTa
nakluli
monacemebis
mateba
iqnas
cenzura marjvnidan maSin gvaqvs, rodesac viciT,
rodis iwyeba konkretuli movlena, magram ar viciT, rodis mTavrdeba is;

xolo marcxnidan cenzura saWiroa maSin, rodesac viciT konkretuli
movlenis an situaciis arseboba, magram ar viciT, rodis daiwyo is.
plevisis (1997: 118) mosazrebiT, cenzuras daqvemdebarebuli movlenebi da
epizodebi (rodesac cveTa moxda) ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre _
cenzuraze
dauqvemdebarebeli.
Sesabamisad,
safrTxis
maCvenebeli,
romelic cenzuraze dauqvemdebarebel dakvirvebebs efuZneba, Cveulebriv,

Zalian maRali iqneba. movlenis istoria kvlevis Rirebuli da mzardi
gamoyebebisaTvis vargisi teqnikaa.
535
10 internetiT kvleva da kompiuteris

gamoyeneba
Sesavali
internetis
ganviTarebam
aramarto
tradiciuli
kvlevis
iseTi
teqnikebis ganviTarebisTvis gaaRo axali kari, rogoricaa gamokiTxvebi,

kiTxvarebi,
eqsperimentebi
da
interviuebi,
aramed
mkvlevrebs
veb
gverdebze geometriuli progresiiT mzardi moculobis mqone masalis

swrafad
mosaZieblad
amoRebis
teqnikebis
internetis,
da
dasamateblad
gamoyenebis
rogorc
kvlevis
literaturis
SesaZleblobac
saSualebis,
moZiebisa
misca.
am
gamoyenebis
da
TavSi
ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebs SevexebiT, ufro konkretulad, gamokiTxvebze da maTTan

dakavSirebul kiTxvarebze, eqsperimentebsa da interviuebze visaubrebT.
aseve, ganvixilavT kvlevis masalebis internetis saSualebiT moZiebis
sakiTxs.
socialuri
Casatareblad
praqtikad
mecnierebis
internetis
iqceva.
bevr
gamoyeneba
miuxedavad
imisa,
mimarTulebaSi
ufro
rom
da
ufro
gamokiTxvebis
gavrcelebul
internetze
dafuZnebul
gamokiTxvebs bevri ram saerTo aqvT Cveulebriv gamokiTxvebTan, maT

TavianTi speficikuri maxasiaTeblebic aqvT.
internet-gamokiTxvebma forma icvala da eleqtronuli gzavnilebidan
an mibmuli failiT gagzavnili kiTxvaridan eleqtronul gzavnilad
gadaiqca,
romelic
potenciur
respondentebs
saTanado
vebgverdze
amisamarTebs. Tu eleqtronuli fosta operatiulobiTaa mimzidveli, vebgamokiTxvebSi grafikuli gamosaxulebebis CarTvis SesaZlebloba didi
cdunebaa
mkvlevrebisTvis.
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
maTi
kombinacia:
eleqtronuli gzavniliT potenciur monawileebs uTiTeben veb gverdze,

romelzec kiTxvari HTML formatiT aris mocemuli. miuxedavad imisa,
536
rom eleqtronuli fostiT gamokiTxvebi ufro meti pasuxebis mozidvis

tendenciiT xasiaTdebian, vidre veb-gamokiTxvebi, am ukanasknels ufro
meti monawilis miwvdomis SesaZlebloba aqvs, amitomac upiratesoba maT
eniWeba.
eleqtronuli
gamoyenebuli
gzavnili
SeiZleba
monawileebTan kontaqtis
damatebis
dasamyareblad
saxiT
da
iqnas
konkretul
vebgverdze Sesvlis rCevis misacemad.
internet-gamokiTxvebis agebis zogierTi principi

dilmanma
da
gamokiTxvebis
teqnikuria,
misma
kolegebma
ramdenime
zogierTi
TvalsazrisiT,
maT
(Dillman et al. 1998a; 1998b; 1999)
principi
_
Camoayalibes.
daformatebis.
aRmoaCines,
rom
zogierTi
magaliTad,
kiTxvarebis
veb-
maTgani
teqnikuri
martivi
versia
mdidrul versiasTan SedarebiT (pirvels mwiri grafika aqvs, meores ki

_
bevri
da
daxvewil
programul
uzrunvelyofas
iyenebs)
SeiZleba
samjer naklebi iyos zomiT, rodesac saqme failis CamotvirTvaze midgeba

(317 k da 959 k, Sesabamisad); aseve, SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes CamotvirTvis
dro
225
wami
martivi
versiisTvis
da
682
wami
mdidruli
versiisaTvis. maT daadgines, rom naklebi SesaZleblobis kompiuterebisa

da internetkavSiris mqone respodentebi an ufro met dros xarjaven
failis
CamotvirTvaze,
an
kompiuters
emarTeba
raRac.
maT
isic
aRmoaCines, rom im adamianebisgan, romlebic martiv versiebs iReben, ufro

metadaa mosalodneli kiTxvaris Sevseba, vidre maTgan, vinc mdidrul
variants iRebs (93.1 da 82.1 procentebi, Sesabamisad), vinaidan, martivi
kiTxvaris
Sevsebas
naklebis
dro
sWirdeba.
grafikulad
kargad
damuSavebuli gverdis gamoyeneba kiTxvaris Sevsebis maRal sixSires ar

niSnavs; ufro daxvewili vebgverdebi, faqtobrivad, Sesrulebis sixSires
amcireben. es exmianeba friCerisa da sqonlaus (Fricker and Schonlau 2002) mier
aRweril kvlevas, romelSic eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnil kiTxvarze
pasuxebis sixSire 43 procenti iyo. xolo rodesac igive furcelze
dabeWdili kiTxvari Cveulebrivi fostiT dagzavnes, pasuxebis sixSirem 71
procenti
Seadgina.
faqtobrivad,
es
kvleva
aCvenebs,
rom
mxolod
537
specializebuli
SerCevebis
(magaliTad,
studentebis)
SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli internet-gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis maRali sixSiris miReba.

sxvadasxva programuli paketebis CamonaTvali da mimoxilva mocemulia
misamarTze
xolo
http://tucows.com/,
httpwww.my3q.com/misc/register/register.phtml
ufaso
misamarTze
onlain
gamokiTxvis
programuli uzrunvelyofa SegiZliaT ixiloT.

daformatebis TvalsazrisiT, dilmani da misi kolegebi (1998a; 1999)
amboben, rom furcelze dabeWdili kiTxvarebiT Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi
respondentis
Tvalebi
da
xelebi
erTi
da
imave
mimarTulebaze
fokusirdeba, xolo veb-gamokiTxvebSi Tvali ekrans uyurebs, xelebi ki an

klaviaturazea an _ mausze (Tagunaze), amitom kiTxvaris Sevseba ufro
rTulia. es erT-erTi mizezia, rom respondentebs ar movTxovoT Ria
kiTxvebze
grZeli
aRsaniSni
pasuxebis
RilakebiT
gacema
CavanacvloT,
da
aseTi
sadac
pasuxebi
mausis
dasaWeri
an
dawkapunebiT
avtomaturad Cajdeba aRniSvna (Witte et al. 1999: 139). garda amisa, zogierT
respondents,
sxvebTan
SedarebiT,
SeiZleba
kompiuterTan
muSaobis
naklebi unari hqondes. avtorebi muSaobis Sereul variants gvTavazoben

(erTi da imave kiTxvaris veb da dabeWdili variantebis gamoyenebas).
mkvlevrebma, aseve, daadgines, rom saeWvo xdeba pasuxebis CamonaTvalis
aRniSneT
yvela
Sesatyvisi
variantis
formiT
miwodeba,
vinaidan
respondentebi aseT debulebebs srulad aRniSnaven kiTxvaris dasawyisSi

da uyuradRebod toveben danarCenebs. amitom, isini gvirCeven, rom vebgamokiTxvebSi aseTi tipis kiTxvebs Tavi avaridoT.
isini aseve gvirCeven, rom Sesavali teqsti iyos mokle (imdeni, rom
ekranze
eteodes),
informaciuli
(magaliTad,
rogor
unda
gadavides
Semdegze) da ar moicavdes miTiTebebis grZel CamonaTvals. amasTan,

gamokiTxvis pirveli kiTxva respondentebis azrTa konkretuli nakadis
warmoqmnis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. amitom, kargad aris gasaazrebeli, ra
da
rogori
iqneba
pirveli
kiTxva,
romelmac
monawileobisken
unda
ubiZgos da ar daafrTxos respondenti. (magaliTad, arc Zalian rTuli,
538
arc
Zalian
martivi,
saintereso,
iolad
aRsaniSni
pasuxebiT,
CamosaSleli areebisa da ekranis Camowevis saWiroebis gareSe.) dilmani

da misi kolegebi (1998a; 1998b; 1999) konkretul rekomentaciebs iZlevian
ekranze gamotanili masalis struqturis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, daxuruli
kiTxvis pasuxebis variantebi kiTxvarTan axlos unda iyos mocemuli,
raTa advili iyos Tvalis midevneba; gamoviyenoT iseTi maxasiaTeblebi,
rogoricaa sikaSkaSe, msxvili Srifti da striqonebs Soris manZili
kiTxvaris nawilebis erTmaneTisgan gasamijnad. isini Tvalis bunebrivi
moZraobis mimarTulebis _ zeda marcxena kuTxidan (ekranis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
mocemuli)
nawili
qveda
da,
Sesabamisad,
marjvena
kuTxisken
is
adgili,
(ekranis
sadac
yvelaze
kiTxvaa
naklebad
mniSvnelovani nawili, sadac mkvlevris logos ganTavseba SeiZleba) _

miyolasac gvirCeven. avtorebi amboben, rom Tvalis bunebriv moZraobas
teqstis araTanabrad kiTxva axasiaTebs da amitom arsebobs mniSvnelovani
sityvebis
gamotovebis
striqonebis
kiTxvisas.
riski,
amitom,
rac
gansakuTrebiT
sasurvelia
mokle
ZalaSia
grZeli
striqonebisa
da
winadadebebis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, teqstSi erTeulebs Soris didi

manZilebis
datoveba,
an
kiTxvebis
cxrilis
saxiT
mocema).
amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, isini kiTxvaris Sevsebis progresis mimaniSneblebis

gamoyenebasac gvirCeven (magaliTad, davalebis Sesrulebis indikatori an
cxrili, romelic aCvenebs, kiTxvaris ra nawilia ukve Sesrulebuli).
respondentebisTvis SeiZleba ucxo iyos veb-kiTxvarebTan muSaobis
specifika, magaliTad, gadasarTveli Rilakebi (rodesac mxolod erTi
variantis aRniSvnaa SesaZlebeli), ekranis Camowevis operacia, mausis
gamoyeneba, CamosaSleli meniuebi da Ria pasuxebis kiTxvebis Sesatani
velebis amocnoba. Amitom, gamokiTxvis dizainerma, am mxriv, ar unda
gadaafasos respondentis SesaZlebelobebi, Tumca rostocki da lari
(Roztocki and Lahri 2002) Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs kavSiri kompiuterTan
muSaobis unarebsa da veb-gamokiTxvebisadmi upiratesobis miniWebas Soris.
sinamdvileSi, maTi gamoyeneba, albaT, Tavad gamokiTxviTve unda aixsnas.
539
dilmanisa da misi kolegebis (1999) mosazrebiT, kompiuterTan muSaobis

gansxvavebuli gamocdilebisa da unarebis problemis mogvareba sami gziT
aris SesaZlebeli:
kiTxvaris punqtis Sesrulebis instruqcia iqve, kiTxvasTan unda iyos

mocemuli (da ara _ erTad, yvela instruqcia kiTxvaris dasawyisSi);
respondentebs
dasawyisSi
unda
vkiTxoT,
ramdenad
SeuZliaT
kompiuterTan muSaoba da Tu sakmaod kargad erkvevian, zogierTi

instruqcia amoviRoT da kiTxvari ise mivawodoT, xolo, Tu naklebad
gamocdili
momxmareblebi
arian,
Semdgomi
instruqciebiTa
da
daxmarebiT uzrunvelvyoT;
gvqondes mcuravi fanjara, romelic Tan axlavs teqsts da romelic

SeiZleba gaiSalos ufro detaluri instruqciebisaTvis.
zogerTi
veb-gamokiTxva
respondentebs
ar
aZlevs
Semdeg
etapze
gadasvlis saSualebas, Tu wina etapze mocemuli yvela davaleba ar aris

Sesrulebuli. marTalia, es Temis srulad dafarvis garantiaa, magram
respondentebi SeiZleba imdenad gabrazdnen, rom Tavi mianebon kiTxvars,
an mizanmimarTulad ar upasuxon kiTxvebs (magaliTad, Tu ar surT
garkveuli informaciis gacema, kiTxva realurad ar Seesabameba maT, an
ar ician pasuxi). Sesabamisad, dilmani da kolegebi (1999) gvirCeven, Tavi
avaridoT
aseT
praqtikas.
am
sakiTxis
mogvarebis
erT-erTi
gzaa,
respondentebs davutovoT pasuxis arCevani _ ar msurs pasuxis gacema _

an ar vici. saqme isaa, rom veb-gamokiTxvis mitoveba gacilebiT advilia
_
erTi
Rilakze
SenarCunebas
TiTis
aq ufro
daWeraa
meti yuradReba
amitom,
jobia,
monawileobis
davuTmoT, vidre Cveulebrivi
gamokiTxvisas.
redlains
da
gamokiTxvebSi
mis
kolegebs
gadasvlebis,
(Redline et al. 2002)

ganStoebebis
miaCniaT,
Sesaxeb
rom
veb-
instruqciebma
(magaliTad, gamotoveT kiTxva N13; gadadiT kiTxvaze N10; Tu diax,

maSin
gadadiT
kiTxvaze
N12,
Tu
ara,
maSin
gaagrZeleT)
SeiZleba
problemebi Seqmnas, radgan respondentebma SeiZleba gamotovon mTeli
540
rigi debulebebi da kiTxvebi, romlebzec unda epasuxaT. es sakiTxi

instruqciis
ganTavsebis
adgils
ukavSirdeba
(magaliTad,
debulebis
marjvniv, mis qvemoT, pasuxis Casaweri velis marjvniv). pasuxis Casaweri

velidan Zalian Sors
teqstidan
rva
marjvniv moTavsebuli instruqcia
erTeuliT
marjvniv
gaweuli)
SeiZleba
(magaliTad,
respondentis
mxedvelobis fokusis gareT aRmoCndes da uyuradRebod darCes. garda

amisa,
avtorebi
aRniSnaven,
rom
gadasvlis
instruqciebi,
romlebic
ZiriTadi teqstis feris da zomis SriftiTaa mocemuli, umniSvnelod

aRiqmeba, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom respondentebs xSirad hgoniaT, rom
kiTxvaris
Sevseba
imaze
advilia,
vidre
es
sinamdvileSia.
amitom,
avtorebi gvirCeven instruqciebis povnis gamartivebas imiT, rom isini

mkiTxvelis bunebrivi mxedvelobis areSi movaTavsoT, msxvili SriftiT
da gansxvavebuli feriT davbeWdoT. isini aRniSnaven, rom gadasvlebis
intruqciebTan dakavSirebuli Secdomebi ZiriTadad imitom ki ar xdeba,
rom respondentebi Segnebulad ugulebelyofen maT, aramed imitom, rom
ver amCneven da ar ician maTi arseboba (Redline et al. 2002: 18).
mkvlevrebma gamoikvlies mTeli rigi sxva cvladi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen
gadasvlebis
instruqciebis
Semcveli
kiTxvarebis
warmatebiT
Sesrulebaze. maT Soris aRniSnaven Semdegs:
respondentze moqmedebs sityvebis raodenoba kiTxvaSi: rac ufro meti

sityvisgan
kiTxvaze
Sedgeba
sworad
kiTxva,
miT
gadamisamarTebis
naklebia,
mkiTxvelis
albaToba,
radgan
kiTxvidan
is
kiTxviT
ufroa dakavebuli, vidre _ instruqciiT;
gadasvlis instruqciebze yuradRebis misapyrobad msxvili Sriftis,

mowodebis strategiebisa da sityvebis dizainis gamoyeneba zrdis maT
TvalsaCinoebas;
pasuxebis SesaZlo variantebis raodenobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios

respondentze:
Svidze
meti
variantis
SemTxvevaSi
respondentma
SeiZleba Secdoma dauSvas, an gamorCes gadasvlis instruqciebi;
541
gadasvlis
instruqciisa
da
pasuxebis
variantebis
erTdroulad
yurebisas, respondents SeiZleba gadasvlis instruqciebi gamorCes;
gadasvlis
instruqciis
pasuxebis
bolo
variantTan
ganTavsebis
SemTxvevaSi misi SemCnevis albaToba metia, vidre _ CamonaTvalis

dasawyisSi.
es
SeiZleba
pasuxebis
variantebis
CamonaTvalis
Tanmimdevrobis Secvlas saWiroebdes, raTa bolo varianti logikurad

mivides gadasvlis instruqciamde;
gadasvlis instruqciebi unda ganTavsdes iq, sadac unda gamoiyenon da

sadac dainaxaven;
gamokiTxvebSi
muSaobs
TviTSesrulebad
pasuxebis
gamokiTxvebSi
Tanmimdevrobis
respondentebi
efeqti
CamonaTvalis
dasawyisSi mocemuli debulebebis arCevis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian

(dasawyisis efeqti), amitom mcdarad reagireben CamonaTvalis bolos
mocemul gadasvlis instruqciebze;
ramdenime
gadasvlis
Semcvel
(anu
erTze
meti
ganStoebis
mqone)
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis saWiroeba respondentebs SeiZleba manamde

daaviwydeT, vidre debulebas pasuxoben;
Tu yovel pasuxs Tavisi ganStoeba aqvs, respondentebs SeiZleba yvela

mimarTuleba msgavsi egonoT da gadasvlis instruqciebi ver SeamCnion;
Tu respondentebs Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebis Cawera moeTxovebaT, maT

SeiZleba
ver
dakavebuli
SeniSnon
iyvnen
gadasvlis
pasuxis
instruqcia,
SedgeniT
da
radgan
Cawerisas
metismetad
instruqcia
mxedvelobis vels miRma darCeT;
gverdis
qveda
kidesTan
ganTavsebuli
debulebebi
SeiZleba
ufro
xSirad darCes upasuxod, vidre _ gverdis zeda nawilSi mocemuli

debulebebi, amitom, Tu gadasvlis instruqciebi gverdis qveda kideSia
mocemuli, metia maTi gamotovebis albaToba. Sesabamisad, Tavi unda
avaridoT gadasvlis instruqciebis gverdis bolos ganTavsebas;
Tu gadasvlis instruqcia Zalian aris moSorebuli pasuxis Casaweri

velidan, maSin is SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes.
542
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli am rCevebis gamoyeneba aramarto onlain

gamokiTxvebis kiTxvarebSia SesaZlebeli, Cveulebrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis
gankuTvnili kiTxvarebisTvisac gamodgeba.
dilmani da kolegebi (1999) da dilmani da boukeri (2000: 10 11)
gamoTqvamen
mosazrebas,
rom
warmatebuli
veb-gamokiTxvebi
unda
iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom zogierT respondents ar SeuZlia daxvewili

programuli
masaxiaTeblebis
mqone
veb-gamokiTxvebis
wvdoma
da
veb-
kiTxvarebze pasuxebis gacema (magaliTad, iseTze, romlisTvis saWiro

programuli
uzrunvelyofa
respondents
ara
aqvs,
an
Zalian
nela
itvirTeba), aseve, dizainisa da wyobis TvalsazrisiT am kiTxvarebis

SevsebasTan
dakavSirebuli
SesaZleblobebi
unda
Tanxvdebodes
respondentis molodins.
dilmani da misi kolegebi veb-kiTxvarebis Seqmnis ramdenime princips
gvTavazoben:
kiTxvari
misalmebiT
daiwyeT,
riTac
respondentebs
kiTxvis
gagrZelebis motivacias SeuqmniT. misalmebaSi naTlad miuTiTeT, rom

kiTxvaris Sevseba martivia; mieciT moqmedebis mkafio da gasagebi
instruqciebi;
mianiWeT piradi saidentifikacio nomeri, raTa SerCevis sxva SesaZlo

wevrebma ver SeZlon misi pasuxebis naxva;
darwmundiT, rom pirveli kiTxva srulad Cans ekranze. advilia misi

gageba da pasuxis gacema;
TiToeuli
kiTxvis
forma
maqsimalurad
miaaxloveT
nabeWdis
analogTan, radgan respondentebisTvis is SeiZleba nacnobi iyos;
ferebis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyaviT figura-fonis Tanmimdevruloba da

sandooba
ise,
gadaadgileba
rom
da
martivi
kiTxvebi
iyos
naTlad
kiTxvarSi
da
msgavsi
daubrkoleblad
formatiT
iyos
formulirebuli;
erideT
gansxvavebebs
kiTxvebis
garegnul
mxareSi,
rac
SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli kompiuterebis, konfiguraciebis, operaciuli sistemebis,
543
monitorebisa
(magaliTad,
nawilobrivi
da
teqstis
irgvliv)
da
brauzerebis (veb-navigatorebis)Sedegi iyos;
gaakeTeT mokle striqonebi, raTa ergebodes ekranis zomas;
maqsimalurad
SeamcireT
CamosaSleli
meniuebis
mqone
areebis
raodenoba da respondentebi maTken gadaamisamarTeT;
Zalian
mkafiod
da
naTlad
CamoayalibeT
kiTxvaris
nawilebis
gamotovebis instruqciebi;
moqmedebis
Sesrulebis
instruqciebi unda
instruqciebi
Sesruldes
da ara
ganaTavseT
yvela
iq,
erTad _
sadac
es
kiTxvaris
dasawyisSi;
SeecadeT, Semdeg kiTxvaze gadasvlamde, respondents yvela kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacema ar mosTxovoT;
darwmundiT, rom kiTxvari advilad gadadis kiTxvidan kiTxvaze, Tumca

rigis efeqtic mniSvnelovania;
Tu kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT kiTxvebia mocemuli, SeecadeT,

rom respondenti maT erTi SexedviT, mTlianad xedavdes ekranze. Tu
es SeuZlebelia, maSin ganixileT kiTxvis or svetad micemis varianti
da Tan daurTeT Sesabamisi instruqciebi;
grafikuli simboloebiT an sityvebiT gamosaxeT,

Seavso
ukve
respondentma
da
ramdeni
aqvs
kiTxvaris ra nawili
darCenili
aCveneT
respondents Tavisi progresi;
erideT iseT kiTxvebs, romlebic problemuria Cveulebriv, furcelze

dabeWdil
kiTxvarebSi (magaliTad, kiTxvebs, romlebic yvela SesaZlo
variantis aRniSvnis saSualebas iZleva).
internet-gamokiTxvebis zogierTi upiratesoba

internet-gamokiTxvebSi
internetis
kiTxvarebTan
yvelaze
kiTxvarebis
SedarebiT,
xSirad
gamoyenebas
ramdenime
kiTxvarebi
furcelze
aRiarebuli
gamoiyeneba.
dabeWdil
upirtesoba
aqvs,
(magaliTad, Watt 1997; Dillman et al. 1999; Dillman and Bowker 2000; Roztocki and
544
amcirebs
Lahri 2002):
xarjebs
(magaliTad,
qaRaldis, dabeWdvis, monacemebis
safosto
Setanis, monacemebis
momsaxurebis,
damuSavebis,
interviuerebis anazRaurebis);
amcirebs
kiTxvarebis
dagzavnis,
monacemebis
Segrovebisa
da
damuSavebis dros (veb-gamokiTxvebSi Setanili monacemebi avtomaturad

SeiZleba
damuSavdes
maSinve,
rogorc
ki
respondenti
upasuxebs
kiTxvebs da ar saWiroebs mogvianebiT Setanas);
ufro farTo da gacilebiT mravalricxovani populaciis miwvdomis

saSualebas iZleva;
mkvlevars rTuli populaciis anonimurad da amoucnobad miwvdomis

saSualebas aZlevs;
es
SeiZleba
siaxle
iyos
(rac,
cxadia,
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
moZveldeba);
respondentebs saxlSi, anu maT mier arCeul da nacnob garemoSi

SeuZliaT kiTxvaris Sevseba (da ara, magaliTad, samsaxurSi);
respondentebs saxlSi, maTTvis xelsayrel dros SeuZliaT kiTxvaris

Sevseba
da
amiT
minimumamde
dadis
organizaciuli
SezRudvebi,
romelic SeiZleboda mkvlevrisTvis, an respondentisTvis daewesebina

Sesabamis organizacias;
respondentebs kiTxvaris Sevseba nel-nela, TandaTanobiT SeuZliaT

(anu, ar arian valdebulni, pirvelive jerze daasrulon);
praqtikulad ar arsebobs mkvlevris efeqti;
veb-gamokiTxvebSi ufro naklebad gvxvdeba Seuvseblad datovebuli

grafebi, vidre _ furcelze dabeWdil kiTxvarebSi;
monacemebis
Setanisa
da
damuSavebis
procesSi
adamianis
mier
daSvebuli Secdoma gamoricxulia;
damatebiTma maxasiaTeblebma SeiZleba mimzidveli gaxadon gamokiTxva

(magaliTad, grafikulma mxarem, ferebma, asoebis moyvanilobam da a.
S.);
545
SesaZlebelia meti ganzogadeba, vinaidan internetis momxmareblebi

farTo da mravalferovan populacias warmoadgenen;
imis
gamo,
rom
monawileoben
adamianebi
moxaliseebi
gamokiTxvaSi
(ar
aris
arian
da
iZulebis
sakuTari
nebiT
momenti),
ufro
auTenturi pasuxebis miRebaa SesaZlebeli.

RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, vati (1997) gvafrTxilebs, rom internetkvleva yovelTvis ufro ekonomiuria, vidre _ satelefono gamokiTxva,
magram, internet-gamokiTxva safosto gamokiTxvasTan SedarebiT odnav
iafia,
im
SemTxvevebis
garda,
rodesac
veb-gamokiTxvaSi
500-ze
meti
adamiani monawileobs, radgan veb-kiTxvaris Seqmna garkveul xarjebs

ukavSirdeba dizainisa da drois TvalsazrisiT da Tu masSi mcire
raodenobis adamiani monawileobs, es xarjebi gaumarTebelia. rodesac
500-ze meti monawilea internet-gamokiTxvaSi, ukve SeiZleba mniSvnelovan
ekonomiaze saubari. frikeri da sqonlau (2002) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas,
rom
mtkicebebi
internet-gamokiTxvis
siiafesa
da
siswrafis
Sesaxeb
yovelTvis ar eyrdnoba empiriul monacemebs da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

dros, romelsac iTxovs internet-gamokiTxvis dagegmva, programireba,
testireba
da
modifikacia,
sawyisi
kontaqti
da
Semdgomi
kavSiri
pasuxebis sixSiris maRali maCveneblis uzrunvelsayofad, maSin danazogi

SeiZleba arc ise didi iyos, rogor amtkiceben. avtorebis TqmiT, isini
acnobiereben,
rom
vinaidan
internet-gamokiTxva
viTardeba,
man
unda
daakmayofilos es moTxovnebi. reipss (Reips 2002a; 2002b) miaCnia, rom

marTalia, internet-gamokiTxva laboratoriuli sivrcis, aRWurvilobisa
da administrirebis xarjebs ukavSirdeba _ es gamokiTxvis dagegmvaganxorcielebis xarjebs anazRaurebs.
internet gamokiTxvebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

meore mxriv, internet-gamokiTxvebs Tavisi problemebi aqvs. zogierTi
maTgani
da
maTi
SesaZlo
gadawyveta
warmodgenilia
CanarTSi
10.
(Coomber 1997; Dillman et al. 1999; Frick et al. 1999; Witmer et al. 1999; Dillman and Bowker
546
2000; Solomon 2001; Reips 2002a; 2002b; Dillman et al. 2003; Hewson et al. 2003; Smyth et al.
2004).
rogorc am CamonaTvalidan Cans, internet-gamokiTxvebSi gazviadebulia
kiTxvarebis vizualuri mxaris mniSvneloba (Smyth et al. 2004) da es exeba
kiTxvebis,
instruqciebisa
debulebebis
dajgufebas,
da
pasuxebis
gamoyenebul
ganlagebis
ferebs,
pasuxebis
struqturas,
variantebis
ganlagebas da pasuxebis aRniSvnis formats (magaliTad, sityvebiT Cawera

an aRniSvna). smiTi da misi kolegebi (2004) aRniSnaven, rom respondentebi
internet-gamokiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebamdel gadamuSavebas iyeneben,
anu, konkretuli debulebebis wakiTxvamde mTliani suraTis (anu ekranis)
danaxvasa da gagebas cdiloben, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania vizualuri
maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, gamuqebuli sityvebi, msxvili Srifti, ferebi,
sikaSkaSe,
kiTxvaris
nawilebis
dasaTaureba,
xazebs
Soris
manZili,
pasuxebis Canaweri velebis debulebebTan axlos ganTavseba. es yvelaferi

geStalt-fsiqologias efuZneba, romelic Semdegi principebiT gadmoicema:
siaxlove
(vajgufebT
sivrceSi
erTmaneTTan
axlos
ganlagebul
sagnebs);
msgavseba (vajgufebT msgavs sagnebs);
simartive (figurebi an sagnebi, romlebic simartiviT, regularobiTa

da
simetriiT
xasiaTdeba,
ufro
iolad
aRsaqmeli
da
dasamaxsovrebelia).
CanarTi 10. 1.
problemebi da maTi mogvarebis gzebi internetze dafuZnebul kvlevaSi
problema: SerCeva
SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebi SeiZleba arasrulad

warmoadgendnen zogierT qveSerCevas.
Sedegebis morgeba SerCevis pasuxebis

Sewonvis gziT (naxeT forsirebuli
SerCeva da Sewonva, Tavi 4).
SesaZlebelia dafarvis Secdomis

daSveba.
angariSSi aRwereT SerCevis

maxasiaTeblebi.
547
upasuxod datoveba da moxaliseTa

mikerZoebuloba.
veb-gverdebsa da internetiT diskusiis

jgufebSi ganaTavseT Sexsenebis
Setyobinebebi. potenciur
monawileebTan dasakavSireblad
eleqtronuli fosta gamoiyeneT.
respondentebisgan moiTxoveT, rom
nabij-nabij gamogzavnon Sevsebuli
kiTxvari. amiT aramarto nawilobrivi
pasuxebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba
mogecemaT, aramed upasuxod datovebis
detalur sqemasac. dainaxavT, anu,
pasuxebis gacema ar xdeba principiT
yvelaferi an araferi (an mTliani
kiTxvaris gamogzavna, an _ arafris).
problema: eTika
SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebma SeiZleba ar moidomon

mkvlevrisTvis sakuTari vinaobis
gamxela, eleqtronuli fostiT ki
SesaZlebelia misi amocnoba
(sensitiuri kvlevis SemTxvevaSi,
magaliTad, bavSvze Zaladobisas an
narkotikebis gamoyenebisas, SeiZleba
kriminaluri msvleloba mieces saqmes,
Tu dadginda respondentis vinaoba, an
kriminalist-gamomZiebelma gatexa
vebgverdi da miagno respondents).
respondentebis amoucnobloba
SeiZleba problemuri iyos.
umjobesia, rom respondentebi

vebgverdze gadaamisamarToT, vidre
eleqtronuli fostiT gqondeT maTTan
urTierToba. aswavleT, rogor
gamoiyenon usafrTo gzebi kiTxvaris
asaRebad da ukan dasabruneblad
(magaliTad, internet kafe, biblioTeka,
universiteti). urCieT respondentebs,
amobeWdon kiTxvari da fostiT
gaagzavnon miTiTebul misamarTze.
erideT respondentisTvis parolis
gamoyenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis
misamarTis Txovnas. SezRudeT
daucvel direqtoriebsa da
konfidencialur informaciaze
gasvlis mcdeloba.
respondentebma SeiZleba araferi

icodnen mkvlevris Sesaxeb, an imis
Sesaxeb, rom es keTilsindisieri
kvlevaa da ara marketinguli xriki.
kiTxvars Tan daurTeT mkvlevris

statusi organizaciaSi (magaliTad,
universiteti) da, Tu SesaZlebelia,
logo.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom respondents

nebismier dros SeeZlos kiTxvarisTvis
Tavis danebeba da kvlevidan gamoTiSva
(magaliTad, ekranze mudmivad Candes
Rilaki gasvla).
problema: teqnikuri _ aparatura da

programuli uzrunvelyofa
SesaZlo gadawyveta
kiTxvaris konfiguracia SeiZleba

sxvadasxva kompiuterze
sxvadasxvagvari iyos (vebnavigatorebis,
internet-kavSiris, aparaturis,
SeinarCuneT simartive.
Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelsayofad
kiTxvari sxvadasxva kompiuterul
sistemebSi/veb navigatorebSi
548

programuli uzrunvelyofis gamo),
ramac kvlevidan gamoTiSva gamoiwvios.
gamoscadeT. erideT realur droSi

Sesavseb kiTxvarebs.
gamokiTxvis dizaineris mier Seqmnili

gamosaxuleba SeiZleba sxvagvarad
gamoCndes respondentis ekranze.
SeinarCuneT simartive. kiTxvaris

Sesaqmnelad gamokiTxvis komerciuli
programuli sistemebi gamoiyeneT.
erideT maRali donis programebs.
neli interneti an talRis SezRuduli

sixSire, rac anelebs CamotvirTvas.
respondentebs SeiZleba ar hqondeT
igive programuli uzrunvelyofa, an
igive versia, rac an SeuZlebels xdis
kiTxvaris CamotvirTvas, an miRebul
failSi grafikuli gamosaxulebebi
ireva.
grafikuli gamosaxulebebi SeiZleba
daziandes an araTavsebadi iyos,
magaliTad, erTnair kompiuterebze
sxvadasxva operaciuli sistemiT, an
programuli uzrunvelyofiT
muSaobdnen mklevari da respondenti.
maTi aparaturac (kompiuterebi)
SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes
erTmaneTisgan.
rac ufro metad gamoiyeneba
grafikuli gamosaxulebebi da
programuli gafarToebebi (magaliTad,
Java-s da Applets-is gamoyeneba), miT meti
dro sWirdeba failis CamotvirTvas. da
gansakuTrebiT maSin (da ara marto
maSin), roca respondents ar aqvs didi
gamtarobis arxi, xangrZlivi
CamotvirTva an respondentis
dakargviT SeiZleba dasruldes, an
misi guneba-ganwyobilebis gafuWebiT.
failis CamotvirTva SeiZleba xazis
gadatvirTulobam gaaZnelos.
kompiuteris konfiguraciidan
gamomdinare SeiZleba gaizardos
damokidebulebis skalis punqtebs
Soris fizikuri manZili.
teqstis struqturirebis procedurebi
SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva
minimalurad gamoiyeneT grafikuli

gamosaxulebebi. gaarkvieT, ra dro
sWirdeba kiTxvaris CamotvirTvas.
erideT grafikuli gamosaxulebebisa
da mowinave programuli
teqnologiebis gamoyenebas.
SeinarCuneT simartive. gamoiyeneT

komerciulad xelmisawvdomi vebgamokiTxvebis sistemebi da
momsaxurebis paketebi. CamotvirTvis
drois Semcirebis mizniT suraTis
tipis failebi (magaliTad, jpg, gif)
gamoiyeneT. SeZlebisdagvarad erideT
CamosaSleli meniuebis gamoyenebas,
radgan is amcirebs pasuxebis sixSires.
SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde
daiyvaneT programuli
uzrunvelyofisTvis wayenebuli
moTxovnebi. erideT kiTxvarebs,
romlebSic daxvewili, rTuli
kompiuteruli grafika gamoiyeneba.
erideT rTul grafikas da mdidrul

garegnobas, radgan maT Camosatvirad
meti droa saWiro.
miuTiTeT kiTxvaris xedvis saukeTeso
formati (magaliTad, 800400).
teqstis xazebi mokle unda iyos.
549

kompiuterze.
eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnil
kiTxvarebSi SeiZleba dairRves
kiTxvaris struqtura (eleqtronuli
fostis zogierTi programuli
uzrunvelyofa HTML formats iyenebs,
zogierTi _ ara).
erideT kiTxvaris pirdapir

eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnas.
umjobesia vebgverdze ganaTavsoT
(magaliTad, respondenti Sevides
vebgverdze da Semdeg uSualod
kiTxvarze gadasasvlelad daaWiros
Rilaks). eleqtronuli fosta
respondentis veb gverdze
gadamisamarTebisTvis gamoiyeneT
(magaliTad, SetyobinebaSi mocemuli
vebgverdis misamarTi, romelze
dawkapunebiTac respondenti pirdapir
gadava miTiTebul vebgverdze).
grafikulad SedarebiT rTuli
kiTxvarebi mibmuli failis saxiT
gagzavneT.
problema: respondentebi
SesaZlo gadawyveta
respodentebisTvis SeiZleba ucxo iyos

interneti da media.
kiTxvari martivi da advilad Sesavsebi

unda iyos.
respondentma SeiZleba ramdenjerme

gagzavnos Sevsebuli kiTxvari erTi da
imave an sxvadasxva misamarTidan.
unda arsebobdes usafrTxoebis

meqanizmi, romelic Tvals gaadevnebs
da SezRudavs (ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia) respondentebis mier
erTi da igive kiTxvaris ramdenjerme
dabrunebas. gamoiyeneT parolebi
(Tumca, aman, Tavis mxriv,
identifikaciis problema SeiZleba
Seqmnas). SeagroveT pirovnebis
saidentifikacio debulebebi.
gadaamowmeT miRebuli kiTxvarebis
Tanmimdevruloba.
erT kiTxvars erTze meti repondenti

SeiZleba avsebdes (igive problema,
rogoric, magaliTad, safosto
gamokiTxvebisas dgas).
msgavs debulebebze pasuxebis

jvaredini gadamowmebis mizniT
daamateT Sesabamisi kiTxvebi.
respondentebi SeiZleba ar iyenebdnen

CamosaSlel menius.
mieciT naTeli mkafio instruqciebi.
eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnili
gadaamowmeT kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli
550

gamokiTxvis kiTxvarSi gamoyenebulma
sametyvelo enam SeiZleba Seuracxyos
potenciuri monawileebi (aaleba).
sametyvelo ena da erideT monawilis

gajavrebas.
respondentebs uWirT onlain

gamokiTxvis gverdidan gverdze
gadasvla.
instruqciebi im gverdze moaTavseT,

romelsac exeba. gadasvlebis
instruqciebi Zalian gasagebad
CamoayalibeT (Sriftis zoma, feri da
a. S.).
problema: formati da vizualuri

mxare
SesaZlo gadawyveta
gverdis sigrZe ufro didia, vidre

sigane, magram ekrani ufro farToa,
vidre misi sigrZe; ekrani gverdze
pataraa, anu formati problemuri
xdeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom eleqtronuli

gamokiTxvebi ufro met gverds anu
ekrans moiTxovs, vidre maTi
dabeWdili analogi. ise dayaviT
kiTxebi seqciebad, rom TiToeulma
seqciam Seavsos ekrani da ar daikavos
erTze meti ekrani (ar gaxdes saWiro
ekranis Camoweva).
testisa da instruqciebis formats

ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre
dabeWdil kiTxvarebSi.
mkafiod da martivad gadaeciT

saTqmeli.
kiTxvarSi bevri cxrili da marticaa

gamoyenebuli
erideT cxrilebisa da matricebis

gamoyenebas: es upasuxod darCenis
ZiriTadi wyaroa.
debulebebis Tanmimdevroba gavlenas

axdens pasuxebis sixSireze.
piradi informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi

kiTxvaris dasawyisSi ganaTavseT.
teqstSi kiTxvaris dasawyisSi CarTeT
gasaxurebeli debulebebi da maRali
barierebi, raTa Tavi aaridoT
monawilis dakargvas.
Sesaval teqstSi respondentebs

SeiZleba Zalian bevri informacia
miayaroT.
ganaTavseT gamokiTxvis sareklamo

Setyobineba momxmarebelTa jgufebSi
da farTo sazogadoebaSi, SesTavazeT
monawileebs, rom daukavSirdnen ama da
am pirovnebas, an mimarTon vebgverds
Semdgomi informaciisTvis da Tavad
kiTxvaris sanaxavad, anu, erTmaneTisgan
gamijneT sakuTriv kiTxvari da misi
wardgena, an reklama.
gamokiTxvis dasawyisSi respondentebi

SeiZleba gadaitvirTon instruqciebiT.
erideT yvela instruqciis kiTxvaris

dasawyisSi ganTavsebas. konkretuli
instruqciebi konkretul kiTxvebTan
ganalageT.
gamokiTxvis dasawyisSi respodentebi

SeiZleba gadaitvirTon informaciiT.
CarTeT mokle sawyisi informacia da

danarCeni kiTxvarSi ganaTavseT.
551
TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad

respondentebma SeiZleba ramdenime
moqmedeba ganaxorcielon (magaliTad,
pasuxze dawkapunebiT, ekranis
CamoweviT, Semdeg gverdze gadasvliT,
ekranze mocemuli informaciis
gagzavniT).
maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRebad

minimumamde daiyvaneT Sesasrulebeli
moqmedebebis raodenoba.
respondentebi SeiZleba ver xedavdnen

savaraudo pasuxebis yvela variants
ekranis Camowevis gareSe.
darwmundiT, rom debuleba da misi

savaraudo pasuxebi erTianad Cans
ekranze.
respondentebma SeiZleba ver gaigon

instruqciebi.
uzrunvelyaviT daxmarebis funqcia,

mieciT mkvlevaris eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTi, an sakontaqto
informacia. gamoscadeT instrumenti.
asarCevi variantebis Sesaxeb

instruqciebi SeiZleba gaugebari iyos.
gamoiyeneT Rilakebi, romlebic

mxolod erTi variantis dafiqsirebis
saSualebas iZleva da SeecadeT,
kiTxvaris formati Cveulebrivi,
dabeWdili kiTxvarisas miuaxlovoT.
respondentebi kiTxvis mxolod nawils

kiTxuloben da gadadian savaraudo
pasuxebis wakiTxvaze.
gamoiyeneT instruqciebisa da sityvebis

aucilebeli minimumi.
problema: sandooba
SesaZlo gadawyveta
respondentebma SeiZleba Secvalon

instruqciebi. mkvlevari respondents
gacilebiT meti kontrolis
saSualebas aZlevs, vidre tradiciul
kiTxvarebSi.
Secvlis aRsakveTad da Secvlili

instrumentis saidentifikaciod,
gamoiyeneT teqnologiuri dacvis
meqanizmebi da procedurebi.
respondentebi SeiZleba iZulebulni

iyvnen, rom yvela kiTxvas upasuxon
maSinac ki, rodesac pasuxebis
zogierTi varianti maTTvis Seusabamoa.
CaatareT piloturi gamokiTxva. CarTeT

iseTi variantebi, rogoricaa ar vici
da ar msurs pasuxis gacema da
ecadeT ar aiZuloT respondenti wina
kiTxvebs aucileblad upasuxos Semdeg
kiTxvaze gadasvlamde,
respondentebi SeiZleba ar ambobdnen

simarTles _ sakuTari Tavis araswor
interpretacias axdendnen.
CarTeT pasuxebis jvaredinad

gadasamowmebeli kiTxvebi (mcdari
informaciis miwodebis problemis
Sesamcireblad).
problema: kvlevidan gamoTiSva
SesaZlo gadawyveta
raRac drois Semdeg respondentebma

SeiZleba interesi dakargon da
miatovon kiTxvari, riTac daikargeba
mTeli gamokiTxvis monacemebi.
ise aawyeT gamokiTxva, rom

respondents saTiTao debulebis an
nawil-nawil SeeZlos pasuxebis
gamogzavna (magaliTad, Rilaki
gagzavna ekranis qveda kuTxeSi).
552

yoveli kiTxva an yoveli seqcia calke
ekranad Candes da TiToeuls boloSi
hqondes Rilaki gagzavna. gamoiyeneT
teqnika erTi debuleba_erTi ekrani.
respondentebma SeiZleba ar icodnen,
ra moculobisaa kiTxvari da amitom
dakargon interesi.
mianiSneT respodentebs, kiTxvaris ra

nawils upasuxes ukve da ramdeni
darCaT: CarTeT progresis maCvenebeli
grafikuli gamosaxuleba ekranis
bolos, an kiTxvaris gverdiT.
internet-gamokiTxvebs meti dro

sWirdeba, vidre zepir da werilobiT
gamokiTxvebs.
internet-gamokiTxva Selebisdagvarad
mokle, gasagebi da Sesavsebad ioli
unda iyos.
adamianebs ar surT monawileobis

miReba da ufro advilia internet
gamokiTxvisTvis Tavis danebeba, an
pasuxebis gauqmeba, vidre sxva saxis
gamokiTxvebSi (maT ubralod Rilaks
unda daaWiron).
gazardeT monawileobiT daintereseba

(magaliTad, Tu qveynis kanonmdebloba
uSvebs, finansuri interesebis
SemotaniT, latariis bileTebiT).
dabrunebuli kiTxvarebis raodenobis

Semcireba (gamokiTxvaSi miRebuli
pasuxebis raodenoba mkveTrad
iklebs). siaxleebSi ganTavsebuli
Setyobinebebi da eleqtronuli
ganxilvis jgufebi garkveuli drois
(magaliTad, erTi kviris) Semdeg
gauqmebuli, daqveiTebuli an
arqivirebulia da mkiTxvelebi aRar
kiTxuloben bolos damatebul
Setyobinebebs.
monacemebis mogrovebis periodSi

uzrunvelyaviT vebgverdis
yovelkvireuli ganaxleba.
SeiZleba xSiri iyos monawileobaze

uari ( potenciurma monawileebma ar
Seavson kiTxvari, imaTgan gansxvavebiT,
vinc daiwyebs da mogvianebiT daanebebs
Tavs).
gazardeT monawileobiT daintereseba.

piradi informaciis Semcveli kiTxvebi
kiTxvaris dasawyisSi gamoitaneT.
Secdomis Setyobinebebi (magaliTad, Tu

debuleba ar aris dasrulebuli)
frustracias iwvevs da amis gamo
respondentebma SeiZleba kvleva
miatovon.
Tu SesaZlebelia, erideT Secdomis

Setyobinebebs, kargad auxseniT, ratom
moxda Secdoma da rogor unda
gaswordes.
smiTi da misi kolegebi (2004: 21) imasac amboben, rom saTaurebis

gamoyeneba
da
kiTxvaris
seqciebad
dayofa
internet-gamokiTxvebs
mniSvnelovnebas matebs. isini aRniSnaven, rom erTi seqciis debulebebis

meorisgan saTauriT gamoyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan
553
respondentebi
kiTxvebs
Tavs
upasuxon
valdebulad
(orive
Tvlian,
seqciaSi
orive
gacemuli
seqciaSi
pasuxebi
70
mocemul
procents
Seadgenda, usaTauro da seqciebad dauyofeli kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSi ki

es maCvenebeli 40 procentamde ecemoda). avtorebma, aseve, aRmoaCines, rom
debulebebis
CamonaTvalis
vertikalur
qvejgufebSi
da
svetebSi
gaerTianeba (ori sveti TiTo gverdze) arasasurveli wyoba iyo da Tu

SesaZlebelia, ar unda gamoviyenoT. isini amboben, rom zogjer Ria
kiTxvebis
dasma
(magaliTad,
specialobis
Cawera)
ufro
efeqturi
SeiZleba gamodges, vidre specialobaTa grZeli siis SeTavazeba, romelic

unda CaaTvalieros respodentma da ipovos Tavisi specialoba, Tumca amis
gaioleba specialobebis anbanuri wesiT dalagebiTac SeiZleba. dabolos,
maT aRmoaCines, rom pasuxis Casaweri velis qvemoT da ara _ gverdiT _
Zalian
mokle
miniSnebis
ganTavseba
(magaliTad,
dd/TT/ww
dRe/Tve/weli-sTvis da weli-sTvis ww-is gamoyeneba da ara _ wwwwis) zrdis pasuxebis sixSires.

dilmanma da misma kolegebma (2003: 23), aseve, aRmoaCines, rom ki/ara
formatis (iZulebiTi arCevanis) gamoyeneba zrdida dadebiTi pasuxebis
raodenobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom amas meti kognituri gadamuSaveba
sWirdeba, vidre nebayoflobiTi arCevanis kiTxvebs (magaliTad, aRniSneT
yvela
Sesatyvisi
respondentebs
ar
pasuxi).
undodeT
es
SeiZleba
uaryofiTi
imitom
pasuxis
xdebodes,
Riad
da
rom
pirdapir
dafiqsireba (Dillman et al. 2003: 10). miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba saerTod
ar hqondeT raime mosazreba, netiralurad iyvnen ganwyobilni, an arc
erTi pasuxi ar SeesabamebodeT, respondentebma SeiZleba mainc airCion
kategoria diax da ara _ gategoria ara. maT urCevniaT, upasuxod
datovon
kiTxva,
magram
ar
upasuxon
procentuli maCvenebeli arainternetul

vidre
procenti) (Dillman et al. 2003: 22).
ara.
dadebiTi
pasuxebis
kiTxvarebSi ufro maRali iyo,
(Sesabamisad,
11.3
procenti
da
6.5
554
rogorc zemoT iTqva, dilmanma da misma kolegebma (2003) aCvenes, rom

respondentebi CamonaTvalis dasawyisSi mocemuli debulebebis arCevis
tendenciiT xasiTdebian da naklebad irCeven CamonaTvalis bolosken
mocemul
debulebebs
(pirvelobis
efeqti)
anu
misdeven
damakmayofilebel princips (maT akmayofilebT minimaluri sakmarisi

pasuxebi
da
CamonaTvalSi
irCeven.
imis
nacvlad,
mocemul
rom
pirvelive
optimaluri
mizanSewonil
pasuxis
asarCevad
pasuxs
bolomde
CaikiTxon mocemuli sia, Semdeg debulebaze gadadian) da varaudoben, rom

debulebebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSvneloba aqvs, rac 39 procentze met
pasuxebSi
gansxvavebas
amtkiceben,
ase
qmnis
(Dillman et al. 2003: 7).
gansakuTrebiT
maSin
xdeba,
rogorc
roca
avtorebi
respondentebs
mosazrebebsa da rwmenebze ekiTxebian da ara _ roca maTgan faqtobriv

informacias
iTxoven. isini imasac
amboben, rom rac
ufro
rTulia
debuleba, miT metad airCeven respondentebi damakmayofilebel pasuxebs.

dilmanma
da
misma
damakmayofilebeli
da
kolegebma
pirveladi
(2003:
efeqtebi
22)
aRmoaCines,
rom
ufro Zlieria, vidre Cveulebriv gamokiTxvebSi da yvela Sesatyvisi

pasuxi aRniSneT principis iZulebiTi arCevanis pasuxebiT SecvliT ver
xerxdeba pasuxebis rigis efeqtis aRmofxvra.
dilmani da misi kolegebi (2003: 6) aseve aRniSnaven, rom savaraudo
pasuxebis Tanmimdevrobam SeiZleba Tavad pasuxebze moaxdinos gavlena da
magaliTad moaqvT kvleva, romelSic aRmoaCines, rom rodesac kolejis
studentebs ekiTxebodnen, mamakaci maswavlebeli ufro empaTiuri iyo, Tu
qali da varianti mamakaci Tavsdeboda varianti qalis win an Semdeg,
respondentebi qal maswavleblebs ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, Tu maT
qali maswavlebeli mamakaci maswavleblisTvis unda SeedarebinaT, vidre
maSin, rodesac mamakaci maswavlebeli unda SeedarebinaT qalisTvis.
respondentebi meore debulebas CamonaTvalSi mis win mdgari debulebis
konteqstSi ganixilavdnen da ara _ damoukideblad.
555
internet-gamokiTxvebSi eTikis igive wesebi moqmedebs, rac Cveulebriv

gamokiTxvaSi.
aq
Sedis,
magaliTad,
informirebuli
Tanxmoba
da
konfidencialoba. Tu pirvelis miRweva sakmaod ioli SeiZleba iyos,

mkvlevrebisTvis
internetSi
konfidencialoba
SeiZleba
ufro
did
Tavsatexs warmoadgendes. magaliTad, eleqtronuli fostiT gagzavnili

gamokiTxva SeiZleba swrafi da martivi iyos, magram am dros mJRavndeba
respondentis vinaoba da SesaZlebeli xdeba misi povna. rogorc uitmeri
da misi kolegebi (Witmer et al 1999: 147) SeniSnaven, aman SeiZleba SeaCeros
kvleva. usafrTxoeba (magaliTad, parolebisa da piradi saidentifikacio
nomrebis gamoyenebiT) erT-erTi SesaZlo gamosavalia, Tumca, es sxva
problemebs
amoicnes
qmnis
da
respondentebs
ipoves.
imoqmedos
zogierTma
(cookies-is
saxiT)
SeiZleba
hqondeT
gancda,
gamokiTxvam
SeiZleba
internetSi
respondentis
rom
arasasurvelad
samomavlo
kontaqtebze.
SerCeva internet-gamokiTxvebSi
Tavad respondentTa SerCevis mikerZoebuloba internet-gamokiTxvebis
ZiriTadi safiqralia (Coomber 1997; Roztocki and Lahri 2002). hiusoni da misi
kolegebi (Hewson 2003: 27) Tvlian, rom internetiT gaSualebuli kvleva
dauyovnebliv
validobis
momuSave
dgeba
SerCevis
problemebis
mkvlevris
reprezentaciulobisa
winaSe,
yuradRebis
magaliTad,
velSi,
da
monacemebis
internetis
saSualebiT
ZiriTadad,
saSualo
klasis
warmomadgeneli ganaTlebuli amerikelebi an bakalavriatis da kolejis

studentebi xvdebian. 2000 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam (Witte et al. 1999)
aCvena,
rom
mosazreba,
respondentebis
rom
92.5
gamokiTxvebSi
procenti
zogierTi
TeTrkaniani
jgufi
iyo.
Tumca,
Warbad
aris
warmodgenili, zogi ki _ arasakmarisad, eWvis qveS dadga (Smith and Leigh

1997; Witte et al. 1999; Hewson et al, 2003): Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom internetis
momxmareblebidan
gansxvavdebian
orientaciis,
da
aramomxmareblebidan
erTmaneTisgan
ojaxuri
Semosavlis,
mdgomareobis,
aRebuli
ganaTlebis,
eTnikuri
SerCevebi
ar
seqsualuri
warmomavlobisa
da
556
religiuri rwmenis mixedviT. Tumca, maT Soris arsebobs asakobrivi

sxvaoba:
internetis
momxmarebelTa
SerCevaSi
asakis
ufro
farTo
diapazoni SeiniSneba, xolo rac Seexeba sqess, am SerCevaSi mamakacebi

Warboben. hiusoni da misi kolegebi (2003) aRniSnaven, rom internetSerCeva zogadad ufro mravalferovania, Tumca es arafers niSnavs da
internet-SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebi
isevea
damokidebuli
monawileebis
SerCevisTvis gamoyenebul strategiaze, rogorc sxva saxis SerCevebis

SemTxvevaSi. stiuarti da ialonisi (Stewart and Yalonis 2001) fiqroben, rom
SerCevis
SesaZlo
mikerZoebulobis
daZleva
stratifikaciis
martivi
teqnikebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

internet-gamokiTxvebisTvis
SerCevis
Sedgenis
mTavar
problema
im
populaciis moculobisa da Taviseburebebis Sefaseba, saidanac SerCeva

unda
iqnas
aRebuli:
mkvlevrebma
zustad
SerCevis
ar
ician
strategiis
arc
ZiriTadi
populaciis
maxasiaTebeli.
maxasiaTeblebi
da
moculoba. igive iTqmis SerCevis Sesaxebac. internetis momxmarebelTa

raodenoba ar aris kompiuterebis an serverebis raodenobis martivi
funqcia (magaliTad, bevri momxmarebeli SeiZleba erT kompiuters an
servers
iyenebdes),
Tumca,
wignis
weris
momentisTvis
internets
500
milionze meti momxmarebeli hyavs (Hewson et al. 2003: 36). garda amisa, Znelia
imis Tqma, rogorma an ramdenma adamianma naxa konkretuli gamokiTxva veb
gverdze (magaliTad, ufro metma qalma Tu mamakacma), anu, gaurkvevelia
SerCevis CarCo. metic, populaciis garkveul seqtorebs SeiZleba ar
hqondeT internetSi muSaobis saSualeba, magaliTad, maT, visac ar unda
an ar SeuZlia (fasis an xelmisawvdomobis gamo) internetamde misvla.
situacia swrafad icvleba. 1997 wels aRniSnavdnen (Coomber 1997), rom
internetis
momxmareblebi,
warmomadgeneli
ganaTlebuli
ZiriTadad,
TeTrkaniani,
mamakacebi.
iyvnen
ganviTarebuli
SedarebiT
SedarebiT
gviandeli
samyaros
uzrunvelyofili
Sromebi
da
(magaliTad,
Hewson et al. 2003) ki aCveneben, rom interneti gacilebiT mravalferovan

populacias izidavs da is axlos dgas mTlian populaciasTan.
557
SerCevasTan
problemebic
SerCevebs
da
arsebobs.
eyrdnoba,
(magaliTad,
internet-gamokiTxvebTan
respondents
romelic
reklama,
vebgverdze
romelSic
saTanado
popularulia
dakavSirebiT
socialur
kvlevis
amisamarTebs)
mecnierebebSi
moxalise
Setyobinebis
aRwerilia
vebgverdze
didwilad
sxva
ganTavsebiT
detalebi
an,
rac
konkretuli
da
ufro
siaxleebis
jgufebSi an interesis mixedviT Seqmnil internet-jgufebSi gancxadebis

gaSvebiT (magaliTad, SchoolNet-is
meSveobiT)
sxvadasxva
jgufebis,
saxis
momxmarebelTa
miiReba.
vebze (USERNET)
siaxleebis
jgufebisa
da
elqtronuli ganxilvis jgufebis (magaliTad, Listservs) siebis mopoveba

SeiZleba.
arsebobs
ramdenime
saZiebo
Setyobinebebs agzavnis eleqtronul
sistema,
romelic
eZebs
da
misamarTebze. aseTia, magaliTad,
http://www.liszt.com (sagnobrivi saZiebeli), Catalist (LISTSERV-is oficialuri

katalogebi
misamarTze
http://www.lsoft.com/catalist.html),
romelic
(http://www.mailbase.ac.uk),
didi
Mailbase
britaneTis
akademiuri
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi koleqciaa 2.500-ze meti wevrisgan Semdgari siiT.

aseve,
unda
davasaxeloT
Meta-List.net
(http://www.meta-list.net),
romelic
TiTqmis meoTxedi milionis siis bazaSi eZebs. doCartei (Dochartaigh 2002)

ganaTlebis sferos muSakebsa da socialur mkvlevrebs veb Ziebis Sesaxeb
sasargeblo masalas awvdis.
saqme isaa, rom mkvlevari araalbaTur, moxalise SerCevas iyenebs,
ramac SeiZleba Seamciros Sedegebis ganzogadebuloba (Tumca, cxadia, es
SeiZleba aRar iyos imdenad problemuri internet-gamokiTxvebSi, rogorc
sxva saxis gamokiTxvebSi). xelsayreli SerCevebi (magaliTad, studentebi,
romlebic
internets
zRudavdnen
kvlevis
iyeneben,
an
ganzogadebas,
konkretuli
magram
ara
jgufebi)
imaze
SeiZleba
metad,
vidre
tradiciul kvlevaSi da es SeiZleba aRarc iyos problemuri, radgan

aRiarebulia
seriozulad
da gacnobierebuli.
dgas,
gansxvavdebodnen
vinaidan
maTgan,
vinc
moxalise SerCevebis
moxaliseebi
ar
aris
SeiZleba
moxalise
sakiTxi ufro
pirovnulad
(magaliTad,
metad
558
eqstravertebi iyvnen, an metad iswrafvodnen TviTaqtualizaciisken: Bargh

et al. 2002) da gamokiTxvisTvis TviTSerCeulebi iyvnen, rac isev da isev
zRudavs Sedegebis ganzogadebas.
moxaliseTa
ukiduresad
mikerZoebulobis
didi
SerCevebis
problemis
aReba
daZlevis
vcadoT,
an
erTi
vebze
meTodia,
SemsvlelTa
raodenoba aRvricxoT, Tumca es Zalian miaxloebiTi maCvenebeli iqneba.

aramoxaliseTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofis kidev erT meTodia, maTTan
gamokiTxvis Taobaze eleqtronuli fostiT dakavSireba (im daSvebiT, rom
cnobilia
maTi
eleqtronuli
fostis
misamarTebi),
magaliTad,
studentebis klasi, maswavleblebis jgufi. Tumca, eleqtronuli fostis

misamarTebi
TavisTavad
arafers
eubneba
mkvlevars
SerCevis
maxasiaTeblebze (magaliTad, asakis, sqesis, erovnebisa da a. S.).

uats (1997) miaCnia, rom sami saxis internet-SerCeva arsebobs:
SeuzRudavi SerCeva: yvelas SeuZlia kiTxvaris Sevseba, magram nakleb

reprezentaciuli iqneba;
gadaxarisxebuli 19
SerCeva:
qveSerCevis
kategoriebsa
da
tipebze
dawesebulia kvotebi (magaliTad, sqesi, Semosavali, samsaxureobrivi

movaleobebi da a. S.);
raime
niSniT 20
kiTxvars
avseben
SerCeva:
da
respodentebi
Semdeg,
am
winaswar
kiTxvarSi
saklasifikacio
mocemuli
informaciis
safuZvelze, SeirCevian, an ar SeirCevian gamokiTxvisTvis.

internet-gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSire, Cveulebriv, ufro dabalia,
vidre
tradiciul
gamokiTxvebSi.
analogiuri
viTarebaa
mTliani
kiTxvaris dasrulebis TvalsazrisiTac (Reips 2002a). uitmeri da misi

kolegebi (Witmer et al. 1999: 147) aRniSnaven, rom tradiciuli kiTxvarisTvis
19
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: SerCevaSi wevrebi araTanabrad arian warmodgenili da
saWiro xdeba kvotebis SemoReba, mis dasabalanseblad

20
Sinaarsis redaqtoris SeniSvna: SerCevis wevrebs gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT irCeven,
raime konkretuli niSnis mixedviT, radgan gamokiTxvas esaWiroeba SerCevis wevrebis

ragvarobis meti kontroli
559
pasuxebi SeiZleba iyos ara umcires 20 da ara umetes 50 procentisa,

xolo internet-gamokiTxvisTvis es maCvenebeli SeiZleba 10 procentamdec
davides. dilmani da misi kolegebi (1998b) aRweren kvlevas, romelSic
SerCevis
kiTxvari,
84-ma
procentma
xolo
igive
srulad
kiTxvaris
Seavso
konkretuli
vebversiis
tradiciuli
Sesrulebis
maCvenebeli
mxolod 68 procenti iyo. solomoni (2001) aRniSnavs, rom internetgamokiTxvis
pasuxebis
sixSire
amave
gamokiTxvis
safosto
variantis
sixSireze naklebia. Tumca, es sakiTxi ufro garTulebulia, vinaidan

internet-gamokiTxvaSi ar gvaqvs realuri codna populaciis an SerCevis
Sesaxeb,
zogierTi
dagvikavSirdnen
kvlevaSi
(magaliTad,
uitmerma
kiTxvarebis
konkretuli
mokle
da
adamianis
garda,
eleqtronuli
fostis
kolegebma
daadgines,
misma
versiebi,
grZel
versiebTan
romlebic
meSveobiT).
rom
imave
internet-
SedarebiT,
ar
ganapirobebs mniSvnelovnad meti raodenobis pasuxebs (gv. 155). solomonis

(2001)
mosazrebiT,
eleqtronuli
pasuxebis
gzavnilebis,
sixSiris
gaumjobeseba
Sexsenebebis,
martivi
personaluri
formatebis
da
dagegmili gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb winaswar Setyobinebis gamoyenebiT aris

SesaZlebeli.
reipsi
(2002a)
pasuxebis
sixSiris
gazrdis
sasargeblo rCevebs iZleva. mas miaCnia, rom pasuxebis sixSiris gazrda

SesaZlebelia mravalmxrivi Sesvlis teqnikis gamoyenebiT, anu, ramdenime
veb gverdis qoniTa da ganacxadis ramdenime jgufSi ganTavsebiT, rac
potenciur monawileebs an internetis momxmareblebs im veb gverdze
gaiyvans, romelzec kiTxvaria ganTavsebuli. reipsi (2002a: 249) maRali
barieris teqnikis gamoyenebasac gvTavazobs, rodesac motivaciis xelis
SemSleli
faqtorebi
winaswar
aris
gancxadebuli
an
maqsimalurad
koncentrirebulia kiTxvaris dasawyisSi. amitom, kvlevidan potenciuri

gamoTiSva dasawyisSive TavisTavad xdeba da ara _ SemdgomSi, monacemebis
mogrovebisas. respsis azriT, maRali barieris teqnika moicavs:
560
seriozuloba: monawileebisTvis imis Tqmas, rom es seriozuli da

skrupulozuri kvlevaa;
personalizacia:
eleqtronuli
fostis
misamarTis,
an
sakontaqto
detalebisa da piradi informaciis moTxovna;
kontrolis STabeWdileba: uTxariT monawileebs, rom maTi amocnoba

SesaZlebelia;
moTmineba:
CatvirTvis
dro:
vebgverdis
CamotvirTvis
drois
Sesamcireblad suraTis formatebi gamoiyeneT;
moTmineba: grZeli teqstebi: teqstis didi nawili pirvel gverdze

ganaTavseT da yovel Semdgom gverdze TandaTanobiT SeamcireT;
xangrZlivoba:
uTxariT
monawileebs,
ra
dros
waiRebs
kiTxvaris
Sevseba;
piraduloba:
uTxariT
monawileebs,
rom
gainteresebT
garkveuli
pirovnuli informacia;
winapirobebi:
miuTiTeT
garkveuli
programuli
uzrunvelyofis
moTxovnebi;
teqnikuri
pretesti:
SeamowmeT
programuli
uzrunvelyofis
Tavsebadoba;
jildoebi: miuTiTeT, rom kiTxvaris srulad SevsebisTvis garkveuli

jildoebia/wamaxaliseblebia dawesebuli.
marTalia, zogierTma am strategiam SeiZleba mkvlevari daazaralos
(magaliTad, pirovnuli da amocnobadi detalebis gamJRavneba), magram aq

ZiriTadi
principi
aseTia:
individma
sjobs
dasawyisidanve
Tqvas
monawileobaze uari, vidre _ kiTxvaris Sevsebis Sua procesSi. frikma da

misma
kolegebma
informaciis
(Frick et al. 1999)
moTxovna
ar
aRmoaCines,
moqmedebs
kvlevis
rom
dasawyisSi
droze
adre
piradi
mitovebis
sixSireze. onlain eqsperimentebTan mimarTebiT maT aRmoaCines, rom

eqsperimentis mitovebis tendencia meti iyo, roca pirovnul informacias
561
kvlevis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
iTxovdnen
(Frick et al. 1999: 4),
amitom
umjobesia, rom piradi informacia kvlevis dasawyisSive miviRoT.

reipsi (2002a) internet-gamokiTxvebSi maRali barieris teqnikasTan
erTad gaxurebis teqnikebis gamoyenebasac emxroba (aseve ixileT Frick et
al. 1999). is Tvlis, rom kvlevidan gamoTiSvis SemTxvevebis umetesoba
monacemebis
mogrovebis
adreul
etapebze
an
sul
dasawyisSi
(monawileobaze uaris Tqma) xdeba da ara _ bolosken. aseTi adreuli

gamoTiSvebis mizezia, dasawyisSive, monawileebis didZali
gadatvirTva. amis nacvlad, reipsi gvirCevs,
dasawyisSi
martivad
Sesasrulebeli
informaciiT
respondents kiTxvaris
punqtebi
mivawodoT,
raTa
mas
warmodgena Seeqmnas, ras akeTebs da rogor unda upasuxos momdevno

debulebebs. friki da misi kolegebi (1999) aRniSnaven, rom kvlevidan
gamoTiSvis
SeTavazeba
imisTvis,
Sesamcireblad
gamodges,
Tumca,
SeiZleba
finansuri
am
yvela
dros
wamaxaliseblebis
piroba
unda
SevqmnaT
rom respondentebma bolomde Seavson kiTxvari (orjer metad
mosalodnelia
dasruleba);
finansuri
wamaxaliseblebi
motivaciis
asamaRlebladac gamodgeba, Tu maTi Sinagani motivacia arasakmarisia

kiTxvaris Sevsebis dasrulebis uzrunvelsayofad.
internet-eqsperimentebi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mzardi sfero eqsperimentebisTvis internetis
gamoyenebaa
(magaliTad,
http://www.psych.unizh.ch/genpsy/Ulf/Lab/
webExpPsyLab.html). hiusoni da misi kolegebi (2003) internetis gamoyenebiT

eqsperimentebis oTx ZiriTad tips gamoyofen:
eqsperimentebi, romlebic statikur beWdviT masalebs iyeneben (magaliTad,
dabeWdili teqsti an grafikuli gamosaxulebebi); meorea isini, romlebic
arabeWdviT
drois
masalebs
eqsperimentebi;
iyeneben (magaliTad,
da
bolos,
video-audio);
meoTxea
mesamea
eqsperimentebi,
reaqciis
romlebic
garkveuli formis pirovnebaTSoris urTierTqmedebas moicaven.

(Hewson et al. 2003: 48)
562
pirveli tipis eqsperimenti gamokiTxvas imiT hgavs, rom respondentebs

eleqtronuli fostiT an vebgverdis meSveobiT egzavnebaT mza masalebi
(magaliTad,
grafikulad
warmodgenili
masalebi)
da
eqsperimentuli
zemoqmedeba, anu, Careva sxvadasxva jgufebisTvis sxvadasxgvari masalis

gagzavna iqneba. aqac ZalaSi rCeba yvela is gafrTxileba da komentari,
romelic
gamokiTxvaze
drosTan,
saubrisas
gansxvavebul
veb
iTqva,
gansakuTrebiT,
navigatorebTan
da
CamotvirTvis
platformebTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. Tumca, CamotvirTvis sakiTxi meore tipis

internet-eqsperiments ufro
exeba, romelSic video da audio masalebi
gamoiyeneba da programuli uzrunvelyofis zogi paketi Cvenebis ufro

maRal xarisxs uzrunvelyofs, zogi ki _ gacilebiT dabals, imisda
miuxedavad,
rom
originali
faili
yvelasTvis
erTi
da
igivea.
am
sakiTxis mogvareba SeiZleba an iseTi masalebis miwodebiT, romelTa

optimalurad gaSveba yvelaze nel kompiuterzec ki SesaZlebelia (Hewson
et al. 2003: 49), an eqsperimentis warmatebiT warmoebisTvis aucilebeli
minimaluri aparaturuli moTxovnebis dawesebiT.
reaqciis
gazomvas
manZilze,
drois
eqsperimentebi,
(magaliTad,
vinaidan
miliwamebiT)
gansxvavebuli
romlebic
drois
Zalian
saWiroeben,
Zneli
platformebi
da
zustad
Casatarebelia
pikis
saaTebSi
momxmareblebiT gadatvirTuli internet-xazebi praqtikulad SeuZlebels

xdian standartizacias. aqedan erT-erTi gamosavalia, eqsperimenti jer
CamoitvirTos, Sesruldes, Semdeg
meoTxe
tipis
ukan aitvirTos da gaigzavnos.
internet-eqsperimentebi
urTierTqmedebas
moicavs
da
internet-interviuirebas (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT) hgavs, romelic Catis

meSveobiT xorcieldeba. Tumca, es mxolod werilobiTi urTierTobaa da
amitom, am urTierTobaSi gamoricxulia intonaciebi, xmis modulacia,
meryeoba,
araverbaluri
maniSneblebi,
damatebiTi
lingvisturi
da
paralingvisturi faqtorebi. garkveuli azriT, es arasruli, arasakmarisi

procesia, Tumca, amas mzardi xelmisawvdomoba da martivi vebkamerebis
gamoyeneba amsubuqebs. faqtobrivad, internetis epoqaSi bolodroindeli
563
teqnologiuri
winsvla
afarToebs
dakvirvebis
gamoyenebiT
kvlevebis
Catarebis SesaZleblobas.
reipsi
(2002a)
SedarebiT,
aRniSnavs,
rom
internet-eqsperimentebSi
laboratoriul
ufro
eqsperimentebTan
mwvaved
idga
kvlevidan
gamoTiSvis problema da gamoTiSvebis sixSiris mkveTri cvalebadoba (1dan 87 procentamde). gamoTiSvebis raodenoba Seamcira wamaxaliseblebis
SeTavazebam, magaliTad, fuladma anazRaurebam an latariis bileTebis
gadacemam, Sedegad, kvlevis mitovebaSi gansxavebam 31 procenti Seadgina.
internet-kvlevidan gamoTiSva mTel rig iseT faqtorebs ukavSirdeba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, motivacia; ramdenad saintereso iyo eqsperimenti;
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eqsperimentis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi (amis
sawinaaRmdego
magaliTad
SeiZleva
dasaxeldes
savaldebulo
eqsperimentebi, romelSi monawileobac studentebis saswavlo programis

nawils Seadgens). zemoT ganxiluli maRali barieris teqnika aqac
gamosadegia.
sakiTxebis
reipsi
gamo
(2002b: 245 6)
(magaliTad,
imasac
aRniSnavs,
internet-kavSiris
rom,
siCqare,
teqnikuri
kompiuteris
muSaobis siCqare, erTdroulad gaSvebuli ramdenime programa), Sedegebis

meti dispersia internet eqsperimentebSi ufro mosalodnelia, vidre _
tradiciul eqsperimentebSi.
meore mxriv, reipsi (2002b: 247) ambobs, rom internet eqsperimentebi
ufro
mimzidvelia,
vidre
laboratoriuli
da
tradiciuli
eqsperimentebi, vinaidan:
ufro farTo SerCevis gamo, metad ganzogadebadia;
meti
ekoogiuri
validoba
aqvT,
radgan,
Cveulebisamebr,
monawileebisTvis nacnob garemoSi da maTTvis mosaxerxebel dros

tardeba (eqsperimenti midis monawilesTan da ara piriqiT), Tumca,
amas
meore
mxarec
aqvs:
eqsperimentatori
ver
akontrolebs
eqsperimentul garemos (Reips 2002b: 250);
vinaidan metia nebayoflobiTi monawileoba, metad auTenturi qcevebis

dakvirvebaa SesaZlebeli.
564
am mtkicebebis marTebuloba empiriuli sakiTxia. magaliTad, rTuli

da
daxvewili
programuli
paketebis
(magaliTad,
gamoyenebam
Java)
SeiZleba Seamciros eqsperimentatoris kontroli, radgan am paketebs

programirebis
reipsi
(2001)
sxva
enebTanac
acxadeben,
rom
SeuZliaT
urTierTqmedeba.
eqsperimentSi
Svarci
gamoyenebas
Javascript-is
da
13
procentiT meti gamoTiSvis sixSire mohyva, vidre es gamouyeneblobis

pirobebSi aRiniSneboda. garda amisa, erTi da igive monawilis kvlevaSi
ramdenjerme
dabrunebas
sandoobis
dazaraleba
SeuZlia
(es
sakiTxi
zemoT ganvixileT, gamokiTxvis meTodebze saubrisas.

reipsi (2002a, 2002b) internet-eqsperimentis zogierTi gaakeTe-s da ar
gaakeTo-s CamonaTvals gvTavazobs. gaakeTe-s reipsiseul nusxaSi xuTi
punqti xvdeba:
kvlevidan gamoTiSva damoukidebel cvladad aiReT;
kvlevidan gamoTiSva motivaciuri mdgenelebis dasadgenad gamoiyeneT

(anu, daadgineT eqsperimentSi mobezrebisa da motivaciis doneebi);
piradi informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi internet kvlevis dasawyisSi

ganaTavseT. reipsi (2002b) gveubneba,
rom piradi informaciis moTxovna
SeiZleba monawileebis eqsperimentSi datovebaSi dagvexmaros da es

maRali barieris teqnikis nawilia, sadac monawileebi Tavad irCeven
kvlevis datovebas dasawyisSive da ara _ eqsperimentis msvlelobisas;
gamoiyeneT teqnikebi, romlebic internetiT mopovebuli monacemebis

xarisxis uzrunvelyofaSi dagexmarebaT (magaliTad, zemoT ganxiluli
maRali barieris da gaxurebis teqnikebi, qveSerCevebis gamoyofa
monacemebis
Tanmimdevrulobis
dasadgenad
da
uzrunvelsayofad,
monacemebis erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad erTi parolis gamoyeneba,

sakontaqto
informaciis
miwodeba,
kvlevidan
gamoTSvis
sixSiris
Semcireba);
kvlevis
asawyobad
gamoiyeneT
da
mis
Sesaxeb
internet-saSualebebi
informaciis
da
gasavrceleblad
servisebi
(gamoiyeneT
komerciulad warmoebuli programuli paketebi, raTa darwmunebuli
565
iyoT, rom daZleulia teqnikuri da vizualuri xasiaTis problemebi).

arsebobs
vebgverdebi
(magaliTad,
amerikis
fsiqologiuri
sazogadoeba), romlebic acxadeben eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb.

reipsis ar gaakeTo-s CamonaTvalSic xuTi punqti Sedis:
ar misceT gareSe pirebs daucvel direqtoriebze miwvdomis ufleba.

amiT
SeiZleba
eTikuri
da
samarTleblivi
moTxovnebi
dairRves,
vinaidan konfidencialur informaciazea saubari. garda amisa, amiT

eqsperimentis struqturaze monawileebsac SeiZleba miuwvdeT xeli,
rac gaWuWyianebs mas;
monawileebis konfidencialuri monacemebi URL-ebis meSveobiT (Uniform

resource locators; problema iqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu respondenti GET
operators gamoiyenebs, romelic html gverdis moTxovnis saSualebaa,
imisda miuxedavad, iyenebs moTxovnis parametrebs Tu ara) sajaro ar
gaxadoT. es isev da isev arRvevs eTikis normebs;
SemTxveviT
ar
monawilis
qcevaze
failSi
gaamJRavnoT
eqsperimentis
SeiZleba
eqsperimentis
imoqmedos).
detalebis
struqtura
es
CarTviT
(radgan
SeiZleba
an
imave
aman
asocirebul
direqtoriaSi
eqsperimentis detalebis Semcveli failis CaweriT moxdes;
ar
ugulebelyoT
internetisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
teqnikuri
cvalebadoba (rogorc zemoT iTqva, yvelaferma SeiZleba daazianos

eqsperimenti:
konfiguraciis
detalebma,
veb
navigatorebma,
platformebma, gadacemis sixSireebma da programulma paketebma);
nu
SeitanT
mikerZoebulobas
arasaTanadod
gamoyenebiT,
gamotovebulma
garkveulma
monacemebSi
rogoricaa
kategoriebma
formis
gazomvis
elementebis
Secdomebi,
sadac
(magaliTad, neitraluri,
ar msurs pasuxis gacema, arc veTanxmebi da arc ar veTanxmebi)

SeiZleba daamaxinjos Sedegebi;
566
faqtobrivad,
internet-gamokiTxvebsa
da
kiTxvarebze
saubrisas
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ZalaSia internet-eqsperimentebis SemTxvevaSic.

amitom, mkiTxvels maT gadaxedvas vurCevT.
reipsi
(2002b)
miuTiTebs,
rom
arasworia
internet-eqsperimentis
laboratoriuli eqsperimentis ekvivalentad ganxilva, vinaidan:
internet-monawileebi Tavad irCeven rodis datovon eqsperimenti da

maT amis gakeTeba nebismier dros SeuZliaT;
maT
SeuZliaT
eqsperimentis
nebismier
dros
da
TavianT
sakuTar
garemoSi warmoeba;
isini xSirad ufro did SerCevebze tardeba, vidre _ tradiciuli

eqsperimentebi;
isini damokidebuli arian teqnikur pirobebze, qselis kavSirebsa da

monawileebis kompiuterTan muSaobis unarze;
isini ufro sajaroa, vidre _ tradiciuli eqsperimentebis umetesoba.

meore mxriv, is imasac gvafrTxilebs, rom internet-eqsperimentebi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuladac ar
unda
miviCnioT, vinaidan:
bevri
laboratoriuli
eqsperimenti,
aseve,
damokidebulia
kompiuterebze;
laboratoriul
da
internetis
qselSi
kvlevas
erTi
da
igive
fundamenturi ideebi aqvT;
orives saSualebiT msgavsi Sedegebi miiReba.

reipsi (2000b) internet-eqsperimentebis warmoebisTvis Semdeg
rCevebs
gvTavazobs:
ganixileT vebprogramebi eqsperimentuli masalebis SemuSavebisTvis;
sxvadasxva
platformaze
sabolood
naTeli
scadeT
instruqciebi
piloturi
gqondeT
xelmisawvdomi iyos sxvadasxva platformaze;
da
eqsperimenti,
Tqveni
raTa
eqsperimenti
567
gadawyviteT, iyenebT Tu ara HTML-s da Tu iyenebT _
gansazRvreT
misi sirTulis done;
gadaamowmeT eqsperimentebi konfiguraciis Secdomebisa da sxvadasxva

kompiuterebs Soris gansxvavebebis TvalsazrisiT;
eqsperimenti ramdenime vebgverdsa da serverze ganaTavseT;
SedarebisaTvis
eqsperimenti
internet-kavSiris
(online)
da
kavSiris
gareSe (offline) reJimebSi awarmoeT;
gamoiyeneT
gaxurebis
gamfiltravi
kiTxvebi
da
maRali
(magaliTad,
barieris
monawilis
teqnikebi,
dasviT
seriozulobis,
maTi
warsulisa da gamocdilebis, metyvelebis unarebis Sesaxeb);
kvlevidan gamoTiSvis faqtebis gaanalizebam, SesaZloa, motivaciis

roli gamoavlinos;
gadaamowmeT
failebis
dasaxelebebi
da
miwvdomis
pirobebi
(raTa
failebi ar moxvdes maT xelSi, visTanac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen);
ganixileT parolebisa da sxva procedurebis gamoyeneba (magaliTad,

Tanmimdevrulobis gadamowmeba) erTi da imave kiTxvaris ramdenjerme
gagzavnis SesaZleblobis Sesamcireblad;
awarmoeT
eqsperimentis
Canawerebi
monacemebis
nebismieri
saxis
Semdgomi analizisa da verifikaciisaTvis;
gaaanalizeT da saboloo angariSSi SeitaneT kvlevidan gamoTiSvis

Tema;
eqsperimentze dadebiTi STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, misi
detalebi
internetSi ganaTavseT.
am wignis weris momentisTvis, internetiT warmoebuli eqsperimentebi
bavSvis fsiqologiis sferos ufro ganekuTvneba, vidre _ ganaTlebas.
Tumca, ganaTlebis sferoSi empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli praqtikis
Semotanisa da randomizebuli, gakontrolebuli cdebis momxreTa matebis
pirobebSi, ganaTlebis sferoSi eqsperimentirebis am formis gamoyenebas
ufro farTo perspeqtivebi aqvs.
568
internetiT
warmoebuli
eqsperimentebisTvis
programuli
uzrunvelyofis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb informacia Semdeg misamarTebze

ixileT:
http://www.genpsylab.unizch/wextor/index.html;
http://www.psych.hanover.edu.APS/exponnet.html;
http://www.genpsy.unizch/Ulf.Lab.webexplist.html.
internet-interviuebi
internet-interviu
SesaZleblobebs
mTlianad
respondentebis
iZleva.
realur
magaliTad,
droSi
interviuirebis
onlain
mimdinareobs
da
ganuzomel
interviuebi,
CatiT
romlebic
sinqronizdeba,
SeiZleba orive mxarisTvis anonimuri iyos, Tu maT es ase surT da metia

SesaZlebloba imisa, rom respondentebTan kontaqti orive mxarisTvis
mosaxerxebel dros Sedges. magaliTad, am wignis weris momentisTvis
skaipiT
kontaqti
realur
droSi
da
praqtikulad
ufasod
uSualo
kontaqtis uaxlesi saSualebaa. internetis am da sxva maxasiaTeblebis

gamo,
mkvlevrebs
SesaZlebloba
aqvT
Znelad
misawvdom
jgufebs
da
individebs daukavSirdnen (magaliTad, sensitiuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas).

meore mxriv, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, informaciis wmindad werilobiT
urTierTgacvlaze dayvanam, rogorc meTeqvsmete TavSi vnaxavT, SeiZleba
gaafermkrTalos intervius zogierTi arsebiTi niSani. saWiroa interviu
srul socialur urTierTqmedebad miviCnioT.
Cati ekranis gayofisa da gaziarebis da amiT monawileebs Soris
mimdinare
dialogis
danaxvis
saSualebas
iZleva.
Tu
Cati
ar
gamoiyeneba, maSin misi alternativa SeiZleba eleqtronuli fosta iyos,

romelic, aseve, iZleva mimdinare dialogis warmarTvis saSualebas, rac
kavSiris
siCqarezea
(Cveulebriv,
maRal
siCqareze)
midgomebs SeiZleba akldes tradiciuli intervius
damokidebuli.
am
spontanuroba da
mravalferovneba, magram, maT mimzidvelobas anonimuroba da pirispir

Sexvedris ararseboba qmnis (Tumca intervius msvlelobisas vebkamerebis
gamoyenebac SeiZleba). gamosaxulebis xarisxi SeiZleba dabali iyos da
569
akldes teqstTan sinqronizacia _ xSirad gamosaxuleba odnav igvianebs

da
kadrebis
Tanmimdevroba
gamosaxuleba.
gareSec
internet-interviu
mimdinareobdes:
sxvadasxva
ufroa,
dros
vidre
SeiZleba
respondentebi
gzavnidnen,
Tumca
erTi
realur
werdnen
es
uwyveti
moZravi
droSi
kavSiris
TavianT
intervius,
pasuxebs
da
garkveulwilad,
kiTxvarTan aaxloebs da erTaderTi darCenili gansxvaveba, albaT, isaa,

rom
internet-interviuSi
(Sinaarsis,
xasiaTis,
TvalsazrisiT,
ubralod
wamoWrili
vidre
sWirdeba,
erTdroulad
iyos
respondenti
sakiTxebis
kiTxvarebis
rom
xazze
mxare
Tu
Tavisufalia
da
Semdgomi
SemTxvevaSi.
orive
da
ufro
saWiroa
Sexsenebis)
inernet-intervius
SeTanxmdes
an
kiTxvebis
droze,
SesaZlebeli,
rom
CarTon
vebkamera.
kvlevis masalebis internetSi Zieba

internetSi kvlevis monacemebis Senaxva da moZieba mniSvnelovania
aramarto
mkvlevrebisTvis,
rom
ar
CamorCnen
mimdinare
procesebs/ganviTarebas mTeli msoflios masStabiT, aramed imitom, rom

xelmisawvdomi
xdeba
monacemebi,
romelic
mkvlevars
literaturis
moZiebisa da mimoxilvis saSualebas aZlevs da xels uwyobs sakuTar

kvlevaSi
konstruqtis
zogierTi
kvleva
da
Sinaarsobrivi
realurad
didi
validoba
moculobis
uzrunvelyos.
literaturas
qmnis
(magaliTad, JurnalSi Review of Educational Research gamoqveynebuli kvleviTi

naSromebi). eleqtronuli Jurnalebi, amonaridebi da saTaurebi mkvlevars
mimdinare Tanamedrove kvlevebTan gacnobis da misTvis saintereso Temis
Sesatyvisi
masalebis
moZiebis
saSualebas
aZlevs.
vebgverdebi
da
eleqtronuli fosta qselebisa da informaciis gacvlis saSualebas

iZleva.
magaliTad,
Tu
mkvlevrebs
surT,
rom
globaluri
uwyveti
miwvdoma hqodeT kvleviT literaturasa da kvlevaSi uaxles miRwevebze,

avstraliaSi, aRmosavleT aziaSi, did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul
570
StatebSi arsebul asociaciebTan dakavSireba mxolod ramdenime wamis

saqmea iseTi veb gverdebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (American Educational Research Association):
http://www.aera.net;
da isev amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia: http://www.lalc.k12.ca.us/catalog/
provuders/185.html;
avstraliis ganaTlebis kvlevis sabWo (Australian Council for Educational Research):
http://www.acer.edu.au/index2.html;
britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (British Educational Research Association):
http://www.bera.ac.uk;
Cinur-amerikuri
ganaTlebis
kvlevis
asociacia
(Chinese American Educational
Research Association): http://www.ttu.eedu/ ~edupsy/regis.html;

kurikulumis, Sefasebisa da marTvis centri (Curriculum, Evaluation and Management
Centre) (didi britaneTi: msoflioSi am tipis monitoringis erT-erTi msxvili
centri): http://www.cemcentre.org;
ekonomikuri da socialuri kvlevis sabWo (Economic and Social Research Council)
(didi britaneTi): http://www.esrc.ac.uk;
Educators Reference Desk (the source of ERIC in the United States, publications of the American
Educational Research Association): http://www.eduref.org;
evropis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (European Educational Research Association):
http://www.eera.ac.ik/index.html;
hong-kongis
ganaTlebis
kvlevis
asociacia
(Hong Kong Educational Research
Association): http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~hkera;
centraluri samxreTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (Mid-South Educational
Research
Association)
(Zalian
msxvili
regionuli
asociacia
aSS-Si):
http://www.msstate.edu/org/msera/msera.html;
ganaTlebis kvlevis erovnuli fondi (didi britaneTi) (National Foudation for
Educational Research): http://www.nfer.ac.uk;
ganaTlebaSi
kvlevis
Sotlandiuri
centri
(Scottish Council for Research in
Education): http://www.scre.ac.uk;
ganaTlebaSi
kvlevis
Sotlandiuri
http://www.scre.ac.uk/is/webjournals.html;
centris
eleqtronuli
Jurnalebi:
571

vaSingtonis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociacia (aSS) (Washington Educational Research
Association): http://www.wera-web.org/index.hmtl;
dainteresebul mkvlevars eleqtronuli Jurnalebis indeqsebisa da

gamoqveynebuli
kvlevebis
nusxis
(zemoT
moZieba
SedegebisTvis
gamoyenebuli
literaturis
mocemuli konkretuli kvleviTi asociaciebis
vebgverdebisgan gansxvavebiT) qvemoT mocemul eleqtronul misamarTebze

SeuZlia:
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/bel (britaneTis ganaTlebis indeqsi);
http://brs.leeds.ac.uk/~beiwww/bwid.html (britaneTis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociaciis
arqivSi onlain ZiebisTvis gankuTvnili vebgverdi);
http://www.eera.ac.uk/links5.html (evropis ganaTlebis kvlevis asociaciis vebgverdi,
romelic ufaso eleqtronuli gamocemebis vebgverds ukavSirdeba);
http://www.routledge.com:9996/routledge/journal/er.html
veb
(Routledge-is
gverdi,
saerTaSoriso gamomcemeli, romelic moicavs informacias yvela samecniero

kvleviTi statiis Sesaxeb);
http://www.carfax.co.uk
gamomcemelis
(britaneTis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
momsaxureba _ Scholarly Articles Research Alerting qselze miwvdoma did britaneTSi);

http://www.sagepub.co.uk (Sage Publication);
http://www.tandf.co.uk.cra/
kvlevis
(ganaTlebis
referatebi/mimoxilvebi/amonaridebi,
gamomcemlis
Taylor
eleqtronuli
& Fransis
sasignalo
momsaxureba);
http://www.journals.routledge.com (Routledge Journals);
http://bubl.ac.uk (didi britaneTis erovnuli sainformacio momsaxureba umaRlesi
ganaTlebis muSakTaTvis);
http://www.scout.cs.wisc.edu/archive
(Scout
Report
Archive,
sadac
warmodgenilia
ramdenime aTasi saresurso vebgverdis mokle aRwera);

http://www.sosig.ac.uk
sainformacio
karibWe
da
http://www.sosog.esrc.ac.uk
(Social
Science
Information
(socialuri
Gateway),
mecnierebis
romelic
iZleva
resursebsa da informaciaze miwvdomis saSualebas msoflios masStabiT);
572
http://sosig.ac.uk/social_science_general/social_science_methodology
mecnierebis
sainformacio
karibWis
seqciebi
(socialuri
raodenobrivi
da
Tvisebrivi
kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb);

http://www.carfax.co.uk/ber-ad.htm (British Educational Research Journal-is vebgverdi);
http://www.unesco.org/general.eng.infoserv (UNESCO-s
vebgverdi,
sadac
mocemulia
socialuri mecnierebis mkvlevarTaTvis gankuTvnili masalebi);

http://www.statistics.gov.uk (didi britaneTis mTavrobis oficialuri statistikis
vebgverdi);
http://www.mimas.ac.uk (Web on Science-is oficialuri vebgverdi, romelic, sxva
funqciebTan erTad, socialuri mecnierebis citirebis indeqssa da xelovnebisa
da
humanitaruli
mecnierebebis
citirebis
indeqsze
miwvdomis
saSualebas
iZleva);
http://www.essex.ac.uk (eseqsis universitetis monacemTa arqivis vebgverdi).
rac Seexeba biblioTekebSi Ziebas, qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime gamosadebi
vebgverdis misamarTi:
http://www.lights.com/webcats
(mkvlevrebs
uzrunvelyofs
biblioTekebis
katalogebis misamarTebiT, romlebic biblioTekis tipisa da adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT aris dalagebuli);
http://www.loc.gov (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis biblioTeka);
http://www.leweb.loc.gov/z3950 (aSS-is biblioTekebis bmuli);
http://www.libdex.com/ (Library Index-is vebgverdi, sadac 18,000-ze meti biblioTekis
bmulia mocemuli);
http://www.copac.ac.uk.copac (mkvlevars didi britaneTis biblioTekebSi SeuZlia
masalebis moZieba);
http://www.bl.uk (britaneTis biblioTekis eleqtronuli katalogi);
http://vlib.org/ (virtualuri
biblioTeba (Virtual Library), sadac eleqtronuli
resursebia mocemuli).
beWdvaSi
CaSvebuli
http://www.booksinprint.com,
romelic
mimdinare
wignebis
sadac
momentSi
sanaxavad
mocemulia
ibeWdeba,
im
xolo
SegiZliaT
wignebis
mimarToT
CamonaTvali,
http://www.bibliofind.com-ze
573
Zveli da iSviaTi wignebis nusxis naxvaa SesaZlebeli .http://www.lights.comze 6,000-ze meti gamomcemlis vebgverdis bmulia mocemuli.
Jurnalebis
umetesobas
statiebis
abstraqtebze
ufaso
onlain
wvdoma aqvs, Tumca mTliani statiis naxva mxolod gamoweriT aris

SesaZlebeli. eleqtronuli Jurnalebis momwodebelTa ricxvSi Sedian,
magaliTad (anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT):
Bath Information and Data Services (BIDS): http://www.bids.ac.uk;
EBSCO: http://www.ebsco.com;
Elsevier: http://www.elsevier.com;
Emerald: http://www.emeraldinsight.com;
FirstSearch: http://www.ocle.org;
Ingenta: http://www.ingenta.com;
JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org;
Kluweronline: http://www.kluweronline.com;
Northern Light: http://www.northernlight.com;
ProQuest: http://www.proquest.com da http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com.proquest;
ProQuest Digital Dissertations: http://www.bib.umi.com/dissertations;
Science Direct: http://www.sciencedirect.com;
Swet: http://www.swetsnet.nl da http://www.swetsnet.com;
Uncover Web: http://www.Uncweb.carl.org;
Web of Science: http://www.isinet.com.
samagistro
naSromebisTvis
gamodgeba
Aslib
Index
to
Theses
(http://www.theses.com) da Networked Digital Library of Theses, xolo disertaciebis

moZieba
SeiZleba
bmulze
http://www.theses.org.
zogierTi
ZiriTadi
samTavrobo vebgverdic gvTavazobs ufaso sainformacio momsaxurebas

(magaliTad, Ofsted).
mkvlevrebisTvis,
xelmisawvdomia
romlebmac
sxvadasxva
ar
saZiebo
ician
vebgverdebis
sistema.
am
misamarTebi,
sistemebiT
maT
konkretuli vebgverdebis moZieba SeuZliaT. dReisaTvis yvelaze farTo

gamoiyeneba Semdegi
saZiebo sistemebi:
Google: http://www.google.com;
574

MSN Search: http://www.msn.com;
AOL Search: http://www.search.aol.com;
Netscape Navigator: http://www.netscape.com;
Fast Search: http://www.alltheweb.com;
Internet Exploner: http://www.microsoft.com;
Alta Vista: http://www.altavista.com;
Direct Hit: http://www.directhit.com;
Excite: http://www.Excite.com;
Ask Jeeves: http://www.askjeeves.com;
Lycos: http://www.Lycos.com;
Go To: http://www.go2.com;
Yahoo: http://www.yahoo.com;
HotBot: http://www.hotbot.com;
Northern Light: http://www.northernlight.com;
Metacrawler: http://www.metacrawler.com.
kidev bevri sxva aseTi vebgverdi arsebobs. yvela am saZiebo sistemaSi

mkvlevars
sityva-gasaRebebiT
SeuZlia
Zebna.
zogierTi
maTgani
paraleluri saZiebo sistemaa (romelic sxva saZiebo sistemebs eZebs),

zogierTi ki _ failebis saZiebelia (romelic mTel msoflioSi eZebs
failebs).
kvlevis Sesaxeb informaciis povna, iqneba es monacemTa bazebidan Tu
diskebze mocemuli indeqsebidan, erTi an ramdenime sityva-gasaRebis
kombinaciis (ormag frCxilebSi Casmuli sityvebis) gamoyenebiT, xSirad,
internetiT cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT xdeba. vebgverdebis CaniSvnis
(bookmarking)
sistema
momavalSi
am
gverdebis
swrafad
miwvdomis
saSualebas iZleva. es, albaT, mniSvnelovania, radgan zogierTi internetkavSiri nelia, xolo vebgverdebze ganTavzebuli masalis didi nawili,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi _ usargebloa!
http://www.nap.edu/category.html?id=ed
(National
Academies
ganyofileba, sadac mocemulia ufaso onlain masalebi);
Press-is
ganaTlebis
575

http://www.educationindex.com/ da
romlebic
uzrunvelyofen
http://www.shawmultimedia.com/links2.html (centrebi,
ufaso
saganmanaTleblo
masalebsa
da
saTanado
vebgverdebis misamarTebs);
http://www.lii.org/ (biblioTekarebis indeqsi internetSi);
http://www.ncrel.org/
regionuli
(Crdilo-centraluri
ganaTlebis
laboratoriebis (North Central Regional Educational Laboratories) vebgverdi. es aris

organizacia, romelic saganmanaTleblo resursebs uzrunelyofs);
http://www.sedl.org/ (samxreT-dasavleTis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis laboratoria
(Southwest Educational Development Laboratory), organizacia, romelic saganmanaTleblo
resursebs iZleva).
vebgverdebis Sefaseba
imisaTvis,
rom
gamoviyenoT,
ganaTlebis
saWiroa
sferoSi
vicodeT
kvlevisTvis
vebgverdebis
interneti
Sefaseba.
interneti
araorganizebuli da, ZiriTadad, gadaumowmebeli masalis uzarmazari

sawyobia da mkvlevrebs sakmaod swrafad unda SeeZloT imis dadgena, Tu
ramdenad
gamosadegia
vebgverdidan
aRebuli
masala.
vebgverdebis
Sefasebis ramdenime kriteriumi arsebobs, maT Soris (magaliTad, Tweddle

et al. 1998; Rodrigues and Rodrigues, 2000):
mizani,
vebgverdis
rac
momxmarebels
misi
relevanturobisa
da
Sesatyvisobis dadgenis saSualebas miscems;
masalis
oficialuroba
oficialuri
unda
iyos
da
da
auTenturoba,
unda
rac
saxeldebodes
niSnavs,
wyaro,
rom
saidanac
miRebulia es masala;
masalis Sinaarsi _ siaxle, Sesatyvisoba da dafarvis sfero;
masalis
damajerebloba,
sandooba
da
legitimuroba
(magaliTad,
aRiarebuli wyarodan an institutidan aris Tu ara);
masalis siswore, sizuste, sisrule da keTilsindisiereba;
warmodgenili da/an ganxiluli masalis obieqturoba da sizuste.
576
ganaTlebis
Sefasebisas
sferoSi
kvlevis
mkvlevrebsa
da
vebgverdze
warmodgenili
maswavleblebs
ramdenime
masalebis
kiTxvis
dasma
SeuZliaT (Hartley et al. 1997):
dasaxelebulia Tu ara avtori?
ambobs
Tu
ara
avtori
raimes
gamocdilebis/profesionalizmis
mocemul
Sesaxeb
da
sferoSi
naTelia
Tu
Tavisi
ara
misi
instituciuri statusi?
avtoritetulia Tu ara dasaxelebuli organizacia?
aris Tu ara masalebSi miTiTebuli gamoyenebuli literatura. ambobs

Tu ara avtori, rogor moagrova masala?
ra mizniT Seiqmna es vebgverdi? ras akeTebs (magaliTad, informaciis

miwodeba, darwmuneba)?
axalia Tu ara masala?
ramdenad Tavisufalia mocemuli masala tendenciurobisgan, piradi

mosazrebebisgan da Seuracxyofebisgan?
saidan viciT, rom avtori auTenturia am veb gverdze?

mniSvnelovania,
rom
mkvlevarma
Seinaxos
vebgverdebidan
aRebuli
masalebis sruli bibliografia, masalis aRebis TariRisa da vebgverdis

misamarTis CaTvliT.
kompiuteruli simulaciebi
kompiuterul simulaciebsa da virtualur teqnologias mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seaqvs ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis warmoebaSi. simulaciebs ori
mTavari komponenti aqvs: sistema, romelic ainteresebs mkvlevars da
modelirebasa da simulacias eqvemdebareba; da am sistemis modeli (Wilcox
1997). sistema aerTianebs nebismier urTierTdakavSirebul maxasiaTebels,
xolo modeli, anu, sistemis analogi _ xSirad maTematikuria.
uiloqsi
(1997)
simulaciis
or
formas
gamohyofs:
deterministul
simulaciebSi sistemis komponentebs Soris arsebuli yvela maTematikuri

da
logikuri
mimarTeba
cnobili
da
fiqsirebulia.
stoqastur
577
simulaciebSi,
romlis
ZiriTadi
tipebi,
rogroc
wesi,
ganaTlebis
sferoSi warmoebul kvlevaSi gamoiyeneba, sul mcire, erTi cvladi mainc

aris
Tavisufali.
simulacia
realuri
samyaros
modelia,
romelSic
SesaZlebelia kvlevaSi monawilis Seyvana da manipulireba. modeliT

SesaZlebelia Teoriis operacionalizacia, misi kompiuterul programad
gardaqmna (ixileT Gilbert and Troitzsch 2005: 3) da amiT misi daSvebebis
naTlad warmoCena.
gilberts
da
troics
(2005:
6)
miaCniaT,
rom
kompiuteruli
simulaciebis upirveleni mizani aRmoCena, dasabuTeba da eqsperimentia.

ubralod winaswarmetyvelebis garda, kompiuteruli simulaciebi imis
gagebisa
axsnis
da
saSualebasac
iZleva,
Tu
rogor
mimdinareobs
procesebi, rogor iSleba isini droSi da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas. es

aufasurebs winaswarmetyvelebas, rogorc Teoriis Semowmebis saSualebis
Rirebulebas. is
hermenevtuli
RirebulebiT.
amtkicebs, rom Teoriis Semowmeba misi axsniTi da
simZlavriT
unda
sinamdvileSi,
moxdes
da
ara
kompiuteruli
misi
prediqtuli
simulaciebi
Teoriebis
ganviTarebisTvis ufro SeiZleba gamogvadges, vidre _ maT Sesamowmeblad.

kompiuteruli simulaciebi mkvlevars cvladebisa da komponentebis
kontrolisa da manipulirebis saSualebas aZlevs da Tu maSin tipis
kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad gamodgeba, magaliTad, ra moxdeba, Tu
Sevcvli ama Tu im parametrs?; ra moxdeba, Tu Sevcvli garemos aseTsa
da aseT maxasiaTebels?; simulaciaSi erTveba relevanturi elementebi
da
Semdeg,
am
elementebiT
manipulireben
cvlian
parametrebs
da
naxuloben, ra moxdeba da Sedegad ra miiReba.

kompiuteriT iseTi moculobis monacemebTan SeiZleba Zalian swrafad
gamklaveba,
romelTa
dasamuSavebladac
adamians
kompiuteris
gareSe
wlebi dasWirdeboda. maTematikur modelirebaze agebuli simulaciebi

(magaliTad, erTi da igive formulis mravaljer gameorebas) mkvlevars
qcevebisa da sistemebis imitirebis saSualebas aZlevs, aseve, exmareba
gaarkvios,
ra
moxdeba,
Tu
sistema
garkveuli
drois
ganmavlobaSi
578
imuSavebs, an erTi da igive maTematikuri gamoTvlebi kidev da kidev

meordeba,
rodesac
wina
gamoTvliT
miRebuli
monacemebi
igive
formulaSi brundeba da Semdegi gamoTvlis safuZveli xdeba. hopkinsi da

misi kolegebi (1996: 159 62) aseTi SemTxvevis magaliTad centralur
zRvariT Teoremas (ganxilulia meoTxe TavSi) asaxeleben. aq gamoTvlis
formula 10,000-jer meordeba. aseTi modelireba qaosisa da sirTulis
TeoriebSi iRebs saTaves.
laplasisTvis da niutonisTvis samyaro racionaluri, deterministuli
da saaTiviT awyobili iyo; efeqtebi mizezebis funqcias warmoadgenda,
mcire
mizezebi
(minimaluri
sawyisi
pirobebi)
mcire
(minimalur
da
prognozirebad) efeqtebs qmnida, xolo didi mizezebi (mravalmdgeneliani

sawyisi pirobebi) _ did (mravalmdgenelian) efeqtebs. prognozirebadoba,
mizez-Sedegobrioba,
yovlismomcveli
obieqturoba
Sinaganad
sqematuroba,
Teoriebi,
es
sworxazovneba,
yvelaferi
harmoniuli,
universaloba
samyaros,
Tumca,
rTuli
da
uwyvetoba,
rogorc
didi
stabiluroba,
mowesrigebuli
wonasworobis
mqone
da
meqanizmis
xedvis mdgenelebs warmoadgens, romelic racionaluri, daxuruli da

deterministulia,
amave
dros,
mgrZnobiarea
SedarebiT
martivi
mecnieruli aRmoCenebisa da kanonebisadmi.

1960-iani
safuZveli
wlebidan
daudo
es
mosazreba
qaosisa
da
swrafad
sirTulis
Teoriebs ramdenime ZiriTadi principi
dadga
Teoriebis
eWvqveS,
ramac
warmoqmnas.
am
(magaliTad, Gleick 1987; Morrison
1998; 2002a) qvemoT aris mocemuli:
sawyisi
pirobebis
araprognozirebadi
karibis
zRvaSi
mcire
cvlilebebma
cvlilebebi
peplis
frTis
Sedegebis
SeiZleba
masobrivi
gamoiwvios
frTxialma
da
(magaliTad,
amerikaSi
qariSxali
SeiZleba gamoiwvios);
Zalian
SeuZlia
msgavs
pirobebs
(magaliTad,
Stewart 1990);
Zalian
martivi
gansxvavebuli
maTematikuri
Sedegebis
tolobebis
gamowveva
gamoyeneba:
579
elementebs
Soris
regularoba,
SeTanxmebuloba
da
wrfivi
damokidebuleba maT Soris araregularobiT, mravalferovnebiTa da

arasworxazovnebiT irRveva;
maSinac ki, Tu diferencialuri gantolebebi Zalian martivia, sistemis

qceva, romlis modelirebasac isini axdenen, SeiZleba ar iyos martivi;
efeqtebi
samyaro metwilad araprognozirebadia;
Tu raRac erTxel gamovida, es ar iZleva garantias, rom es raRac
mizezebis wrfivi, uwyveti funqcia araa;
meore jerzec zustad ise gamova;
determinizms aradeterminizmi anacvlebs. deterministuli, wrfivi da

stabiluri
sistemebi
Canacvlebulia
dinamikuri,
cvalebadi,
ganviTarebadi sistemebiT da fenomenebis arasworxazovani axsnebiT;
uwyvetoba
Canacvlebulia
diskretulobiT,
turbulentobiTa
da
Seuqcevadi transformaciiT;
didi, zogadi da yovelismomcveli Teoriebi da farTomasStabiani

axsnebi saTanadod ver xsnian lokalur da konkretul fenomenebs;
SeuZlebelia grZelvadiani prognozebis gakeTeba.

qaosis
ufro
gviandeli
Teoriebi
sirTulis
Teoriamde
ganivrco
(Waldrop 1992; Lewin 1993) iseTi sistemebis analizisas, romlebSic erTi

donis mdgenelebi meore donis mdgenelebis saSen masalas warmoadgenen.
rTuli sistema moicavs damoukidebel elementebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
rTuli
sistemebisgan
sistemaSi,
wesrigi
samyaro
rogorc
ar
aris
SeiZleba
erT
(gameorebiT,
swavliT,
TviTorganizebiT),
turbulenturia.
mTlianSi,
sruliad
(nebismierad
urTierTqmedebs
gansazRvruli
gansazRvruli)
da
rTul
da
warmoqmnis.
fiqsirebuli;
formirebadi
rekursiulobiTa
cvalebadi,
warmoiqmneba
qcevas
SemoqmedebiTi,
ukukavSiriT,
da
es
mravalferovan
winaswar
ganviTrebadi
wesrigi
Sedgebodes.
transformirebadi
sistemebSi,
da
da
romlebic
580
urTierTmoqmedi
organizmebisTvis
martiv
wesebzea
(savaraudod,
formulebiT) agebuli (Kauffman 1995: 24).

ukukavSiris,
cikluri
dakavSirebulobisa
da
gameorebis,
mRelvarebis,
TviTorganizaciis
meSveobiT,
TviTkatalizis,
xdeba
sirTulis
ufro maRali da rTuli doneebis gamodiferencireba. naklebad rTuli

da arsebuli doneebidan axali formebi warmoiqmneba. es rTuli formebi,
xSirad, SedarebiT martivi wesebidan momdinareobs _ kerZo wesebi da
qcevebi ufro rTul globarul wesrigsa da mravalferovnebas qmnian
(Waldrop 1992: 16 17; Lewin 1993: 38). dinamikuri sistemebi (Peak and Frame 1994:
122) sawyisi pirobebis da, xSirad, martivi wesebis cvlilebis produqtia.
arsebobs warmoqmnis rigis kanonebi da ar aris aucilebeli, rom rTul
qcevebsa da sistemebs rTuli safuZvlebi hqondeT (Waldrop 1992: 270).
mniSvnelovania, rom am martivi wesebiT SesaZlebeli iyos qcevisa da
sistemebis kompiuterul simulaciebSi modelireba.
mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom kompiuteruli simulaciebis safuZveli
sirTulis TeoriaSi devs. es pasuxobs maTdami wayenebul braldebas, rom
isini
zedmetad
amtkicebs,
rom
amartiveben
mravali
realur
samyaros.
TvalsazrisiT,
realuri
sirTulis
samyaro
Teoria
marTalia
rTulia, magram SedarebiT martiv wesebzea agebuli, romelic qmnis aseT

sirTules (aseve ixileT Gillbert and Troitzsch 2005: 10).
simulaciebi aTwleulebis manZilze gamoiyeneboda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebsa da ekonomikaSi winaswarmetyvelebisTvis. magaliTad, levini
(1993) da valdropi (1992) saxeobebisa da maTi qcevis aRmasvlebisa da
dacemebis
kvlevaSi
mravalferovan
aCveneben,
Sedegebs
Tu
rogor
(magaliTad,
udebs
saxeobebs,
saTaves
usazRvrod
qcevas)
martivi
formulebis uwyveti gameoreba _ ganmeorebadi gamoTvlebi, romelic

SezRuduli
raodenobis
cvladebis
(sawyisi
pirobebis)
gameorebas
asaxavs, sadac gamoTvlebis erTi ciklis Sedegebi igive formuliT meore

ciklis gamoTvlebSi gamoiyeneba da a. S. (anu, uwyvet ukukavSirze aigeba);
da es ar eqvemdebareba martiv winaswarmetyvelebas an martiv mizez-
581
Sedegobriv
mimarTebas.
valdrops
(1992:
241
2)
amisi
saintereso
magaliTi moaqvs adreuli kompiuteruli simulaciis programa Boids-dan:

mis maTematikur formulaSi mxolod sami sawyisi pirobaa Cadebuli,
romelic
frinvelTa
gundis
frenis
suraTis
sruli
realuri
mravalferovnebis daWeras axerxebs. es pirobebia: pirveli _ frinvelebi

cdiloben, rom sxva obieqtebTan (sxva frinvelebis CaTvliT) minimaluri
manZili SeinarCunon; meore _ frinvelebi cdiloben, rom igive siCqariT
ifrinon, romliTac sxvebi mifrinaven; mesame _ TiToeuli frinveli
cdilobs, gundis centrisken gadainacvlos.
simulaciebis
zogierTi
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli
qvemoT
aris
mocemuli:
kompiuteriT SesaZlebelia sistemis qcevisa da misi ZiriTadi niSnebis

modelireba da imitireba;
kompiuteris gamoyeneba SeiZleba dagvexmaros sxvadasxva simulirebul,

imitirebul garemo pirobebSi simulaciis Semowmebis gziT (magaliTad,
mkvlevars saSualeba aqvs, naxos ra moxdeba, Tu... sistemas SeeZleba
Tu
ara
movlenis
manipulireben, anu,
msvlelobis
gaTamaSeba
an
Tu
cvladebiT
SesaZlebelia winaswarmetyveleba) im sistemaSi
gaverkveT, romlis imitirebasac vaxdenT;
realobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis modelireba da interpretireba _

gamosaxva da gadamuSaveba maTematikuri formuliT xdeba da ara _
realobis wvrili elementebis CaWeriTa da manipulirebiT;
daSvebulia, rom maTematikuri mimarTebebi deterministulad meordeba

gakontrolebul, SezRudul da mkafiod gansazRvrul situaciebSi da
zog SemTxvevaSi dasabams aZlevs, winswar ganuWvretel, formirebad da
moulodnel, farTomasStabian Sedegebs (Tymms 1996: 124);
ukukavSiri da uwyeti gameoreba fenomenebisa da qcevebis warmoqmnis

gasagebad misaRebi procedurebia;
rTuli
da
didmasStabiani
fenomenebi
da
qcevebi
sawyisi
pirobebis/cvladebis ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebidan momdinareobs;
582
deterministul
kanonebs
(formulis
ganmeorebad
gamoTvlas)
araprognozirebad Sedegebamde mivyavarT.

am midgomas ganaTlebis sferos SeuZlia SesTavazos is, rom skolebi
da klasebi _ rTuli, arasworxazovani da dinamikuri sistemebi _ martivi
maTematikuri
modelirebiT
SeiZleba
gavigoT.
es
mxolod
analogiis
doneze SeiZleba iyos (ixileT Morrison 2002a), magram, rogorc timsi (1996:
130) SeniSnavs, Tu analogia realobas ergeba, maSin mkvlevrebs aseTi
sirTuli gagebis mZlavri iaraRi aqvT ZiriTadi cvladebis an sawyisi
pirobebis da martivi wesebis nakrebis urTierTqmedebis saxiT. garda
amisa, Tu SesaZlebelia aseTi sawyisi pirobebis an ZiriTadi cvladebis
konstruqtuli
validobis
winaswarmetyvelebac
Cveneba,
SeiZleba
maSin
moaxerxon,
rac
mkvlevrebma
droTa
imis
ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba.
simulaciebis sami uaxlesi gamoyeneba saganmanaTleblo cvlilebis
sferos (Ridgway 1998), skolis efeqturobasa (Tymms 1996) da ganaTlebis
sistemebis
gagebas
ganekuTvneba.
pirvel
SemTxvevaSi
rijvei
(1998)
amtkicebs, rom cvlilebis procesis sirTule saukeTesod SeiZleba iqnas

gagebuli, rogorc rTuli, warmoSobadi sistema (aseve ixileT Fullan 1999).
meore
SemTxvevaSi
timsi
(1996)
wrfivi
(Sesavali da
gasavali)
an
mravaldoniani modelirebis SezRudvebze miuTiTebs, rodesac saqme imis

gagebasa da axsnas Seexeba, Tu ratom aris skolebi efeqturi, an ratomaa
aseTi
didi
cvalebadoba
mravalferovnebisa
maTematikur
da
skolebSi
da
cvladebadobis
modelirebaze
agebul
skolebs
axsnisas,
simulaciebs
is
Soris.
aseTi
upiratesobas
aniWebs.
rogorc
amtkicebs Tavis provokaciul gancxadebaSi: samyaro imdenad rTulia,

rom
SeuZlebelia
(analogiurad,
misi
Tvisebrivi
sityvebiT
gadmocema
mkvlevrebisTvis
samyaro
(Tymms
1996:
SeiZleba
131)
imdenad
rTuli iyos, rom SeuZlebeli iyos misi ricxvebiT gadmocema!). timsi

skolis efeqturobis kvlevis SezRudvebze miuTiTebs, romelic wrfiv,
583
magram
daxvewil,
wanamZRvrebs
efuZneba.
igi
skolis
efeqturobis
kvlevebis did nawils civ wyals axsams da amtkicebs, rom:

simulaciis
modelebis
mixedviT,
SesaZlebeli
romc
yofiliyo,
rom
zustad erTsa da imave klass ori wlis manZilze, erTi da imave saklaso
oTaxSi igive maswavlebeli hyoloda, da is
ori weli kidev meorejer
ecxovraT, Sedegebi mainc ver iqneboda igive.

(Tymms 1996: 132 3)
mas TiTqmis ar ukvirs, rom skolis efeqturobis kvlevam ver axsna

skolebs Soris cvalebadoba, vinaidan aseTi kvleva mcdar principebs
emyareba.
igi
amtkicebs,
rom
aseTi
gansvla
ZiriTadi
saerTo
cvladebis urTierTqmedebis bunebrivi Sedegia.

mesame magaliTSi gilberti da troici (2005: 117 23) germaniis
skolebSi
da
skolis
maswavleblebSi
omisSemdgomi
genderuli
desegregaciis kvlevas ganixilaven. modelSi, romelic iyenebs programas

MIMOSE, sami tipis 150 skolis 4,500 maswavlebeli gamoiyenes. masSi
kompiuteruli modeli axlos iyo realuri cxovrebis situaciasTan _
moxda
simulaciis
validacia.
es
moduli
mxolod
sam
daSvebazea
agebuli: pirveli _ yvela maswavlebels, romelic tovebs samsaxurs,

erTnairi albaTobiT/SesaZleblobiT SeiZleba Caanacvlon mamakacebma da
qalebma
(gv.117); meore _ mamakacebi erT samuSao adgilze orjer ufro
didxans rCebian, vidre qalebi; mesame _ axali qali maswavleblebi

calkeul
skolaSi
im
mocemuli
albaTobiT
ikaveben
Tanamdebobas,
romelic am skolaSi qali maswavleblebis wilis mixedviT icvleba.

am TavSi ar ganvixilavT kompiuteruli simulaciebis Seqmnis etapebs
(magaliTad,
kiTxvis
identificireba,
modelirebis
samiznis
dadgena,
parametrebisa da ZiriTadi niSnebis dasadgenad winaswari dakvirvebebis

warmoeba,
simulaciis
simulaciis
sayrdenad
asaRebi
daSvebebis
muSaobis
Semowmeba,
simulaciis
formulireba,
validacia
(ramdenad
Tanxvdeba is realuri samyaros im situacias, romlis modelirebasac

axdens) da imis analizi, Tu ramdenad mgrZnobiared reagirebs simulacia
584
sawyisi pirobebisa da parametrebis cvlilebaze (Gillbert and Troitzsch 2005: 18

19). arc sxvadasxva saxis simulaciebs ganvixilavT (magaliTad, sistemis
dinamika,
mikrosimulacia,
modelebis
mimdevroba,
mravaldoniani
modelebi, ujreduli avtomatebi, mraval-agentiani modelebi, swavlis

modelebi).
kompiuteruli
simulaciebisa
da
maTi
sxvadasxva
tipebis
Sesaxeb ufro sruli ganxilvisTvis mimarTeT Gillbert and Troitzsch (2005).
kompiuteruli simulaciebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi
beili
(1994:
322
4)
simulaciebis
Semdeg
dadebiTi
mxareebze
migviTiTebs:
ekonomia: ufro iafia, vidre realuri cxovrebis situaciebi;
TvalsaCinoeba:
maT
SeuZliaT
fenomeni
ufro
gasagebi
gaxadon
mkvlevrisaTvis;
kontroli: mkvlevari simulacias ufro metad akontrolebs, vidre

realuri cxovrebis situacias;
usafrTxoeba:
romlebic
mkvlevrebs
Zalze
SeuZliaT
saxifaTo,
iseT
mgrZnobiare,
situaciebTan
eTikurad
muSaoba,
saWoWmano
an
rTuli iqneboda realuri cxovrebis bunebriv situaciebSi.

kompiuteruli simulaciebis kidev erTi mZlavri maxasiaTebeli isaa,
rom
mkvlevrebs
momavlis
winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas
aZlevs
(magaliTad, ekonomikur prognozebSi); amasTan is fenomenis gagebisa da

Seswavlis SesaZleblobasac qmnis. simulaciebiT SeiZleba Canacvldes
adamianebis
gamocdileba,
araprofesionalebsac
eqspertuli
SeuZliaT
iseTi
codna
kvlevis
da
Catareba,
xandaxan
romelic
kompiuterebis kvelvaSi Semotanamde mxolod da mxolod eqspertebis

saqme iqneboda: gilbertsa da troics (2005: 5) geologebis, qimikosebisa
da
eqimebis
kompiuteruli
magaliTebi
simulaciebi
moaqvT.
avtorebi
wvrTnis
imasac
(magaliTad,
amboben,
pilotebis)
rom
da,
585
faqtiurad, garTobis miznebisTvisac gamodgeba. Tumca isini (2005: 5)

xazgasmiT
aRniSnaven
kompiuteruli
simulaciebis
upirveles
mniSvnelobas Teoriis aRmoCenisa da formalizebisTvis (Teoriis naTlad

mocemuloba,
Tanmimdevruloba,
operacionalizacia,
elementebis
CarTuloba da kompetenturoba).
meore mxriv, beili (1994: 324 5) kompiuteruli simulaciebis mimarT
ramdenime SeniSvnas gamoTqvams:
xelovnuroba: is baZavs cxovrebas da ar aris realuri cxovreba;
Rirebuleba: magaliTad, kompiuteruli simulaciebis SeZena;
monawileebis treningi: bevri kompiuteruli simulacia mniSvnelovan

trenings saWiroebs;
raodenobrivi problemebi: programuli uzrunvelyofa da ara mxolod

Tavad kompiuteruli simulacia SeiZleba programirebis specialists
saWiroebdes.
kompiuteruli simulaciebis Sesaxeb ramdenime problemuri momenti da
kritika
arsebobs.
im
braldebis
sapasuxod,
rom
isini
samyaros
xelovnuri reprezentacia da absurdamde dayvanaa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

mkvlevrebi, Teoretikosebis msgavsad, realobis saukeTeso aslis agebas
cdiloben,
raTa
ufro
amomwuravad
axsnan
is
da
rac
ufro
metad
uaxlovdeba analogia _ simulacia _ realur samyaros, miT ukeTesi

(Tymms 1996: 130). es kamaTi simulaciis daxvewas Seexeba da ara _ mis
uaryofas.
abstaqciis
asagebad
mxolod
ZiriTadi
elementebis
codna
gvesaWiroeba; Cven ar gvWirdeba yvela dawvrilmanebuli detali.

braldebebs,
rom
kompiuteruli
simulacia
arafriT
sjobia
im
daSvebebs, romelzec is aigeba da kompiuteri mxolod imas gaakeTebs, ris

gasakeTebladac daaprogrameben (adamianis moqmedebisa da Tavisuflebis
wili umniSvneloa), SegviZlia ase vupasuxoT: simulaciebs iseTi qcevebis
gamovlena
SeuZlia,
romlebic
socialuri
aqtorebis
zurgs
ukan
xorcieldeba _ esaa socialuri faqtebi (Durkheim 1956) da paternebi;
586
simulaciebs SeuZlia, gviTxran is, rac ar viciT (Simon 1996) _ Cven

SeiZleba vicodeT wanamZRvrebi da sawyisi pirobebi, magram ar vicodeT
saiT SeiZleba mivyavdeT maT da ras moiazreben; Cven ar gvWirdeba
sistemis
muSaobis
yvela
niuansis
codna,
sakmarisia
mxolod
im
nawilebisa, romlebsac modelisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT.

simulaciebis
Sesaxeb
sxva
SeniSvnebic
qaosis
Teoria,
romelic
SeiZleba
gamoiTqvas,
magaliTad:
sirTulis
da
safuZvlad
udevs
bevr
maTematikur simulacias, SeiZleba xsnides mravalferovan, cvalebad

Sedegebs (rogorc es skolis efeqturobis kvlevaSi vnaxeT), magram ra
saxis
Carevebs
sTavazoben
praqtikosebs,
Tundac,
skolebSi
gaumjobesebis misaRwevad _ aq axsna retrospeqciulia da ara _

prospeqtuli
moixsneba,
(Morrison
Tu
2002a).
mkvlevari
es
kritikuli
axerxebs
SeniSvna
cvladebis
imTaviTve
parametrebis
manipulirebas da imis danaxvas, Tu ra moxdeba amis Sedegad;
rogor adgens mkvlevari simulaciis asagebad saWiro ZiriTad sawyis

parametrebs (konstruqtis validoba) da aqedan dawyebul simulaciebs
rogor mivyavarT praqtikul rekomendaciebamde?
ramdenad misaRebia, rom sistema erTi da igive formulis/modelis

mravaljerad gameorebad aRiqmeba?
qaoturi
sirTulis
(mecnieruli
gagebiT)
Seswavlisas,
rogor
axerxebs mkvlevari ukuprocesiT imuSaos da im pirvel principebs,

elementebs an sawyis pirobebs miagnos, romlebic mniSvnelovania _
rTuli Sedegi SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli, sul sxva sawyisi
pirobebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi iyos. es skineris biheviorizmis
Comskiseul
(1959)
gamanadgurebel
kritikas
hgavs
qcevaze
dakvirvebaze dayrdnobiT SeuZlebelia konkretuli stimulis Sesaxeb

daskvnis gakeTeba, Cven ar SegviZlia dakvirvebidan an navaraudevi
efeqtidan mizezze daskvnis gakeTeba;
587
simulaciebi mxolod sawyisi pirobebis urTierTqmedebas amuSaveben da

uSveben
da
amiT
ugulebelyofen
gzaze
damatebiTi
faqtorebis
gamoCenas, anu, procesi Zalze deterministulia (da mainc, arsebobs

kompiuteruli
simulaciebi,
romlebSic
kompiuteri
swavlobs
simulaciis procesSi);
yovelive zemoTqmulidan mxolod is iTqva saRi azris doneze, rom

adamianebis urTierTqmedeba araprognozirebul da araprognozirebad
qcevas warmoqmnis. mas Zalze mimzidvels isic xdis, rom is moqmedebis
apologetia;
dagegmilma Carevebma Tavidan SeiZleba imuSaos, magram saboloo jamSi

_ ara (savaraudod, hoTornis efeqtis gameoreba); Cven mxolod imis
winaswarmetyveleba SegviZlia, rom ar SegviZlia winaswarmetyveleba;
adamianuri cvladebiT manipulireba teqnikis saqmea;
qceva
ufro
metia,
vidre
erTi
da
igive
maTematikuri
modelis
mravaljeradi gameoreba;
yovelTvis
miRebul
uzarmazari
samyaroebs
gansxvaveba
Soris,
im
iqneba
realur
SemTxvevis
garda,
da
simulaciiT
rodesac
isini
arafrismomcem martiv doneze ganixilebian;
adamianebis, rogorc agentebis moraluri da gaazrebuli qceva ar

aris iseTi martivi, rogorc sicocxlis sxva formebis instinqturi
qceva, usulo fenomenebi, rasac kompiuterul simulaciebSi swavloben
(magaliTad, Sesabamisad, frinvelebi da mwerebi, qviSis grovebi);
sxva
raodenobrivi
kombinirebuli
iyos
midgomebis
procesis
msgavsad,
daxvewa
da
simulaciebSi
SeiZleba
daumuSavebeli
cnebebi
(Ruddock 1981: 49);
Tu
realoba
qmedebebze
moTamaSeTa
zurgs
pasuxismgebloba?
ukan
rogor
muSaobs,
moqmedebs
maSin
sad
Zevs
Tavisufali
neba
kompiuterul simulaciebSi?
Tu kompiuterul simulaciaSi SesaZlebelia SemTxveviTi elementis

Setana, es niSnavs, rom simulacia ramdenjerme unda ganxorcieldes,
588
raTa
sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobis
pirobebSi
dadgindes
simulaciis
simyare da cvlilebisadmi mgrZnobeloba;
samyaros ricxvebze dayvana, rogori daxvewili da damuSavebulic ar

unda iyos, ubralod mcdaria; samyaro Zalian rTulia ricxvebisTvis.
es seriozuli kritikaa da imaze miuTiTebs, rom kvlevis am sferoSi
bevria
gasakeTebeli legitimurobis
mniSvnelovania,
simulaciebSi
radgan
is
ufro
mosapoveblad. agentobis
SeiZleba
sustia,
amtkicon,
vidre
rom
realur
sakiTxi
kompiuterul
cxovrebaSi;
Tumca
vuldriji da jeningsi (Wooldridge and Jennongs 1995), marTalia, aRiareben

amas, magram Tvlian, rom kompiuterul sistemaSi moqmed agentebs iseTi
Tandayolili
maxasiaTeblebi
aqvT,
rogoricaa
damoukidebloba,
proaqtiuloba, reaqtiuloba da socialuri unari.

kritika
ar
uaryofs
kompiuterul
simulaciebs.
piriqiT,
mis
ganviTarebisa da winsvlisken iswrafvis. konceptualur da praqtikul

doneebze gamoTqmuli es SeniSnvnebi simulaciebis sawinaaRmdegod ki ar
aris mimarTuli, aramed _ maTi ganviTarebisa da daxvewisken. maTgan
bevrs unda velodoT da, ganaTlebisgan gansxvavebiT, mecnierebis sxva
sferoebSi ukve sakmao RirebulebiT sargebloben.
da
simulaciebis
Semdeg
Sesaxeb
dawvrilebiTi
sirTulis Teoriisa
informaciisTvis
mimarTeT
vebgverdebs:
http://www.santafe.edu (santa fe institutis (Sante Fe Institute) vebgverdi _ sirTulis

Teoriis Semswavleli mTavri instituti);
http://www.brint.com/Systems.html
(vebgverdi,
romelzec
mocemulia
sirTulis
Teoriis Sesaxeb masalebis indeqsi);

www.complexity-society.com (didi britaneTis sirTulis Teoriis sazogadoeba);
http://emergence.org/ (Jurnalis Emergence: Complexitiy and Organization vebgverdi);
http://jornal-ci.csse.monash.edu.au// (Jurnalis Complexity International veg gverdi);
http://www.udel.edu/aeracc/sites (sirTulis Teoriis Sesaxeb vebgverdebis bmulebi);
http://www.answers.com/complex%20systems%theory
vebgverdebis bmulebi).
(sirTulis
Teoriis
Sesaxeb
589
daskvna
simulaciis
saSualebebs
ganuyofel
meTodebi
mTeli
iZleva,
romlebic
nawils
rigi
iseTi
problemebis
laboratoriuli
warmoadgenen.
amasTanave,
isini
aRmofxvris
eqsperimenebis
inarCuneben
maT
zogierT Rirsebas. rogorc pelisi (Palys 1978) SeniSnavs, simulaciebisa da

eqsperimentebis saerTo maxasiaTebelia, rom eqsperimentatori srulad
akontrolebs
mTliani
situaciis
yvela
aspeqts
da
manipulirebs.
amasTanave, cdis pirebis adamianuri buneba xeluxlebeli rCeba im mxriv,

rom isini realur situaciaSi Tavsdebian, sadac ise iqcevian, rogorc
saWirod Tvlian. drois ganzomilebis CarTva simulaciis kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani SenaZenia, rac cdis pirs garemosTan urTierTqmedebaSi
aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo eqsperimentators
_
socialuri
sistemis
ukukavSiris
moqmedebaSi
jaWviT,
dakvirvebis
SesaZleblobas,
misi
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebiTa da a.S. da bolos, aRniSnavs pelisi _ CarTulobis maRali

xarisxi,
rac,
aCvenebs,
Cveulebriv,
rom
simulaciebSi
laboratoriul
monawileobas
eqsperimentTan
ukavSirdeba,
asocirebuli
TviTcnobiereba gacilebiT iolad iflangeba.
geografiuli sainformacio sistemebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ar aris bolomde simulacia, kompiuterul
geografiul
ganaTlebis
mozidvasa
politikas
sainformacio
sferoSi
da
warmoebul
skolis
xSirad
sistemebs
arCevis
geografiuli
ufro
da
kvlevaSi,
ufro
metad
magaliTad,
paternebis
ganxilvisas.
mdgeneli
da
iyeneben
moswavleebis
ganaTlebis
ganzomileba
aqvs,
magaliTad, dafarvis areali, skolebis daxurva, Tavisufali miReba da

skolis arCeva, resursebisa da finansuri xarjebis ganawileba, Sefasebis
qulebisa
da
gamocdebis
Sedegebis
ganawileba.
geografiuli
sainformacio sistemebi kompiuteris bazaze Seqmnili sistemaa, romelic

sivrcobrivi monacemebis dafiqsirebisTvis, SenaxvisTvis, SemowmebisTvis,
analizisa da warmodgenisTvis aris mowodebuli; masSi gaerTianebulia
590
rogorc didi moculobis, ise _ mcire zomis da sxvadasxva wyarodan

miRebuli sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi (Worrall 1990; Parsons et al. 1996; Gorard et
es
al. 2002).
politikuri
iniciativebis
mniSvnelobisa
da
Sedegebis
gamosavlenad gamodgeba, magaliTad: ra Sedegi moitana mSoblebis mier

skolis
dafarvis
arealis
Taobaze
gakeTebulma
arCevanma?;
rogor
nawildeba gamocdis qulebi konkretul regionSi?; ramdenad efeqturia

saSualo
skolebis
momarageba
mocemuli
populaciisTvis?;
rogor
SeiZleba gaumjobesdes transportis momsaxureba, romelsac moswaleebi

saxlidan skolaSi da ukan dahyavs?; ra miuTiTebs konkretul qalaqSi
mimzidveli da wyalwaRebuli skolebis warmoqmnaze?; am magaliTebis
monacemebi warmodgenilia 10. 2 da 10. 3. CanarTebSi
cxadia,
rom
aseTi
monacemebis
politikuri
sensitiuroba
da
mniSvnelovneba ganuzomelia da gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba kvleva

uSualod
CaerTos
politikasa
da
mis
efeqtebSi.
parsonsi
da
misi
kolegebi (1996) ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis am mimarTulebis martiv da

srulad
referirebul
SemTxvevebis
gamocdaze
Seswavlas,
naCenebi
Sesavals
gvTavazoben.
rogoricaa
Sedegebi,
skolis
skolis
isini
gvirCeven
dafarvis
dafarvis
iseTi
arealebi
arealebis
da
xelaxali
gadanawileba da dafarvaSi gadaadgilebebis paternebi.

geografiuli
sainformacio
sistemebis
(GIS)
Sesaxeb
internetSi
informaciis mosaZieblad SegiZliaT ramdenime vebgverds gaecnoT, Tu

saZiebo sistemaSi CawerT _ ganaTlebis sferoSi kvleva geografiuli
sainformacio
sistemebi
misamarTebze ewvioT :
an
qvemoT
CamoTvlil
vebgverdebs
Semdeg
591
A skolis moswavleebi, B skolis moswavleebi, A da B skolis moswavleebi
dafarvis zonis sazRvrebi, 100 metriani buferuli zona

wyaro:LParsons et al. 1996
592
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html
(geografiuli
sainformacio
sistemebis (GIS) World Wide Web resursebis CamonaTvali);

http://www.tec.army.mil/gis/
dakavSirebul
(ganaTlebasTan
bmulebsac
moicavs);
http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gis_gateway.html
(geografiuli
sainformacio
sistemebis Sesaxeb resursebi aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biurodan);

http://www.geo.uni.bonn.de/members/haack/gisinfo.html
(evropuli
bmulebis
serveri);
http://unr.edu/homepage/daved/gislinks.html
(geografiuli
sistemebis Sesaxeb resursebi internetSi).
sainformacio
593
ra aris SemTxvevis Seswavla?
SemTxvevis Seswavla aris konkretuli magaliTi, romelic xSirad
ufro zogadi principis sailustraciodaa mowodebuli (Nisbet and Watt 1984:
72). es aris konkretuli magaliTis moqmedebaSi Seswavla (Adelman et al.
1980) (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili
11. 1. ppt). erTi SemTxveva SemosazRvruli sistemaa, magaliTad, bavSvi,
jgufi, klasi, skola, Temi. is realur garemoSi, realuri adamianebis
unikalur magaliTs iZleva, romelic mkiTxvels ideebisa da mosazrebebis
ukeT
gagebis
principebis
saSualebas
ubralod
aZlevs,
miwodeba.
vidre
abstraqtuli
faqtobrivad,
Teoriebis
SemTxvevis
an
Seswavlis
saSualebiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaigos, rogor ergeba erTmaneTs ideebi

da abstraqtuli principebi (Watt 1984: 72 3). SemTxvevis Seswavlas iseT
situaciebSi
SeuZlia
wvdoma,
romlebic
yovelTvis
ar
eqvemdebareba
raodenobriv analizs. rogorc robsoni (2002: 183) SeniSnavs, SemTxvevis

Seswavla axdens analitur da ara _ statistikur ganzogadebas, anu, misi
gamoyenebiT
iqmneba
Teoria,
romelic
mkvlevrebs
sxva
msgavsi
SemTxvevebis, fenomenebis an situaciebis gagebaSi gauwevs daxmarebas.

SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi SesaZlebelia mizezisa da Sedegis dadgena.
faqtobrivad, misi erT-erTi Zlieri mxarea Sedegebze realur konteqstSi
dakvirveba
da
aRiareba.
xolo
konteqsti,
rogorc
mizezebis,
ise
Sedegebis mZlavri determinantia. rogorc nisbeti da vati (1984: 78)

aRniSnavens,
sturmeni
mTliani
(Sturman
gacilebiT
1999:
103)
metia,
amtkicebs,
vidre
rom
misi
nawilebis
SemTxvevis
jami.
Seswavlis
gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom adamianTa sistemebi mTlianobiT, anu

integrirebulobiT
xasiaTdebian,
niSnebis
Tavisufal
kavSirs
ar
warmoadgenen da es mTlianoba siRrmiseul Seswavlas saWiroebs. garda

amisa, konteqstebi unikaluri da danamikuria, Sesabamisad, SemTxvevis
Seswavla
movlenebis
rTuli
dinamikuri
da
ganviTarebadi
594
urTierTqmedebebis,
unikalur,
adamianTa
ganumeorebel
urTierTobebisa
magaliTs
kidec
da
sxva
ikvlevs
faqtorebis
da
kidec
warmoadgens. hiCkoki da hagisi (1995: 316) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom

SemTxvevis Seswavla naklebad gamoirCeva im meTodologiebiT, romelsac
is iyenebs, samagierod, metad gamoirCeva
kvlevis subieqtiT/obieqtiT
(Tumca, rogorc qvemoT mivuTiTebT, xSiria SemTxvevis Seswavlisa da

interpretaciuli meTodologiebis Tanxvedra). hiCkoki da hagisi (1995:
322), aseve, Tvlian, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis midgoma gansakuTrebiT
Rirebulia,
movlenebs.
rodesac
maT
mkvlevari
miaCniaT
(gv.
naklebad
317),
rom
akontrolebs
SemTxvevis
mimdinare
Seswavla
Semdegi
niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
dainteresebulia
SemTxvevasTan
dakavSirebuli
movlenebis
mravalferovani da xatovani aRweriT;
qronologiurad mogviTxrobs SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis

Sesaxeb;
Serwymulad gadmoscems movlenebis aRwerasa da analizis;
yuradRebas amaxvilebs calkeul aqtorebze, an aqtorTa jgufebze da

movlenebis maTeuli aRqmis gagebas cdilobs;
gamokveTs SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebul konkretul movlenebs;
mkvlevari mTlianad CarTulia SemTxvevaSi;
angariSis werisas SemTxvevis mravalferovnebis, simdidris gadmocemas

cdiloben.
SemTxvevis Seswavla xorciledeba droiT, geografiul, organizaciul,
instituciur da sxva konteqstebSi, romelic mis irgvliv sazRvrebis

dawesebis
saSualebas
iZleva.
maTi
gansazRvra
SesaZlebelia
maTSi
CarTuli adamianebisa da jgufebis maxasiaTeblebze miTiTebiT da, aseve,

monawileTa rolebisa da funqciebis meSveobiT (Hitchcock and Hughes 1995:
319) (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11.
2. ppt).
595
SemTxvevis Seswavlas:
eqneba drois maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic misi bunebis gansazRvraSi

dagvexmareba;
aqvs geografiuli parametrebi, romlebic misi gansazRvris saSualebas

gvaZlevs;
eqneba sazRvrebi, romelic misi gansazRvris saSualebas mogvcems;
ganvsazRvravT
individiT,
romelic
drois
konkretul
momentSi
konkretul konteqstSi imyofeba;
ganvsazRvravT jgufis maxasiaTeblebiT;
ganvsazRvravT roliT an funqciiT;
SeiZleba
forma
misces
organizaciulma
an
instituciurma
garemoebebma.
SemTxvevis
mocemul
Seswavla
situaciaSi
cdilobs
yofna,
aRweros,
rogoria
rogoria
axlodan
danaxuli
konkretul
realoba,
vrclad gadmogvces (Girtz 1973b) monawileebis konkretul situaciasTan

dakavSirebuli
SemTxvevaze
an
realuri
gamocdileba,
fenomenze
missave
azrebi
realur
da
grZnobebi.
konteqstSi
masSi
dakvirveba
moiazreba da, Cveulebriv, mravalgvari monacemi gamoiyeneba (Robson 2002:

178). es aris aRweriTi da detaluri meTodi, romelsac viwro fokusi
aqvs da subieqturi da obieqturi monacemebis kombinirebas axdens (Dyer
1995: 48 9). SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovania, rom movlenebi da
situaciebi Tavad laparakobdnen sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da ar xdeba
maTi intensiuri interpretacia da Sefaseba. am TvalsazrisiT, SemTxvevis
Seswavla sateleviozio dokumentalistikas uaxlovdeba.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla arasistemuri, an mxolod
ilustraciulia. misTvis monacemebi sistematurad da skurpulozurad
grovdeba. nisbeti da vati (1984: 91) SemTxvevis SeswavliT dakavebul
mkvlevrebs gansakuTrebiT urCeven, rom eridon:
596
Jurnalistobas: SemTxvevis yvelaze TvalSisacemi niSnebis amorCevas

da
Sedegad
mTeli
suraTis
darRvevas
SedarebiT
sensaciuri
aspeqtebis gamokveTis fasad;
SerCeviT
mxolod
mowodebas:
erTi
konkretuli
mtkicebulebis
daskvnis
arCeva
da
zurgis
amiT
gamamagrebeli
mTliani
SemTxvevis
mcdarad interpretireba;
gamartivebul stils: dabali donis da banaluri ilustraciebis

doneze daSveba, rac Sorsaa siRrmiseuli, skurpulozuri analizisgan.
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT steikis (Stake 1978) ironiuli komentari, rom
Cveni albomebi savsea msxvili kadrebiTa da kidev msxvili kadrebiT
_ amiT imis Tqma unda, rom
tendenciurobiT,
zogierTi SemTxvevis Seswavla gamoirCeva
azviadebs
detalebs
da
amiT
azaralebs
erTian
suraTs;
pompezurobas:
elementaruli
donis
monacemebze
dayrdnobiT
an
enawylianobiT dasrulebuli Teoriebis gamoyvanis an formulirebis

mcdeloba;
sirbiles: respondentis mosazrebebis upirobod, kiTxvis dausmelad

miReba
an
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
mxolod
im
aspeqtebis
amorCeva,
romlebsac adamianebi daeTanxmebian da ara im aspeqtebisa, romelTac

isini SeiZleba ar daeTanxmon.
SemTxvevis
Seswavlaze
mosazrebebis
gamoTqma,
mecnierebaTa
sxva
dayrdnobiT
magram,
formebis
kvlevis
msgavsad,
SesaZlebelia
da
am
Teoriuli
adamianis
Semswavleli
mosazrebebs
TvalsaCino
empiriuli sabuTebi unda amyarebdes. amisaTvis SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi

ganzogadebis
sakiTxis
garkvevaa
saWiro.
ganzogadebam
SeiZleba
sxavadasxva forma miiRos, magaliTad:
erTi konkretuli magaliTidan im SemTxvevebis klasze, romelsac es

magaliTi warmoadgens (magaliTad, skola, sadac mxolod erTi sqesis
597
bavSvebi swavloben, SeiZleba SemTxvevis Seswavlis magaliTi iyos,

romelSic sxva aseTive skolebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi ikveTeba);
erTi
calkeuli
SemTxvevis
maxasiaTeblebidan
klasebis
erTobliobaze, romelTac aseTive maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;
SemTxvevis
erTi
calkeuli
maxasiaTeblidan
srul
SemTxvevis
maxasiaTeblebze.
saimoni (1996) amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlisas eqvsi paradoqsi
unda iqnas ganxiluli. man unda:
uari Tqvas diqotomiaze subieqturi-obieqturi da yvela monawile

Tanasworad ganixilos;
dainaxos da aRiaros is wvlili, romelic ganaTlebis xedvis axal

formebSi realurad kreatulma gamocdilebam SeiZleba Seitanos;
xedvis
gansxvavebuli
gzebi
codnis
miRebis
axal
saSualebebad
miiCnios;
SeZlos SemoqmedTan miaxloveba;
gaiTavisuflos goneba tradiciuli analizisgan;
miiRos
es
paradoqsebi
da
adamianebisadmi
interesebi
yvela
sxva
interesze win daayenos.

SemTxvevis Seswavlis ramdenime tipi arsebobs. ini (Yin 1984) Sedegebis
mixedviT sam aseT tips ganasxvavebs: ZiebiTi (rogorc piloturi kvleva
sxva
kvlevebisTvis,
angariSebi)
Seswavla,
da
an
axsniTi
rogorc
kvlevis
kiTxvebisaTvis),
(Teoriebis
piloturi
Semowmeba).
kvleva,
aRweriTi
(TxrobiTi
ZiebiTi
SemTxvevis
SeiZleba
im
hipoTezebis
CamoyalibebisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli, romlebic ufro farTomasStabiani

gamokiTxvebiT,
eqsperimentebiT,
an
sxva
formis
kvleviT
mowmdeba.
adelmani da misi kolegebi (1980) gvafrTxileben, rom mxolod SemTxvevis

Seswavla ar unda gamoviyenoT sxva kvlevis, magaliTad, eqsperimentis an
gamokiTxvis winaswar kvlevad, Tumca, SemTxvevis Seswavla TavisTavad
598
aris
kvlevis
mniSvnelovani
da
legitimuri
meTodi
(ixileT

inis klasifikacia Tanxvdeba meriamis (Merriam 1988) klasifikacias,
romelic, aseve, sam tips ganasxvavebs: aRweriTi (TxrobiTi/naratiuli
angariSebi),
interpretaciuli
(sawyisi
daSvebebis
Semowmebis
mizniT
induqciuri gziT konceptualuri kategoriebis SemuSaveba) da SefasebiTi

(axsna da Sefaseba). meriami (1988) SemTxvevis Seswavlis oTx ZiriTad
sferos
an
saxeobasac
gamoyofs:
eTnografiuli,
istoriuli,
fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri. exmianeba ra stenhauzs (Stenhouse 1985)

strumeni (1999: 107)
eTnografiuli
SemTxvevis
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
Seswavla
oTx
erTi
saxeobas
calkeuli
ganasxvavebs:
siRrmiseuli
kvleva; praqtikuli kvlevis SemTxvevis Seswavla; SefasebiTi SemTxvevis

Seswavla;
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
ganaTlebis
sferoSi.
steiki
(1994)
SemTxvevis Seswavlis sam ZiriTad tips asaxelebs: Sinagani SemTxvevis

Seswavla
(kvlevebi,
xorcieldeba);
SemTxvevis
romlebic
instrumentuli
kvleva
mocemul
konkretuli
SemTxvevis
sakiTxSi
an
SemTxvevis
gasagebad
Seswavla
(konkretuli
TeoriaSi
gasarkvevad);
koleqtiuri SemTxvevis Seswavla (individebis jgufis Seswavla, romelic

ufro sruli suraTis danaxvas emsaxureba). vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavla
dawvrilebiT
naklebad
detalebs
detalizebuli
iZleva,
_
misi
xSirad
gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia
msxvilmasStabiani
sxva,
kvlevebis
damxmare meTodad. am TvalsazrisiT, SemTxvevis Seswavlis masalebma

makropolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis, Serwymis Teoriisa
da praqtikis Sesaxeb adamianis faqtoris Semcveli mZlavri monacemebi
SeiZleba mogvces. amis magaliTebs Semdegi Sromebi warmoadgenen: Ball
(1990), Bowe et al. (1992) da Ball (1994a). orive specifikur skolebze samTavrobo
politikis zemoqmedeba.
robsons (2002: 181 2) miaCnia, rom SeiZleba gamoiyos individualuri
SemTxvevis Seswavla, individualuri SemTxvevis Seswavlebis erToblioba,
socialuri jgufis Seswavla, organizaciebisa da institutebis Seswavla,
599
movlenebis, rolebisa da urTierTobebis Seswavla. misi mtkicebiT, es

yvelaferi
damatebiT
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
ganasxvavebs
meTodSi
kritikuli
aisaxeba.
SemTxvevis
robsoni
(2002)
Seswavlasa
da
eqstremaluri an unikaluri SemTxvevis Seswavlas. misi TqmiT, kritikuli

SemTxvevis Seswavlaa:
roca Tqveni Teoriuli gagebiT arsebobs naTeli, erTmniSvnelovanad
gansxazRvruli da aratrivialuri garemoebebi, sadac mosalodnel Sedegebs
waawydebiT. iseTi SemTxvevis povnas, romelic Tanxvdeba da aCvenebs imas, rac
ukve
nawinaswarmetyvelebi
iyo,
codnisTvisa
da
wvdomisTvis
qmediTi
daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia.

(Robson 2002: 182)
kritikuli SemTxvevis Seswavlas SegviZlia davamatoT, rom sakvlev

sakiTxs
SeiZleba
ufro
srulad
an
ufro
gamokveTilad
hqondes
mkvlevrisTvis saintereso yvela, an TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebeli an

niSani,
vidre
SemSleli
normalur
qcevis
SemTxvevis
viTarebaSi,
Seswavla
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
studentis
xelis
Zalian xelSemSlel
klasSi mimdinareobdes, sadac Zalze problemuri bavSvebi swavloben da

ara _ iseT klasSi, sadac arc ise SesamCnevia aseTi problema.
amis sapirispirod, robsoni (2002: 182) amtkicebs, rom eqstremaluri da
unikaluri SemTxveva SeiZleba Rirebul sacdel stends iZleodes. is
ambobs, rom eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi Sedis situacia, romelic Tu aq
muSaobs, yvelgan imuSavebs, an garemoebebis idealuri nakrebis arCeva,
romelSic farTo auditoriis winaSe wardgenamde axali midgomis an
proeqtis gamocdam SeiZleba misi muSaobis Sesaxeb ufro meti da sruli
codna mogvitanos (magaliTad, kvleva da ganviTarebis modeli).
SemTxvevis Seswavlas ramdenime cnobili Zlieri da susti mxare aqvs,
romlebic Sejamebulia 11. 1 CanarTSi (Adelman et al. 1984) da 11. 2 (Nisbet and
Watt 1984) (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 11,
faili 11. 4. ppt).
600
CanarTi 11. 1
SemTxvevis Seswavlis SesaZlo upiratesobebi
paradoqsulia,
magram
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
monacemebi
Zlieria
realobaSi, samagierod _ Znelad dasalagebelia. amis sapirispirod, sxva

kvlevis monacemebi xSirad sustia realobaSi, magram swrafad SeiZleba
maTi mowesrigeba. realobaSi aseTi siZliere modis iqidan, rom SemTxvevis
Seswavla myarad dgas miwaze, Tanxvdeba mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas da
amiT, ganzogadebis bunebriv safuZvels uzrunvelyofs.
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
ganzogadebis
konkretuli
saSualebas
SemTxvevis
iZleva.
misi
an
ucnauri
SemTxvevidan
siZliere
klasze
SemTxvevis,
rogorc aseTis, niuansebisadmi da kompleqsurobisadmi yuradRebaSi Zevs.
SemTxvevis Seswavla aRiarebs socialuri WeSmaritebebis kompleqsurobasa

da
CarTulobas.
socialuri
situaciebis
gulmodgine
ganxilviT
SemTxvevis Seswavlas SeuZlia monawileTa mosazrebebs Soris arsebuli

konfliqtebis, an gansvlebis gasaocrad da mniSvnelovnad warmodgena.
saukeTeso
SemTxvevis
Seswavlas
alternatiuli
interpretaciebisTvis
garkveuli mxardaWeris SeTavazeba xelewifeba.
SemTxvevis
Seswavlas,
rogorc
arqivis Seqmna. es arqivi
produqts,
SeuZlia
aRweriTi
masalis
sakmaod mravalferovani iqneba imisaTvis, rom
Semdgom xelaxali interpretacia gaxdes SesaZlebeli. saganmanaTleblo

miznebisa da garemo pirobebis mravalferovnebisa da kompleqsurobis
pirobebSi
mkvlevrebisTvis
da
momxmareblebisTvis
aSkarad
ufro
Rirebulia Cveni wyarosgan gansxvavebuli wyaros qona.
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
mniSvnelovani
miRebuli
dainergos
moqmedebisken
wvliliT
axali
codna
Sedis
ukukavSirisTvis
da
moqmedebis
SeiZleba
TanamSromlebis
gadadgmuli
an
pirdapir
nabijia.
Tavisi
samyaroSi.
misi
wyalobiT
aixsnas
da
praqtikaSi
TviT-ganviTarebisaTvis,
formirebadi
is
SefasebisTvis,
institutebSi
aseve,
ganaTlebis
politikis dagegmvaSi iqnas gamoyenebuli.
SemTxvevis Seswavla kvlevis an Sefasebis masalas sazogadoebas misTvis

ufro xelmisawvdomi saxiT awvdis, vidre kvlevis angariSis sxva formebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sametyvelo
ena,
Rirsebas mas moculoba aniWebs. prezentaciis
tradiciuli
kvlevis
angariSis
enasTan
SedarebiT
601

nakleb ezoTerulia, nakleb saidumloebiT moculi da specializebul
interpretaciaze damokidebuli. SemTxvevis Seswavla SeiZleba ramdenime
auditoriisTvis
iyos
gankuTvnili.
masSi
Semcirebulia
mkiTxvelis
damokidebuleba gamouTqmel implicitur daSvebebze da xelmisawvdoms

xdis
Tavad
kvlevis
process.
maSasadame,
SemTxvevis
Seswavlas
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis (da Tavad codnis) demokratizaciaSi

SeuZlia wvlilis Setana. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, is mkiTxvels kvlevis
praqtikuli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb msjelobis SesaZleblobas utovebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Adelman et al. 1980
CanarTi 11. 2.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
Zlieri mxareebi
Sedegebi gacilebiT advilad esmis farTo auditorias (araakademiuri
sferos
warmomadgenlebis
CaTvliT),
vinaidan
isini
xSirad
yoveldRiuri, araprofesiuli sametyvelo eniT aris mocemuli;

imTaviTve gasagebia; is sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb Tavad metyvelebs;
unikalur maxasiaTeblebs afiqsirebs, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
daikargeboda
didi
moculobis
mqone
monacemebSi
(magaliTad,
gamokiTxvebSi). es unikaluri Tvisebebi SeiZleba situaciis gagebis

gasaRebi iyos. Zlieria realobaSi;
iZleva sxva msgavs situaciebSi da SemTxvevebSi wvdomis saSualebas da
amiT sxva msgavsi SemTxvevebis interpretacias exmareba;
misi
Catareba
calkeul
mkvlevars
SeuZlia.
ar
aris
aucilebeli
kvleviTi jgufis yola;

SeiZleba
moulodnel
movlenebsa
da
arakontrolirebad
cvladebs
moicavdes da moazrebdes;
sisusteebi
SeiZleba ver moxerxdes Sedegebis ganzogadeba im SemTxvevebis garda,
roca sxva mkiTxvelebi/mkvlevrebi maTi gamoyenebis gzebs xedaven.
ar aris ioli maTi gadamowmeba, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba seleqciuri,
mikerZoebuli, piradi da subieqturi iyos.
602

refleqsiurobis
mcdelobebis
sakiTxis
miuxedavad,
mosagvareblad
damkvirveblis
ganxorcilebuli
mikerZoebulobiskenaa
midrekili.
wyaro: Nisnet and Watt 1984
Sagnesis da misi kolegebis (Shaughness et al. 2003: 290 9)

SemTxvevis
Seswavla
xSirad
moklebulia
Zlier
mosazrebiT,
kontrols,
Carevebi
iSviaTad eqvemdebareba sistematur kontrols da garegani cvladebis

kontrolic umniSvneloa. isini amtkiceben, rom es arTulebs SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
safuZvelze
mizez-Sedegobriv
mimarTebebze
daskvnebis
gakeTebas da zogierTi SemTxvevis Seswavla mikerZoebulobis risksac

Seicavs, radgan Terapevti erTdroulad monawilecaa da damkvirvebelic
da, rogorc damkvirvebelma, SeiZleba gaazviados an daakninos SemTxveva.
maT, aseve, miaCniaT, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla SeiZleba impresionistuli,
subieqturi
iyos
mikerZoebuli
da
(monawilis
gamovides.
garda
an
damkvirveblis)
amisa,
isini
TviTangariSi
amtkiceben,
rom
mikerZoebuloba SeiZleba maSin iqces problemad, Tu SemTxvevis Seswavla

individis mexsierebas eyrdnoba.
daieri (Dyer 1995: 50 2) SeniSnavs, rom SemTxvevis Seswavlis kiTxvisas
unda gvaxsovdes, rom SerCevis procesma ukve Caiara da mxolod avtorma
icis,
Tu
ra
faqtobrivad,
SeirCa
da
ra
gamoiricxa
da
ra
kriteriumebiT.
Tavad monawileebma SeiZleba arc icodnen, rogori SerCeva
ganxorcielda. daieris (1995: 48 9)
dakvirvebiT,
SemTxvevis Seswavla
aerTianebs codnasa da daskvnas da xSirad Znelia am oris erTmaneTisgan

gamijvna. mkvlevarma kargad unda gamokveTos, am ori maxasiaTeblidan
romelzea SemTxvevis Seswavlis monacemebi.
zemoT ganxorcielebuli analizidan cxadia, rom SemTxvevis Seswavla
xSirad
kvlevis
interpretaciul
tradicias
mihyveba
situaciis
monawilis TvaliT xedvas da ara _ raodenobriv paradigmas, Tumca,

aucilebeli ar aris, rom es yovelTvis ase iyos. interpretaciuli
paradigmisadmi
simpaTiis
gamo
SemTxvevis
Seswavla
xSirad
xdeba
603
kritikis obieqti. magaliTad, smiTi (1991: 375) amtkicebs, rom SemTxvevis

Seswavla
codnis
mopovebis
ara
marto
logikurad
yvelaze
susti
meTodia, aramed individualuri SemTxvevebis, karierebisa da Temebis

Seswavla
warsulis
sakiTxicaa.
amitom,
maTi
modelebi
da
kanonebi
istoriuli kvlevis fokuss unda warmoadgendnen.

es
crurwmena
da
ideologiaa
da
ara
kritika,
magram
respeqtabelobisa da legitimurobis problemaze mianiSnebs, romelic

SemTxvevis Seswavlam garkveul akademiur wreebSi unda moipovos. kvlevis
sxva meTodebis msgavsad, SemTxvevis Seswavlam sandooba da validoba
unda warmoaCinos. situaciebis unikalobis pirobebSi es SeiZleba rTuli
iyos,
imTaviTve
SeZlos
ar Tanxvdebodes sxva SemTxvevis Seswavlas, an ver
pozitivisturi
TvalsazrisiT
sandoobis
demonstrireba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SemTxvevis Sesawavla ar xasiaTdeba sandoobis am

formiT,
am
meTodis
gamoyenebisas
mainc
Cndeba
iseTi
mniSvnelovani
pasuxgasacemi kiTxvebi rogoricaa, magaliTad (Adelman et al. 1980; Nisbet and

Watt
1984;
Hitchcock
and
Hughes
1995)
(ixileT
zustad ra aris SemTxveva?
rogor xdeba SemTxvevebis identificireba da arCeva?
ra saxis SemTxvevis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme (ra mizani aqvs mas)?
ra aris sando mtkicebuleba?
ra aris obieqturi mtkicebuleba?
ras niSnavs saTanado SerCevis procesi didi raodenobiT miRebuli

monacemebidan saboloo monacemebis amorCevisTvis?
rogoria samarTliani, sruli da skurpulozuri angariSi?
ra viTarebaSia gamarTlebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevis (an kritikuli

movlenis _ ixileT dakvirvebis ganxilva, Tavi 18) aReba?
rogori SerCevaa yvelaze Sesatyvisi?
ramdenad saWiroa triangulacia da rogor moxdeba es?
604
validaciis ra procesebi xorcieldeba SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi?
rogor
SevinarCunoT
balansi
unikalobasa
da
ganzogadebadobas
Soris?
ra formis werilobiTi angariSi Seesatyviseba SemTxvevis Seswavlas

yvelaze metad?
ra eTikuri sakiTxebi dgeba SemTxvevis Seswavlisas?

SemTxvevis SeswavliT kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxi informaciis SerCevaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad sasargebloa tipuri, reprezentaciuli

xdomilobebis
Cawera,
mkvlevrs
yovelTvis
ar
sWirdeba
reprezentaciulobis kriteriumis dakmayofileba. SeiZleba iseTi iSviaTi,

arareprezentaciuli, magram kritikuli SemTxvevebi an movlenebi moxdes,
romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT SemTxvevis gasagebad. magaliTad,
subieqtma konkretuli qceva SeiZleba mxolod erTxel ganaxorcielos,
magram Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom is qceva marto imitom ar gamoiricxos
da gadaixazos, rom mxolod erTxel moxda. zogjer SeiZleba erTeuli
movlenebi
moxdes,
romlebsac
pirovnebis,
an
situaciis
gagebaSi
uzarmazari sinaTle SeaqvT (ixileT kritikuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva,

Tavi 18). is situaciis gagebis gasaRebi SeiZleba iyos (Flanagan 1949).
magaliTad, fsiqologiuri SemTxvevis Seswavla bavSvze Zaladobis
erT konkretul magaliTze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, romelic mozrdili
adamianis
cxovrebis
adreul
periodSi
moxda,
magram
misi
gavlena
imdenad didi iyo, rom am mozrdilis gagebis sayrdeni wertilia. bavSvma

SeiZleba erTaderTi komentari gaakeTos, romelic srul frustraciaze
da maswavleblis SiSze miuTiTebdes da is imdenad mniSnvelovania, rom
ar unda darCes yuradRebis miRma. vinaidan ar ainteresebs xdomilobebis
sixSireebi, SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi raodenoba SeiZleba Tvisebriobam da
intensivobam Caanacvlon da erTmaneTisgan qcevis mniSvnelovani cota da
umniSnvelo bevri SemTxveva gamijnon. swored mniSvnelovnebaa da ara _

sixSire
SemTxvevis Seswavlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, rac mkvlevars
situaciebisa da adamianebis realuri dinamikis wvdomas sTavazobs.
605
SemTxvevis Seswavlis saxeebis magaliTebi

im
eqsperimentatorisgan
manipulirebs
gamokiTxvis
maTi
im
gansxvavebiT,
mizezobrivi
avtorisgan
romelic
mniSvnelovnebis
gansxvavebiT,
cvladebiT
dasadgenad,
anda
adamianTa
did,
romelic
reprezentaciul SerCevebs standartizebul kiTxvebs usvams, SemTxvevis

SeswavliT dakavebuli mkvlevari,
rogorc wesi, calkeuli erTeulis
maxasiaTeblebs akvirdeba, iqneba es bavSvi, jgufi, klasi, skola Tu Temi.

aseTi dakvirvebis mizani im mravalgvari fenomenebis Rrmad wvdoma da
intensiurad gaanalizebaa, romlebic Sesaswavli erTeulis cxovrebis
cikls
qmnian
(im
populaciis
Sesaxeb
ganzogadebis
SesaZleblobiT,
romelsac es erTeuli miekuTvneba).

mkvlevarTa
statistikur-eqsperimentuli
paradigmisadmi
antipaTiam
SemTxvevis Seswavlis kvlevaSi bumi gamoiwvia. damnaSaveTa (Patrick 1973),

garicxulTa (Parker 1974), narkotikebis momxmarebelTa (Young 1971) da
skolebis (King 1979) kvlevebi Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebasa da
ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevaSi SemTxvevis Seswavlis farTod gamoyenebaze
mowmoben.
aseTi
farTo
gamoyeneba
orivenairi
raodenobrivi
da
Tvisebrivi _ monacemebis Segrovebisa da gaanalizebis mravalferovani

teqnikebis farTo diapazoniT xasiaTdeba. ra problemac ar unda iyos da
rogori midgomac ar unda iyos arCeuli, SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi mainc
dakvirvebis meTodi figurirebs.
11.
CanarTSi
warmodgenilia
dakvirvebis
gamoyenebiT
kvlevis
tipologia, romlis safuZvelzec SevarCieT Cveni eqvsi magaliTi (am

magaliTebis
detaluri
ganxilvisTvis
ixileT
wignis
Tanmxlebi
vebgverdi: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 1.

ppt).
akeris kvleva (Acker 1990) eTnografiuli angariSia, romelic monawilis
dakvirvebis ramdenime aseulsaaTiani masalebs eyrdnoba, xolo boltonis
(Boulton
1992)
kvleva
piriqiT
ukiduresad
struqturirebul,
aramonawilis dakvirvebas efuZneba, romelic xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
606
grZeldeboda. uaildisa da misi kolegebis (Wild et al. 1992) kvlevaSi

gamoyenebulia monawilis dakvirveba da Tavisufali struqturis mqone
interviuebi, romlebic Sedegad martivi sixSireebis daTvlas iZleva.
kompiuterebTan gamklavebis blizisa da koheniseul (Blease and Cohen 1990)
kvlevaSi
ukiduresad
gamoyenebuli. maT
mecadineobebSi
struqturirebuli
dakvirvebis
cxrilebia
aramonawile damkvirveblebi, specialurad, saklaso
kompiuteruli
programebis
gamoyenebis
raodenobrivi monacemebis misaRebad awarmoebdnen.
Sesaxeb
zusti
dakvirveba dawyebiTi
klasebis longituduri kvlevis nawili iyo da, Sedegad, moswavleebis

mier kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebisas individualuri qcevisa da
jgufis urTierTqmedebebis tipuri profilebi miiRes. antonsenis (Antonsen
1988) kvleva moicavda fsiqiatriul ganyofilebaSi myofi erTi bavSvis
fsiqoTerapiis
process
fsiqiatriuli
klinikis
da
iyenebda
xelovnur
arastruqturirebul
garemoSi.
es
dakvirvebas
kvleva
Terapevtis
aradireqtiuli midgomis magaliTia. dabolos, hutonis (Houghton 1991)

kvlevaSi struqturirebuli testebis masalebidan aRebuli monacemebi da
fokusirebuli
interviuebi
gamoiyenes
maTTan,
visac
es
ucxoeli
studenti ekontaqteboda. SemTxvevis Seswavlis dasaxelebuli magaliTebi

erTad kargad warmoaCenen SemTxvevis Seswavlis tipebsa da diapazons
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11.
6.ppt).
607
dakvirvebis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs _ monawilis da aramonawilis

dakvirveba.
pirvelis
aqtivobebiT
SemTxvevaSi
damkvirveblebi
Tavad
arian
im
dakavebulni, ris dakvirvebasac apirebdnen. xSirad maTi
safarveli imdenad srulyofilia, rom sxva monawileebiviT, ubralod,

jgufis wevrebi arian. magaliTad, patrikis SemTxvevaSi (1973), romelic
glazgoSi daibada da gaizarda, misi, rogorc mkvlevris, oTxTviani
saqmianoba glazgos bandaSi sruliad SeumCneveli darCa. Tumca, aseTi
sruli
anonimurobis
magaliTad,
miRweva
centraluri
kvlevaSi
sazogadod
muSaobda.
dRis
yovelTvis
liverpulis
iyo
cnobili,
ganmavlobaSi
quCis
SesaZlebeli
mozardebis
rom
RamRamobiT pabebSi siaruliT, parkerma swrafad
aris.
parkeriseul
mkvlevari
yoCebTan
ar
erTad
ase
(1974)
universitetSi
xetialiTa
da
moaxerxa iseTi saerTo
azris Seqmna, rom misi iq yofniT araferi Savdeboda _
yvelaferi rigze
608
iyo. misive sityvebiT: mkvlevari msmeli, Sinauri kaci iyo _ sando

adamiani, Tu saqme kanonis darRvevaze gaCumebas Seexeboda.
SeniRbva
skolis
ar
bolo
aris
monawilis
ori
klasis
dakvirvebis
da
muSaobis
aucilebeli
pirveli
winapiroba.
ramdenime
Tvis
ganmavlobaSi, uilisi (Willis 1977) muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli vaJebis

mcire jgufis intensiur kvlevas awarmoebda. igi skolis
yvela sagnis
mecadineobebs eswreboda ara rogorc maswavlebeli, aramed rogorc

klasis wevri da sakvlevi jgufis wevr TiToeul vaJTan
xani
warmoebaSic
erTad cota
muSaobda
(ixileT

meore
mxriv,
aramonawile
damkvirveblebi
jgufis
aqtivobebisadmi
gulgrilni rCebian da Tavs ikaveben jgufis wevrobisgan, rac arc ise

Zneli
aRmoCnda
patarebis
kingisTvis
klasSi.
aramonawilis
kingi
statusi
(1979)
(1979)
mozrdili
ixsenebs,
bavSvebTan,
damkvirveblisTvis
ramdenad
swargad
myarad
gaarkvia
daimkvidra
ra,
rom
isini
nebismier mozrdils sxva maswavleblad an mis Semcvlelad aRiqvamdnen.

aqedan
gamomdinare,
mizanmimarTulad
mas
SeeZlo
ikavebda
Tavs
socialuri
uSualo
manZilis
interesis
SenarCuneba,
gamoxatvisgan
da
TvalebiT kontaqtsac erideboda.

aramonawile
damkvirveblis
rolis
saukeTeso
ilustraciaa
mdgomareoba, rodesac mkvlevari TavisTvis zis saklaso oTaxis boloSi

da dasakvirvebeli kategoriebis winaswar momzadebuli struqturirebuli
CamonaTvalis
mixedviT,
yovel
sam
wamSi
erTxel,
maswavlebelsa
da
moswavleebs Soris verbaluri urTierTqmedebis kodirebas axdens.

mkvlevris
garemos
gamoyenebuli
tips,
warmodgenilia
dakvirvebis
romelSic
garemo
kvleva
pirobebis
tipi
xSirad
xorcieldeba.
kontinuumi
ukavSirdeba
11.
im
CanarTSi
konsultantis
da
Terapevtis klinikebis xelovnuri garemocvidan (5 da 6 ujredebi)

saskolo klasebis, TanamSromelTa oTaxebisa da saTamaSo moednebis
bunebriv garemocvamde (1 da 2 ujredebi). vinaidan Cveni kontinuumi
609
mxolod Tavisufali monaxazia, SegviZlia sainformacio teqnologiebis

auditisa da kompiuteris gamoyenebis kvlevebi (3 da 4 ujredebi) sadRac
SuaSi, xelovnursa da bunebrivs Soris movaTavsoT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 11. 3 CanarTSi mocemuli SemTxvevis Seswavlis
TiToeuli magaliTi Teoriulad SeiZleba monawilis an aramonawilis
dakvirvebiT ganxorcieldes, faqtorebis mTeli rigi ganapirobebs imas,
rom
konkretuli
tipis
garemoSi
dakvirvebis
erT-erTi
strategia
dominirebdes. beili (1994: 247) xsnis, rom mkvlevars, romelsac faruli

kvlevis warmoeba surs, gauWirdeba, Tu
bunebriv garemoSi monawilesaviT
ar moiqceva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ratom aris is iq? amitom, bevr

bunebriv garemoSi mkvlevari monawilec iqneba. sapirispiro viTarebaa
laboratoriul an xelovnur garemoSi, sadac SeiZleba aramonawilis
dakvirvebis (magaliTad, video CanaweriT) warmoeba.
imis Tqma gvinda, rom maswavleblebis muSaobis arastruqturirebuli,
eTnografiuli angariSi (1 ujredi) skolis bunebriv saswavlo garemoSi
dakvirvebis
yvelaze
tipuri
pirovnebis
Seswavlis
meTodia.
analogiurad,
struqturirebuli
Cvevebisa
saSualebebis
da
gamoyeneba,
rogorc es b-ni Congis (6 ujredi) Seswavlisas moxda, konsultantis

samuSao
kabinetis
xelovnur
garemoSi
kvlevisadmi
gavrcelebuli
midgomaa.
ratom monawilis dakvirveba?

Suci ambobs (Schutz 1962), rom naturalisti mecnieri swavlobs vels,
romelic arafers niSnavs masSi arsebuli molekulebisTvis, atomebisa da
eleqtronebisTvis. amis sapirispirod, Seswavlis sagani im samyaroSi,
romelic
ganaTlebis
adamianebisgan
Sedgeba
sferoSi
da
mas
moRvawe
arsebiTi
mkvlevars
ainteresebs,
mniSvneloba
aqvs
am
adamianebisTvis. samyaro subieqturad aris struqturirebuli da masSi

mcxovrebTaTvis konkretuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs. ganaTlebis sferoSi
moRvawe mkvlevris amocana xSirad saerTo mniSvnelobebis terminebiT im
610
saSualebebis
axsna,
romliTac
iqmneba
da
arsebobas
inarCunebs
mowesrigebuli socialuri samyaro. rogor iyenebs mkvlevari dakvirvebis

meqanizmebs am amocanis Sesrulebisas? beili (1994: 243 4) monawilis
dakvirvebis ramdenime ganuyofel upiratesobas asaxelebs:
dakvirvebas upiratesoba eniWeba eqsperimentebTan da gamokiTxvebTan

SedarebiT maSin, rodesac araverbaluri qcevis Sesaxeb unda aikrifos
monacemebi;
dakvirvebisas
mkvlevrebs
mimdinare
qcevis
bunebriv
viTarebaSi
danaxvis da misi TvalsaCino maxasiaTeblebis Caweris SesaZlebloba

aqvT;
vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavlis dakvirvebebi drois xangrZliv periodSi

mimdinareobs,
mkvlevrebs
urTierTobebis
zogadad,
ufro
gacilebiT
Camoyalibeba
bunebriv
axlo
SeuZliaT
garemoSi,
da
maTTan,
vidre
es
araformaluri
visac
akvirdebian,
eqsperimentebis
da
gamokiTxvebis SemTxvevaSia;
SemTxvevis
monacemebis
Seswavlis
dakvirvebebi
Segrovebis
eqsperimentebSi
da
kiTvebze miRebul
sxva
naklebad
meTodebi.
gamokiTxvebSi,
verbalur
reaqtiulia,
magaliTad,
romlebic
pasuxebzea
vidre
laboratoriul
sturuqturirebul
damokidebuli, swored
monacemebi SeiZleba aRmoCndes mikerZoebuli, romlis
is
Seswavlasac
cdilobs mkvlevri.
dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawera

TiTqmis
eqvsassaaTiani
dakvirvebis
procesSi
daaxloebiT
naxevari
milioni sityviT ocdaTormeti rveuli gavavse

(King 1979)
dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawera xSirad afiqrebT gamoucel mkvlevrebs,

romlebic SemTxvevis Seswavlas kideben xels. ramdeni unda Caiweros? ra
formiT
unda
Caiweros?
ra
unda
uqnan
uamrav
Caweril
monacems?
611
loflendi
(Lofland 1971)
savele
Canawerebis
warmoebisTvis
ramdenime
sasargeblo rCevas gvTavazobs:
dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad CawereT,

radgan male
jer informaciis mcire nawili
ganmavlobaSi
ki
meti.
drosTan
dagaviwdebaT,
erTad
drois
swrafad
izrdeba
daviwyebulis moculoba;
ivarjiSeT Canawerebis swrafad warmoebaSi da SeeCvieT azrs, rom,

ramdenadac ironiulad
unda mogeCvenoT, savele Canawerebis warmoebam
imdenive dro SeiZleba waiRos, ramdensac realur dakvirvebas uTmobT;
misaRebi meTodia audioCanaweris gakeTebaa da ara _ xeliT Cawera (Tu

amas moaxerxebT), samagierod, wera azrovnebis stimulirebas axdens.
savele
weras,
Canawerebis
radgan
es
kompiuterze
meTodi
akrefva
ufro
gacilebiT
swrafia
da
sjobs
wasakiTxad
xeliT
advili,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Canawerebis ramdenime variants akeTebT;
sasurvelia
savele
Canawerebis,
sul
mcire,
ori
aslis
gakeTeba.
originali inaxeba, rogorc Tavdapirveli wyaro, romelsac SegiZliaT

miubrundeT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo danarCeni aslebi SegiZliaT
daWraT, gadaalagoT da xelaxla gadaweroT;
Canawerebi imdenad sruli unda iyos, rom ramdenime Tvis Semdegac

SeZlos
mkvlevarma
nebismieri
aRwerili
movlenis
TvalsaCino
da
xatovani suraTis danaxva. es, savaraudod, niSnavs imas, rom mkvlevarma

yoveli erTsaaTiani dakvirvebisTvis, sul mcire, ori gverdi (erTiani
SualediT) mainc unda Caweros.
loflendis (1971) mier rekomendebuli da kingis (1979) da uolkotis
(Wolcott
1973)
gamoyenebuli
mier
TavianT
eTnografiul
rekomendaciebi
angariSebSi
Canawerebis
realurad
warmoebisTvis
arastruqturirebuli dakvirvebis bunebidan momdinareobs. uolkoti (1973)

aRiarebs, rom Canawerebis warmoeba daexmara ukidures mowyenilobasTan
gamklavebaSi, romelic zogjer dausrulebel yoveldRiur Sexvedrebze
612
eufleboda, rac skolis direqtoris yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils

Seadgens. Tumca, xanxadan movlenebi imdenad swrafad viTardeboda, rom
uolkoti (1973) Zlivs aswrebda Caweras da mxolod zedapirul, naCqarev
Canawerebs akeTebda, romelTac mogvianebiT sruli saxiT werda. erT-erTi
sasargeblo
rCeva,
romelsac
es
gamocdili
eTnografi
gvaZlevs,
namdvilad yuradsaRebia: arasodes ganaaxloT dakvirveba manam, vidre

wina dakvirvebis Canawerebs ar daasrulebT. axals verafers miiRebT, Tu
situaciaSi ubralo damkirvebeli iqnebiT. sanam jer kidev dasaweri gaqvT
erTi vizitiT miRebuli STabeWdilebebi da dakvirvebebi,
azri ara aqvs
klasSi an skolaSi dabrunebas da movlenebis erTi jgufis gavlenis

ufro mogvianebiT momxdari movlenebiT gamowveuli gavleniT gadafarvas.
faqtobrivad,
rodis
unda
problemebidan
erT-erTia,
Caiweros
rac
monacemebi
uolkerma
(1980)
im
gamohyo
praqtikuli
da
11.
4.
CanarTSia warmodgenili.
CanarTi 11. 4.
SemTxvevis Seswavla da arCevis problemebi
SemTxvevis Seswavlis dawyebisas mkvlevris winaSe mdgar problemaTa Soris
aris
arCevis
problema.
qvemoT
mocemuli
kiTxvebi
miuTiTebs
zogierT
im
dabrkolebaze, romelic mkvlevars SeiZleba am TvalsazrisiT Sexvdes:
rogor
unda
mixvideT
sawyisi
ideidan
samuSao
formatamde
(ideidan
konkretul, gamoyenebad monacemebamde)?
ras kargavT procesSi?
Sedegad ra arasasurveli problemebi giCndebaT?
rogor ipoviT Tqveni saqemisaTvis saukeTeso mdebareobis adgils?
rogor aRmoaCenT, daadgenT da miudgebiT ZiriTad informantebs?
is, Tu rogor xedaven isini, qmnis konteqsts, romelSic Tven xedavT maT.
rogor SegiZliaT aseT socialur sirTulesTan gamklaveba?
rogor CaiwerT mtkicebulebebs? rodis? ramdens?
rogor SeinaxavT da daaxarisxebTYmaT?
ra dros dauTmobT imaze fiqrsa da refleqcias, Tu ras akeTebT?
613
ra momentSi gaumJRavnebT Tqvens subieqts, ras akeTebT?
pirveli vin naxavs angariSs?
wyaro: adaptirebulia Walker 1980
SemTxvevis Seswavlis dagegmva

SemTxvevis Seswavlis dagegmvisas mkvlevrisTvis sasargeblo iqneba
ramdenime
sakiTxis
ganxilva
(magaliTad,
Adelman et al. 1980)
(ixileT
SemTxvevis
konkretul
monawileebis
garemo
SesaZlo
dakargva,
pirobebSi
rac
Sedis:
Tan
sdevs
konkretuli
monawileobas;
monacemebis kuTvnilebis da gacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba;
kvlevis warmoebaSi Sedis: pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis gamoyeneba;

monacemebis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba; triangulacia (kolegebis mier
Sedegebis
ganxilvis,
respondentebis
refleqsurobis
CaTvliT);
monacemebis
interpretaciuli
paradigmis
farglebSi
mier
validaciisa
Segrovebis
_
SemTxvevis
da
meTodebi
Seswavla
monacemebis Segrovebis garkveuli meTodebisken ixreba, rogoricaa,

magaliTad,
interviuebi,
naxevrad
struqturirebuli
TxrobiTi
formiT
da
arastruqturirebuli
warmodgenili
angariSebi
da
dokumentebi, dRiurebi, aseve, SesaZlebelia testebi da ara _ sxva

meTodebi, magaliTad, gamokiTxvebi da eqsperimentebi. nisbeti da uati
(1984) gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom interviuebis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba
Wkvianuri iyos ufro asakovani adamianebis mogvianebiT interviuireba
da ara
dasawyisSive. diskusiis dro maqsimalurad sasargeblod rom
gamoiyenoT,
mkvlevari intervius Catarebamde ukve situaciis saerTo
suraTis nawili unda iyos. dabolos, kvlevis warmoeba monacemebis

analizs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Teoriis generirebas da angariSis
daweras moiazrebs. nisbeti da uati (1984) Tvlian, rom mniSvnelovania
daskvnebisa
da
mtkicebulebebis
erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna,
arsebiTi
614
mtkicebulebebi ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyos mocemuli da ilustracia

analiziTa da ganzogadebiT unda balansirdebodes;
kvlevis Sedegebi (monawileebisTvis). aq SeiZleba Sediodes kvlevis

gaanonimureba
monawileebis
gaanonimurebam
SeiZleba
dacvis
mizniT,
gvafiqrebinos,
rom
Tumca
SemTxvevis
aseTma
Seswavlis
ZiriTadi mizani ganzogadebaa da ara _ unikaluri SemTxvevis aRwera,

anu,
es
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
daupirispirdes.
centralur
angariSis
maxasiaTebels
gaanonimurebam
SeiZleba
SeiZleba
tkivilgamayuCebeliviT imoqmedos. adelmeni da misi kolegebi (1980)

miiCneven, rom
SemTxveva
damaxinjeba, romelic aseT gaanonimurebas axlavs _
amoucnobi
dacvisaTvis
gaxda
kvlevis
gasajaroebisagan
Tavis
Zalian maRali fasia.
nisbeti da uati (1984: 78) SemTxvevis Seswavlis ganxorcielebis sam

ZiriTad etaps gamoyofen. vinaidan SemTxvevis Seswavla ganviTarebadi
situaciebis
dawyeba,
dinamikas
asaxavs,
SerCeviTobisa
da
sasurvelia
winaswari
Zalian
farTo
fokusiT
msjelobebis
gareSe.
Semdgomi
fokusis TandaTanobiT daviwroeba Seqmnis viwro, konkretuli fokusis,

anu
Semdgomi
fokusis
kvlevisTvis
gamokveTis
interpretaciis
da
monacemebis
SesaZleblobas.
monaxazi,
romelic
SegrovebisTvis
ZiriTadi
mesame
etapze
mzaddeba
saboloo
formis
miRebamde
respondentTan unda gadamowmdes. nisbeti da uati (1984: 79) ar gvirCeven

SemTxvevis Seswavlisas hipoTezis Zalian adreul etapze formulirebas.
maT
miaCniaT,
mogroveba.
rom
mniSvnelovania
respondentis
mier
monacemebis
validacia
Riad,
SeiZleba
Tavisuflad
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyos, radgan man mocemuli sakiTxis gamoxatvis ukeTesi

gza SeiZleba SemogTavazoT, an raimes damateba an dazusteba surdes.
Tumca, respondentis mier validacia garkveul risks ukavSirdeba,
radgan is SeiZleba ar daeTanxmobs interpretacias. nisbeti da uati (1984:
81) vetos uflebis Taobaze SeTanxmebis saWiroebaze miuTiTeben. isini,
aseve gvirCeven, rom mkvlevari dapirdes respondents, rom is angariSis im
615
nawilebs naxavs, romelic piradad mas exeba (konfidencialobis dacvis

meqanizmebi SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi, magaliTad, sxvebis konfidencialobis).
mkvlevarma unda miiRos respondentis mier micemuli yvela SeTavazeba da
pasuxi
da,
sadac
respondentis
SesaZlebelia,
uTanxmoebis
Secvalos
SemTxvevaSi,
angariSi.
mkvlevari
mkvlevrisa
unda
da
Sepirdes
respondents, rom is angariSTan erTad respondentis komentarebsa da

kritikul SeniSvnebsac gamoaqveynebs.
sturmeni (1997) kontinuumze alagebs im monacemebis Segrovebis bunebas,
tipebsa
da
analizis
gamoiyeneba.
es
teqnikebs,
Sejamebulia
romlebic
11.
SemTxvevis
CanarTSi
SeswavlaSi
(ixileT

CanarTi 11. 5.
monacemebis mogrovebis kontinuumi, tipebi da analizi SemTxvevis SeswavlaSi
arastruqturirebuli
(savele Canawerebi)
(interviuebi _ Riadan
daxuruli kiTxvebisken)
struqturirebuli
(gamokiTxvebi, aRweris
monacemebi)
monacemebis tipebi
Txroba
(savele Canawerebi)
(kodirebuli Tvisebrivi
monacemebi da
araparametruli
statistikebi)
Jurnalisturi
(impresionistuli)
ricxobrivi
(Sefardebis skalis
monacemebi)
monacemebis analizi
(kontent analizi)
statistikuri
(daskvniTi statistika)
wyaro: adaptirebulia Sturman 1997
erT
polusze
gvaqvs, xolo
arastruqturirebuli,
meoreze _
tipuri
Tvisebrivi
monacemebi
struqturirebuli raodenobrivi monacemebi.
mkvlevrebma, romlebic SemTxvevis Seswavlas iyeneben, unda gadawyviton,

monacemebis Segrovebis ra meTodebs, ra tipis monacemebs da analizis
romel teqnikebs gamoiyeneben.
616
SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiT wardgena

SemTxvevis Seswavlis dawerisas mkvlevari ori cnebis _ miznisTvis
Sesatyvisobis da auditoriisTvis Sesatyvisobis _ erTguli rCeba.
robsoni (2002: 512 13) SemTxvevis Seswavlis werilobiTi dalagebis eqvs
formas gvTavazobs:
momlodine struqturis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari angariSis dasawyisSi

(magaliTad, abstraqtSi) ZiriTad Sedegebs warmoadgens da danarCen
angariSs mtkicebulebebs, analizs, axsnebs, dasabuTebasa (magaliTad,
ra SeirCa da ra _ ara, ra daskvnebi gakeTda, ra alternatiuli
axsnebi uaryves) da msjelobas uTmobs, romelsac mTlian suraTamde
an daskvnamde mivyavarT.
naratiul angariSSi TxrobiTi angariSia warmodgenili, romelSic

CarTulia
saTanado
grafikebi,
cxrilebi,
wamoWrili
sakiTxebi,
analizi da daskvnebi.
Sedarebis struqturaSi erTi da igive SemTxveva ori an meti xedvis

kuTxidan aris Seswavlili (magaliTad, axsniTi, aRweriTi, Teoriuli),
raTa an SemTxvevis mdidari, yovelmxrivi axsna mogvces mkvlevrma, an
mkiTxvels sakmarisi informacia miewodos, rom man Tavad Seafasos,
romeli axsnebi, aRwerebi an Teoriebi Seesatyviseba yvelaze metad
mopovebul monacemebs.
qronologiur
struqturaSi
organizebis
principad
martivi
Tanmimdevroba, anu, qronologia gamoiyeneba, Sesabamisad, ara marto

mizezebisa
da
Sedegebis
ganxilvaa
SesaZlebeli,
aramed
ganviTarebadi ambisTvis Tvalis midevnebac. robsonis (2002) komentars

SegviZlia davamatoT, rom qronologia SeiZleba ise daiyos nawilebad,
rogorc
mosaxerxebeli
iqneba
(magaliTad,
ZiriTadi
movlenebi
an
drois ZiriTadi periodebi) da CaerTveba komentarebi, interpretaciebi,

axsnebi da Sejamebebi movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad wamoWril
sakiTxebze (magaliTad, eTnografiul kvlevaSi SeniSvnebis keTebis
msgavsad).
qronologia
maorganizebeli
principia,
magram
617
qronologiuri ganviTarebis yovel etapze sxvadasxvagvari Sinaarsia

mocemuli.
Teoriis warmomqmneli struqturaa, rodesac struqtura Teoriuli

konstruqtebis
gvTavazobs,
dalagebis
rom
logikas
SemTxvevis
miyveba.
Seswavlis
aq
yoveli
robsoni
Semdegi
(2002)
nawili
Teoriul formulirebas unda matebdes raimes, warmoadgendes mas an

misi mdgeneli iyos, msjelobis jaWvis rgoli unda iyos da sabolood
erTiani Teoriuli formulirebisaken mivyavdeT.
araTanmimdevrul
struqturaSi
Tanmidevroba,
magaliTad,
qronologiuri, sakiTxis, movlenis, Teoriis mixedviT, umniSvneloa.

robsons (2002) miaCnia, rom es midgoma mkiTxvelis urTulebs imis
gagebas, Tu romeli sferoebia mniSvnelovani da romeli _ umniSvnelo,
anda, gamotovebulia rame Tu _ ara. es avtoris kaprizebs uqmnis
safrTxes.
zogierTi SemTxvevis Seswavla mxolod erT situacias moicavs _ erT
bavSvs, erT socialur jgufs, erT klass, erT skolas. aseT SemTxvevaSi
zemoT dasaxelebuli yvela struqtura SeiZleba gamousadegari iyos.
zogi SemTxvevis Seswavla movlenebis ganviTarebas saWiroebs, zogi _
erTi kadris principiT muSaobs (magaliTad, ramdenime skola, klasi an
jgufi
drois
mniSvnelovani
konkretul
iyos
momentSi).
qronologiis
pirvel
dacva,
SemTxvevaSi
xolo
SeiZleba
meoreSi
aseTi
qronologia, SesaZloa, Seusabamo iyos. zogi SemTxvevis Seswavla or

ZiriTad nawilad aris gayofili (magaliTad, Willis 1977): monacemebis
wardgena da Semdeg analizi/interpretacia/axsna.
daskvna
sxvadasxva strategia, romelic saganmanaTleblo garemoSi SemTxvevis
Seswavlis eqvsi magaliTiT davasuraTeT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom monawilis
dakvirveba yvelaze kargi zogadi terminia, romelic
meTodologiur
midgomas aRwers da ara _ erT konkretul meTods.1 Cvenma magaliTebma

gvaCvena,
rom
konkretuli
SerCevis
reprezentaciuloba
xSirad
618
mkvlevrisTvis
xelmisawvdom
dakvirvebis
strategias
ukavSirdeba.
zogadad, rac metia SerCevis zoma, miT reprezentaciulia is da miT metia

albaToba, rom damkvirveblis roli monawileobas uaxlovdeba.
SemTxvevis Seswavlis magaliTebisTvis ixileT wignis Tanmxlebi veb
gverdi (http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 11, faili 11. 2.
doc., http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780_ Tavi 11, faili 11. 3. doc da
619

Sesavali
sityva-sityviT
Tu
vTargmniT,
ex
post
facto
niSnavs
Semdgom
gakeTebulidan. socialuri da ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqstSi fraza

niSnavs faqtis Semdeg anu ex post facto an retrospeqciulad da
aRniSnavs im kvlevebs, romlebSic arsebul viTarebas an mdgomareobas
akvirdebian da maT damajerebel
eZeben;
amgvarad,
faqtobrivad,
SesaZlo
mizez-Sedegobriv
mkvlevrebi
asocirdebodes
mizezobriv faqtorebs
svamen
mocemul
kiTxvas:
xdomilobebTan,
droSi ukan
mimarTebebs
ra
Seiswavlian.
faqtorebi
mdgomareobebTan
SeiZleba
an
qcevis
aspeqtebTan. Sesabamisad, ex post facto kvleva aris movlenebis im SesaZlo

winapirobebis Semowmebis meTodi, romlebic ukve moxda da, maSasadame,
mkvlevarma
ver
moaxerxa
maTi
gakontroleba,
dagegmva
an
maTiT
manipulireba (Cooper and Schindler 2001: 136). mkvlevars mxolod imis aRwera
SeuZlia,
rac
SenarCunebiT
moxda,
an
axerxebs;
es
xdeba
ki,
da
Tavis
amas
mxriv,
faqtorebis
SerCevis
ucvlelad
skurpulozuri
procesiT miiRweva.
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi ZiriTadi ideis ilustraciaa. warmoidgineT
situacia, rom konkretul arealSi mkveTrad imata fataluri Sedegis
mqone avtosagzao SemTxvevebis ricxvma. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad eqsperti
moiwvies.
bunebrivia,
araviTari
gza,
ar
radgan
arsebobs
es
realuri
SemTxvevebi
ukve
SemTxvevebis
moxda.
Seswavlis
mkvlevari
verc
teqnologiebs mimarTavs SemTxvevebis video Canaweris sanaxavad. Tumca,

erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia, rekonstruqciaa, rasac statistikis
SeswavliT,
SemTxvevis
adgilebis
SeswavliT
da
msxverplebisa
da
mowmeebis mier miwodebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT moaxerxebs. eqsperti

ase SeZlebs momxdari SemTxvevebis SesaZlo ganmapirobeblebis dadgenas.
es SeiZleba iyos gadaWarbebuli siCqare, cudi gza, manqanis uyuradRebod
marTva,
frustracia,
gaumarTavi
manqana,
narkotikebis
an
alkoholis
620
zemoqmedeba da a. S. kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelze mkvlevari SeZlebs SesaZlo

mizezebis
Sesaxeb
avtoritetebisTvis
hipoTezebis
Camoyalibebas
rekomendaciebis
saxiT
da
miwodebas.
saTanado
maT
Soris,
magaliTad, SeiZleba iyos: gzis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, dasaSvebi

siCqaris marJis daweva, policiis meTvalyureobis gaZliereba. CvenTvis
saintereso aq isaa, rom mkvlevari retropspeqciulad adgens mizezebs,
anu, ex post facto midgomas iyenebs.
ex post facto kvleva aris meTodi, romelic mizezisa da efeqtis Sesaxeb
hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad,
gamoviyenoT
iseT
eqsperimentis
situaciebSi,
cvladis gakontroleba
sadac
nacvladac
araeTikuria
an manipulireba.
vTqvaT,
SegviZlia
damoukidebeli
gvsurs
hipoTezis
Semowmeba, TiTqos ojaxSi Zaladobam gamoiwvia dabali moswreba skolaSi.

eTikuri
kuTxiT
Tu SevxedavT,
aq moswavleze ver
ganvaxorcielebT
ojaxSi Zaladobas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia studentebis or jgufad gayofa,

romlebic
mTeli
rigi
faqtorebiT
Seesatyvisebian
erTmaneTs.
erT
jgufSi Sevlen isini, visac gamocdili aqvs ojaxSi Zaladoba, xolo

meoreSi isini, romelTa ojaxuri garemo SedarebiT normaluria. Tu
hipoTeza
misaRebia,
maSin
mkvlevars
unda
SeeZlos
am
ori
jgufis
saskolo moswrebaSi gansxvavebis povna, sxva cvladebis Tanxvedris an,

SeZlebisdagvarad, mudmivi SenarCunebis pirobebSi.
kerlingeri (1970) ex post facto kvlevas gansazRvravs, rogorc kvlevas,
romelSic damoukidebeli cvladi an cvladebi ukve momxdari faqtia da
mkvlevari
mkvlevari
damokidebul
cvladze
retrospeqciulad
an
cvladebze
swavlobs
iwyebs
damoukidebel
dakvirvebas.
cvlads
an
cvladebs da arkvevs maT SesaZlo mimarTebas da efeqts damokidebul

cvladze, an cvladebze. amgvarad, mkvlevari retrospeqtulad ikvlevs
bunebrivad momxdari movlenis efeqtebs, romelic man SemdgomSi miRebul
Sedegze moaxdina, maT Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad. ex
post facto dizainis zogierTi SemTxveva Sebrunebul eqsperimentul kvlevas
Seesabameba, radgan ekvivalenturi jgufebis aRebisa da gansxvavebul
621
pirobebSi
maTi
CayenebiT
damokidebuli
cvladis
gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebis miRebis nacvlad, ex post facto eqsperimenti ukve garkveuli

aspeqtiT gansxvavebuli jgufebiT iwyeba da restrospeqtulad cdilobs
am gansxvavebis gamomwvevi faqtoris dadgenas. speqtori (Spector 1993: 42)
gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom ex post facto kvleva
proceduraa, romelic
araeqsperimentuli kvlevis sqemis fsevdo-eqsperimentad gardaqmnisTvis

aris mowodebuli.
ex post facto kvlevaSi ori midgoma SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT. pirvelSi
kvleva damoukidebeli cvladis mixedviT gansxvavebuli cdis pirebiT
iwyeba (magaliTad, maTematikis swavlis wlebis mixedviT ganxvavebulebi)
da Semdeg ikvleven, rogor gansxvavdebian isini damokidebuli cvladis
mixedviT, magaliTad, maTematikis testiT. meore midgomaSi damokidebuli
cvladis
mixedviT
gansxvavebuli
cdis
pirebiT
iwyeben
(magaliTad,
maTematikis testSi miRebuli qulebiT gansxvavebuli) da adgenen, rogor

gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan mTeli rigi damoukidebeli cvladebis
mixedviT,
magaliTad,
swavlis
wlebis
raodenobiT,
sagnis
mowonebis
xarisxiT, maTematikaSi Sesrulebuli saSinao davalebis moculobiT da

a. S. am SemTxvevaSi ex post facto kvlevis mizania konkretuli Sedegis
(maTematikis testis Sesrulebis) mizezebis dadgena dabali (dabali qula
maTematikis testSi) da maRali (maRali qula maTematikis testSi) Sedegis
mqone moswavleebis mas Semdeg SedarebiT, rac damoukidebeli cvladi
ukve arsebobs.
ex post facto kvlevis magaliTi aseTi SeiZleba iyos: daakvirdnen, rom
Zalian didi saSualo skolis TanamSromlebi ar iyvnen samsaxurSi im
dReebSi, rodesac rTuli gakveTilebi unda hqonodaT. amis mizezebis
dasadgenad
Catarda
ex
post
facto
kvleva.
cxrilSi
warmodgenilia
TanamSromlebis mier samsaxuris gacdenis SemTxvevebi Casatarebel rTul

gakveTilebTan mimarTebaSi.
dReebi, rodesac rTuli gakveTilebi unda
CaetarebinaT saSualo skolis klasebSi
622

gacdena
meti sirTulis
naklebi sirTulis
sul
diax
26
22
48
mTliani jami: 128
ara
30
50
80
aq mniSvnelovani iyos drois sakiTxi: TanamSromlebi mxolod rTuli

gakveTilebis Catarebis dReebSi ar gamocxaddnen samsaxurSi, Tu sxva
drosac ar iyvnen? iyo Tu ara sxva cvladebi, romlebsac SesaZloa
wvlili
SeetanaT
kvlevaSi,
magaliTad,
asakobrivi
jgufebi?
Amitom,
kvleva ufro daixvewa da mogrovda meti informacia, romelic cxrilSia

warmodgenili.
dReebi, rodesac rTuli

gakveTilebi aqvT Casatarebeli
saSualo skolis klasebSi
asaki
meti
sirTulis
dReebi, rodesac ar aqvT

rTuli gakveTilebi
Casatarebeli saSualo skolis
klasebSi
naklebi
sirTulis
meti
sirTulis
naklebi
sirTulis
gacdenebis raodenoba
30 welze
naklebi
30
16
10
30-50 wlis
20
50 welze meti
28
sul
36
12
22
58
saerTo jami: 128
cxrilidan Cans, rom asakic iseTive faqtori iyo, rogorc is dReebi,

roca
maswavleblebs
axalgazrdebi
umravlesoba
ufro
30
welze
rTuli
metad
naklebi
gakveTilebi
acdendnen.
asakis
hqondaT
Ggamcden
iyvnen.
Casatarebeli:
maswavlebelTa
asakobrivi
jgufebis
Sedarebisas isic naTelia, rom axalgazrda maswavleblebi maSin ufro
623
xSirad acdendnen, rodesac rTuli gakveTilebi hqondaT Casatarebeli,

vidre _ maSin, rodesac ar hqondaT rTuli gakveTilebi.
cxadia, Semdgomi Semowmebisas erTmaneTs Seudardeboda erTi da imave
maswavleblebis
aryofnis
sixSireebi,
rodesac
maT
hqondaT
da
ar
hqondaT rTuli gakveTilebi.
kavSiris, asociaciis da kriteriumis jgufis sqema

ex
post
kvlevebSi
facto
ori
saxis
sqema
SegviZlia
gavarCioT:
TanamimarTebis da kriteriumis jgufis. pirvels zogjer mizezobriv

kvlevasac
uwodeben,
meores
ki
mizezobriv-SedarebiT
kvlevas.
TanamimarTebis (anu mizezobriv) kvlevas awmyo mdgomareobis winapirobebi

ainteresebs. rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, is gulisxmobs monacemebis ori
nakrebis Segrovebas, romelTagan erTi retrospeqciuli iqneba, da maT
Soris
mimarTebis
dadgenas.
aseTi
eqsperimentis
bazisuri
sqema
ase
SeiZleba warmovadginoT:1
XO
borkovskis (Borkowsky 1970) kvleva aseT sqemas eyrdnoboda. man scada,
eCvenebina musikis maswavleblis sabakalavro momzadebis xarisxsa (X) da
Tavis saganSi maswavleblis Semdgom efeqturobas (O) Soris arsebuli
mimarTeba. musikis maswavleblis sabakalavro momzadebis xarisxis sazomi
SeiZleba
iyos
konkretul
kursebSi
miRebuli
niSnebi,
yvela
niSnis
saSualo, TviTranJireba da a. S. maswavleblis efeqturoba SeiZleba

Sefasdes
moswavleebis
gamovlenili
codniT,
miRwevis
maCvenebliT,
moswavlis
moswavlis
damokidebulebebiT,
mier
eqspertebis
SefasebiT da a. S. urTierTmimarTebis gansasazRvrad yvela sazoms Soris

gamoTvales korelaciebi. am kvlevas, maqsimum, imis Cveneba SeeZlo, rom
arsebobs
urTierTmimarTeba
SemdgomSi
SemTxvevebSi,
mis,
rogorc
sadac
maswavleblis
maswavleblis,
damoukidebel
da
momzadebis
efeqturobas
damokidebul
xarisxsa
da
Soris.
im
cvladebs
Soris
624
Zlieri
kavSiri
aRmoCnda,
sami
SesaZlo
interpretacia
SegviZlia
ganvixiloT:
X cvladma gamoiwvia O cvladi;
O cvladma gamoiwvia X cvladi;
romeliRac mesame, daudgenelma da, Sesabamisad, gauzomelma cvladma

gamoiwvia X-c da O-c.
xSirad xdeba, rom mkvlevars ar SeuZlia Tqvas, romelia am sami
variantidan swori.
TanamimarTebis,
anu,
mizezobrivi
kvlevis
Rirebulebas
ZiriTadad,
rogorc vnaxeT, misi SeswavliTi an SeTavazebiTi xasiaTi warmoadgens.

miuxedavad imisa, rom
Sedegobrivi
yovelTvis ar gamodgeba cvladebs Soris mizez-
mimarTebis
dasadgenad,
is
asociaciis
gazomvis
mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli pirveli sasargeblo nabijia.

kriteriumis jgufis (anu mizezobriv-SedarebiTi) midgomaSi mkvlevari
Sesaswavli fenomenis SesaZlo mizezebis dadgenas msgavsi cdis pirebis
ori
jgufis
visTanac
saxezea
cvladi
da
visTanac
cvladi
ar
aRiniSneba _ SedarebiT cdilobs. aseTi kvlevis bazisuri sqema ase

SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
Tu,
magaliTad,
mkvlevari
aseT
sqemas
airCevs
maswavleblis
efeqturobaze moqmedi faqtorebis kvlevisas, maSin bavSvebis klasebis

jgufebze
gansxvavebuli
efeqtebis
gazomvis
Sedegad
gamoiyofa
kriteriumis jgufi O1 _ efeqturi maswavleblebi da misi sapirispiro
_O2 jgufi, romelic ar avlens kriteriumis jgufis maxasiaTeblebs.
Semdeg mkvlevari ikvlevs X-s, garkveul cvlads an movlenas, rogoricaa

jgufebSi
gaerTianebuli
maswavleblebis
zogadi
foni,
momzadeba,
625
unarebi
da
pirovneba,
raTa
daadginos,
ras
SeiZleboda
gamoewvia
mxolod zogierTi maTganis efeturoba.

kriteriumis
aRweriTi
jgufis,
meTodebisa
anu
mizezobriv-SedarebiTi
da
WeSmariti
sqema
eqsperimentuli
kvlevis
kvlevis
damakavSirebel rgolad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
ex post facto kvlevis maxasiaTeblebi

ex post facto kvlevaSi mkvlevari iRebs Sedegs (anu damokidebul cvlads)
da retrospeqciulad swavlobs monacemebs, raTa daadginos mizezebi,
mimarTebebi an kavSirebi da maTi mniSvnelobebi.
kvlevis
ex post facto
sxva
maxasiaTeblebi
maSin
xdeba
TvalsaCino,
rodesac mas WeSmarit eqsperimentul kvlevas vupirispirebT. kerlingeri

(1970)
aRwers
eqsperimentatori
mkvlevris
moqmedebis
meTods
(kerlingeris mixedviT (1970), Tu x, maSin y. Cven x CavanacvleT X-iT,

xolo y _ O-Ti, raTa SesabamisobaSi viyoT kempbelisa da stenlis (1963)
Semotanil aRniSvnebTan, romelTac am TavSi gamoviyenebT). kerlingeri
(1970) gamoTqvams hipoTezas: Tu X, maSin O; Tu frustracia, maSin agresia.
viTarebidan
da
kvlevis
sqemaSi
sakuTari
winaswarmetyvelebidan
gamomdinare, is X-iT manipulirebis garkveul meTods iyenebs. Semdeg

akvirdeba
raTa
O-s,
cvalebadoba,
naxos,
romelic
Tu
mosalodnelia
cvalebadobaze
dayrdnobiT.
gamonaTqvamis,
romelic
damamtkicebeli
aris
sabuTia.
Tu
ara
an
Tu
yuradReba
cvalebadoba;
nawinaswarmetyvelebia
cvalebadoba
niSnavs
Tanmxlebi
X,
saxezea,
maSin
miaqcieT,
maSin
X-O
validobis
O,
rom
es
X-is
aq
mecnieri
gakontrolebuli X-dan O-s winaswarmetyvelebs. kontrolis misaRwevad

mas randomizaciis principis da X-iT manipulaciis gamoyeneba SeuZlia da
amis Semdeg, yvela sxva Tanabar pirobaSi, SeuZlia dauSvas, rom O
icvleba X-iT manipulaciis Sedegad.
amis sapirispirod, ex post facto sqemaSi O-s akvirdebian. Semdeg X-s
retrospeqciulad
eZeben.
pouloben
misaReb
X-s,
romelic
Tanxmeba
626
wamoyenebul hipoTezas. vinaidan SeuZlebelia X-is da sxva SesaZlo Xs -
ebis gakontroleba, X-sa da O-s Soris navaraudev mimarTebas ver miiReben

iseTive
damajereblobiT,
rogorc
eqsperimentatori
mkvlevari.
faqtobrivad, ex post facto mkvlevars, ase rom vTqvaT, Tandayolili sisuste

aqvs: is ver akontrolebs damoukidebel cvlads, an cvladebs. rogorc
speqtori
(1993:
43)
ambobs,
SeuZlebelia
yoveli
SesaZlo
cvladis
gamoyofa da gakontroleba, an imis sruli darwmunebiT codna, Tu

romeli maTgania yvelaze mniSvnelovani.
es mokle Sedareba kargad aCvenebs am or sqemas Soris or yvelaze
mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebas,
esaa
kontroli.
eqsperimentul
situaciaSi
mkvlevars manipulacia mainc SeuZlia, mas minimum erTi moqmedi cvladi

aqvs.
Tu
es
randomizaciiTac
WeSmariti
eqsperimentia,
axorcielebs.
mas
maSin
SeuZlia
cdis
is
kontrols
pirTa
jgufebi
SemTxveviTi wesiT gadaanawilos an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, jgufebSi

SemTxveviTad
Caerios.
damoukidebeli
ex post facto
cvladis
aseTi
kvlevis
kontroli
situaciaSi
da,
albaT,
SeuZlebelia
rac
ufro
mniSvnelovania, verc randomizacia xerxdeba. mkvlevarma ise unda miiRos

saqmis
viTareba,
rogorc
aris
da
misi
gamorkveva
scados,
Tumca
amasTanave, mkvlevars SeuZlia iseTi procedurebis arCeva, romlebic mas

kontrolis garkveul elements SesZenen am kvlevaSi. qvemoT mokled
mimovixilavT am procedurebs.
Tavisi
bunebidan
gamyardes
gamomdinare,
nebismieri
ex post facto
raodenobis,
eqsperimentiT
sxvadasxvagvari
winaaRmdegobrivi hipoTezebic ki. es kvleva imdenad
da,
SeiZleba
albaT,
moqnilia, rom
hipoTezebis postulireba didad aris damokidebuli mkvlevris pirad

prioritetebze. mkvlevari iwyebs garkveuli monacemebiT da maT Sesatyvis
intrpretacias eZebs. Tumca, xSirad SeiZleba interpretaciebis mTeli
rigi gvqondes. isev ganvixiloT mocemul qalaqSi avtosagzao SemTxvevis
raodenobis
hipoTeturi
Zieba
damajerebel
6-7
zrdis
SemTxveva.
maTgans
mizezebis
gvapovninebs.
amis
retrospeqciuli
sapirispirod,
627
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva konkretuli interpretaciiT iwyeba da Semdeg

adgenen, Tanxvdeba Tu ara is garedan miRebul monacemebs. xSirad ise
Cans,
TiTqos
damyarebuli,
mizez-Sedegobrivi
Tu
ara
im
mimarTebebi
daSvebaze,
rom
sxvaze
nebismieri
araferzea
dakavSirebuli
movlena, romelic sakvlev fenomenamde xdeba, mis mizezad iTvleba _

klasikuri post hoc, ergo propter hoc SecdomaSi Seyvanaa.2 uyuradRebod rCeba
is faqti, rom or cvladebs Soris kavSiri kidec rom vipovoT, unda
vaRiaroT,
rom
orive
maTgani
SeiZleba
mesame,
saerTo
faqtoris,
calkeuli Sedegi iyos da ara _ pirveli aucileblobiT ganapirobebdes

meores. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, Sebrunebuli mizezobriobis realuri
SesaZleblobac arsebobs, magaliTad, gulis problemebi xels uwyobs
Warbwonianobas da ara _ piriqiT, anda isini erTmaneTis xelisSemwyob
pirobebs warmoadgenen. saqme isaa, rom mtkicebuleba hipoTezis ubralo
ilustraciaa. is ar amowmebs mas, radgan hipoTeza ver Semowmdeba igive

monacemebiT,
romelTa
safuZvelzec
Camoyalibda.
aRniSnuli
urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs, magram is aucileblobiT

ar aris erTaderTi, an, savaraudod, gadamwyveti urTierTmimarTeba. sanam
miviRebdeT, rom
sigaretis
moweva
filtvis
kibos
ZiriTadi mizezia,
alternatiuli hipoTeza unda CamovayaliboT.

garda amisa, mkvlevarma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom televizoris yureba
skolaSi miRebul cud niSnebTan korelirebs. aq SeiZleba mizezobriv
efeqtTan
miRebas;
gvqondes
an
saqme:
SeiZleba
televizoris
reversiuli
aiZulebs moswavleebs,
yureba
iwvevs
mizezobrioba
iyos:
cudi
cudi
niSnebis
niSnebi
met xans uyuron televizors. Tumca, SeiZleba
mesame axsnac arsebobdes: moswavleebs, romlebic nebismieri mizeziT

(magaliTad,
unaris
an
motivaciis
gamo)
ver
swavloben
kargad,
televizoris yureba moswonT. SeiZleba arsebobdes mesame cvladi (unari

an motivacia damoukidebeli cvladis saxiT), romelic iwvevdes danarCen
ors (televizoris didxans yurebas an cud niSnebs skolaSi).
628
zemoT Tqmulidan ar unda davaskvnaT, rom ex post facto kvlevebs bevri

araferi Rirebuleba aqvT. bevri mniSvnelovani gamokvleva ganaTlebasa
da fsiqologiaSi ex post facto sqemas warmoadgens. xSirad sxva arCevani ar
arsebobs:
mkvlevari
damnaSaveebad,
ver
aqcevs
TviTmkvlelebad,
erT
tvinis
jgufs
warumateblebad,
dazianebis
mqoneebad
an
garicxulebad. kvleva aucileblobiT unda daeyrdnos arsebul jgufebs.

meore mxriv, is faqti, rom ex post facto kvlevebSi SeuZlebelia kontrolis
ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebis
dakmayofileba
(magaliTad, manipulaciiT
an
randomizaciiT), mecnieruli poziciidan mowyvlads xdis maT da unda

vaRiaroT,
rom maT SeiZleba SecdomaSic Segviyvanon. umjobesia, Tu
post facto sqemas meti sifrTxiliT movkidebT

eqsperiments,
rogorc
romelic
darwmunebulobiT
gamokiTxvebs,
romlebic
ex
xels da ara rogorc
xasiaTdeba,
Sesamowmebeli
aramed
hipoTezebis
ufro
wyarod
gamodgeba. am hipoTezebs mogvianebiT ufro tradiciuli eqsperimentuli

meTodebiT SevamowmebT.
SemTxvevebi, romlebsac ex post facto kvleva ergeba

ex post facto sqema gamodgeba iseT viTarebaSi, sadac SeuZlebelia ufro
mZlavri eqsperimentuli meTodis gamoyeneba. aseT viTarebasTan gvaqvs
saqme,
rodesac,
magaliTad,
SeswavlisTvis
aucilebeli
manipulireba;
an
mosalodnelia,
arabunebrivi
SeuZlebelia
rodesac
rom
iyos
erT
da
mizez-Sedegobrivi
faqtorebis
yvela
arCeva,
cvladis
damoukidebeli
xels
uSlides
kontroli
gakontrolebis
cvladi
sxva
kavSiris
da
pirobebSi
ararealuri
gavleniani
da
cvladebis
urTierTqmedebas; anda rodesac kvlevis bevri miznisTvis arapraqtikuli,

ZviradRirebuli
an
eTikurad
gaumarTlebeli
iqneba
laboratiuli
kontroli.
ex post facto kvleva gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia socialur da ganaTlebis
konteqstebSi,
da,
naklebad
fsiqologiurSi,
yvelgan,
sadac
damoukidebeli cvladi an cvladebi mkvlevris kontrolis miRmaa. am

sferoebSi
meTodis
gamoyenebis
magaliTebia:
sigaretis
mowevisa
da
629
filtvis
kibos
politikuri
kvleva,
da
maswavleblebis
religiuri
urTierTmimarTebis
maxasiaTeblebis
mikuTvnebulobisa
Seswavla;
skolaSi
da
miRweul
kvleva;
damokidebulebebis
Sedegebsa
da
iseT
damoukidebel cvladebs Soris mimarTebis kvleva, rogoricaa socialuri

klasi, rasa, sqesi da inteleqti. CamoTvlili kvlevebi SeiZleba daiyos
didmasStabian
da
mciremasStabian
kvlevebad;
ex post facto
magaliTad,
Sereuli da erTsqesiani skolebis moswavleebs Soris gansxvavebebis

steibliseuli
(Stable 1990)
didmasStabiani
kvleva
da
arnoldisa
da
atkinsis (Arnold and Atkins 1991) mciremasStabiani kvleva, romelic smenis

problemebis
mqone
moswavleebis
socialur
da
emociur
Seguebas
Seexeboda.
ex post facto kvlevis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi

am midgomis upiratesobebia:
akmayofilebs
mkvlevris
SeuZlebelia
ufro
mniSvnelovan
mkacri
moTxovnilebas,
eqsperimentuli
midgoma.
rodesac
magaliTad,
sigaretis mowevasa da filtvis kibos Soris navaraudevi kavSiris

SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia
SemTxvevaSi,
imdenad,
amis
eqsperimentulad
ramdenadac
amiT
Semowmeba
adamianebi
(yovel
arian
dainteresebulni);
meTodi sasargeblo informacias iZleva fenomenebis bunebis Sesaxeb _

ra rasTan erTad xdeba da ra pirobebSi. am mxriv, ex post facto kvleva
Rirebuli amxsneli saSualebaa;
statistikuri teqnikebis gaumjobesebisa da zogadi meTodologiis

wyalobiT am tipis kvlevas ufro metad SeuZlia Tavis dacva;
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT da garkveul situaciebSi es meTodi ufro

sasargebloa, vidre _ eqsperimentuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
am ukanasknelis ganxorcielebiT kvlevis mimdinareoba xelovnurobis
elfers iZens;
630
ex post facto kvleva gansakuTrebiT adekvaturia, rodesac martivi mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebia dasadgeni;
meTods
SeuZlia
hipoTezebisa,
mimarTulebis
romlebic
mocema;
Semdgomi
aseve,
ufro
nayofieri
mkacri
wyaroa
eqsperimentuli
meTodiT SeiZleba Semowmdes.

SezRudvebidan
da
sisusteebidan
kontrolis problema: mkvlevars
ar
SeuZlia damoukidebeli
ex post facto
kvlevebis
SeiZleba
aRiniSnos:
dgas
cvladiT manipulireba an cdis pirebis randomizacia;
darwmunebiT ver gvecodineba, gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara mizezobrivi

faqtori da, saerTod, dadgenilia Tu ara;
SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom arc erTi faqtori ar iyos mizezi;
erTi
konkretuli
Sedegi
sxvadasxva
mizezidan
an
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevidan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes;
rodesac
dadgenilia
kavSiri,
misaRebia
gadawyvetileba:
romelia
mizezi da romeli _ Sedegi. unda ganixilos Sebrunebuli kauzaciis

SesaZlebloba;
or cvlads Soris kavSiris arsebobiT ar dadgindeba mizezi da

Sedegi;
diqotomiuri jgufebis gamoyofa SeiZleba problemuri iyos;
interpretaciis sirTule da post hoc daSvebis saSiSroeba, anu imis

dajerebis safrTxe, rom radgan X win uswrebs O-s, amitom X iwvevs O-s;
daskvnebi
xSirad
efuZneba
Zalze
SezRudul
SerCevas,
an
mcire
raodenobis xdomilobebs.
xSirad
ver
xerxdeba
realurad
mniSvnelovani
faqtoris,
an
faqtorebis gamoyofa da imis danaxva, rom movlenebs ramdenime mizezi

aqvT da ara _ erTi;
zogierTebi mas,
miiCneven;
rogorc
meTods, zedmetad
moqnilad/fleqsiburad
631
aklia anulirebadoba da dadasturebadoba;
mravali cvladis Sedarebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mkveTrad Semcirdes

SerCevis moculoba (Spector 1993: 43).
ex post facto kvlevis sqema

zemoT vaxseneT ori ZiriTadi sqema, romelsac ex post facto kvleva
moicavs _ kavSiris, asociaciis (anu mizezobrivi) modeli da kriteriumis
jgufis (mizezobriv-SedarebiTi) modeli. rogorc vnaxeT, mizezobrivi
modeli arsebuli mdgomareobis winapirobebis dadgenas cdilobs da
Semdegnairad SegviZlia warmovadgnoT:
damoukidebeli cvladi
XO
damokidebuli cvladi
miuxedavad imisa, rom ex post facto kvlevaSi darwmunebiT ver vityviT,

rom erTi cvladi damokidebulia meoreze, rogorc amas eqsperimentuli
Ziebisas gavakeTebdiT, mainc miRebulia, rom erT cvlads damoukidebeli
cvladi (X) vuwodoT da meores _ damokidebuli (O). marcxnidan marjvniv
mimarTuleba
droSi
Tanmimdevrobaze
miuTiTebs,
Tumca,
ar
unda
dagvaviwydes Sebrunebuli mizezobriobis arsebobis SesaZlebloba.

am
saxis
tipur
damoukidebeli
da
rogorc
am
Tavis
Sesaxeb
mopovebuli
gamokvlevaSi
damokidebuli
dasawyisSi
monacemebi
monacemebis
cvladebis
aRiniSna,
ori
Sesatyvisi
damoukidebeli
retrospeqciuli
nakrebi
_
grovdeba.
cvladis
iqneba
da
(X)
amitom
midrekili iqneba naklovanebis, SezRudvebis da damaxinjebebisaken, rac

yvela istoriul sabuTs axasiaTebs. es sqema axla hipoTetur situacias
movargoT. warmovidginoT saSualo skola, romelSic varaudoben, rom
TanamSromlebis arasaxarbielo moraluri modgomareoba (O), vTqvaT, ori
wlis win ganxorcielebuli reorganizaciis pirdapiri Sedegia. axali
organizaciuli
ZiriTadi
struqtura
niSniT
Zvelisgan
gansxvavdeba.
am
ramdenime
faqtorebis
kargad
SesamCnevi
nakrebi
SeiZleba
warmoadgendes an Seicavdes damoukidebel cvlads X-s da maT Sesaxeb
632
monacemebi
retrospeqciulad
dagrovda.
maT
Soris
SeiZleba
iyos,
magaliTad, kombinirebuli unarebisa da gunduri swavlebis SemoReba,

siaxleebi
saswavlo
programaSi,
maswavleblis
statusis
dakargva,
moswavleebis motivaciis Semcireba, skolis irgvliv midamos cvlilebebi,

axali direqtori. es faqtorebi SeiZleba maswavleblebis dominanturi
damokidebulebebis
(O) gazomviT Semowmdes, rac mkvlevars mimdinare
ukmayofilebis SesaZlo mizezebze zogierT miniSnebas mainc miscems.

meore,
modeli
sqematurad
ase
SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT:
jgufi
E
X
damokidebuli cvladi
------------------------------------------C
am
modelis
gamoyenebiT
mkvlevari
gamoTqvams
hipoTezas
damoukidebeli cvladis Sesaxeb da Semdeg erTmaneTs adarebs or jgufs

_ eqsperimentuls (E), romelzec imoqmeda savaraudo X damoukidebelma
cvladma da sakontrolos (C), romelsac ar ganucdia damoukidebeli
cvladis
zemoqmedeba
Sesadarebeli
E da
gaTanabrebuli).
erTmaneTisgan
Semdeg,
amis
(wyvetili
C
niSniT,
winmswrebi
modelSi
SemTxveviTi
alternativaa,
romelime
SesaZlo
jgufebi
xazi
an
ganawilebiT
mkvlevarma
niSnebiT
movlenebiT
gviCvenebs,
rom
ar
aris
Seiswavlos
ori,
gansxvavdebian
scados
jgufi.
gansxvavebis,
an
gansxvavebebis axsna. es ori magaliTi mizezobriv-SedarebiTi kvlevisadmi

ori
tipis
midgomas
asaxavs:
mizezidan
Sedegisken
da
Sedegidan
mizezisken.
mizezobriv-SedarebiTi Ziebis ZiriTadi sqema eqsperimentul kvlevas
hgavs.
mTavar
gansxvavebas
X damoukidebeli
cvladis
buneba
qmnis.
WeSmaritad eqsperimentul situaciaSi mas eqsperimentatori akontrolebs

da,
maSasadame,
mas
SeiZleba
manipulirebadi
SedarebiT modelSi (aseve, mizezobriv modelSi)
ewodos.
mizezobriv-
633
ukve
ganxorcielebulia
da
amitom
mis
kontrols
ar
eqvemdebareba.
amgvarad, am dizainSi kvlevas aramanipulirebadi SeiZleba ewodos.
ex post facto kvlevis procedurebi

ex post facto kvleva monacemebSi cvladebs Soris mimarTebis dadgeniT
aris dainteresebuli da vnaxeT, Tu rogor aRwevs am mizans mizezobrivi
an
modelis
gamoyenebiT.
axla
ganvixilavT
nabijebs, romlebic ex post facto kvlevis warmoebisas unda gadaidgas.

SegviZlia
problemuri
sferos
identificirebiT
daviwyoT.
am
etaps
mohyveba Sesamowmebeli hipoTezis, an pasuxgasacemi kiTxvebis naTlad da

mkafiod Camoyalibeba. Semdegi nabiji iqneba im daSvebebis gaxmovaneba,
romelsac daeyrdnoba hipoTeza da Semdgomi procedurebi. Semdeg modis
kvleviTi
literaturis
mimoxilva.
es
mkvlevars
saSualebas
miscems,
gaarkvios, Tu ra sakiTxvebi, problemebi, dabrkolebebi da Sedegebi iqna

miRebuli
misTvis
saintereso
sferoSi.
amis
Semdeg
iwyeba
realuri
kvlevis dagegmva, rac sami zogadi etapisgan Sedgeba: populaciisa da

SerCevebis identifikacia; monacemebis Segrovebis meTodebis arCeva da
Seqmna; monacemebis dasaxarisxebeli kategoriebis dadgena. saboloo etapi
moicavs miRebuli Sedegebis aRweras, analizsa da interpretacias.
zemoT
ukve
aRiniSna,
rom
ex post facto
kvlevis
mTavari
sisuste
damoukidebel cvladze kontrolis ararsebobaa, romelic mizezobrivi

sqemis SemTxvevaSi damokidebul cvladze moqmedebs, xolo mizezobrivSedarebiTi sqemis pirobebSi damokidebul cvladebs Soris dakvirvebad
gansxvavebebze axdens gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ex post facto meTodiT
momuSave
aramed
mkvlevrebi
ara
randomizaciasac
marto
ver
aseT
kontrols
axerxeben,
maT
arian
mainc
moklebulni,
SeuZliaT
iseTi
procedurebis gamoyeneba, romlebiTac garkveul kontrols moipoveben.

swored am procedurebs ganvixilavT qvemoT.
aseTi
tipis
gavrcelebuli
kvlevaSi
saSualeba
Semavali individebis
kontrolis
elementis
eqsperimentul
da
Semotanis
sakontrolo
yvelaze
jgufebSi
Sedarebaa, rodesac mizezobriv-SedarebiTi sqema
634
gvaqvs. ari da misi kolegebi (Ary et al. 1972) miuTiTeben, rom wyvilebis
morgebis sqemaSi, (ixileT Tavi 13), frTxilad unda Sedardes monawileebi
kvlevis mniSvnelovani da relevanturi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
am proceduras Tan garkveuli sirTuleebi axlavs, vinaidan uSvebs,
rom mkvlevarma icis, romeli faqtorebia relevanturi, anu, romeli
faqtorebi
SeiZleba
arsebobs
im
cdis
akmayofileben
ukavSirdebodnen
pirebis
jgufSi
damokidebul
dakargvis
moxvedris
cvlads.
SesaZlebloba,
kriteriumebs
da
amasTan,
romlebic
amiT
ar
mcirdeba
SerCevis moculoba.
ari da misi kolegebi (1972) ex post facto kvlevaSi garkveuli kontrolis
Setanis
alternatiuli
Setanas
da
magaliTad,
Semdeg
Tu
proceduris
dispersiuli
inteleqti
saxiT,
masSi
analizis
relevanturi
gareSe
gamoyenebas
gareSe
cvladebis
gvTavazoben.
cvladia,
magram
SeuZlebelia misi gakontroleba jgufebis Sedarebis an sxva gziT, maSin,

is kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladis saxiT SeiZleba daematos kvlevas
da monawileebi inteleqtis donis mixedviTac ganirCevian erTmaneTisgan.
damokidebuli cvladis miRebuli mniSvnelobebi dispersiuli analizis
gamoyenebiT
gaanalizdeba,
interaqciul
gavlenas
rac
da
gamoavlens
SesaZlebeli
inteleqtis
iqneba
ZiriTad
jgufebs
da
Soris
damokidebuli cvladis mixedviT, nebismier statistikurad mniSvnelovan

gansxvavebaze miTiTeba, maSinac ki, rodesac ver vivaraudebT inteleqtsa
da damokidebul cvlads Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebis arsebobas.
kidev erTi procedura SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ex post facto kvlevaSi
kontrolis
elementis
Sesatanad.
esaa
mocemuli
cvladis
mixedviT
SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad homogenuri SerCevebis aReba. magaliTad,

arisa da misi kolegebis (1972) azriT, Tu inteleqti relevanturi gareSe
cvladia,
doneze
misi
myofi
zemoqmedebis
gakontroleba
monawileebis
SerCeviT
inteleqtis
aris
mixedviT
SesaZlebeli.
erT
amiT
damoukidebeli cvladi gamocalkevdeba sxva cvladebisgan, romlebTanac
635
is zogadad asocirdeba. Sedegad, SesaZlebeli da gamarTlebuli
xdeba
nebismieri dadgenili efeqtis damoukidebel cvladTan dakavSireba.

dabolos, ex post facto kvlevaSi kontrolis Setana nebismieri iseTi
alternatiuli hipoTezis wamoyenebiTa da SemowmebiT SeiZleba, romelic
kvlevaSi miRebuli empiriuli Sedegebis damajerebel axsnad gamodgeba.
amgvarad, mkvlevari frTxilad unda iyos, rom ex post facto kvlevaSi
mimarTebebis
pirvelive
savaraudo
axsna
aucileblad
erTaderT
da
saboloo axsnad ar miiRos. kargad nacnobi magaliTia sigaretis mowevisa

da
filtvis
gakeTebuli
kibos
daskvna.
navaraudevi
urTierTmimarTebis
janmrTelobis
dacvis
sferos
Sesaxeb
ukve
warmomadgenlebi
sargebloben axsniT, romlis mixedviTac moweva filtvis kibos iwvevs,

Tumca, Tambaqos mwarmoeblebi alternatiul hipoTezas sweven win _
mowevac da filtvis kiboc, savaraudod, mesame, aqamde ucnobi faqtoris
Sedegia, anu, uyuradRebod ar unda darCes SesaZlebloba, rom orive _
damoukidebuli
da
damokidebeli
cvladi
saerTo
mizezis
ori
gansxvavebuli, konkretuli Sedegi iyos.
13 eqsperimenti, kvazi-eqsperimenti, erTi

SemTxvevis kvleva da meta-analizi
Sesavali
mizez-Sedegobriobisa
sakiTxi erTob
erTi
pasuxi
da,
aqedan
gamomdinare,
prognozirebadobis
izidavs mkvlevarTa gonebas (Simth 1991: 177). am sakiTxze
kontrolis
gamoyenebaSia
da
is
apoTeozs
aRwevs
eqsperimentul sqemaSi. Tu konkurenciuli mizezebi an axsna kvlevidan
636
gamoiricxeba, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkafio mizez-Sedegobriobis dadgena:

models
SeuZlia
eqsperimentuli
erTaderTi
Sedegis
midgoma
meTodia,
axsna.
yvelaze
romelic
smiTi
(1991:
177)
dasabuTebulia
uSualod
da
amtkicebs,
miaCnia,
rom
rom
mizez-SedegobriobiT
es
aris
dainteresebuli. es, ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, rogorc am wignis mesame

nawilSi gavarkvieT.
meTormete TavSi aRvwereT ex post facto kvleva, rogorc Sebrunebuli
eqsperimentireba,
gansxvavebuli
faqtorebs,
rodesac
jgufebiT
romlebmac
Zieba
iwyeba
aseTi
ukve
da
garkveuli
maxasiaTeblebiT
restrospeqciulad
gansxvavebebi
Gamoiwvia.
eZeben
amis
im
Semdeg
warmogidgineT eqsperimentatori mkvlevris midgomis kerlingeriseuli

aRwera:
Tu x, maSin
y; Tu frustracia, maSin agresia . . . mkvlevari raRac
meTodiT zomavs x da Semdeg
akvirdeba y-s, raTa naxos, paralelurad
icvleba Tu ara isic.

(Kerlinger 1970)
eqsperimentuli kvlevis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom mkvlevari

mizanmimarTulad manipulirebs da akontorolebs im pirobebs, romlebic
misTvis saintereso movlenebs ganapirobeben, waradgens eqsperimentul
zemoqmedebas, anu, Carevas da zomavs Tavis mier Seqmnil gansxvavebas.
eqsperimenti moiazrebs erTi cvladis (romelsac damoukidebel cvlads
uwodeben) mniSvnelobis Secvlas da am cvlilebis efeqtis dakvirvebas
meore
cvladze,
fiqsirebul
romelsac
sqemas,
damokidebuli
eqsperimentuli
damadasturebeli
da
scdilobdes,
gamokvleviTi
an
nulovani
hipoTezis
da
cvladi
kvleva
hqvia.
SeiZleba
dasabuTebas
garkveuli
iyenebs
ra
iyos
an
uaryofas
cvladebis
efeqtebis
dadgenas eswrafvodes. damoukidebeli cvladi Semavali cvladia, xolo

damokidebuli cvladi _ gamosavali, anu Sedegi; magaliTad, kgeili da
morisoni
(Kgaile
and
Morrison
2006)
Sedegze
gavlenis
mqone
Svid
damoukidebel cvladze miuTiTeben (skolis efeqturobaze) (13. 1 CanarTi).
637
eqsperimentSi
damokidebuli
cvladi
post-testiT
izomeba,
xolo
damoukidebeli cvladebi gamocalkevdeba da zedmiwevniT kontroldeba.

warmoidgineT, varT laboratoriaSi, sadac axali sasuqis Tvisebebi
unda
SeviswavloT.
kulturasTan,
situaciaSi
am
vTqvaT,
mecnieri
SemTxveviTobis
wesiT
sasuqis
gamoyenebas
simindTan
aiRebda
SeZleben
erT
gayofda
or
fermerebi
marcvlovan
(Morrison 1993: 44 5).
tomara
simindis
marcvals
Tanabar
nawilad.
erTi
am
da
nawili
Cveulebriv saarsebo pirobebSi gaizrdeboda _ gakontroldeboda da

gaizomeboda marto niadagis, temperaturis, wylisa da sinaTlis odenoba
da araviTari sxva faqtori. es iqneboda sakontrolo jgufi. meore
nawili
gaizrdeboda
gakontrolebuli
da
sakontrolo
gazomili
jgufis
analogiur
raodenobis
niadagis,
igivenairad
temperaturis,
wylisa da sinaTlis _ pirobebSi, magram, damatebiT eqneboda axali

sasuqi.
oTxi
Tvis
Semdeg
Seamowmes
orive
jgufi
da
gazomes.
sakontrolo jgufi naxevari metriT iyo gazrdili da simindis yoveli
638
taro adgilze iyo, Tumca, patara marcvlebi hqonda. amis sapirispirod,

eqsperimentuli jgufic naxevari metriT gaizarda, magram, yovel taroSi
gacilebiT
didi marcvlebi aRmoCnda _ ufro didi, savse da mkvrivi
marcvlebi.
mecnieri daaskvnis, rom vinaidan orive jgufs mxolod gazomili
raodenobis niadagTan, temperaturasTan, wyalTan da sinaTlesTan hqonda
Sexeba,
sxva
veraferi
gamoiwvevda
eqsperimentuli
jgufis
ase
gafurCqvnas, Tu ara _ axali sasuqi. am eqsperimentSi ZiriTadi faqtorebi

iyo:
mTliani
tomris
SigTavsis
SemTxveviTi
wesiT
gadanawileba
or
Tanazomier (sakontrolo da eqsperimentul) jgufSi, orive jgufSi

Semavali simindis sawyisi gazomva, raTa darwmunebuliyvnen, rom orive
jgufi erTnairi iyo (anu winaswari testireba);
ZiriTadi
cvladebis
gamoyofa
(niadagi,
cvladebis
gakontroleba
temperatura,
wyali
da
sinaTle);
ZiriTadi
(erTi
da
igive
raodenoba
TiToeul jgufs);
nebismieri sxva cvladis gamoricxva;
gansakuTrebuli
mopyroba
(anu
Careva)
eqsperimentuli
jgufisadmi,
orive jgufSi sxva cvladebis mudmivad SenarCunebis pirobebSi;
mosavlis da zrdis saboloo gazomva sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli

jgufebis
Sesadareblad
da
winaswari
testirebis
Sedegebisgan
gansxvavebebis Sefaseba (post-testi);
erTi jgufis meoresTan Sedareba;
ganzogadebis etapi: mocemul pirobebSi axali sasuqi aumjobesebs

mosavals da zrdas.
es
modeli,
romlis
winapirobasac
mizez-Sedegobriobis
dadgenis
mizniT cvladebis izolacia da kontrolia, laboratoriul pirobebSi

SeiZleba adekvaturi iyos, Tumca, socialuri situacia odesme SeZlebs
639
Tu ara laboratoriis dawmendil, xelovnur samyarod gadaqcevas, an
unda gadaiqces Tu ara aseT samyarod, es empiriuli da moraluri

kiTxvebia. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia adamianebiT manipulirebis, maT
gakontrolebis, maTdami usulo sagnebiviT mopyrobis eTikuri dilemebi
(ixileT
Tavi
2).
da
mainc,
gavagrZeloT
eqsperimentuli
modelis
ganxilva.
saklaso oTaxebSi warmoebul swavlis eqperimentebSi damoukidebeli
cvladi xSirad garkveuli saxis stimulia, magaliTad, ariTmetikuli
gamoTvlis
axali meTodi.
pasuxi,
anu,
dro,
damokidebuli
cvladia,
romelic Sekrebis oci amocanis axali meTodiT Sesrulebas sWirdeba.

Tumca saganmanaTleblo garemoSi warmoebul empiriul kvlevaTa didi
nawili
kvazi-eqsperimentia
gamorCeuli
gansxvaveba
da
ara
eqsperimenti.
kvazi-eqsperimentsa
da
erTi
WeSmarit
yvelaze
eqsperiments
Soris isaa, rom pirvelis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari xeluxlebeli jgufebiT

iwyebs
kvlevas,
meTodiT,
magram
anu
jgufebiT,
ara
romlebic
SemTxveviTi
Seqmnilia
SerCeviT.
am
nebismieri
TavSi
sxva
gamovyofT
WeSmariti eqsperimentisa da kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqemis arsebiT niSnebs

da
gvsurs,
mkiTxvelisTvis
gasagebi
gavxadoT
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
eqsperimentirebisas kontrolis mniSvneloba da mizani.

eqsperimentSi
mkvlevars
SeuZlia
SedarebiT
ganyenebuli
iyos
monawileebisgan, riTac kvlevaSi garkveuli xarisxis obieqturoba Seaqvs

(Robson 2002: 98). damkvirveblis efeqtma SeiZleba daazaralos eqsperimenti,
magaliTad, mkvlevris Canawerebi SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli, uzusto,
SerCeviTi
an
naklebad
gacnobierebuli
iyos,
maT
SeiZleba
gavlena
moaxdinon eqsperimentze. garda amisa, eqsperimenti SeiZleba monawilis

efeqtebmac azaralos (ixileT haTornis efeqtis ganxilva meeqvse TavSi);
monawilis
qcevis
Sesacvlelad
SeiZleba
sakmarisi
aRmoCndes
saeqsperimento garemoSi ubralod yofnis faqtic ki, da ara is, Tu

rogor moqmedebs eqsperimenti,
640
samedicino
eqsperimentebSi
problemis
am
wyvils
garkveuli
monawileebisTvis placebos micemiT agvareben da nebismier cvlilebas

afiqsireben,
xolo
eqsperimentebi
brma
an
ormagad
brmaa.
brma
eqsperimentSi monawileebma ar ician, sakontrolo jgufSi arian Tu

eqsperimentulSi, magram es icis mkvlevarma. ormagad brma eqsperimentSi
mkvlevarmac
ki
ar
icis,
monawile
eqsperimentul
jgufSia,
Tu
sakontroloSi _ es informacia mesame mxaresTan inaxeba. es modeli

mowodebulia im mouxelTebeli efeqtebis Sesamcireblad, romelic Tan
axlavs
monawilis
jgufSia.
codnas,
ganaTlebis
rom
is
sferoSi
sakontrolo
brma
an
eqsperimentis
eqsperimentul
Catareba
ufro
advilia, vidre _ ormagad brma eqsperimentis da isic ki SesaZlebelia,

rom monawileebs sulac ar uTxran, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben, an
uTxran, rom eqsperimenti X-s Seexeba da sinamdvileSi Y-s Seexebodes,
anu, gza-kvali avurioT. motyuebis aseTi forma eqsperimentis ufro
bunebriv pirobebSi Catarebis saSualebas iZleva da monawileebi ar
cvlian TavianT Cveul, yoveldRiur qcevas.
eqsperimentirebis sqemebi ganaTlebis sferoSi

eqsperimentuli sqemis ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxeoba arsebobs,
magaliTad:
gakontrolebuli eqsperimenti laboratoriul pirobebSi (WeSmariti

eqsperimenti): ori an meti jgufi;
savele, anu kvazi-eqsperimenti bunebriv garemoSi da ara _

laboratoriaSi, magram, sadac cvladebi izolirebuli,
gakontrolebuli da manipulirebulia;
bunebrivi eqsperimenti, sadac SeuZlebelia cvladebis izolireba da

gakontroleba.
eqsperimentul
sqemebs
am
TavSi
ganvixilavT
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 1. ppt).

laboratoriuli
eqsperimenti
(klasikuri
WeSmariti
eqsperimenti)
641
sagangebod mowyobil, xelovnur garemoSi tardeba, sadac SesaZlebelia

cvladebis izolireba, gakontroleba da manipulireba (rogorc simindis
marcvlebis
zemoT
ganxilul
magaliTSi).
savele
eqsperimenti
laboratoriul eqsperiments hgavs imiT, rom xdeba cvladebis izolireba,

gakontrolireba da manipulireba, magram garemo realuri samyaroa da
ara _ xelovnurad Seqmnili laboratoriuli samyaro.
zogjer SeuZlebeli, arasasurveli an araeTikuria laboratoriuli an
savele
eqsperimentebis
Catareba.
magaliTad,
warmovidginoT,
rom
avtosagzao SemTxvevbSi moxvedril adamianebze travmis efeqtis Seswavla

gvsurs. Cven ver movTxovT adamianebs, rom avtobuss Seuvardnen, moZrav
satvirTo manqanas gadaudgnen win, an motociklidan gadmovardnen da a. S.
amis nacvlad SegviZlia saavadmyofos Canawerebis Seswavla, raTa vnaxoT
avtobusis, avtoavariiT, satvirTo manqanebis da motokiclis avtosagzao
SemTxvevebiT gamowveuli travmis efeqtebi da vnaxoT, romeli jgufi
gamoirCeva travmatulobis yvelaze meti xarisxiT. SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rom satvirTo manqanis incidentis msxverplebi yvelaze metad iyvnen
travmirebuli,
SedarebiT
naklebad
dazaralebulebi da bolos _ avtobusSi
motociklis
incidentSi
msxdomni. miuxedavad imisa, rom
SeuZlebelia asprocentiani darwmunebiT imis Tqma, Tu ram gamoiwvia

travma,
mainc
manqanis
SegviZlia
incindentSi
racionalurad
moxvedrilebi
vivaraudoT,
yvelaze
metad
rom
satvirTo
dazaraldnen.
aq
vuyurebT Sedegebs da ukusvliT vikvlevT SesaZlo mizezebs. Cven ver

vaxerxebT
magram,
cvladebis
mainc
izolirebas,
SegviZlia
zogierTi
gakontrolebas
SesaZlo
an
manipulirebas,
gamarTlebuli
daskvnis
gakeTeba.
kvlevis sqemebis qvemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi kempbelisa da stenlis
(1963) naSromidan aRebul simboloebsa da gamonaTqvamebs viyenebT:
X-iT aRiniSneba jgufisadmi eqsperimentuli cvladis an movlenis

wardgena, romlis efeqtic unda gaizomos;
O aRniSnavs dakvirvebis an gazomvis process;
642
rodesac Xs da Ys erTmaneTis qveS weria, niSnavs, rom erTdroulad

xdeba;
R sxvadasxva jgufebSi SemTxveviTad gadanawilebas niSnavs.
paraleluri striqonebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ar aris gamoyofili

wyvetili xaziT, randomizaciiT gaTanabrebuli jgufebis Sedarebas
aRniSnavs, xolo wyvetili xaziT gayofili striqonebi _
im jgufebs
warmoadgens,
wesiT
romlebic
SemTxveviTi
gadanawilebis
ar
gaTanabrebula.
WeSmaritad eqsperimentuli sqema

WeSmariti eqsperimentuli sqemis ramdenime varianti arsebobs da
umetesobas
qvemoT
ganvixilavT
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/
9780415368780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 2. ppt):
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis pre-test-post-testi;

ori sakontrolo da erTi eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-test-posttesti;
sakontolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis post-testi;

ori eqsperimentuli jgufis post-testi;
ori eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-test-post-testi;
wyvilebis morgebis sqema;
faqtoruli sqema;
parametruli sqema;
ganmeorebiTi gazomvis sqema.
laboratoriul
eqsperimentSi,
rogorc
wesi,
didi
raodenobiT
cvladebi unda dadgindes da gakontroldes, rac, SesaZloa, praqtikulad

ganuxorcielebeli iyos. amasTan, Tavad laboratoriul garemos SeuZlia
eqsperimentze zemoqmedeba, an konkretuli Carevis Sedegis gamosavlenad
garkveuli
dro
iyos
saWiro
(magaliTad,
kiTxvaSi
garkveuli
saxis
Carevas mcire myisieri efeqti Tu eqneba. magram, SeiZleba gamovlindes
643
droSi gadavadebuli Sedegi, romelic mozrdilobaSi kiTxvis siyvaruls

Seuwyobs xels, an droTa ganmavlobaSi, kumulaciuri efeqti SeiZleba
mogvces).
WeSmariti eqsperimenti ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva:
erTi an meti sakontrolo jgufi;
erTi an meti eqsperimentuli jgufi;
sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi cdis pirebis SemTxveviTad

gadanawileba;
jgufebis tolfasobaSi dasarwmuneblad pretestireba;
damoukidebel cvladze moxdenili efeqtebis sanaxavad jgufebis posttestireba;
erTi an meti Careva eqsperimentul jgufSi (jgufebSi);
damoukidebeli cvladebis izolacia, kontroli da manipulacia;
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebi ar aWuWyianeben erTmaneTs.

Tu eqsperiments ar aqvs yvela dasaxelebuli maxasiaTebeli, maSin es
kvazi-eqsperimentia, romelic SeiZleba eqsperimentiviT gamoiyurebodes

(kvazi niSnavs ise TiTqos), magram iyos ara WeSmariti eqsperimenti,
aramed _ mxolod misi erT-erTi varianti.
laboratoriuli
eqsperimentis
alternativa
kvazi-eqsperimenti,
an
savele eqsperimentia, romelSic Sedis:
erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testi;
araekvivalenturi sakontolo jgufis sqema;
drois seriebis sqema.

amaT
qvemoT
ganvixilavT.
savele
eqsperimentSi
ufro
naklebad
kontroldeba eqsperimentuli pirobebi an gareSe cvladebi, vidre _

laboratoriul eqsperimentSi da amitom, mizez-Sedegobriobaze miTiTeba
metad sakamaToa. magram, mas is xibli aqvs, rom bunebriv pirobebSi
mimdinareobs. gareSe cvladebi SeiZleba iyos:
644
monawilis
SeiZleba
faqtorebi:
sakontrolo
mniSvnelovani
da
eqsperimentuli
maxasiaTeblebiT
jgufebi
gansxvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisgan;
Carevis
faqtorebi:
monawilisTvis
Careva
da
xangrZlivobis,
SeiZleba
varirebdes,
Carevis
xarisxisa
ar
iyos
magaliTad,
da
daxmarebis
identuri
yvela
Tanmimdevrobis,
mixedviT;
aseve,
SeiZleba ganxvavebuli iyos sxva praqtikebi da Sinaarsebi;
situaciuri
faqtorebi:
eqsperimentuli
pirobebi
SeiZleba
Secdomamde
SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli iyos.
zemoT
CamoTvlilma
pirobebma
eqsperimentis
migviyvanos, rac, Tavis mxriv, imis winapirobas SeiZleba qmnides, rom

miRebuli
Sedegebi
ar
ukavSirdebodes
mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso
damoukidebel cvlads.
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis pre-test-post-testi

eqsperimentuli sqemis srulad ganxilva am Tavis farglebs scdeba.
qvemoT mokled mimovixilavT erT sqemas, romelic kempbelisa da stenlis
(1963)
naSromidan
mocemuli
sakiTxi.
SevarCieT,
es
sadac
magaliTi
imis
amomwuravad
aris
arsebiTi
niSnebis
ganxiluli
dasanaxad
gvWirdeba, rasac avtorebi WeSmaritad eqsperimentul sqemas uwodeben,

xolo kerlingeri (1970) karg sqemad moixseniebs. arsebul variantebTan
erTad
SerCeuli
sqema
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
eqsperimentirebisas (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks /9780415368780 _

Tavi 13, faili 13. 3. pt).
pre-test-post-test sakontrolo jgufis sqema Semdegnairad SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT:
eqsperimentuli RO1
sakontrolo
RO3
O2
O4
645
kerlingeri (1970) SeniSnavs, rom Teoriulad SemTxveviTi gadanawileba

E da C jgufebSi yvela SesaZlo damoukidebel cvlads akontrolebs.
cxadia, praqtikaSi es mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac eqsperimentSi
sakmarisi raodenobis cdis pirebi monawileoben, raTa SemTxveviTad
gadanawilebam ise imuSaos, rogorc kontrolis mZlavrma saSualebam,
Tumca,
randomizaciis
efeqti
cdis
pirTa
mcire
raodenobis
SemTxvevaSic kargad Cans, rac warmodgenilia 13. 2. CanarTSi

CanarTi 13. 2.
randomizaciis efeqtebi
Sekvridan amoiReT aTi wiTeli da aTi Savi baraTi. aurieT da orad
daarigeT ise, rom TiToeul jgufSi 10 baraTi moxvdes. axla daTvaleT
nebismier jgufSi wiTeli da Savi baraTebis raodenoba da CawereT Sedegebi.
es procedura bevrjer gaimeoreT da yovel jerze CaiwereT miRebuli Sedegi.
male darwmundebiT, rom wiTeli da Savi baraTebis yvelaze mosalodneli
ganawilebaa xuT-xuTi TiTo feris baraTi TiTo jgufSi: Semdegi yvelaze
mosalodneli ganawilebaa eqvsi wiTeli (an Savi) da oTxi Savi (an wiTeli)
da a. S. SeiZleba gagimarTloT (an ar gagimarTloT, Tu demonstraciis
miznidan gamovalT!) da erT jgufSi mxolod wiTeli da meoreSi mxolod
Savi baraTebi miiRoT. am xdomilobis albaTobaa erTi SemTxveva 92,378-dan.
meore mxriv, aranakleb erTi feris eqvsi baraTisa da aranakleb erTi feris
oTxi baraTis narevis miRebis albaToba _ 100-dan 82 SemTxvevaa..
axla warmoidgineT, rom oci bavSvisgan Semdgar klasSi wiTeli baraTebi
ukeTes aT bavSvs warmoadgens, xolo Savi baraTebi _ ufro cud aTs. am
pirobebSi Tqven daaskvniT, rom mxolod SemTxveviTobis kanonebis moqmedeba
TiTqmis
darwmunebiT
mogcemT
kargi
da
cudi
bavSvebis
sakmarisad
ekvivalentur narevs eqsperimentul da sakontrolo jgufebSi
wyaro: adaptirebulia Pilliner 1973
amgvarad, randomizacia ekvivalentobis met albaTobas uzrunvelyofs

anu, eqsperimentul da sakontrolo jgufebSi nebismieri sxva faqtorebis
an maxasiaTeblebis proporciulad gadanawilebas, romlebmac SesaZloa
646
savaraudo gavlena moaxdinon mkvlevrisTvis saintereso eqsperimentul

cvladebze.
es martivi da moxdenili,
mZlavria,
rom
meeqvse
da
stenlis
kempbelisa
WeSmaritad eqsperimenuli sqema imdenad
TavSi
aRwerili
mixedviT
(1963)
yvela
Sinagan
safrTxe,
romelic,
validobas
SeiZleba
daemuqros, gakontrolebulia pre-test-post-test sakontrolo jgufis

sqemaSi. Carevis kauzaluri efeqti sam etapad SegviZlia gamoviTvaloT:
1. I
qulis
misaRebad
eqsperimentuli
jgufis
post-testis
qulas
post-testis
qulas
gamoakeliT pretestis qula;

2. II
qulis
misaRebad
sakontrolo
jgufis
gamoakeliT pre-testis qula;

3. I qulas gamoakeliT II qula.
Tu
kempbelisa
da
stenlis
terminologias
gamoviyenebT,
eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqti iqneba:

(O2 RO1 ) (O4 RO3 )
Tu am gamoTvliT miRebuli ricxvi uaryofiTia, maSin kauzaluri
efeqtic uaryofiTia.
erTi
problema,
ukavSirdeba,
axsniT,
romelic
testirebis
Tu
am
konkretul
urTierTqmedebis
eqsperimentis
eqsperimentul
efeqtia.
validobis
meeqvse
gudis
TavSi
sqemas
(Good 1963)
CamoTvlili
safrTxeebi SegviZlia im mTavar efeqtebad miviCnioT, romlebic sxva

cvladebis yofna-aryofnisgan damoukideblad vlindeba, urTierTqmedebis
efeqtebi,
rogorc
dasaxelebidanac
Cans,
kombinirebuli,
Sedgenili
efeqtebia da maSinac ki SeiZleba vlindebodes, roca mTavari efeqtebi

ara gvaqvs. magaliTad, urTierTqmedebis efeqti SeiZleba gamovlindes,
rogorc
Sedegi
imisa,
rom
pre-testuli
gazomva
eqsperimentuli
cvladisadmi cdis pirebis sensitizacias iwvevs.1 urTierTqmedebis efeqti

ori
iseTi
gaivlis
jgufis
winaswar
damatebiT
testirebas.
SeiZleba
Sedegad
gakontroldes,
miviRebT
romelic
oTxjgufian
ar
sqemas,
647
rogorc amas qvemoT solomoni (1949) gvTavazobs. mogvianebiT aRvwerT

ganaTlebis
sqemas
sferoSi
mogvianebiT
testirebiT
kvlevas,
romelSic
sakontrolo
gamowveuli
pre-test-post-test
jgufs
amateben,
sensitizaciis
raTa
jgufis
winaswari
SesaZlebloba
iqnas
gaTvaliswinebuli.
smiTi
(1991:
215)
aRniSnavs,
rom
randomizaciiT
cvladebis
mTeli
diapazonis ekvivalentoba miiRweva, gaTanabreba ki, mxolod ramdenime

konkretuli cvladis mixedviT ekvivalentobas uzrunvelyofs. medicinaSi
gamoyenebadi meTodis _ randomizebuli da gakontrolebuli cdebi (RCT)
mizez-Sedegobriobisa
da
ganzogadebadobis
miRwevis
SesaZlo
gzaa
(Tumca, medicinaSi zogjer randomizebuli gakontrolebuli cdebisTvis

SerCevis moculoba imdenad mcirea _ SezRuduli raodenobis pacientebi,
romelTac konkretuli Civili aqvT _ rom es procedura seriozulad
zaraldeba).
boruxi
(Boruch 1997)
randomizebuli
myarad
gakontrolebuli
icavs
dagegmvisa
cdebis
da
SefasebisTvis
gamoyenebis
ideas.
is,
faqtobrivad, amtkicebs, rom cudi eqsperimentuli kontrolis problemam

kvleviTi
programebis
warmatebulobis
Sesaxeb
Zalze
saeWvo
mtkicebulebebamde migviyvana (Boruch 1997: 69). am meTodis gamoyenebis

magaliTebi SegiZliaT naxoT naSromSi Maynard and Chalmers (1997).
randomizebuli gakontrolebuli cda ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave
mravali mkvlevris oqros standartia, vinaidan is kontrolirebadobis,
mizez-Sedegobriobisa da ganzogadebadobis dadgenas gulisxmobs (Coe et
al. 2000; Curriculum, Ecaluation and Management Centre 2000). ramdenad marTalia es
_ sakamaToa (Morrison 2001b). magaliTad, kompleqsurobis Teoria martiv
mizez-Sedegobriobas
konteqstSi
qselebze,
bmebze,
holizmze,
ukukavSirze, urTierTobebsa da interaqciulobaze (Cohen and Stewart 1995),

gamovlenaze, dinamikur sistemebze, TviTorganizebasa da Ria sistemaze
(da ara _ saeqsperimento laboratoriis daxurul samyaroze) aqcentiT
anacvlebs. Cven romc SegveZlos eqsperimentis Catareba, misi gamoyeneba
648
mimdinare,
ganviTarebadi,
interaqciuli,
fardobiTi,
cvalebadi,
Ria
situaciebisadmi _ praqtikulad SeiZleba gagviWirdes (Morrison 2001b).

arasworia dinamikur, ganviTarebad, denad, Ria situaciebaSi cvladebis
mudmivad SenarCuneba.
garda
amisa, laboratoria
samyaroa.
skolebi
da
mowyobili, ararealuri da xelovnuri
saklaso
oTaxebi
ar
aris
laboratoriis
steriluri, reduqcionistuli, gaanalizebuli da gaanalizebadi samyaro.

mizez-Sedegobriobis
Tanmimdevrulobis
mixedviT
konceptualizaciam
(Harr 1972), rodesac mkvlevari mizez-Sedegobriobis Sesaxeb dakvirvebis

safuZvelze
mizezebze
daskvnas
daskvnebs
mravaljerad
dayrdnobiT.
akeTebs,
ver
mizezebze
sakuTari
gavakeTebT
gavakeTebT
laboratoriidan
SezRuduloba
efeqtebze
daskvnebs,
saklaso
unda
aRiaros.
dayrdnobiT.
mravaljerad
situaciebze
verc
efeqtze
ganzogadebadoba
saxifaToa; savele eqsperimentebSic ki, sadac ver xerxdeba cvladebis

gakontroleba, ganzogadebadoba iseve saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos.
ganmeorebadobisa
da
prognozirebadobis
moTxovnebis
erTguli
klasikuri eqsperimentuli meTodebi SeiZleba arc iyos gansakuTrebiT

nayofieri, vinaidan kompleqsur fenomenSi Sedegebi arasodesaa naTlad
gameorebadi
SevdivarT.
an
prognozirebadi:
sworxazovan
erT
azrovnebaSi
moaqvs, xolo did mizezebs _ didi.
mdinareSi
mcire
orjer
mizezebs
arasodes
mcire
Sedegebi
magram, sirTulis TeoriaSi mcire
mizezebma SeiZleba uzarmazari efeqti mogvces da uzarmazarma mizezeba

_ mcire, an sulac, arafers daudos saTave. amasTan, fenomenebis gazomvad
cvladebad
danawevreba
da
Semdeg,
mxolod
romelime
konkretul
nawilebze fokusireba, erTianobisa da mTlianis arsis xelidan gaSvebas

niSnavs. gazomva, rogori zustic ar unda iyos, bevrs verafers gvetyvis
fenomenis Sesaxeb. me SemiZlia gavzomo pirovnebis yoveli fizikuri
cvladi,
magram
mouxelTebelia
misi
buneba,
danawevrebisa
is,
da
rac
mas
imad
gazomvisaTvis.
aqcevs,
rac
aris,
randomizirebuli
649
gakontrolebuli cdebi ukve aRweril mecnierul pozicias _ pozitivizms

_ ganekuTneba.
marTalia, meore TavSi ukve visaubreT eTikur sakiTxebze, aq mainc
unda iTqvas zogadi SeniSvna, romelic orjgufiani eqsperimentis mimarT
keTdeba
(magaliTad,
Gorard 2001: 146):
ramdenad
eTikuria,
mkvlevris
saWiroebebisTvis sakontrolo jgufma mkurnalobze an Carevaze uari rom

Tqvas (amis kontrargumenti isaa, rom medicinaSi mkvlevarma ar icis,
Careva (magaliTad, axali wamali) imoqmedebs, Tu damangrevel Sedegebs
moitans; sinamdvileSi, eqsperimentis mizani swored amis garkvevaa.
ori sakontrolo da erTi eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-testpost-testi

es sqema solomons (1949) ekuTvnis da miznad isaxavs urTierTqmedebis
efeqtis dadgenas, romelic im SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba, Tu mkvlevari
sasurveli Sedegis Sesaxeb pre-testisa da post-testis mixedviT askvnis.
aqac randomizebuli gakontrolebuli cdis analogiuri situaciaa, im
gansxvavebiT, rom erTis nacvlad ori sakontrolo jgufia. standartul
randomizebul gakontrolebul cdaSi eqsperimentuli jgufis nebismieri
cvlileba
jgufis
Carevis
nebismieri
an
pretestis
cvlileba
ki
Sedegi
_
SeiZleba
pre-tests
iyos,
miewereba.
sakontrolo
solomonis
variantSi meore sakontrolo jgufi iRebs Carevas, magram ara _ pretests. es sqematurad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
eqsperimentuli
RO1 X
sakontrolo1RO3
O4
sakontrolo2X O5
O2
amgvarad, meore sakontrolo jgufis nebismieri cvlileba mxolod

Carevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos. am teqnikisa da misi variaciebis sruli
650
mimoxilvisTvis
mimarTeT
Baily
(1994:
231
4)
(ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 4. ppt).
sakontolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis post-testi

am sqemaSi monawileebi SemTxveviTad nawildebian sakontrolo da
eqsperimentul
jgufebSi,
magram
ar
tardeba
winaswari
testireba.
eqsperimentuli jgufi iRebs Carevas da Semdeg orive jgufSi tardeba

post-testi
(ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _
Tavi
13,
faili 13. 5. ppt). es sqema sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:

eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
R1
R2
O1
O2
ori eqsperimentuli jgufis post-testi

aq monawileebi SemTxveviTad nawildebian TiToeul
jgufSi.
erTi
eqsperimentuli
jgufi
erT
Carevas
eqsperimentul
iRebs,
meore
eqsperimentuli jgufi _ meore Carevas. orive jgufSi mxolod posttesti tardeba (ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13,
faili 13. 6. ppt). es sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:
eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
R1
R2
X1
X2
O1
O2
ori eqsperimentuli jgufis pre-test-post-testi

am
SemTxvevaSi
monawileebi
SemTxveviT
nawildebian
TiToeul
eqsperimentul jgufSi. erTi eqsperimentuli jgufi erT Carevas iRebs,

meore eqsperimentuli jgufi _ meores. individebSi cvlilebis gasazomad
orive
jgufSi
tardeba
pre-testi
da
post-testi
(ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 7. ppt).

sqema sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:
eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
RO1
RO3
X1
X2
O2
O4
651
WeSmariti
eqsperimenti
eqsperimentuli
erTi
sakontrolo
jgufiTac
da
SeiZleba
ori
an
Catardes
meti
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 8. ppt). sqema

sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:
eqsperimentuli1
eqsperimentuli2
sakontrolo
RO1 X1 O2
RO3 X1 O4
RO5
O6
es sqema SeiZleba ganivrcos post-test sakontrolo da eqsprimentuli

jgufebis da post-test ori eqsperimentuli jgufis sqemamde, aseve, pretest-port-test ori eqsperimentuli jgufis sqemamde.
wyvilebis morgebis sqema

rogorc
saxelwodebidan
eqsperimentul
safuZveli
jgufebSi
isaa,
rom
Cans,
monawileebi
SemTxveviTad
sakontrolo
mniSvnelovnad
miCneuli
ramdenime
Seesatyviseba
eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
nawildeba,
jgufis
magram
erTi
wevri
damoukidebeli
jgufis
wevrs
da
ganwilebis
kvlevisTvis
cvladis
mixedviT
(magaliTad,
iseTi
damoukidebeli cvladebiT, romlebic, varaudoben, rom gavlenas axdenen

damokidebul cvladze, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki da unarebi). amrigad, jer
arCeven
monawileTa
damoukidebeli
konkretul
TiToeuli
wyvilebs,
cvladiT
sazomze
wyvili
romlebic
Seesatyvisebian
erTnairi
an
erTmaneTs
msgavsi
SemTxveviTad
mkvlevrisTvis
qulebi
nawildeba
saintereso
(magaliTad,
miiRo)
da
vinc
Semdeg
sakontrolo
da
eqsperimentul jgufebSi. xdeba wyvilis doneze randomizacia da ara _

jgufis.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
saxelwodebis
mixedviT
es
meTodi
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis Sesatyvisobas uzrunvelyofs,

praqtikaSi
SeiZleba
arc
ise
ioli
iyos
sakmarisad
Sesatyvisi
individebis moZieba, gansakuTrebiT eqsperimentSi; Tumca, aseTi zusti

Tanxvedris miRweviT eqsperimentSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba kontrolis
652
xarisxi.
vinaidan
gansxvavebebis
rodesac
Sesatyvisi
gakontrolebis
mkvlevari
ver
wyvilebis
saSualebas
aris
sqema
iZleva,
darwmunebuli,
individualuri
is
rom
sasargebloa,
individualuri
gansxvavebebi ar gaaWuWyianeben Carevis efeqtebs.

borgi
da
gali
(1979:
547)
eqsperimentis
dagegmvisa
da
warmoebis
etapebis sasargeblo CamonaTvals gvTavazoben:
gazomeT damokidebuli cvladi;
wina etapze miRebuli qulebis mixedviT daawyvileT monawileebi;
yoveli wyvilis TiToeuli wevri SemTxveviTobis wesiT gadaanawileT

sakontrolo an eqsperimentul jgufSi;
eqsperimentul jgufs eqsperimentuli Careva miawodeT da, Tu saWiroa,

sakontrolo jgufs _ placebo; darwmundiT, rom sakontrolo jgufs
Careva ar miewodeba;
orive jgufSi gazomeT damokidebuli cvladi da SeadareT, raTa

gansazRvroT, rogoria efeqti da ramdenad imoqmeda damoukidebelma
cvladma damokidebulze.
borgi
da
gali
miuTiTeben,
rom
sakontrolo
da
eqsperimentuli
jgufebis kargi Sesatyvisoba sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aq Sedis im

cvladebis zedmiwevniT gansazRvra, romlebiTac wevrebi erTmaneTs unda
Seesatyvisebodnen. borgi da gali (1979: 547) aRniSnaven, rom damokidebul
cvladTan
korelaciaSi
myofi
ramdenime
cvladiT
Sesatyvisoba
gacilebiT metad amcirebs Secdomis albaTobas, vidre mxolod erTi

cvladiT Tanxvedra. cxadia, problemas qmnis is, rom rac ufro meti
cvladiT
unda
Seesatyvisebodes
ori
jgufi
erTmaneTs,
miT
ufro
rTulia aseTi jgufebis Sekreba. amitom, wonasworoba unda SevinarCunoT

da or ukiduresobas Soris oqros Sualedi vipovoT: mxolod ramdenime
cvladiT Sesatyvisobas, rac Secdomebs gamoiwvevs, da imdenad bevri
cvladiT Tanxvedris moTxovnas Soris, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdes cdis
653
pirebis SerCeva. wyvilebis morgebis nacvlad SegviZlia SemTxveviTobis

wesiT gadanawileba gamoviyenoT. swored amas ganvixilavT qvemoT.
miCeli da joli (1988: 103) sam mniSvnelovan kiTxvas svamen, romelsac
mkvlevarma ori jgufis Sedarebisas unda upasuxos:
erTnairia Tu ara ori jgufi eqsperimentis dasawyisisTvis?
Carevisgan damoukideblad, bunebrivad moimatebs Tu ara jgufebs

Soris gansxvaveba?
ra
wvlils
Seitans
ori
jgufis
sawyisi
gazomvis
Secdoma
miRebul qulebs Soris gansxvavebaSi?

borgi da gali (1979) Sesatyvisobis sizustis (an dispersiis) xarisxis
dadgenis saWiroebaze amaxvileben yuradRebas. magaliTad, Tu cdis pirebi
erTmaneTs,
vTqvaT,
standartizebuli
testiT
gazomili
metyvelebis
unariT unda Seesatyvisebodnen, mniSvnelovania cvalebadobis sazRvrebis

dadgena,
romelsac
Sesatyvisobis
(magaliTad, qula). aqac, rac

magram,
rac
metia
sizuste,
gansazRvrisaTvis
gamoviyenebT
metia sizuste, miT metia Sesatyvisoba,

miT
ufro
Znelia
zustad
Sesatyvisi
monawilis
ranJirebaa
adamianebis povna.
am
problemis
daZlevis
erTi
gza
yvela
damokidebuli cvladis gazomviT miRebuli qulebis Tu maCveneblebis

safuZvelze. Semdeg, pirveli ori cdis piri Seadgens morgebul wyvils
(romlidanac erTi SemTxveviT moxvdeba sakontrolo jgufSi, meore _
eqsperimentulSi, magaliTad, monetis agdebiT), Semdegi ori cdis piri _
Semdeg morgebul wyvils da a. S. sanam ar miviRebT or jgufs. am
SemTxvevaSi
naklebi
sizuste
gvaqvs,
Tumca,
amas
cdis
pirebis
dakargvisgan Tavis arideba abalansebs.

morgebuli
wyvilebis
alternativa,
romelic
am
Tavis
dasawyisSi
ganvixileT, randomizaciaa. smiTi (1991: 215) aRniSnavs, rom wyvilebis

morgebis
meTodi
araeqsperimentul
farTod
kvlevaSi
gamoiyeneba
da
is
kvazi-eqsperimentebsa
alternatiuli
da
mizez-Sedegobrivi
axsnebis generirebis gacilebiT uaresi meTodia, vidre randomizacia.
654
faqtoruli sqema
eqsperimentSi
damokidebul
cvladze
ori
an
meti
damoukidebeli
cvladi SeiZleba moqmedebdes. magaliTad, gamocdaze naCvenebi miRweva

SeiZleba
xelmisawvdomi
resursebisa
(erTi
damoukidebeli
cvladi:
SezRuduli resursebi, zomierad xelmisawvdomi resursebi da sruliad

xelmisawvdomi
resursebi)
da
sagnis
swavlis
motivaciis
(meore
damoukidebeli cvladi: susti motivacia, zomieri motivacia, Zlieri

motivacia) Sedegi iyos. yoveli damoukidebeli cvladi mis TiToeul
doneze Seiswavleba (mocemul magaliTSi TiToeul maTgans sami done
aqvs) (ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13.
9.
monawileebi
ppt).
SemTxveviTobis
wesiT
nawildebian
jgufebSi,
romlebic TiToeuli damoukidebeli cvladis doneebis yvela SesaZlo

kombinacias faraven, rogorc modelSia naCvenebi:
damoukidebeli
cvladi
I done
II done
III done
resursebis
xelmisawvdomoba
SezRuduli
resursebi
zomierad
xelmisawvdomi
resursebi
sruliad
xelmisawvdomi
resursebi
(2)
(3)
susti motivacia
zomieri motivacia
Zlieri motivacia
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
sagnis swavlis
motivacia
aq SesaZlo kombinaciebia: 1+4, 1+5, 1+6, 2+4, 2+5, 2+6, 3+4, 3+5 da 3+6, rac
9 jgufs gvaZlevs (kombinacia 33). SesaZlebelia pre-testisa da posttestis,
an
magaliTad,
mxolod
post-testis
SezRuduli
Catareba.
resursebi
SeiZleba
miviRoT,
statistikurad
rom,
mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs gamocdis Sedegze, xolo zomierad da sruliad xelmisawvdomi

resursebi _ ara, anda, sruliad xelmisawvdomi resursebi da Zlieri
motivacia
mniSvnelovan
gavlenas
axdenen
gamocdis
Sedegze,
xolo
Zlieri motivacia da SezRuduli resursebi _ ara da a. S.

es magaliTi uSvebs, rom TiToeul cvlads erTi da igive raodenobis
doneebi aqvs, Tumca es SeiZleba ase ar iyos. erT cvlads SeiZleba
655
hqondes, vTqvaT, ori done, meores _ sami, mesames ki _ oTxi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo kombinaciebi iqneba 234=24 done da, Sesabamisad,
gveqneba 24 eqsperimentuli jgufi. kargad Cans, rom faqtorul sqemaSi
swrafad
warmoqmneba
monawileebis
ramdenime
jgufi.
gavrcelebuli
magaliTia 22 sqema, rodesac or damoukidebel cvlads ori mniSvneloba

aqvs (anu oTxi jgufi). aq I eqsperimentul jgufs Careva miewodeba I
damoukidebeli cvladis I doneze da II damoukidebeli cvladis I doneze;
II eqsperimentul jgufs _ I damoukidebeli cvladis I doneze da II
damoukidebeli
cvladis
damoukidebeli
cvladis
II
II
doneze;
doneze
III
da
eqsperimentul
II
damoukidebeli
jgufs
cvladis
doneze; IV eqsperimentul jgufs _ I damoukidebeli cvladis II doneze

da II damoukidebeli cvladis II doneze.
faqtorul sqemaSi damoukidebeli cvladebis urTierTqmedebac unda
gaviTvaliswinoT.
magaliTad,
erTi
faqtori
(damoukidebeli
cvladi)
SeiZleba iyos sqesi, xolo meore _ asaki (13. 3 CanarTi). mkvlevari

SeiZleba
ikvlevdes
maT
gavlenas
maTematikis
swavlis
motivaciaze
(ixileThttp://www.routledge.com/textbooks/978041538780 _ Tavi 13, faili 13. 10.

ppt).
grafikidan Cans, rom maTematikis swavlis motivacia ucvleli ki ar
aris mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis moswavleebTan, aramed monawilis
asakTan erTad icvleba. es asakisa da sqesis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia _
sqesis
efeqti
asakzea
damokidebuli.
urTierTqmedebis efeqtebis sakvlevad.
CanarTi 13. 3.
urTierTqmedebis efeqtebi eqsperimentSi
faqtoruli
sqema
sasargebloa
656
100
80
60
40
20
0
15
16
17
18
wyaro: Kgaile and Morrison 2006faqtoruli sqemis umartives variantSi erTi
damoukidebeli cvladis ori done SeiZleba gvqondes, magaliTad, is aris

an ar aris, magram rogorc aq vnaxeT, es sqema gacilebiT rTuli saxiTac
gvxvdeba.
am
sirTules
saWiro
jgufebis
raodenobis
geometriuli
progresiiT zrda ganapirobebs.
parametruli sqema
am sqemaSi monawileebi SemTxveviTad nawildebian jgufebSi, romelTa
parametrebi
winaswar
aris
fiqsirebuli
damoukidebeli
cvladis
im
doneebis mixedviT, romlebsac mocemuli jgufebi iReben. magaliTad,

warmovidginoT, rom tardeba eqsperimenti, romelic miznad im adamianebis
kiTxvis
unaris
gaumjobesebas
isaxavs,
romlebic
cudad,
saSualod,
kargad da brwyinvaled kiTxuloben (damoukidebeli cvladis kiTxvis

unari
oTxi
done).
Carevas
iRebs
oTxi
eqsperimentuli
jgufi:
eqsperimentuli jgufi (isini, vinc cudad kiTxuloben), II eqsperimentuli

jgufi (isini, vinc saSualod kiTxuloben), III eqsperimentuli jgufi
(isini, vinc kargad kiTxuloben) da IV eqsperimentuli jgufi (isini, vinc
brwyinvaled
kiTxuloben).
xorcieldeba
eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
zemoqmedeba.
jgufze
aseT
(V
jgufi)
viTarebaSi
ar
mkvlevari
SeZlebs Carevis gansxvavebuli efeqtebis diagramis Sedgenas da ufro

zusti informacia eqneba maT Sesaxeb, vidre erTi eqsperimentuli jgufis
SemTxvevaSi eqneboda, romelSic kiTxvis sxvadasxva unaris mqone adamiani
iqneboda gaerTianebuli. mas ecodineba, romel jgufze imoqmeda Carevam
657
yvelaze metad da romelze _ yvelaze naklebad. parametruli sqema

sasargebloa,
mniSvneloba
rodesac
gvaqvs,
(damadasturebeli
damoukidebeli
damoukidebeli
romlebmac
kvleva),
cvladis
an
cvladis
SeiZleba
Tu
gavlena
mkvlevars
gansxvavebuli
ramdenime
moaxdinon
imis
doneebi
done,
Sedegze
dadgena
moqmedeben
anu
unda,
Tu
ara
Sedegze (dazverviTikvleva).
ganmeorebiTi gazomvis sqema

eqsperimentul jgufSi Semavali monawileebi or an met eqsperimentul
pirobaSi
Tavsdebian.
ase
magaliTad,
eqsperimentuli
jgufis
wevrma
SeiZleba erTze meti Careva miiRos, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes, an ar

moicavdes
sakontrolo
pirobas.
es
wyvilebis
morgebis
sqemis
nairsaxeobaa da kontrolis mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobas gvTavazobs,

radgan
zustad
erTi
da
igive
individi
iRebs
sxvadasxva
Carevas

ppt). aq Tavs iCens rigis efeqti: is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac cdis pirebs
Careva
miewodebaT,
SeiZleba
zemoqmedebdes
Sedegze.
pirveli
Careva
SeiZleba meoreze axdendes gavlenas (gadatanis efeqti), xolo meore

Careva _ mesameze da a. S. garda amisa,
adrindeli Carevebi SeiZleba
ufro metad moqmedebdes, vidre _ Semdgomi. amis daZleva SeiZleba imiT,

rom Carevebi miwodebis rigis mixedviT SemTxveviTi wesiT davalagoT da
monawileebsac amave
wesiT
mivawodoT miRebuli Tanmimdevrobebi, Tumca,
aman SeiZleba ar mogvces dabalansebuli Tanmimdevroba. sasurvelia, rom

mizanmimarTulad daigegmos es sqema; magaliTad, samCarevian eqsperimentSi
is ase gamoiyureba:
I jgufi: jer Careva 1, Semdeg _ Careva 2, bolos _ Careva 3;
II jgufi: jer Careva 2, Semdeg _ Careva 3, bolos _ Careva 1;
III jgufi: jer Careva 3, Semdeg _ Careva 1, bolos _ Careva 2;
IV jgufi: jer Careva 1, Semdeg _ Careva 3, bolos _ Careva 2;
V jgufi: jer Careva 2, Semdeg _ Careva 1, bolos _ Careva 3;
658
VI jgufi: jer Careva 3, Semdeg _ Careva 2, bolos _ Careva 1.

ganmeorebiTi
umniSvneloa,
gazomvis
an
ar
sqema
aris
sasargebloa,
mosalodneli,
rodesac
anda,
rigis
vinaidan
efeqti
es
sqema
individualuri gansxvavebebis kontrolis saSualebas iZleva, rodesac

mkvlevari ver iqneba darwmunebuli, rom individualuri gansxvavebebi ar
Seereva Carevis efeqtebs.
kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi sakontrolo

jgufis sqema
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
SeuZlebelia
warmoebul
WeSmariti
monawileebis
kvlevaSi
eqsperimentebis
SemTxveviTobis
wesiT
xSirad
Catareba,
gadanawileba
ubralod
magaliTad,
sakontrolo
da
eqsperimentul jgufebSi. kvazi-eqsperimenti savele eqsperimentirebis, anu,

laboratoriis gareT warmoebuli eqsperimentuli kvlevis maxasiaTebelia
ppt). saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, ganaTlebaSi momuSave mkvlevrebs WeSmarit
eqsperimentTan
miaxloebuli
sqemis
gamoyeneba
SeuZliaT,
romelSic
gaakontroleben imas, rasac kempbeli da stenli (1963) gazomvis vin-s da

vis-s uwodeben, magram, maTi kontrolis miRma darCeba Carevis rodis
da vis , an Carevis randomizacia, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
WeSmariti eqsperimentirebisTvis. es kvazi-eqsperimentuli situaciebia da
mkvlevrebis
sqemebi
ewodeba.
kompromisul
sferoSi
mier
gamoyenebul
(kerlingeri
sqemebs
warmoebuli
meTodologiebs
(1970)
uwodebs;
kvlevis
es
did
kvazi-eqsperimentuli
kvazi-eqsperimentul
situaciebs
saTanadod
ganaTlebis
nawils,
aRwers
rodesac
skolebisa
klasebis SemTxveviTobis wesiT arCeva an amave wesiT
da
gadanawileba
sakmaod arapraqtikulia).
qvazi-eqsperimentis ramdenime forma arsebobs, magaliTad:
pre-eqsperimentuli dizaini: erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testi; erTi

jgufis post-testi; araekvivalenturi jgufebis post-testi;
659
araekvivalenturi jgufebis pre-test-post-testi;
erTi jgufis drois seriebi.

qvemoT TiToeul maTgans cal-calke ganvixilavT.
preeqsperimentuli dizaini: erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testi

Zalian
xSirad
axali
saswavlo
meTodis
Rirebulebis,
saswavlo
programaSi Setanili cvlilebiT aRZruli interesis da a. S. Sesaxeb

angariSebi aCveneben, rom mkvlevarma jer damoukidebeli cvladis (O1),
magaliTad, umciresobebisadmi damokidebulebebis, mixedviT gazoma jgufi
da Semdeg ganaxorciela eqsperimentuli manipulacia (X), savaraudod,
aTkviriani saswavlo programa, romelic eTnikuri umciresobebisadami
tolerantobis gazrdisTvis aris mowodebuli. eqsperimentis logikis
mixedviT, mkvlevarma xelaxla gazoma jgufis damokidebulebebi (O2) da
pre-testisa da post-testis qulebs Soris miRebuli gansxvavebis axsnas
X-is efeqtebze miTiTebiT Seudga.
erTi
jgufis
pre-test-post-testis
dizaini
ase
SegviZlia
warmovadginoT:
eqsperimentuli O1
O2
davuSvaT, axlaxan zustad aseTi proeqti ganxorcielda da mkvlevarma

aRmoaCina, rom O2 qulebi eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi met tolerantobaze
miuTiTeben, vidre _ O1 qulebi. ramdenad gamarTlebuli iqneba mkvlevaris
mier
qulebis
eqsperimentuli
am
or
jgufs
CarevisTvis
Soris
(X)
miRebuli
miwera?
erTi
(O1_O2)
gansxvavebis
SexedviT,
mizez-
Sedegobriobis daSveba sakmaod racionalurad gamoiyureba, Tumca, saqme

arc ise martivadaa, rogorc Cans. modiT, ganaTlebis sferodan aRebuli
Cveni hipoTeturi magaliTi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi warmoebuli
eqsperimentebis
liTonis
tipur
firfitas
magaliTebs
cecxlis
SevadaroT.
alze
acxelebs,
fizikosi,
mis
romelic
gafarToebas
darwmunebiT miawers temperaturis matebas, romelsac Tavad marTavs,
660
vinaidan laboratoriis pirobebSi man cvalebadobis yvela sxva gareSe

wyaro gamoricxa (anu gaakontrola) (Pilliner 1973).
aseTi
kontroli
verasodes
miiRweva
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
eqsperimentirebisas. am TvalsazrisiT, aTkviriani saswavlo programisgan

gansxvavebul,
sxva
SesaZlo
gavlenebze
unda
vifiqroT,
romliTac
SeiZleba aixsnas O1_O2 gansxvaveba Cvens hipoTetur magaliTSi.

SeiZleba
vifiqroT,
moswavleebs,
masalebsa
rom
maswavlebels,
da
maTi
iseTi
skolas,
miwodebis
gazomvis gzebs, aseve, im
faqtorebi,
gzebs,
klasis
romlebic
ukavSirdeba
struqturas,
sagnebisadmi
saswavlo
damokidebulebis
aTas sxva movlenas, romelic skolaSi da mis
gareT moxda am aTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
_ yovelive amas
garkveuli wili Seaqvs damokidebulebaSi aRmoCenil
Tavisi
gansxvavebebSi.
gareSe cvladebi, romlebic erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testis sqemis

pirobebSi eqsperimentuli kontrolis miRma rCeba, kvlevis validobas
uqmnian safrTxes.
preeqsperimentuli sqema: erTi jgufis post-testi

eqsperimentuli jgufi iRebs Carevas da Semdeg utardeba post-testi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am sqemas eqsperimentis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli
aqvs (Careva da post-testi), pretestis, sakontrolo jgufis, jgufebSi
SemTxveviTi
gadanawilebisa
da
sakontolo
jgufis
ararseboba
mas
naklul meTodad aqcevs.
preeqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi jgufebis posttesti

aqac,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
sqema
eqsperiments
hgavs,
pre-testis,
Sesatyvisi jgufebis, SemTxveTad gadanawilebis da sakontrolo jgufis

ararseboba mas naklul meTodad aqcevs.
kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqema: araekvivalenturi jgufebis pretest-post-testi
661
kvazi-eqsperimentis erT-erTi sqema, romelsac yvelaze metad iyeneben

ganaTlebis
sferoSi
warmoebul
kvlevebSi,
sqematurad
Semdegnairad
diagramaSi
paraleluri
SegviZlia gamovsaxoT:
eqsperimentuli O1
X
O2
-----------sakntroloO3
O4
araekvivalenturi
sakontrolo
jgufis
striqonebis gamyofi wyvetili xazi gviCvenebs, rom eqsperimentuli da

sakontrolo
aqedan
jgufebi
termini
ar
gaTanabrebula
araekvivalenturi.
SemTxveviTi
sakontrolo
gadanawilebiT,
jgufis
damateba
mocemul sqemas erTi jgufis pre-test-post-testis sqemis gaumjobesebul

variantad aqcevs, vinaidan eqsperimentators SeuZlia, E da C jgufebi
SeZlebisdagvarad
ekvivalenturi
interpretaciebs, rac bevria

pirobebSi.
jgufebis
gaxados,
Tavi
aaridos
orazrovan
zemoT ganxilul preeqsperimentuli sqemis
ekvivalentobis
gamtkiceba
wyvilebis
morgebis
SeqmniT SeiZleba, rasac E da C pirobebSi cdis pirebis SemTxveviTad

gadanawileba mohyveba.
rodesac aseTi Sewyvileba SeuZlebelia, mkvlevars erTi populaciidan
aRebuli an maqsimalurad msgavsi SerCevebis gamoyenebas urCeven (Kerlinger
1970). Tumca, rodesac xeluxlebeli jgufebi (anu jgufebi, romlebzec
jer ar ganxorcielebula eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba) mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebian
Tanxvedra
erTmaneTisgan,
regresiis
aradamakmayofilebelia,
rasac
efeqtebis
gamo
post-testirebaSi
wyvilebis
jgufis
gansxvavebuli saSualoebis miRebamde mivyavarT. kempbeli da stenli (1963)

amas ase aRweren:
Tu
[araekvivalenturi
sakontrolo
jgufebis
sqemaSi]
jgufebis
saSualoebi arsebiTad gansxavdeba, maSin Sedarebis procesiT ara marto

sasurveli gaTanabreba ver xerxdeba, aramed is arasasurveli regresiis
efeqtis gaCenasac uzrunvelyofs. sruliad mosalodneli xdeba, rom or
jgufs gansxvavebuli qulebi eqneba post-testSi X-is nebismieri efeqtisgan
662

damoukideblad
da
es
gansxvaveba
Seicvleba
im
populaciebs
Soris
gansxvavebis pirdapirproporciulad, saidanac aRebulia es SerCevebi da

test-retestis korelaciis ukuproporciulad.
(Campbel and Stanley 1963:49)
erTi jgufis drois seriebi

aq erTi eqsperimentuli jgufia, romelic erTze met pre-testirebasa
da
erTze
met
post-testirebas
gadis.
ganmeorebiTi
testireba
an
dakvirveba Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg xorcildeba, rac monawileebs

sakuTari Tavis sakontrolo jgufad aqcevs da reaqtiulobis efeqts
amcirebs.
gvaZlevs
drois
da
seriebi
mxolod
tendenciebis
erTi pre-testiTa
dakvirvebis
da
SesaZleblobas
post-testiT monacemebis
mogrovebis imedad yofnisgan gvicavs. am sqemiT SesaZlebelia iseTi

tendenciebisTvis
(magaliTad,
Tvalis
arsebuli
gadevneba,
aRmavali,
rogoricaa:
daRmavali
an
araviTari
Tanabari
efeqti
tendenciis
SenarCuneba), mkafio efeqti (magaliTad, akademiuri miRwevis stabiluri

mateba an vardna) da gadavadebuli efeqti (magaliTad, Carevis Semdeg
garkveuli drois Semdeg gamovlenili efeqti). drois seriebis sqemas
sandoobis gazrdis SesaZlebloba aqvs.
erTi SemTxvevis kvleva: ABABsqema

meTerTmete
SemTxvevis
Tavis
dasawyisSi
Seswavlas
iyeneben,
vTqviT,
rogorc
rom
mkvlevrebi,
romlebic
wesi,
akvirvebian
calkeuli
erTeulis maxasiaTeblebs, iqneba es bavSvi, klasi, skola Tu mTeli

sazogadoeba.
meTodiT
Cven
momuSave
erTmaneTs
davupirispireT
mkvlevrebi
da
SemTxvevis
eqsperimentatorebi,
Seswavlis
romlebic,
Cveulebriv, cvladebis mizez-Sedegobrivi mniSvnelovnebis gansasazRvrad

am cvladebis manipulaciiT arian dainteresebuli. rogorc vnaxavT, es
gansxvaveba mxolod nawilobriv Seesabameba simarTles.
ukanasknel wlebSi erTi SemTxvevis kvleva, rogorc eqsperimentuli
meTodologia, sul ufro da ufro metad gamoiyeneba iseT mravalferovan
sferoebSi,
rogoricaa
klinikuri
fsiqologia,
medicina,
ganaTleba,
663
socialuri samuSao, fsiqiatria da konsultireba. am (da sxva) sferoebSi

ganxorcielebuli
erTi
SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
kvlevebs
Semdegi
maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebT:
isini moicaven adamianis qcevis uwyvet Sefasebas drois mocemul

periodSi,
rac
mkvlevrisgan
kvlevis
sxvadasxva
etapze
mravali
SemTxvevis gazomvis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs;
isini
moicaven
Carevis
efeqtebs,
romlebic
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
meordebian erTi da igive cdis pirTan (pirebTan).

uwyveti SefasebiT miRebuli gazomvis Sedegebi Carevis procedurebis
efeqturobis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gamotanis safuZvlad gamoiyeneba.
erTi SemTxvevis kvlevis maxasiaTeblebs kazdini (Kazdin 1982) ABAB
sqemis terminebiT ganixilavs. es erTi SemTxvevis kvlevebis bazisuri
eqsperimentuli formatia. kazdini aRwers im procedurebis erTobliobas,
romliTac
mocemuli
klientis,
moswrebaze
garkveuli
drois
kvlevis
procesSi
icvleba
an
klientTa
ganmavlobaSi
is
jgufis
dakvirveba
eqsperimentuli
akademiur
xorcieldeba.
pirobebi,
romelSic
Tavsdeba klienti. ABAB sqemis racionaluri safuZveli warmodgenilia

13. 4. CanarTSi es swored isaa, rac am sqemis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. Carevis
efeqtis sakvlev mdgomareobas (faza A), romelSic ar aris Carevis
efeqti, cvlis Carevis mdgomareoba (faza B). amis Semdeg ki isev meordeba
A da B fazebi. rogorc kazdini (1982) ambobs, Carevis efeqti aSkaraa, Tu
miRweva
umjobesdeba
SemTxvevaSi
ubrundeba
pirveli
an
Carevis
uaxlovdeba
fazaze,
sawyis
Carevis
mdogareobas
moSorebis
da
isev
umjobesdeba meore Carevis fazaze.

ABAB sqemis ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoyenebis magaliTs daici (Dietz
1977) gvaZlevs. igi
Tavis kvlevaSi mozardi vaJis xelisSemSlel qcevaze
maswavleblis efeqtis gazomvas cdilobda. is mudmivad laparakobda

specialuri ganaTlebis gakveTilze da xels uSlida Tanaklaselebs.
664
arasasurveli
programa,
qcevis
romelSic
Sesamcireblad
laparakSi
SeimuSaves
gamoWeris
ganmamtkicebeli
sixSiris
SemcirebiT
vaJs
maswavlebelTan damatebiTi mecadineobebis miReba SeeZlo. mas uTxres,

rom roca is 55 wuTian gakveTilze samjer (an ufro naklebad) SeuSlida
klass xels, maswavlebeli damatebiT amecadinebda. qcevis modifikaciis
Teoriis teqnikuri eniT Tu vityviT, moswavle miiRebda ganmamtkicebel
Sedegebs,
rodesac
SeZlebda
(13.
arasasurveli
CanarTSi
amas
qcevis
dabali
dabali
sixSiris
sixSireebis
Cvenebas
diferenciuli
ganmtkiceba anu DRL ewodeba).

rodesac
wayenebuli
nebismieri
pirobis
dadgenili
Sesrulebas,
drois
anu,
manZilze
klass
vaJi
yovel
axerxebda
mecadineobaze
samjerze metad ar uSlida xels xmamaRla laparakiT, is jildovdeboda

damatebiTi
15-wuTiani
mecadineobiT.
Sedegebi
warmodgenilia
13.
CanarTSi da gviCvenebs biWis qcevaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs,

roca
Carevis
procedurebi
xelisSemSleli
qcevis
mdgomareobasTan
miaxloeba,
xorcildeboda.
sixSiris
roca
arsebiTi
aRar
aseve,
mateba
muSaobda
TvalsaCinoa
da
sawyis
dajildovebis
665
strategia.
dabolos,
aRdgenili
Carevis
pirobebSi
vaJis
qceva
isev
umjobesdeboda.
erTi
SemTxvevis
kvlevis
sqema
erTmniSvnelovnad
mxolod
erTi
calkeuli cdis piris qcevaSi Carevis Sefasebis eqsperimentuli teqnikaa.

amasTan, aseTi Carevebi SegviZlia mivmarToT konkretul cdis pirze, an
jgufze
da
droSi
pirovnebisTvis
jgufTa
Soris
an
sxvadasxva
gavimeoroT.
erTi
sqemaze
agebuli
qcevisTvis,
SemTxvevis
situaciisTvis
kvleva
meTodologiebis
ufro
Tu
Cveuli,
alternatiul
strategias gvTavazobs. Tumca, dgeba mTeli rigi problemebisa, romlebic

am meTodis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba da Seexeba tendenciebis bundovanebas,
sawyisi mdgomareobis fazis monacemebis cvaldebadobasa da miRebuli
Sedegebis ganzogadebadobas. dainteresebul mkiTxvels vurCevT gaecnos
Kazdin (1982), Borg (1981) da Vasta (1979).2
eqsperimentuli kvlevis warmoebis procedurebi

eqsperimentuli kvleva-Zieba logikuri procedurebis Tanmimdevrobas
unda warmoadgendes. axla ra procedurebsac CamovTvliT, garkveuli
666
sifrTxiliT
unda
gadawyvetileba)
movekidoT.
ukiduresad
eqsperimentuli
Camoyalibebuli
wesebis
Camowera.
rTulia
(da
Tamami
kvlevis
warmoebis
mkafiod
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi
SegviZlia
idealuri marSrutis dasaxva imis sruli gacnobierebiT, rom ganaTlebis

sferoSi
kvleva
iSviaTad
mimdinareobs
ase
dalagebulad
da
mowesrigebulad.3
pirveli
mkvlevarma
SeZlebisdagvarad
kvlevis problemis diferenciacia
zustad
unda
moaxdinos
da gansazRvra imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom problema eqsperimentul meTodebs eqvemdebarebodes.

meore
Semowmeba
mkvlevarma
surs.
es
unda
niSnavs
Camoayalibos
konkretul
is
hipoTezebi,
cvladebs
Soris
romelTa
mimarTebis
Sesaxeb winaswarmetyvelebas da amave dros gadawyvetilebis miRebas sxva

cvladebis
Taobaze,
romlebic
sakontrolo
jgufis
meSveobiT
unda
gamoiricxon eqsperimentidan. unda gvaxsovdes, rom cvladebs ori Tviseba

aqvT.
pirvelia
is,
rom
cvladebi
gazomvadi
unda
iyos.
fizikur
momzadebas, magaliTad, pirdapir ver gavzomavT manam, vidre operaciulad

ar ganvsazRvravT. cvladis fizikuri forma _ operaciulad gansazRvra
_ niSnavs mis gansazRvras raime gazomvadiT. am SemTxvevaSi es, albaT,
trenaJoris testi iqneba. meore Tvisebaa is, rom Camnacvlebeli cvladi
CvenTvis saintereso hipoTeturi cvladis validuri indikatori unda
iyos. anu, trenaJoris testi, albaT, fizikuri formisaTvis misaRebi
Camnacvlebelia, simaRle ki, sruli darwmunebiT _ ara. droisa da fulis
SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi eqsperimentidan cvladebis gamoricxva
gardauvalia. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mkvlevarma misTvis saintereso
cvladebis ranJireba prioritetulobis mixedviT unda moaxdinos da
eqsperimentSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvladebi cvalos, danarCenebi ki,
mudmivad, anu ucvleli saxiT SeinarCunos, anu, gaakontrolos.
mesame
mkvlevarma
damoukidebel
fsiqologs
cvladebs
unda
SearCios
Seamowmebs.
saTanado
magaliTad,
doneebi,
vTqvaT,
surs, daadginos, skolaSi kiTxvisTvis
romelzec
ganaTlebis
daTmobili ufro
667
mcire
drois
monakveTebSi
aRweven
moswavleebi
kiTxvis
unaris
gaumjobesebas, Tu amisaTvis ufro xangrZlivi mecadineoba sWirdebaT

(ixileT Simon 1978). fsiqologi saTanado doneebad namdvilad ver aiRebs
drois xuTsaaTian da xuTwuTian monakveTebs. ufro mosalodnelia, rom
man 30-wuTiani da 60-wuTiani doneebi aiRos, raTa isini cxrilSi gaweril,
Cveulebriv
45-wuTian
eqsperimentatori
iseT
mecadineobebs
doneebze
Seadaros.
moaxdens
sxva
sityvebiT,
stimulis
varirebas,
romlebsac realur cxovrebaSi praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvT. kiTxvis

unaris
gaumjobesebis
eqsperimentators
magaliTs
Tu
keTolgoniereba
gavyvebiT,
eyofa
da
Cvens
warmosaxviT
gazomvadi
Sedegebi
misaRebad, sakmarisad didi intervalebiT moaxdens stimulis varirebas.

standartul
45-wuTian
gakveTilebTan
44
da
45-wuTiani
periodebis
Sedareba kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebaSi TvalsaCino gansxvavebas ver

mogvcems.
meoTxe
mkvlevarma
unda
gadawyvitos,
ra
saxis
eqsperimentis
Catarebas apirebs. man, albaT, am TavSi CamoTvlili variantebidan unda

airCios.
mexuTe
gaiTvaliswinos
eqsperimentis
is
populacia,
sqemis
dagegmvisas
romelzec
surs
mkvlevarma
miRebuli
unda
Sedegebis
ganzogadeba. aq Sedis gadawyvetilebebis miReba SerCevis moculobisa da

SerCevis meTodebis Taobaze. SerCevis meTodis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia xelmisawvdomi finansebi, adamianuri resursi da
eqsperimentisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dro.
meeqvse _ validobis problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarma unda
SearCios instrumentebi, airCios kriteriumebi da miiRos gadawyvetileba
analizis adekvaturi meTodebis Sesaxeb.
meSvide _ realuri eqsperimentis dawyebamde mkvlevarma piloturi
kvleviT unda Seamowmos eqsperimentis procedurebi, raTa naxos, kvlevis
romelime aspeqtSi sadme raime Cavardna xom ar aqvs. es ukiduresad
mniSvnelovani procesia.
668
merve _ Tavad eqsperimentis msvlelobisas mkvlevari unda cdilobdes,

zustad
mihyves
Semowmebul
da
winaswar
SeTanxmebul
procedurebs.
instruqciebis standartizeba, eqsperimentuli mimdevrobebis zusti dro,

dakvirvebebis
zedmiwevniT,
pedanturad
Cawera
da
gadamowmeba
es
yvelaferi kompetenturi mkvlevris maxasiaTeblebia.

mas Semdeg, rac monacemebi mogrovdeba, mkvlevari mTeli am wamowyebis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilis winaSe dgeba. monacemebis damuSaveba,
Sedegebis analizi da angariSis monaxazis gakeTeba _ TiToeuli maTgani
Sromatevadi saqmianobaa rogorc inteleqtualuri, ise drois resursebis
TvalsazrisiT. mTlian kvlevaSi eqsperimentis am bolo nawils
Zalze
mcire dros uTmoben xolme. gamocdili mkvlevari iSviaTad uSvebs aseT

Secdomas.
kompiuteruli
gauTvaliswinebeli
eqsperimentuli
programis
ubedureba
kvlevis
Sedegebis
gaumarTaoba
mware
da
gakveTilia
analizisa
da
aTobiT
sxva
imisTvis,
rom
interpretaciisTvis
uxvad daitovoT dro.

eqsperimentuli kvlevis warmoebis aTsafexuriani modeli ase
gamoiyureba (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 13,
faili 13. 13. ppt):
1. eqsperimentis miznis identificireba;
2. relevanturi cvladebis SerCeva;
3. Carevis donis (doneebis) (magaliTad, dabali, saSualo, maRali)
gansazRvra;
4. eqsperimentuli pirobebisa da garemos kontroli;
5. Sesabamisi eqsperimentuli sqemis SerCeva;
6. pre-testis miwodeba;
7. monawileebis jgufSi (jgufebSi) gadanawileba;
8. Careva;
9. post-testis miwodeba;
10. Sedegebis analizi.
669
meeqvse da meSvide safexurebi SeiZleba Seenacvlon erTmaneTs. maTi am

TanmimdevrobiT warmodgena ori jgufis SemTxveviT gadanawilebasa da
Sedarebis
uzrunvelyofis
mizans
emsaxureboda.
eqsperimentebSi
da
fiqsirebul sqemebSi monacemebi krebsiTia da konkretul individebTan ar

asocirdeba.
monacemebi
cvalebadobis
saSualoebis,
dadgenis
Sedegebis
saSualebebia.
diapazonisa
pre-testisa
da
da
maTi
post-testis
etapebze damoukidebeli SerCevebisTvis, jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebis an

msgavsebebis gamosaTvlelad xSirad gamoiyeneba t kriteriumi.
ganaTlebis sferos kvlevis magaliTebi

magaliTi 1: preeqsperimentuli sqema
wina eqsmerimentuli sqema gamoiyenes kvlevaSi, romelSic ganaTlebis
jgufis 1991-92 wlebis kursdamTavrebulebi monawileobdnen. maT bocvanas
saSualo
skolis
maRal
klasebSi
socialuri
mecniereba
unda
eswavlebinaT. mkvlevars ainteresebda, mis mier SemuSavebuli saswavlo

programa
efeturad
swavlebisadmi
instrumentad
Secvlida
studentebis
Tu
ara
orientacias.
barT-Sermisis
socialuri
amisaTvis
mecnierebebisadmi
mecnierebis
man
prioritetebis
kvlevis
skala
gamoiyena (BSSPS Barth-Chermis Studies Preference Scale), romelsac farTod

iyenebdnen sxvadasxva kulturaSi, SeerTebuli Statebis, egviptisa da
nigeriis
CaTvliT
Tanmimdevrobis
da
romlis
sandoobis
struqtura
yvela
zogadad
validobisa
moTxovnil
da
Sinagani
kriteriums
akmayofilebda.
BSSPS Sedgeba likertis tipis (Tavi 15) 45 debulebisgan, romelic
zomavs
socialuri
orientacias,
mecnierebis
romelTagan
sam
uZvelesi
tradicias,
_
anu
moqalaqeobis
filosofiur
gadacema
axalgazrda TaobisTvis sazogadoebis bazisuri Rirebulebebis gadacemas

da swavlebas moicavs. meore orientacia _ socialuri mecniereba _
codnis
mogrovebis
unarebis
SeZenas
ukavSirdeba,
rac
socialuri
mecnierebis cnebebisa da procesebis aTvisebas efuZneba. mesame tradicia,
670
refleqsiuri kvleva-Zieba, jon diuis pragmatizmidan momdinareobs da

Ziebis procesze akeTebs aqcents. 48 magistrantma erTwliani saswavlo
programis dasawyisSi, BSSPS-is debulebebs pirvelive Sexvedraze upasuxa.
programis dasrulebis Semdeg maT ganmeorebiT misces BSSPS, raTa enaxaT,
Seicvala Tu ara studentebis filosofiuri orientacia. mokled, pretestsa
da
post-testSi
orientacia,
gazomvis
naklebad
kriteriumi
prioritetuli
iyo
ori
prioritetuli
orientacia
aRar
ainteresebdaT. zogadad Tu vityviT, swavlis dasawyisisTvis studentebis

umravlesobas
moqalaqeobis
gadacemis
orientacia
hqonda,
kursis
dasasruls ki socialuri mecnierebisa da refleqsiuri kvleva-Ziebisken

gadaxris
tendencia
aReniSnebodaT.
warmodgenisTvis zemoT
kvlevis
sqemis
sqematuri
gamoyenebul simboloebsa da gamoTqmebs Tu
gamoviyenebT, bocvanas kvleva ase SegviZlia gamovsaxoT:

eqsperimentuli
mokle
O1 X
ganxilvac
O2
sakmarisia,
rom
am
kvlevaSi
naklovanebebi
aRmovaCinoT. kempbeli da stenli (1963), faqtobrivad, erTi jgufis pretest-post-test sqemas cud magaliTs uwodeben im ramdenime gareSe
cvladis saCveneblad, romelTac SeuZliaT safrTxe Seuqmnan Sinagan
validobas. am cvladebis moqmedebiT O1_O2 gansxvavebis axsna savsebiT
SesaZlebelia
gansxvavebis
mizezis
hipoTezis
konkurenti
hipoTeziT
(Campbell and Stanley 1963). zemoT aRwerili kvlevis avtori sworad iqceva,
frTxil da windaxedul daskvnebs rom akeTebs: SesaZlebelia iTqvas,
rom socialuri mecnierebis kurss SeeZlo am fenomenis gamowveva, Tumca,
sxva
gareSe
cvladebsac
SeiZloT
emoqmedaT
(Adeyemi 1992, xazgasma
damatebulia). is erTob gulubryvilod adebs xels potenciur axsnas:

momaval maswavleblebSi imitom moxda cvlilebebi, rom racionaluri
gadawyvetilebis
mecnierebebis
miRebisken
cxrawliani
aRebuli
programisaTvis
orientacia
bocvanas
socialuri
ganaTlebis
671
saministros
1989
wels
warmodgenil
rekomendaciebs
Tanxvdeboda/Seesabameboda (Adeyemi 1992).
magaliTi 2: kvazi-eqsperimentuli sqema

masonma da misma kolegebma (1992) 1984-1992 wlebSi longituduri kvleva
Caatares.
kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani iyo enaxaT, gaaumjobesebda Tu ara
moswavleebis akademiur moswrebas saSualo skolaSi swavlis periodSi

zogadsaganmanaTleblo
samuSaoebsa
da
maxasiaTeblebis
skolebis
gamocdebSi
saxelmZRvaneloebSi,
gaTvaliswinebuli
eqsplicituri swavleba. naSromis
momgvreli/ganmanaTlebeli
inglisuri:
sakurso
lingvisturi
saTauri: naTelis
rogor
gaaumjobesa
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi enis eqspliciturma swavlebam saboloo

gamocdis Sedegebi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom avtorebs sjeraT, rom miaRwies
dasaxul mizans. Tu kvlevisTvis arCeul eqsperimentul sqemas SevxedavT,
SegviZlia vikiTxoT kidec: marTlac iseTi erTmniSvnelovani da zustia
am kvlevis Sedegebi, rogorc avtorebi acxadeben?
Sevingtonis kvlevaSi (Sevingtoni, Crdilo-dasavleT inglisSi, sadac
eqsperimenti Catarda) gamoyenebuli sqema ase SegviZlia gamovsaxoT:
eqsperimentuli
sakontrolo
O1X O2
---------O3O4
cxadia, es araekvivalenturi sakontrolo jgufis sqemaa, romelic

zemoT ganvixileT. sqemaSi paraleluri striqonebis gamyofi wyvetili
xazi
gviCvenebs,
rom
jgufebi
ar
gaTanabrebula
SemTxveviTi
gadanawilebiT.
erTi sityviT, mkvlevrebma aiRes meTodologia, romelic axlos dgas
inglisuris, rogorc ucxo enis, swavlebis meTodologiasTan da
VII-IX
klasis/safexuris moswavleebTan (anu moswavleebTan, romelTa asaki 11_14

weli iyo) gamoiyenes Sevingtonis da or sxva, imave arealSi, mdebare
saSualo skolaSi. moswavleebs swavlis yovel etapze akvirdebodnen da
672
maT
miRwevebs
adarebdnen.
sam
sakontrolo
vinaidan
jgufs
eqsperimentuli
TiTo
da
SemTxveviTobis wesiT ar auRiaT, cxadia,
skolaSi
TiTos
sakontrolo
jgufebi
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi
miiRes zogierTi jgufis Carevamde ganxorcielebuli gazomvis SedegebSi

iseTi
meTodikis
mixedviT,
rogoricaa
iorkis
enisken
midrekilebis
testi. metic, vinaidan Carevis Semdgomi gazomvisTvis kiTxvis sakmarisi

sirTulis mqone araviTari stantartizebuli testi ar gamouyenebiaT, maT
Tavad mouwiaT testebis Seqmna; Tumca, avtorebi am testebis Sesaxeb ar
gvawvdian iseT detalebs, rogoricaa maTi validobisa da sandoobis
Sesaxeb informacia. am sirTuleebis miuxedavad, eqsperimentuli jgufebis
moswavleebma
1990
mniSvnelovani
da
1991
wlebSi
Catarebul
gaumjobeseba
aCvenes
sajaro
ufro
gamocdebSi
maRali
procentuli
maCveneblebi hqonda maT, vinc A_C Sefaseba miiRo. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven,

rom
sami
wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebuli
struqturaSi
cvlileba
an
anu
ar
1989-1991
momxdara
maswavlebelTa
wlebSi
sxva
skolis
koleqtivSi,
araviTari
politikaSi,
romelsac
aseTi
mniSvnelovani, 50-procentiani gaumjobesebis axsna SeeZlo (Mason et al.

1992).
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
Sevingtonis
mklevrebma
gareSe
cvladebis
gakontroleba scades, SegviZlia samarTlianad vikiTxoT: Sinagani da

garegani
visaubreT,
validobis
sakmarisad
iseTi
safrTxeebi,
iyo
Tu
ara
romlebzec
Semcirebuli
am
iseTi
wignSi
adre
kategoriuli
daskvnebis gasakeTeblad, rogoricaa _ proeqtSi monawileobis Sedegad,

moswavleebma . . . sajaro gamocdebze met warmatebas miaRwies (Mason et
al. 1992).
magaliTi 3:LWeSmaritad eqsperimentuli sqema

ganvixiloT moswavleebis
miRwevis
gaumjoebesebaze
orientirebuli
kidev erTi kvleva (Bhadwal and Panda 1991). Tumca, aq gaumjobesebis miRwevas
swavlebis
strategiebSi
Setanili
cvlilebebiT
da
ufro
myari
673
eqsperimentuli
sqemiT
Seecadnen.
indoeTis
soflis
dasaxlebebSi
mkvlevrebma 78 moswavlisgan Semdgari SerCeva aiRes. es SerCevebi socioekonomikuri pirobebiTa da araverbaluri inteleqtis koeficientebiT
Seesatyvisebodnen
skolidan,
erTmaneTs.
romlebic,
keTilmowyobis,
moswavleebi
Tavis
mxriv,
maswavleblebis
aarCies
sami
dawyebiTi
adgilmdebareobis,
fizikuri
kvalifikaciisa
da
unarebis,
skolis
Sefasebis procedurebisa da saswavlo procesSi mSoblebis CarTulobis

mixedviT iyvnen gaTanabrebuli. 26 moswavle eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis
SemTxveviTobis
sakontrolo
wesiT
jgufad
aarCies,
gahyves.
xolo
darCenili
eqsperimentuli
52
or
jgufisTvis
Tanabar
swavlebis
Secvlili strategiebis wardgenamde samive jgufma swavlis Cvevebsa da

damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvarebi Seavso. es instrumentebi
specialurad iyo Seqmnili umcrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis da, Cveulebriv,
gavlili hqondaT davalebebis analizi, aseve, test-retestisa da Suaze
gaxleCvis meTodiT sandoobis Semowmebis procedurebi. bhadualisa da
pandas kvlevis sqema sqematurad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
eqsperimentuli
pirveli sakontrolo
meore sakontrolo
gavixsenoT
ganxilva
sqemaSi
da
RO1X RO2
RO3
RO4
RO5
RO6
kargi
eqsperimentuli
SevxedoT
(meore
am
sqemas:
magaliTSi
sqemis
kerlingiseuli
pre-test-post-testis
gamoyenebuli
sqemisgan
gamoyenebulia randomizaciis procedurebi, romelic
(1970)
sakontrolo
gansxvavebiT)
TeoriaSi yvela
SesaZlo damoukidebel cvlads akontrolebs. Tumca, kerlingeri (1970)

amatebs:
sakmarisi
princips
praqtikaSi
es
raodenobis
Sansi
mxolod
cdis
eZleva,
rom
maSin
pirebi
xdeba,
rodesac
monawileoben
kontrolis
mZlavri
da
eqsperimentSi
randomizaciis
iaraRis
funqcia
Seasrulos. sakiTxavia, bhadualisa da pandas (1991) kvlevaSi ramdenadaa

26 moswavliani sami jgufi sakmarisi cdis piri.
674
SerCevebis
Sedgenisas
Sedareba-gaTanabrebis
procedurebisa
da
eqsperimentul da sakontrolo jgufebSi moswavleebis SemTxveviTobis

wesiT
gadanawilebasTan
erTad
mkvlevrebma
kovariaciis
analizic
gamoiyenes, rogorc E da C jgufebs Soris im sawyisi gansxvavebebis

kontrolis kidev erTi saSualeba, romelic damoukidebeli cvladebis,
swavlis
Cvevebisa
da
damokidebulebebis
mixedviT
miRebul
saSualo
qulebSi aRiniSneboda.
eqsperimentuli
organizebis,
programa
saxelmZRvaneloebis,
gamosworebaSi
daxmarebis,
gaumjobesebas.
amasTan
mSoblebis
moicavda
CarTuloba
da
unarebis,
moswavleTa
wyvilebSi
erTad,
swavlebis
axsnisa
da
eqsperimentul
damatebiTi
monawileobis,
uwyveti
jgufSi
sakiTxavi
klasis
Sefasebis
uzrunvelyves
masalebis
miwodeba.
gasakviri iqneboda saswavlo masalebisa da swavlebis strategiebis aseT

nakrebs mniSvnelovani cvlileba rom ar gamoewvia moswavleebSi da
mocemul eqsperimentSi. zustad asec
sakontrolo
jgufTan
SedarebiT,
moxda: eqsperimentulma jgufma, II

romelmac
ar
aCvena
mniSvnelovani
cvlileba, swavlis Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovnad waiwia

win.
vfiqrobT,
mkvlevrebi
gaakvirva
iman,
rom
swavlis
Cvevebis
mniSvnlovani mateba I sakontrolo jgufSi SeiniSneboda. isini fiqroben,

rom es moulodneli Sedegi SeiZleba imiT yofiliyo gamowveuli, rom am
jgufSi
Semavali
moswavleebi
uSualod
Seamowmes. meore mxriv, maTi azriT,

gavlenis
gakveTilia!
moxdena.
naTelia,
(problemuri
rom
wliuri
gamocdebis
win
zogierT auxsnel cvladsac SeeZlo

es
yvela
eqsperimentebis
mkvlevrisTvis
magaliTebisTvis
kargi
ixileT
675
empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli kvleva ganaTlebis

sferoSi da meta-analizi
empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli kvleva
ganaTlebis
epoqaSi
(Thomas and Pring 2004)
empiriul
monacemebze
dafuZnebul meta-analizs ufro da ufro mimarTaven, rogorc kvlevis

meTods,
romelic
erTad
alagebs
sxvadasxva
kvlevas
da
politikis
informirebulad warmoebisa da dagegmvis safuvels qmnis. meta-analizi

TavisTavad aris kvlevis meTodi. am procesis mniSvnelovani dasturia
iseTi organizaciebis Seqmna, roogricaa EPPI-Centre (Evidence for Policy and
Practice
Information
and
Coordinating
Centre)
londonis
(http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/EPPIWeb/home.aspx);
socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo,
da
procesebis
Controlled
kriminologiuri
universitetSi
fsiqologiuri,
Semowmebuli
sasamarTlo
registri (SPECTR Social, Psychological, Educationa and Criminological
Trials
Register),
romelic
(http://www.campbellcollaboration.org)
struqturebia:
mogvianebiT
gadaeca.
Campbell
medicinaSi
Collaboration-s
misi
paraleluri
Cochrane Collaboration (http://www.cochrane.org/index0htm), romelic
sistematurad axorcielebs mecidinaSi eqsperimentuli mtkicebulebebis

gadasinjvasa da meta-analizs: da
Sefasebisa
da
mtkicebuleba
menejmentis
aq,
durhamis universitetis kurikulumis,

centri
Cveulebriv,
ama
(CEM)
Tu
(http://www.cemcentre.org).
im
saxis
randomizebuli
gakontrolebuli cdebidan modis (Tymms 1999; Coe et al. 2000; Thomas and Pring
2004: 95),
sadac
aqcenti
zedmiwevniT
SerCevaze,
gareSe
da
kvlevaSi
CarTuli cvladebis kontrolsa da efeqtis zomis gazomvaze keTdeba.

randomizebuli,
gakontrolebuli
cdebiT
mopovebuli
kumulaciuri
mtkicebuleba sando codnis uzrunvelsayofad aris gankuTvnil. maTze

politika
da
praqtika
igeba
dagrovili, krebsiTi monacemebi
(Coe et al. 2000).
amtkiceben,
rom
imis damamtkicebeli sabuTia,
aseTi
Tu ra
muSaobs, Tumca, morisons es mtkiceba saeWvod miaCnia.

empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli praqtika medicinaSi xorcieldeba
iq,
sadac
qoCranis
(1972)
randomizebuli
gakontrolebuli
cdebis
676
aqtiurma
mxardaWeram,
sistematurma
gadasinjvam
da
dokumentirebam
kohrein kolaboreiSenis (Cochrane Collaboration) dafuZneba moitana Sedegad

(Maynard and Chalmers 1997) da dRes es organizacia mTels msoflioSi
funcqionirebs.
empiriuli
kargad
dagegmil
mtkicebulebis
raodenobriv
safuZvlis
kvlevebs,
ganviTarebaSi
romelTac
wvlilis
Setana
SeuZliaT, xSirad gamoucdeli, arasakmarisad Semowmebuli da praqtikaSi

gadatanili sqemebis Zlier opoziciad miiCneven.
arc
ise
didi
xnis
winaT,
empiriul
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli
ganaTleba socialuri politikis, socialuri samuSaosa (MacDonals 1997)

da ganaTlebis (Fitz-Gibbon 1997) sferoebSi Sevida. ganaTlebis sferoSi am
mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaSi mowinave figurebi fic-giboni (1996;
1997; 1999) da timsi (1996) arian. maT durhamis universitetis kurikulumis,
Sefasebisa da menejmentis centrSi ganaTlebis samonitoringo centri
daaarses. es am mimarTulebiT momuSave, msoflios
organizaciaa.
fic-gibonis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
Sromas
erT-erTi umsxvilesi
mravaldonian
modelirebaSi
igi gvaswavlis, rogor SeiZleba mizez-
Sedegobriobis naTeli mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelsayofad eqsperimentul

meTodebTan indikatorebis sistemebis gamoyeneba da mza pasuxs gvaZlevs
mis mierve dasmul kiTxvaze: saidan viciT, ra muSaobs? (Fitz-Gibbon 1999:
33).
exmianeba ra andersonsa da bidls (Anderson and Biddle 1991), fic-gibons
miaCnia,
rom
politikosebi Tavs arideben mtkicebulebebs politikis
warmoebisas, xolo praqtikosebi, yoveldRiuri saqmianobis aurzaurSi,

nagulisxmev codnas iyeneben da ara _ randomizebuli gakontrolebuli
cdebiT miRebuls. Tumca, damajerebel argumentze dayrdnobiT (Fitz-Gibbon
1997: 35 6),
is
ambobs,
rom
aucilebelia
empiriul
monacemebze
dafuZnebuli midgomebi, raTa eWvqveS davayenoT gaumarTavi praqtikebis

gamoyeneba, gadavWraT problemebi da averidoT mtkivneul procedurebs,
aseve,
iseTi
cvlilebebi
davnergoT,
romlebic
ufro
efeqtur
677
swavlebamde
migviyvans.
garda
amisa,
aseTi
argumenti,
amtkicebs
igi,
efeqtis zomas gviCvenebs da ara statistikur mniSvnelovnebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebul ganaTlebis
sferoSi
mopovebuli
mkvlevarebisTvis,
randomizebuli
mosazreba
informaciis
visi
buneba
simpaTiebis
gakontrolebuli
ZalaSia
da
(nebismieri
cdebi
ucvleli
sakamaTo
rCeba:
ver
da
saeWvoa
mizeziT)
xvdeba,
ganaTlebis
im
sferoSic
fic-gibsonis
sferos
muSakebs
sWirdebaT mtkicebuleba, romelzec TavianT msjelobebsa da moqmedebebs

daafuZneben. indikatorebis sistemebis mTel msoflioSi ganviTareba amis
Zalze
seriozul
SefasebiTa
da
nacionalur
mniSvnelobas
gamocdiT,
da
adasturebs,
Sedegebis
internacionalur
moxdeba
SemowmebiT,
doneze
es
monacemebis
miRwevis
SedarebiT,
Tu
doneebis
saswavlo
garemos SefasebiT. empiriul monacemebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis mizani

isaa, rom
sibneleSi xelis cecebis nacvlad, politikis formireba
informirebuli
momentisTvis
intuicias,
iyos da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba mocemuli
arsebul
saukeTeso
ideologiis,
an
monacemebs
politikur
efuZnebodes
nebas.
TiTqmis
da
ara
araeTikuria
ganaTlebis praqtikaSi gamoucdeli da Seumowmebeli rekomendaciebis

danergva; es iseTive araeTikuria, rogorc saavadmyofos pacientTan, misi
Tanxmobis
gareSe,
Seumowmebeli
produqtebisa
da
procedurebis
gamoyeneba.
meta-analizi
bhadualisa
da
pandas
(1991)
kvleva
tipuria
saklaso
swavlebis
meTodebis efeqturobis SeswavlisTvis warmoebuli kvlevebisaTvis. aseTi

kvlevebi xSirad saaSkaraoze gamosvlas ver axerxeben. gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca isini maRali donis kvlevis moTxovnebs ver akmayofileben.
meta-analizi, martivad rom vTqvaT, sxva analizebis analizia. is moicavs
Sedarebadi
kvlevebis
Sedegebis
Tanmimdevruli
angariSis
dasadgenad.
xSirad
es
saxiT
mogrovebasa
gaerTianebas
statistikuri
gziT
da
ZiriTadi
xdeba,
Tumca
logikurad
efeqtebis
Tvisebrivi
678
analizic
aranakleb
mniSvnelovania.
meta-analizis
gamoyenebis
upiraterobebs Soris fic-giboni (1985) Semdeg Tvisebebs asaxelebs:
moridebuli, mcire zomis angariSebi, romlebic Taroebze awyvia da

imtvereba, SeiZleba gamosadegi gaxdes;
calkeuli studentebisa da leqtorebis

kvlevebi
Rirebuli
xdeba,
kvlevis
Sedegebis
vinaidan
Catarebuli mcire zomis
meta-analizi
koordinirebas
axdens
mravali
Tavad
aseTi
kvlevebis
koordinirebis gareSe;
kvlevis
mTeli
ganmavlobaSi
axali
rogor
Janri
icvleba
iqmneba
istorikosebisTvis
efeqtis
zoma
da
amis
droTa
istoriul
cvlilebebTan dakavSireba.
makgous
(McGaw 1997: 371)
miaCnia,
rom
raodenobrivi meta-analizi
TxrobiTi formiT warmodgenil intuicias anacvlebs xolme (Woods 1995:

389), rogorc sxvadasxva kvlevis gamWvirvaled da gasagebad sinTezirebis
saSualebas (rac sasurvelia mraval sinTetur kvlevaSi: Jackson 1980).
kerZod, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es kvlevebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. jeqsoni (1980), kuki da misi kolegebi (Cook et al. 1992: 13),
aseve, vudi (1995: 390) miiCneven, rom TxrobiTi saxiT mocemuli mimoxilva
midrekilia:
ar
iyos
sruli
da
yovelmxrivi,
iyos
seleqciuri
da
mxolod
kvlevebis qvejgufebs aerTianebdes;
kvlevis
Sedegebis
mcdarad
interpretaciisa
da
dauwmendavad,
daumuSaveblad warmodgenisken;
testebis,
rogorc
hipoTezebis
dadasturebis
saSualebebis,
mniSvnelovnebaze zedmetad dayrdnobisken, ris gamoc uyuradRebod

rCebaT
is
faqti,
rom
mniSvnelovnebis
doneze
ZiriTad
gavlenas
SerCevis moculoba axdens da efeqtis zoma yuradRebis miRma rCebaT;
imisken, rom mimomxilvelebi ver acnobiereben, SemTxveviTi SerCevis

Secdomis
wvlils
sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis cvalebadobaSi;
679
imisken,
rom
yuradRebis
miRma
darCeT,
ramdenad
gaSualebulia
SerCevis maxasiaTeblebi kvlevis SedegebiT;
imisken, rom yuradRebis miRma rCebaT kvlevaSi Sualeduri cvladebis

mniSvneloba;
aragameorebadobisken, vinaidan gasagebad ar aRweren kvlevis Sedegebis

integrirebis procedurebs.
1970-iani wlebis dasasruls glasma da misma kolegebma (Gmass and Smith
1978; Glass et al. 1981), aseve, sxva mkvlevrebma (magaliTad, Hedges and Olkin 1985;
Hedges 1990; Rosenthal 1991) naratiuli intuiciis Casanacvleblad, kvlevis
Sedegebis sinTezirebis raodenobrivi meTodi SeimuSaves. meta-analizi,
arsebiTad _ analizis analizi, mTel rig calkeul da gansxvavebul
kvlevebSi ganzogadebebis raodenobrivad gamosaxvis saSualebebaa. is
ukve arsebul kvlevebSi naklovanebebis aRmosaCenadac gamoiyeneba, raTa
samomavlod SesaZlebeli iyos kvleviT proeqtebSi axali elementebis
gaTvaliswineba. is
martivia
gamosayeneblad
da
advili _
gasagebad,
Tumca, statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic am meTods zurgs umagreben,

sakmaod rTulia. aq Sedis sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis kvantifikacia da
sinTezi romelime saerTo sazomis mixedviT, Cveulebriv, es aris efeqtis
zomis Sefasebebis nakrebi da efeqtis zomisa da sinTezirebaSi monawile
kvlevebis
sxva
maxasiaTebelTa
urTierTmimarTebis
analizi.
statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT sustdeba da baTildeba sxva iseTi

gamaWuWyianebeli
faqtorebi,
rogoricaa
SerCevis
Secdoma,
gazomvis
Secdomebi da diapazonis SezRudva. kvlevis Sedegebi ganzogadebisTvis

mniSvnelovani kategoriebis mixedviT kodirdeba (Glass et al. 1981) ise, rom
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
Sedegebis
Tanmimdevrulobis
danaxva,
romelic
tradiciuli intuiciisa da naratiuli meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi

TvalTaxedvis miRma darCeboda.
fic-giboni (1985: 45) am teqnikas ase xsnis: meta-analizSi cvladebis
efeqtebi maTi efeqtis zomis TvalsazrisiT Seiswavleba. sxva sityvebiT,
imis mixedviT, Tu ramxela gansxvavebas qmnian isini da ara mxolod imis
680
mixedviT, statistikurad mniSvnelovania Tu ara cvladi efeqti iseT

SemTxveviTad aRebul doneze, rogoric 5 procentia. vinaidan efeqtis
zomebze keTdeba aqcenti, gacilebiT
saganmanaTleblo
ioli xdeba,
mniSvnelovnebaze
gavakeToT
miRebuli Sedegebis
koncentrireba
da
statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis mixedviT ar vecadoT maTi mniSvnelobis

Sefasebas.
sabolood,
statistikur
mniSvnelovnebas
SegviZlia
Tavisi
adgili mivuCinoT _ es aris erT-erTi im mraval safrTxeTagani, romelic

Sinagan validobas SeiZleba daemuqros. efeqtis zomis mniSvnelovnebis
doneze zemoT dayeneba Zalian mniSvnelovani nabijia (aseve ixileT Tavi
24)
da
sargeblianobis
gansazRvris
mniSvnelovnebis
doneebSi
SemTxveviTad dawesebuli zRvaris nacvlad miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis

aqcentirebaze
migviTiTebs
(efeqtis
zoma
unda
ergebodes
mkvlevris
miznebs).
termini meta-analizi 1976 wlidan iRebs saTaves (Glass 1976). metaanalizis adreuli formebi kombinirebuli albaTobebisa da sixSireebis
gamoTvlebs iyenebda da Sedegebi gansazRvrul kategoriebSi xvdeboda
(magaliTad,
mocemul
doneebze
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani),
Tumca,
SerCevebis gansxvavebuli moculobebis problemebma simkacre daarRvies

(magaliTad,
didi
daakmayofilebda
SerCevebis
mniSvnelovnebis
SemTxvevaSi
dones,
trivialuri
xolo
mcire
efeqtebi
moculobis
SerCevebidan miRebuli mniSvnelovani monacemebi SeumCneveli darCeboda,

radgan ver miaRwevda statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis dones) (Light and Smith
1972; Glass et al. 1981; McCraw 1997: 371). glasi (1976) da glasi da misi
kolegebi (1981) analizis sam dones gamoyofen:
monacemebis pirveladi analizi;
meoradi
analizi,
ganmeorebiTi
analizi
sxva
statistikebis
gamoyenebiT;
meta-analizi: Sedegebis integrirebisaTvis ramdenime kvlevis Sedegebis

statistikurad gaaanalizeba.
681
glasi da misi kolegebi (1981) da hanteri da misi kolegebi (1982)

cxraetapian proceduras gvTavazoben:
1. samizne (damoukidebeli da damokidebuli) cvladebis gamoyofa;
2. im
kvlevebis
identificireba,
romlebic
mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso
cvladebiT xasiaTdebian;
3. TiToeuli kvlevis im maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT kodireba, romlebic
SeiZleba
(magaliTad,
Sedegebis
da
monawileebis
efeqtis
asaki,
zomebis
sqesi,
prediqtorebi
eTnikuri
iyvnen
warmomavloba,
eqsperimentuli zemoqmedebis xangrZlivoba);

4. cvladebis TiToeuli wyvilisTvis (damokidebuli da damoukidebeli
cvladebis) gamoTvlis gamoyenebiT efeqtis zomebis Sefaseba (ixileT
Glass 1977), efeqtis zomebis SerCevis moculobis mixedviT Sewonva;
5. yvela kvlevis efeqtis zomebis saSualo da standartuli gadaxris
anu kvlevebis dispersiis gamoTvla;
6. SerCevis Secdomebis, gazomvis Secdomebisa da diapazonis SezRudvis
efeqtebis gansazRvra;
7. Tu VI etapze CamoTvlil sakiTxebs dispersiis didi wili miewereba,
maSin efeqtis zomis saSualo cvladebis urTierTmimarTebis zust
Sefasebad SegviZlia miviCnioT;
8. Tu VI etapze CamoTvlil sakiTxebs ar miewerebaT dispersiis didi
wili, maSin ganxilul unda iqnas is samizne maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
kvlevis efeqtebTan korelireben.
kuki da misi kolegebi (1992: 7 12) integraciuli mimoxilvis, rogorc
kvlevis procesis, xuTetapian models gvTavazoben:
1. problemis formulireba. am etapze xarisxiani meta-analizi mkacri
unda
iyos
da
saTanado
yuradReba
miaqcios
mimoxilvis
sqemas,
processa da analizs;
2. monacemebis mogroveba, rodesac mimoxilvisTvis SerCeuli kvlevebi
miznisTvis SesatyvisobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen;
682
3. monacemebis amoReba da analizi, rodesac araeqsperimentul kvlevaSi

ganixileba,
romlis
magaliTic
validobis
safrTxeebia.
kodirebaSi
sandoobiT
aq
da
integraciuli
validoba
miznisTvis
originaluri
kvlevis
mimoxilva
da
SesatyvisobiT,
meTodologiuri
simkacrisadmi yuradRebiT unda xasiaTdebodes;

4. analizi da interpretacia, rodesac ramdenime kvlevis dagrovili
Sedegebi kompleqsur monacemebad unda iqnas ganxiluli da pedanturi
statistikuri analizis gamoyenebiT interpretirebuli.
fic-giboni (1984: 141 2) meta-analizis warmoebis oTx etaps gamohyofs:
1. kvlevebis
moZebna
(magaliTad,
gamoqveynebuli,
gamouqveynebeli,
mimoxilvebi), saidanac daiTvleba efeqtis zomebi;

2. kvlevis maxasiaTeblebis kodireba (magaliTad, TariRi, publikaciis
statusi, sqemis maxasiaTeblebi, sqemis xarisxi, mkvlevris statusi);
3. efeqtis zomebis ise gazomva (magaliTad, eqsperimentuli jgufis zqulis saxiT sakontrolo jgufis ganawilebaSi lokalizeba), rom
SesaZlebeli
iyos
Sedegebis
monacemebis gakontroleba
erT
skalaze
(monacemebis
gazomva,
xorkliani
didi erTobliobidan ara-
damoukidebeli monacemebi);
4. efeqtis
kargad
zomebis
da
cudad
korelireba
konteqstis
gakontrolebul
cvladebTan
kvlevebs
Soris
(magaliTad,
gansxvavebebis
dadgena).
meta-analizSi efeqtis zomaa (magaliTad, kohenis d da eta kvadrati)
prioritetuli
statistikuri
sidide
da
ara
statistikuri
mniSvnelovneba. am sakiTxs wignis mexuTe nawilSi ganvixilavT. efeqtis

zoma gviCvenebs fenomenis mocemulobis xarisxs, anu imas, Tu ramdenad ar
dasturdeba nulovani hipoTeza. vudi (1995: 393) gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom
efeqtis
zomis
gamoTvla
SesaZlebelia
mniSvnelovnebis
donis
SerCevis zomaze gayofiT. glasi da misi kolegebi (1981L 29, 102) efeqtis
zomas Semdegnairad iTvlian:
683

( )

hejisi (Hedges 1981) da hejisi da misi kolegebi (1982) alternatiul

gantolebebs
gvTavazoben
ganxorcielebuli
efeqtis
zomebis
SerCevis
moculobis
cvalebadobis
diferencialuri
Sewonvebis
gasaTvaliswineblad.
or
standartizebuli
indeqss,
saSualoebis
(Hunter et al. 1982: 373),
Tumca,
romelic
sxvaoba
yvelaze
da
iseTi
xSirad
korelaciebi
araparametruli
gamo
gamoiyeneba,
warmoadgens
statistikebis
gamoyenebac SeiZleba, rogoricaa mediana. lipsi (Lipsey 1992: 93 100)

asaxelebs
statistikur
testebs,
romliTac
SesaZlebelia
efeqtis
zomebTan, efeqtis zomis saSualoebTan da homogenurobasTan muSaoba.

aqedan naTelia, rom glasi da sxvebi uSveben, rom meta-analizi mxolod
konkretuli
saxis
eqsperimentuli
kvlevebisTvis
SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes da ara _ yvelanairi saxis kvlevisTvis. aman SeiZleba

SeizRudos misi gamoyenebis areali.
glasi
da
misi
kolegebi
(1981)
miiCneven,
rom
meta-analizi
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, rodesac is gamouqveynebel disertaciebze

xorcieldeba,
mocemuli,
rogorc
vinaidan
vidre
(Cooper
xSirad
gamoqveynebul
araswori
amtkiceben
maTSi
da
and
ufro
Rosenthal
ufro
susti
naSromebSi
STambeWdavi
1980),
da
korelaciebia
amitom
moqmedebs,
ganzogadebebis
rom
meta-analizi
muxruWi.
II
gvaris
SecdomebisTvis (efeqtis ver aRmoCena, rodesac is realurad arsebobs)

Tavis
aridebis,
sistematurad
kvlevis
sinTezirebis
Sedegebis
da
samomavlo
generirebis saSualebaa. Tumca hejisi

kolegebi
(1992:
297)
aCveneben,
ufro
rom
mkacrad,
zustad
kvlevebisTvis
da
hipoTezebis
da olkini (1980) da kuki da misi

SerCevaSi
CarTuli
kvlevebis
raodenobis zrdasTan erTad matulobs II gvaris Secdomebis daSvebis

albaTobac.
amasTan, rozenTali (1991) gvTavazobs I gvaris Secdomebis (efeqtis
aRmoCena, romelic realurad ar arsebobs) Tavidan aridebis meTods. es
meTodi imis dadgenas efuZneba, Tu ramdeni saSualod nulis toli
684
Sedegis mqone gamouqveynebeli kvleva unda Catardes, rom statistikurad

mniSvnelovani
gamoqveynebuli
magaliTisTvis
is
kvlevebi
asaxelebs
daabalansos.
Sefardebas
277:1,
erT-erTi
Sesabamisad,
gamouqveynebeli da gamoqveyenebuli kvlevebisTvis da amiT gamoqveynebul

kvlevebSi SezRudul mikerZoebulobaze miuTiTebs.
meta-analizsac hyavs
Tavisi kritikosebi (magaliTad, Wolf 1986; Elliott
2001: Thimas and Pring 2004).
vulfi
(1986:L14_17)
eqvs
ZiriTad
sferoze
miuTiTebs:
rTulia
logikuri
gansxvavebul
daskvebis
eqperimentul
gamotana
kvlevebidan,
romlebic
sazomebs,
cvladebis
zemoqmedebas,
gansazRvrebebsa da monawileebs iyeneben;
cudad dagegmili kvlevebis Sedegebi umaRlesi xarisxis kvlevebis

Sedegebis gverdiT ikaveben adgils;
upiratesoba eniWeba gamoqveynebul da ara _ gamouqveynebel kvlevas;
gamoiyeneba erT kvlevaSi miRebuli ramdenime Sedegi, rac mTlian metaanalizs ufro sando garegnobas sZens, vidre
realuradaa, vinaidan
monacemebi damoukidebeli ar aris;
upiratesoba eniWeba ZiriTad efeqtebs da yuradRebis miRma rCeba

urTierTqmedebis efeqtebi;
meta-analizs mavne Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves (Wolf 1986: 16), radgan

misi
TvalsaCino
obieqturoba
da
sizuste
SeiZleba
kvlevebis
procedurul araqmedunarianobas faravdes.

am kritikaze vulfi (1986) mtkice Teoriul da empiriul pasuxs iZleva.
igi
(1986:
55
6)
mkacri
da
swori
meta-analizis
ganxorcielebis
aTsafexurian process gvTavazobs:

1. naTlad
gansazRvreT analizSi kvlevebis
kriteriumebi;
2. moZebneT gamouqveynebeli kvlevebi;
CarTvis
da
gamoricxvis
685
3. SeimuSaveT
kodirebis
kategoriebi,
romelic
arCeuli
kvlevebis
yvelaze farTo diapazons moicavs;

4. moiZieT urTierTqmedebis efeqtebi da cal-calke SeiswavleT mravali
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladi;
5. SeamowmeT Sedegebis heterogenuroba da calke mdgomi monacemebis
efeqtebi, grafikurad gamosaxeT Sedegebis ganawilebebi;
6. SemowmeT SemfasebelTa Soris kodirebaSi Tanxmobis sandooba;
7. efeqtis
zomis
indikatorebi
gamoiyeneT
da
ara
statistikuri
mniSvnelovneba;
8. miRebul
Sedegebze
gamoTvaleT
SerCevis
mourgebeli
moculobis
(nedli)
da
gavlenis
Sewonili
sanaxavad
kriteriumebi
da
efeqtis zomebi;
9. gamoiyeneT mimoxilvis Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi;
10. daafiqsireT ganxorcielebuli meta-analizis SezRudvebi.
am
CamonaTvals
SegviZlia
davamatoT
kvlevis
kiTxvebi,
kvlevis
Teoriuli CarCo, mimoxilvis procesis aRwera, naSromebis Ziebisa da

mopovebis
strategiebi
da
is
meTodebi,
romliTac
ganxorcielda
ramdenime kvlevis Sedegebis sinTezi (Thomas and Pring 2004: 54 5).

gorardi (2001: 72 3) meta-analizis warmoebis oTxsafexurian models
gvTavazobs:
1. SeagroveT yvela saTanado kvleva;
2. SeafaseT TiToeuli kvleva misi zomisa da xarisxis mixedviT;
3. CamowereT gamoyenebuli Sedegebis sazomebi;
4. Segrovebuli
dagrovebis
monacemebis
meTodi
bunebis
(magaliTad,
im
mixedviT
aarCieT
Sedegebis
kvlevebis
daTvla,
romlebSic
miiRes efeqti da romlebSic ver miiRes efeqti, an kvlevebis efeqtis

zomebis saSualos gamoTvla)
evansi
da
benefildi
(Evans and Benefield 2001: 533 7)
empiriuli
mtkicebulebebis sistematuri mimoxilvis eqvs princips asaxelebs:
686
kvlevis kiTxvis naTlad formulireba;
relevanturi kvlevebis sistemuri, sruli da amomwuravi Zieba;
analizSi kvlevebis CarTvis da gamoricxvis naTeli kriteriumebis

(monacemebis
gamoyeneba:
amoRebis
gamoqveynebuli,
sametyvelo
(magaliTad,
ena,
an
Sedegze
eqsperimentuli
maxasiaTeblebi,
CaTvliT)
gamouqveynebeli,
sityva-gasaRebebi,
procesze
retrospeqtuli),
SerCevis
kriteriumebis
citirebis
dafinanseba,
fokusirebuli,
zemoqmedebis
kvlevis
dagegmva
gansazRvra
da
da
detalebi,
kvlevis
tipi
prospeqtuli
(Carevis)
procesi,
an
buneba,
Sedegebis
Sefaseba;
TiToeul kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodologiis xarisxis Sefaseba

(magaliTad, eqsperimentisa da SerCevis saxeoba, Sedegebis sazomebis
warmodgena);
strategiebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera kvlevebis arCevasa da ganxilvaSi

mikerZoebulobis Semcirebis mizniT;
kvlevebis mimoxilvisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodologiis gamWvirvaloba.

gorardi (2001) aRiarebs, rom meta-analizSi SeiZleba subieqturoba
Seiparos. vinaidan, igi imdenadaa

romelTa
sinTezirebac
monacemTa
bazis
ubralod,
gaamravlon
hanteri
da
misi
unda
damokidebuli im Sedegebis xarisxze,
moxdes,
naklovanebebi
da
(magaliTad,
kolegebi
(1982)
rom
dainteresebulma
SerCevis
scadon
miiCneven,
pirebma
SezRudvebi
SeiZleba,
araSedarebadis
Sedareba).
rom
gasaTvaliswinebelia
SerCevis Secdoma da sxva faqtorebis gavlena, romliTac dadgenili

efeqtis zomebis dispersiis 75 procentze naklebi unda aixsnas, raTa
Sedegebi
misaRebi
iyos
da
SesaZlebeli
gaxdes
maTi
kodirebis
kategoriebSi gadanawileba. aq yvelaferi naTelia: kodirebis kategoriebi

unda gviCvenebdes maTi sizustis dones, maT sandoobasa (magaliTad,
SemfasebelTa Soris Tanxmobis sandooba, ixileT Tavi 6) da validobas
(McGaw 1997: 376 7).
687
im
braldebis
sapasuxod,
rom
mikerZoebuloba
arCevisas
iseTive
Zlieri iqneba gamoqveynebuli da gamouqveynebeli kvlevebis momcvel

meta-analizSi,
rogorc
erTi
avtoris
mier
gamoqveynebul
naSromSi,
glasi da misi kolegebi (1981: 226 9) amtkiceben, rom aucilebelia

gamoqveynebul
naSromebSi
gamouqveynebel
gakeTebuli
naSromebSi
xmamaRali
napovni
ganacxadebisa
moridebuli
da
gancxadebebis
dapirispireba.
tripis TqmiT (Tripp 1985), vinaidan (bevri) kvlevis raodenobrivi buneba
TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi
mxolod
ramdenime
saerTo
cvladis
gazomvas
moiTxovs, is, cvladebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, SerCevis moculobas

ufro
zrdis, vidre _ monacemebis kompleqsurobas. meta-analizi riskavs
da iseTi kvlevebis sinTezirebas cdilobs, romlebic sakmarisad

hgvanan erTmaneTs imisaTvis, rom
amis
ar
kanonierad gakeTebis saSualebas
iZleodnen (Glass et al. 1981: 22; McGaw 1997: 372). amis analogiuri situacia
gveqneba,
zeTisa
da
wylis
siTxeebis
kategoriaSi
gaerTianeba
rom
movindomoT. meta-analizi ityoda, rom SesaZlebelia kvlevebs Soris

gansxvavebebisa da Sedegebisadmi maTi damokidebulebebis kodireba da
meta-analizisTvis
adreuli
daqvemdebareba.
meta-Sefasebis
kvlevebi
aizenks
(Eysenck 1978)
vaSlebs
miaCnia,
forToxlebTan
rom
urevdnen.
morisoni (2001b) kiTxulobs:

rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom meta-analizi samarTliania, Tu calkeuli
eqsperimentebis
konstruqtebiT
calkeuli
hipoTezebi
ar
iyo
araidenturia,
operacionalizebuli
randomizebuli,
(magaliTad,
vadebi,
sakontrolo
jgufebi,
Tu
da
gakontrolebuli
eqsperimentuli
jgufebis
hipoTezebi
Tu
ar
Sedgenis
iyo
cdebis
zemoqmedebebi
identuri
identuri
mimdinareoba
da
procedurebi,
programebi,
monawileebis
maxasiaTeblebi da gamoyenebuli sazomebi)?

(Morrison 2001b: 78)
miuxedavad imisa, rom glasi da misi kolegebi (1982: 218 20) pasuxoben
aseT
braldebebs,
faqti
mainc
saxezea
(McGaw 1997):
meta-analizSi
688
arsebobs riski imisa, rom ganurCevlad ganixilon didi moculobisa da

zogjer araTanmimdevruli kvleviTi literatura.
aseve,
gaugebaria,
meta-analizis
dros
rogor
ganasxvaveben
erTmaneTisgan karg da cud kvlevebs, magaliTad, meTodologiurad

myar da cudad agebul kvlevebs (Cook et al. 1992: 297). smiTi da glasi (1977)
da levaCici da glateri (Levai and Glatter 2000) miiCneven, rom kvlevis
meTodologiis
xarisxis
miuxedavad,
SesaZlebelia
misi
Sedegebis
gamoyeneba, Tumca, glasi da smiTi (1978) da slavini (1984a; 1984b) klasis

zomis efeqtebis kvlevaSi miuTiTeben, rom meTodologiis xarisxi qmnis
gansxvavebas. glasi da misi kolegebi (1981: 220 6) efeqturad pasuxoben
cudi kvlevebidan monacemebis gamoyenebis braldebas, amtkiceben ra,
rom, sxva mosazrebebTan erTad, erTad aRebuli bevri susti kvleva
Zlier daskvnas qmnis da rom validuri da naklebad validuri kvlevebis
eqsperimentul efeqtTa zomebs Soris gasaocrad mcire gansxvavebaa (Glass
et al. 1981: 221, 226).
garda amisa, vudi (1995: 296) gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom meta-analizi
zedmetad
amartivebs
Sedegebs
koncentrirdeba
da
urTierTqmedebas.
im braldebis
imiT,
uyuradRebod
rom
tovebs
saerTo
efeqtebze
Sualeduri
cvladebis
sapasuxod, rom meta-analizi xSirad
monacemebis did masivebze tardeba, sadac erTi kvlevidan ramdenime

Sedegi
miiReba
(anu
monacemebi
ar
aris
damoukidebeli)
da
amitom
arasandoa, glasi da misi kolegebi (1981: 153 _ 216) miuTiTeben, Tu rogor

SeiZleba
amis
damuSavebuli
daZleva
teqnikebiT.
monacemebis
da
bolo,
analizis
daxvewili
praqtikuli
da
sakiTxia
is
kargad
dro,
romelic sWirdeba ara marto advilad sapovneli kvlevebis gamoyenebas

(rogorc wesi, didmasStabiani gamoqveynebuli naSromebi), aramed ufro
mcire zomis gamouqveynebeli kvlevebis moZiebas da analizSi CarTvas. am
ukanasknelis
uaryofis
efeqti
tendenciurobis saxiT gamovlindes.
SeiZleba
meta-analizis
imTaviTve
689
yvelaze
metad
swored
yoveli
raodenobrivi
kvlevidan
ganzogadebebisken tradiciuli swrafva aferxebs monacemTa iseTi bazis

Seqmnas, romelic adekvaturad asaxavda ganaTlebis socialuri bunebis
sirTules. kargi da cudi eqsperimentuli kvlevebis kumulaciuri
efeqtebi grafikulad aris warmodgenili 13. 6. CanarTSi
CanarTi 13. 6
klasis zoma da swavla kargad da cudad gakontrolebul kvlevebSi
miRweva
procentilis
rangebSi
kargad gakontrolebuli kvlevebi

cudad gakontrolebuli kvlevebi
klasis zoma
miRwevis (procentilebiT gamosaxuli) klasis zomaze
regresiis wirebi im kvlevebisTvis, romlebSic,
moswavleebis klasebSi gadanawileba kargad da cudad iyo
gakontrolebuli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Glass and Smith 1978
meta-analizis magaliTi ganaTlebis sferodan

glasi da smiTi (1978) da glasi da misi kolegebi (1981: 35 44)
gamoyofen 77 empiriul kvlevas, romelic klasis zomisa da moswavleebis
swavlis urTierTmimarTebas Seexeba. am kvlevebSi gakeTebulia ufro
didi da ufro patara klasebis 725 Sedareba. es Sedarebebi TiTqmis
900,000
yvela
asakisa
da
yvelanairi
saskolo
sagnebis
swavlisadmi
midrekilebis moswavlisgan miRebul monacemebs eyrdnoba. regresiuli

analizis gamoyenebiT 725 Sedareba erT mrudSi gaerTianda, romelic
zogadad klasis zomasa da miRwevas Soris mimarTebas gviCvenebs. mrudma
gamoavlina garkveuli ukukavSiri klasis zomasa da moswavlis swavlas
Soris. rodesac mkvlevrebma hipoTezaSi gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva
pirobebisTvis msgavsi mrudebi miiRes, bazisuri urTierTmimarTeba unda
Secvliliyo (magaliTad, swavlis safexuri, sagani, moswavlis unari da a.
S.), Tumca realurad arc erTma am konkretulma viTarebam ar Secvala
bazisuri urTierTmimarTeba. mruds, arsebiTad, mxolod erTi faqtori
cvlis _ originaluri kvleva eqsperimentuli TvalsazrisiT adekvaturad
690
iyo
Tu
ara
gakontrolebuli
ufro
mcire
da
ufro
did
klsebSi
moxvedril moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs Soris sawyisi gansxvavebebis

mixedviT.
691
14 praqtikis kvleva
Sesavali
praqtikis kvleva mZlavri iaraRia adgilobriv doneze cvlilebisa da
gaumjobesebisTvis.
kurt
levinis
(erT-erTi
damaarsebeli)
naSromi
mizanmimarTulad moiazrebda upovari, Rataki jgufebis cxovrebis Sansis

Secvlas
sacxovrebeli
pirobebis,
dasaqmebis,
crurwmenebis,
socializaciisa da treningis mimarTulebiT. masSi praqtikisa da kvlevis

kombinaciam erTnairad miizida mkvlevrebi, maswavleblebi da akademiuri
da ganaTlebis sferoebis warmomadgenlebi.
praqtikis kvlevis, rogorc meTodis, SesaZlebloba STambeWdavia. misi
gamoyeneba praqtikulad TiTqmis yvela garemoSia SesaZlebeli, sadac
problema, romelSic adamianebi, amocanebi da procedurebia CarTuli,
gadawyvetas iTxovs, an, sadac maxasiaTeblis garkveul cvlilebas ufro
sasurveli
Sedegi
maswavlebels,
moaqvs.
erT
misi
skolaSi
ganxorcieleba
momuSave
SeuZlia
maswavlebelTa
erT
jgufs,
maswavlebels an maswavleblebs, romlebic xangrZlivad urTierToben da

TanamSromloben
mxareebTan
mkvlevarTan
erTad,
rogorebic
an
mkvlevrebTan
warmoadgenen
sxva
mrCevlebs,
dainteresebul
universitetis
departamentebs da dargis sponsorebs (Holly and Whitehead 1986). praqtikis

kvlevis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSia SesaZlebeli, magaliTad, iseTSi,
rogoricaa:
swavlebis
meTodebi:
tradiciuli
meTodis
aRmoCenis
meTodiT
Canacvleba;
swavlis strategiebi: swavlisadmi integrirebuli midgomis aRiareba

swavlebisa da swavlis erTi sagnis stilis nacvlad;
Sefasebis procedurebi: konkretuli individis mier uwyveti Sefasebis

meTodebis gaumjobeseba;
692
damokidebulebebi
da
Rirebulebebi:
Sromisadmi
ufro
dadebiTi
damokidebulebis waxaliseba, an moswavleebis RirebulebaTa sistemis

modificireba cxovrebis garkveuli aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT;
maswavleblebis uwyveti profesiuli ganviTareba: swavlebis unarebis

gaumjobeseba,
swavlis
axali
meTodebis
ganviTareba,
analizis
simZlavris gazrda, TviTcnobierebis amaRleba;
menejmenti
da
kontroli:
qcevis
modifikaciis
teqnikebis
TandaTanobiT wardgena;
administrireba: skolis cxovrebis administraciuli mxaris zogierTi

aspeqtis efeqturobis gazrda.
Tumca, es magaliTebi ar niSnavs, rom ase iolia praqtikis kvlevis
tipebis
gamoyofa.
es
bunebis
kompleqsurobisa
da
mravalSrianobis
darRveva iqneboda. kemisi (Kemmis 1997) aRniSnavs, rom praqtikis kvlevis

ramdenime skola arsebobs.
praqtikis kvlevis gansazRvreba

praqtikis
kvlevis
tipur
gansazRvrebebSi
ramdenime
gansxvavebuli
koncefciis garCeva SeiZleba. magaliTad, hopkinsi (1985: 32) Tvlis, rom

praqtikisa da kvlevis kombinireba warmoqmnis samecniero kvleva-ZiebiT
aqtivobas, romelSic
gadaxalisebas
sistematur
pirovneba
cdilobs.
midgomad
praqtikis
ebati
gagebas, gaumjobesebasa
(Ebbutt 1985: 156)
miiCnevs,
romelSic
praqtikis
kombinirebulia
da
kvlevas
praqtikis
gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli qmedeba da refleqsia. koheni da manioni (1994;

186)
gansazRvraven
mciremasStabian
mas,
rogorc
Carevasa
da
realuri
aseTi
samyaros
Carevis
funqcionirebaSi
efeqtebis
detalurad
Seswavlas (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 14,

faili 14. 1. ppt). praqtikis kvlevis simkacres adasturebs misi kidev erTi
fuZemdebeli _ kori (Corey 1953: 6), romelic amtkicebs, rom esaa procesi,
sadac
praqtikosebi
problemebs,
raTa
mecnierulad
Seafason,
(kursori
gaaumjobeson
da
Cvenia)
Seiswavlian
mimarTuleba
miscen
693
gadawyvetilebis miRebis processa da praqtikas. kemisi da maktagarti

(1992: 10) amtkiceben, rom praqtikis kvlevis Catareba niSnavs dagegmo,
imoqmedo,
daakvirde
sistematurad
da
da
ufro
gaiazro
ufro
meti
skurpulozurad,
yuradRebiT,
vidre
amas
ufro
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi vakeTebT.
praqtikis
kvlevisadmi
ufro
filosofiuri
pozicia,
romelic
habermasis Sromas exmianeba, qarsa da kemiss ekuTvniT (Carr and Kemmis 1986:
162).
isini
praqtikis
kvlevas
monawileebis
gamokvlevis formad miiCneven, romelsac

maqsimizaciis
konteqstSi
sakuTari
mier
TviTrefleqsiuri
socialuri samarTlianobis
praqtikebis
ukeT
gasagebad
axorcieleben. maknifs (McNiff 2002: 17) miaCnia, rom praqtikis kvlevaSi

CarTuli mkvlevrebis azriT,
adamianebs SeuZliaT TavianTi identobis
Seqmna da maT sxvebsac unda miscen amis SesaZlebloba. grundi (Grundy

1987: 142) miiCnevs, rom praqtikis kvleva arsebobis socialuri pirobebis
gaumjobesebiT
aris
dainteresebuli.
kemisi
da
maktagarti
(1992)
gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rom:

praqtikis
individebis
kvleva
SecvliT
erTnairad
da,
meore
aris
mxriv,
dainteresebuli,
im
jgufebis,
erTis
mxriv,
institutebisa
da
sazogadobebis kulturis SecvliT, romelsac es individebi miekuTvnebian.

jgufis kultura SeiZleba ganisazRvros sametyvelo enisa da diskursebis
mdgenelebiTa
da
formebiT,
aseve,
im
socialuri
urTierTobebiTa
da
organizaciebiT, romlebic jgufis urTierTqmedebebs qmnian.

(Kemmis and McTaggart 1992: 16)
praqtikis kvleva mowodebulia kvlevasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli

ufskrulis Sesavsebad (Somekh 1995: 340) da cdilobs, daZlios mosazreba,
rom kvleva ver axerxebs praqtikaze zemoqmedebas, an mis gaumjobesebas
(aseve ixileT Rapoport 1970; 499; McCormick and James 1988; 339). stenhauzs
(Stanhouse 1979) miaCnia, rom praqtikis kvlevam wvlili unda Seitanos ara
marto praqtikaSi, aramed ganaTlebisa da swavlebis TeoriaSic, romelic
694
xelmisawvdomia
sxva
maswavleblebisaTvis
da
amiT
saganmanaTleblo
praqtika ufro gaazrebuli gaxados (Elliot 1991: 54).

praqtikis
kvlevaSi
gaerTianebulia
diagnostireba,
qmedeba
da
gaazreba (McNiff 2002: 15) da monawileebis dasaxelebul im praqtikul

sakiTxebze fokusirdeba, romlebic ase Tu ise problemuria da jer kidev
eqvemdebareba cvlilebas (Elliot 1978: 355 6). zuber-skeritis (Zuber-Skerritt
1996b:
83)
programis
mosazrebiT,
mizania
nebismieri
socialuri
praqtikis
praqtikis
kvlevis
proeqtis
realuri
an
gaumjobesebis,
ganaxlebis, cvlilebis an ganviTarebis miRweva da praqtikosis mier

sakuTari praqtikebis ukeT gageba.
kemisi da maktagerti Tavian yovlismomcvel gansazRvrebaSi praqtikis
kvlevis Sesaxeb ramdenime mosazrebas ayalibeben:
praqtikis kvleva koleqtiuri TviTrefleqsiuri kvleva-Ziebis formaa,
romelsac socialur situaciebSi monawileebi axorcieleben, raTa sakuTari
socialuri
an
saganmanaTleblo
praqtika
ufro
samarTliani gaxadon, ukeT gaerkvnen am praqtikaSi
racionaluri
da
da im situaciebSi, sadac
praqtika xorcieldeba. . . . midgoma mxolod maSin aris praqtikis kvleva,

rodesac
is
erToblivi
ZalebiT
sruldeba,
Tumca,
imis
gacnobierebac
mniSvnelovania, rom jgufis praqtikis kvleva mxolod jgufis TiToeuli

wevris praqtikis safuZvliani SeswavliTa da kritikuli midgomiT miiRweva.
kemisi da maktageti (1992: 21 2) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben praqtikis

kvlevas da maswavleblebis yoveldRiur qmedebas:
es azrovnebis maswavleblebisTvis Cveuli forma ar aris, roca isini

swavlebaze
fiqroben.
kolaboraciulia
praqtikis
empiriuli
kvleva
sabuTebis
ufro
sistematuri
mogrovebisas,
da
romlebsac
jgufuri gaazreba da msjeloba unda daeyrdnos);
es ar aris ubralod problemis gadaWra. praqtikis kvleva problemis

wamoWrasac
moicavs
da
aramarto
mis
gadaWras.
is
ar
iwyeba
mosazrebiT, rom problemebi paTologiebia. is motivirebulia, rom
695
gaigos da gaaumjobesos samyaro, Secvalos is da gaarkvios, rogor

miiRweva es mizani ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT;
es ar aris sxva adamianebze Catarebuli kvleva. es aris konkretuli

adamianebis
mier
sakuTari
muSaobis
procesis
kvleva,
raTa
ukeT
akeTon is, rasac akeTeben, sxvebTan da sxvebisTvis muSaobis CaTvliT;
praqtikis kvleva ar aris swavlebisTvis gamoyenebuli mecnieruli

meTodi. es mxolod mecnieruli meTodis xedvis
erT-erTi gzaa;
nofke da zeiCneri (Noffke and Zeichner 1987) maswavleblebTan warmoebuli

praqtikis kvlevis Taobaze Semdegs amtkiceben:
cvlis profesiuli unarebisa da rolebis maTeul gansazRvrebebs;
zrdis sakuTari Rirebulebisa da TviTrwmenis grZnobas;
zrdis saklaso sakiTxebis gacnobierebis xarisxs;
aumjobesebs gaazrebisa da msjelobisadmi maT ganwyobas;
cvlis maT Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs;
ufro SeTanxmebuls xdis Teoriasa da praqtikas;
swavlebis, saskolo procesisa da sazogadoebis xedvis ufro gaSlil

kuTxes/farTo diapazons aZlevs.
aq
mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebelia
mtkiceba,
rom
praqtikis
kvleva
maswavleblebis profesiul ganviTarebas emsaxureba. praqtikis kvleva

profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis xSirad aqsiomad moixsenieba (magaliTad,
Nixon 1981; Oja and Smulyan 1989; Somekh 1996: 343; Winter 1996). is situaciaze
dafuZnebuli swavlaa; swavla samuSao adgilze da samuSao adgilis
Sesaxeb (Collins and Suguid 1989). amrigad, praqtikis kvlevas ramdenime

moTxovnas
uyeneben.
am
moTxovnebsa
da
gansazRvrebebze
ramdenime
principi aigeba.
praqtikis kvlevis principebi da maxasiaTeblebi

halti da lenungi (Hult and Lennung 1980) da makernani (McKernan 1991: 32
3) miiCneven, rom praqtikis kvleva:
696
mowodebulia rogorc praqtikuli problemebis gadasaWrelad, ise _

mecnieruli codnis Sesavsebad;
aumjobesebs monawileTa kompetenciebs;
kolaboraciulia;
uSualod adgilze xorcieldeba;
monacemebidan iRebs ukukavSirs uwyvet ciklur procesSi;
konkretuli rTuli socialuri situaciebis gagebas cdilobs;
socialuri
sistemebis
farglebSi
cvlilebis
procesis
gagebas
cdilobs;
eTikis SeTanxmebul CarCoSi xorcieldeba;
adamianis qmedebaTa xarisxis gaumjobesebas cdilobs;
im
problemebze
fokusirdeba,
romelic
aq
da
amJamad
uSualod
awuxebT monawileebs;
erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovs;
xSirad iyenebs SemTxvevis Seswavlas;
kvlevis im paradigmisTvis Tavis aridebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba,

romelic cvladebis izolirebasa da kontrols axdens;
maformirebelia
imdenad,
rom
kvlevis
procesSi
SesaZlebelia
problemis gansazRvrebebis, miznebisa da meTodologiis Secvla;
moicavs Sefasebasa da gaazrebas;
meTodologiurad ekleqturia;
wvlili Seaqvs ganaTlebis mecnierebaSi;
cdilobs, rom kvleva monawileebisTvis sasargeblo da gaziarebadi

gaxados;
dialogis forma aqvs da prioritets diskurss aniWebs;
zogierT formas kritikuli miznebi aqvs;
cdilobs, rom emansipatoruli iyos.

zuber-skerits (Zuber-Skerritt 1996b) miaCnia, rom praqtikis kvleva aris:
697
kritikuli
(da
refleqsiuri
TviTkritikuli)
(kritikis)
angariSvaldebulni
erToblivi
kvleva-Zieba,
praqtikosebi
arian
da
kvlevis
axorcieleben;
Sedegebs
romelsac
isini
sazogadoebisTvis
xelmisawvdoms xdian, Tavad afaseben sakuTar praqtikas, praqtikulad arian

CarTuli problemebis gadawyvetaSi da ar wyveten profesiul ganviTarebas.
(Zuber-Skerritt 1996b: 85)
es ukanaskneli mosazreba praqtikis kvlevis uinteriseul (Winter 1996:

13 14) eqvs ZiriTad princips exmianeba:
refleqsiuri kritika: sakuTari aRqmis mikerZoebulobis gacnobierebis

procesi;
dialeqtikuri kritika: im elementebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis

gagebis gza, romlebic Cvens konteqstSi sxvadasxvagvar fenomenebs
qmnian;
kolaboracia:
moiazrebs,
rom
TiToeuli
monawilis
mosazreba
situaciis gagebaSi Setanil wvlilad miiReba;
darRvevis riski: Cveni TavisTavad nagulisxmevi procesebis codna da

mzaoba, rom isini kritikas davuqvemdebaroT;
mravlobiTi struqturebis Seqmna: rac gulisxmobs sxvadasxvagvari

axsnebisa
da
kritikis
da
ara
mxolod
erTi
avtoritatuli
interpretaciis _ formirebas;
gaTvisebuli Teoria da praqtika: rac niSnavs, rom Teoria da praqtika

cvlilebis procesis ori urTierTdamokidebuli, magram Semavsebeli
fazaa.
am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemuli gansazRvrebisTvis saerTo ramdenime
maxasiaTebeli
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
praqtikis
kvlevas
aqvs
ZiriTadi
principebi, romelTac kemisi da maktageti (1992: 22 5) Semdegnairad

ajameben:
praqtikis kvleva aris cvlilebis gziT ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba da am

cvlilebebis SedegebiT swavla;
698
praqtikis kvleva erToblivia: es aris kvleva, romliTac adamianebi
sakuTari (da mxolod amis Semdeg, meore rigSi, sxvebis) praqtikis

gaumjobesebisTvis muSaoben;
praqtikis
kvleva
TviTrefleqsiuri
dagegmvis,
cikluri
moqmedebis
spiraliT
viTardeba:
(dagegmilis
es
aris
ganxorcielebis),
dakvirvebis (sistematurad), refleqsiis . . . da Semdeg xelaxali

dagegmvis, Semdgomi ganxorcielebis, dakvirvebisa da refleqsiis . . .
spirali;
praqtikis
kolaboraciulia:
kvleva
praqtikis
gaumjoebesebaSi
am
qmedebaze pasuxismgebeli adamianebi arian CarTuli;
praqtikis
kvleva
romlebic
im
kvlevis
TviTkritikul
adamianebis
procesis
yvela
etapSi
erTobas
qmnis,
monawileoben
da
TanamSromloben (dagegmvaSi, moqmedebaSi, dakvirvebasa da gaazrebaSi).

misi
mizani
romlebsac
Soris
iseTi
adamianebisgan
ainteresebT
urTierTobebze
instituciuri
marwuxebisgan,
da
sakuTar
erTobebis
garemoebas,
moipovon
Tavad
pirovnuli
Semdgari
qmedebasa
meti
codna
Seqmnaa,
da
Sedegs
da
Tavi
gainTavisuflon.
marwuxebisgan
im
romlebic sakuTari kanonieri saganmanaTleblo da
socialuri RirebulebebiT cxovrebas uzRudaven;
praqtikis
adamianebi
kvleva
procesis
mizanmimarTulad
sistematuri
moqmedeben,
Seswavlaa,
Tumca,
romelSic
mzad
arian
moulodnelobebisTvis da SesaZleblobebze reagireben;
praqtikis kvlevaSi adamianebi sakuTari praqtikebis Teoriad qceviT

arian dakavebuli. maT ainteresebT garemoebebi, moqmedeba da Sedegebi.
isini sakuTari cxovrebis garemoebebis, moqmedebebisa da Sedegebis
urTierTmimarTebis gagebamde midian;
praqtikis
kvleva
moiTxovs,
rom
adamianebma
institutebis
TavianTi praqtikebi, mosazrebebi da daSvebebi iseTi
Sesaxeb
damajerebeli
sabuTebis moagrovebiT Seamowmon, romlebic maT aqamde arsebuli

praqtikebis, mosazrebebis da daSvebebis simcdareSi daarwmunebs;
699
praqtikis kvlevas xedvis farTo kuTxe aqvs imisa, Tu ra iTvleba

empiriul sabuTad (anu monacemad): is moicavs ara marto Canawerebis
warmoebas, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad zustad aRwers _ ra xdeba. . . .

Cveni
aramed
sakuTari
msjelobebis
mogrovebasa
da
analizs,
reaqciebsa da STabeWdilebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba;
praqtikis kvleva moiazrebs piradi Jurnalis warmoebas, romelSic

procesis
winsvlas
da
ori
paraleluri
procesis
gaazrebas
(refleqsias) vafiqsirebT: rac sakvlevi praqtikebis Sesaxeb viswavleT.

. . da rac am praqtikebis Seswavlis procesis (praqtikis) Sesaxeb
viswavleT;
praqtikis kvleva politikuri procesia, radgan masSi iseT cvlilebebs

vaxorcielebT, romlebic sxvebze moaxdens gavlenas;
praqtikis kvlevaSi adamianebi kritikulad aanalizeben situaciebs

(klasebs,
skolebs,
sistemebs),
romelSic
Tavad
muSaoben:
es
situaciebi instituciurad aris struqturirebuli;
praqtikis kvleva mcirediT iwyebs _ iseTi cvlilebebiT, romelTa cda

erT adamiansac ki SeuZlia (me TviTon) da ufro didi cvlilebebis
mimarTulebiT muSaobs _ ideebis an institutebis kritikamdec ki,
ramac,
Tavis
mxriv,
klasebis,
skolebis
an
sistemis
masStabiT
warmoebuli politikisa da praqtikebis ufro zogad reformamdec

SeiZleba migviyvanos;
praqtikis kvleva dagegmvis, moqmedebis, dakvirvebisa da gaazrebis
mcire ciklebiT iwyeba, romlebic sakiTxebis, ideebisa da daSvebebis

ufro naTlad CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba ise, rom Semdgomi muSaobis
procesSi CarTul da ukve gansazRvrul erTeulebs ufro mZlavri
sakiTxvebis gamokveTa Tavad SeuZliaT;
praqtikis kvleva TanamSromelTa mcire jgufebiT iwyeba, magram masSi

CarTulTa wre ise farTovdeba, rom TandaTanobiT ufro da ufro
matulobs im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc kvlevaSi monawileobs da vizec
sakvlevi praqtikebi axdens gavlenas.
700
praqtikis kvleva gaumjobesebis Canawerebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas

gvaZlevs: cvlilebis procesSi myofi aqtivobebisa
da praqtikebis
Canawerebi;, sametyvelo enasa da diskursSi momxdari cvlilebebis

Canawerebi (sadac aRvwerT, vxsniT da vasabuTebT Cvens praqtikebs); im
socialur
urTierTobebsa
cvlilebebis
Canawerebi,
da
organizaciis
romelic
formebSi
axasiaTebs
da
momxdari
zRudavs
Cvens
praqtikebs; praqtikis kvlevaSi gawafulobis Sesaxeb Canawerebi;
praqtikis kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs, sxvebis winaSe davasabuToT

Cvens mier warmoebuli saganmanaTleblo samuSao, vinaidan SegviZlia,
vaCvenoT, Tu rogor movipoveT empiriuli sabuTebi, rom kritikuli
gaazreba imis ganviTarebuli, Semowmebuli,a kritikulad Seswavlili
da logikurad dasabuTebuli safuZvlis SeqmnaSi dagvexmara, rasac

vakeTebT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es principebi praqtikis kvlevis literaturaSi
didi
mxardaWeriT
sargeblobs,
zogierTi
komentaris
gakeTeba
mainc
saWiroa. magaliTad, mis principebSi mkveTrad aris xazgasmuli misi

TanamSromlobiTi, kolaboraciuli buneba (magaliTad, Hill and Kerber 1967).
kemisi da maktagarti (1992: 6) amas Tavad levinis
rodesac
jgufuri
gadawyvetilebisadmi
mis
Sromidan iReben,
mxardaWeraze
saubroben.
magaliTad, amtkiceben, rom

vizec
dagegmili
pasuxismgebloba
cvlilebebi
kritikulad
zemoqmedebs,
informirebuli
imaTi
praqtikis
romelic mosalodnel gaumjobesebamde miiyvans, aseve,
upirvelesi
gezis
arCevaa,
praqtikaSi nacadi
strategiebis Sefaseba. . . praqtikis kvleva jgufuri aqtivobaa [da] is ar

aris
individualisturi.
individualizmSi
gadaSveba
jgufis
kritikuli
dinamikis darRvevas niSnavs.

(Kemmis and McTaggart 1992: 15, kursori originaluria)
Tumca, praqtikis kvlevis mxolod jgufur aqtivobad miCneva SeiZleba

Zalian SemzRudavi aRmoCndes. is individualuri saqmianobac SeiZleba
iyos, rodesac praqtikis kvleva _ maswavlebeli, rogorc mkvlevari _
701
situacias exeba (Stenhouse 1975). uaithedi (Whitehead 1985: 98) praqtikis

kvlevis Sesaxeb aSkarad individualisturi terminebiT wers da amaze
dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom maswavlebels SeuZlia hkiTxos
sakuTar
Tavs:
ra
aris
CemTvis
problema?;
ra
aris
SesaZlo
gadawyveta?; rogor SemiZlia gadawyvetis marTva?; rogor SemiZlia

Sedegebis Sefaseba da Semdgomi moqmedeba?
praqtikis
kvlevis
jgufuri
aqtivobisadmi
erTgulebis
ramdenime
wyaro arsebobs. pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT, oja da smuliani (Oja and

Smulyan
1989:
aRniSnaven,
14)
kolaboraciuli
rom
maswavleblebisgan
qcevebisa
ufro
praqtikis
da
metad
kvlevis
ganxilvisas,
damokidebulebebis
mosalodnelia,
Tu
Secvla
isini
Tavad
monawileobdnen kvlevaSi, romelmac ara marto aCvena aseTi cvlilebebis

saWiroeba, aramed daanaxa kidec, rom am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebelia. es mesakuTreobisa da CarTulobis sakiTxebia, romelTa
analogi
mixedviT,
menejmentis
literaturaSi
moiZebneba.
arsebuli
masalebis
yvelaze kargad imas ZaluZs problemis gansazRvra da mis
mogvarebaze muSaoba, vinc yvelaze axlosaa masTan (magaliTad, Morrison

1998).
ideologiuri
TvalsazrisiT,
arsebobs
mosazreba,
rom
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi unda CaerTos is, visac mocemuli sakiTxi

awuxebs. Cagruli da marginalizebuli jgufebis (visac TiTqmis ar aqvs
xmis ufleba) leviniseul kvlevas Tu davujerebT, es gasakviric arc
aris. is, rom aq Sewyvilebulia ideologiuri da politikuri debati,
ufro
mogvianebiT
laTinur
freirisa
amerikaSi
(Freire 1970)
warmoebul
da
kvlevebSi
toresis
gamoCnda.
(Torres 1992: 56)

es
ukanaskneli
monawileobiTi praqtikis kvlevis ramdenime principsac gvTavazobs:
is
aSkarad
iwyeba,
gamokveTili
romlebic
socialuri
sazogadoebaSi
da
politikuri
dominirebul
klasebTan da jgufebTan aris SeWidebuli;
da
CanafiqrebiT
gaWirvebul
702
kvlevis
procesSi
mosaxleoba
unda
monawileobdes,
anu,
kvlevas
socialuri safuZveli unda hqondes;
is
codnas
socialuri
transformaciis,
rogorc
mTlianis,
agentad/saSualebad miiCnevs, amitom sastikad akritikebs im poziciebs,

sadac codna (Teoria) praqtikisgan damoukideblad arsebul erTeulad
aRiqmeba;
misi epistemologiuri safuZveli kritikul Teoriasa da kvlevaSi

subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTebis miseul kritikaSi iRebs saTaves;
man unda gazardos individebis, jgufebisa da erebis cnobierebis

xarisxi.
monawileobiTi praqtikis kvleva ar niSnavs, rom yvela monawile
erTdroulad unda iyos kvlevaSi CarTuli. es niSnavs mkvlevris, rogorc

fasilitatoris,
warmmarTvelis,
codnis
maformireblisa
da
Semajameblis, aseve, sakiTxebis wamomWrelis (magaliTad, moqmedebebis

SesaZlo Sedegebi, struqturuli pirobebis codna) rolis gacnobierebas
(Weiskopf and Laske 1996: 132 3).
aq vamtkicebT, rom praqtikis kvleva demokratiuli aqtivobaa (Grundy
1987: 142). demokratiis es forma monawileobiTia (da ara, magaliTad,
resprezentaciuli),
rac
kritikuli
Teoriis
(romelsac
qvemoT
ganvixilavT; aseve ixileT Aronowitz and Giroux 1986; Giroux 1989) ZiriTad
maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. es ar aris, ubralod, Teoriis Secvlis
forma,
aramed
Zalauflebisa
da
Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobebis
fundamentur sakiTxebs exeba. vinaidan monawileebs Zalauflebas aZlevs,

moqmedebiT kvleva uflebamosilebis miniWebis aqtivobad miiCneva. elioti
(1991: 54) amtkicebs, rom uflebamosilebis aseTi miniWeba koleqtiur
doneze unda xdebodes da ara _ individualurze, radgan individebi
erTmaneTisgan
izolirebulad
ki
ar
moqmedeben,
aramed
maT
organizaciuli da struqturuli Zalebi aZleven formas.

es
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia, vinaidan am sakiTxiT iwyeba
praqtikis
kvlevis ramdenime banakad gayofa (Kemmis 1997: 177). erT mxares dganan
703
praqtikis kvlevis iseTi damcvelebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, elioti (1978;

1991), romelic iosef Svabisa (Joseph Schwab) da donald Sionis (Donald
Sch n) tradiciaze dgas da aqcents refleqsiis praqtikaze akeTebs. es
poziciis _ maswavlebeli, rogorc mkvlevari _ damcveli
kurikulumis
kvlevis gamorCeulad Zlieri sferoa (Sch n 1983; 1987). meore mxares dganan
mklevrebi, romlebic
kritikuli
praqtikis
kvlevis
models
uWeren
mxars da maT Soris arian qari da kemisi (1986).
praqtikis kvleva, rogorc kritikuli praqsisi

praqtikis
kritikuli
kvlevis
Teoriis
sferoSi
arsebuli
frankfurtis
skolas
literaturis
(ixileT
Tavi
umetesoba
1),
kerZod,
habermasis Sromas efuZneba. veiskopfi da laske (Weiskopf and Laske 1996: 123)
praqtikis kvlevas germanuli tradiciis farglebSi aTavseben, pirdapir,
rogorc kritikul socialur mecnierebas. codnis dadgenis interesebis
Sesaxeb habermasis adreul Sromebze (1972, 1974) dayrdnobiT, praqtikis
kvlevis samgvari klasifikaciaa SesaZlebeli. amaze pirvel TavSi gvqonda
saubari.
grandi (Grundy 1987: 154) amtkicebs, rom teqnikuri praqtikis kvleva
arsebuli
situaciis
gardaqmnisTvisaa
swavlis
ufro
mowodebuli.
argirisiseul
qmediT
am
(Argyris
da
efeqtur
TvalsazrisiT,
1990)
cnebas
is
situaciad
garsis
uaxlovdeba,
doneze
romelic
funqciuri, xSirad xanmokle da teqnikuria. is Sionis (1987) praqtikisas

refleqsiis (Morrison 1995a) cnebasac exmianeba. eliots (1991: 55) miaCnia,
rom es mosazreba zRudavs praqtikis kvlevas, vinaidan, ganixilavs ra
maswavleblebs
ufro
individualisturia
zogadi
faqtorebisgan
da
ugulebelyofs
sapirispirod,
praqtikuli
izolaciaSi,
kurikulumis
zedmetad
ufro
farTo
struqturebs.
amis
informirebul
profesionalizmis
msjelobaze
amaRlebisTvisaa
praqtikis
dayrdnobiT,
mowodebuli
kvleva,
maTsave
maswavleblebis
(Grundy 1987: 154).
es
stenhauzis (1975) mier STagonebuli moZraobis _ maswavlebeli, rogorc
704
mkvlevari _ safuZvels qmnis. is Sionis (1987) moqmedebaze refleqsiis

cnebas hgavs da gaumjobesebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli, socialuri
situaciebis
kinCelo
gagebisa
da
interpretaciis
(Kincheloe 2003: 42)
praqtikis
kvleva
exmianeba
racionalurobis,
am
hermenevtikuli
mosazrebas
obieqturobis,
da
aqtivobaa.
dasZens,
WeSmaritebisa
rom
da
meTodologiis pozitivistur xedvas uaryofs, amave dros, upiratesobas

hermenevtikul gagebasa da emansipatorul praqtikas aniWebs.
kinCelos
(2003: 108) TqmiT, moZraoba maswavlebeli, rogorc mkvlevari politikuri

wamowyebaa da ara trivialuri receptebis krebuli _ teqnikuri samuSao.
emansipatoruli praqtikis kvlevas detaluri samoqmedo gegma aqvs. is
imdenadaa politikuri, ramdenadac _ saganmanaTleblo. grundi (1987) am
mosazrebis
sasargeblo
emansipatoruli
aRweras
gvTavazobs.
kvleva
monawileebSi
praqtikis
interpersonaluri
SezRudvebis
ukanonobis
igi
im
amtkicebs,
struqturuli
gagebis
rom
da
Camoyalibebas
eswrafvis, romlebic maT damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas abrkoleben

(Grundy 1987: 146 7). grundis Rrma rwmeniT, es SezRudvebi ukanono
represias, dominirebasa da kontrols efuZneba. rodesac monawileebi
acnobiereben
am
SezRudvebs,
SeboWilobidan
da
SezRudulobidan
Tavisuflebisken, damoukideblobisa da socialuri samarTlianobisken

iwyeben moZraobas.
kinCelo (2003: 138 9) emansipatoruli praqtikis kvlevis Svidetapian
process gvTavazobs:
1. Sinaarsis sistemis ageba;
2. kvlevis dominanturi meTodebsa da maT efeqtebSi garkveva;
3. Sesaswavli Temis SerCeva;
4. kvlevis sxvadasxvagvari strategiebis momarageba;
5. mogrovebuli informaciis gaazreba;
6. im
mouxelTebeli,
nagulisxmevi
Teoriebisa
gacnobiereba, romlebic praqtikas warmarTaven;
da
daSvebebis
705
7. swavleba,
rogorc
emansipatoruli,
praqsisze
dafuZnebuli
aqtis
xedva.
aq praqsisi gaazrebulad ganxorcielebul moqmedebad ganisazRvreba,
romelic miznad emansipacias isaxavs.
amgvarad, praqtikis kvleva individebsa da socialur jgufebs Zalas
matebs, rom Tavad gaakontrolon sakuTari cxovreba winsvlis, da ara _
saerTo interesebis daTrgunvis pirobebSi (Habermas 1976). is Zalauflebis
ukanono praqtikis gamowveviT iwyeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT
Zalauflebis
(Tumca,
ganzomilebas
argiriseul
(1990)
cnebas
mocemul
sistemebSi
Teoriasa
da
aerTianebs;
es,
politikuri
moicavs)
hgavs.
daeWvebas
praqtikas
misTvis
gaumjobesebisken,
svla.
ufro
igi
samarTliani
garkveulwilad,
levinis
(1946)
praqsisi
farglebSi
programa
egalitaruli
Tanxvdeba
swavlis
(1987)
wyobis
politikuri
is
Rirebulebebis
grundisTvis
socialuri
kvlevas
vinaidan
doneze
monawileebisgan
egalitaruli
ufro
birTvis
moiTxovs.
praqtikis
xasiaTis,
aqvs
sazogadoebisken
mosazrebas,
rom
praqtikis kvlevas Tanasworobisa da TanamSromlobisken, eqspluataciis

dasasrulisan da demokratiis xelSewyobisken mivyavarT (aseve ixileT
Hopkins 1985: 32; Carr and Kemmis 1986: 163). zuber-skerits (1996a: 3) miaCnia, rom
emansipatoruli
praqtikis
kvleva
maTsave
praqtikaSi
arsebuli
ZiriTadi problemisa Tu sakiTxis . . . kolaboraciuli, kritikuli da

TviTkritikuli
kvleva-Ziebaa,
problema
da
maTia
gunduri
romelsac
muSaobiTa
praqtikosebi
da
qvemoT
axorcieleben.
mocemuli
cikluri
procesis meSveobiT mis mogvarebaze pasuxismgeblad da angariSvaldebulad

grZnoben Tavs. es procesia:
1.
strategiuli dagegmva;
2. moqmedeba anu gegmis Sesruleba;

3.
dakvirveba, Sefaseba da TviTSefaseba;
4. 1-3
punqtebSi
gaazreba
miRebuli
(refleqsia)
da
gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
Sedegebis
praqtikis
kritikuli
kvlevis
da
TviTkritikuli
Semdegi
ciklisTvis
706

(Zuber-Skerritt 1996a: 3)
zuber-skeriti (1996a: 5) amtkicebs, rom praqtikis kvleva maSin aris
emansipatoruli, rodesac miznad ara marto teqnikur da praqtikul

gaumjobesebasa da monawileebis
mier
sakiTxis ukeT
gagebas
isaxavs
(arsebul farglebSi da viTarebaSi gardaqmnasa da cvlilebasTan erTad),

aramed Tavad sistemis Secvlasac, an im pirobebis Secvlas, romelic
xels
uSlis
sistemis/organizaciis
sasurvel
gaumjobesebas.
aq
ar
arsebobs ierarqia, es Ria da simetriuli komunikaciaa.

emansipatoruli
pozicia
Zalian
seriozulad
epyroba
praqtikis
mkvlevrebis, rogorc TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebaSi monawileebis,

xedvas. es, Tavis mxriv, habermasis gviandel Sromebs (1984; 1987; 1990)
efuZneba, kerZod, mis cnebas _ idealuri metyvelebis situacia. am
cnebis mixedviT:
praqtikis
kvleva
gaigeba,
rogorc
politikuri
programis
mqone
refleqsiuri praqtika;
yvela
monawile
(da
praqtikis
kvleva
monawileobiTia)
Tanasworuflebiani moTamaSea;
praqtikis kvleva aucileblobiT dialoguria _ interpersonaluria da

ara _ monologuri (individualuri);
komunikacia
Tandayolili,
sazogadoebaSi
Sinagani
xorcieldeba:
grundi
elementia;
da
kemisi
is
TanasworTa
(1988:
87)
amas
simetriul komunikacias uwodeben;
vinaidan TanasworTa sazogadoebaSia, praqtikis kvleva aucileblad

demokratiulia da xels uwyobs demokratias;
Zieba
konsensusisTvisaa
(xolo
konsensunsi
erTze
met
monawiles
saWiroebs) da amitom, kolaboraciasa da monawileobas moiTxovs.

am TvalsazrisiT, emansipatoruli praqtikis kvleva zemoT mocemul
moTxovnebs
praqtikis
akmayofilebs.
kvlevas
kemisi
uyeneben,
rac,
da
maktagarti
faqtobrivad,
(1992)
am
moTxovnebs
saSualebas
gvaZlevs
707
vamtkicoT, rom mxolod emansipatoruli praqtikis kvlevas (samgvari

tipologiiT) SeuZlia es.
kemisis (1997: 177) azriT, or banaks (refleqsiur praqtikosebsa da
kritikul Teoretikosebs) Soris gansxvaveba praqtikis kvlevis maTeul
interpretaciaSi
Zevs.
pirvelisTvis
praqtikis
kvleva
profesiuli
praqtikis lokalur, savaraudod, klasis doneze gaumjobesebaa individis

SesZleblobebisa
da
im
situaciebis
farglebSi,
romlebSic
isini
muSaoben. meore banakisTvis praqtikis kvleva ganaTlebis cvlilebis,

saskolo ganaTlebis cvlilebisa da sazogadoebis cvlilebis ufro
didi programis nawilia.
praqtikis kvlevis ZiriTad termini gaZliereba? uflebamosilebis
miniWebaa.
pirveli
banakisTvis
operaciebis
profesiul
profesiuli
avtonomiis
uflebamosilebis
sferos,
miRwevas
profesiuli
ukavSirdeba.
miniWeba
didwilad
ganviTarebis
meore
gziT
banakisTvis
is
samarTlian, egalitarul, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi individis mier

sakuTari
cxovrebis
kontrols
exeba.
imis
garkveva,
es
ukanaskneli
ganxorcielebadia Tu utopiuri, am mosazrebis kritikosebis saqmea. sad

aris
mtkicebuleba
uflebamosilebas
imisa, rom kritikuli praqtikis

aniWebs
an
sazogadoebis
kvleva
jgufebs
makro-struqturebs
afrTxilebs? aris Tu ara kritikuli praqtikis kvleva socialurad

transformirebadi?
SemTxvevaSi _
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi,
msajulebs
icnoben;
uares
ubralod ar arian, radgan mTel msoflioSi kapitalizmi
egalitarizmze dominirebs. aq laparakia imaze, Tu ramdenad cdilobs

emansipatoruli
praqtikis
kvlevis
koncefcia
praqtikis
kvlevis
programis miTvisebas da Tu cdilobs _
arTmevs Tu ara praqtikis
kvlevas praqtikosebs da amis prerogativas
mxolod Teoretikosebisa da
akademiuri kvlevis wreebs utovebs.

emansipatoruli praqtikis kvlevis aseTi interpretaciis ramdenime
kritika arsebobs (Gibson 1985; Morrison 1995a; Somekh 1995; Grundy 1996; McTaggart
708
1996; Melrose 1996; Webb 1996; Weiskopf and Laske 1996; Kemmis 1997), maT Soris
vismenT Semdeg mosazrebebs:
is utopiuri da ganuxorcielebelia;
zedmetad makontrolebeli da direqtiulia, praqtikis kvlevis erT

SablonSi Camwyvdevas cdilobs _ konformizmisken iswrafvis;
emansipaciisa da praqtikis kvlevis da am kvlevis warmoebis Sesaxeb

sakuTar, viwro
mosazrebaze dgas;
TviTkritikuli
sazogadoebebis
maswavleblis,
rogorc
sasargeblod,
mkvlevris
uaryofs
mniSvnelovnebas:
calkeuli
kemisi
da
maktagarti (1992: 152) kiTxuloben: ratom unda iyos praqtikis kvleva
jgufuri procesi?
praqtikis kvlevis aseTi tipologia araqmediTunaria;
is uSvebs, rom racionaluri konsensunsi miRwevadia. racionaluri

debati
yvela
monawiles
ufleba-mosilebas
aniWebs
(anu
akninebs,
saTanadod ver afasebs Zalauflebis sakiTxs, romlis Tanaxmadac,

yvelaze informirebulni ukve yvelaze didi Zalauflebis mqoneni
arian). grundi (1996: 111) amtkicebs, rom ukeTesi argumenti imisia, visac
yvelaze meti mtkicebuleba da mizezebi aqvs. es Zalauflebis mqoneT
ufro
xelewifebaT;
amiT
eWvqveS
dgeba
Tanasworuflebianobis
pirobebi;
is
azviadebs
konsensusze
orientirebuli
kvlevis
(romelic
uyuradRebod tovebs Zalauflebis kompleqsurobas) sasurvelobas;
Zalaufleba mxolod racionalobiT ver gaifanteba, an ubralod ver

gadanawildeba;
praqtikis kvleva, rogorc kritikuli Teoria, amcirebs mis praqtikul

gavlenas
da
samecniero
sazogadoebaSi
codnis
komercializaciiT
farglavs;
moklebulia kritikis grZnobas da sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba;
dogmebisadmi monuri erTgulebiT konformizmis stimulirebas axdens;
709
gulubryvilod
uyurebs
jgufebs
da
individebze
metad
jgufebs
aniWebs upiratesobas, gansakuTrebiT, Cven jgufs (Cvenianebs) da ara

_ imaT jgufs (sxvebs);
Tavis
mecnierul
xedvas
privilegirebulad
miiCnevs
(uaryofs
obieqturobas) da aklia moridebuloba;
kritikuli Teoriis avtoritets privilegirebulad miiCnevs;
elituria, Tumca egalitarizmis samsaxurisTvisaa mowodebuli;
praqtikis kvlevis aradiferencirebul xedvas moiazrebs;
praqtikis kvlevis daqvemdebarebasa da sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas

cdilobs.
es
gamanadgurebeli
kvleva,
romelic
ukiduresad
rogoric
kritika
bolo
dros
problemuria.
isini,
faqtobrivad,
gvaxsenebs,
is
melrouzi
sakmaod
iseTive
romlebzec
rom
moculobiTi
52)
lamobs
miiCnevs,
rom
praqtikis
gaxda,
makontrolebeli
Tavdasxmas
(1996:
kritikuli
mainc
programaa,
(Morrison
vinaidan
1995b).
kritikuli
TeoriaSi TavisTavad Zevs Rirebuleba, is uars ambobs neitralurobaze,

aqvs
moqmedi
mkafio socialuri programa, romelic konkretul situaciaSi

Rirebulebebis,
eTikis,
moralisa
da
politikis
gamokvlevis
safarqveS, sinamdvileSi, miznad status qvos transformacias isaxavs.

praqtikis
mkiTxvels
kvlevis
am
wignis
gasagebad
da
martivi
eleqtronul
versias
savarjiSos
evTavazobT
sanaxavad,
(ixileT
praqtikis kvlevis procedurebi

praqtikis kvlevis etapebis gaanalizebis ramdenime gza arsebobs. erTerTi maTganis mixedviT, praqtikis kvleva or martiv etapad SeiZleba
daiyos:
diagnostirebis
hipoTezebs
ayalibeben;
etapi,
da
rodesac
Terapiuli
problemas
etapi,
aanalizeben
rodesac
da
cnobierad
710
mimarTuli
Carevis
an
eqsperimentis
meSveobiT
adgilzeve
amowmeben
hipoTezebs. levini (1946; 1948) praqtikis kvlevis process oTx ZiriTad

etapad warmoadgens, esenia: dagegmva, moqmedeba, dakvirveba da gaazreba
(refleqsia).
misi mosazrebiT,
praqtikis kvleva zogadi ideiT iwyeba da arsebul
situaciaze monacemebi grovdeba. am kvleva-Ziebis warmatebuli Sedegi

dadgenili miznis misaRwevi praqtikis gegmis SemuSavebaa. amasTan erTad
isic unda gadawydes, Tu ra gakeTdeba pirvelad. levini aRiarebs, rom
sawyisma gegmam an ideam SeiZleba saxe icvalos.
ganxorcielebis etaps
Tan axlavs mimdinare faqtebis monitoringi da Carevis Sefaseba, anu,

maformirebeli
Sefasebis
aqti.
amas
gegmis
gadasinjvasa
ganxorcielebis procedurebis gaweramde mivyavaarT, rasac,
da
monitoringi
da Sefaseba mosdevs. levins (1948: 205) miaCnia, rom aseTi racionaluri

socialuri
menejmentidagegmvis,
praqtikisa
da
ganxorcielebuli
moqmedebebis Sedegebze faqtebis moZiebis spiralur procesad SegviZlia

aRviqvaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakamaToa (magaliTad, McTaggart 1996: 248), levinis
Sromis memkvidreoba did gavlenas axdens praqtikis kvlevis kemisisa da
maktagartis mier SemoTavazebul etapebze (1981):
praqtikaSi procesi iwyeba im zogadi ideiT, rom sasurvelia garkveuli
saxis gaumjobeseba an cvlileba. rodesac mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas iRebs
imis Taobaze , Tu saidan daiwyos, igi jer praqtikis vels sazRvravs, . . . anu
brZolis adgils (da ara
zepraqtikis adgilis
omis). es aris gadawyvetileba SesaZlebeli
Taobaze. zogadi idea (brZolis) velis pirobebis
dazvervisken da maT Sesaxeb faqtebis moZiebisken gvibiZgebs. velis Taobaze

gadawyvetilebis
miRebisa
da
winaswari
dazvervis
Semdeg,
praqtikis
mkvlevari moqmedebis generaluri gegmis Taobaze iRebs gadawyvetilebas,

generalur gegmas miRwevad nabijebad yofs da praqtikis pirvel nabijs
dgams. pirveli nabijis gadadgmamde, praqtikis mkvlevari ufro windaxeduli
xdeba da praqtikis pirveli nabijis monitoringis meTods imuSavebs. mas
Semdeg,
rac
praqtikis
monitoringiT
faqtebis
dafiqsireba
SesaZlebeli
711

xdeba, pirveli nabiji idgmeba. pirveli nabijis ganxorcielebis Semdeg
axali
monacemebi
Semoedineba
da
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
praqtikis
efeqtis
aRwera da Sefaseba. amis Semdeg, generaluri gegma praqtikis velis Sesaxeb

axali informaciis kuTxiT gadaixedeba da praqtikis meore nabiji da misi
monitoringis Sesabamisi procedurebi daigegmeba. Semdeg xorcieldeba meore
nabiji, xdeba misi monitoringi da Sefaseba; da ase spiralurad mimdinareobs
praqtikis,
monitoringis,
Sefasebisa
da
xelaxali
dagegmvis
Semdgomi
nabijebic.
makkernani
(McKernan
leviniseuli
modeli
1991:
Tvlis,
17)
spiralebis
rom
seriebia,
praqtikis
romelTagan
kvlevis
TiToeuli
analizis, velis dazvervis, problemis xelaxali gansazRvris, Carevis

dagegmvis,
gegmis
ganxorcielebis
da
Carevis
efeqturobis
Sefasebis
cikls warmoadgens. ebati (Ebbutt 1985) am mosazrebas imasac amatebs, rom

mniSvnelovania ciklebs Soris da TiToeuli ciklis Sida ukukvSiri,
romelic aiolebs refleqsias. es pozicia ganamtkica praqtikis kvlevis
altriCerisa
da
gstetneris
(Altricher and Gstettner 1993: 343)
modelma,
romelSic, marTalia, oTxi etapi gamoiyofa: (1) sawyisi wertilis povna;

(2) situaciis garkveva; (3) praqtikis strategiebis Camoyalibeba da maTi
praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba; (4) maswavlebelis codnis sazogadoebisTvis
gacnoba. Tvlian, rom ar aris saWiro (2) da (3) etapebi erTmaneTis
Tanmimdevruli
iyos
da
amiT,
monacemebis
mogrovebis,
analizisa
da
interpretaciis etapebis erTmaneTisgan xelovnurad gamijvnas eridebian.

zuber-skeriti
(1996b:
84)
emansipatorul
(kritikul)
moqmedebaTa
kvlevas ciklur procesad warmoaCens: (1) strategiuli dagegmva; (2)

gegmis
ganxorcieleba
TviTSefaseba;
(4)
TviTkritikuli
gadawyvetilebebis
(1)
(moqmedeba);
_
gaazreba
miReba.
(3)
dakvirveba,
(3)
etapebis
Sedegebis
da
kvlevis
Semdegi
organizaciuli
Sefaseba
da
kritikuli
da
ciklis
cvlilebis
Taobaze
Teoriisadmi
praqtikis kvlevis warmosaxviT gamoyenebaSi igi iRebs levinis (1952)

cnobil
Sromas
velis
analizisa
da
cvlilebis
Teoriis
Sesaxeb
712
(galRvoba moZraoba xelaxali gayinva), aseve,

kolegebis (Beer et al. 1990)
birisa da misi
warmoebul amocanaze sworebis kvlevas da
maT praqtikis kvlevis Tanmimevrobas argebs, rac naTlad

praqtikis kvlevis mocemul
warmoaCens
etapebs (CanarTi 14. 1).
maknifi (McNiff 2002: 71) praqtikis kvlevis procesis rvaetapian models

gvTavazobs (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 14,
faili 14. 2. ppt):
1. mimoixileT Tqveni mimdinare praqtika;
2. gamoyaviT is aspeqti, romlis gaumjobesebasac isurvebdiT;
3. warmoidgineT amisken mimavali gza;
4. scadeT;
5. daafiqsireT da gaiazreT, rac moxda;
6. gadaaxaliseT
gegma
wina
etapebze
mopovebuli
informaciisa
da
momxdaris gaTvaliswinebiT da ganagrZeT;

7. SeafaseT modificirebuli moqmedeba;
8. gangrZeT manam, vidre
ar dagakmayofilebT Tqveni Sromis konkretuli
aspeqti (magaliTad, gaimeoreT cikli).

sagori (Sagor 2005: 4) praqtikis kvlevis oTx martiv etaps asaxelebs:
1. xedvisa da miznebis dazusteba;
2. saTanado Teoriis formulireba;
3. praqtikis ganxorcieleba da monacemebis mogroveba;
4. monacemebis gaazreba da informirebuli moqmedebebis dagegmva.
kidev erTi midgomaa rvasafexuriani modelis SemoTavazeba:
1. SearCieT
da
SeTanxmdiT
erT
saerTo
problemaze,
romelic
unda
mogvardes;
2. daadgineT problemis (moTxovnilebis) zogierTi mizezi;
3. CamoyareT
problemis
ramdenime
SesaZlo
praqtikuli
gadawyveta,
romelic realur problemas da realur mizezze (mizezebze) iqneba

mimarTuli;
713
4. SesaZlo
praqtikuli
gadawyvetis
sxvadasxva
variantidan
SearCieT
problemis gadaWris erTi gza, savaraudod, is, romelsac yvelaze

misaReb an saukeTeso gadawyvetad miiCnevT. dagegmeT, rogor unda
ganxorcieldes is praqtikaSi;
5. gansazRvreT warmatebis kriteriumebi, romliTac SeZlebT, SeafasoT,
ramdenad
qmediTi
aRmoCnda
SerCeuli
gadawyveta
problemis
mogvarebisTvis, anu, saidan gecodinebaT, warmatebuli gamodga Tu ara

praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli arCeuli gadawyveta. gamoyaviT zogierTi
praqtikuli
kriteriumi,
romelic
proeqtis
warmatebbis
xairsxze
migiTiTebT;
6. aamoqmedeT gegma: monitoringi, morgeba da momxdaris Sefaseba;
7. mexuTe etapze SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT SeafaseT Sedegi,
raTa
naxoT,
ramdenad
Sedegianad
moagvara
man
problema
an
moTxovnileba;
8. Sefasebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT mimoixileT da dagegmeT, ra unda
gakeTdes Semdeg.
aq praqtikis kvlevis ZiriTadi niSnebia:
realur, praqtikosis mier identificiebul, yoveldRiuri praqtikis

problemebze muSaobs da maT gadawyvetas cdilobs;
kolaboraciulia da maswavleblis CarTulobas gulisxmobs;
eZebs mizezebs da am mizezebze muSaobas cdilobs;
gadawyvetebs Tavad kvlevaSi CarTuli praqtikosi gvTavazobs;
moicavs divergenciul da konvergenciul fazebs;
masSi Tavad praqtikosebi gegmaven Carevas;
praqtikaSi axorcielebs Carevas;
afasebs
identificirebuli
warmatebulobas;
problemis
gadaWraSi
Carevis
714
am wignis wina gamocemebSi praqtikis kvlevis rvaetapiani modeli

gvqonda warmodgenili, sadac praqtikis kvlevis warmoebis ramdenime
mimarTulebisa da etapis gaerTianeba vcadeT. pirveli etapi moicavs
yovelRiuri
swavlebis
situaciaSi
kritikulad
miCneuli
problemis
identifikacias, Sefasebasa da formulireba. aq problema farTod unda

gavigoT, ise, rom masSi SevZloT skolaSi miRebuli programis zogierT
aspeqtSi siaxlis Setanaa.
meore
etapi
dainteresebul
moicavs
mxareebs
winaswar
_
ganxilvasa
maswavleblebs,
da
SeTanxmebas
mkvlevrebs,
mrCevlebs,
sponsorebs _ Soris. maT Soris, vinc, savaraudod, daasrulebs proeqtis

gegmas.
aq
SeiZleba
Sediodes
pasuxgasacemi
kiTxvebis
formulireba
715
(magaliTad, ra pirobebSi SeiZleba saswavlo gegmis SecvliT saukeTeso

Sedegebis
miReba?;
cvlilebas?;
gamoviyenoT
ra
faqtorebi
praqtikis
saswavlo
kvlevis
gegmis
abrkoleben
romeli
saswavlo
Zlieri
Sesacvlelad?).
gegmis
mxareebi
mkvlevrebma
unda
TavianTi,
rogorc konsultantebis (an zogjer rogorc programis instruqtorebis),

SesaZleblobisa da codnis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ufro kargad moaxerxon
problemis
kvlevis
faqtorebis
fokusSi
gansazRvra
mimarTulebebis
an
Semotana
maT
da,
savaraudod,
dasadgenad,
SemoTavazeba.
es
midgomis
xSirad
mizezobrivi
alternatiuli
dawyebuli
gadamwyveti etapia, radgan im wertils warmoadgens,

warmatebas an marcxs eyreba. da saerTod, vidre
saqmianobis
sadac safuZveli
miznebi, amocanebi da
daSvebebi kvlevis yvela monawilesTvis sruliad gasagebi ar gaxdeba da

ZiriTadi cnebebis roli kargad ar gamoikveTeba (magaliTad, ukukavSiri),
advilad SeiZleba, marcxi ganvicadoT.
mesame etapi garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba kvleviTi literaturis
mimoxilvas moicavdes, raTa vnaxoT, risi aReba da swavla SeiZleba
saTando
kvlevebidan,
maTi
amocanebidan,
procedurebidan
da
problemebidan, romlebsac isini gadaawydnen.

meoTxe
etapi
formulirebis
moicavdes.
is
dasawyisSi
gansazRvruli
saxecvlilebas
axla
an
Semowmebadi
xelaxal
hipoTezis
problemis
gansazRvras
an
sawyisi
SeiZleba
mimarTulebis
momcemi
miznebis saxiT SeiZleba gadmoices. cvlilebis avtorebi zogjer ganzrax

ikaveben Tavs amocanebisa da miznebis dasaxvisgan im mosazrebiT, rom
Tavad
zRudaven
arsebuli
process.
am
etapzeve
xdeba
proeqtis
safuZvelSi
daSvebebis naTlad warmoCena (magaliTad, saswavlo gegmaSi
cvlilebebis
gansaxorcieleblad
maswavleblebis
damokidebuleba,
Rirebulebebi, unar-Cvevebi da miznebi unda Seicvalos).

mexuTe etapi SeiZleba kvlevis procedurebis SerCevas
SerCevas,
administrirebas,
masalis
arCevas,
swavlebisa
Seexebodes _
da
swavlis
716
meTodebs,
resursebisa
da
amocanebis
ganlagebas,
TanamSromlebis
gadanawilebas da a. S.
meeqvse etapi Sefasebis gamosayenebeli procedurebis arCevas Seexeba.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am konteqstSi Sefaseba uwyveti unda iyos.
meSvide
etapi
Tavad
proeqtis
(drois
sxvadasxva
periodSi)
ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs. aq Seva monacemebis mogrovebis pirobebi da

meTodebi (magaliTad, kviraSi orjer Sexvedrebi, Canawerebis warmoeba,
Sualeduri angariSebi, saboloo angariSebi, TviTSefasebisa da jgufuri
Sefasebis angariSebis wardgena da a. S.), amocanebis monitoringi da
kvlevis jgufisTvis ukukavSiris miwodeba, monacemebis klasifikacia da
analizi.
merve da bolo etapi monacemebis interpretacias, daskvnebis gamotanas
da proeqtis erTian Sefasebas moicavs (ixileT Woods 1989). Sedegebis
ganxilva winaswar SeTanxmebuli Sefasebis kriteriumis WrilSi moxdeba.
ganixileba daSvebuli Secdomebi da warmoWrili problemebi. amis Semdeg
SesaZlebelia proeqtis saboloo Sejameba, sadac mimovixilavT proeqtis
Sedegebs, gavcemT rekomendaciebs da winawar SeTanxmebul dainteresebul
mxareTaTvis davisaxavT Sedegebis gadacemis RonisZiebebs.
rogorc
irgvlivac
aRvniSneT,
es
ZiriTadi
ganxorcieldeba
CarCoa,
SemTxveviTi
romelSic
da
da
spontanuri
romlis
xasiaTis
aqtivobis didi nawili. es SeiZleba iyos maswavleblebis, mkvlevrebisa

da moswavleebis diskusiebi; maswavleblebis an skolebis regularuli
Sexvedrebi, sadac procesis progressa da problemebs ganixilaven da
gacvlian informacias; SesaZlo regionuli konferenciebi da Tanmxlebi
aqtivobebi, romlebic gaumjobesebulia mimdinare momentisTvis arsebuli
aparaturuli da programuli resursebiT.
hopkinsi
(1985),
maknifi
(1988),
edvardsi (1990)
da
maknifi
da
misi
kolegebi (1996) praqtikis kvlevis warmoebisTvis bevr praqtikul rCevas

gvTavazoben.
maT
Sorisaa
dawyeba,
operacionalizacia,
dagegmva,
monitoringi da Carevis dokumentireba, monacemebis mogroveba da maTi
717
gaazreba, SemTxvevis Seswavlis gamoyeneba, praqtikis kvlevis Sefaseba,

eTikuri
sakiTxebi
gaecnos
am
da
sakiTxebis
anagariSis
Sesaxeb
wardgena.
rogorc
mkiTxvels
Sesavalis,
vurCevT,
ise
rom
praqtikuli
saxelmZRvaneloebis saxiT warmodgenil wyaroebs. maknifi (2002: 85 7)

damwyebi praqtikis mkvlevars sasargeblo rCevebs aZlevs:
viwro sakiTxiT SemoifargleT da fokusi SeinarCuneT;
kargad daazusteT kvlevis sakiTxi;
realuristurad SeafaseT, ra SegiZliaT. gaxsovdeT, rom ufro didi

cvlileba TqveniT iwyeba;
windaxedulad imoqmedeT;
realuri vadebi daaweseT;
CarTeT sxvebi (rogorc monawileebi, damkvirveblebi, Semmowmeblebi,

kritikulad ganwyobili megobrebis CaTvliT, potenciuri mklevarebi);
daicaviT eTika;
yuradRebis centrSi moaqcieT swavla da ara _ praqtikis Sedegebi;
kvlevis fokusi xarT Tqven, sxvebTan erTad;
erideT bednier dasasruls;
gaxsovdeT politikuri sakiTxebi;

maknifi (2002: 98) ambobs, rom mniSvnelovania Sefasebis kriteriumebis
daweseba.
warmatebis
warmatebulia
Tu
kriteriumebis
ara,
da
ramdenad
gareSe
mkvlevars
warmatebulia
ver
ecodineba
praqtikis
kvleva.
praqtikis mkvlevrebma sakuTar Tavs unda hkiTxon: saidan gavigebT,

mivaRwieT Tu ara warmatebas?
kemisi da maktagarti (1992: 25 7) praqtikis kvlevis dawyebisTvis
sasargeblo dakvirvebebs gvTavazoben:
SekribeT praqtikis kvlevis jgufi da Tavad miiReT monawileoba _

praqtikis kvlevis SeswavlaSi misabaZi iyaviT;
dakmayofildiT imiT, rom muSaoba mcire jgufiT daiwyoT;
718
moemzadeT;
mcire masStabiT daiwyeT;
gawereT dro;
uzrunvelyaviT
praqtikis
kvlevis
mxardamWeri
jgufis
samuSao
Sexvedrebi;
iyaviT
tolerantuli
da
mxardamWeri
elodeT,,
rom
adamianebi
gamocdilebidan codnas miiReben;
gamoiCineT simtkice da ruduneba
saklaso
praqtikisa
da
monitoringis sakiTxisadmi;
skolis
struqturebis
ufro
msxvili
cvlilebebisTvis SedarebiT xangrZlivi gegma gawereT;
imuSaveT kvlevis procesSi imaT CarTvaze, vinc moqmedebaSia CarTuli

ise,
rom
pasuxismgebloba
praqtikis
kvlevis
mTlian
procesze
gadainawilon;
gaxsovdeT,
rom
sagnebis
Tqveneuli
xedva
sametyvelo
ena
da
praqtikis maformirebeli Sexedulebebi _ SeiZleba iseve saWiroebdes

Secvlas, rogorc Tqveni moqmedebebi;
daafiqsireT ara marto monawile jgufis, aramed yvela TanamSromlisa

da sxva dainteresebuli adamianebis progresi;
Tu
aucilebelia,
SemoiReT
dakanonebis
ritualebi,
romlebSic
konsultantebsa da sxva gareSe pirebs CarTavT;
daitoveT proeqtis dasaweri dro;
progresis angariSSi naTlad warmoaCineT, ras miaRwieT;
mTeli
kvlevis
ganmavlobaSi
gaxsovdeT
ganaTlebasa da skolaSi
swavlas Soris ganxvaveba;
mTeli kvlevis ganmavlobaSi hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs (da maT, visTanac

muSaobT),
gexmarebaT
saganmanaTleblo
Tu
ara
praqtikis
Rirebulebebis
kvleva
Tqveni
sakuTari
ganxorcielebis
diapazonis/farglebis gafarTovebaSi (kursori originaluria).
719
am CamonaTvalidan gasagebia, rom praqtikis kvleva praqtikuli da

Teoriuli sakiTxebis nazavia. is moqmedebacaa da kvlevac.
praqtikis kvlevis warmoebisas monawileebs ekleqturi meTodologiisa
da monacemebis mogrovebis sxvadasxva instrumentis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT:
kiTxvarebis, dRiurebis, interviuebis, SemTxvevis Seswavlis, dakvirvebis
monacemebis, eqsperimentuli sqemis, savele Canawerebis, fotosuraTebis,
audio-video
Canawerebis,
biografiebisa
da
sityviT,
maT
sociometriis,
angariSebis,
reitingis
dokumentebisa
gankargulebaSi
teqnikebis
da
skalebis,
Canawerebis,
mTeli
gamaa
erTi
(sakiTxis
ganxilvisTvis ixileT Hopkins 1985; McKernan 1991; aseve ixileT am wignis

Tavebi 7 21).
praqtikis
mkvlevarTa
jgufSi
fokusis
miRwevis
sasargeblo
gza
nominaluri jgufis teqnikis gamoyenebaa (Morrison 1993). misi Catareba

martivia
da
erTi
konkretuli
SemTxvevis
Sesaxeb
monacemebis
SegrovebisTvis gamodgeba. am midgomaSi jgufis erTi wevri danarCenebs

awvdis
kiTxvebs,
mosazrebebs
an
sakiTxebs.
aq
oTxetapiani
modeli
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:
1. jgufis
liders
swavlebis
moaqvs
an ase da
kiTxvebi/mosazrebebi/sakiTxebi
amgvarad
organizebis
(magaliTad,
problemebi, saswavlo
gegmis nawilis organizebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gansazRvra),

romelzec TiToeulma monawilem drois mcire monakveTSi, yovelgvari
Sewyvetinebis an sxvebTan gasaubrebis gareSe Tavad unda Camoweros
sakuTari pasuxebi, Sexedulebebi, refleqsiebi da mosazrebebi.
2. pasuxebi iwereba da amis Semdeg aCveneben danarCenebs. lideri jgufis
wevrs
kiTxvebze/mosazrebebze/sakiTxebze
mis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
pasuxebis komentirebas sTxovs, magram ar xdeba jgufuri ganxilva,

anu, monacemebis mogroveba jer isev individis doneze mimdinareobs da
Semdeg es komentarebi SeniSvnebis saxiT iwereba im furcelze, sadac
pasuxebia
mocemuli.
individualuri
komentirebis
es
procesi,
720
romelsac Semdeg yvelas aCeneben, meordeba manam, vidra komentarebi ar

amoiwureba.
3. am
etapze
pasuxebis
lideri
jgufis
wevrebs
dajgufeba,
anu,
garkveuli
prioritetulobis
mixedviT
miRebuli
komentarebisa
struqturiT,
dalageba
rigiTa
moeTxoveba.
am
da
da
momentSi
procesis kontroli lideridan monawileebze gadadis. iwyeba jgufuri

ganxilva, radgan saWiroa mniSvnelobebis dazusteba da sakiTxebisa da
pasuxebis Tanmimdevrul, SeWidul jgufebad gaerTianeba; amis Semdeg
vadgenT prioritetebs.
4. bolos
lideri
masalisa
da
misi
organizebis
sakiTxis
jgufur
ganxilvas awyobs.
nominaluri
jgufis
teqnika
jgufur
pasuxSi
individis
pasuxebis
CarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, anu individs wvlili Seaqvs jgufis mier

mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis
gamovlenis
procesSi.
es
teqnika
sasargebloa individebisgan informaciis mosagroveblad da
Zalian
jgufisTvis
saerTo formiT warsadgenad (praqtikis kvleva umetesad (magram ara

marto)
jgufuri
saqmianobaa),
magaliTad,
prioriteti,
msgavseba
da
gansxvaveba, zogadoba da konkretuloba. is individualuri uTanxmoebis

dafiqsirebis
da
misi
jgufuri
pasuxis
formirebisa
da
warmoWril
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi gaTvaliswinebis saSualebacaa. garda amisa, is

mocemul
situaciaSi
yvela
monawiles
Tanasworuflebians
xdis,
magaliTad, damwyebi maswavleblis sityvas iseTive wona aqvs, rogoric _

mravalwliani gamocdilebis mqone ufrosi maswavleblisas. es procesi
imiT aris mimzidveli, rom SenarCunebulia balansi werasa da zepir
ganxilvas,
komentarebsa
divergenciisa
da
jgufis
da
konvergenciis
urTierTqmedebas
fazebs,
Soris.
is
individualur
kolegialobis
ganviTarebis kargi saSualebaa. yvela monawiles aqvs xmis ufleba da

yvelas usmenen.
nominaluri jgufis teqnikis werilobiTi analogi delfis teqnikaa.
mis upiratesobas qmnis is, rom monawileebs ar esaWiroebaT jgufis saxiT
721
Sekreba. es teqnika gansakuTrebiT gamodgeba institutebSi, sadac Znelia

mTeli jgufis Sexvedris mowyoba. monacemebis mogrovebis procesi bevri
aspeqtiT hgavs nominaluri jgufis teqnikas. is sametapian procesad
SegviZlia ganvixiloT:
1. lideri
monawileebs
sTxovs,
werilobiT
upasuxon
kiTxvebsa
da
debulebebs. amis gakeTeba SeiZleba individualur an mcire jgufebis

doneze, sadac misi ufro moqnilad gamoyeneba SeiZleba, magaliTad,
departamentSi, nebismier asakobriv jgufSi.
2. lideri
agrovebs
werilobiT
pasuxebs
da
axarisxebs
(SeiZleba
pasuxebis sixSiris Sesaxeb zogierTi ricxobrivi monacemebis mocema).

Semdeg
es
analizi
monawileebs
ubrundebaT
komentarebisTvis,
Semdgomi ganxilvisTvis da sakiTxebis, pasuxebisa da prioritetebis

identificirebisaTvis.
miewodebaT
am
(romelSic
etapze
jgufuri
respondentebs
SeiZleba
mocemuli
iyos
pasuxic
msgavsebebi
an
gansxvavebebi) da masze reaqciasac sTxoven. es procedura calkeul

monawileebs saSualebas aZlevs, daeTanxmon jgufis pasuxs (anu, Tu
individualur doneze ar eTanxmebodnen sakiTxs, daeTanxmon mTliani
jgufis pozicias) an daazuston, rom ar eTanxmebian.
3. es procesi imdenjer meordeba, ramdenjerac saWiroa. Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom liderma unda gasazRvros wriuli procesis dasrulebis
optimaluri
dro
da
adgili.
amis
gakeTeba
jgufis
Sexvedraze
SeiZleba, romelic dagegmilia da gaTvaliswinebulia, rogorc yvela

monawilisTvis
savaldebulo
Sexvedra.
ese
igi,
monacemebis
mogrovebis bolo punqti mTliani jgufis Sexvedra iqneba.

jgufuri
pasuxis
monawileebisTvis
polarizaciis,
anu,
emansipatoruli
praqtikis
gamokveTis
konsensusisa
mimarTulebiT
upiratesobas
aniWebs
kvleva
da
teqnikis
gansvlis
konsensunsisken
ganviTarebaze
sizustes,
wardgena
piradulobas,
sferoebis
iswrafvis)
miuTiTebs.
xmis
pasuxebis
delfis
(da
zustad
teqnika
uflebasa
da
kolegialobas. am procesSi, monawilis piradulobis uflebis dacvis
722
fonze,
iTvaliswinebs konfidencialobis, anonimurobisa da relevanturi
informaciis gamJRavnebis sakiTxebs. es
Zalian gamogvadgeba monacemebis
farulad, kulisebs miRma mogrovebis saqmeSi. mogrovebuli monacemebi

Semdeg
SeiZleba
mkvlevars
aq
erTianad
ufro
sinTezirebis,
warmovadginoT
meti
aqvs
daxarisxebis,
jgufis
gasakeTebeli
Sejamebis,
saerTo
monacemebis
Sekrebaze.
mogrovebis,
prioritetebis
mixedviT
dalagebisa da cirkulirebis TvalsazrisiT, vidre nominaluri jgufis

teqnikis
SemTxvevaSi,
romelic
iqve
muSaobs.
rogorc
monawileobiTi
teqnikebi, orive _ nominaluri jgufis teqnikac da delfis teqnikebic _

praqtikis
kvlevaSi
monacemebis
mogrovebisa
da
analizisTvis
Zalze
mniSvnelovania.
refleqsiuroba praqtikis kvlevaSi

aqamde analizi, ZiriTadad, refleqsias (gaazrebas) Seexeboda, iqneboda
es
moqmedebisas
refleqcia,
moqmedebaze
refleqsia,
Tu
kritikuli
refleqsia (Morrison 1995a). amtkiceben, rom refleqsia praqtikis kvlevis

yvela
etapze
xorcieldeba.
amas
refleqsiurobis
garda,
cneba
centraluria praqtikis kvlevaSi, vinaidan mkvlevrebi masSi monawileebic

arian
da
praqtikosebic
isini
im
socialuri
samyaros
nawils
warmoadgenen, romelsac Seiswavlian (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 14). hali

(1996: 29) miiCnevs, rom refleqsiuroba emansipatoruli praqtikis kvlevis
ganuyofeli elementi da epistemologiuri safuZvelia, radgan sayrdenad
iRebs
mosazrebas
codnis
organizebis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
monacemebi
auTenturia da yvela monawilis gamocdilebas asaxavs. kvlevaSi yvela

monawiles demokratiuli urTierToba aqvs da mkvlevris mosazrebebs
(romlebic
SeiZleba
Teoriaze
iyos
mibmuli)
maT
mosazrebebTan
SedarebiT upiratesoba ar eniWeba.

refleqsiurobis
cnebaSi
moTxovnilia
im
gavlenis
gacnobiereba,
romelsac monawile, rogorc monawile da mkvlevari axdens kvlevis

procesze; gacnobiereba imisa, erTveba Tu ara Sesaswavl situaciaSi maTi
Rebulebebi,
damokidebulebebi,
aRqmebi,
mosazrebebi,
moqmedebebi,
723
grZnobebi da a. S. (es, albaT, konsultirebaSi kontr-transfers hgavs).

monawile,
rogorc
monawile
kritikuli
TvaliT
unda
da
mkvlevari
daakvirdes,
rogorc
sakuTar
sxvas
Tavs
da
iseTive
kvlevas.
es
sakiTxi meSvide TavSia ganxiluli.
zogierTi praqtikuli da Teoriuli sakiTxi

am TavSi bevri iTqva demokratiuli principebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
praqtikis kvlevis mniSvnelovani nawilis safuZvels qmnian. amas ramdenime
ganStoeba
aqvs,
magaliTad,
informaciis
nakadi
Tavisuflad
unda
moZraobdes monawileebs Soris da komunikacia unda iyos eqstensiuri

(Elliott 1978: 356)
da
Ria,
SeuzRudavi
da
araSemzRudveli
ukeTesi
argumentis Zala habermasis idealuri metyvelebis situaciaSi. holi

aRniSnavs, rom es SeiZleba problemuri iyos zogierT organizaciaSi,
(Holl
1984:
100),
gansxvavebuladaa
radgan
praqtikis
agebuli.
skolebi
kvleva
da
skolebi
ierarqiuli,
xSirad
formaluri
da
biurokratiulia, xolo praqtikis kvleva _ kolegialuri, araformaluri,

Ria, kolaboraciuli da scdeba formalur sazRvrebs. es, Tavis mxriv,
gvafiqrebinebs, rom imisaTvis, rom praqtikis kvleva warmatebuli iyos,
saxeze
unda
gvqondes
kolegialobis
pirobebi,
magaliTad,
iseTi,
rogoricaa:
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesisadmi monawileobiTi midgoma;
gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli da konsensusuri procesi;
saerTo Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi da miznebi;
diskusiaSi monawileebis Tanabari uflebebi;
politikis gansazRvris Tanabari uflebebi;
gadawyvetilebebSi xmis Tanabari uflebebi;
im qvejgufebis gadanawileba, romlebic mTliani jgufis winaSe arian

angariSvaldebuli;
saerTo pasuxismgebloba da Ria angariSvaldebuleba;
profesionalizis farTo xedva;
724
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebebi argumentis siZlieres eyrdnoba da ara

am argumentis damcvelis samsaxureobrivi poziciis siZlieres;
saerTo gadawyvetilebebi da praqtika.

albaT, sainteresoa, rom menejmentis Teoriidan aRebuli es niSnebi
ase kargad ergeba praqtikis kvlevas _ praqtikis kvleva kargad Tavsdeba

menejmentis garkveul stilebs Soris. faqtobrivad, zuber-steriti (1996b:
90) ambobs, rom emansipatoruli kvlevisTvis ZiriTadi dabrkolebebia:
Secdomebis
aRmoCenisa
da
Sesworebis
gziT
swavla
(da
ara
Secdomebis aRmoCenis, Sesworebisa da swavlis strategiis Secvlis

gziT);
zedmetad damokidebuloba eqspertebze, an ufrosebze. imdenad, rom

iTrguneba damoukidebeli azri da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba;
orientacia efeqturobaze da ara _ kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze (aq

SeiZleba daematos: da ara _ refleqsiasa da problemis dayenebaze);
operaciuli
da
ara
strategiuli
17)
asaxelebs
azrovnebisa
da
praqtikis
dominireba.
zuber-skeriti
(1996a:
oTx
praqtikul
problemas,
romelsac praqtikis mkvlevari SeiZleba Seejaxos:
rogor unda CamovayaliboTYmuSaobis meTodi, romelic sakmarisad

ekonomikuria
mogrovili
informaciis
raodenobis
da
damuSavebis
TvalsazrisiT, raTa praqtikosma is Cveulebrivi samuSao datvirTvis

paralelurad, SezRuduli drois pirobebSi ganaxorcielos?
rogor unda gaxdes praqtikis kvlevis meqanizmebi/teqnikebi sakmarisad

specifikuri, rom mcire zomis kvlevam praqtikosi namdvilad axal
aRmoCenebamde miiyvanos da Tavi aaridos braldebas, rom Zalian
minimaluria imisTvis, rom validuri iyos, an Zalian damuSavebulia
imisTvis, rom ganxorcielebadi iyos?
725
zemoT
mocemuli
xelmisawvdomi
meTodebi
maTTvis,
rogor
vinc
unda
moisurvebs
gaxdes
maT
marTlac
gamoyenebas
im
kompetenciebze dayrdnobiT, romelTac ukve floben praqtikosebi?
ra
wvlilis
Setana
SeuZlia
am
meTodebs
wvdomisa
da
unaris
realurad gaumjobesebaSi, arsebuli kompetenciis garda, daxarjuli

droisa
da
energiis
sanacvlod
(ufro
mkacri
procesi,
vidre
pozitiuri kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesia)?

zuber-skeriti
(1996a)
imasac
ambobs,
rom
praqtikis
kvlevis
auditoriis sakiTxi problemurad gamoiyureba:

pasuxi kiTxvaze visTvisaa dawerili praqtikis kvlevis angariSi? isaa,
rom
arsebobs
sami
auditoria
da
mniSvnelovania.
erTi
auditoria
im
TiToeuli
maTgani
kolegebisgan
vTanamSromlobdiT kvlevis warmoebisas. . . .
erTnairad
Sedgeba,
visTanac
mniSvnelovania, rom meore
auditoriasac aseTive mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. eseni arian dainteresebuli

kolegebi
sxva
visTvisac
institutebidan
warmodgenili
an
imave
naSormis
institutis
safuZvlSi
sxva
sferoebidan,
arsebuli
struqtura
SeiZleba im situacias hgavdes, sadac isini muSaoben. . . .
mesame da, albaT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani auditoria Cvenve varT.

(Zuber-Skerritt 1996a: 26)
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom situaciis SecvlaSi SeiZleba monawileobdes

maswavlebeli,
erT
TanamSromlobis
skolaSi
safuZvelze
dasaqmebul
erTad
maswavlebelTa
momuSave
jgufi
maswavleblebi
an
da
mkvlevrebi. swored am bolo kategorias, romelSic praqtikis kvleva

erTmaneTs axvedrebs TavianTi miznebisa da Rirebulebebis mqone or
profesiul
problemuri
mxares,
bunebis
ganvixilavT
gamo.
axla
orive
ganaTlebis problemiT, magram
misi
mxare
imTaviTve
erTnairadaa
Tandayolili
dainteresebuli
gansxvavebulad uyureben am problemas.
dadginda (magaliTad, Harlsey 1972), rom kvlevisTvis fasi aqvs sizustes,

kontrols,
gameorebas
mcdelobas.
swavleba,
da
meore
konkretuli
mxriv,
movlenebis
dainteresebulia
ganzogadebis
moqmedebiT,
726
raRaceebis keTebiT da ganzogadebebs konkretul aqtebad aqcevs. aqedan

gamomdinare, praqtikisa da kvlevis araTavsebadoba am kuTxiT, SeiZleba
problemis wyarod iqces (Marris and Rein 1967).
aRsaniSnavia
kidev
SesaZleblobisadmi,
erTi
rogorc
sakiTxi,
romelic
praqtikis
cvlilebis
kvlevis
Sedegisadmi,
direqtorebisa da maswavleblebis damokidebulebebs exeba. magaliTad,

haCinsonma
da
uaithauzma
(Hutchinson
and
Whitehouse
romlebic
1986),
maswavleblebis mcdelobis monitorings awarmoebdnen _ TavianTi skolis

farglebSi kolaboraciuli jgufi CamoeyalibebinaT _
sirTulis
erTi
wyaro
ara
marto
aRmoaCines, rom
direqtorebisgan
wamosuli
winaaRmdegoba iyo, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania avtorTa azriT) _

Tavad maswavleblebisganac: isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen praqtikis mkvlevris
individualur
savaraudod,
da
maT
socialur
Sesacvlelad,
praqtikaze
guldasmiT
magaliTad,
dakvirvebas,
direqtoris
politikis
Sesabamisad.
dabolos, uinteri (1982) yuradRebas amaxvilebs praqtikis kvlevaSi
monacemebis interpretaciis problemaze. is wers:
praqtikis
kvlevis/SemTxvevis
Seswavlis
tradicias
aqvs
monacemebis
Seqmnis, magram
ara (jerjerobiT) _ monacemebis interpretaciis tradicia.
Cven gvinaxavs,
rogor gamoiyeneba aRweris Jurnali, damkvirveblis savele
Canawerebi
Ria
movlenebis
daSvebebsa
da
kiTxvebis
asaxsnelad,
da
potenciuri
romlebic
gansazRvrebebs
Rirebuleba
gamoyenebiT
warmoebuli
praqtikosis
Sexvdebian.
Cven
(maswavleblis
interviuebi
mimdinare
gvinaxavs
sensitiurobis
im
pragmatul
am
procesis
momatebis
TvalsazrisiT) da problema, romelsac is wamoWris individualuri da

koleqtiuri profesiuli wonasworobisaTvis. ar gvinaxavs is, Tu rogor
SeuZlia an rogor unda gaumklavdes maswavlebeli aseTi gziT
mogrovebul
monacemebs.
(Winter 1982)
uinterisTvis
(1982)
problemaa,
rogor
unda
ganxorcieldes
SezRuduli monacemebis interpretaciuli analizi, anu, iseTi monacemebis
727
analizi,
romlebsac
reprezentaciulobaze.
ver
sxva
eqnebaT
sityvebiT,
rac
pretenzia,
unda
zogadad,
vamtkicoT,
rom
unikaluri konteqsti gvaqvs, validobis problemas mainc gverds ver

avuvliT.,
daskvna
praqtikis kvleva ganixileba, rogorc maswavleblebis uflebebisa da
SesaZleblobebis
winamdebare
gafarToebis
mniSvnelovani
saSualeba.
Tumca,
TavSi sakamaTo iyo amis SesaZlebloba.. praqtikis kvleva,
rogorc kvlevis meTodi, eqvs cnebas aerTianebs:
problemis dadgenis, Carevis dagegmvis, Carevis ganxorcielebisa da

Sedegis Sefasebis martivi cikli;
refleqsiuri praqtika;
politikuri emansipacia;
kritikuli Teoria;
profesiuli ganviTareba;
monawile praqtikosis kvleva.

is moqnili, situaciaze mopasuxe meTodologiaa, romelic sizustes,
auTenturobasa da xmis uflebas gvTavazobs. marTalia es asea, magram am

TavSi SevecadeT, praqtikis kvlevis mimzidveli mxarec gveCvenebina da
problemuric. SegviZlia vikiTxoT, aris Tu ara praqtikisa da kvlevis
integrireba optimisturi gza imaSi dasarwmuneblad ,,rom ukeTesobisken
mimarTuli kvleva praqtikaze moqmedebs, an aris Tu ara is recesiuli
hibridi.
praqtikis kvlevis Sesaxeb ramdenime yuradsaRebi vebgverdi arsebobs:
1. Action Research International(Jurnali): http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gem/ar/arihpme/html;
2. praqtikis kvlevis qseli: http://www.actionresearch.net;
3. praqtikis kvlevis resursebi: http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/act_rec.html;
4. praqtikis kvlevis resursebi: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gem/arhome.html;
5. ARexpeditions (Jurnali): http://www.arexpeditions.montana.edu/docs/about.html;
728

6. CEL praqtikis kvlevis centri: http://www.celt.stir.ac.uk/resources/research/action-researchresources.html;
7. profesiuli praqtikis praqtikis kvlevis centri (Centre for Action Research in
Professional Practice CARPP): http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/;
8. ganaTlebaSi gamoyenebiTi kvlevis centri (Centre for Research in Education CARE):
http://www.uea.ac.uk/care/;
9. Educational Action Research (Jurnali): http://www.triangle.co.uk/ear/;;
10. sxva misamarTebi: http://www.bath.ac.uk/~edsajw/otherpage.shtml;
11. Parnet (Participative Action Research Network at Cornell University): http://www.parnet.org/;
12. kolorados
universitetis
praqtikis
http://carbon.cudener.edu/~mryder/reflect/act_res.html.
kvlevis
vebgverdi:
729
nawili meoTxe
monacemebis Segrovebisa da kvlevis

strategiebi
wignis am nawilSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT monacemebis Segrovebis
instrumentebs, maTi gamoyenebisa da Sedgenis principebs. Cven monacemebis
Segrovebis Svid ZiriTad saxes gamovyofT, romelTagan TiToeuli, Tavis
mxriv, mraval variants moicavs. wignis wina gamocemebisgan gansxvavebiT,
aq isini ufro vrclad aris ganxiluli, gansakuTrebiT detalurad aris
aRwerili
kiTxvaris
mkiTxvelma Tavad
instrumentebis
dizaini
da
interviuebi.
am
nawilis
mizania,
SeZlos monacemebis Segrovebis yvelaze Sesatyvisi
SerCeva
da
maTi
Seqmna.
aseve,
aRwerilia
am
instrumentebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi, ase rom, SesaZlebelia maTi

adekvaturobisa
da
mizanTan
Sesatyvisobis
kriteriumis
dadgena.
maSasadame, es nawili ara marto instrumentebis ZiriTad principebs

warmogidgenT, aramed maTi gamoyenebisTvis saWiro sando, gamocdil da
praqtikul rCevebsac gTavazobT. es imisTvis, rom mkvlevrebs sasargeblo
da gamosadegi informaciis mogrovebis SesaZlebloba mieceT.
730
15 kiTxvarebi
Sesavali
kiTxvaris dizainis sfero Zalian farToa. am TavSi gTavazobT misi
ZiriTadi
elementebis
mokle
mimoxilvas,
mniSvnelovan problemur sakiTxsa da
ZiriTad
Temebs,
zogierT
maTi gadawyvetis gzebs. es Tavi
kiTxvaris agebis procesis Tanmimdevrobis Sesatyvisad aris dalagebuli,

rac, imedi gvaqvs, gamoadgebaT mkvlevrebs. qvemoT am
Tanmimdevrobas
gTavazobT:
eTikuri sakiTxebi;
kiTxvaris dagegmvis dawyeba:

-
kiTxvaris operacionalizacia;
struqturirebuli,
naxevrad
struqturirebuli
arastruqturirebuli kiTxvarebi.
kiTxvaris debulebebis tipebi:

-
Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi;
monacemebis skalebi;
mosazrebebis an varaudis daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi;
diqotomiuri kiTxvebi;
ranguli rigi (ranJireba);
reitingis skalebi;
mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi;
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi;
Ria kiTxvebi;
matriculi kiTxvebi;
SeWiduli kiTxvebi, filtrebi da ganStoebebi.
sensitiuri kiTxvebis dasma;
kiTxvebis Sedgenisas dabrkolebis Tavis arideba;
da
731
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba:
mcire raodenobis verbaluri erTeulebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi;
kiTxvaris sqema;
kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi da Semdgomi werilebi;
kiTxvaris pilotireba;
kiTxvaris Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebeli praqtikuli sakiTxebi;
kiTxvaris administrireba:
TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi;
safosto kiTxvarebi.
kiTxvariT miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba.

marTalia,
dasaxelebul
mkvlevrebisTvis
sakiTxebze
SeiZleba
mocemuli
sasargeblo
aRmoCndes,
TanmimdevrobiT
imuSaon,
rom
magram
sasurvelia garkveuli rekursiulobac (cikluri ganmeoreba).

kiTxvari gamokiTxvis monacemebis Segrovebis tipuri
da sasargeblo
instrumentia, romelic struqturirebul, xSirad, ricxobriv monacemebs

iZleva;
SesaZlebelia
mkvlevris
dauswreblad
misi
Catareba
da
gasaanalizebladac ufro xSirad martivia xolme (Wilson and McLean 1994).

am mimzidvel mxareebs abalansebs is dro, romelic kiTxvarebis Seqmnas,
pilotirebasa da daxvewas sWirdeba, rac, savaraudod, daumuSavebeli da
SezRuduli
moculobis
monacemebiT
xorcieldeba,
romelic,
albaT,
naklebad moqnili pasuxebiT iqna miRebuli (Tumca, rogor vilsoni da

maklini (1994: 3) aRniSnaven, es
unda
imsjelos
da
mimzidvelic SeiZleba iyos). mkvlevarma
gadawyvitos,
ramdenad
Seesabameba
monacemebis
SegrovebisTvis kiTxvaris gamoyeneba mis miznebs. mkvlevars mouwevs imis

gadawyveta monacemebis Sesagroveblad ramdenad adekvaturia kiTxvaris
gamoyeneba da rogori unda iyos es kiTxvari.
eTikuri sakiTxebi
kiTxvari yovelTvis iqneba respondentis cxovrebaSi SeWra, iqneba es
im drois TvalsazrisiT, romelic kiTxvaris Sevsebas sWirdeba, safrTxis
732
an kiTxvebis sensitiurobis mxriv, Tu pirad cxovrebaSi SesaZlo SeWris

gamo. kiTxvaris respondentebi ar
arian mkvlevrebisTvis monacemebis
pasiuri mimwodeblebi. isini kvlevis subieqtebi arian da ara _ obieqtebi.

aqedan ramdenime situacia gamomdinareobs.
respondentebs
wavaxalisoT,
ver
magram
gadawyvetilebas
vaiZulebT
kvlevaSi
Tavad
iReben.
kiTxvaris
Sevsebas.
monawileobis
maTi
Tu
kvlevaSi
isini
SeiZleba
kvlevis
Sewyetis
monawileoba
Semdegi
faqtorebiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli:
maT informirebul Tanxmobaze (ixileT Tavi 2 ganaTlebis sferoSi

kvlevis eTikis Sesaxeb);
maT uflebaze, nebismier dros gamoeTiSon kvlevas da ar upasuxon

kiTxvaris konkretul debulebebs;
kvlevis SesaZlebloba, gaaumjobesos maTi mdgomareoba (keTildReobis

sakiTxi);
garantia, rom kvleva maT ar avnebs (zianis aridebis sakiTxi);
kvlevaSi
konfidencialurobis,
anonimurobisa
da
amoucnoblobis
garantiebi;
kiTxvebis
safrTxis
an
kiTxvebis
sensitiurobis
xarisxi,
ramac
respondenti SeiZleba gadaWarbebul an mwir pasuxebamde miiyvanos

(Sudman and Bradburn 1982: 32 da Tavi 3);
faqtorebi,
romlebic
Tavad
kiTxvarSia
(magaliTad,
kiTxvaris
sakiTxebi; respondentis saTqmelis gagebis unari da ara _ mkvlevris

programis ganxorcieleba), anu, kiTxvarSi mikerZoebulobis arideba da
validobisa da sandoobis uzrunvelyofa _ meTodologiuri sizustisa
da patiosnebis sakiTxebi. meTodologiuri sizuste eTikuri da ara
mxolod teqnikuri sakiTxia (Morrison 1996c),
respondents ufleba aqvs,
endobodes kiTxvars da misgan validobas elodos;
respondentis reaqciebi, magaliTad, respondentebs eqnebaT reaqcia, Tu

debulebas
Seuracxmyofelad,
zedmetad
piradulad,
SecdomaSi
733
Semyvanad, mikerZoebulad, mcdarad, gamaRizianeblad, windauxedavad,

uadgilod an Znelad gasagebad miiCneven.
es faqtorebi kiTxvaris gamoyenebis yovel etapze moqmedeben, amitom
yuradReba unda mieqces Tavad kiTxvars, respondentebisadmi midgomas,
maTTvis
micemul
axsna-ganmartebebs,
monacemebis
analizssa
da
maT
warmodgenas.
kiTxvaris dagegmis dawyeba

dizainis am mosamzadebel etapze kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobis dagegmvisas
blok-sqemis teqnika SeiZleba gamogadgeT. am gziT mkvlevars SeuZlia
winaswar gansazRvros im pasuxebis tipi da diapazoni, romelic mis
kiTxvebs mohyveba. CanarTSi 15.1 warmodgenilia blok-sqemis ilustracia,
romelic
intervius
gamoiyenes,
Tumca
formiT
naTelia,
Catarebul
rom
es
komerciul
meTodi
gamokiTxvaSi
TviTadministrirebadi
kiTxvarebis SemTxvevaSi gamodgeba.

selici da misi TanamSromlebi (Sellitz et al. 1978) mkvlevars kiTxvaris
SedgenisTvis
sakmaod
amomwurav
Sejamebulia
CanarTSi
15.2
miTiTebebs
(ixileT
aZleven.
miTiTebebi
9780425368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 1. ppt).

sakiTxebi,
TiToeuli
romlebic
maTgani
aq
ganvixileT,
dawvrilebiT
mxolod
aris
Sesavalia.
ganxiluli.
am
TavSi
SesaZlebelia
kiTxvaris etapobrivi dagegmvac, rogorica:
1. gansazRvreT kiTxvaris miznebi/amocanebi;

2. gansazRvreT populacia da SerCeva (vinaidan maTi maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebi unda CarToT kiTxvaris piradi informacia-Si);
3. CamoayalibeT
Temebi/konstruqtebi/cnebebi/sakiTxebi,
romelic
unda
moicvas kiTxvarma da gansazRvreT monacemebi, romelic gWirdebaT

kvlevis
miznebis
misaRwevad
dakavSirebuli literaturis
(amis
gakeTeba
SeiZleba
TemasTan
an pilotirebamde Catarebuli kvlevis
734
masalebis
gamoyenebiT,
magaliTad,
fokus
jgufebiT
da
naxevrad
struqturirebuli interviuebiT);
4. CamoyalibdiT, rogori sazomebi/skalebi/kiTxvebi/pasuxebi gWirdebaT;
5. dawereT kiTxvaris debulebebi;
6. gadaamowmeT,
rom
gaiTvaliswineT,
(3)
punqtSi
TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli
maTganisTvis
yoveli
ramdenime
sakiTxi
debuleba
gamoiyeneT;
7. CaatareT kiTxvaris pilotireba da Sedegad daxveweT debulebebi;
8. CaatareT saboloo kiTxvari.
es
etapebi
moicavs
ramdenime
qvekomponents,
ganvixilavT.
15.2
kiTxvaris agebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
a) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb

1.
aucilebelia kiTxva? ras gvargebs?
romelTac
am
TavSi
735

2. im Temas, romelsac es kiTxva miekuTvneba, ramdenime kiTxva sWirdeba?
3.
aqvT Tu ara respondentebs am kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis aucilebeli

informacia?
4. saWiroa Tu ara, rom kiTxva ufro konkretuli, specifikuri da

miaxloebuli iyos respondentis pirad gamocdilebasTan?
5. sakmarisad zogadia Tu ara kiTxvis Sinaarsi? Tavisufalia Tu ra igi
yalbi konkretikisa da speficikurobisgan?
6. pasuxebi zogad damokidebulebebs xom ar gamoxatavs? moCvenebiTi xom
ar aris maTi konkretuloba?
7. kiTxvis
Sinaarsi
mikerZoebuli
da
calmxrivi
xom
ar
aris
damabalansebeli kiTxvebis gareSe?

8. mogvcemen Tu ara respondentebi im informacias, rasac vTxovT?
b) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvis verbaluri formulirebis Sesaxeb

1.
SeiZleba, rom kiTxva arasworad gaigon? Seicavs Tu ara is rTul an

dauzustebel frazebs?
2.
gadmocemuli azris TvalsazsiriT, adekvaturad gamoxatavs Tu ara

kiTxva alternativas?
3.
SevyavarT
Tu
ara
kiTxvas
SecdomaSi
navaraudevi
daSvebebis
an
uxilavi Sedegebis gamo?

4. aris Tu ara formulireba mikerZoebuli?
emociuradaa
datvirTuli
Tu konkretuli kiTxvisken ixreba?

5. SesaZlebelia
Tu
ara,
rom
respondenti,
nebismieri
mosazrebiT,
SeewinaaRmdegos kiTxvis formulirebas?

6. ukeTes
Sedegs
mogvcemda
Tu
ara
kiTxvis
ufro
metad
personalizebuli formulireba?
7. SeiZleba Tu ara igive kiTxvis ufro pirdapir an odnav iribad
dasma?
g) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvaze pasuxis formis Sesaxeb

1.
kiTxvis dasmis saukeTeso formaa pasuxis arCeva (mokle pasuxi, erTiori
sityva
an
ricxvi),
CamonaTvalidan pasuxis arCeva?
Tavisufali
pasuxi,
Tu
mocemuli
736

2. Tu pasuxis arCeva gamoiyeneba, rogori pasuxebis SeTavazeba iqneba
upriani
am
kiTxvisTvis:
diqotomuri,
mravaljeradi
arCevanis
(kafeteriis kiTxva) Tu skalis?

3.
Tu pasuxebis aRniSnva gamoiyeneba, adekvaturad aris Tu ara yvela

mniSvnelovani
alternativa
masSi
saTanado
TanmimdevrobiT
warmodgenili _ ise, rom erTmaneTs ar faravdnen ? zomieri sigrZisaa

CamonaTvali?
aris
Tu
ara
pasuxebi
miukerZoebelad
da
dabalansebulad formulirebuli?
4. aris Tu ara pasuxis forma martivi, gansazRvruli, erTgvarovani da
miznis Sesatyvisi?
d) gadawyvetilebebi kiTxvarSi kiTxvis adgilis Taobaze

1.
SesaZlebelia
Tu
ara,
rom
kiTxvis
Sinaarsze
misi
winmswrebi
kiTxvebis Sinaarsma imoqmedos?

2. bunebrivad
mivdivarT
Tu
ara
am
kiTxvamde?
aris
Tu
ara
es
marTebuli, fsiqologiuri Tanmimdevroba?

3.
interesis
aRZvris,
sakmarisi
yuradRebis
miqcevis,
winaaRmdegobis
aridebisa da a. S. TvalsazrisiT, Zalian adre an Zalian gviani xom ar

aris am kiTxvis dasma?
wyaro: Sallitz et al. 1976
kiTxvaris operacionalizacia
kiTxvaris operacionalizaciisas iReben zogad mizans an miznebs da
maT konkretul, kvlevad sferoebad gardaqmnian, romelTa Sesaxebac unda
Segrovdes monacemebi. pirvel rigSi, kiTxvaris zogadi miznebi unda
dazustdes
da
formulirdes.
specifikur,
amgvarad,
samsaxurze
gacilebiT
warmoebisgan
mouwyvetlad
konkretul
ras
amocanad
fiqroben
bundovania,
saswavlo
an
amocanebad
maswavleblebi
vidre
aseTi
kursebis
saStato
formulireba:
SemoRebis
Taobaze
dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis maswavlebelebis mosazrebebis detaluri

aRwera, es ukve sakmaod konkretulia.
kiTxvaris
ZiriTadi
miznis
gansazRvrisa
da
dazustebis
Semdeg,
dagegmvis meore fazaSi centralur mizanTan dakavSirebuli, damxmare
737
Temebis
gamoyofa da debulebebis saxiT formulireba xdeba. Cvens
magaliTSi damxmare sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos saWiro kursebis tipebi,

maTi Sinaarsi, adgilmdebareoba, vadebi, dizaini da dafinanseba.
damxmare
mosdevs
Temebis
mesame
identifikaciasa
faza,
romelic
da
moicavs
debulebebad
im
formulirebas
konkretuli
pirobebis
formulirebas, romelsac TiToeul am sakiTxze miRebuli informacia

unda akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, saWiro kursebis tipebis SemTxvevaSi
aucilebeli
iqneboda
detaluri
informacia
kursebis
xangrZliobis
(erTi Sexvedra, ramdenime Sexvedra, kvira, Tve, semestri Tu weliwadi),

statusis
(jildos
gareSe,
jildos
diplomi, kolejis an universitetis

orienitrebuli,
rac
gulisxmobs
gaTvaliswinebiT,
sertifikati,
xarisxi) da orientaciis (Teoriaze

leqciebs,
kiTxvas
da
a.
S.,
Tu
praqtikaze orientirebuli, rac gulisxmobs seminarebisa da saswavlo

masalebis Seqmnas) Sesaxeb.
amis
garda,
rogorc
magaliTSi
SeamCnevdiT,
interesTa
zogadi
sferodan Tu miznidan Zalze konkretul maxasiaTeblebze gadavediT,

romelTa Sesaxebac ukve SesaZlebelia uSualo monacemebis Segroveba.
vilsoni da maklini (1994L 8 9) gvTavazoben alternatiul midgomas:
sakvlevi
problemis
gamoyofa,
Semdeg
konstruqtebis dazusteba, Semdeg imis
saTanado
cnebebis
Tu
garkveva, Tu ra sazomebi (Tu
SesaZlebelia) an empiriuli indikatorebi arsebobs maTTvis, anu, am

cnebebisa
Tu
konstruqtebis
Sesaxeb
relevanturi
mtkicebulebebis
misaRebad, mkvlevars ra saxis monacemebi sWirdeba; igulisxmeba
maTi
gamovlena,
maTi
intensiuroba,
ZiriTadi
niSnebi
da
ganzomilebebi,
Semadgeneli ZiriTadi elementebi da a. S.).

am or midgomas saerTo isaa aqvs, rom orive saWirod miiCnevs Semdegi
sakiTxebis ganxilvas:
naTelia kiTxvaris mizani;
garkveulia, ra unda Caiweros
kiTxvari amomwuravad faravs masSi CarTul elementebs;
kiTxvarSi miznis misaRwevad;
738
moicavs yvelaze Sesatyvisi saxis kiTxvebs (qvemoT aris ganxiluli);
misi miznebisa da
qvekiTxvebis sapasuxod yvelaze Sesatyvisi saxis
monacemebs agrovebs;
empiriul monacemebs moiTxovs.
struqturirebuli, naxevrad struqturirebuli da

arastruqturirebuli kiTxvarebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom uamravi saxis kiTxvari arsebobs, gaqvs martivi
wesi: rac ufro didia SerCevis moculoba, miT ufro struqturirebuli,
daxuruli da ricxobrivi SeiZleba iyos kiTxvari, xolo rac ufro
mcirea SerCevis moculoba _ miT naklebad struqturirebuli, ufro Ria
da sityvieri.
mkvlevars ramdenime tipis kiTxvaris arCeva SeuZlia _ ukiduresad
struqturirebulidan
arastruqturirebulamde.
Tu
daxuruli
da
struqturirebuli kiTxvari gamoiyeneba, romelic modelebis dakvirvebisa

da
Sedarebis
pilotireba
da
SesaZleblobas
imgvarad
iZleva,
daxvewa,
rom
maSin
saWiroa
saboloo
kiTxvaris
versia
yvela
im
savaraudo pasuxs moicavdes, romelTa winaswar gaTvlac SesaZlebelia.

aseT kiTxvarze muSaoba rTulia kvlevis dasawyisSi, magram mas Semdeg,
rac
is
erTxel
aigeba,
analitikuri
samuSao
SedarebiT
swrafad
mimdinareobs. magaliTad, ori-sami Tve SeiZleba dasWirdes gamokiTxvis

kiTxvaris Sedgenas, pilotirebas, daxvewas da im formiT Camoyalibebas,
romelic
SesaZlebels
gaxdis
miRebuli
monacemebis
damuSavebas. Tumca, amis sanacvlod SeiZleba swrafad
statistikur
gaanalizdes. Cven
ukve viciT pasuxebis kategoriebi, monacemebis buneba da statistikuri

kriteriumebi, romelsac gamoviyenebT. es mxolod da mxolod monacemebis
damuSavebis, xSirad, kompiuteruli analizis, saqmea.
albaT, mcdari iqneba kiTxvarze arastruqturirebulis Tqma, radgan
kiTxvaris
arsi
swored
isaa,
rom
respondentebisgan
garkveuli
struqturis miyolas moiTxovs. miuxedavad amisa, sruliad Ria kiTxvarsa,

romelic dawereT, rac gsurT SeTavazebas hgavs, da sruliad daxurul,
739
struqturirebul
kiTxvars
Soris
iseTi
mniSvnelovani
intrumenti
Tavsdeba, rogoric naxevrad struqturirebuli interviua. aq mocemulia

kiTxvebi, debulebebi an punqtebi da respondentma ise unda upasuxos,
SearCios pasuxi an komentari gaakeTos, rogorc TviTon miiCnevs saWirod.
aseT kiTxvars aqvs naTeli struqtura, Tanmimdevroba da fokusi, magram
formati Riaa da respondentebs TavianTi sityvebiT SeuZliaT pasuxebis
gacema. naxevrad struqturirebul kiTxvarebs aqvT gegma, magram ara _
savaraudo pasuxebi.
kiTxvaris debulebebis tipebi

Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi
kiTxvarebSi kiTxvisa da pasuxis ramdenime forma arsebobs, maT Soris,
magaliTad, diqotomiuri kiTxvebi, kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT,
reitingis skalebi, mudmivi jamis mqone kiTxvebi, sixSiris monacemebi,
Tanafardobis monacemebi da Ria kiTxvebi. yvela maTgani qvemoT aris
ganxiluli (aseve, ixileT Wilson 1996). daxurul kiTxvebSi mocemulia
pasuxebis SesaZlo variantebi, saidanac respondents saTanado pasuxis
arCeva
SeuZlia.
upiratesoba
ukiduresad
isaa,
rom
struqturirebuli,
isini
pasuxebis
daxuruli
sixSireebis
kiTxvebis
gamoTvlis
SesaZleblobas iZlevian, romlebic SeiZleba statistukurad damuSavdes

da
gaanalizdes.
isini
SerCevaSi
jgufebs
Soris
Sedarebasac
SesaZlebels xdian (Oppenheim 1992: 115). daxuruli kiTxvis kodireba da

analizi ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre sityvieri monacemebis (Baily 1994: 118).
isini xSirad pirdapir sakiTxze orientirebuli da, specialurad,
fokusirebulebi
SeuZlebelia,
da
arian,
arc
vidre
aris
Ria
kiTxveba.
aucilebeli,
faqtobrivad,
xanmokle
ufro
TiTqmis
droSi
didi
raodenobiT sityvieri masalis damuSaveba.

Tu specifikuri, situaciuri SemTxvevis Seswavlaa saWiro,
Tvisebrivi,
naklebad struqturirebuli, sityvieri da Ria kiTxvarebi SeiZleba ufro

gamogvadges _ maT konkretuli situaciis specifikis asaxva SeuZliaT.
rodesac
gazomvaa
ganzraxuli,
raodenobrivi
midgomis
gamoyenebaa
740
saWiro; rodesac mdidari da pirovnuli monacemebis miRebaa saWiro, iq

sityvier masalaze agebuli, Tvisebrivi midgoma ufro gamosadegia. Ria
kiTxvebi maSin aris sasargeblo, rodesac ucnobia SesaZlo pasuxebi an
kiTxvari sakiTxis Seswavlas emsaxureba (Bailey 1994: 120) an, rodesac
pasuxebis imdeni
SesaZlo variantia, rom daxurul kiTxvaSi savaraudo
pasuxebis metismetad grZeli nusxa gamodis. Ria kiTxvebi respondentebs

imdeni
pasuxis
gacemis
saSualebas
aZlevs,
ramdenic
maT
surT,
da
gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli kompleqsuri sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad aris,

romelzedac
SeiZleba
martivi
debulebebis
pasuxebis
gacema
Sesaqmnelad
SeuZlebelia.
gamoviyenoT,
Ria
kiTxvebi
romlebic
Semdeg
kiTxvarSi daxuruli kiTxvebis masalad gamodgeba (anu prepilotireba).

zogadad,
daxurul
kiTxvebze
(doqotomiuri,
kiTxvebi
mravali
arCeviTi pasuxiT, mudmivi jamis mqone da reitingis skalebi) pasuxis

gacema swrafad xdeba, martivia maTi kodireba (magaliTad, kompiuteruli
analizisTvis) da respondentebs usamarTlod ar ajgufebs imis mixedviT,
Tu ramdenad mkafiod ayalibeben saTqmels (Wilson and McLean 1994: 21).
Tumca,
meore
mxriv,
kategoriebisTvis
raime
isini
ar
SeniSvnebis,
aZleven
respondentebs
Sefasebisa
da
axsnis
pasuxebis
damatebis
saSualebas. amdenad, arsebobs riski, rom kategoriebi mikerZoebuli da

araamomwuravi iqneba (Oppenheim 1992: 115).
Ria kiTxvebi, erTi mxriv, monawileebs sakuTari sityvebiT Tavisuflad
weris _ pasuxebis aRweris, axsnisa da Sefasebis _ saSualebas aZlevs da
ar arian SezRudulebi pasuxebis winaswar gansazRvruli kategoriebiT.
meore mxriv _ SeiZleba Seusabamo da Warbi informacia mogvcen. isini
respondentisTvis SeiZleba imdenad Ria iyos, rom is ver mixvdes, Tu ra
saxis informacias iTxoven misgan. maTze pasuxis gacemas gacilebiT meti

dro SeiZleba sWirdebodes (ramac debulebaze pasuxis gacemaze uari
SeiZleba aTqmevinos) da amitom kiTxvari SeiZleba grZeli da mosawyeni
gaxdes.
analizis
TvalsazrisiT,
ar
aris
martivi
monawileebis
monacemebis urTierTSedareba da pasuxebis kodireba da daxarisxebac
741
Znelia (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 15, faili

15. 2. ppt).
qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT sxvadasxva saxis daxurul da
Ria kiTxvebs.
monacemebis skalebi
kiTxvaris
SeqmnisTvis
saWiroa
gazomvis
sistemis
monacemebis
skalis _ arCeva. es ricxobriv monacemebs Seexeba da mkiTxvels vurCevT,

rom sxvadasxva skalaze Segrovili
(saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebisa
da Sefardebis) monacemebis analizisa da am analizisaTvis gamoyenebuli

sxvadasxva
statistikis
Sesaxeb
informacia
saxeldebis skalis monacemebi kategoriebs

monacemebi
rigs
(maRlidan
mexuTe
TavSi
moiZios.
aRniSnaven, rigis skalis
dablisken,
Tavidan
bolosken,
pataridan didisken, srulad ar veTanxmebi-dan srulad veTanxmebimde), Sefardebis skalis monacemebi _ uwyvet mniSvnelobebsa da realur
nuls
(magaliTad,
testSi
miRebuli
qula,
weliwadSi
daswrebebis
raodenoba) (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780 _ Tavi 15,

faili 15. 3. ppt). qvemoT gTavazobT kiTxvebis tipebsa da monacemebis
doneebs Soris mimarTebas:
kiTxvis tipi
monacemebis done
kiTxvebi
mravali
arCeviTi
pasuxiT
ranguli rigi
reitingis skalebi
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb monacemis kiTxvebi
Ria kiTxvebi
saxeldebis
saxeldebis
rigis
rigis
rigis
Sefardebis
sityvieri monacemebi
mosazrebebis an varaudis daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi
742
xSirad varaudoben, rom respondents ecodineba an sakuTari

eqneba
mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso
Temaze.
es
saxifaTo
azri
daSvebaa.
es
gansakuTrebulad problemuria, rodesac kiTxvarebi bavSvebTan tardeba,

romelTac SeiZleba daweron yvelaferi da ara _ araferi. es niSnavs
imas, rom respondentebs unda mivceT SesaZlebloba,
miuTiTon, rom ar
aqvT mosazreba, mocemul kiTxvaze ar ician pasuxi, an daadasturon, rom

fiqroben, rom kiTxva maT ar Seexeba. aseTi situacia xSiria socialur
mecnierebaSi
magaliTad,
momxmareblis
respondentebs
kmayofilebis
romelime
gamokiTxvebSi,
sayofacxovrebo
sadac,
momsaxurebis
(eleqtroenergia, gazi, wyali, telefoni) Sesaxeb mTel rig kiTxvebze

pasuxis gacemas sTxoven, maT ki, am momsaxurebis mimarT gamokveTili
mosazreba ara aqvT. faqtobrivad, momxmareblebs mxolod is ainteresebT,
Tu
ramdenad
gamarTuli,
sando
da
iafia
momsaxureba,
advilia
gadasaxadis gadaxda da ramdenad gvardeba maTi saCivrebis sakiTxi.

aq sityvebis SerCevis da maTSi nagulisxmevi azrisa da mniSvnelobis
sakiTxic
dgeba.
arsebiTia,
respondentebs
esmodeT
nagulisxmevi
mniSvneloba.
rom
kiTxvarSi
kiTxvis
tipisda
gamoyenebuli
analogiurad,
miuxedavad,
ena
vinaidan
da
masSi
mkvlevari
dainteresebulia konkretuli TemiT da mis Sesaxeb garkveul codnasac

flobs, ar arsebobs garantia imisa, rom respondentic mis msgavsad
iqneba ganwyobili. respondentze kiTxvaris gavlena guldasmiT unda
iqnas ganxiluli.
struqturirebul
kiTxvarSi
daxuruli
kiTxvebi
Sedis.
daxuruli
kiTxva ramdenime formis SeiZleba iyos. diqotomiur kiTxvebze pasuxia

diax/ara,
bavSvze
magaliTad,
centrirebul
rodesme
sasamarTloSi
meTodebTan
SedarebiT,
Tu daubarebixarT?,
didaqtikur
meTodebs
aniWebT upiratesobas? (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780425368780

_
Tavi
15,
faili
gamoiyurebodes:
15.
4.
ppt).
diqotomiuri
kiTxva
ase
SeiZleba
743
mamrobiTi
sqesi (aRniSneT):
diqotomiuri
kiTxva
mdedrobiTi
respondents
axal
sakiTxze
gadasasvleli
barieris daZlevas aiZulebs. is zust, erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs
moiTxovs.
garda
pasuxebis
amisa,
SesaZlebelia
pasuxebis
swrafad
kodireba
mxolod ori kategoria iqneba. diqotomiuri kiTxva Semdgomi kiTxvebis

gadasaxarisxebladac
gamodgeba,
magaliTad,
Tu
kiTxvas
diax
upasuxeT, gadadiT Y kiTxvaze; Tu X kiTxvas ara upasuxeT, gadadiT Z

kiTxvaze (qvemoT naxeT qveTavi SeWiduli kiTxvebis Sesaxeb). sudmeni da
bredberni (Sudman and Bradburn 1982: 89)
Tvlian, rom Tu diqotomiur
kiTxvebs viyenebT, maSin sasurvelia, rom erTi da igive Temis Sesaxeb

informaciis
misaRebad
SevamciroT
ramdenime
respondentebis
aseTi
kiTxva
gamocnobil
gamoviyenoT,
pasuxebTan
raTa
dakavSirebuli
problemebi.
meore mxriv, SeiZleba mkvlevari dainteresdes, magaliTad, ramdenad
realurad iZleva diax/ara pasuxi raime sasargeblo informacias.
respondentebisgan
SeiZleba
diax/ara
araadekvaturi
iyos.
saxis
arCevanis
SeiZleba
ufro
gakeTebis
moTxovna
sasargeblo
gamodges
pasuxebis CamonaTvali, magaliTad, reitingis skala, romelSic SedarebiT

naklebi raodenobis kompleqsuri an odnav ganxvavebuli kiTxvebi iqneba
mocemuli, romlebic martiv diax/ara kiTxvas moiTxovs. diax an
ara SeiZleba ar Seeferebodes situaciebs, romelTa kompleqsuroba
ukeT aisaxeba iseT kiTxvebSi, romlebic axerxeben am kompleqsurobis
dafiqsirebas. amasTan, iangmeni (Youngman 1984: 163) aRniSnavs, rom adamians
bunebrivad axasiaTebs debulebaze daTanxmebis da ara _ misi uaryofis
tendencia.
es
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
martivma
diqotomiurma
kiTxvam
respondentis mikerZoebuloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios. zogadad, adamianebs

uaryofiTad formulirebul debulebebze daTanxmeba ufro uWirT, vidre
_
dadebiTad
formulirebul
(Weems et al. 2003).
kiTxvebze
uaryofiTi
pasuxebis
gacema
744
diqotomiur kiTxvebTan (diax/ara tipis kiTxvebi) erTad, kvlevaSi

diqotomiur
cvladebzec
magaliTad,
sqesi
SeiZleba
iTxovdnen
informacias.
(mamrobiTi/mdedrobiTi),
(dawyebiTi/saSualo),
kursis
tipi
aseTia,
skolis
tipi
(profesiuli/araprofesiuli).
am
SemTxvevebSi oridan mxolod erTi kiTxva unda airCion; es saxeldebis

skalis monacemebis Segrovebis saSualebas iZleva, romlebic Semdeg xikvadratis,
binomialuri
testis,
da
G-testisa
krostabulaciis
gamoyenebiT damuSavdeba (magaliTebisTvis ixileT Cohen and Holliday (1996)).

diqotomiuri
kiTxvebi
saxeldebis
skalis
monacemebad
ganixileba
kiTxvebis
gamoyeneba
mocemuli
debulebis
(ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).

sakiTxis
SeuZliaT
sirTulis
mravali
savaraudo,
gasagebad
arCeviTi
SesaZlo
mkvlevars
pasuxiT,
sadac
pasuxebia
wamodgenili
Tavi
magaliTad,
rigi
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
dasvas
15,
(ixileT
faili
15.
kiTxvebisa,
5.
ppt).
romelic
skolaSi qimiis swavlebis axal sqemas Seexeba. debuleba iseT savaraudo

pasuxebsac moicavs, rogoricaa:
qimiaSi axali saSualo ganaTleba aris:
(a) drois flangva;
(b) zedmeti tvirTi maswavleblebisTvis;
(g) Cveni skolisaTvis Seuferebeli;
(d) sasargeblo damxmare sqema;
(e) sasargeblo ZiriTadi sqema mTeli skolisTvis;
(v) kargad mowodebuli da ganxorcielebadi.
kategoriebi
unda
iyos
diskretuli
(anu,
ar
unda
iyos
urTierTgadamfaravi da unda iyos urTierTgamomricxavi) da srulad

faravdes yvela SesaZlo pasuxs. kiTxvebs mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT Tan
unda
axldes
pasuxis
gacemis
instruqcia,
magaliTad,
dazusteba
respondentma SeTavazebuli CamonaTvalidan mxolod erTi pasuxi unda
745
aRniSnos (erTi pasuxis forma), Tu ramdenime pasuxis arCeva (mavali
pasuxis
forma)
SeuZlia?
diqotomiuri
kiTxvebis
msgavsad,
mravali
arCeviTi pasuxis mqone kiTxvebis kodireba swrafad xdeba da swrafadve

grovdeba pasuxebi sixSireebis dasaTvlelad. Tu kvlevas Seesabameba _
gamosadegi instrumentia.
mravali arCeviTi pasuxis kiTxvebis dizaiani aseTi SeiZleba iyo:
swavlebis wlebis raodenoba
1 5
15 24
6 14
25 +
romel asakobriv jgufs aswavliT amJamad (SegiZliaT aRniSnoT erTze

meti pasuxi)?
skolamdels
dawyebiTs
saSualos
(meeqvse klasis
gamoklebiT)
mxolod meeqvse
klass
rogorc diqotomiuri kiTxvebis analogi diqotomiuri cvladebia,

mravali
arCeviTi
pasuxis
cvladis
mravaljeradi
SeiZleba
ikiTxos,
kiTxvebsac
elementebis
romel
klasSia
moepovebaT
saxiT.
TavianTi
magaliTad,
moswavle.
did
ise
analogi
mkvlevarma
skolaSi,
ase,
ormocamde klasi iqneba; anda mkvlevars SeiZleba ainteresebdes, 16 wlis

Semdgom romel programaSia moswavle CarTuli (magaliTad, akademiuri,
profesiuli, fizikuri Sroma, ara
fizikuri Sroma). am SemTxvevebSi
mxolod erTi pasuxi SeiZleba SeirCes. diqotomiuri cvladis msgavsad,

cvladis ramdenime kategoriis, anu, elementis CamonaTvali
(magaliTad,
wevrobis formebi an kursis arCevani) saxeldebis skalis monacemebis

Segrovebis
saSualebas
iZleva,
romelic
xi-kvadratis,
G-testisa
da
krostabulaciis gamoyenebiT damuSavdeba (Cohen and Holliday 1996). kiTxvebi

mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT saxeldebis skalis monacemebad ganixileba
(ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).
746
kiTxvis savaraudo pasuxebSi SeiZleba iseTi kategoriebis CarTva iyos

saWiro,
romlebic
amasxveli
respondents
sakuTari
mosazrebis
yvelaze
ukeT
pasuxis gacemis saSualebas miscemen. aqedan gamomdinare, imaSi
dasarwmuneblad,
rom
kategoriebi
yovelmxrivi,
amomwuravi
da
reprezentaciulia, piloturi kvlevaa saWiro. meore mxriv, mkvlevars

SeiZleba mxolod konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebdes da amitom
mxolod maT Seitans savaraudo pasuxebis CamonaTvalSi.
kiTxvebi
mravali
statistikaze
mets.
bundovani
arCeiTi
kiTxvaSi
SeiZleba
iyos.
pasuxiT
Semavali
magaliTad,
iSviaTad
zogierTi
zemoT
iZleva
sityva
martiv
imTaviTve
mocemul
magaliTSi,
romelic qimiis swavlebas Seexeboda, bundovania sityva sasargeblo.

igive
iTqmis
sityvebze
respondentebma,
Seefereba,
TavianTi
sxvadasxvagvarad
gaigon
araerTmniSvnelovani
ganxorcielebadi
gamocdilebidan
es
sityvebi
gaxadon.
erTi
da
tvirTi.
gamomdinare,
da
amiT
respondenti
SeiZleba
monacemebi
qimiis
kursis
sargeblianobas erT sferoSi SeiZleba xedavdes da amitom Tqvas, rom is

sasargebloa
da
(d)
varianti
aRniSnos.
meore
respondentma
kursis
sargebeli imave sferoSi SeiZleba dainaxos, magram, radgan mxolod am

erT sferoSi xedavs sargebels,
SeiZleba naklad miiCnios da, Sedegad,
ar aRniSnos (d) varianti. anonimuri kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli

iqneba am gansxvavebebis gamovlena.
sxvadasxva respondents rom sxvadasxvagvarad esmis erTi da igive
sityvebi
es
kiTxvarebis
umTavresi
gansxvavebis xarisxis saCveneblad
problemaa.
pasuxebs
Soris
sayrdeni debulebebi (magaliTad,
sruliad veTanxmebi, veTanxmebi da a. S.) SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, magram

ar arsebobs garantia imisa, rom respondenti maT iseve gaigebs, rogorc
iyo miwodebuli. zemoT mocemul magaliTSi SeiZleba ar idges amis
provlema,
radgan
mkvlevars
mxolod
sargeblianobis
maCvenebeli
ainteresebs imis codnis gareSe, Tu ra sferoebSi xedaven respondentebi

sargeblianobas
an
ratom?
Semfasebels
SeiZleba
mxolod
martivi
747
statistika ainteresebdes (rac SeiZleba, statistikuri TvalsazrisiT,

Zalian gamosadegi iyos programis Sesaxeb damajerebeli msjelobisTvis).
am
SemTxvevaSi
es
uxeSi
da
swrafi
statistika
SeiZleba
sruliad
misaRebi iyos.
qimiis programis Taobaze zemoT ganxilul magaliTSi ara marto
debulebebia bundovanad formulirebuli, aramed pasuxebis CamonaTvalic
arasrulia da Znelad Tu warmoaCens qimiis sqemis yvela aspeqts.
politikurad
SeiZleba
mizanSewonilic
iyos,
rom
yovelive
zemoTqmuli yuradRebis miRma darCes, radgan Tu pasuxebis arCevani

SezRudulia
mxolod
kvleva
qimiis
mikerZoebuli
swavlebis
debulebebs moicavs,
sqemis
xdeba.
magaliTad,
sargeblianobasTan
Tu
pasuxebi
dakavSirebul
Semfasebels didad ar gauWirdeba imis dadgena,
rom qimiis swavlebis SemoTavazebuli sqema sasargebloa. uaryofiTad

formulirebuli
uciloblad
debulebebis
mikerZoebuli
gamoyenebisTvis
gaxdeba.
Tavis
kiTxvebis
aridebiT
kvleva
formulirebis
sakiTxi
zemoT ukve ganvixileT.

mravali arCeviTi pasuxis kiTxvebisaTvis sityvebis Tanmimdevroba da
debulebebis
rigic
problemas
qmnis.
magaliTad,
dilmani
da
misi
kolegebi (2003: 6) aRweren germanel moswavleebze Catarebul kvlevas.

moswavleebs sTxovdnen, erTmaneTisTvis SeedarebinaT saSualo skolis
TavianTi
maswavleblebi
empaTiurebi
iyvnen
moswavleebs
da
Tu
SeefasebinaT,
mamakacebi.
sTxovdnen,
rom
qali
maT
maswavleblebi
aRmoaCines,
qali
rom
ufro
rodesac
maswavleblebi
mamakaci
maswavleblebisTvis SeedarebinaT, isini qal maswavleblebs mamakacebze

ufro
maRal
qulas
maswavleblebis
qal
aniWebdnen,
vidre
maswavleblebTan
maSin,
Sedareba
rodesac
mamakaci
moeTxovebodaT.
analogiurad, avtorebi aRweren kvlevas, romelSic CogburTi fexburTze

nakleb sainteresod iyo miCneuli, rodesac kiTxvarSi jer CogburTis
varianti
iyo
sainteresod,
SeTavazebuli
rodesac
jer
da
Semdeg
fexburTi
fexburTis
iyo
da
ufro
dasaxelebuli
da
metad
Semdeg
748
CogburTi. es kvlevebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom respondentebi ufro gvian

miwodebul debulebebs maTi winmswrebi debulebebis mixedviT afaseben
da
ara
piriqiT;
isini
uyuradRebod
toveben
gvian
miwodebuli
debulebebis im aspeqts, romelic maT winmswreb debulebebSi ar xvdebaT.

es pirvelobis efeqtis anu rigis efeqtis SemTxvevaa, rodesac nusxis
dasawyisSi myof debulebebs ufro meti wona eniWeba, vidre nusxis
bolosken
ganTavsebulT.
rigis
efeqti
Znelad
emorCileba
misi
Semcirebis mcdelobas da pirvelobis efeqti gansakuTrebiT Zlieria

internet kiTxvarebSi (Dillman et al. 2003: 22).
ranguli rigi (ranJireba)

ranguli rigis kiTxvebi mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvebs hgavs imiT,
rom masSic mocemulia variantebi, saidanac respondenti irCevs pasuxs,
Tumca, is ufro metia, vidre mravaljeradi arCevani. aq respondents
prioritetebis
miTiTeba
moeTxoveba.
es
upiraterobis,
prioritetis,
intensiurobisa da a. S. fardobiTi xarisxis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva

ppt). ranguli rigis kiTxvaSi mocemulia faqtorebis CamonaTvali da
respondents
maTTvis
rangebis
miniWeba
(maTi
ranJireba)
moeTxoveba,
magaliTad:
gTxovT, cariel ujrebSi Sesabamisi ricxvebis CaweriT miuTiToT, qvemoT
mocemul debulebebs ra upiratesobas aniWebT. 1 niSnavs yvelaze met
upiratesobas, 2 _ rigiT meore, SedarebiT nakleb upiratesobas da a. S.
skolaSi aris saTanado materialuri resursebi.
cvlilebebi yvela maswavlebls kargad auxsnes.
cvlilebas mxars uWers maTematikosTa gundi.
uzrunvelyofilia TanamSromelTa aucilebeli ganviTareba.
Sesabamisad, gaumjobesda moswavleTa warmatebis done.
proeqtebs yvela maswavlebeli eTanxmeba.
isini zrdian moswavleTa motivacias.
mSoblebisTvis misaRebia cvlilebebi.
isini niWieri moswavleebis Sedegebs gaaumjobeseben.
muSaoba ufro problemebis gadaWrazea orientirebuli.
749
am
magaliTSi
mimzidvelad
aTi
mosCans,
debulebaa
vinaidan
mocemuli.
naTlad
Tu
es
mkvlevrisTvis
SeuZlia
respondentis
prioritetebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, Tavad respondentisTvis, aseTi

daxvewili gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba, SeiZleba metismetis moTxovna iyos.
maT SeiZleba marTlac ar SeeZloT TavianTi pasuxebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna, an ubralod miaCndeT, rom SeTavazebuli variantebi arc ise
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. Zalian grZeli nusxis SeTavazeba SeiZleba
damabnebeli
aRmoCndes.
vilsonis
da
maklinis
(1994:
26)
azriT,
respondentebisgan prioritetebis dalagebis moTxovna, Tu CamonaTvalSi

xuTze meti variantia mocemuli _ ararealisturia. zemoT ganxiluli
aTdebulebiani davalebis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevars problemis mogvarebis
ori gza aqvs. pirveli _ debulebebis raodenoba xuTamde Seamciros. am
SemTxvevaSi
respondentis
damokidebulebis
amsaxveli
pasuxebis
diapazoni da sisrule sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba. amis alternatiuli gza

aTive
debulebis
SenarCunebaa,
magram,
am
SemTxvevaSi,
respondents
mxolod pirveli xuTi prioritetis ranJireba moeTxoveba. am SemTxvevaSi

variantebis raodenobac ucvleli rCeba da aRarc davalebaa damabneveli
(Tumca, matulobs analizisTvis monacemebis daxarisxebis problema).
zemoT
mocemuli
magaliTis
ufro
mokle
versia
ase
SeiZleba
gamoiyurebodes:
moswavleebs unda uxarodeT skolaSi misvla.

maswavleblebi ufro nakleb saSinao davalebas unda iZleodnen.
moswavleebs skolaSi sagnebis ufro mdidari arCevani unda
hqondeT.
maswavleblebi ufro met TanamSromlobiT meTodebs
unda iyenebdnen.
moswavleebs ufro xSirad unda amowmebdnen; ase isini
mets imecadineben.
ranJireba
sasargebloa
TvalsazrisiT, pasuxebi
pasuxebis
xarisxis
misaTiTeblad.
am
reitingis skalebs emsgavseba, rasac qvemoT
ganvixilavT. ranJirebis kiTxvebi rigis skalis monacemebad ganixileba

(rigis skalis monacemebis Sesaxeb ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).
750
reitingis skalebi
pasuxebis xarisxi da intensivoba da diqotomiur kiTxvaze uaris Tqma
kargad Cans reitingis skalebis cnebaSi, rogoricaa laikertis skala,
semantikuri diferencialis skala, Turstonisa da gatmanis skalebi. es
mkvlevrisTvis Zalze gamosadegi saSualebebia, radgan miuxedavad imisa,
rom maT, imTaviTve, sensitiurobis xarisxi da pasuxebis deferencireba
axasiaTebT, mainc ricxobriv monacemebs iZlevian. am TavSi pirvel or
skalaze visaubrebT. danarCenebis ganxilva SegiZliaT openheimTan (1992)
ixiloT.
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368680Y_
Tavi
15,
faili 15. 7. ppt). laikertis skala (es skala 1932 wels Seqmna da saxeli
avtoris, rensis laikertis sapativcemulod hqvia.) respondents mocemuli
kiTxvisTvis an debulebisTvis pasuxebis diapazons sTavazobs, magaliTad:
ramdenad mniSvnelovnad migaCniaT saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis
samuSao adgilebis arseboba?
1 = saerTod ara;
2 = Zalian mcired;
3 = mcired;
4 sakmaod;
5 = srulad.
ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba yvela studentisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda
iyos.
1 = sruliad ar veTanxmebi;
2 = ar veTanxmebi;
3 = arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi;
4 = veTanxmebi;
5 = sruliad veTanxmebi.
aseTi skala Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes:

gTxovT, upaxusoT kiTxvas; amisaTvis Sesabamisi ricxvis qveS aRniSneT
mxolod erTi pasuxi. ricxvebis mniSvnelobebia:
1 = sruliad ar veTanxmebi;
2 = ar veTanxmebi;
3 = arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi;
4 = veTanxmebi;
5 = sruliad veTanxmebi.
gamocdil maswavleblebs ufro meti
1
[ ]
2
[ ]
3
[ ]
4
[ ]
5
[ ]
751

gakveTilebi unda hqodeT.
warmodgenil magaliTebSi es kategoriebi wyvetili unda iyos da

respondentis yvela SesaZlo pasuxis diapazons moicavdes. miuxedavad
wina magaliTSi wamoWrili interpretaciis problemebisa, rodesac erTi
respondentis veTanxmebi meoris sruliad veTanxmebi SeiZleba iyos da
erTis sul mcired, meoris mcired-s niSnavdes, pasuxebis sinatife,
romelic reitingis skalebis arsebiTi niSania, maT Zalian mimzidvelsa
da kvlevisTvis farTo gamoyenebis instrumentad aqcevs.
orive magaliTi damokidebulebis sazomi
Tvisebas
gviCvenebs,
kerZod,
instrumentis mniSvnelovan
erTganzomilebianobis
skalis
daSvebas.
skalaze erT jerze mxolod erTi ram SeiZleba gaizomos (Oppenheim 1992:
187 8). swored es aris laikertis (1932) msjelobis
safuZvelic.
Zalian martivia diqotomiuri kiTxvis mravaljeradi arCevanis kiTxvad

gardaqmna.
magaliTad,
diqotomiuri
martivi
saxiT
dasmis
cvlilebiT,
SeiZleba.
kiTxvebis
amisaTvis
CavanacvloT sityvebiT
SegiZliaT?,
nacvlad,
gacilebiT
natifi
sakmarisia,
ra
amave
zemoT
xarisxiT?,
gaqvT?,
sityvebis
reitingis
formulirebis
skalis
dasaxelebuli
ramdenad
xarT?.
miReba
sityvebi
Sors?, ramdeni?,
ramdenad xSirad? da a. S.
semantikuri diferenciali reitingis skalis nairsaxeobaa, romelSic
skalis or boloSi antonimi zedsarTavis saxelebi Tavsdeba _ erTi
zedsarTavi
erT
boloSi
da
misi
sawinaaRmdego
meore
boloSi,
magaliTad:
rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad sasargebloa istoriis axali
saxelmZRvaneloebi?
sasargeblo
1
_
2
_
3
_
4
_
5
_
6
_
7
_
usargeblo
respondentebi sakuTar mosazrebas skalis im ricxvis SemoxazviT an

aRniSvniT
afiqsireben,
romelic
yvelaze
metad
gamoxatavs
maT
752
damokidebulebas. mkvlevrebi sakuTar terminebsa da antonimur wyvilebs

qmnian, magaliTad:
misawvdomi . . . . miuwvdomeli
guluxvi . . . . . .Zunwi
megobruli . . . . mtruli
mzrunveli . . . . udardeli
yuradRebiani . . . . uyuradRebo
bejiTi . . . . zarmaci
am teqnikis pionerebis, osgudisa da mis TanamSromlebis (Osgood et al.

1957) mosazrebiT, semantikuri diferencialis skalebi sam situaciaSi
gamoiyeneba: Sefasebis (magaliTad, Rirebuli-araRirebuli, sasargeblousargeblo, kargi-cudi), Zalis (magaliTad, farTo-mcire, susti-Zlieri,
msubuqi-mZime)
da
moqmedebis
(magaliTad,
Cqari-neli,
aqtiuri-pasiuri,
moZravi-zanti) SemTxvevaSi.
reitingis
skalebSi
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
ramodenime
kategoria,
magaliTad:
sruliad ar veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi-arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebiveTanxmebi-sruliad veTanxmebi;
Zalian iSviaTad-xandaxan-sakmaod xSirad-Zalian xSirad;
Zalian mcire-mcire-saSualo-bevri-Zalian bevri;
arasodes-zogjer-xSirad-Zalian xSirad;
sruliad umniSvnelo-umniSvnelo-arc mniSvnelovani, arc umniSvnelomniSvnelovani-Zalian mniSvnelovani;
sruliad marTalia-nawilobriv marTali-ar vici-arc iseTi marTaliasruliad ar aris marTali;
sruliad
veTanxmebi-veTanxmebi-ar
var
darwmunebuli-ar
veTanxmebi-
saerTod ar veTanxmebi.
dasaxelebul kategoriebs SegviZlia davamatoT ar vici an ar maqvs

mosazreba.
reitingis
samarTlianadac,
skalebi
vinaidan
farTod
moqnil
gamoiyeneba
pasuxebTan
erTad
kvlevaSi
da
sixSireebis
gansazRvris, korelaciebisa da raodenobrivi analizis sxva formebis
753
gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva, amasTan
erTad,
mkvlevars
Tavad
SeuZlia sazoms mosazrebebi, raodenoba da xarisxi daamatos.

miuxedavad
instrumentia,
imisa,
rom
reitingis
mkvlevars
mainc
skalebi
marTebs
kvlevis
misi
sasargeblo
SezRudvebis
codna.
magaliTad, mkvlevarma sensitiurobis xarisxsa da natifobis Sesaxeb

SeiZleba iseT monacemebze dayrdnobiT daaskvnas, romlebic realurad
aseTi informaciis ar Seicaven. reitingebis skalebTan dakavSirebiT sxva
gasaTvaliswinebeli
faqtorebic
arsebobs,
iqneba
es
laikertisa
Tu
semantikuri diferencialis skalebi:
kategoriebs Soris intervalebi ar aris Tanabari, Sesabamisad, rangi 4

arc imaze miuTiTebs, rom is orjer Zlieria, vidre rangi 2 da arc
imaze, rom orjer metad igrZnoba. ver davaskvniT, rom laikertis
skalaze
Sexedulebis
intensivoba
Zalian
veTanxmebisa
da
ar
veTanxmebis Soris Seesabameba intensivobas Zalian ar veTanxmebisa

da veTanxmebis Soris mimarTebas. es mcdari daskvnebia. Tanabari
intervalebis
problema
Turstonis
skalaze
mogvarebuli
aris
(Thurstone and Chave 1929; Oppenheim 1992: 190 5).
ver SevamowmebT, respondentebi simarTles amboben Tu ara. zogierTma

maTganma SeiZleba Segnebulad gaayalbos sakuTari pasuxebi.
ver
gavigebT,
undoda
Tu
ara
respondents
raime
SeniSvnis
an
komentaris gakeTeba mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba isec

momxdariyo, rom raRac ufro meti, ufro mniSvnelovani yofiliyo
saTqmeli mocemul Temaze, vidre es skalaze iyo mocemuli, rac
kategoriebis SezRudvis gamo, daikarga.
am sakiTxis gadasaWrelad
sakmarisia piloturi kvlevis Catareba da sxva (gTxovT, daasaxeloT)

kategoriis damateba.
bevri
xSirad
Cvengani
aaridebda
vcdilobT,
rom
Tavs
bevr
eqstremaluri
aspeqtSi
pasuxebis
vgavdeT
sxvebs.
aRniSvnas.
reitingis
skalebis SemTxvevaSi es imas niSnavs, rom, SesaZloa, Tavi avaridoT

skalis kontinuumis yvelaze kidura pasuxebs da skalis punqtebis
754
arCevani
sam
SesaZlo
variantze
daviyvanoT
(5-qulian
skalze).
es
faqtobrivad, Zalian mwiri arCevani gveqneba. aqedan
niSnavs, rom,
gamosavali ufro farTo skalis Seqmnaa, vidre 5-qulianisa, magaliTad,

7-qulianis.
7-qulian
skalaze
meti,
ufro
met
detalizaciasa
da
sizustes iTxovs, rac SeiZleba ar Seeferebodes mocemul debulebas,

gansakuTrebiT
mocemul
im
SemTxvevaSi,
msjelobas
imis
Tu
marTebulad
Taobaze,
rom
erTi
miviCnevT
zemoT
respondentis
mier
skalaze aRniSnuli qula 3, SeiZleba meorisaTvis 4 qula iyos.
respondentebi
an
7-quliani
skalis
Sua
nawilisken
gadaxris
tendenciiT xasiaTdebian (centraluri tendencia). es gasakuTrebiT

SesamCnevi
aRmosavleT
konfucianul
azieli
kulturaSi
respondentebis
saSualos
SemTxvevaSia,
doqtrinaa
sadac
miRebuli.
amis
daZlevis erTi gza skalaze luwi raodenobis punqtebis gamoyenebaa,

sadac ar aris Sua wertili. meore mxriv, SeiZleba SemogvekamaTon,
rom, Tu respondentebs arc erTi mxaris daTanxmeba da
arCeva undaT, maSin maT aseTi arCevanis
Sua wertilis
SesaZlebloba unda mivceT.
aqamde ganxilul skalebze gvqonda Sua wertili: 5-qulian skalaze

esaa kategoria 3, xolo 7-qulianze _ kategoria 4. amis SesaZleblobas
skalaze kenti punqtebis gamoyeneba iZleva. Tumca, skalis wyvili
punqtebis
gamoyenebisas,
magaliTad,
6-punqtianis,
saWiroa,
rom
miuTiToT, ratom miiReT aseTi gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad, davuSvaT skolaSi axali saStato struqtura
direqtori misi efeqturobis marTvis
gzebs eZebs.
danerges da
eqvs quliani skalis
SemTxvevaSi, respondentebs sTxovdnen pasuxis miTiTebas debulebaze:

skolaSi axali saStato struqtura gunduri muSaobis saSualebas iZleva
mkafiod gamokveTili hirizontaluri menejmentis pirobebSi.
(erTi cifri SemoxazeT)
1
sruliad _
veTanxmebi
2
_
3
_
4
_
5
_
6
_
sruliad ar
veTanxmebi
755
vTqvaT, erTma TanamSromelma Semoxaza 1, rva TanamSromelma _ 2,

Tormetma _ 3, cxram _ 4, orma _ 5 da Svidma _6. vianidan skalaze ar iyo
Sua
wertili,
mkvlevars
SeuZlia
daaskvnas,
rom
respondentebi,
romelTac 1, 2 da 3 Semoxazes, garkveulwilad eTanxmebodnen debulebas,

xolo isini, vinc 4, 5 da 6 Semoxaza _ ar eTanxmebodnen. es Zalian
daexmareba, magaliTad, direqtors Tanxmobis sajarod gamocxadebisaTvis,
rodesac 21 TanamSromeli (1+8+12) eTanxmeba mocemul debulebas da 18
(9+2+7) _ ara. Tumca SegviZlia, mivuTiToT, rom punqtma saerTod ar
veTanxmebi _ Zalian Zlierma grZnobam _ Svidi TanamSromeli miizida,
rac ar moxda Zalian veTanxmebi-is SemTxvevaSi, romelic mxolod erTma
TanamSromelma airCia. ukiduresi arCevani monacemebis martiv SejamebaSi
daikarga.
amasTan,
Tu
mkvlevari
miRebul
qulebs
mxolod
ori
SuaTana
kategoriis (kategoriebi 3 da 4) mixedviT daajgufebda, warmodgenili

iqneboda
21
TanamSromeli,
kategoriebidan
da
xolo
TanamSromeli
TanamSromeli
(2+7)
da
(1+8)
da
kategoriebidan
gamoiricxeboda. 1, 2, 5 da 6 kategoriebSi gadanawilebul TanamSromelTa

raodenobis
SekrebiT
viRebT
18-s,
rac
ufro
naklebia,
vidre
21
TanamSromlis jami or SuaTana (3 da 4) kategoriaSi. am gamoTvliT arc

ise naTlad Cans, rom TanamSromlebi debulebas marTlac eTanxmebodnen.
faqtobrivad,
veTanxmebis
SedarebiT
didi
raodenobiT
gaTvaliswinebiT,
SeiZleba
miRebuli
sruliad
vamtkicoT,
rom
ar
is
TanamSromlebi, romlebic, savaraudod, WoWmanobdnen (kategoriebi 3 da 4)

da isini, vinc sruliad ar veTanxmebi aRniSna, erTad Sekrebilni,
debulebis uayrofaze miuTiTeben da ara _ Tanxmobaze.
monacemebis interpretacia didi sifrTxiliT unda moxdes. monacemebis
mkvlevaris miznebis Sesatyvisad dalageba SeiZleba Zalian macdunebeli
iyos,
magram
monacemebs
sruliad
aseTive
umarTebulo.
interpretacia
oqros
mohyveba.
wesia,
rom
daxvewil
martiv,
uxeS
statistikas
756
daxvewili monacemebi sWirdeba. monacemebis interpretaciiT monacemebi

ganzrax ar unda damaxinjdes. reitingis skalis kiTxvebi rigis skalis
monacemebad ganixileba (ixileT nawili mexuTe) da maTTvis modaluri
qulebi da araparametruli monacemebis analizi gamoiyeneba, Tumca, bevri
magaliTis povna SeiZleba, sadac es wesi darRveulia da araparametrul
monacemebze parametrulisTvis gankuTvnil statistikur manipulaciebs
axorcieleben, rac dauSvebelia.
ukve iTqva, rom reitingis skalebis mimzidvelobas is ganapirobebs,
rom
isini,
diqotomiur
respondentisTvis
iZlevian.
es
kiTxvebTan
Sesatyvisi
reitingul
SedarebiT,
monacemebis
skalebs
ufro
miRebis
met
gansakuTrebiT
sensitiuri
da
SesaZleblobas
sasargeblos
xdis
respondentebis damokidebulebebis, aRqmebisa da mosazrebebis gasazomad.

monacemebis Segrovebis am meTodis aucilebeli nawilia, amomwuravi da
wyvetili
kategoriebis
SemuSavebisa
da
daxvewis
mizniT,
piloturi
kvlevis Catareba.
SesaZlebelia
kiTxvarebis
ricxobrivi
kompiuteruli
an
sityvieri
programebiT
monacemebis
damuSaveba
momcemi
(magaliTad,
Sesabamisad, SPSS an Ethnograph). Tu mkvlevari monacemebis damuSavebas

kompiuteruli
programiT
apirebs,
Zalian
mniSvnelovania,
rom
kiTxvaris sqema da kodirebis sistema konkretul programul pakets

Seesatyvisebodes.
instruqciebi
monacemebis kompiuterSi
iseTi
sqemebis
Sesaxeb,
romlebic
Seyvanas amartiveben, Tan erTvis xolme aseT
programul paketebs.
reitingis
skalebi
ufro
sensitiuri
instrumentebia,
vidre
diqotomiuri skalebi, Tumca maTi sargeblianoba mainc SezRudulia,

radgan
fiqsirebuli
pasuxebi
variantebidan erTi unda
aqvT
da
respondentma
SeTavazebuli
airCios. kiTxvari respondentisaTvis
ufro
adekvaturi iqneba, Tu masSi Ria kiTxvebs gamoviyenebT, am kiTxvebze

pasuxiT
repodentebi
sakuTari
sityvebiT
sakuTari
mosazrebis
dafiqsirebas SeZleben. aseT kiTxvebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
757

aseTi tipis kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi respondents mocemuli qulebis
(niSnebis)
mocemul
debulebebze
gadanawilebas
Tavi
15,
sTxoven
faili
(ixileT
15.
8.
ppt),
magaliTad:
gTxovT, gadaanawiloT mocemuli 10 qula qvemoT mocemul im debulebebs
Soris, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze zustad aRweren Tqven qcevas. es
qulebi Tavisuflad SegiZliaT gadaanawiloT: SegiZliaT gafantoT, mxolod
ramdenime debulebas mianiWoT, an, Tu gsurT _ mxolod erT winadadebas.
SemiZlia axali SesaZleblobebidan sargeblis miReba.
[]
nebismier adamianTan SemiZlia efeqturad muSaoba.
[]
ideebis generireba Cemi erT-erTi Zlieri mxarea.
[]
Cveulebriv, SemiZlia vTqva, ras niSnavs praqtikuli muSaoba.
[]
bolomde SemiZlia amocanebis ganWvreta.
[]
skolis sakeTildReod, mzad var arapopularuli viyo.
[]
aseTi
davaleba
Sefasebebis
prioritetebis
Sedarebisa
da
dadgenis,
Tanabari
arCevanis
maRali
da
miTiTebis
dabali
saSualebas
iZleva da, rac mniSvnelovania, repodenti amas Tavisi terminebiT akeTebs.

man unda Seadaros da airCios debuleba SeTavazebuli debulebebidan.
magaliTad, 10 qulis ganwileba, SeiZleba, pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebs
Soris gvindodes:
es
enawyliani
[ ]
kolegialuri
[ ]
gamrje
[ ]
zarmaci
[ ]
mondomebuli
[ ]
yuradRebiani
[ ]
niSnavs,
fardobiTi
rom
wona
respondentma
unda
Seafasos
TiToeuli
da
ise
SeTavazebuli
miiRos
qulis
aspeqtis
miniWebis
758
gadawyvetileba.
amis
gakeTeba
SeTavazebuli
terminebiT
pirovnebis
mTliani bunebis gaazrebas niSnavs, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos saerTo jamSi

imis danaxva, romeli aspeqtia ufro gamokveTili sxvebTan SedarebiT.1
am
midgomaSi
rTulia
imis
gadawyveta,
Tu
ramdeni
qula
unda
gadanawildes mocemul debulebebze (mrgvali ricxvi, magaliTad, 10,

aadvilebs
gamoTvlebs)
da
ramdeni
debuleba
unda
SevTavazoT
respondents. magaliTad, imdenive, ramdenic gasanawilebeli qulaa, Tu

meti an naklebi? Zalian mcire raodenobis debuleba ver asaxavs sakiTxis
sirTules, xolo Zalian bevri debuleba SeiZleba respondents qulebis
miniWebis gadawyvetilebis miRebas urTulebdes. Zalian mcire raodenobis
qula SeiZleba arafris momcemi iyos, magram, amis sapirispirod, Zalian
bevrma qulam da Zalian bevrma debulebam respondents SeiZleba martiv
angariSSi SeuSalos xeli. girCevdiT,
10-mde qulisa da 6-8 debulebis
gamoyenebas.
mudmivi jamis mqone monacemebi rigis skalas ekuTvnis da amitom maTi
damuSavebisTvis
araparametruli
analizi
gamoiyeneba
(ixileT
wignis
mexuTe nawili).
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi

Tanafardobis monacemebs wignis mexuTe nawilSi ganvixilavT. iqve
SegiZliaT
ixiloT
saWiro
ganmartebebic
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 9. ppt). aq

mxolod
imas
vityviT, rom
Tanafardobis
kiTxvebi
uwyvet
cvladebs
Seexeba, romelTac realuri nuli aqvT, magaliTad,

ramdeni fuli gaqvT bankSi?
ramdenjer daigvianeT skolaSi?
ra niSani miiReT maTematikis testSi?
ramdeni wlis brZandebiT (wlebiT)?
aq ar aris fiqsirebuliY pasuxebi an kategoriebi da respondenti misi

zusti mdgomareobis Sesatyvis ricxobriv pasuxs
wers, anu, maRalia
759
sizustis
xarisxi.
ufro
maRali,
vidre
kategoriebis
monacemebis
SemTxvevaSi. es saSualoebis, standartuli gadaxrebis, diapazonisa da

iseTi
maRali
rangis
statistikuri
kriteriumebis
gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva, rogoricaa regresia, faqtoruli analizi da

struqturuli gantolebis modelireba (ixileT nawili mexuTe).
Tanafardobis
skalirebis
alternatiuli
formaa,
rodesac
respondentebma, vTqvaT, 10 qulidan raRac nawili konkretul debulebas

unda mianiWon. es meTodi biznessa da komerciaSi momsaxurebis xarisxisa
da momxmareblis kmayofilebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba. is geilma da
morisonma (2006) ganaTlebaSic gamoiyenes. magaliTisTvis ixileT CanarTi
15. 3.
aseT skalirebas xSirad satelefono interviuebSi iyeneben, radgan
respondentebisTvis advilad gasagebia. SesaZlebelia imis mtkicebac rom
es meTodi reitingis skalis daxvewili formaa, magram instruqciaSi
gamoyenebuli
terminologiis
mixedviT,
sruliad
naTelia,
rom
is
Sefardebis skalis monacemebs moiTxovs.

CanarTi 15. 3
kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli 10-quliani Sefasebis skala
gTxovT, TiToeuli debuleba SeafasoT 1-dan 10-mde qulebiT, sadac 10
niSnavs saukeTesos da 1 _ Zalian cuds. gTxovT, TiToeuli debulebisTvis
SemoxazoT Sesabamisi cifri.
swavleba da swavla
Zalian cudi
saukeTeso
1. skolaSi swavlebisa da swavlisTvis

daTmobili yuradReba
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
2. gakveTilis momzadebis xarisxi
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
3. moswaleebze zrunva, xelmZRvaneloba da

mxaris daWera
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
4. maswavleblis mier moswavleebis

daintereseba da gakveTilSi CarTva
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
5. maswavleblis mier iseTi Sefasebis

sistemis gamoyeneba, romelic moswavlis
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
760

swavlis maqsimizaciisTvis aris
mowodebuli
6. ramdenad kargad swavloben moswavleebi
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
7. diskusiebi da ganxilvebi, romelTac

maswavleblebi swavlebisa da swavlis
xarisxis Taobaze marTaven
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
Ria kiTxvebi
Ria kiTxvebi Zalze mimzidveli instrumentia mcire zomis kvlevisTvis
an kiTxvaris im nawilisTvis, sadac, ricxvebis Semoxazvisa da pasuxis
aRniSvnebis
sTxoven
garda,
(ixileT
respondentebs
gulwrfel
pirad
komentarebsac
Tavi
15,
faili 15. 10. ppt). kiTxvarSi ubralod mocemulia Ria kiTxvebi da pasuxis
Casawerad
adgilia
(an
carieli
xazebi)
datovebuli.
swored
Ria
kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSia informaciis is margalitebi, romlebic

sxva
SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebisas,
SeumCneveli
respondentis
monacemebze da
darCeboda.
xelSi
garda
gacilebiT
amisa,
meti
Ria
kiTxvebis
pasuxismgeblobaa
sakuTrebis meti uflebac.
kargi iqneba, mkvlevari respondentebs daxmarebasac Tu SesTavazebs,

ase maT ukeT ecodinebaT, ra tipis pasuxs elian miTgan. magaliTad, Ria
kiTxvaSi SeiZleba aseTi miniSneba iyos:
gTxovT,
aRniSnoT
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi,
romlebic
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi TanamSromlebis monawileobis Semcirebas

ganapirobeben.
gTxovT, daasaxeloT maTematikis kursis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
gTxovT, miuTiToT skolaSi ucxo enis swavlebis gasaumjobesebeli

aspeqtebi.
es ar niSnavs, rom Ria kiTxva imdenad kargad ver ayalibebs pasuxebs,

rogorc
reitingis skalis kiTxva moawesrigebda. Tumca, Ria kiTxvas
SeuZlia auTenturobis, simdidris,

pirdapirobis
pasuxis siRrmis, gulwrfelobisa da
dafiqsireba, rac rogorc araerTxel
Tvisebrivi monacemebis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia.
aRiniSna am wignSi,
761
openheimis (1992: 56 7) mosazrebiT,
debuleba, romelic winadadebis
dasrulebas moiTxovs, Ria kiTxvis mniSvnelovani danamatia. magaliTad:

gTxovT, Tqveni sityvebiT daasruloT winadadeba:
efeqturi maswavlebeli . . .
an
xelisSemSleli moswavleebi yvelaze metad imiT maRizianeben, rom . . .
Ria
kiTxvebs
magaliTad,
Tu
(magaliTad:
axali
monacemebis
kiTxvarSi,
mosazrebebis
amdeni
gegmiT
organizebis
adamiani
amdenad
pirvel
ricxvebad
direqtoris
kmayofilia),
rigSi,
problemebi
reitingis
gardaqmnas
mier
maSin,
axlavs
SevecdebiT
SeTavazebuli
SeiZleba
skalebi
marTvis
vamtkicoT,
unda
Tan.
rom
gamogveyenebina.
SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom mkvlevarma daarRvios sityvieri monacemebis

erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
gankuTvnili
principi
gaerTienebisaTvis,
raodenobrivi
monacemebisTvis
aseTi
es
monacemebi
niSnavs,
rom
gankuTvnili
ar
aris
sityvier
principebi
validuri
monacemebs
mivuyenoT,
romelTac erTi paradigmidan (raodenobrivi, pozitiuri meTodologia)

meoreSi
gadasatanad
(Tvisebrivi,
interpretaciuli
meTodologia)
gamoviyenebT.
garda amisa, Tu WeSmaritad Ria kiTxvas vsvamT, albaT, naklebad unda
velodoT, rom miRebuli pasuxebi identuri
gaxdeba
maTi
saTanadod
gaerTianeba.
iqneba da SesaZlebeli
Ria
kiTxvebi
arTuleben
respondentebis urTierTSedarebas, radgan maT Soris SeiZleba bevri

araferi iyos
Sesadarebeli. metic, Ria kiTxvaris Sevsebas gacilebiT
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre reitingis skalaze aRniSnvnebis gakeTebas. aq

ara
marto
droa
SezRuduli,
aramed
daSvebac,
rom
respondentebs
sakmarisad an erTnairad SeeZlebaT sakuTari azrebis gamoxatva da maTi

qaRaldze gadatana.
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, redlaini da misi kolegebi (Redline at el.
2002) aRniSnaven, rom Ria kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebma SeiZleba
762
yuradReba ar miaqcion instruqciebs, vinaidan isini

gadmocemiT ufro
miuxedavad
sakuTari azris
arian dakavebulni vidre _ instruqciebis kiTxviT.
am
gafrTxilebebisa,
Ria
kiTxvebis
datovebuli sivrce respondentebs saSualebas aZlevs,

mocemul
sakiTxsa
Tu
programas.
amgvarad,
Ria
pasuxebisTvis
naTeli mohfinos
kiTxvarebs
bevris
SemoTavazeba SeuZlia.
marticuli kiTxvebi
matriculia
ara
Tavad
kiTxvebi,
aramed
maTi
mowodebis
sqema.
matriculi kiTxvebi ramdenime kiTxvaze msgavsi tipis pasuxis gacemis

saSualebas
iZleva,
magaliTad,
Zalian
ar
veTanxmebi-dan
Zalian
veTanxmebi-mde. matriculi sqemiT kiTxvarSi adgili izogeba, magaliTad:

gTxovT, qvemoT mocemul debulebebze pasuxebi Sesatyvisi cifris qveS
aRniSvniT daafiqsireT. TiToO jerze mxolod erTi cifri aRniSneT, sadac 1
= sul ara, 2 = Zalian mcired, 3 = zomierad, 4 = sakmaod, 5 = Zalian.
ramdenad iyenebT SefasebisTvis qvemoT CamoTvlil instrumentebs?

1
(a) fasian testebs
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
(b) Tqven mier Sedgenil testebs
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
(g) moswavleTa proeqtebs
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
(d) eseebs
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
(e) moswavleebis namuSevrebs
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
am magaliTSi xuT kiTxvas mxolod xuT striqonSi vsvamT, cxadia,

instruqciebisa
da
pirobiTi
aRniSvnebis
ganmartebis
gamoklebiT.
kiTxvebis gadmocemis aseTi sqema sivrcis ekonomiaa.

meore magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba kiTxvebis matriculi
sqemiT kiTxvarSi sivrcis dazogva. aq (ixileT CanarTi 15. 4) dasmulia
kiTxvebi im prolemebis sididis Sesaxeb, romlebic kvlevis Catarebisas
SeiZleba wamoiWras da iTxoven monacemebs imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad
763
mogvarebadia isini. TiTo problemis Sesaxeb ainteresebT misi moculoba

(ramdenad
didia
problema)
da
misi
SesaZlebelia am problemis gadaWra).
mogvarebis
xarisxi
(ramdenad
pirveli sakiTxisTvis (igulisxmeba
problemis sidide), 1 = aranairi problema, 2 = mcire problema, 3 =

zomieri problema, 4 = didi problema, 5 = Zalian didi problema. meore
sakiTxisTvis (igulisxmeba ramdenad gadaiWra problma), 1 = sruliad ar
mogvarda, 2 = mxolod mcired mogvarda, 3 = saSualod mogvarda, 4 =
sakmaod mogvarda, 5 = sruliad mogvardaeli.
am magaliTSi 30 kiTxva (152) Zalian mcire adgils ikavebs.
CanarTi 15. 4.
problemebi, romlebic kvlevis Catarebisas SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
problemis
sidide
(1_5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
skolebSi Sesvlis da maswavleblebamde

miRwevis uflebis miReba.
kvlevis Catarebis uflebis miReba (magaliTad,
skolis direqtorisgan).
skolis direqtoris ukmayofileba.
adamianebi gansazRvraven, ra monacemi
gamoiyenoT da ra _ ara.
SerCevisTvis sakmarisi msurvelis povna.
skolaSi Zalian bevri kvlevaa, rogorc
garedan Semosuli, ise Sinauri mkvlevarebis
mier Catarebuli.
skolas an adamianebs ar surT sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacema.
skolebs ar surT TavianT Sesaxeb informaciis
gamJRavneba, dacvis garantiis pirobebSic ki.
skolaze moqmedi adgilobrivi politikuri
faqtorebi.
maswavleblebis eSiniaT, rom daadgenen maT
vinaobas, dacvis garantiis pirobebSic ki.
maswavleblebs eSiniaT kvlevaSi monawileobis
(magaliTad, Tu rame kritikuls ityvian skolis
an sxvebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba samsaxuri
dakargon).
datvirTuli samuSao grafikis gamo
maswavleblebs ar surT kvlevaSi monawileoba.
direqtori TanamSromlebTan SeuTanxmeblad
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, miiReben Tu ara isini
problemis
mogvareba
1_5)
764

kvlevaSi monawileobas.
14. skolebs an institutebs eSiniaT kritikis an
reputaciis dakargvis.
15. kvlevis sensitiuroba: sakvlevi sakiTxebi.
kiTxvaris aseTi sqema, erTi mxriv, respondents kiTxvebze pasuxebis

swrafad gacemis saSualebas aZlevs. meore mxriv, es sqema sariskoa,
radgan aseTma ganlagebam respondentSi SeiZleba garkveuli ganwyoba
Seqmnas (ganwyoba pasuxze, pasuxze fiqsireba: Baker 1994: 181), anu,
respondenti SeiZleba ubralod, Cayves kiTxvaris svetebs da yvelgan
erTi da igive cifri Caweros (magaliTad, 3), an reitingis skalaze
yvelgan samiani Semoxazos. aseTi pasuxebis gamovlena pasuxebis tipis
gadaTvalierebiT
da
analizidan
aseTi
pasuxebis
gamoricxviT
aris
SesaZlebeli.
aseTi fiqsirebuli pasuxebis Semcirebis tradiciuli gzaa zogierTi
kiTxvis ise Sebruneba, rom respondentebs guldasmiT dasWirdeT
maTi
wakiTxva. Tumca uimsi da misi kolegebi (Weems et al. 2003) amtkiceben, rom
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad formulirebuli debulebebis erT skalaze
gamoyenebiT
ar
miuTiTeben,
rom
debulebas
uaryofiT
debulebebis
izomeba
erTi
zogierTi
sandooba
igive
respondenti
pasuxs
ki
da
scems.
ufro
sabaziso
Tvisebebi.
uaryofiTad
uaryofiTad
naklebia,
isini
formulirebul
formulirebuli
vidre
dadebiTad
formulirebulebis da uaryofiTad formulirebul debulebebs ufro

xSirad toveben upasuxod, vidre dadebiTad formulirebulebs. uimsi da
misi kolegebi (2003), ewinaaRmdegebian Sereuli debulebebis gamoyenebas
da argumentad aRniSnaven, rom Seusabamod formulirebulma debulebebma
SeiZleba
kidura
pasuxebis
monacemebis sandoobas
dadebiTad
da
gacema
gamoiwvios,
rac,
amcirebs. isini amtkiceben, rom
uaryofiTad
formulirebuli
Tavis
mxriv,
erT skalaze
debulebebis
SereviT,
validobasac da sandoobasac vamcirebT. isini, aseve, amtkiceben,
rom
765
respondentebma SeiZleba iseTi yuradRebiT ar waikiTxon uaryofiTad

formulirebuli debuleba, rogorc dadebiTad formulirebuli.
SeWiduli kiTxvebi, filtrebi da ganStoebebi

SeWiduli
kiTxvebi
maT
winmswreb
kiTxvebzea
damokidebuli,
magaliTad, Tu (1) kiTxvaze diax upasuxeT, maSin gadadiT (4) kiTxvaze.

wina kiTxva filtris funqcias asrulebs. Semdegi kiTxva SeWidulia
masTan da misi ganStoebaa. zog kiTxvarSi sityvierad aris mocemuli im
kiTxvis
nomeri,
romelzec
gadamisamarTda
respondenti
(magaliTad,
gadadiT kiTxvaze N6), zogSi ki sityvebi isriT aris Canacvlebuli da

miuTiTebs Semdeg kiTxvaze, romelsac im SemTxvevaSi unda upasuxos
respondentma, Tu pirvel kiTxvas garkveuli pasuxi gasca.
SeWiduli da filtris kiTxvebi SeiZleba sasargebloa mkvlevrisTvis,
magram maT, SesaZloa, daabnion respondenti, radgan yovelTvis kargad ar
Cans, ra mimarTulebiT unda wavides respondenti, kiTxvebis romeli rigi
airCios, zustad sad mTavreba mocemuli ganStoeba da mere saiT unda
wavides.
redlainma
respondentebs
mcdarad
da
misma
ganStoebebis
gagebisa
da
kolegebma
(2002)
instruqciebis
arasworad
aRmoaCines,
uyuradRebod
Sesrulebis
rom
datovebis,
tendenciia
axasiaTebT.
Sedegad ki upasuxod toveben mTel ganStoebas, romelic konkretuli

qveSerCevebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, respondentebi
toveben maT da amitom
upasuxod
wesiT
redlainma
toveben
da
im
misma
instruqciebis
kiTxvebs,
kolegebma
kiTxvarSi
romlebzec,
(2002)
Setana
daadgines,
uaryofiTad
unda
rom
epasuxaT.
ganStoebebis
moqmedebs
mis
sworad
Sevsebaze.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 7) aRniSnaven, rom kiTxvaSi sityvebis
raodenoba
gavlenas
instruqciebs:
albaToba,
rac
rom
axdens
ufro
respondentis
met
respondents
sityvas
gamorCeba
unarze,
mihyves
ganStoebis
Seicavs
kiTxva,
miT
is.
avtorebi
igive
metia
(2002:
19)
766
aRniSnaven, rom xanmokle mexsierebaSi SeiZleba Seinaxos ara umetes

Svidi
debulebisa.
debulebebis
es
kanonzomiereba
Sedgenisas
gamoiyeneba,
satelefono
sadac
ar
gamokiTxvebis
aris
debulebebis
TvalsaCinod danaxvis an gadamowmebis saSualeba. aseve, rac ufro meti

iyo savaraudo pasuxebis raodenoba, miT meti iyo Secdomis daSvebis,
magaliTad,
ganStoebis
aRniSnaven,
rom
instruqciebs,
mocemuli,
instruqciis
respondentebi
rodesac
isini
gansakuTrebiT
ki
gamotovebis,
maSin
ufro
bolo
maSin,
asarCev
Tu
albaTobac.
aRiqvamen
isini
ganStoebis
kategoriasTan
respondentebi
am
aris
kategorias
irCeven.
garda amisa, redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 8) aRniSnaven, rom
ganStoebebis
instruqciebis
Cveulebriv
debulebebs
Soris
moqcevas,
savaraudod, ori tipis Secdoma moyveba Tan: yvela kiTxvaze pasuxis

gamotoveba da mcdar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema; ganStoebis instruqciis
wina
pasuxisagan
daSorebamac
instruqciebi arasworad
aRniSnaven,
forma
rom
SeiZleba
daabnios
respondenti
da
gaigos. redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002: 17)
ganStoebis
mniSvnelovanwilad
waikiTxaven,
gaigeben
instruqciis
moTxovnebis
instruqciebis
moqmedebs
da
vizualuri
imaze,
imoqmedeben
Sesatyvisad.
Tu
da
ramdenad
respondentebi
aqedan
sityvieri
kargad
ganStoebis
gamomdinareobs,
rom
ganStoebebis instruqciebis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad mniSvnelovania

maTi
gamokveTili
aRiareben,
rom
adgilmdebareoba
respondentTa
ganStoebis instruqciebs.
da
vizualuri
umravlesoba
efeqti.
gauazreblad
avtorebi
tovebs
isini ubralod ver amCneven maT. redlainisa
da misi kolegebis (2002) aRmoCenebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba maSin iqneba

swori, Tu instruqciebi iq
ganTavsdeba, sadac saWiroeba moiTxovs da
sadac respondenti dainaxavs.

girCevT, filtrebi da ganStoebebi keTilgonierad da SezRudulad
gamoiyenoT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
respondentebs, filtrebisa
da maTi Sesabamisi ganStoebebis kiTxvebis ZiebaSi, kiTxvaris win da ukan
767
furcvla ar mouxdeT. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT problemuria internetgamokiTxvebSi, sadac ekrani erT amobeWdil gverdze gacilebiT pataraa.
ganStoebebis problemis daZlevis erTi gzaa kiTxvaris seqciebad dayofa:
konceptualurad
axlos
mdgomi
debulebebis
gaerTianeba
da
TiTo
ganStoebis am TiTo seqciaSi moqceva.
sensitiuri kiTxvebis dasma

sudmeni
da
bredberni
(Sudman and Bradburn 1982: ch.3)
yuradRebas
amaxvileben kiTxvarSi sensitiuri debulebebis gamoyenebaze. miuxedavad

imisa,
rom
kiTxvaris
anonimurobam
da,
xSirad,
mkvlevarisa
da
respondentis pirispir kontaqtis ararsebobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos

sensitiur
masalaze
pasuxebis
gacemas,
sensitiurobisa
da
safrTxis
Temebs mainc ver avuvliT gverds, radgan aman SeiZleba monacemebis

Catoveba
(informaciis
gaucemloba
da
Tavis
Sekaveba)
an
Warbi
(gazviadebul) pasuxebi gamoiwvios. zogierT respondents SeiZleba ar

surdes senstiuri informaciis gacema gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu amiT
sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs mieyenebs zians. ratom unda mouyvnen piraduli
ambebi
(magaliTad,
ojaxuri,
skolis
menejerebisa
da
kolegebis
mosazrebebi) sruliad ucxo adamians (Cooper and Schindler 2001: 341)? asaki,
Semosavali, ganaTleba, specializacia da Sexedulebebic ki SeiZleba
piradul da/an sensitiur sakiTxad iqnas miCneuli.
sudmeni da bredberni (1982: 55 6) ramdenime mniSvnelovan mosazrebas
gamoTqvamen
potenciuri safrTxis Semcveli an sensitiuri sakiTxebis
mogvarebasTan
dakavSirebiT,
magaliTad,
socialurad
arasasurvel
qcevaze (narkotikebis moxmareba, seqsualuri Seuracxyofa, Zaladobrivi

qceva,
danaSauli,
avadmyofoba,
dasaqmeba
da
umuSevroba,
fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebi, seqsualuri aqtivoba, qceva da seqsualoba, azartuli

TamaSebi,
alkoholi,
ojaxuri
wvrilmanebi,
politikuri
socialuri tabu). isini Semdeg strategiebs gvTavazoben:
mrwamsi,
768
socialurad
arasasurveli
qcevis,
gansakuTrebiT
misi
sixSiris,
Sesaxeb Ria kiTxvebis gamoyeneba ufro adekvaturi iqneba, vidre
daxuruli kiTxvebisa.
socialurad
arasasurveli
qcevis,
gansakuTrebiT
misi
sixSiris,
Sesaxeb grZeli kiTxvebis gamoyeneba ufro adekvaturi iqneba, vidre _

mokle kiTxvebisa.
socialurad arasasurveli qcevis gamovlenis sixSiris Sesaxeb met

informacias miviRebT respondentisTvis nacnobi sityvebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi.
informantebisgan
miRebuli
monacemebis
gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba
gaizardos safrTxis Semcveli qcevis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis

albaToba.
informaciis
miRebis
Segnebulad
qcevis
TvalsazrisiT
gamarTlebulia
kiTxvis
ise Sedgena, rom Semcirdes socialurad sasurveli
gadaWarbebulad
da
arasasurveli
qcevis
arasakmarisad
Sefasebis albaToba.
socialurad
arasasurveli
qcevis
SemTxvevaSi,
sasurvelia,
rom
respondents jer hkiTxoT, adre Tu ganuxorcielebia es qceva da

mxolod
amis
sawinaaRmdegod,
Semdeg
dausvaT
rodesac
am
qcevis
socialurad
Sesaxeb
misaReb
kiTxvebi.
qcevaze
amis
ekiTxebiT,
Sebrunebuli Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba ufro gamarTlebuli aRmoCndes,

anu jer awmyo, mimdinare qcevaze hkiTxoT da Semdeg _ zogadze,
yoveldRiurze.
safrTxis moxsnisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos sensitiuri Temis

sxva met-naklebad sensitiur Temebs Soris moqceva, raTa respondents
aCvenoT, rom es Tema arc ise mniSvnelovania.
gamoiyeneT
baraTebis
standartuli
daxarisxeba,
kiTxvebis
pasuxebis
dasmis
daluqul
teqnikebi,
konvertSi
magaliTad,
Cadeba
an
kiTxvebis ramdenjerme gameoreba (es frTxilad unda gakeTdes, ise,
769
rom respondentebma ar igrZnon, rom amowmeben). amiT sandoobac

gaizrdeba.
validobisa
da
sandoobis
gasazrdelad
respondentebs
dRiurebis
warmoeba sTxoveT.
intervius dasasruls gaarkvieT, ras fiqrobs respondenti ganxiluli

sakiTxebis sensitiurobaze.
Tu SesaZlebelia, moiZieT monacemebis ganmtkicebis gzebi.

sudmenisa da bredbernis (1982: 86) mosazrebiT,
mtkivneuli da sensitiuri xdeba,

undoblobas unda velodoT.
zogierTi
demografiuli
respondentebma,
Bradburn
1982:
SesaZloa,
cxadia, miT met mikerZoebasa da
isini yuradRebas aqceven im faqts, rom

detali
(saxeldebis
safrTxis
praqtikaSi
208).
kiTxvebi rac ufro
es
Semcvelad
dakvirveba
skalis
miiCnion
monacemi)
(Sudman and
gamoiyeneba
kiTxvarSi
kiTxvebis ganlagebisas (qvemoT ganvixilavT). aq imis Tqma gvsurs, rom

sensitiuroba da safrTxe respondentis TvaliT unda iqnas danaxuli da
ara
kiTxvaris
uwyinari
Semqmnelis.
kiTxvaa,
is,
rac
respondentisTvis
mkvlevrisTvis
uaRresad
gulubryvilo,
sensitiuri
an
Seuracxmyofeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes. ganaTlebis sferoSi sensitiuri

kvlevis Sesaxeb informacia am wignis mexuTe TavSia mocemuli.
kiTxvebis Sedgenisas dabrkolebis Tavis arideba

miuxedavad
kiTxvarSi
imisa,
kiTxvis
rom
kiTxvebis
Casmisas
mravali
ramdenime
saxesxvaoba
problema
SeiZleba
arsebobs,
Segvxvdes
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/texstbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 15, faili 15. 1.

ppt):
erideT
mimarTulebis mimcem kiTxvebs, anu kiTxvebs, romlebic isea
formulirebuli (an savaraudo pasuxebis kategoriebia mocemuli), rom
respondentebs goniaT, amis mxolod
erTaderTi swori pasuxi
arsebobs da sxva pasuxi an moewonebaT, an _ ara. magaliTad:
770

upiratesobas
cxovrebiseul,
aniWebT
abstraqtul,
praqtikul
akademiur
kursebs,
kursebs,
romlisganac
Tu
raRac
myarad
sargebeli
geqnebaT swavlebis procesSi?
aq girCevT, SeamowmoT terminebis an zmnebis datvirTuloba.
erideT maRalfardovan, inteleqtualur kiTxvebs, respondentebTanac

ki. magaliTad:
mimdinare
pozitivisturi-interpretaciuli
debatis
ra
konkretuli
aspeqtebis naxvas isurvebdiT maswavlebelTa auditoriisTvis gankuTvnili

ganviTarebis fsiqologiis kursSi?
rodesac
gamokiTxuli
SerCeva
populaciis
reprezentaciulia,
Cveulebrivia, rom SerCevis wevrebs gaugebrad miaCndeT mkvlevris

sametyvelo ena da
is, rac mas sruliad gasagebad eCveneba. maSasadame,
mniSvnelovania gasagebi da martivi enis gamoyeneba.
erideT rTul qvewyobil winadadebebs, magaliTad:

girCevniaT xanmokle, jildos gareSe kursebi (3, 4 an 5 Sexvedra/sesia?)
naxevardRiani SesvenebiT (magaliTad, oTxSabaTs dRis meore naxevarSi) da
kviraSi erTsaRamoiani daswrebiT, ris gzis xarjebsac anazRaureben, Tu
ufro xangrZlivi, jildos gareSe kursi (6, 7 an 8 Sexvedra) erTi
sruldRiani dasvenebiT, Tu dRis erT naxevarSi yoveldRiur kurssa da
da meoreSi dasvenebas isurvebdiT?
erideT gamaRizianebel kiTxvebsa Tu instruqciebs, magaliTad:

muSaobis paralelurad odesme Tu gagivliaT raime saxis kursi mTeli
Tqveni pedagogiuri moRvaweobis manZilze?
Tu ormoc welze metis brZandebiT da arasodes gagivliaT aseTi kursi,
aRniSneT pasuxebi arasodes da beberi.
erideT uaryofis da ormagi uaryofis Semcvel kiTxvebs (Oppenheim 1992:

128), magaliTad:
771

ramdenad xarT darwmunebuli, rom arc erT im maswavlebels, romelsac
srul ganakveTze, sul mcire, or welze meti ar uswavlebia, samsaxuridan
mouwyvetlad SemoTavazebul sertificirebul kursebze ar gauSveben?
an:
migaCniaT,
rom
maswavleblebi
mSoblebisa
ver
da
SeZlebdnen
maswavleblebis
mSoblebisTvis
asociaciis
TavianTi
gareSe
mosazrebebis
naTlad gadacemas?
Tu
am
SemTxvevaSi
fiqrobT,
rom
mSoblebisa
da
maswavleblebis
asociacia aris gadamwyveti faqtori, rom maswavleblebma SeZlon

sakuTari azrebis gamoTqma, ras upasuxebdiT _ diax-s Tu ara-s?
aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas respondenti aucileblad iyoymanebs;
SesaZloa,
kiTxvas
kiTxvis
upasuxod
gadakiTxva
datovebs
ramdenjerme
dasWirdes
da
SekiTxvaze
Semdeg
da
Sedegad
gadava.
aq
problematuri ormagi _ gareSe da ver SeZleben _ uaryofaa, rac

abnevs respondents.
erideT Zalian bevr Ria kiTxvas TviTadministrirebad kiTxvarebSi.

vinaidan
TviTadministrirebad
respondents,
naklebad
kiTxvarebSi
ver
davakonkretebinebT
ras gulisxmobs konkretul pasuxsSi, Ria kiTxvebiT
xerxdeba
informaciis
mopoveba
(Tumca,
es
gafrTxileba
gamoiricxeba intervius situaciaSi). metic, Ria kiTxvebi Zalian bevr

dros iTxovs respondentisgan. respondentisaTvis Zalian gaurkvevelia
aseTi instruqcia:
gamoiyeneT
gverdebi
5,
da
da
aRwereT
samuSaos
paralelurad
SemoTavazebuli kursebisadmi zogadad Tqveni damokidebuleba da maTi

Rirebuleba praqtikosi maswavleblis profesiuli cxovrebisTvis.
erideT reitingis skalebis ganapira pasuxebs, magaliTad, arasodes,

yovelTvis, sruliad, sulac ara, Tu maTi gamoyenebisTvis myari
safuZveli ara gaqvT. respondentebis umravlesoba uars ambobs am
kategoriebis gamoyenebaze (Anderson and Arsenault 2001: 174).
772
erideT
asociaciiT
gamowveul
zewolas,
magaliTad:
eTanxmebiT
Tqvens direqtors, rom biWebi ufro celqebi arian, vidre gogonebi?.

am SemTxvevaSi direqtorze miTiTeba ubralod amosaRebia.
erideT
iseT
uaryofis
debulebebs,
tendencia
romelzec
aqvT,
anu,
adamianebs
TavisTavad
daTanxmebis
ukve
an
garkveuli
tendenciuri kiTxvebi (sabaziso ganakveTis problema, rodesac

populaciis
Tandayolili
mikerZoebebi
SerCevis
Sedegebze
axdens
gavlenas).
dabolos,
interpretacia
orazrovnebis
erideT
bundovan
sxvadasxvagvarad
problema
Znelad
kiTxvebs
SeiZleba.
an
kiTxvebs,
sityvebis
gadasaWrelia.
romlTa
bundovanebis
saukeTeso
da
SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia misi Semcireba da ara _ sruliad aRmofxvra. yvelaze

uwyinari kiTxvebic ki SeiZleba iyos orazrovani (Youngman 1984: 158 9;
Morrison 1993: 71 2). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
Tqveni Svili regularulad asrulebs saSinao davalebas?
rac niSnavs regularulad _ dReSi erTxel, weliwadSi erTxel,

semestrSi erTxel Tu kviraSi erTxel?
ramdeni moswavlea skolaSi?
ra igulisxmeba: iricxeba; iricxeba, magram acdens; aRniSnulia, rom

aris, magram savele swavlebazea wasuli; am konkretul momentSi Tu am
kviraSi (da gansxvavebuli iqneba daswrebis maCvenebli orSabaTsa da
paraskevs), Tu akademiuri wlis pirvel semestrsa da akademiuri wlis
bolo
semestrs
Soris
saSualo
skolis
moswavleebi,
romelTagan
zogierTs skolis datoveba da muSaobis dawyeba mouwevs, danarCenebi ki

saxlSi iqnebian da gamocdebisTvis moemzadebian?
ramdeni kompiuteri gaqvT skolaSi?
ra igulisxmeba: aqvT, magram ar muSaobs; imaTi CaTvliT, romlebic

gasakeTeblad aris skolidan waRebuli; skolis sakuTrebaSi myofi Tu
773
TanamSromlebisa
da
moswavleebis
sakuTari
kompiuterebi?
skolaSi
amJamad arsebuli kompiuterebis zusti raodenoba Tu saSualo?

am kviras gqondaT frangulis gakveTili?
ras niSnavs kvira: saswavlo kviris dasawyisi (anu orSabaTidan

paraskevis CaTvliT), gasuli kviradRis (an orSabaTis, gaaCnia religias)
Semdeg, an Tu kiTxva oTxSabaTs daisva, gasuli oTxSabaTidan dRemde;
ramdenad hgavs es kvira yvela sxva kviras?
Tqveni asaki:
15_20
20_30
30_40
40_50
50_60
kategoriebi ar aris wyvetili. asakis Sesatyvisi garegnobis 40 wlis

respondentisaTvis
sasiamovno
iqneba,
Tu
is
sakuTar
Tavs
30_40
kategorias miakuTvnebs, an 20 wlis axalgazrda, romelic cdilobs, rom

mowifuli iyos, 20_30 kategorias miakuTvnebs Tavs? kiTxvaris Seqmnis
wesia, rom kategoriebi aranairad unda faravdnen erTmaneTs.
profesiuli
ganaTleba
mxolod
naklebi
unarebis
mqode
moswavleebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, Tumca, is yvelaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda

iyos.
es, faqtobrivad, ormagi kiTxvaa. rogor moiqces respondenti, romelic

eTanxmeba winadadebis pirvel nawils: profesiuli ganaTleba mxolod
naklebi
unarebis
mqode
moswavleebisTvisaa
gankuTvnili,
magram
ar
eTanxmeba mis meore nawils, an piriqiT? kiTxvaris Seqmnis wesia, rom erT
jerze mxolod erTi kiTxva unda davsvaT.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
SeuZlebelia
kiTxvaSi
sityvebis
respondentiseuli interpretaciebis gaTvaliswineba, mkvlevari, cxadia,

gagebiT unda miudges amas da gaiTvaliswinos Tandayolili orazrovneba,
774
magram mainc SeinarCunos gancda, rom SesaZlebelia aseT orazrovnebaSi

cxovreba.
idealur kiTxvars igive Tvisebebi aqvs, rac karg kanons _ zusti,
naTeli da praqtikulia, amcirebs monacemebis damuSavebaSi Secdomebs,
motivacias
aZlevs
monawileebs
da
SeZlebisdagvarad
uzrunvelyofs
monawileebis gulwrfel pasuxebs (Davidson 1970). oqros wesi: kiTxvebi

SeZlebisdagvarad mokle unda iyos.
kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba
kiTxvarSi kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba, garkveulwilad, samizne SerCevaze
(magaliTad, ra reaqcia eqnebaT garkveul kiTxvebze), kiTxvaris miznebze
(magaliTad, faqtebis an mosazrebebis Sekreba), kvlevis sensitiurobasa
(magaliTad, ramdenad piraduli da potenciurad Semawuxebelia sakvlevi
Tema) da kiTxvaris mTlian balanszea (magaliTad, sad iqneba ukeTesi
sensitiuri
kiTxvebis
ganlageba
naklebad
damafrTxobel
kiTxvebTan
mimarTebiT da ramdeni unda iyos TiToeuli maTgani) damokidebuli.

kiTxvarSi kiTxvebis rigi mniSvnelovania sawyisma kiTxvebma Semdegi
kiTxvebisTvis
respondents.
garkveuli
toni
magaliTad,
Tu
an
ganwyoba
kiTxvari
SeiZleba
aRizianebs
Seuqmnan
an
abrazebs
respondents dasawyisSi, savaraudod, ver moxerxdeba misi gaRizianebis an

brazis
Cacxroba
SeniSnavs,
yoveli
kiTxvaris
kiTxvis
bolosken.
rogorc
upirvelesi
mizania,
SeiZleba
kiTxvaris
openheimi
(1992:
respondentma
121)
CvenTan
TanamSromloba gaagrZelos.
garda
amisa,
respondenma
niSnebis
amokiTxva
daiwyos: debulebebs Soris msgavseba da Tanxvedra eZebos. Sedegad, wina

debulebebze gacemuli pasuxebi isev imoqmedebs mogvianebiT gacemul
pasuxebze da piriqiT. jvaredini SemowmebisTvis gankuTvnilma, kiTxvarSi
gamoyenebulma
msgavsma
debulebebma,
zogi
respondenti
SeiZleba
gaaRizianos.
krosnikma da alvinma (Krosnick and Alwin 1987) pirvelobis efeqti
(romelic zemoT ganvixileT) aRmoaCines, anu, respondentebi CamonaTvalis
775
TavSi mocemul debulebebs irCeven. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

ganStoebebis instruqciebisTvis, sadac imis gamo, rom instruqcia siis
boloSia mocemuli, SeiZleba iolad
aRmoaCina,
rom
rac
ufro
gamogrCeT. krosnikma (1999) isic

rTulia
kiTxva,
miT
metia
damakmayofileblobis albaToba, anu, albaToba imisa, rom respondenti

savaraudo
airCevs
pasuxebis
da
CamonaTvalidan
bolomde
ar
CaikiTxavs
pirvelive
racionalur
CamonaTvals,
yvelaze
pasuxs
Sesatyvisi
variantis mosaZebnad.
albaT, ZiriTadi principi unda iyos kiTxvaris sawyis stadiaze gunebaganwyobilebis
fiqsirebisa
da
konkretuli
mimarTulebiT
moqmedebis
ganwyobis SeqmnisTvis Tavis arideba. amisaTvis kargi iqneba, Tu

usafrTxo
kiTxvebiT
daviwyebT.
kiTxvebiT,
romelTac
kiTxvars
respondenti
xalisiT upasuxebs. amis Semdeg SeiZleba ufro personificirebul/pirad

kiTxvebze gadasvla.
kiTxvaris
Sevseba
respondentebi
SegviZlia
kiTxvaris
swavlis
SevsebasTan
process
erTad
SevdaroT:
ufro
da
ufro
uSinaurdebian sakvlev sakiTxs. Sesabamisad, sawyisi kiTxvebi martivi

unda iyos, daainteresos da waaxalisos respondenti. es respondents
Tavdajerebulobasa da motivacias Sematebs. rTuli kiTxvebi kiTxvaris
Sua
nawilSi
unda
ganTavsdes,
xolo
imisTvis,
rom
respondentma
dasrulebuli kiTxvarebi daabrunon, bolo ramdenime kiTxva maTTvis

kvlav saintereso da wamaxalisebeli unda iyos.
kiTxvaris tipuri Tanmimdevroba aseTia:
kiTxvari faqtobrivi, usafrTxo, kiTxvebiT daiwyeT (riTac mkvlevari,

albaT,
SerCevis
Sesaxeb
saxeldebis
skalis
monacemebs
miiRebs,
magaliTad, asakobrivi jgufi, sqesi, saqmianoba, staJi, kvalifikacia da

a. S.).
gadadiT daxurul kiTxvebze (magaliTad, diqotomiuri, mravaljeradi

arCevanis,
reitingis
debulebebis
an
skalebi,
sakiTxebis
mudmivi
Sesaxeb,
jamis
kiTxvebi)
romlebic
mocemuli
poziciebis,
776
damokidebulebebis,
aRqmebis
da
mosazrebebis
amsaxvel
pasuxebs
iZlevian.
Semdeg gadadiT ufro Ria kiTxvebze (an, daxurul kiTxvebSi gafanteT

Ria kiTxvebi), romlebic poziciebis, damokidebulebebis, aRqmebisa da
mosazrebebis Sesaxeb iZlevian pasuxebs da aseTi pasuxebis
mizezebsac
xsnian. es mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes sensitiur an ufro piradul

monacemebs.
amdenad,
obieqturi
faqtebidan
dasabuTebul
damokidebulebebsa da mosazrebebze, aseve,

gadavdivarT.
cxadia,
rom
amisaTvis
subieqtur
sensitiur, pirad monacemebze
kiTxvebis
Tanmimdevroba
verc
wyvetili iqneba da verc _ sworxazovani. magaliTad, aSkarad uwyinari

kiTxva
asakis
Taobaze,
zogierTi
respondentisTvis
SeiZleba
Seuracxmyofeli aRmoCndes. Semosavlis Sesaxeb kiTxvas gulgrilad ver

miiRebs
axlaxan
umuSevrad
aRmsareblobis Taobaze,
CageTvaloT.
darCenili
pirad sferoSi
respondenti,
xolo
kiTxva
SeWris mcdelobad SeiZleba
faqtobrivad, bevr kiTxvarSi piradi informaciis Sesaxeb
kiTxvebi kiTxvaris sul boloSia xolme mocemuli.

saqme
isaa,
rom
kiTxvaris
Semqmnelma
Temebis
sensitiuroba
respondentis TvaliT unda Seafasos, es ki didwilad sociokulturuli

ganzomilebaa. amiT imis Tqma gvsurs, rom kiTxvaris logikuri mimdevroba
misi fsiqologiuri mimdevrobiT unda iyos gaSualebuli. instrumenti
orives
respondentis
da
misi
dizaineris
TvaliT
unda
iqnas
ganxiluli.
openheimis
erTad,
(1992:
Tavi
7)
mosazrebiT,
kiTxvaris
mTlian
wyobasTan
Zalze mniSvnelovania kiTxvaris seqciebis SigniT kiTxvebis
Tanmimdevroba.
mkvlevari
miuTiTebs,
rom
kiTxvaris
Semqmnels
da
filtrebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. Zabrisebri procesi zogadidan kerZosken

inacvlebs: jer zogadi konteqstis an Temebis Sesaxeb vsvamT kiTxvebs,
Semdeg ki am konteqstis farglebSi vakonkretebT sakiTxebs. filtri
garkveuli respondentebis CasarTvelad an gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba, anu
777
viRebT
gadawyvetilebas,
kiTxvebi
da
Semdeg
relevanturia
vaZlevT
Tu
ara
instruqcias
amis
maTTvis
garkveuli
Taobaze
(magaliTad,
romeli debulebebi gamotovon an romels upasuxon). magaliTad, Tu

respondentebi garkveul kiTxvaze pasuxoben diax an ara, maSin isini
aRar pasuxoben am seqciis an Semdgomi nawilis garkveul kiTxvebs.
mcire odenobis verbaluri debulebebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi

aqamde
agebuli;
ganxiluli
aseTi
mdgomareobaSi
kiTxvarebi
kiTxvarebi
ayenebdes,
mTlianad
mraval
sityvier
respondents
gansakuTrebiT
masalaze
SeiZleba
bavSvebs.
aseT
iyo
uxerxul
situaciaSi
kiTxvarebi an vizualur informacias unda moicavdes da respondentebs

maTze
pasuxis
gacemas
sTxovdnen
(magaliTad,
suraTebi,
naxatebi,
diagramebi), an _ garkveul proeqciul vizualur teqnikebs (magaliTad,

naxatis an diagramis daxatva, ori urTierTdakavSirebuli suraTis xaziT
SeerTeba,
Rrublian
suraTze
nafiqris
RrubelSi
Cawera),
moTxrobis
Sedgenas
gamoxatuli
anda
respondentis
personaJis
suraTebis
piradi
sityvebis
an
Tanmimdevrobaze
damokidebulebis
mixedviT.
azri isaa, rom kiTxvaris formatis samizne SerCevaze morgebisas masSi

araverbaluri teqnikebis farTod gamoyeneba SeiZleba gaxdes saWiro. es
exeba
ara
marto
mniSvnelovania,
respondentebis
mozidvas,
respondentebisTvis
aramed,
kiTxvaris
rac
ufro
vargisianobis,
Sesabamisobis sakiTxsac, ese igi, sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxs.
kiTxvaris sqema
kiTxvaris
garegnuli
mxare
Zalze
mniSvnelovania.
is
martivad,
mimzidvelad da sainteresod unda gamoiyurebodes da ar unda tovebdes

rTulis,
bundovanis,
saSiSis
da
mosawyenis
STabeWdilebas.
SemWidrovebulad dabeWdili kiTxvari ar aris mimzidveli da masSi

yvelaferi erTad aris Cayrili. ufro farTod dabeWdili kiTxvari,
sadac kiTxvebsa da pasuxebs sakmarisi adgili eTmoba, ufro saxalisoa
respondentebisaTvis. verma da maliki (Verma and Mallick 1999: 120) gvirCeven,
778
kiTxvaris dasabeWdad maRali xarisxis qalRaldi gamoviyenoT, Tu amis

finansuri saSualeba gvaqvs.
dilmanma da misma kolegebma (1999) aRmoaCines, rom respondenebi ufro
naklebs elian kiTxvaris Sevsebisgan, vidre
molodini
aseTia:
waikiTxon
kiTxva,
realurad moeTxovebaT. maTi
waikiTxon
pasuxebi,
aRniSnon
Sesatyvisi pasuxi da Semdeg kiTxvaze gadavidnen. magram, bevri kiTxvari

amaze gacilebiT mets iTxovs. arsebobs martivi wesi: kiTxvari, rac
SeiZleba, martivi unda iyos.
mniSvnelovania,
rom
respondents
gavacnoT
kiTxvaris
TiToeuli
seqciis mizani, raTa ukeT gaerkves, ras akeTebs da risTvis. Tu sakmarisi

adgili gvaqvs,
kargia,
rom
respondents
avuxsnaT
kiTxvaris
yoveli
seqciis miznebisa da fokusis Sesaxeb da isic, Tu ra mosazrebebiT

CavrTeT es debulbebi kiTxvarSi.
aucilebelia kiTxvebis formulirebis sizuste da dizainis simartive.
respondents zusti, gasagebi instruqciebi unda mivawodoT: magaliTad,
dasviT niSani V respondentebs moswonT, CaxlarTuli instruqciebi da
rTuli procedurebi ki _ afrTxobs. ujrebSi niSani V-s dasma, kiTxvebze
pasuxebis
proceduraa,
gacemisas,
xolo
respondentTa
kiTxvebis
umravlesobisTvis
gaswvriv,
marjvniv
nacnobi
mocemuli
gadakodirebuli pasuxebis Semoxazva SeiZleba damabnebeli aRmoCndes da

Secdomebic gamoiwvios. zogjer SeiZleba respondents kiTxvaris Sevsebis
magaliTic
SevTavazoT
(magaliTad,
aRniSvnis gakeTebiT), magram,
debulebis
cxadia,
SemoxazviT,
unda veridoT,
ujraSi
miwodebuli
magaliTiT respondents uneburad konkretuli mimarTulebis pasuxebisken

ar vubiZgoT (magaliTad, Semodgomi kiTxvebisTvis sasurveli pasuxebis
SeTavazebiT). verma da maliki (1999: 121) kiTxvaris mniSvnelovan punqtebze
respondentis yuradRebis misapyrobad gansxvavebuli Sriftis gamoyenebas
gvirCeven.
darwmundiT, rom kiTxvaris yovel seqcias mokle, zusti da gasagebi
instruqcia
aqvs.
safosto
kiTxvarebSi
instruqciebi
imdenjer
unda
779
gaimeoroT,
ramdenjerac
aucilebelia,
vinaidan
damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad kargad esmis
yvelaferi
respondents,
imazea
ras iTxoven
misgan; arsebiTi mniSvneloba zust, gasageb, erTmniSvnelovan, msxvilad

da gamokveTilad dabeWdil instruqciebs eniWeba.
gasagebad gadmocema da vizualuri mxare kiTxvebis raodenobazec
axdes gavlenas. magaliTad, oTxgverdian kiTxvarSi SeiZleba oTx seqciad
dayofili 60 kiTxva iyos. respondenti SeiZleba daafrTxos 1-dan 60-mde
gadanomrilma kiTxvebma, radgan CamonaTvali Zalian grZeli
moeCveneba,
xolo seqciebis 1-dan 4-mde rigiTi nomrebi kiTxvars advilad

iers
aZlevs.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
gasagebi
da
logikuri
Sesavseb
rom
iyos,
umjobesia kiTxvari dasaTaurebul seqciebad davyoT. amiT respondents

mTliani kiTxvaris logikasa da wyobasac davanaxebT, rac
garkvevis saSualebas miscems. aseve, SeiZleba
SesavliT dawyeba, da
konkretuli
respondentisTvis
Temebis
mixedviT
kiTxvarSi
yoveli seqciis mokle
seqciis miznebis axsna.
kiTxvebis
dajgufebis
efeqturi
saSualebaa maTi seqciebad dayofa da gadanomvra (magaliTad, Q9, (a), (b),

(g), . . . ). ase struqturirebuli kiTxvari ufro patara Cans, vidre
sinamdvileSia!
aqve
naTlad
unda
iyos
miTiTebuli,
Tu
respondents
garkveuli
kiTxvebis an seqciebis gamotoveba moeTxoveba (am sakiTxze filtrebis

Sesaxeb qveTavSi visaubreT). Tu mas garkveuli kiTxvebis gamotoveba
uwevs, maSin mTavaria, kiTxvebi an seqciebi ise iyos danomrili, rom
respondentma
zustad
icodes,
romel
kiTxvaze
gadavides.
aq
aseTi
instruqcia SeiZleba mivceT: Tu kiTxvas N10 upasuxeT diax, maSin

gadadiT kiTxvaze N15, Tu _ ara, maSin gaagrZeleT kiTxviT N11, an,
magaliTad:
Tu
skolis
direqtori
brZandebiT,
maSin
upasuxeT
am
seqciaSi Semaval kiTxvebs, Tu ara _ gadadiT seqciaze N3.

kiTxvaris Sinaarsis ase organizebiT
maqsimalurad
gazrdiT.
magaliTad,
respondentis TanamSromlobas
gamoiyeneT
zogadi
interesis
gamomxatveli kiTxvebi. darwmundiT, rom kiTxvaris dasawyisSi mocemulma
780
kiTxvebma respondentebs ar afiqrebinos, rom es kvleva maTTvis ar

tardeba. damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi gafanteT kiTxvarSi, raTa
respondentebs
sakuTari
mosazrebebis
kargad
gamoTqmis
da
ara
ubralod qcevis aRweris _ saSualeba mieceT. aseTi kiTxvebi amcireben

mobezrebasa
da
frustracias,
amave
dros,
Rirebul
informacias
gvawvdian.
feradi furclebi respondents exmareba,
stuqturaSi.
gansxvavebuli
gaerkves
feriT
kiTxvaris mTlian
dabeWdili
instruqciebic,
respondentebisaTvis SeiZleba mosaxerxebeli iyos.

mniSvnelovania, rom kiTxvarSi, savaraudod dasawyisSi, CarTuli iyos
SeniSnva konfidencialobis, anonimurobisa da amoucnoblobis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad,
uTxariT
respondentebs,
rom
ar
moeTxovebaT
saxelebis
miTiTeba, monacemebi ikribeba da SeuZlebeli iqneba individebis amocnoba

maT mier miTiTebuli adgilmdebareobebisa da detalebis mixedviT (anu
SeuZlebeli iqneba maT mier mowodebuli saxeldebiTi skalis, aRweriTi
monacemebis mixedviT respondentebis vinaobis amocnoba). Tumca, zogjer
respondentebs
SeiZleba
SesaZlebeli
iyos
maTi
interviusTvis
(Verma
aucilebelia
Semdgomi
mainc
sTxovon
povna
kvleviT
and
Mallick
1999:
anonimurobisa
saxelebis
dawera,
gaTvaliswinebuli
121).
da
am
raTa
Semdegi
SemTxvevaSi
amoucnoblobis
mainc
garantiis
micema.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002) miuTiTeben, rom savaraudo pasuxebis
iqve,
kiTxvis
asoebis
sakiTxi).
ganTavseba,
(vizualuri
lokacia),
mowodeba
(magaliTad,
gamsxvilebuli
gamoyenebiT)
es
marjvniv
zrdis
SesaZleblobas
TvalsaCinod
teqstis
maTi
gansakuTrebiT
SemCnevis
mniSvnelovania
pasuxebis
xolo
miRebis
masalis
Sriftis
SesaZleblobas
ganStoebis
an
ufro
didi
(xilvadobis
kiTxvebisa
da
instruqciebisaTvis.
redlaini da misi kolegebi (2002) imasac aRniSnaven, rom gverdis
bolos
ganTavsebuli
kiTxvebi
ufro
xSirad
rCeba
upasuxod,
vidre
781
gverdis
zeda
nawilSi
mocemuli.
faqtobrivad,
maT
daadgines,
rom
respondentebi iolad toveben uyuradRebod gverdis bolos mocemul

instruqciebs,
gverdze
gansakuTrebiT
mocemul
ki
debulebebs
maSin,
ekuTvnis.
Tu
es
instruqciebi
amitom,
Semdeg
mniSvnelovania
imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra unda iyos gverdis bolos; es, savaraudod, mocemuli

TemisTvis naklebad mniSvnelovani debulebebi unda iyos. redlaini da
misi
kolegebi
(2002)
gvirCeven,
ganStoebebis
instruqciebi
gverdis
boloSi ar ganvaTavsoT.
dabolos,
kiTxvaris
vTxovoT respondents,
vTxovoT,
sul
bolos
mocemul
SeniSvnaSi
SegviZlia:
gadaamowmos, xom ar gamorCa romelime kiTxva;
droze daabrunos Sevsebuli kiTxvari; madloba gadavuxadoT
monawileobisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis da vacnoboT, rom monacemebis

analizis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
ZiriTadi
Sedegebis
mokle
mimoxilvas
gavugzavniT.
kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi da Semdgomi werilebi

kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi werilis mizania, respondents acnobos kvlevis
miznisa da
mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb, daarwmunos konfidencialobaSi da
pasuxebis gasacemad waaxalisos. Tanmxlebi werili Semdegi Sinaarsisa

unda iyos:
acnobdes kvlevis dasaxelebas;
waradgendes
mkvlevars:
saxeli,
gvari,
sakontaqto telefoni/faqsi/el.fosta. iqve,
misamarTi,
organizacia,
aRniSnuli
rom respondents ar moeridos mkvlevarTan dakavSireba
unda iyos,
Semdgomi
detalebisa da ganmartebebisaTvis;
acnobdes kvlevis miznebs;
acnobdes kvlevis mniSvnelobasa da sargebels;
miuTiTebdes, ratom SeirCa maincdamainc es respondenti;
miuTiTebdes nebismier profesiul daxmarebze, kvlevis damtkicebaze,

dafinansebaze an nebarTvaze (magaliTd, universitetis profesiuli
782
asociaciebi,
samTavrobo
departamentebi,
aq
SeiZleba
logoc
gamoiyenoT);
aRwerdes,
Tu
(magaliTad,
rogor
Tanmxlebi
konkretuli
unda
daabrunon
markiani
institutis
da
safosto
respondentebma
ukana
misamarTiani
yuTSi,
konkretul,
kiTxvari
konvertiT,
werilSi
dasaxelebul pirovnebas miawodon; waiReben Tu ara kiTxvarebs _

rodis, rogor da vin);
miuTiTebdes ukana misamarTs, romelzec unda gaigzavnos Sevsebuli

kiTxvari;
miuTiTebdes,
ra unda gaakeTos respondentma, Tu gauCnda kiTxvebi an
raRac ver gaigo;
miTiTebuli iyos kiTxvaris ukan dabrunebis TariRi;
aRwerili unda iyos kiTxvaris SevsebisaTvis gamoyofili nebismieri

wamaxalisebeli;
arwmunebdes konfidencialobaSi, anonimurobasa da amoucnoblobaSi;
miuTiTebdes, Tu rogor da vis mier gavrceldeba an ar gavrceldeba

monacemebi;
winaswar uxdides madlobas repodentebs TanamSromlobisaTvis.

verma da maliki (1999: 122) gvirCeven, rom sadac SesaZlebelia, kargi
iqneba werilis personalizeba yovelgvari Zvirfaso kolegav, Zvirfaso

qalbatono/batono da a. S. gareSe _ konkretuli saxelebis miTiTebiT.
am miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rekomendebulia:
Tanmxleb werilSi mocemuli mimarTva konkretul autidoriaze unda

iyos morgebuli. amgvarad, maswavleblebis gamokiTxvaSi xazi unda
gaesvas kvlevis mniSvnelovnebas konkretulad
maTi profesiisTvis;
safosto gamokiTxvebSi pasuxebis sixSireze ar moqmedebs Tanmxleb

werilSi
CarTuli
prestiJuli
mxareebis
altruizmze apelireba da arc xeliT minawerebi;
xelmowerebi,
arc
783
sponsoris an im organizaciis saxeli, romelic atarebs kvlevas,

mocemuli
unda
iyos
rogorc
Tanmxlebi
werilis
satitulo
respondentis
pasuxebis
furcelze, ise _ mis teqstSic;
pirdapir
unda
iyos
miTiTebuli
konfidencialobaze da axsnili unda iyos nebismieri seriuli normisa

da kodirebis mizani;
dadgenilia, rom gamokiTxvis winmswrebi weriliT respondentebisTvis

momavali
kiTxvaris
Sesaxeb
Setyobineba
mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs
pasuxebis sixSireze.
yvelaze
efeqturia
mokle
Tanmxlebi
werili
(ara
umetes
erTi
gverdisa). qvemoT mocemulia kiTxvaris Tanmxlebi werilis magaliTi,

romelic maswavleblebisTvis da skolis xelmZRvaneli pirebisTvis aris
gankuTvnili:
Zvirfaso kolegav,
skolis efeqturobis gaumjobeseba
gTxovT, TandarTuli mokle kiTxvaris SevsebiT monawileoba miiRoT
skolis efeqturobis gaumjobesebis proeqtSi. es proeqti Tqveni skolis
ganviTarebis
nawilia,
monitoringisTvisaa
Secvlas ise, rom
Tqveni
skolis
mxareebis
romelic
mowodebuli.
skolis
is
kargad moergos
sxvadasxva
gamovlena,
aspeqtis
kerZod,
xels
efeqturi
Seuwyobs
marTvisa
marTvis
da
programis
skolas. mocemuli kiTxvaris mizania

Taviseburebebis,
Zlieri
aspeqtebisa,
romlebsac
im
da
susti
skola,
garkveulwilad, Tavad akontrolebs. didad dagvexmarebiT, Tu TandarTul

kiTxvars
SegvivsebT
da
Sevsebul
formas
ukan
damibrunebT.
gTxovT,
kiTxvaris Sevsebisas SeZlebisdagvarad gulwrfeli iyoT.

saWiro
saSualebiT
ar
aris
Tqveni
saxelis
miTiTeba,
Sesabamisad
kiTxvaris
SeuZlebeli iqneba individebis vinaobis dadgena da povna, anu,
garantirebuli
iqneba
konfidelcialoba
da
anonimuroba.
Tu
gsurT
am
dokumentis romelime aspeqtis damatebiT ganxilva, gTxovT, ar mogeridoT

CemTan dakavSireba. vimedovnebT, rom SeZlebT am proeqtSi monawileobas.
784

madloba
xelmowera
sakontaqto informacia (misamarTi, faqsi, telefoni, el. fosta)
kidev erTi magaliTi aseTi SeiZleba iyos:

Zvirfaso kolegav,
ganaTlebis sferoSi Casatarebeli kvlevis proeqti
vatareb im sakiTxebis mciremasStabian kvlevas, romlebic ganaTlebis
sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. ganaTlebaSi
es Tema intensiuri Seswavlis sagania da swored amitom ganvizraxe am
sferos Seswavla.
piradad Tqven imitom gTxovT kvlevaSi monawileobas, rom samagistro an
sadoqtoro naSromisTvis Tavad gaqvT Catarebuli empiriuli kvleva. aravis
ecodineba ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevris
problemebi ise, rogorc
Tqven.
TandarTuli kiTxvari Cemi kvlevis nawilia. gTxovT, rom mcireodeni dro
dauTmoT mas.
Tu gsurT kvlevaSi monawileoba, gTxovT, SeavsoT kiTxvari da noembris
bolomde daubrunoT XXX-s. kiTxvari SegiZliaT moaTavsoT Cemi institutis
mTavari korpusis safosto yuTSi, gamogzavnoT fostiT (markiani da ukana
misamarTiani konverti Tan erTvis) an faqsiT an eleqtronuli fostiT
kiTxvaris Sevseba daaxloebiT 15 wuTi dasWirdeba. masSi gamoyenebulia
reitingis skalebi da Tqvengan ramdenime komentarisa da zogierTi piradi
detalis miTiTebas saWiroebs. ar unda miuTiToT Tqveni saxeli: amdenad,
SeuZlebeli
iqneba
amoucnobloba
Tqveni
amocnoba
garantirebulia.
da
povna.
kvlevis,
anonimuroba
Sedegebis
da
gamoqveynebas
ganaTlebis JurnalSi vapireb.

Tu gsurT kvlevis nebismieri aspeqtis damatebiT ganxilva, gTxovT, ar
mogeridoT CemTan dakavSireba.
vimedovneb,
SeZlebT
kvlevaSi
winaswar gadagixadoT madloba

vafaseb.
monawileobis
miRebas.
neba
momeciT,
TanamSromlobisTvis, romelsac Zalian
785

gulwrfelad Tqveni,
xelmowera
sakontaqto informacia (misamarTi, faqsi, telefoni, el. fosta)
kiTxvarebis da maTi Tanmxlebi werilebis damatebiTi magaliTebisTvis

ixileT
wignis
Tanmxlebi
vebgverdi
(ixileT
kiTxvaris pilotireba
kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT, rom kiTxvarebis Sedgenas upirvelesi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
da
warmatebuli
kvlevisTvis
gadamwyvetia
maTi
winaswari Semowmeba (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/8679415368780 _

Tavi 15, faili 15. 12. ppt). pilotur kvlevas ramdenime fuqncia aqvs,
upirveles yovlisa, kiTxvaris sandoobis, validobisa da praqtikulad
ganxorcielebadobis gazrda, aseve (Oppenheim 1992; Morrison 1993; Wilson and
McLean 1994: 47):
kiTxvaris debulebebis, instruqciebisa da sqemis sizustis Semowmeba;
kiTxvaris
debulebebis,
konstruqtebis
operacionalizaciisa
da
kvlevis miznebis Sesaxeb komentaris miReba;
sityvebis formulirebaSi orazrovnebisa da sirTuleebis aRmofxvra;
samizne auditoriisTvis teqstis gagebadobis donis Semowmeba;
kiTxvis
tipisa
da
misi
formatis
Sesaxeb
komentaris
miReba
(magaliTad, reitingis skala, kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxebiT,

Ria, daxuruli da a. S.);
daxuruli
pasuxebisa
da
da
mravali
arCeviTi
konkretuli
pasuxis
kiTxvebis
kiTxvebis
Sesatyvisobis
savaraudo
Sesaxeb
komentarebis miReba;
gamotovebuli, zedmeti da Seusabamo debulebebis gamovlena;
STamagonebel/mimarTulebis mimcem kiTxvebze ukukavSiris miReba;
kiTxvaris garegnuli mxarisa da dizainis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba;
786
kiTxvaris sqemis, seqciebad dayofis, gadanomvrisa da debulebebad

dayofis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris miReba;
kiTxvaris SevsebisTvis saWiro drois
imis
Semowmeba,
Tu
ramdenad
grZeli,
gadamowmeba;
mokle,
advili
an
rTulia
kiTxvari;
Ria
kiTxvebidan
(magaliTad,
miRebuli
reitingis
kategoriebis
skalebis
daxuruli
kiTxvebisTvis
debulebebisTvis)
pasuxebis
Sesaqmnelad gamoyeneba;
imis
dadgena,
sensitiuri,
Tu
ramdenad
mamotivirebeli,
aramamotivirebeli,
damabneveli, gamaRizinebli, Seuracxmyofeli SeiZleba
iyos debuleba;
zedmeti
kiTxvebis
gamovlena
(magaliTad,
kiTxvebi,
romlebzec
mudmivad diax an ara pasuxs iZlevian respondentebi: Youngman 1984:

172) anu, naklebi diskriminaciuli xarisxis mqone kiTxvebi;
imis
dadgena,
Tu
romeli
debulebebia
Zalian
ioli,
rTuli,
kompleqsuri an respondentis gamocdilebidan mowyvetili;
zogadad
gaugebari
an
dausrulebeli
debulebebis
(magaliTad,
kiTxvebze moulodneli pasuxebisa da kiTxvebis Catovebis zogadi

tendenciis Seswavla) gamovlena (Varma and Mallick 1999: 120);
monacemebis
analizisTvis
kodirebisa
da
klasificirebis
sistemis
Semowmeba.
erTi sityviT, rogorc openheimi (1992: 48) SeniSnavs, yvelaferi, rac
kiTxvars Seexeba, pilotur kvlevaSi unda iyos CarTuli; araferi unda
gamoiricxos, Srifti da qaRaldis xarisxic ki.
zemoT
warmodgenili
sqema
konkretuli
saxis
pilotur
kvlevas
aRwers: iseTs, romelic kiTxvaris Sinaarssa da formatze fokusirdeba

da
ara
ukukavSirs
iRebs.
monacemebze.
ki,
mcire
zemoT
raodenobis
dasaxelebuli
respondentebisa
punqtebis
da
Sesaxeb
eqspertebisgan
787
arsebobs sxva tipis piloturi kvleva, romelic debulebebis grZeli

CamonaTvaliT
iwyeba
da,
statistikuri
analiziTa
da
ukukavSiriT,
amcirebs maT raodenobas (Kgaile and Morrison 2006). magaliTad, mkvlevarma

kiTxvarisTvis SeiZleba, vTqvaT, 120 debuleba Seadginos
undodes,
da imis gageba
romeli debuleba amoaklos. am SemTxvevaSi piloturi kvleva
mniSvnelovani
zomisa
respondentebis
monacemebi
da
sakmaod
SerCevaze
(50_100)
ricxobrivi
pasuxebi
warmomadgenlobiTi
unda
_
Catardes,
miiReba.
es
raodenobis
riTac
monacemebi
realuri
Semdegi
faqtorebis mixedviT SeiZleba gaaanalizdes:
sandooba: SegiZliaT amoakloT dabali sandoobis mqone debulebebi

(kronbaxis alfa Sinagani SeTanxmebulobisTvis: ixileT wignis mexuTe
nawili);
paraleluroba: Tu debulebebi mWidrod korelirebs erTmaneTTan,

SeiZleba erTi an ramdenime maTganis amoReba. cxadia, amiT ar unda
daikargos
kvlevis
mniSvnelovani
miRebuli gadawyvetilebas
mravaljeradi
regresia:
aspeqtebi
(anu,
adamianis
mier
statistikur analizze mniSvnelovania);

SegviZlia
amovakloT
betas
dabali
mniSvnelobis mqone (ixileT mexuTe nawili) debulebebi, cxadia, amiT

ar unda daikargos kvlevis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi (anu, adamianis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba statistikur analizze upiratesia);
faqtoruli
analizi:
ZiriTadi
cvladebis
jgufebisa
da
zedmeti
debulebebis gamovlena (ixileT wignis mexuTe nawili).

aseTi analizis Sedegad gamovlindeba testidan amosaRebi debulebebi,
riTac kiTxvaris zoma Semcirdeba. aq statistikuri analizisTvis sando
monacemebis misaRebad, Sesabamisi zomisa da resprezentaciuli SerCevaa
saWiro.
Tu
repondentebis
raodenoba
Zalian
cotaa,
saboloo
kiTxvaridan SeiZleba mniSvnelovani debulebi aRmoCndes amoRebuli.
kiTxvaris Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebeli praqtikuli

sakiTxebi
788
kiTxvaris
SedgenasTan
dakavSirebiT
aqamde
ganxiluli
sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswinebiT mTeli rigi praqtikuli rCevebis mocema SegviZlia:
zustad gansazRvreT kiTxvaris miznebi (operacionalizacia);
moemzadeT
piloturi
kiTxvarisTvis
debulebebis
generirebisTvis
prepiloturi kvlevisTvis da Semdeg, saboloo versiis misaRebad,

pilotirebul kiTxvarSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad;
Tu kiTxvaris sapilote variantSi Zalian bevri debulebaa da Tqven

maTi Semcireba gsurT, maTi raodenoba statistikuri analiziT an
ukukavSiriT
SeamcireT
da
pirveli
piloturi
miRebuli kiTxvaris pilotirebis meore etapisTvis
kvlevis
Sedegad
moemzadeT;
kiTxvis yvelaze Sesatyvisi tipi SearCieT _ diqotomiuri, arCevanis,

ranJireba,
reitingis
skalebi,
mudmivi
jamis
mqone,
Tanafardoba,
daxuruli, Ria;
darwmundiT, rom yvela debuleba amomwuravad da yovelmxriv iqna

Seswavlili.
SeajereT
Sinaarsi
da
Rrmad
da
detalurad
gamoikvlieT is;
konkretuli
damokidebulebis,
cnebisa
Tu
sakiTxis
gasazomad
ramdenime debuleba gamoiyeneT;
darwmundiT, rom miRebuli monacemebi upasuxeben kvlevis kiTxvas;
analizis gasaioleblad
meti daxuruli kiTxva gamoiyeneT, vidre _
Ria (gansakuTrebiT did SerCevis SemTxvevaSi);
daabalanseT, rom sakvlevi sakiTxebi amomwuravad iyos kiTxvarSi

asaxuli da kiTxvaric ramdenime gverdiani ar iyos, rac Cveulebriv
respondentebis demotivacias iwvevs;
erT kiTxvaSi mxolod erTi ramis Sesaxeb dasviT kiTxva. gamoiyeneT

TiTo winadadeba TiTo debulebaSi, sadac es SesaZlebelia;
savaraudo pasuxebi martivi unda iyos;
ar gamiyenoT Jargoni;
sadac ki SesaZlebelia, debulebebi awmyo droSi dawereT;
789
ecadeT
erTmniSvnelovani,
mkafiod
gansazRvruli
da
zusti
da
mokle
formulirebebi gqondeT;
sadac
SesaZlebelia,
SeinarCuneT
simartive,
sicxade
frazebi;
miuTiTeT, ra tipis pasuxebia saWiro Ria kiTxvebSi;
SeinarCuneT balansi siTamamesa da zrdilobas Soris (Oppenheim 1992:

122). uxeSi fraza ojaxuri mdgomareoba, sasurvelia da umjobesia
CaanacvloT
ufro
rbili
da
zrdilobiani
formiT:
gTxovT,
miuTiToT, daqorwinebuli xarT, partniorTan erTad cxovrobT Tu

dauojaxebeli xarT . . . an madlieri dagrCeniT, Tu metyviT, xarT
Tu ara daojaxebuli, partniorTan erTad cxovrobT Tu marto.
daabalanseT
faqtebisa
gansakuTrebiT
maSin,
Tu
da
mosazrebebis
statistikuri
Sesaxeb
kiTxvebi
korelaciebisa
da
(es
niSnaTa
SeuRlebis cxrilebis gamoyenebaa saWiro);
erideT mimarTulebis mimcem kiTxvebs;
ecadeT, eridoT safrTxis Semcvel kiTxvebs;
nu dauSvebT, rom respondentma icis pasuxi, aqvs kiTxvebze pasuxis

gasacemad saWiro informacia an yovelTvis marTals ityvis (nebsiT Tu
uneblieT). maSasadame, kiTxvebSi unda CarToT kategoriebi ar vici,
Seusabamoa, ar var darwmunebuli, arc veTanxmebi da arc ar
veTanxmebi ar Seesatyviseba;
erideT kiTxvebis
Tanabari raodenobiT gqondeT uaryofiTi da dadebiTi kiTxvebi (Black
gadatvirTvas;
1999: 229);
gaiazreT, ramdenad kiTxvadia kiTxvari da respondentis wera-kiTxvis

unari
(ramac
SeiZleba
mkvlevari
kiTxvaris
struqturirebuli
intervius saxiT Catarebamde miiyvanos);
sensitiuri
kiTxvebi
mogvianebiT
dasviT,
raTa
respondentebSi
pasuxebze winaswari ganwyoba ar SeeqmnaT. magram, arc ise gvian, rom
790
respondents
ukve
mobezrebuli
hqondes
kiTxvebze
pasuxi
da
koncentraciis unari dakarguli;
erTmaneTs SeurieT sensitiuri da arasensitiuri kiTxvebi;
gqondeT kiTxvaris Zalian zusti da naTeli sqema, rom is
gasagebi da
mimzidveli iyos (es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu kompiuteruli

programiT unda damuSavdes miRebuli monacemebi);
sadac
SesZlebelia,
erideT
debulebis
nawilis
meore
gverdze
gadatanas, radgan respondentma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom wina gverdze

dawyebuli debuleba damTavrda;
rogor
daafiqsiros
darwmundiT, rom respondentma icis,
TiToeuli
kiTxvis
pasuxi,
magaliTad,
xazi
gausvas, Semoxazos, aRniSnos, Caweros. respondents mieciT kiTxvaris

gacnobis an ganxilvis, Sevsebisa da dabrunebis (an agrovebis, akrefis)
instruqciebi
(safosto
kiTxvars
Tan
daurTeT
markiani
da
misamarTiani konverti);
CaatareT kiTxvaris pilotireba, gamoiyeneT mosalodneli an samizne

SerCevidan
arCeuli
respondentebi,
romlebic
ar
miiReben
monawileobas ZiriTad kvlevaSi;
monacemebis
analizis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
gansazRvreT
monacemebis
romel skalebsa da saxeebs gamoiyenebT (magaliTad, saxeldebis, rigis,

intervalebisa da Sefardebis);
gadawyviteT,
rogor
(magaliTad,
kiTxvarSi
airidebT
CarTeT
Tavidan
kiTxvebi,
pasuxebis
romlebic
gayalbebas
imave
TemasTan
dakavSirebul kiTxvebs gadaamowmebs);
dakmayofildiT,
gadawyviteT,
Tu
ras
kiTxvarebis
mouxerxebT
50
procentze
Catovebul
miiRebT
monacemebs,
pasuxs.
ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es Catovebuli monacemebi (amas SeiZleba praqtikuli

mniSvneloba
ratom
ar
kiTxvebi
hqondes
Seivso
Zalian
stratificirebuli
srulad
da
ar
damafrTxobeli
SerCevis
dabrunda
Tu
Zalian
savaraudod, unda eCvenebina pilotur kvlevas).
stratasTvis)
kiTxvari.
grZeli
da
magaliTad,
iyo?
(es,
791
kiTxvarSi CarTeT Tanmxlebi axsna da momavali TanamSromlobisTvis

madloba
gadauxadeT
potenciur
respondents;
miuTiTeT
kvlevis
miznebi, anonimurobisa da konfidencialurobis dacvis meqanizmebi,

Tqveni vinaoba da pozicia, vin isargeblebs saboloo angariSiT;
Tu
kiTxvari
darwmundiT,
sxvam
rom
mas
unda
Caataros
saTanadod
da
ara
mieciT
mkvlevarma,
CatarebisTvis
maSin
saWiro
instruqciebi da misTvis yvelaferi gasagebia.

zemoT mocemul sakmaod grZel nusxas Tan gasdevs ZiriTadi Tema:
mkvlevarma mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda dauTmos respondentebs; maTi
TvaliT
dainaxos
respondentebi
mas
kiTxvari
da
(magaliTad,
warmoidginos,
mtrulad,
eWvis
apaTiurobas-ukmayofilebas-gulgaSlilobas,
rogor
miiReben
TvaliT,
gamoiCenen
iolad-rTulad,
rogorc
motiviaciis aRmZvrels-mosawyens, sworxazovans-kompleqsurs da a. S.).
kiTxvarebis administrireba
kiTxvaris administrirebis
TviT-administrireba;
fostiT;
pirpispir interviu;
telefoniT;
internetiT.
ramdenime xerxi arsebobs:
aq mxolod TviT-administrirebisa da safosto kiTxvarebis SemTxvevebs

ganvixilavT.
meTeqvsmete
TavSi
ganxilulia
piririspir
interviu
da
satelefono interviu, xolo internet-kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb mecxre TavSi

visaubreT.
TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi
TviT-administrirebadi
romlebic
mkvlevris
kiTxvaris
TandaswrebiT
ori
tipi
arsebobs:
kiTxvarebi,
ivseba
da
kiTxvarebi,
romlebsac
792
mkvlevris
dauswreblad
avseben
respondentebi
(magaliTad,
saxlSi,
samsaxurSi).
mkvlevris TandaswrebiT TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi

mkvlvaris Tandaswreba kiTxvaris Sevseba imiT aris sasargeblo, rom
respondents nebismieri kiTxviT da komentariT SeuZlia mimarTos mas.
amasTan,
es,
rogorc
(magaliTad,
wesi,
rodesac
pasuxebis
tardeba
maRal
sixSires
maswavleblebTan
uzrunvelyofs
TanamSromlebis
Sekrebaze, an erTi an meti klasis moswavleebTan). aseve, uzrunvelyofs,

rom
yvela
kiTxvas
(mkvlevars
SeuZlia
kiTxvari
gadamowmeba,
sanam
sabolood Caibarebdes mas) da sworad (magaliTad, reitingis kiTxvebSi

mxolod
erTi
pasuxi
unda
iyos
aRniSnuli
da
araferi
unda
iyos
gamotovebuli) gaeces pasuxi. es niSnavs, rom kiTxvari swrafad da erT

jerze
ivseba,
anu,
bevri
respondentisgan
erTdroulad
SeiZleba
monacemebis miReba.
meore mxriv, respondentebi SeiZleba daafrTxos mkvlevaris daswrebam
da Zaldatanebis gancda gauCinos. maT SeiZleba uxerxulad igrZnon Tavi
kiTxvaris Sevsebisas da ar daasrulon is, anda sulac ar daiwyon.
respondentebs SeiZleba damatebiTi droc dasWirdeT, rom gaiazron da
srulad Seavson kiTxvari, magaliTad, saxlSi da maT aseT SemTxvevaSi ar
aqvT amis saSualeba.
mkvlevris Tandaswreba mkvlevars uqmnis drois problemas: is unda
iyos SeTanxmebul drosa da adgilze, rac aseve did drosa da bevr
mogzaurobas SeiZleba moiTxovdes. es ki imas niSnavs, rom monacemebis
mogroveba
gacilebiT
met
dros
waiRebs.
aseve,
gafantuli
SerCevis
SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod Zviri jdeba mgzavroba.
mkvlevris dauswreblad Catarebuli TviT-administrirebadi kiTxvarebi

mkvlevris ar yofna sasargebloa, radgan respondents saSualeba aqvs
TavisiT
Seavsos
kiTxvari,
roca
unda
da
sadac
unda:
imdeni
dro
dauTmos, ramdenic sWirdeba, nacnob garemoSi iyos, sadac araviTari
793
safrTxe da zewola ar daemuqreba, rac savsebiT savaraudoa mkvlevris

Tansawrebis SemTxvevaSi. amasTan, mkvlevris gareSe kiTxvaris Sevseba
ufro
iafi
SeiZleba
TandaswrebiT
dajdes,
ufro
anonimuria,
vidre
mkvlevris
iqneboda. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, monacemebs met-
naklebad gulwrfels xdis: albaT, mkvlevris TandaswrebiT

tyuilis
an
nawilobrivi
simarTlis
Tqma.
mis
gareSe
Znelia
ki
advilia
sensitiur Temebze Zalian gulwrfeli pasuxebis gacema.

Tumca, amas meore mxarec aqvs: mkvlevari ver upasuxebs respondentis
spontanurad
gamotovon
gaCenil
an
kiTxvebsa
Tavi
Tu
daanebon
problemebs
debulebas.
da
maT
SeiZleba
respondentebma
SeiZleba
arasworadac gaigon kiTxvebi da, Sesabamisad, arasworad upasuxon. maT

SeiZleba
mcdari suraTi
miawodon
mkvlevars,
magaliTad,
imiT,
rom
upasuxon, Tu ra situacia SeiZleboda yofiliyo da ara is, Tu realurad

ra
situaciaa
aRweron
amJamad,
situacia
akontrolebs
magaliTad,
an
an
sakuTari
im
garemos,
dRis
dros,
respondentma
SeiZleba
aramarTebulad
Tavi.
romelSic
xmaurs,
gaarCios
dadebiTad
an
faqtobrivad,
respondenti
sxvebis
kiTxvebi
uaryofiTad
mkvlevari
kiTxvars
Tandaswrebas,
da
pasuxebi,
ver
avsebs,
visTanac
kiTxvaris
Sevsebisadmi damokidebulebis seriozulobas da imasac ki, vin avsebs

kiTxvars: namdvilad is adamiani visTvisac gankuTvnili iyo kiTxvari?
safosto kiTxvarebi
xSirad
safosto
kiTxvarebi
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
gamokiTxvebis
warmoebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. davuSvaT, mkvlevari saSualo skolebSi

axali saswavlo programis damticebisa da gamoyenebis Seswavlas apirebs.
skolebis populaciidan aRebuli garkveuli SerCevis gamokiTxva Zviri
dajdeboda da bevr drosac waiRebda. meore mxriv, safosto gamokiTxvas
ramdenime aSkara upiratesoba eqneboda. metic, finansebisa da resursebis
SezRudulobis
SemTxvevaSi,
erTaderTi realuri gza iyos.
es
SeiZleba
am
kvlevis
ganxorcielebis
794
safosto gamokiTxvebis upiratesobebi da naklovani mxareebi sxva

(ganaTlebis sferosgan gansxvavebuli) viTarebebidan momdinareobs; Tumca
bevri miRebuli Sedegi ganaTlebis sferos mkvlevarsac waadgeba. aq im
zogierT
saSualebas
ganvixilavT,
safosto
gamokiTxvebSi
romliTac
maqsimaluri
ganaTlebis
raodenobis
mkvlevars
pasuxebis
miReba
SeuZlia.
safosto gamokiTxvebis Sesaxeb miTebi ar aris empiriul safuZvels
moklebuli
pasuxebis
(ixileT
sixSire
safosto
Hoinville and Jowell 1978).
yovelTvis
ar
aris
intervius
gamokiTxvebSi
Sedegad
miRebul
pasuxebze naklebi. xSirad es maCveneblebi tolia da zogjer aWarbebs

kidev
intervius
pasuxebis
maCvenebels.
kiTxvaris
damakmayofilebeli
ganaTlebulma,
daxvewilma
mcire
sixSiris
respondentebma
moculobac
sawindari.
mokle
ar
aris
magaliTad,
kiTxvari
maTTvis
nacnobi kompleqsuri sakiTxebis trivialurad warmoCenis mcdelobad

SeiZleba
aRiqvan. hoinvili da joueli (Hoinville and Jowell 1978) safosto
gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis miRebaze moqmed ramdenime faqtors gamoyofen.
pirveli
gzavnili
gamoiyeneT
xarisxiani
konvertebi,
rodesac
SesaZlebelia adresatis dabeWdili misamarTiTa da saxeliT;
sadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT pirveli klasis, swrafi safosto

momsaxureba, markiani da ara _ Stampiani konvertebi;
respondentis
pasuxisTvis
kiTxvars Tan daurTeT pirveli klasis
markiani konverti;
mosaxleoba
gamosakiTxad
dasagzavnad,
xuTSabaTi
organizaciebisTvis
ki
saukeTeso
dRea
kiTxvarebis
da
samSabaTia
orSabaTi
rekomendebuli;
yvelanairad
erideT
gamokiTxvis
dekemberSi
Catarebas
(dasavlur
samyaroSi kiTxvarebi saSobao misalocebis grovaSi Caikargeba).
kiTxvaris sakontrolo werili

im
oTx
faqtors
Soris,
romelsac
asaxeleben
pasuxebis
sixSiris
gazrda
hoinvili
da
yvelaze
metad
joueli
(1978)
sakontrolo
795
werils SeuZlia. Sexsenebis werilebis momzadebisas unda gvaxsovdes

Semdegi:
yvela
wesi,
romelic
Tanmxleb
werils
Seexeba,
ufro
mkacrad
xazs
kvlevis
vrceldeba sakontrolo werilze;
sakontrolo
werili
kidev
erTxel
unda
usvamdes
mniSvnelobasa da respondentis monawileobis Rirebulebas;
efeqturi fandi aRmoCnda mimarTvisas meore piris mxolobiTi ricxvis

gamoyeneba, werilis upasuxod darCenis SemTxvevaSi
imedgacruebis
elferis mqone qveteqstis gamoyeneba da garkveuli gaocebis gamoxatva

imiT, rom respondentma ar iTanamSromla TqvenTan;
sakontrolo werilSi arsad unda ikiTxebodes da respondents ar

unda
rCebodes
STabeWdileba,
rom
kiTxvaris
upasuxod
datoveba
normaluria, an rom mocemul konkretul kvlevaSi uamravi kiTxvari

darCa upasuxod;
sakontrolo
werils
pirveli klasis
isev
unda
axldes
Tan
kiTxvaris
asli
markiani da misamarTiani konverti werilis
da
ukan
dasabruneblad;
meore
da
mesame
raodenobis
sakontrolo
pasuxebi
mohyveba.
werilebs,
ase
rom,
rogorc
ramdeni
wesi,
aseTi
naklebi
werilis
gagzavnaa rekomentebuli ra da ra Sedegebi mosdevs mas? Znelia

ganzogadeba,
magram
unda
gvaxsovdes
Semdegi:
kargad
dagegmil
safosto gamokiTxvaSi pasuxebis sixSire, sul mcire, 40 procenti unda

iyos
da
maCvenebeli
Sexsenebis
70-80
keTilgonierad
procentamdec
gamoyenebis
SeiZleba
pirobebSi
gaizardos.
es
winaswari
piloturi kvleva arafris momcemia pasuxebis mosalodneli sixSiris

prognozirebis TvalsazrisiT. ZiriTad gamokiTxvaSi, zogadad, sul
mcire, pasuxebis igive an ufro meti raodenoba unda miviRoT, rasac
piloturi kvlevaSi viRebT. mosaxleobis aRwerebisa da gamokiTxvebis
samsaxuri (The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) sami Sexsenebis
gamoyenebis
rekomendacias
iZleva,
romelTac
Tavdapirvelad
796
dabrunebuli pasuxebis raodenobis daaxloebiT 30 procentiT gazrda

SeuZlia.
kiTxvaris
Semdgomi
sami
Sexsenebis
Sedegad
miRebuli
pasuxebis tipuri suraTi aseTia:

sawyisi gzavnili
40%
pirveli Sexseneba
+20%
meore Sexseneba
+10%
mesame Sexseneba
+5%
sul jamSi
75%
Bbeili (1994: 163 9) aCvenebs, rom respondents fostiTac SeiZleba

SevaxsenoT
da
telefoniTac.
Tu
sakontrolo
werili
igzavneba,
es
pirveli gzavnilis gaSvebidan daaxloebiT sam kviraSi unda moxdes.

meore Sexsenebac sasurvelia da is pirvelis gagzavnidan erTi kviris
Semdeg
aCvenebs,
unda
gaigzavnos.
rom
meore
procentamde gazrdac
mxolod
74.8
satelefono
(1994:
sakontrolo
165)
aRwers
weriliT
kvlevas,
pasuxebis
romelic
sixSiris
95.6
SesaZlebelia. am werilis gareSe es maCvenebeli
procents
zariTac
beili
udris.
kiTxvaris
gagzavnamde,
SeiZleba
pasuxebis
sixSiris
winaswari
momateba
(8
procentamde aweva).
stimulebi
pasuxebis
gacemis
gazrda
stimulis
gamoyenebiTac
SeiZleba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi praqtika SedarebiT iSviaTia did britaneTSi

warmoebul gamokiTxvebSi, mas SeuZlia arsebiTad Seamciros upasuxod
darCenili kiTxvarebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arCeuli
stimuli
Tan
mogvianebiT
jildos
axlavs
igzavneba
saxiT.
am
sawyis
gzavnils
Sevsebuli
da
kiTxvaris
konkretuli
ara
maSin,
rodesac
dabrunebisTvis
fandis
efeqturobis
is
gacemuli
axsna
im
valdebulebis grZnobaSi Zevs, romelic mimRebs eqmneba. guldasmiT unda

SeirCes
respondentebisTvis
simboluri
xasiaTis
unda
Sesatyvisi
iyos,
ar
tipis
unda
stimuli.
is
mkafiod
aRiqmebodes,
rogorc
respondentis mier gaweruli Zalisxmevis anazRaureba da, hoinvilisa da
797
jouelis
(1978)
TvalsazrisiT,
TqmiT,
isini
maqsimalurad
gvTavazoven,
rom
neitraluri
safosto
unda
markebis
iyos.
am
Sekvra
da
kalmistrebi iafia, advilad eteva kiTxvaris konvertSi da im amocanis

Sesatyvisia, romlis Sesrulebasac respondents vTxovT.
sxvadasxva tipis safosto gamokiTxvis vadebisa da Tanmimdevrobis
dagegmvaSi blok-sqema dagexmarebaT. erT-erT aseT blok-sqemas hoinvili
da joueli (1978) gvTavazoben. sqema warmodgenilia CanarTSi 15. 5. am
sqemaze mocemuli movlenebis droSi ufro zustad gasawerad, mkvlevars
SeiZleba qronologiuri sqemis damateba dasWirdes.
798
validoba
aqamde safosto kiTxvarebze miRebuli pasuxebis sixSiris gazrdis
teqnikebze
vsaubrobdiT
da
teqnikis validobis Sesaxeb.
jer
araferi
gviTqvams
am
konkretuli
799
belsonis (Belson 1986) mixedviT, safosto kiTxvebis validoba ori

TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia ganvixiloT. pirveli _ respondenti, romelic
avsebs kiTxvars, amas sworad da zustad akeTebs Tu ara da _ meore: is,
vinc ar daabruna kiTxvari, Tu ar pasuxebs, rogoric dabrunebuli
pasuxebis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs.
sisworisa
da
sizustis
sakiTxi
SeiZleba gadamowmdes. es aris

romelSic
Sedis
SekamaTeba.
am
intervius
meTodiT
12 ZiriTadi taqtikisgan Semdgari teqnika,
cnobadoba,
sakiTxebiT
intensiuri
drois
rekonstruqcia,
dainteresebul
pirebs
zondireba
SeuZliaT
da
gaecnon
belsons (1986: 35 8) namuSevrebs.

monacemebis
Catovebis
problema
(moxalises
mikerZoebulobis
sakiTxi, rogorc belsoni uwodebs mas), nawilobriv, maSin SeiZleba

gakontroldes, Tu kiTxvarebi
moicavs
interviuerebis
regularulad igzavneba. es procesi
Semdgom
im
respondentebTan
dakavSirebas,
romlebmac ar daabrunes Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi (ararespondentebi). amis

Semdeg
erTmaneTs
vudarebT
respondentebis
da
ararespondentebis
pasuxebs.
kiTxvariT miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba

davuSvaT,
rom
mkvlevarma
safosto
kiTxvarebis
dagegmvisTvis
micemuli yvela rCeva gaiTvaliswines da gamokiTxvaSi didi raodenobis

sixSiris pasuxebic miiRo. mkvlevris Semdegi amocanaa miRebuli uamravi
monacemis
saTanado
formiT
monacemebis
mowesrigeba,
analizisTvis
(romelic
didmasStaniani
kodirebas
kvlevisas
gulisxmobs.
mowesrigeba
rogorc
mcire
ki
Tumca,
am
kvlevis
process
analizisaTvis.
uwodeben,
SemTxvevaSi
kompiuteris
pirvel
Semdgomi
xeliT
gamoyenebiT)
rigSi,
zogadad,
keTdeba,
monacemebis
kodirebamde
saWiroa
kiTxvarebis gadamowmeba. am process redaqtirebas uwodeben.

kiTxvarebis redaqtireba respondentebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis
gamovlenasa da gamoricxvas niSnavs. kiTxvarebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis
xeliT gasworebasTan erTad, razec am qveTavSi vsaubrobT, monacemebis
800
redaqtireba
kompiuteriTac
xdeba.
kompiuteruli
struqturuli
Semowmebisa da validuri kodirebis diapazonis gadamowmebis Sesaxeb

gaecaniT hoinvilisa da jouelis (1978: 150 5) masalebs. moseri da
kaltoni (1977) redaqtirebis sam ZiriTad amocanaze miuTiTeben:
dasrulebuloba: mowmdeba, yvela kiTxvazea gacemuli pasuxi Tu ara.

gamokiTxvebis umravlesobaSi interviuers evaleba TiToeul kiTxvaze
pasuxis Cawera (kategoria Seusabamoa yovelTvis aris mocemuli).
nakluli
pasuxebi
gadamowmdes.
zogjer
uares
SeiZleba
SemTxvevaSi,
gamokiTxvis
SeiZleba
sxva
seqciebidan
respondentebTan
kidev
erTxel dakavSireba da nakluli informaciis Sevseba.
sizuste: SeZlebisdagvarad mowmdeba, yvela kiTxvaze sworad aris Tu

ara pasuxi gacemuli. arazusti pasuxebi interviueris an respondentis
uyuradRebobis
iZlevian
Sedegia.
mcdar
zogjer
pasuxebs.
respondentebi
arasworad
mizanmimarTulad
aRniSnuli
ujra,
mcdarad
Semoxaruli kodi, martivi ariTmetikuli Secdomebi _ es yvelaferi

monacemebis validobaze imoqmedebs, Tu ar amoikrifeba redaqtirebis
procesSi.
erTgvarovneba: mowmdeba, interviuerebma erTnairad auxsnes Tu ara

respondentebs
instruqciebi
da
kiTxvebi.
xandaxan,
rodesac
ver
axerxeben respondentebis pasuxebis saTanado instruqciis mixedviT

interpretacias, interviuerebi erTsa da imave pasuxs sxvadaxva kodis
gaswvriv iweren imis nacvlad, rom erTi pasuxi erTi kodiT aRniSnon.
monacemebis
mowesrigebis
upirvelesi
amocana
kodirebaa,
anu,
gamokiTxvis TiToeuli kiTxvis TiToeuli pasuxisTvis kodis _ cifris

miniWeba.
cxadia,
cifrSi.
magaliTad,
kompiuteruli
SeiZleba
gamokiTxvis
bevri
analizisTvis.
Caidos
am
yvela
Ria
kiTxvas
kiTxva
kodireba
SemTxvevaSi
am
Tavad
ver
gziT
gadaviyvanT
kodur
ver
mowesrigdeba
kiTxvaris
struqturaSi
winaswar
kodirebul
pasuxebze
vlaparakobT. rodesac kodireba kiTxvarebis Sevsebis Semdeg xdeba, maSin

post-kodirebuli
pasuxebi
gveqneba.
winaswari
kodireba
misaRebia
801
daxuruli kiTxvebisTvis, magaliTad, mamrobiTi _ 1, mdedrobiTi _ 2; an

dauojaxebeli
cxovrobs
pasuxebi
_
3,
1,
daojaxebuli
ganqorwinebuli
winaswar
ukve
2,
4.
cnobilia,
daojaxebuli,
magram
calke
iseTi
kiTxvebisTvis,
romelTa
zogadad,
winaswarve,
intervius
dawyebamde iqmneba kodirebis sistema. amitom, kodebi pirdapir kiTxvarSi

SeiZleba CaibeWdos. Ria kiTxvebisTvis (ratom airCieT es konkretuli
kursi da ara XYZ?) kodirebis sistema kiTxvarebis Sevsebis Semdeg unda
Seiqmnas. amis
procenti
saukeTeso gza kiTxvarebis SemTxveviTi wesiT SerCeva (10
an
sixSireebis
meti,
Tu
aRniSvnebis
dro
iZleva
(rogorc
amis
saSualebas)
kodirebis
da
pasuxebis
klasifikaciis
winaswari
monaxazis) SemuSavebaa. kodirebis sistemis SemuSavebis Semdeg mkvlevars

SeuZlia kidev Seamowmos misi validoba
kiTxvarebis darCenili nawilis
kodirebiT. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom kodirebis sistema dasawyisSive

SemuSavdes. kvlevis Semdgom etapebze misi ganvrcoba an Secvla Zviricaa
da damRlelic.
kiTxvarebis monacemebis damuSavebisTvis ramdenime programa arsebobs.
am wignis weris momentisTvis aseTi programaa SphinxSurvey. es paketi, sxva
am tipis paketebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebs tradiciuli an eleqtronuli
kiTxvaris SeqmnaSi, Catareba da damuSavebaSi exmareba. pasuxebis Setana
swrafad
aris
SesaZlebeli
da
monacemebi
avtomaturad
muSavdeba,
grafikebisa da cxrilebis saxiT SeiZleba miwodeba; aseve xelmisawvdomia

statistikuri operaciebis farTo speqtri (am paketis Plus-versia Ria
kiTxvebiT miRebuli teqstis leqsikur analizsac gvTavazobs, xolo
Lexical
Edition-s
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisTvis
damatebiTi
funqciebic aqvs). am programis sademonstracio, tipuri versiis naxva

SeiZleba internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: http://scolari.com.uk.
miuxedavad
sudmeni
da
imisa,
rom
bredberni
kodirebas,
(1982:
149)
Cveulebriv,
imasac
mkvlevari
uSveben,
rom
akeTebs,
validobis
gasazrdelad Tavad respondentebma gaakeTon kodireba. es gansakuTrebiT

Rirebulia Ria kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, cxadia, es gulisxmobs ara
802
marto respondentebis mzaobas, rom kiTxvaris Sevsebis Semdegac miiRon

kvlevaSi
monawileoba,
aramed
imasac,
rom
mkvlevars
maTi
vinaobis
dadgena da amocnoba SeeZleba, rac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, eTikis

sakiTxia.
803
16 interviu
Sesavali
kvlevaSi intervius gamoyeneba gansxvavebuli xedvis Semotanas niSnavs,
sadac kvlevis subieqtebi manipulirebad arsebebad, xolo
individebisgan mowyvetilad
ki ar
adamianebs
saubris
Soris,
xSirad
monacemebi
arian ganxilulni, aramed

meSveobiT,
Seqmnil
codna
fenomenadaa
miCneuli (Kvale 1996: 11). rogorc kveili SeniSnavs (1996: 14), interviu _
inter-view
or
an
met
adamians
Soris
orive
(an
meti)
mxarisTvis
saintereso Temaze mosazrebebis urTierTgacvlis procesia. is codnis

SeqmnisTvis adamianTa urTierTqmedebas miiCnevs arsebiTad da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs
kvlevis
monacemebis
socialuri
situaciebiT
ganpirobebulobaze. rogorc meore TavSi vTqviT, codna monawileebs

Soris Seqmnil fenomenad unda miviCnioT, es monacemebis generirebaa
miReba (Laing 1967: 53). interviu, rogorc aseTi, ar aris
(Seqmna) da ara _
mxolod subieqturi an obieqturi, is intersubieqturia (Laing 1967: 66).

interviu monawileebs, iqneba es respodenti Tu interviueri, saSualebas
aZlevs, TavianTi samyaros Sesaxeb maTeuli interpretaciebiT isaubron
da
situaciebze
intervius
monacemebis
ar
sakuTari
mosazrebebi
ainteresebs
mxolod
mogroveba.
is
Tavad
gamoTqvan.
ubralod
aris
am
TvalsazrisiT,
cxovrebis
cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
nawili,
adamianis
instrumentia,
romelic
cxovrebaSi misi CarTuloba gardauvalia.

interviu
monacemebis
Segrovebis
moqnili
multi-sensoruli arxebis gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva: verbaluri,

araverbaluri,
msvlelobis
metyvelebiTi
gakontroleba,
spontanurobisTvis
mainc
da
Tumca
rCeba
am
pasuxebis
miReba
kompleqsur
pasuxebisac.
erTi
SesaZlebelia
kontrolis
adgili;
sruli/dasrulebuli
Temebze
smeniTi.
intervius
pirobebSic
interviuers
SeuZlia,
aramed
sityviT,
interviu
ara
_
ki,
marto
Rrma
da
mkvlevaris
mZlavri iaraRia. meore mxriv, mkvlevars, romelic intervius iyenebs,
804
gacnobierebuli unda hqondes: intervius didi dro miaqvs; is mowyvladia

interviueris mikerZoebulobisadmi; interviuerTan respodenti SeiZleba
uxerxulad
grZnobdes
Tavs;
respodentis
gadaRlam
SeiZleba
xeli
SeuSalos intervius; SeiZleba gaZneldes anonimurobis dacva. zemoT

CamoTvlili sakiTxebidan zogierTs am TavSi ganvixilavT.
interviu ar aris Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri saubari (Dyer 1995: 56 8).
magaliTad, yoveldRiuri saubrisgan gansxvavebiT, mas konkretuli mizani
aqvs, xSirad moicavs kiTxvebs, romelTac interviueri svams. mxolod
interviuers SeuZlia arcodnis gamovlena (da ara _ respodents). pasuxebi
SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da xSirad detaluri unda iyos. interviu
mowyobilia da ara _ bunebrivad
mimdinare situacia, rac ganasxvavebs
mas
maSasadame,
yoveldRiuri
intervius
saubrisagan.
procesSi
gansxvavebuli
TamaSis
mkvlevaris
wesebi
movaleobaa,
daawesos
da
Seasrulos.
intervius koncefciebi
kitvudi (Kitwood 1977) intervius sam koncefcias adarebs erTmaneTs.
pirveli koncefciis mixedviT, interviu informaciis gadacemis mZlavri
saSualebaa. is wers:
Tu interviueri kargad uZRveba saqmes (amyarebs raports, misaRebi formiT
svams kiTxvebs da a. S.) da Tu respodenti gulwrfeli da sakmarisad
motivirebulia,
maSin
zusti
monacemebis
miReba
savsebiT
SesaZlebelia.
cxadia, nebismieri saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba iCinos Tavi am situaciaSi,

magram gawaful interviuers SeuZlia amis didi nawilis aRmofxvra. am
koncefciis
yvelaze
mkveTrad
gamoxatuli
pozicia
Tanxvdeba
fsiqometrikosTa pozicias, romelTac, rogorc Cans, sjeraT, rom arsebobs

pirovnebis SedarebiT ucvleli, myari birTvi, romlis Sesaxeb informacias
pirovneba garkveul pirobebSi mogvcems. iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa
tyuili
an
socialurad
sasurveli
pasuxebis
gacemis
tendencia,
sadac
SesaZlebelia, unda aRmoifxvras.

(Kitwood 1977)
805
intervius aseTi xedva, rogorc Cans, farTodaa gavrcelebuli.

intervius
meore
koncefciis
Tanaxmad,
(transaqcia), romelic yvela SemTxvevaSi

gacnobiereba
esaa
urTierTqmedeba
mikerZoebulia da saWiroa amis
da gakontroleba. kitvudi (1977) ganmartvs, rom intervius
TiToeuli monawile situacias gansxvavebulad gansazRvravs. am faqtTan

gamklavebis saukeTeso gza kvlevis dizainSi kontrolis elementebis
Setanaa,
magaliTad,
interviuerebis
ayvana,
romelTac
gansxvavebuli
mikerZoebebi eqnebaT. interviu SesaniSnavad gaigeba motivaciis Teoriis

WrilSi, romelic aRiarebs adamianis qcevis warmmarTveli mTeli rigi
araracionaluri
moTxovnilebebi
faqtorebis
da
arsebobas
interpersonaluri
(emociebi,
gavlenebi).
aracnobieri
kitvudi
(1977)
miuTiTebs, rom intervius Sesaxeb es orive mosazreba interpersonaluri

urTierTqmedebis Tandayolil Tvisebebs iTvaliswinebs da maT sando
kvlevis potenciur dabrkolebebad miiCnevs, romlebic unda aRmoifxvras,
gakontroldes an, sul mcire, ramenairad _ SeizRudos.
intervius mesame koncefciis Tanaxmad, es aris urTierToba, romelsac
aucileblad
bevri
ram
aqvs
saerTo
yoveldRiur
cxovrebasTan
(magaliTisTvis ixileT CanarTi 16. 1). kitvudi (1977) miiCnevs, rom am

mosazrebis
mixedviT,
saWiroa
ara
mikerZoebis
aRmofxvris
teqnikis,
aramed yoveldRiuri yofiTi cxovrebis Teoriis gamoyeneba, romelic

intervius relevantur niSnebs iTvaliswinebs. es SeiZleba moicavdes
rolur TamaSs, stereotipebis formirebas, aRqmasa da gagebas. rogorc
uolfordi (2001: 90) SeniSnavs, interviueri da respodenti erToblivad
ageben intervius. interviu socialuri gamocdilebaa da ara ubralod
informaciis
gacvla
da
kargi
iqneba,
warmoebisas, es yovelTvis emaxsovrebaT.
CanarTi 16. 1.
eTnografi interviueris Tvisebebi
ndoba
Tu
mklevrebs,
intervius
806

interviuersa
da
respodents
Soris
unda
arsebobdes
urTierToba,
romelic kvlevis farglebs scildeba da xels uwyobs megobruli kavSirebis

damyarebas, erTad yofnis gancdis Camoyalibebas da pirad egoze maRla
mdgomi saerTo miznisken erTobliv swrafvas.
cnobismoyvareoba
unda
arsebobdes
codnis
survili,
adamianebis
TvaliT
danaxuli
faqtebisa da maTi mosazrebebis codnis, maTi istoriebis mosmenisa da

grZnobebis aRmoCenis survili. es motivaciis aRmZvreli
anTebuli
mkvlevari
warmatebuli
intervius
Zalaa da am ZaliT
dagegmvasa
da
CatarebasTan
dakavSirebul bevr sirTules SeeWideba da dasZlevs.
bunebrioba
rogorc
dakvirvebis
SemTxvevaSi
SeumCneveli, raTa movlenebi sworad

Tandaswrebis
da
moqmedebis
unda
iyos
mkvlevari
dainaxos (ise, rogorc aris, sxvebis
gavlenebisgan
Tavisufali),
mizanic imis miRebaa rasac respondentebi gulwrfelad da

Seuferadeblad
TiTqmis
ise
intervius
interviuerisagan
fiqroben.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Woods 1986
am ukanaskneli mosazrebis erT-erTi didi damcvelia qiqoreli (Cicourel

1964).
is
intervius
situaciis
xuT
aucilebel
Tvisebas
gamoyofs,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, problemurad miiCneva:
arsebobs
sxvadasxva
bevri
faqtori,
interviuSi.
es
romelic
aucileblad
faqtorebia:
gansxvavebulia
urTierTndoba,
socialuri
distancia da interviueris kontroli.
Tu kiTxvebi Zalian Rrmaa, respodentma SeiZleba uxerxulad igrZnos

Tavi da Tavis aridebis taqtikas mimarTos.
orives _ interviuersac da respodentsac SeuZlia marTos, ra Tqvas

da ra _ ara da TavisTvis daitovos is, risi Tqmac SeeZlo.
bevri Sinaarsi, romelic erTisTvis sruliad gasagebia, meoresTvis

SeiZleba SedarebiT gaugebari iyos, maSinac ki, rodesac realuri
komunikaciis survili arsebobs.
807
aq
SeuZlebelia
urTierTobis
yvela
aspeqtis
racionalurad
gakontroleba, rogorc es yoveldRiur cxovrebaSia SesaZlebeli.

am
Tvalsazrisis
ramdenad
daicaven
momxreTa
poziciis
interviuerebi
Tanaxmad
sistematurobas
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis zemoqmedeba maT mier
umniSvneloa,
da
Tu
obieqturobas.
wamowyebuli nebismieri
interpersonaluri transaqciis nawili iqneba. kitvudi askvnis (1977):

gamosavali
SeZlebisdagvarad
eqsplicituri
Teoriis
qonaa,
romelic
mxedvlobaSi miiRebda sxvadasxva faqtorebs. maTTvis, vinc ase fiqrobs, ar

arsebobs zogadad, kargi da cudi interviu. arsebobs ubralod socialuri
urTierTobebi.
sikarge
da
sicude
ufro
predikatebia,
vidre
Teoriebi
romlis farglebSic fenomenebi aixsneba.

(Kitwood 1977)
barkeri da jonsoni (Barker and Johnson 1998: 230) amtkiceben, rom interviu
garkveuli mediumia kulturuli formebis Sesaxeb codnis dadgenisa da
CvenebisaTvis,
iseve,
rogorc
kiTxvebi,
romlebic
Sors
arian
neitralurobisgan, yvela monawilis kulturuli repertuariT imarTebian

da miuTiTeben, Tu rogor esmiT adamianebs TavianTi socialuri samyaro
da rogor esmiT erTmaneTis.1
intervius miznebi
cxovrebis farTo konteqstSi intervius bevri da mravaferovani mizani
aqvs, magaliTad:
pirovnebis Sefaseba garkveuli TvalsazrisiT;
TanamSromlis SerCeva an dawinaureba;
Terapiuli cvlilebebis efeqti, rogorc es fsiqiatriul interviuSi

xdeba;
hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba da Semowmeba;
monacemebis Segroveba, rogorc es gamokiTxvebsa da eqsperimentul

situaciebSi xdeba.
808
respondentebis mosazrebebis SerCeva, rogorc winaswar/mosamzadebel

interviuebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul dasaxelebul situaciaSi SeiZleba
icvlebodes interviuerisa da respodentis rolebi da gansxvavebuli

iyos
masSi
informaciis
monawileobis
motivacia,
maZiebel
mimwodebel
da
maTi
saerTo
mxareebs
maxasiaTebeli
Soris
mimdinare
urTierTqmedebaa (transaqcia).
rogorc kvlevis damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi teqnika, interviu sam
mizans emsaxureba. pirvel rigSi, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc
kvlevis miznebisTvis saWiro informaciis Segrovebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
rogorc tukmeni (Tuckman 1972) aRwers:
vinaidan
SesaZlebels
xelmiswvdoms
xdis
xdis
imis
imas,
rac
Sefasebas,
Tu
informacia), ra moswons an ar moswons
pirovnebas
ra
icis
TavSi
adamianma
aqvs,
(codna
[is]
an
(Rirebulebebi da prioritetebi) da
ras fiqrobs (damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi).

(Tuckman 1982)
meore _ misi gamoyeneba hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad an axali hipoTezis

Camosayalibeblad
SegviZlia;
aseve,
cvladebisa
da
mimarTebebis
dadgenaSi damxmare, amxsnel instrumentad. mesame _ interviu SeiZleba

kvlevaSi
sxva
meTodebTan
kerlingeri (1970)
erTad
gamoviyenoT.
amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
aRniSnavs, rom is SegviZlia, magaliTad, moulodeneli
Sedegebis gasarCevad an asaxsnelad, sxva meTodebis gadasamowmeblad an

respodentebis
motivaciis
da
maTi
swored
aseTi
pasuxebis mizezebis siRrmiseuli SeswavlisTvis
da
ara
sxvagvari
gamoviyenoT.
vinaidan Cven, upirveles yovlisa, interviu gvainteresebs, rogorc

kvlevis meTodi da teqnika, amitom mas
instrumentis rangSi
mxolod specifikuri kvlevis
ganxilviT. am TvalsazrisiT, interviu SeiZleba
iyos: formaluri, rodesac respodents konkretul kiTxvebs usvamen da

pasuxebs
rodesac
standartizebul
interviuers
formaSi
SeuZlia
iweren;
kiTxvebis
naklebad
formaluri,
Tanmimdevrobisa
da
809
formulirebis cvla, maTi axsna da damatebiTi kiTxvebis dasma; sruliad

araformaluri,
rodesac
interviuers
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis
msjeloben,
sia
SeiZleba
hqondes, romlebzec
mxolod
ZiriTadi
saubris
formatiT
winaswar momzadebuli kiTxvebis gareSe. amis garda arsebobs
aradireqtiuli interviu, romelSic interviuers meore xarisxovani roli

aqvs.
kvleviTi
saWiro
interviu
informaciis
adamianis
SeiZleba
misaRebad
saubari,
winaswarmetyvelebis
ganisazRvros,
interviueris
romelsac
an
axsnis
rogorc
mier
interviueri
miznebiT
kvlevisTvis
wamowyebuli
kvlevis
gansazRvruli
ori
aRweris,
Sinaarsisken
mimarTavs (Cannell and Kahn 1968). es uCveulo meTodia imiT, rom monacemebs
individebs
agrovebs.
Soris
am
uSualo
verbaluri
TvalsazrisiT,
is
urTierTqmedebis
gansxvavdeba
meSveobiT
kiTxvarisgan,
sadac
respodents miwodebul kiTxvebze Tavisi pasuxebis ama Tu im saxiT Cawera

moeTxoveba.
vinaidan intervius mainc aqvs raRac saerTo TviTadministrirebad
kiTxvarTan,
maT
xSirad
adareben
erTmaneTs.
garkveuli
kuTxiT,
TiToeuls, meoresTan SedarebiT, Tavisi upiratesoba aqvs. kiTxvaris

upiratesoba isaa, rom anonimurobis gamo ufro sando SeiZleba iyos,
respondentis
ekonomiuria
gulwrfelobas
droisa
da
iwvevs,
fulis
interviusTan
TvalsazrisiT,
SedarebiT
ufro
SesaZlebelia
misi
fostiT gagzavna. meore mxriv, kiTxvaris susti mxareebia is, rom xSirad
gagzavnili
kiTxvarebis
interviuers
ar
SeuZlia
Zalian
mcire
upasuxos
procenti
kiTxvebs
brundeba
intervius
miznisa
ukan,
da
nebismieri gaugebrobebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seeqmneba respodents, es ki

xSirad xdeba, radgan erTsa da imave kiTxvebs sxvadasxva adamianisTvis
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu mxolod daxuruli kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba,
maSin kiTxvars is nakli eqneba, razec ukve visaubreT. Tu mxolod Ria
kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba, maSin respodentebma, ama Tu im mizeziT, SeiZleba ar
moisurvon pasuxebis dawera. kiTxvarebi, aseve, problemebs uqmnian wera-
810
kiTxvis ucodinar adamianebs; kiTxvarebi xSirad naCqarevad ivseba, xolo

interviu SeiZleba respodentisTvis Sesatyvisi tempiT Catardes.
CanarTSi 16. 2 warmodgenilia interviusa da kiTxvaris Tvisebebis
SedarebiTi
CamonaTvali.
ukve
aRiniSna,
rom
interviuSi
uSualo,
pirdapiri urTierTqmedeba kvlevis am teqnikis upiratesobis wyaroc aris

da naklisac (Borg 1963). erTi upiratesoba, magaliTad, isaa, rom is,
monacemebis
Segrovebis
sxva
meTodebTan
SedarebiT,
ufro
Rrmad
Cawvdomis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. meore mxriv, nakli SeiZleba iyos,
magaliTad,
intervius
subieqturobis
tendencia
da
interviueris
mikerZoebuloba.
CanarTi 16. 2.
interviusa da kiTxvaris Tvisebebis SedarebiTi CamonaTvali
sakiTxi
interviu
kiTxvari
monacemebis SegrovebaSi
piradi CarTuloba
saWiroebs
interviuers
saWiroebs mdivans
ZiriTadi xarji
interviuerebis
anazRaureba
safosto xarjebi da beWdva
pasuxebiT kodirebisa da
damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi
(personalizacia)
farTo
(eqstensiuri)
SezRuduli
kiTxvebis dasmis
SesaZlebloba
farTo
(eqstensiuri)
SezRuduli
mosinjvis SesaZleblobebi
SesaZlebelia
Znelia
monacemebis reduqciis
fardobiTi sidide
didi (kodirebis
gamo)
ZiriTadad nusxis
gakeTebiT Semoifargleba
respodentebis tipuri
raodenoba
SezRudulia
farTo (eqstensiuri)
miRebuli pasuxebis sixSire
kargi
cudi
Secdomis wyaroebi
interviueri,
instrumenti,
kodireba, SerCeva
Semoifargleba
instrumentiTa da SerCeviT
mTliani sandooba
sakmaod SezRuduli sando
811
aqcenti weris unarze

wyaro: Tuckman 1972
SezRuduli
farTo (eqstensiuri)
openheims (1992: 81 2) miaCnia, rom intervius SemTxvevaSi miRebuli

pasuxebis wili ufro metia, vidre kiTxvarebSi, radgan respodentebi
ufro CarTulebi arian da, maSasadame _ motivirebulic. maT metis Tqmis
SesaZlebloba
aqvT,
vidre
aRniSnulia
xolme
kiTxvaris
Tanmxleb
werilSi da kiTxvarebze ukeT umklavdebian ufro rTul da Ria kiTxvebs.
intervius tipebi
xSirad
konkretul
intervius
adamians
tipebis
ra
raodenoba
moculobis
damokidebulia
literatura
magaliTad, lekomti da preisli (1993)
eqvs
tips
imaze,
aqvs
Tu
wakiTxuli!
asaxeleben, esenia:
standartizebuli, siRrmiseuli, eTnografiuli, elituri da cxovrebis

istoriis interviu da fokus jgufebi. bogdani da bikleni (1992) am
CamonaTvals
amateben
interviuebs.
linkolni
struqturirebul
naxevrad
da
intervius,
struqturirebulsa
guba
xolo
(1985),
Tavis
openheimi
(1992:
da
jgufur
mxriv,
amateben
65)
kvleviT
intervius.
patoni (Patton 1980: 206) intervius oTx tips
gamoyofs: araformaluri
saubari, dagegmili intervius midgomebi, standartizebuli Ria interviu

da daxuruli raodenobrivi interviu. patoni am oTx tips naTlad da
zustad aRwers (ixileT CanarTi 16. 3).
CanarTi 16. 3.
sxvadasxva tipis intervius Zlieri da susti mxareebi
intervius tipi
maxasiaTeblebi
Zlieri mxareebi
susti mxareebi
araformaluri
saubris tipis
interviu
kiTxvebi uSualod
iq da imJamad
arsebuli
konteqstidan
warmoiqmneba da
bunebrivad
zrdis kiTxvebis
moqnilobasa da
relevantobas;
dakvirvebebze
aigeba da
viTardeba; SeuZlia
sxvadasxva adamiani
sxvadasxva
situaciaSi
gansxvavebul
infromacias
iZleva. naklebad
812

mimdinare saubarSi
ismis. winaswar ar
aris gansazRvruli
kiTxvis Tema da
formulireba.
moergos
situaciebsa da
individebs.
sistemuri da
yovelmxrivia, Tu
garkveuli kiTxvebi
bunebrivad ar
gaCnda. monacemebis
dalageba da
analizi SeiZleba
sakmaod rTuli
iyos.
dagegmili
intervius
midgomebi
gansaxilveli
Temebi da sakiTxebi
winaswar aris
gansazRvruli
gegmis saxiT.
interviueri
procesis
msvlelobisas
Tavad wyvets, ra
TanmimdevrobiT da
formulirebiT
dausvas kiTxvebi
respnodents.
winaswar
momzadebuli gegma
zrdis monacemebis
yovlismomcvelobas
da maT Segrovebas
TiToeuli
respodenisgan
garkveul
sistemurobas sZens.
monacemebSi
logikuri
Cavardnebi winaswar
ganiWvretadia da
Caketili. intervius
SerCenili aqvs
saubris forma da
situaciuria.
mniSvnelovani da
SesamCnevi Temebi
SeiZleba uneblied
uyuradRebod
darCes. intervius
moqnilobam
kiTxvebis
Tanmimdevrobasa da
formulirebaSi
sabolood
gansxvavebuli
pasuxebi SeiZleba
mogvces, rac
amcirebs maTi
Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas.
standartizebu
li Ria
interviu
kiTxvebis zusti
formulireba da
Tanmimdevroba
winaswaraa
gansazRvruli.
yvela respodents
erTi da igive
ZiriTad
kiTxvebsucvleli
TanmimdevrobiT
usvamen.
respodentebi erTsa
da imave kiTxvebs
pasuxoben, rac
zrdis pasuxebis
Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas.
interviuSi
ganxiluli Temebis
Sesaxeb yoveli
respodentisgan
sruli monacemebi
miiReba. rodesac
ramdenime
interviueri
gamoiyeneba
mcirdeba
naklebad moqnilia
konkretul
individebTan da
garemoebebTan
mimarTebiT.
kiTxvebis
standartizebulma
formulirebam
SeiZleba SezRudos
kiTxvebisa da
pasuxebis
bunebrioba.
813

interviueris
efeqtebi da
mikerZoebuloba.
mkvlevrebs
Sefasebisas
gamoyenebuli
instrumentebis
naxvisa da
gadasinjvis
SesaZleblobas
aZlevs.
daxuruli
raodenobrivi
interviu
kiTxvebi da maTi
savaraudo pasuxebi
winaswaraa
gansazRvruli.
pasuxebi
dafiqsirebulia.
respodenti pasuxs
am pasuxebidan
irCevs.
advilia
monacemebis
analizi.
SesaZlebelia
pasuxebis pirdapir
Sedareba da
Sekreba. mokle
droSi bevri mokle
kiTxvis dasmaa
SesaZlebeli.
respodentebma
TavianTi
gamocdileba da
grZnobebi
mkvlevaris mier
SeTavazebul
savaraudo
pasuxebis
kategoriebs unda
moargon. SeiZleba
aRviqvaT, rogorc
upirovno,
Seuferebeli da
meqanikuri.
respodentebis mier
nagulisxmevi
realuri
mniSvnelobebi an
gamocdilebebi
SezRuduli
pasuxebis arCevaniT
SeiZleba
damaxinjdes.
wyaro: Patton 1980: 206
rogor unda gaigos mkvlevarma es sxvadasxva tipi? kveili (1996: 126

7)
sxvadasxva
amtkicebs,
tipis
rom
intervius
interviuebi
ramdenime
kontinuumze
erTmaneTisgan
aTavsebs
gansxvavdebian
da
miznis
TvalsaCinoebiT, struqturirebulobis xarisxiT, ramdenadaa kvleviTi an

hipoTezis Semowmebaze mimarTuli, aRwera surs Tu interpretacia, ufro
814
metad kognitur sferozea orientirebuli Tu _ emociebze. rogorc Cans,

ZiriTad
gansxvavebas
intervius
struqturirebulobis
xarisxi
qmnis,
romelic Tavad asaxavs intervius miznebs, magaliTad, mocemul sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT garkveuli raodenobis respodentebis grZnobebis generireba
an
konkretuli
Temis
mimarT
unikaluri,
alternatiuli
emociebis
dafiqsireba. linkolnisa da gubas (1985: 269) azriT, struqturiebuli

interviu maSinaa sasargeblo, rodesac mkvlevrebma ician,
raze ara aqvT
warmodgena/ra ar ician da iseTi kiTxvebis formulireba SeuZliaT,

romelTa
saSualebiTac
sasurvel
informacias
miiReben.
xolo
arastruqturirebuli interviu maSin gamodgeba, rodesac mkvlevrebma ar

ician,
ra imaleba maTi codnis miRma da amitom amis Tqmas respodentebs
miandoben!
aq mizanTan Sesatyvisobis sakiTxi dgas: rac ufro metad surs
mkvlevars
sxvadasxva
adamianis
an
situaciis
Sesadareblad
saWiro
informaciis miReba, miT metad standartizebuli da raodenobrvia misi

interviu.
rac
udro
metad
surs
unikaluri,
arastandartizebuli,
personificirebuli informaciis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xedaven

individebi samyaros, miT metad ixreba mkvlevari Tvisebrivi, Tavisufali,
arastruqturirebuli
interviusken.
faqtobrivad,
es
asea
ara
marto
intervius, aramed misi werilobiTi analogis _ kiTxvaris SemTxvevaSic.

openheimi
(1992:
86)
miuTiTebs,
rom
standartizacia
stimulis
ekvivalentobas unda exebodes, anu, yvela respodentma intervius kiTxva

erTnairad unda gaigos da ar unda Caanacvlos sityvebi imis gamo, rom
zogierT respodents uWirs mocemulis gageba an konkretuli kiTxvebi
gansxvavebulad da, savaraudod, arasworad gaSifros. (iqve dasZens, rom
rogorc ki kiTxvis formulireba Seicvleba, rogori mcirec
unda iyos,
is, faqtobrivad, sxva kiTxvad iqceva!)

openheims (1992: 65) miaCnia, rom kvleviTi interviuebi gansakuTrebiT
evristikuli unda iyos da miznad faqtebisa da raodenobebis mogrovebas
ki ara, hipoTezebis Camoyalibebas unda isaxavdes. is aRniSnavs, rom
815
interviu
xSirad
emociurad
datvirTul
Temebs
exeba
da
amitom,
interviuerisgan intervius situaciasTan gamklavebisa da marTvis unarebs

moiTxovs. respodentebma Tavisuflad da emociurad unda SeZlos saubari
_ sakuTari gamocdilebis pirdapir, xatovnad, siRrmiseulad, auTenturad
da gulwrfelad gadmocema.
morisoni (1993: 34 6) interviuebis dasaxarisxeblad xuT sxvadasxva
ganzomilebas
iyenebs. pirvelis
erT boloSi ricxvebi, statistikebi,
obieqturi faqtebi da raodenobrivi monacemebia, xolo meore boloSi _

saubrebis transkriptebi, komentarebi, subieqturi angariSebi, ZiriTadad
sityvieri, Tvisebrivi monacemebi.
meore ganzomilebis erT boloSia daxuruli da
arCeviTi
pasuxebiT,
sadac
respodentma
ukve
kiTxvebi mravali
mocemuli,
winaswar
gansazRvruli variantebidan is varianti unda airCios, romelic mis

saTqmels yvelaze
zustad gamoxatavs. meore boloSi Tavsdeba ufro Ria
kiTxvebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben pasuxebis nusxidan Sesatyvisis arCevas

_ respodentebs Taviseburad da Tavisi sityvebiT SeuZliaT pasuxebis
gacema, anu kvleva iTvaliswinebs monawileebis xedvasa da pasuxebs.
mesame kontinuumis erT boloSi pasuxebis gazomvis, maTi sxvadasxva
nakrebis erTmaneTTan Sedarebis da pasuxebis korelirebis survili dgas
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenma adamianma Tqva es, an ramdenma maTganma
mianiWa am konkretul debulebas aseTi da aseTi rangi. meore boloSi
konkretuli
situaciis,
pirovnebis
an
programis
unikalurobis/ganumeoreblobis gagebis (ra ganasxvavebs mas sxvebisgan),

anu situaciis an pasuxis xarisxis, Tvisebis
meoTxe
ganzomilebis
erTi
boloSi
Caweris survili dgas.
ricxvebisa
da
SeTavazebuli
savaraudo pasuxebis kategoriebis formalobisa da sizustis survilia,

roca mkvlevarma winaswar icis, ras eZebs. meore bolo _ ufro damyoli,
araformaluria, roca SedarebiT bundovani da ganusazRvrelia, is, rasac
eZeben _ amas mxolod mas Semdeg gavarkvevT,
roca aRmovaCenT! mkvlevari
Sedis situaciaSi da imaze reagirebs, rac xdeba.
816
mexuTe kontinuumis erTi bolo miRebul pasuxebSi, mosazrebebSi da a.

S. regularobebis povnis mcdelobaa, rac miznad miRebuli monacemebis
ganzogadebas da mimdinare procesis
aRweras isaxavs. meore bolo
unikalurobis, pasuxis Tvisebriobis, situaciis kompleqsurobis wvdomisa

da aRweris mcdelobaa; kidev imis gagebis
mcdeloba, Tu ratom Tqves
respodentebma is, rac Tqves da es yvelferi respodentebis
sityvebiT
aris gadmocemuli.
warmodgenili xuTi kontinuumis polusebi Semdegnairad SegviZlia
davajgufoT:
raodenobrivi midgomebi
Tvisebrivi midgomebi
ricxvebi
sityvebi
winaswar gansazRvruli,
Ria, Tavisufali, reaqciuli
mocemuli
unikalobis dafiqsireba
gazomva
xangrZlivi, uwyveti
xanmokle, wyvetili
gamorCeuli Tvisebebis
Sedareba
dafiqsireba
korelireba
Rirebulia Tvisebrioba
sixSireebi
individualuroba
formaluroba
araformaluroba
eZebs raRacas
eZebs raRacisTvis
regularobebi
unikaluroba
aRwera
axsna
obieqturi faqtebi
subieqturi faqtebi
aRwera
interpretaciis gakeTeba
garedan SigniT kvleva
Signidan gareT kvleva
struqturirebuli
statistikuri
arastruqturirebuli
eTnografiuli, gamomvleni
marcxena
CaTvliT
winaswar
formaluria
mkvlevari
sveti
da
gacilebiT
aris
formaluria
dagegmili,
wvrilmanebi
mxolod
da
xolo
mas
umciresi
marjvena
Semdeg
iCens
detalebis
naklebad
Tavs,
roca
adgilzea. marcxena svetSi mocemuli interviuebi winaswar
817
awon-dawonilia, anu, kvlevis dawyebamde zustad unda iyos cnobili

kiTxvebis yvela savaraudo pasuxi da kategoria. es, Cveulebriv, masalis
gamosacdelad da dasaxvewad pilotur kvlevas moiTxovs. rodesac asea
yvela
radgan
wvrilmani
dagegmili,
monacemebis
monacemebis
gasaanalizebeli
analizi
SedarebiT
kategoriebi
ukve
iolia,
cnobilia
da
analizic swrafad xdeba.

marjvena
svetSi
warmodgenili
interviuebi
ufro
dasasrulisken
igegmeba, anu, ufro swrafad iwyeba kvleva da grovdeba monacemebi,

vinaidan saWiro ar aris kategoriebis winaswar SemuSaveba, isini mxolod
monacemebis Segrovebis dasrulebis Semdeg
procesSi
gaCenili
sakiTxebis
gamovlindeba. Tumca, kvlevis
gamosavlenad
da
saboloo
Sedegebis
misaRebad monacemebis analizi mniSvnelovnad met dros moiTxovs.

kveili
(1996:
30)
gamoyofs
Tvisebrivi
intervius
ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebs, maT Soris:
monawileebis cxovrebiseuli samyaros ZiriTadi niSnebis gamovlena,

gageba da interpretireba;
bunebrivi
sametyvelo
enis
gamoyeneba
Tvisebrivi
informaciis
mosapoveblad da gasagebad;
monawileebis
cxovrebiseuli
samyaros
dawvrilebiT
aRwera,
niuansebis gamovlena da Seswavla;
axali monacemebisa da fenomenebisadmi mizanmimarTuli Riaoba. uaris

Tqma
zedmet
struqturirebulobaze;
konkretul ideebsa da Temebze fokusireba, anu mimarTulebis arCeva,

Tumca Zalian struqturirebulobisTvis Tavis arideba;
monawileTa saarsebo/yofiTi situaciebisTvis Cveuli bundovanebisa da

winaaRmdegobriobis
miReba,
Tu
es
monawileebi
gulwrfelad
ase
bundovanad da winaaRmdegobrivad aRiqvamen im situacias, romelSic

imyofebian;
818
im faqtis miReba, rom intervium Tavad monawileebi SeiZleba Secvalos

da axleburad gaaazrebinos sakuTari gamocdileba;
interviu ganixileba, rogorc pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierToba yvela im
TvisebiT, rac aseT urTierTobas gaaCnia;
intervius
yvela
monawilisTvis
es
dadebiTi
da
axlis
mimcemi
gamocdilebaa.
zemoT ganxiluli sxvadasxva tipis interviudan SegviZlia gamovyoT
oTxi tipis interviu, romelic kvlevis instrumentad gamoiyeneba, esenia:
struqturirebuli,
fokusirebuli
arastruqturirebuli,
interviuebi.
aradireqtiuli
da
struqturirebuli intervius Sinaarsi da
procedurebi winaswar aris dadgenili, rac niSnavs imas, rom kiTxvebis

Tanmimdevroba da formulireba gansazRvrulia da interviuers masSi,
praqtikulad, TiTqmis araviTari cvlilebis Setanis ufleba ara aqvs. Tu
interviuers cvlilebis Setanis raRac
Tavisufleba mainc aqvs, esec
winaswaraa gansazRvruli. maSasadame, aseTi interviu SegviZlia daxurul

situaciad miviCnioT. am mxriv, sruliad sapirispiro viTareba gvaqvs
arastruqturirebuli intervius SemTxvevaSi _ es aris Ria, Tavisufali

da moqnili situacia. rogor kerlingeri (1970) aRniSnavs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom aseTi intervius dros dasmuli kiTxvebi kvlevis mizniTaa
gansazRvruli, maTi Sinaarsi, Tanmimdevroba da formulireba mTlianad
interviueris xelSia. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom arastruqturirebuli
interviu
ufro
SemTxveviTi
saqmea
masac,
Taviseburad,
gulmodgine
dagegmva sWirdeba.
aradireqtiuli interviu, rogorc kvlevis teqnika, Terapiuli anu

fsiqiatriuli
minimaluri
interviudan
miTiTebebi
da
momdinarebs.
kontroli
misi
ZiriTadi
interviueris
Tvisebaa
mxridan,
aseve,
respodentis praqtikulad sruli Tavisufleba, imdenad SeuboWavad da

spontanurad gamoxatos sakuTari grZnobebi, ramdenadac surs an SeuZlia.
moseri
da kaltoni (1977: 297) amtkiceben, rom saWiroa respodentebis
waxaliseba, rom ilaparakon sakvlevi Temis (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis
819
Sesaxeb) Sesaxeb da Tavad waiyvanon interviu, romelsac mxolod mcire

odenobis winaswar gansazRvruli kiTxvebi an CarCo aqvs. interviuerma
xeli unda Seuwyos da daexmaros repodents saubarSi, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi
sizustisken
mouwodos,
moTxovos
axsna,
saubari
interpretaciebisken, perifrazirebisa da Sejamebisken mimarTos

dros, naambobi gadaamowmos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu
da amave
Tema rTuli da
bundovania.
intervius situaciaSi interviueris mxridan ufro meti kontrolis
fokusirebul
Semotanas
interviumde
mivyavarT.
misi
ganmasxvavebeli
niSania konkretuli mocemuli situaciis Sesaxeb, romelSic respodenti

imyofeboda
da
gaanalizebuli,
amgvarad,
interviuers
respodentis
interviuers
interviumde
jer
kidev
subieqtur
SeuZlia
pasuxebze
interviuTi
Camoyalibebuli
interviumde
hqonda
Tu
fokusireba.
miRebuli
monacemebis
hipoTezis
dasadastureblad
an
uarsayofad gamoyeneba. rogorc mertoni da kendeli (Merton and Kendall 1946)

xsnian:
Cveulebrivi
siRrmiseuli
informantebs
TavianTi
fokusirebul
interviuSi,
intervius
gamocdilebis
saWiroebis
dros
mkvlevars
gaziareba
SemTxvevaSi,
SeuZlia
sTxovos.
Tumca,
interviuers
SeuZlia
ufro metad aqtiuri iyos: ufro Riad da gasagebad uTxras respodents, Tu

ra
saxis
pasuxebis
gamzadebuli
mosmena
savaraudo
surs
pasuxebi.
misgan
an
nebismier
Tavad
miawodos
SemTxvevaSi,
amis
winaswar
Sedegad,
rogorc wesi, informantebis mxridan konkretuli pasuxebi miiReba.

(Merton and Kendall 1946)
Semdeg
TavSi
ufro
dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT
aradireqtiul
da
fokusirebul interviuebs.
kvlevis procedurebis dagegmva intervius gamoyenebiT

kveili (1996: 88) intervius gamoyenebiT kvlevis Svid etaps aRwers,
romelic am tipis kvlevis dasagegmad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. es etapebia:
Temis gansazRvra, dagegmva, intervius Catareba, transkriptis
momzadeba,
820
analizi,
gadamowmeba
da
angariSis
dawera.
qvemoT
swored
am
TanmimdevrobiT warmogidgenT intervius meTods.
Temis gansazRvra
intervius mosamzadebel etapze kvlevis mizani unda ganisazRvros.
amis gakeTeba kvlevis Teoriuli safuZvlis, zogadi miznebis, praqtikuli
Rirebulebisa
SeiZleba. amas
da
intervius
meTodis
arCevis
mizezebis
moxazviT
mohyveba kvlevis zogadi miznebis ufro detaluri da
konkretuli amocanebis saxiT Camoyalibeba. es yvelaze mniSvnelovani

etapia, vinaidan kvlevis kiTxvebze gasacemi pasuxebisTvis saTanado saxis
monacemebis
miReba
mxolod
mas
Semdeg
gaxdeba
SesaZlebeli,
roca
amocanebi yuradRebiT gveqneba Camoyalibebuli.
dagegmva
Semdeg modis Tavad intervius dagegmva. aq Sedis kvlevis amocanebis
kiTxvebad formulireba, romlebic intervius ZiriTad RerZs Seqmnis. es
ise
unda
gakeTdes,
rom
kiTxvebi
adekvaturad
asaxavdes
imas,
ris
aRmoCenasac cdilobs mkvlevari. amas, Cveulebriv, kvlevisTvis saWiro

cvladebis
CamoweriT
iwyeben.
rogorc
intervius
kiTxvebis
formulirebisas
erT-erTi
pirveli
avtori
nabiji
ambobs,
cvladebis
saxeldebaa. Tqveni cvladebi swored isaa, ris gazomvasac cdilobT.

isini getyvian, saidan unda daiwyoT (Tuckman 1972).
realuri intervius kiTxvebis momzadebamde, sasurvelia, garkveuli
dro kiTxvis formatsa da pasuxis formis
mofiqrebas daeTmos. kiTxvis
formatis arCeva, magaliTad, qvemoT CamoTvlil erT an met faqtorzea

damokidebuli:
intervius amocanebi;
gansaxilveli Temis buneba;
ra
ainteresebs
interviuers
faqtebi,
damokidebulebebi;
surs Tu ara mkvlevars konkretuloba an siRrme;
mosazrebebi
Tu
821
respondentis ganaTlebis done;
ra saxis informaciis miRebas moelis mkvlevari;
esaWiroeba Tu ara struqturireba respondentis azrebs; respondentis

motivaciis donis Sefaseba;
Tavad interviuers ramdenad kargad esmis respondentis situacia;
respondentTan ra saxis urTierTobis damyarebas SeiZleba moelodes

interviueri.
Tu am sakiTxebze winaswar ifiqrebs, mkvlevari SeZlebs gadawyvitos,
rogori
kiTxvebi
gamoiyenos:
Ria
da/an
daxuruli,
pirdapiri
da/an
arapirdapiri, konkretuli da/an zogadi da a. S.
intervius dagegmva
kvleviTi intervius gegmis Sedgenisas sami saxis debulebebs iyeneben
(ixileT Kerlinger 1970). pirveli, fiqsirebuli alternativebi respodents
ori an meti variantidan arCevis saSualebas aZlevs. yvelaze xSirad
diqotomiuri
debulebebi
gamoiyeneba,
romelic
pasuxebis
mxolo
or
variants sTavazobs, magaliTad, diax-ara da veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi.

zogjer gamoiyeneba mesame variantic, rogoricaa ar gadamiwyvetia da
ar vici (ixileT http://www.routledge.com.textbooks.9780415378680 _ Tavi 16,
faili 16. 1. oc).
magaliTi:
rogor
fiqrobT,
gamocdebis
Sedegebis
gamoqveyneba
ewinaaRmdegeba skolis interesebs?

diax
ara
ar vici
kerlingeri (1970) fiqsirebuli alternativebis dadebiT da uaryofiT

mxareebs gamoyofs. maTi dadebiTi mxarea, magaliTad, gazomvisas meti
erTgvarovneba
da,
maSasadame,
meti
sandoobac,
radgan
respodentma
TavianTi pasuxebi SeTavazebul variantebs unda moargon, rac gacilebiT

amartivebs kodirebas.
822
uaryofiT
mxareebia,
magaliTad,
zedapiruloba;
im
respodentebis
gaRizianeba, vinc ver moaxerxebs Tavisi pasuxis SeTavazebul variantebze

morgebas; Seuferebeli pasuxebis forsirebis SesaZlebloba imitom, rom
arCeuli varianti, SesaZloa,
pasuxis arcodnas faravdes, an respodentma
SeiZleba iseTi varianti airCios, romelic zustad ar asaxavs realurad

arsebul
faqtebs.
Tumca,
es
daZlevadi
problemaa,
Tu
debulebebi
yuradRebiT daiwereba, Sereuli iqneba Ria kiTxvebTan da intervius

msvlelobisas interviueri damazustebel SekiTxvebs dasvams.
meore _ Ria debulebebi, kerlingeriseuli lakonuri ganmartebiT,
respodentis
pasuxebisTvis
aTvlis
wertils
uzrunvelyofs,
magram
minimalurad zRudavs pasuxebsa da maTi gamoxatvis formas. respodentis

pasuxebs
mxolod
problemiTaa
kiTxvis
ganpirobebuli;
Tema
gansazRvravs,
pasuxebis
romelic
Sinaarsis
an
pasuxis
sakvlevi
gacemis
formis TvalsazrisiT, sxva araviTari SezRudva ar arsebobs.

magaliTi: rogori telegadacemebis yureba girCevniaT?
Ria
kiTxvebs
aRsaniSnavia
maTi
mTeli
rigi
moqniloba;
upiratesobebi
interviuers
aqvT:
iseTi
pirvel
rigSi,
kiTxvebis
dasmis
saSualeba eZleva, rom mas, survilis SemTxvevaSi, meti siRrmeebis wvdoma

da/an yvela gaugebari, bundovani sakiTxis garkveva SeuZlia; interviuers
respodentis
uwyobs
codnis
sazRvrebis
TanamSromlobisa
da
dadgenis
saSualebas
raportis
aZlevs;
damyarebas;
xels
interviuers
respodentis rwmenis realurad Semowmebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Ria

situaciebma SeiZleba moulodneli da winaswar gauTvleli pasuxebi
moitanos,
ramac
iseTi
mkvlevars, romlebzec
mimarTebebisa
manamde ar
da
hipoTezebisken
ufiqria. Ria
kiTxvis
ubiZgos
konkretuli
saxeoba Zabrisebri kiTxvaa, razec adre ukve visaubreT. gavixsenoT, rom

es teqnika ufro zogadi kiTxviT an debulebiT iwyeba da Semdeg ufro
konkretul kiTxvamde viwrovdeba. kerlingeri (1970) sirsisa da misi
kolegebis (Sears et al. 1957) kvlevidan iRebs amis magaliTs:
823

ra Tqma unda, yvela bavSvi tiris. zogi deda fiqrobs, rom Tu bavSvi
yovel atirebaze xelSi aiyvane _ ueWveld, gaafuWeb. sxvebs miaCniaT, rom
bavSvi didxans ar unda atiro. Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor unda moiqceT
RamiT?
(Sears et al. 1957)
mesame, skala, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, verbaluri debulebebis nakrebia,

romelsac respodenti garkveuli xarisxis daTanxmebiT an ardaTanxmebiT
pasuxobs.
yoveli
pasuxi
fiqsirebuli
variantebis
mqone
skalaze
aRiniSneba. am teqnikis Ria kiTxvebTan erTad gamoyeneba SedarebiT axali

praqtikaa da niSnavs, rom skalaze miniWebuli qulebi Ria kiTxvebiT
miRebuli pasuxebiT SeiZleba gadamowmdes.
magaliTi: 14 wlis da meti
asakis axalgazrdebisaTvis
skolaSi swavla
nebayoflobiTi unda iyos:

sruliad
veTanxmebi,
veTanxmebi,
ar
gadamiwyvetia,
ar
veTanxmebi, saerTod ar veTanxmebi.
am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia skalis romelime saxeobis gamoyeneba. es

SeiZleba iyos damokidebulebis skala, ranJireba, reitingis skala da a.
S. am Temas kidev davubrundebiT.
interviusTvis kiTxvebis formulirebisas yuradReba miaqcieT Semdegs:
(Arksey and Knight 1999: 93 5):
gamoyenebul leqsikas (SeecadeT martivi iyos);
crurwmenebis Semcveli enis gamoyenebas;
bundovanebasa da uzustobas;
mimarTulebis mimcem kiTxvebs (gadasawyvetia, gamarTlebulia Tu ara

maTi gamoyeneba konkretul situaciaSi);
ramdenime
kiTxvis
Semcvel
kiTxvebs
(erT
jerze
ramdenime
ramis
kiTxvas);
kiTxvebs,
romlebic
raRac
samsaxurSi manqaniT dadixarT?);
daSvebebs
moiazreben
(magaliTad,
824
hipoTeturs an spekulaciur kiTxvebs;
sensitiur an pirad kiTxvebs (gadawyviteT, dasvaT Tu ara);
daSvebas, rom respodents aqvs is codna/informacia, rasac sTxovT;
gaxsenebas (ramdenad advilia an Zneli respodentisTvis imis gaxseneba,

rasac sTxovT).
kiTxvis formati
axla
interviusTan
asocirebuli
kiTxvebis
saxeebsa
da
pasuxis
formebze visaubroT:. pirvel rigSi, gansaxilvelia kiTxvis formati: ra

frazebiT unda CamovayaliboT kiTxva an rogor unda davalagoT frazebi
(ixileT Wilson 1996)? tukmeni (1972) oTx aseT formats asaxelebs. kiTxvebi,
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
Camoyalibebuli.
iyos
ase
pirdapiri
magaliTad,
an
arapirdapiri
interviuerma
formiT
SeiZleba
hkiTxos
maswavlebels, moswons Tu ara swavleba. es pirdapiri kiTxva iqneba. amis

sapirispirod, interviuerma SeiZleba arapirdapiri midgoma airCios da
zogadad
ganaTlebis
mimarTulebebis
Sesaxeb
sistemis
da
respodentis
skolebis
mosazrebiT
funqcionirebis
dainteresdes.
kiTxvaze miRebul pasuxebze dayrdnobiT, is SeZlebs daaskvnas,

fiqrobs maswavlebeli Tavis samsaxurze. tukmeni (1972)
vinaidan
kiTxvebis
mizani
naklebad
naTelia,
am
ras
ganmartavs, rom
arapirdapiri
midgomiT
ufro metadaa SesaZlebeli gulwrfeli da Ria pasuxebis miReba.

arsebobs iseTi kiTxvebic, romlebic zogad an konkretul sakiTxebs
Seexeba. rodesac bavSvebs vekiTxebiT,
ras fiqroben maswavleblebis
gamoyenebul swavlebis meTodebze, es zogadi anu araspeficikuri kiTxva

iqneba;
xolo
Tu
maswavlebelze,
maT
rogorc
vkiTxavT,
ras
maswavlebelze,
fiqroben
maSin
isini
es
TavianT
konkretuli
(speficikuri) kiTxva iqneba. aseve, arsebobs kiTxvebis rigi, romelic

Zabris
principiT
inacvlebs.
tukmeni
muSaobisas
(1972)
gamoiyeneba
wers:
da
konkretulma
zogadidan
kerZosken
kiTxvebma,
pirdapiri
kiTxvebis msgavsad, respodenti SeiZleba ufro frTxili an Caketili

gaxados da man naklebad gulwrfeli pasuxebi mogvces. zogad kiTxvebs
825
SeiZleba SemovliTi gziT mivyavdeT sasurvel informaciamde, magram es

naklebad sagangaSo iyos respodentisTvis.
kiTxvebis kidev erTi diferenciaciaa kiTxvebi, romlebic faqtobriv
pasuxebs
moiTxoven
da
kiTxvebi,
romelTa
pasuxebic
mosazrebebs
gamoxataven. Tu adamianebs vekiTxebiT, romel politikur partias uWeren

mxars, es faqtobrivi kiTxvaa, xolo Tu vkiTxavT, ras fiqroben isini
arsebuli mTavrobis sagareo politikis
Sesaxeb, maSin mosazrebis
kiTxvasTan gveqneba saqme. Tumca, orive tipis kiTxvam SeiZleba imaze

naklebi informacia mogces, vidre sinamdvileSia: pirveli yovelTvis ar
iZleva faqtobriv pasuxebs da arc meore gulwrfel mosazrebebs. orive
SemTxvevaSi, Tu kiTxvebs frTxilad da yuradRebiT SevadgenT , uzustoba
da mikerZoebuloba SeiZleba minimumamde daviyvanoT.
kiTxvebis daxarisxebis ramdenime gza arsebobs, magaliTad (Spradley
1979; Patton 1980):
aRweriTi kiTxvebi;
kiTxvebi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb;
kiTxvebi qcevis Sesaxeb;
kiTxvebi codnis Sesaxeb;
konstruqtis maformirebeli kiTxvebi;
sakontrasto/kontrastuli kiTxvebi (rodesac respodents ori raRacis

Sedareba moeTxoveba);
kiTxvebi grZnobebis Sesaxeb;
sensoruli kiTxvebi (kiTxvebi SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb);
kiTxvebi konteqstis Sesaxeb;
demografiuli kiTxvebi.
zemoT CamoTvlili saxeebi kiTxvebis Sinaarss Seexeba. kveili (1996: 133
5) gvTavazobs CamonaTvals, romelsac procesis kiTxvebi SeiZleba

vuwodoT. es kiTxvebia, romlebic:
waradgenen Temas an intervius;
826
anviTareben Temas an ideas;
metad azusteben informacias an pasuxs;
respodents dakonkretebasa da magaliTebis motanas sTxoven;
pirdapir iTxoven informacias;
arapirdapir iTxoven informacias;
respodentis pasuxebis interpretacias axdenen.

imasac aRvniSnavT, rom respodentebs SeiZleba erTi da igive ram an
kiTxvis
saxiT
mivawodoT
an
debulebis.
am
SemTxvevaSi
pasuxic
Sesabamisi formiT unda movTxovoT, magaliTad:

kiTxva:
rogor
fiqrobT,
saSinao
davalebis
Sesruleba
11-16
wlis
moswavleebisTvis savaldebulo unda iyos?

debuleba: saSinao davalebis Sesruleba savaldebulo unda iyos 11-16
wlis moswavleebisTvis.
veTanxmebi
ar veTanxmebi
ar vici
pasuxis forma
vinaidan
kiTxvis dasmis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs, bunebrivia, rom
maTze pasuxebis gacemis gzebic sxvadasxvagvaria. am qveTavSi pasuxis

sxvadasxva formebs
ganvixilvT. tukmeni (1972), saerTo jamSi, Svid aseT
formas gvTavazobs.
pirvelia arastruqturirebuli pasuxi, romelic respodents sakuTari
mosazrebis Sesabamisi pasuxis gacemis
saSualebas aZlevs, e.i. _ rac
moesurveba.
magaliTi: ratom ar CaabareT universitetSi?
amis sapirispirod, struqturirebuli pasuxi ramenairad SezRudavda

maT.
magaliTi: SegiZliaT damisaxeloT ori mizezi, ris gamoc ar CaabareT
universitetSi?
marTalia
pasuxs,
interviueri
magram
arsebobs
naklebad
garantia
akontrolebs
imisa,
rom
arastruqturirebul
respodentebs
sruli
827
pasuxebis mosacemad absoluturi
Tavisufleba eqnebaT, iseT pasuxebs
gagvcemen, rogoric Tavad surT da aravin SezRudavs maT
dasmuli
kiTxvis TaviseburebiT. arastruqturirebuli pasuxis ZiriTadi nakli

misi
raodenobrivad
monacemebis
gamosaxvis
kodireba
da
sakiTxia.
daTvla
aseTi
ufro
pasuxebiT
rTulia,
miRebuli
vidre
struqturirebuli pasuxebiT miRebulis.
Sesavsebi/Casaweri
pasuxebi
respodentisgan
pasuxis
Camoyalibebas
gulisxmobs da ara _ arCevas, Tumca es pasuxi xSirad erTi sityviT an

fraziT Semoifargleba xolme.
magaliTi: amJamad ras saqmianobT?
an
ramdeni xania, rac am misamarTze cxovrobT?
Sesavsebi/Casaweri
da
arastruqturirebuli
pasuxebi
erTmaneTisgan
xarisxiT gansxvavdeba.
cxrilis formis pasuxebi Sesavseb/Casawer pasuxebs hgavs, magram ufro

struqturirebulia _ SeiZleba iTxovdes sityvebs, ricxvebs an frazebs,
magaliTad:
universiteti
amgvarad,
sagani
es
TariRi
xarisxi
kompleqsuri
informaciis
-dan
-mde
Caweris
mosaxerebeli
da
kompaqturi saSualebaa.
skalirebuli
pasuxi
gradaciis
mixedviTaa
struqturirebuli.
respodentebs SeTavazebuli variantebidan mocemul debulebaze pasuxis

Cawera moeTxoveba.
828

magaliTi: ra Sansi gaqvT, rom momaval xuT weliwadSi maRali rangis
menejeris pozicias miaRwioT?
Zalian didi sakmaod kargi mcire
tukmeni
(1972)
yuradRebas
im
Zalian mcire
faqtze
amaxvilebs,
rom
arastruqturirebuli pasuxebisgan gansxvavebiT (romlebic monacemebad

maTi gamoyenebisaTvis jer kodirebas saWiroeben), skalirebuli pasuxebi
gamoyenebisa da analizisTvis mza monacemebis saxiT ikribeba.
ranJirebis
pasuxebi
gvaqvs,
rodesac
respodents
sityvebisTvis,
frazebisTvis an debulebebisTvis, konkretuli kriteriumis mixedviT,

rangebis miniWeba moeTxoveba.
magaliTi: mianiWeT rangi qvemoT CamoTvlil TiToeul pirs imis mixedviT,
Tu
ramdenad
karg
mrCevlad
migaCniaT
igi,
roca
klasSi
warmoqmnil problemebTan dakavSirebuli an sxva raime rCeva

gWirdebaT. gamoiyeneT 1-dan 5-mde cifrebi, sadac cifri 1
saukeTeso, sasargeblo mrCevels aRniSnavs.
saswavlo procesis zedamxedveli
sagnis zedamxedveli
maswavlebeli
direqtori
sxva moswavle
ranJirebuli monacemebis gaanalizeba SesaZlebelia yvela respodentis

mier miniWebuli rangebis SekrebiT, riTac mocemuli alternativebis
jamur ranJirebas miviRebT.
pasuxebis
sakontrolo
nusxa/CamonaTvali
respodentis
SeTavazebuli pasuxebis variantebidan erTis arCevas
mier
moiTxovs. aseT
CamonaTvalSi ar aris mocemuli kontinuumze dalagebuli debulebebi,

pasuxebi saxeldebiT kategoriebs warmoadgenen.
magaliTi: kolejSi yofnisas yvelaze metad kmayofili var
socialuri cxovrebiT;
damoukidebeli mecadineobiT;
leqciebze siaruliT;
829

kolejSi arsebuli sazogadoebebiT;
seminarze Txzulebis CabarebiT.
aseTi
pasuxi
ufro
nakleb
informacias
gvaZlevs,
vidre
zemoT
ganxiluli sxva saxis pasuxebi.

da bolos, kategoriuli pasuxi, romelic CamonaTvals hgavs, magram
ufro martivia, radgan respodents mxolod or alternativas sTavazobs.
magaliTi:
materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjoebeseba ufro abednierebs adamianebs.
WeSmaritia
mcdaria
an
omi rom dawyebuliyo, mzad iqnebodiT samSoblosTvis sabrZolvelad?
diax
respodentebis
ara
erTnairi
pasuxebis
dajamebiT
saxeldebis
skalis
monacemebs miviRebT.
zogadad,
miRebis
pasuxis formis arCevas sakvlevi informaciis saxe da misi
saSualebebi
paralelurad
ganapirobeben.
monacemebis
analizis
pasuxebis
formebic
formis
unda
SeirCes,
arCevis
raTa
interviueri darwmunebuli iyos, rom monacemebi mis miznebs upasuxeben

da analizic saTanadod momzadebuli eqneba. CanarTSi 16. 4 Sejamebulia
pasuxebis formebisa da monacemebis tipebis urTierTmimarTeba.
CanarTi 16. 4.
pasuxis formis SerCeva
pasuxis forma
monacenis tipi
ZiriTadi
upiratesobebi
ZiriTadi
naklovanebebi
Sevseba/Cawera
saxeldebis
naklebad
mikerZoebuli,
pasuxebis meti
moqniloba
SedarebiT rTulia
qulebis miniWeba
skalirebuli
intervalebis
advilia qulebis
miniWeba
moiTxovs dros,
SeiZleba
mikerZoebuli iyos
830
ranJireba
rigis
CamonaTvali an
kategoriuli
saxeldebis
(Sejamebisas
SeiZleba
intervalebi
gaCndes)
wyaro: Tuckman 1972
mas
advilia qulebis
miniWeba; aiZulebs
gansxvavebas
rTulia
Sesasruleblad
advilia qulebis
miniWeba, martivia
pasuxis gacema
nakleb monacems
da mcire
raodenobis
mosazrebebs
iZleva
Semdeg, rac gasazomi an Sesaswavli cvladebi ganisazRvreba,
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
maTi
amsaxveli
kiTxvebis
formulireba.
Tu,
magaliTad, erT-erTi cvladi socialuri ganaTlebis axali proeqtia,

romelic bolo dros gamoscades zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis 15 wlis
moswavleebze, erT-erTi SesaZlo kiTxva aseTi iqneba: fiqrobT, proeqtma
imoqmeda moswavleebze? an naklebad pirdapir: fiqrobT, rom bavSvebs
Zalian didi an Zalian mcire pasuxismgebloba daakisres? mniSvnelovania,
gaxsovdeT, rom kiTxvarSi kiTxvis dasmisa da pasuxebis ramdenime formis
gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. saboloo Sedegi zemoT CamoTvlil faqtorebze
iqneba damokidebuli _ kvlevis amocanebze da a. S.
rodesac
raodenobis
interviu
savele
gavarjiSebuli
kvlevis
nawilia,
interviueri
romelSic
monawileobs,
garkveuli
cxadia,
aucielebelia saTanado instruqciebis micema rogorc respodentebisTvis,

ise _ interviuerebisTvis.
naxevrad struqturirebuli interviusTvis kiTxvebis formulirebisas,
aseve,
ganxilul
unda
iqnas
miniSneba/mosinjva
da
CaZieba/CaRrmaveba
(Morrison 1993: 66). miniSnebebi/mosinjva interviuers TemebSi an kiTxvebSi

garkvevis
saSualebas
aZlevs,
CaZieba/CaRrmaveba
ki
respodentebs
pasuxebis gavrcobis, dazustebis an Sefasebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. am

gziT respodentebisgan SegviZlia miviRoT uaRresad
Rrma
da
gulwfeli
damaxasiaTebeli
pasuxebi,
rac
mravalferovani,
warmatebuli
intervius
niSnebia (aseve, ixileT Patton 1980: 238). CaZieba/CaRmaveba
831
SeiZleba movaxdinoT, ubralod, ratom kiTxvebiT, kiTxvis gameorebiT,

pasuxis kiTxvis tonis gameorebiT, interesisa da gagebis demonstrirebiT,
dazustebaze miniSnebiT
ubralod _
moTxovniT an,
struqturirebuli
gegma
siCumiT.
amgvarad,
dawerilia
an Semdgomi axsna-ganmartebis
naxevrad
Temebi
Tanmimdevroba
da
da
Ria
kiTxvebi,
formulireba
intervius
magram
TiToeuli
kiTxvebis
respodentis
(sadac
konkretuli
SemTxvevaSi
individualuria) SeiZleba moicavdes:
gansaxilvel Temas;
TiToeuli Temis Sesaxeb dasasmel SesaZlo konkretul kiTxvebs;
TiToeul TemaSi gansaxilvel sakiTxebs, SesaZlo pasuxebiTurT;
TiToeuli
TemisTvis,
sakiTxisa
da
kiTxvisTvis
gankuTvnil
mosinjvasa da CaRrmavebas.
es Tavi arasruli iqneba, Tu kiTxvis tipebze saubrisas arafers
vityviT SerCevaze,
gaviTvaliswinoT,
vinaidan intervius
vin
iqneba
dagegmvisas
respodenti,
viTvis
aucileblad
aris
unda
gankuTvnili
interviueris kiTxvebi. damwyebi mkvlevarebi xSirad kiTxuloben: ramdeni

interviu mWirdeba? da amaSi gulisxmoben adamianTa raodenobasac da
TiToeulTan Casatarebeli interviuebis ricxvsac.
amasTan dakavSirebiT
gTavazobT kveilis (1996: 101) rCevas, romelic Cvensas exmianeba:

imden
adamianTan
unda
Catardes,
ramdenic
saZiebeli
interviu
informaciis
mosapoveblad iqneba saWiro. ar arsebobs martivi wesi an/da mza recepti,

vinaidan
respodentTa
raodenoba
intervius
mizanzea
damokidebuli,
magaliTad, aris Tu ara intervius mizani ganzogadeba, siRrmiseuli,

individualuri monacemebis mopoveba Tu pasuxebis garkveuli diapazonis
miReba.
SerCevis
sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT
girCevT,
kidev
erTxel
gadaxedoT wignis meoTxe Tavs. Tumca, aqve vityviT, rom interviueri

darwmunebuli
unda
iyos,
rom
SerCeuli
respodentebi
informacias miawvdian, anu maT aqvT es informacia.
mas
saWiro
832
intervius Catareba
Semdegi
etapia
intervius
momzadeba
da
Catareba.
rodesac
Tavad
interiuerebi arian kvlevis iniciatorebi, isini zustad arCeven TavianT

respodentebs. rodesac interviuerebs qiraoben, maT, savaraudod, aZleven
im pirebis sias, romelTac unda daukavSirdnen. tukmeni (1972) mokled
mimoixilavs
procedurebs,
xorcieldeba.
is
wers,
romlebic
rom
Tavad
interviuerma
intervius
respodents
procesSi
unda
gaacnos
intervius buneba an mizani, iyos gulwrfeli, magram ara _ mikerZoebuli,

unda ecados, rom monawiles Tavi usafrTxod agrZnobinos, gauadvilos
laparaki,
rogor,
auxsnas, Tu rogor mimdinarebs interviu (ra xdeba da ra
intervius
pasuxebis
Cawera
struqtura
da
(da
nebarTvis
amis
organizacia)
aReba).
da
rogor
amasTan,
SeiZleba
intervius
msvlelobisas unda daakvirdes yvela am process. intervius dros ar

unda gamovlindes interviueris mikerZoebuloba da Rirebulebebi, man,
aseve, Tavi unda aaridos Sefasebebsa da sayvedurebs. interviuerma unda
warmarTos da mimarTuleba misces respondentebs, Tu isini gaurbian
Temas, magram es zomierebisa da zrdilobis farglebSi unda gaakeTos.
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, sul gvaxsovdes is faqti, rom interviu
socialuri,
pirovnebaTSorisi
monacemebis
Segroveba.
urTierTobaa
keilis
(1996:
125)
da
ara
miaCnia,
ubralod
rom
interviu
urTierTqmedebis dauwerel scenars mihyveba, wesebs, romlebic mxolod

maSin
iCenen
interviuerma
Tavs,
roca
Zal-Rone
ar
saqme
unda
darRvevasTan
daiSuros
gvaqvs.
frTxili
da
maSasadame,
sensitiuri
inervius
Casatareblad. kveili (1996: 147) iqve dasZens, rom vinaidan
mkvlevari
kvlevis
mcodnecaa da
instrumentia,
kargi
interviueri
sakvlevi
Temis
urTierTobebisa da komunikaciebis eqspertic. mas saTando
atmosferos Seqmna mouwevs, sadac monawile Tavs usafrTxod igrZnobs da

Tavisuflad ilaparakebs. es ramdenime doneze xdeba.
magaliTad,
saWiroa
intervius
kognituri
aspeqtis
mogvareba:
uzrunvelyofa da darwmuneba imaSi, rom interviuerma sakmarisad icis

sakvlevi Tema imisaTvis, rom interviu informirebulobis atmosferoSi
833
Caataros da ar daafrTxos respondenti, Tu mas sakmarisi codna ar

aqvs.
es
gansakuTrebiT
SemTxvevaSi, _
problemuria
aRniSnaven saimonsi (1982)
bavSvebis
da
interviuirebis
luisi (1992), romlebic
miuTiTeben, rom bavSvebi ityvian nebismier rames, magram ar iqnebian Cumad

(anu ityvian rames da ara _ arafers) da amiT Seamcireben monacemebis
mosalodnel sandoobas. interviueri fxizlad unda iyos da axsovdes,
rom respodentebi yovelTvis ar arian iseTebi, rogorebic Canan. isini
SeiZleba mcdar informacias iZleodnen, ityuebodnen, Tavs aridebdnen
Temebs, mohqondeT da win wevdnen TavianTvis sasurvel Temebs (Walford
2001: 91), qulebs iwerdnen da boroti ganzraxva hqondeT.
aseve mudmivad unda gvaxsovdes eTikis normebi da uzrunvelvyoT,
magaliTad, informirebuli Tanxmoba, respondentebis keTildReoba da
zianis Tavidan arideba (intervium ki ar unda avnos respondents,
sargebeli unda moutanos mas). eTikis sakiTxebs Soris,
unda
aramed,
mxedvelobaSi
miviRoT isic, Tu ra CaiTvleba monacemad, magaliTad, xSirad
xdeba, rom audio Camweris an kameris gamorTvis Semdeg gamoCndeba xolme

namdvili margalitebi, an adamianebs ise undaT xolme raRacis Tqma.
aseTi
informaciis
dazustdes.
statusi
interviuirebis
winaswar,
eTikur
intervius
aspeqtebs
am
dawyebamde
TavSi
unda
mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT.
amas
garda,
interaqciul,
yuradReba
unda
komunikaciur
mieqces
da
intervius
emociur
interpersonalur,
aspeqtebs.
magaliTad,
interviueri da respodenti araverbalurad, saxis gamometyvelebebiTa da

sxeulis poziT urTierToben. iseTi wvrilmani, rogoric jdomisas pozis
Secvlaa, im mniSvnelobis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, rasac mkvlevari
moisurvebs, iqneba es risxva, mowyeniloba, daTanxmeba, ardaTanxmeba da a.
S.
interviuirebisas
interviueri
aqtiuri
mosmenis
erTguli
unda
darCes.
garda
amisa,
interviueris
pasuxismgebloba
respodentTan
kargi
raportis damyareba da SenarCunebaa. amaSi moiazreba, rom interviueri
834
unda iyos zrdilobiani, ar unda afrTxobdes respondents, garkveuli

zomiT megobruli da pirovnebaze orientirebuli, magram ara _ Zalian
asertiuli. aseve, aq Sedis respodentis pativiscema, magaliTad, zog
maTgans SeiZleba undodes an ar undodes, rom saxeliT, gvariT an
wodebiT mimarTon; Cacmuloba _ Zalian Tavisufali stilis Cacmuloba
SeiZleba
ar
respodentisTvis
iwvevdes
ndobas.
gasagebad,
zustad
raportisTvis,
da
dadebiTad
aseve,
saWiroa
intervius
miznis,
savaraudo xangrZlivobis, xasiaTis, mimdinareobisa da Sinaarsis Taobaze

informaciis miwodeba; misTvis kiTxvebis dasmis SesaZleblobis micema;
misi
nebismieri
emociisadmi
sensitiuroba;
gaRizianebis,
kritikis
an
mouTmenlobis nebismieri gamovlinebisgan Tavis Sekaveba da intervius

Semdeg respodentis imaze ukeTes xasiaTze dayeneba (yovel SemTxvevaSi
uaresze ara), vidre intervius dawyebamde iyo. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom
interviuerma
respodentis
adgilze
warmoidginos
sakuTari
Tavi
da
igrZnos, ras niSnavs respodentis skamze jdoma. raporti ar niSnavs

respodentis mowonebas (Dyer 1995: 62); is situaciis sensitiurad da
profesiulad marTvas niSnavs.
interviueris
Sedis,
pasuxismgeblobaSi
magaliTad,
respodenti,
isaubros,
rom
rogor
midis
sakuTar
rogor
saubari,
azrebze,
daiZlios
dinamikis
situaciis
ramdenad
grZnobebsa
intervius
dros
da
ganxilvac
motivirebulia
gamocdilebaze
(sadac,
Cveulebriv,
interviueri gansazRvravs intervius situacias, Temas, qcevas, dawyebas,

msvlelobasa da dasrulebas) ZalTa asimetriis problemebi (Kvale 1996:
126).
rogorc
kveili
aRniSnavs,
interviu,
Cveulebriv,
ar
aris
ori
Tanaswori monawilis urTierTgageba. miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania,

rom
interviu
viTardebodes,
rac
interviuerma
unda
gansazRvros,
magaliTad, imiT, rom zustad Tqvas, risi miReba unda; is kiTxvebi dasvas,
romelic
saWiro
respodentisTvis
monacemebs
saTanado
miscems;
verbaluri
da
intervius
procesSi
araverbaluri
ukukavSiris
835
micema. dinamikis sakiTxebSi isic ki Sedis, Tu rodis unda gaCumdes

interviueri (Kvale 1996: 135).
uaitma (Whyte 1982) interviueris direqtiuloba 6-qulian skalaze
ganaTavsa, sadac 1 = mcired direqtiuli da 6 = Zalian direqtiuli:
1. waxalisebis maniSneblebis gamoyeneba;
2. informantis gamonaTqvamebis asaxva;
3. informantis bolo gamonaTqvamis dazusteba;
4. informantis bolos wina gamonaTqvamis dazusteba;
5. informantis mier interviuSi adre gamoTqmuli ideis dazusteba;
6. axali Temis Semotana.
es ar niSnavs, rom interviueri ar unda iyos Zalian direqtiuli an
arasakmarisad
SeiZleba
direqtiuli.
gacilebiT
sinamdvileSi,
metad
sasargeblo
konfrontaciis
informaciis
situaciaSi
mopoveba
iyos
SesaZlebeli, vidre _ arakonfrontaciulSi. amasTan, SeiZleba kvlevis

interesebSi Sediodes, rom interviu ukiduresad gakontrolebuli iyos,
rac SemdgomSi gaaiolebs monacemebis analizs. magaliTad, Tu analizis
etapze
pasuxebis
kategorizireba
da
klasificirebaa
saWiro,
maSin
interviuerisTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeblo iyos, rom intervius procesSi

daazustos
mniSvnelobebi
da
maTi
klasificikaciac
ki
SesTavazos
respodents (ixileT Kvale 1996: 130).

patonis
(1980:
SenarCuneba,
210)
azriT,
Sesabamisad,
mowyeniloba,
mniSvnelovania
interviuerma
amisaTvis,
ar
magaliTad,
respodentis
unda
dauSvas
motivaciis
respodentis
minimaluri
raodenobis
demografiuli da konteqstis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi dasvas. interpersonaluri

da
interaqciuli
elementebis
sakiTxi
kidev
ufro
Sors
midis
da
mosaubreTa sametyvelo enas Seexeba, magaliTad, imas, rom mkvlevaris

akademiuri ena interviueris yofiT, misTvis gasageb da arasaliteraturo
sametyvelo
enas
unda
Seesabamebodes,
raTa
mdidari
aRwerebi
da
auTenturi monacemebi iqnas miRebuli. patoni (1980: 225) xazs usvams

sizustes kiTxvebis dasmisas da misi azriT, amaSi igulisxmeba, rom
836
interviuerma
unda
gaarkvios,
ra
terminebs
iyeneben
respodentebi
mocemul Temaze saubrisas, ra terminebiT esaubrebian erTmaneTs da Tavi

aaridos akademiur/samecniero Jargons. aq saqme mxolod imas ki ar exeba,
rom interviueris ena gasagebi unda iyos respodentebisTvis, aramed
imasac, rom is bunebrivad unda ewyrmodes maT konteqsts da misi nawili
gaxdes. ise, rom respodentebi Tavs komfortulad grZnobdnen.
kidev ufro Sors SegviZlia wavideT da vTqvaT, rom interviuze
gavlenas
moaxdens
interviuerisa
da
respodentis
asaki,
sqesi,
rasa,
klasi, Cacmuloba da metyveleba. beili (1994: 183) aRniSnavs, rom bevri

interviueri saSualo klasis, ofisSi dasaqmebuli qalbatonia da maT
respodentebs
SeiZleba
ar
hqondeT
arc
erTi
zemoT
dasaxelebuli
maxasiaTebeli. beili (1994: 189 2) aRniSnavs, rom qali interviuerebi

ufro
gulwrfel pasuxebs iReben, vidre _ mamakacebi; imasac ambobs, rom
TeTrkaniani
interviueris
gansxvavdeba
im
Savkanian
Sedegebisgan,
respodentTan
roca
orive
muSaobis
Sedegebi
interviueric
da
respodentic _ Savkaniania. amasTan, is ambobs, rom umjobesia iseTi

interviuerebis
miekuTvnebian
ayvana,
an
romlebic
Tavi
unda
romelime
Seikavon
konkretul
CacmulobaSi
jgufs
ar
kontrkulturis
elemetebis (magaliTad, beWdebis, liTonis aqsesuarebis) xmarebisagan (gv.

185),
vinaidan
amiT
SeiZleba
interviu
mikerZoebuli
gaxadon.
amis
sanacvlod, interviuerebis Cacmuloba naklebad TvalSi sacemi da ufro

mokrZalebuli
unda
iyos,
da
Seesabamebodes
molodins,
romelic
respodentebs interviueris garegnobis Sesaxeb aqvT, aseve, interviueris

garegnulma ierma eWvic ar unda aRZras misi rolis
SegviZlia
davamatoT,
rom
Zalauflebis
mqone
legitimurobaze. aq
adamianebi
SeiZleba
elodnen, rom maTi interviueri maRali Tanamdebobis mqone adamiani

iqneba, amitom ufro mosalodnelia, rom maTTan interviu ufro maRali
statusis
mqone
interviuerebs
ganxiluli wignis mexuTe TavSi.
andon.
es
sakiTxi
dawvrilebiTaa
837
aseve,
gasaazrebelia
intervius
Tanmimdevroba
kiTxvebis
da
formulireba, magaliTad, imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ufro mativi da

naklebad
damafrTxobeli,
arawinaaRmdegobrivi
kiTxvebi
intervius
dasawyisSi daisvas, raTa respodentebma Tavi mSvidad igrZnon (ixileT

Patton 1980: 210 11). es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom ra kiTxvebi win uZRvodes
ufro Rrma da rTul rogor da ratom kiTxvebs, Tumca, rogorc
patoni (1980: 211) gvaxsenebs, codnis Sesaxeb, anu ra tipis kiTxvebmac
SeiZleba SeaSinos respodenti. interviueris kiTxvebi sworxazovani da
mokle unda iyos, Tumca aseTi ar unda iyos maTze pasuxebi (Kvale 1996:
132).
interviuerma
repodentisTvis
dasasmeli
kiTxvebis
tipic
unda
gaiazros da gansazRvros. amaze zemoT ukve visaubreT.

intervius
ganWvreta
da,
procesSi
ramdenime
savaraudod,
problema
aRkveTac
wamoiWreba,
SesaZelebelia,
rac
romelTa
intervius
komfortulad wayvanis saSualebas iZleva, magaliTad (ixileT Field and

Morse 1989):
garedan xelis SemSleli faqtorebis arideba (magaliTad, telefonis

zarebi, karze dakakuneba da a. S.);
yuradRebis gamfantavi gamRizianeblebis Semcireba;
interviuerebsa da respodentebSi scenis SiSis minimumamde dayvana;
uxerxuli da uadgilo kiTxvebis dasmisagan Tavis Sekaveba;
Temidan Temaze gadaxtoma;
rCevebis micema da mosazrebebis gamoTqma (da ara _ aqtiuri mosmena);
intervius Zalian adre Sejameba an Zalian swrafad dasruleba;
Zalian zedapiruloba;
sensitiur
sakiTxebTan
gamklaveba
(magaliTad,
samarTlebrivi,
pirovnuli, emociuri).
arksi da naiti (Arksey and Knight 1999:53) miiCneven, rom interviueri unda
dainteresebuli Candes;
struqturirebuli intervius SemTxvevaSi mihyvebodes gegmas;
838
ar mianiSnebs respondents misi pasuxebis mowonebis Sesaxeb;
mzad iyoskiTxvebis gameorebisTvis, Tu amas respodenti iTxovs;
mzad iyos Semdeg kiTxvaze gaRizianebis gareSe gadasasvlelad, Tu

respodenti ambobs, rom ar surs an ar SeuZlia am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema;
darwmundes,
rom
esmis
pasuxi.
aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi,
gadaamowmos (magaliTad, sworad gavige, rom imis Tqma
gindodaT,
TiTqos . . . );
rodesac respodentis mier mocemuli pasuxi araadekvaturia, magram

interviueri grZnobs, rom mas ufro meti aqvs saTqmeli, madloba
gadauxados respodents da daayolos: ...da SegiZliaT miTxraT...,;
acados respodents pasuxis gacema (mis nacvlad ar daiwyos pasuxis

gacema).
zemoT
aRniSnulis
magaliTad,
garda,
audioCamweri
arsebobs
SeiZleba
ar
intervius
iyos
Caweris
TvalSi
sakiTxi.
sacemi,
magram
SezRudos respodenti. videoCanaweriT ufro zusti monacemebis miRebaa

SesaZlebeli, magram aSkara zedamxedvelobam SeiZleba kidev ufro metad
SezRudos
respodenti.
mertoni
Caweraze
saubroben.
raRaceebis
dafrTxnen,
Tu
intervius
saSualebas
ar
gamoiyenebs
da
misi
respodentebi
Casawerad
da
kolegebi
interviueri
monacemebis
magari
SeiZleba
naklebad
araviTar
meqanikur
sandooba
mexsierebis imedze rCeba. alternatiuli gzaa
(1956)
mxolod
misi
intervius msvlelobis
dros pasuxebis
Cawera, magram es SeiZleba Zalian damafrTxobeli
aRmoCndes
respodentisTvis.
zogi
saqme
isaa,
rom
es
garigebaa
maqsimalurad bevri monacemis mopovebasa da iseTi saSiSi garemos Seqmnas

Soris, romelic intervius SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas daabrkolebs.
am situaciaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom interviu, rogorc socialuri
movlena, unda iTvaliswinebdes uamrav
yoveldRiuri
qcevis
Semadgenel
sxva, savaraudod, arakognitur,
faqtors.
Sesabamisad,
idealuri
839
interviu ramdenime xarisxis kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes (Kvale

1996: 145):
respodentis pasuxebis spontanurobis, simdidris, specifikurobisa da

relevanturobis xarisxi;
rac
ufro
moklea
interviueris
kiTxvebi da
rac ufro
grZelia
respodentis pasuxebi, miT ukeTesi;
ramdenad
mihyveba
interviueri
da
azustebs
pasuxebis
Sesabamisi
aspeqtebis mniSvnelobebs;
idealuri interviu metwilad interpretirdeba intervius rocesSi;
interviueri
respodentis
gadamowmebas
intervius
interviu
pasuxebis
interpretaciebis
procesSive cdilobs;
TviT-gadmocemadia
ambavi (ambavi sakuTar
sakuTari
ambavze)
es
aris
sakuTari
Tavis
Sesaxeb
da damatebiT aRwerasa da axsnas
praqtikulad ar saWiroebs.
adamianebma SeiZleba uari Tqvan intervius micemaze (Bailey 1994; 186 7;
Cooper and Schindler 2001: 301), magaliTad, SeiZleba:
ar asaxelebdnen uaris mizezs;
mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili, radgan intervius sakuTar

SeWrad aRiqvamdnen;
antiavtoritaruli grZnobebiT iyvnen ganmsWvaluli;
miaCndeT, rom gamokiTxvebi drois gaflangvaa;
ucxo enaze laparakobdnen;
momentalurad uaryofiTad ganewyon interviueris mimarT;
moimizezon zedmetad dakavebuloba;
Tavs uxerxulad an umecrad grZnobdnen;
ar moswondeT sakvlevi Tema;
eSinodeT kvlevaSi monawileobis Sedegebis;
samyaroSi
840
Tavs araadekvaturad grZnobdnen, an grZnobdnen, rom ar ician swori

pasuxi.
am
faqtorebis
acnobierebdes
daZleva
respodentis
interviueris
qmedebis
saqmea,
srul
Tumca,
iqve
kanonierebas
unda
da
am
SemTxvevaSi aRar unda scados intervius Catareba. mniSvnelovania, rom

man interviu dadebiT, sasiamovno da sasargeblo gamocdilebad aqcios
da
monawileebi
kvlevisTvis
maTi
wvlilis
Rirebulebasa
da
Temis
mniSvnelovnebaSi daarwmunos. Tu respodenti da interviueri mkveTrad

gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan
mikuTvnebulobiT,
rasiT,
(magaliTad,
socialuri
sqesiT,
asakiT,
statusiT,
eTnikuri
klasiT),
maSin
sasurvelia, sxva interviuerma scados intervius Catareba.

aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom intervius mxolod erTi interviueri atarebs.
arsebobs
argumenti
interviuze
erTze
meti
interviueris
daswrebis
sasargeblod; ara marto imitom, rom Caiweros an imas daakvirdes, rac

meore, respodentiT dakavebul interviuers SeiZleba gamoeparos (da es
rolebi
intervius
respodents),
aramed
dros
naTlad
imitomac,
rom
unda
ecnobos
erToblivad
da
ganemartos
waiyvanon
interviu.
erToblivi interviu orgvari SeiZleba iyos: jvaredini gadamowmeba da

erTmaneTis Sevseba, rac ufro srulsa da sandos xdis Canawers. is, aseve,
saSualebas
iZleva,
maxasiaTeblebs,
rom
erTi
rogoricaa,
interviueri
magaliTad,
daakvirdes
Zalauflebisa
araverbalur
da
statusis
maniSneblebi da socialuri dinamika; aseve, Tu intervius erTze meti

respodenti eswreba, is
akvirdeba
respodentebs
Soris
urTierTobas,
magaliTad, rogor amxneveben, zemoqmedeben, avseben, eTanxmebian da ar

eTanxmebian
an
ewinaaRmdegebian
erTmaneTs,
maT
Soris
Zalauflebis
gadanawilebas da a. S.
meore mxriv, erTze meti interviueris muSaobas Tavisi sirTuleebic
axlavs. magaliTad, ori interviueris roli SeiZleba gaugebari iyos
respodentebisTvis (interviueris saqmea, rom gaagebinos) an aSinebdes
erTze meti interviueris Tandaswreba. mkvlevarma guldasmiT unda awon-
841
dawonos erTze meti interviueris yolis Zlieri da susti mxareebi da

gansazRvros maTi rolebi.
CanarTSi
16.
mocemulia
miTiTebebi,
Tu
rogor
unda
moiqces
interviueri intervius msvlelobisas.

interviuerebi gulisxmierebiT unda ekidebodnen interviuze sakuTar
gavlenas. magaliTad (Cooper and Shindler 2001: 307), maT SeiZleba; ver SeZlon
TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofa an procedurebis dacva, Seuferebeli
garemo Seqmnan (fizikuri, kognituri, pirovnebaTSorisi), respodentebze
zedmeti
gavlena
an
zewola
moaxdinon
an
seleqciurad
Caiweron
monacemebi. sandoobis sakiTxebi wignis meeqvse TavSia ganxiluli.
CanarTi 16. 5.
intervius Catarebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
interviu interpersonaluri procesia;
erideT frazas minda vicode. . .; respodenti pativs gdebT da dakiTxvaze

ar aris;
rogor unda mihyveT kiTxvebs/pasuxebs;
rogor
unda
moaxerxoT,
rom
adamianebma
Temidan
ar
gadauxvion
da
interviu gagrZeldes;
rogor gamovxatoT pativiscema;
jgufuri
intervius SemTxvevaSi,
rogor
unda
gaanawiloT
yuradReba,
rogorc interviuerma da yvela respodents misceT sityva _ yvelas

hqodes sakuTari azris gamoTqmis Sansi;
jgufuri intervius dros yvelas sTxovT Tu ara, rom dasmul kiTxvas

upasuxon?
Tu erTze meti interviueria, ra rols asrulebs mdumare interviuri;

icis Tu ara respodentma maTi rolebis Sesaxeb?
vin vis uyurebs;
Tu saaTze daxedva gWirdebaT, amas danarCenebis gasagonad xmamaRali

komentaric miayoleT;
842
SeecadeT, rom ar CaixedoT intervius gegmaSi. Tu mainc gWirdebaT amis

gakeTeba, maSin danarCenebis gasagonad xmamaRali komentari gaakeTeT
(magaliTad, neba miboZeT, Sevamowmo, yvela sakiTxi gaviareT Tu ara, rac
mindoda);
erideT saweri kalmis muqaris iaraRad gamoyenebas, respodentze kalmiT

miniSnebas;
gaiazreT Tqveni araverbaluri komunikacia, Tvalebis kontaqti, SfoTvis

niSnebi, pativiscemis gamoxatva;
acadeT adamianebs fiqri _ ar daarRvioT siCume;
ramdenime interviueris SemxvevaSi, rogor unda gadasces sityva erTma

interviuerma meores da meorem _ mesames;
rogor mivceT respodents ukukavSiri da gamovxatoT Tanxmoba;
unda CaiweroT Tu ara pasuxebi _ rogor miiRebs amas respodenti?
sakuTari Tavi respodentis adgilas warmoidgineT, mis tyavSi igrZneniT

Tavi;
ra Sedegi mohyveba Tvalebis kontaqtis dakargvas an mis xangrZlivad

gamoyenebas?
ifiqreT Tqveni sxeulis pozaze _ arc Zalian ukan gadaixaroT da arc

zedmetad gamoxatoT muqara;
ra
interpretacia
unda
misceT
da
rogor
unda
gaumklavdeT
siCumes/dumils;
Tu SesaZlebelia, SeecadeT, rom respondentis miRma ar ixedebodeT;
SeecadeT, rom sityva ar SeawyvetinoT respodents;
erideT respodentis pasuxebis Sefasebas da gankicxvas;
interviuerma unda Seajamos da gamokveTos sakiTxebi da maTze aagos

interviu _ es respodentisadmi pativiscemis gamoxatvaa;
rogor mivaniSnoT adamianebs, rom miiRebT imas, rasac geubnebian da

rogor avaridoT Tavi maT gansjas;
akontroleT dro _ interviu ar unda iyos Zalian xangrZlivi, rom

mosawyeni gaxdes;
intervius
bolos
respodentebs
mieciT
saSualeba da madloba gadauxadeT yvelas;
raime
komentaris
damatebis
843
dagegmeT, rogor gadascemT kiTxvebs Semdeg interviuers;
rogor ganvalagoT skamebi da magidebi. gaqvT Tu ara magidebi: isini

bariers Seqmnian Tu dacvis funqcia eqnebaT?
gansazRvreT, vin akontrolebs monacemebs da rodis gadadis monacemebze

kontroli respodentidan interviuerze;
ra unda mouxerxoT ise, araCanaweriTvis mowodebul informacias;
marTeT interviu, saqmis kursSi iyolieT respodenti _ ra xdeba da saiT

midis situacia;
cvaleT Tqveni xmis toni/simaRle da intonacia;
erideT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmas, iyaviT neitraluri;
vin ufro mets muSaobs _ interviueri Tu respodenti?
vin ufro mets saubrobs _ interviueri Tu respodenti?
Tu situaciaSi erTze meti interviueria, rogor movaxerxoT, rom erTma

meores xeli ar SeuSalos;
ifiqreT miniSnebebsa da Sexsenebebze;
rogor moviqceT adamianebTan, romlebic cotas laparakoben?
gaiTvaliswineT
socialuri
(da
fizikuri)
manZili
interviuersa
da
respodents (respodentebs) Soris;
gaiazreT, rogor unda ganlagdes aveji wriulad, ovalurad, swor xazze

Tu raime sxva?
gaakeTeT Sesavali, romliTac respodentisTvis naTeli
gaxdeba, rogor
warimarTeba interviu da rogor SeuZlia mas pasuxebis gacema (magaliTad,

laparakis dawyeba);
darwmundiT, rom drodadro ajamebT da ayalibebT mimdinare sakiTxebs;
rogor
moviqceT
respodentebTan,
romlebmac
Tqvenze
meti
ician
gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb?
ra situacia gaqvT: mamakaci interviuerebi da qali respodentebi Tu

piriqiT (ifiqreT interviuerisa da respodentis asakze, sqesze, rasobriv
kuTvnilebaze da a. S.)?
respodentebs periodulad mieciT ukukavSiri;
ras akeTebs interviu iseTs, rasac kiTxvariT ver movaxerxebdiT?
844
Tu
statusebi
gansxvavebulia,
nu
ecdebiT
intervius
procesSi
maT
Secvlas;
dagegmeT, ras moimoqmedebT, Tu respodenti Tavisken miitrialebs magidas

da Seecdeba, rom Tavad iyos interviueri;
dagegmeT, ras moimoiqmedebT agresiul an gabrazebul respodentTan;
dagegmeT, ras moimoqmedebT, Tu Zalauflebis mqone respodentebi ar

pasuxoben Tqvens SekiTxvebs. iqneb, unda TqvaT, rom kargad ver gaigeT da
dazusteba sTxovoT, anu, rom es Tqveni bralia;
Zalian
kargad
momzadebuli
iyaviT;
ise,
rom
ar
dagWirdeT
gegmaSi
Caxedva;
kargad unda icodeT Tema;
Tu adamianebi swrafad laparakoben, SeecadeT, SeanelebinoT tempi;
Tqveni,
rogorc
interviueris
pasuxismgeblobaa,
intervius
saTanadod
auxsnas
intervius
warmarTva.
mniSvnelovania,
rom
interviuerma
respodents
mizani, masStabi, xasiaTi da mimdinareoba, rogor gamoiyeneben monacemebs,

eTikuri
sakiTxebi,
intervius
savaraudo
xangrZlivoba,
anu,
srulad
auxsnas TamaSis wesebi ise, rom respodents aRar darCes eWvebi imis
Taobaze, Tu ra moxdeba intervius dros an misi dasrulebis Semdeg.
mniSvnelovania, rom interviuerma respodents saTanadod da srulad
warudginos
Tavi
(piradobis
mowmobis
CvenebiTac
ki).
interviuerma
saTanadod unda Seamzados situacia, magaliTad, Tqvas, rom ar arsebobs

swori da araswori pasuxebi, zogi sakiTxi SeiZleba Rrma iyos, magram es
ar aris gamocda, rom respondentis mxridan dasaSvebia kiTxvebis dasma
da
intervius
Sewyveta,
garkveviT
aiRos
intervius
Caweris
ufleba.
intervius msvlelobisas, aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom respodentma ufro

meti ilaparakos, vidre interviuerma; interviuerma yuradRebiT mousminos
da daanaxos respodents, rom yuradRebiT usmens; interviuerma aCvenos,
rom siamovnebs da mSvidad grZnobs Tavis intervius situaciaSi.
transkriptis gakeTeba
845
transkriptis gakeTeba intervius gadamwyveti etapia, radgan am dros

SeiZleba masobrivad daikargos monacemebi, dairRves da Semcirdes maTi
sirTule. yvelgan vambobdiT, rom interviu socialuri urTierTqmedebaa
da
ara
ubralod
monacemebis
Segrovebis
gakeTebis problema isaa, rom is mxolod

socialuri
urTierTqmedebis.
procesi.
transkriptis
monacemebis Caweraa da ara _
faqtobrivad,
es
problema
SeiZleba
monacemebis Segrovebis etapze dawyebuliyo, magaliTad, audioCanaweri

SerCeviT
gakeTda,
informacia,
masSi
uaryofili
gaicxrila
iqna
mniSvnelovani
intervius
vizualuri
konteqstualuri
da
araverbaluri
aspeqtebi (Mishler 1986). sinamdvileSi araverbaluri komunikacia ufro met

informacias
iZleva, vidre _
avtokratuli
direqtoris
demokratiuli
verbaluri. morisoni
SemTxvevas,
gadawyvetilebis
romelic
miRebis
(1993: 63)
aRwers
kolegialobisa
Rirebulebebis
da
ARirsebebze
saubrisas Tavs gamalebiT aqeT-iqiT aqnevda da xelis moZraobiT TiTqos

Tavidan
iSorebda
Canaweris
video
Temas
da
saubris
CanaweriT
Sewyvetaze
Secvla
ufro
mianiSnebda.
mdidar
audio
masalas
da
araverbaluri komunikaciis dafiqsirebis saSualebas iZleva, magram amis

analizs Zalian didi dro miaqvs.
transkriptSi gardauvalia originaluri urTierTqmedebis monacemebis
dakargva. es problema kidev ufro Rrmavdeba, rodesac transkriptis
gakeTebisas erTi tipis wesebis sistema (zepiri da interpetsonaluri)
meore, misgan Zalze gansxvavebul sistemad gardaiqmneba (werilobiTi ena).
rogorc kveili (1996: 166) ambobs, prefiqsi trans mgdomareobis anu
formis cvlilebaze miuTiTebs, Sesabamisad, transkripti informaciis
SerCeviTi
mtkiceba,
transformaciaa.
rom
maSasadame,
transkriptSi
ararealisturi
monacemebi
iqneba
interpretirebuli
imis
ar
aris.
rogor kveili (1996: 167) SeniSnavs, transkripti SeiZleba gaumWvirvale

ekranad iqces mkvlevarsa da originalur cocxal intervius Soris.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
transkripti.
aq
SeuZlebelia,
sakiTxi
ase
dgas:
arsebobdes
ramdenad
da
erTaderTi
rogor
swori
gamoadgeba
846
transkripti
kvlevas.
transkriptebi
daclilia
konteqstisgan,
mowyvetilia drosa da sivrces, situaciis dinamikas, cocxal formas da

wyaros socialur, interaqciul, dinamikur da fluidur ganzomilebebs;
erTi sityviT, gayinulia.
ar aris aucielebli, rom transkriptSi sityvebi iseTive myari da
erTmniSvnelovani iyos, rogoric intervius socialur garemoSi iyo.
sqoriCis
(Scheurich 1995: 240)
procedurebic
ki
respodentis,
azriT,
sandoobis
araadekvaturia
droisa
da
aq
adgilis
miRwevis
kiTxvebis,
ucvlelad
tradiciuli
interviueris,
SenarCuneba
ar
aris
stabiluri da
calsaxa monacemebis garanti. miSleris (1991: 260) azriT,
monacemebi
sametyvelo
da
konteqstualuria,
enasa
konteqstiTaa
da
mniSvnelobebs
gansazRvruli;
Sori
isini
mimarTeba
arastabiluria,
cvaldebadi da usasrulo interpretacias eqvemdebareba.

Cven
transkriptebis
winaaRmdegi
ki
ar
varT,
aramed
mxolod
vafrTxilebT mkvlevrebs, romelTac hgoniaT, rom transkriptSi aris

yvelaferi,
rac
intervius
dros
moxda.
mklevars
sxvadasxva
saxis
informaciis audio Canaweris gakeTeba SeiZleba mouxdes, magaliTad:
ra iTqva;
mosaubris (mosaubreebis) xmis toni (magaliTad, uxeSi, sandomiani,

wamaxalisebeli);
xmis
modulacia
debuleba,
xmis
(magaliTad,
daweva
Tu
aweva-daweva,
pauza,
kiTxvis
Semajamebeli
Tu
intonacia
ZiebiTi
Tu
toni,
saubris mimarTulebis wamowyeba da dasruleba);
mosaubris mier gakeTebuli aqcentebi;
pauzebi
(xanmokledan
xangrZlivamde)
da
dumili
(xanmokledan
xangrZlivamde);
Sewyvetinebebi;
mosaubris (mosaubreTa) guneba-ganwyobileba (magaliTad, agznebuli,

gabrazebuli,
damTmobi,
bednieri, ukmayofilo);
mowyenili,
enTuziasturi,
mondomebuli,
847
saubris
tempi
(nelidan
swrafamde,
naCqarevidan
auCqareblamde,
meryevidan Tavdajerebulobamde);
ramdeni adamiani laparakobs erTdroulad;
mosaubre uwyvetad laparakobs Tu mokle frazebiT;
vin vis elaparakeba;
gaurkveveli metyveleba;
sxva
movlenebi,
romlebic
intervius
paralelurad
xdeboda
da
axsendeba mkvlevars.
Tu videoCanaweris transkripti gvaqvs, maSin es mkvlevars, audio
CanawerSi
aRniSnuli
yvela
maxasiaTeblis
garda,
damatebiT
araverbaluri komunikaciis ganxilvis saSualebas aZlevs. saqme isaa, rom

xSirad umarTebuloa transkriptSi mxolod naTqvami sityvebis Setana.
mniSvnelovania sxva monacemebic. cxadia, rogorc ki monacemebi Caiwereba,
ukve intrpretaciasTan gvaqvs saqme (ras niSnavs grZeli pauza? mokle?
marTla gaxarebuli iyo respodenti, Tu ubralod Tavs aCvenebda? ram
ganapiroba aseTi da aseTi kiTxva an pasuxi? ratom atirda respodenti
moulodnelad?).
rogorc
kveili
(1996:
183)
aRniSnavs,
interviueri
ubralod ki ar agrovebs respodentebis gamonaTqvamebs, aramed isini,

sinamdvileSi, maTi Tanaavtorebi arian.
analizi
mas
Semdeg,
rac
monacemebi
Segrovdeba,
mkvlevari
Semdeg
etapze
gadadis da es aris
monacemebis analizi, rac xSirad maTi garkveuli
formiT
an
kodirebas
qulebis
miniWebas
gulisxmobs.
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis SemTxvevaSi analizi TiTqmis uciloblad interpretaciulia,

amitom monacemTa analizi namdvilad ar aris arsebulis sruli da
zusti
warmodgena
(rogorc
raodenobriv,
pozitivistur
tradiciaSi),
aramed mkvlevrisa da konteqstisgan daclili monacemebis ufro asaxviTi

(refleqsiuri), reaqciuli urTierTqmedebaa, rac, imTaviTve,
socialuri
urTierTqmedebis ukve interpretirebul versia. monacemTa analizisas
848
did
Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs
wonasworobis
SenarCuneba,
erTi
mxriv,
intervius mTlianobis SenarCunebasa da, meore mxriv, gaanalizebis mizniT

monacemebis danawevrebisa da fragmentaciis (maTi Semadgenel elmentebad
daSlis da amiT mTlianis sinergiis dakargvisken) saWiroebas Soris.
intervius
situaciaSi
Semadgeneli
ki
nawilebis
xSirad
jami.
mTliani
monacemTa
ufro
metia,
analizSi
vidre
ramdenime
misi
etapis
gamoyofa SeiZleba, magaliTad:
mniSvnelobebis bunebrivi erTeulebis Seqmna;
mniSvnelobebis am erTeulebis dajgufeba, daxarisxeba da mowesrigeba;
intervius
Sinaarsis
aRsawerad
naambobis
dalageba
(narativis
struqturireba);
intervius monacemebis interpretacia.

arsebobs SedarebiT zogadi etapebi. mailsi da habermani (Miles and
Huberman 1994) trankriptis da intervius monacemebidan azris gamotanis

Tormet taqtikas gvTavazoben:
xdomilobis
(ideebis,
Temebis,
monacemis,
sityvebis)
sixSireebis
daTvla;
tendenciebisa da Temebis (geStaltebis) gamoyofa, romlebic SeiZleba

ganmeorebadi
Temebidan
da
mizezebidan
an
axsnebidan
da
konstruqtebidan momdinareobdnen;
damajereblobis
gaTvaliswineba:
monacemebSi
saRi
azris
daWera,
daskvis gasakeTeblad codnaze damyarebuli intuiciis gamoyeneba;
dajgufeba: calkeuli erTeulebis kategoriebad, tipebad, qcevebad da

klasebad gaerTianeba;
metaforebis gamoyeneba: figuraluri da konotaciuli da ara _ sityvasityviTi da denotaciuli _ enis gamoyeneba, monacemebis gacocxleba
da amiT monacemebis reduqcia, tendencebis gamokveTa da monacemebis
TeoriasTan dakavSireba;
849
cvladebis gaxleCva ideebis damuSavebis, diferencirebisa da gaSlis

mizniT, anu, monacemTa integraciisa da sazRvrebis waSlisTvis Tavis
arideba;
konkretulis zogadSi gaerTianeba, mudmivi Sedarebis glaseriseuli

(1978) cnebis msgavsad (ixileT am wignis meeqvse Tavi) _ ZiriTadi
cnebebis gamokveTa;
faqtorebis gamoyofa: didi raodenobiT cvladebis mcire raodenobis

(xSirad) aradakvirvebad hipoTetur cvladebSi gaerTianeba;
cvladebs Soris mimarTebebis gamovlena da dafiqsireba;
Sualeduri cvladebis aRmoCena: sxva cvladebis moZebna, romlebic,
rogorc
Cans,
kavSiris
axsnas;
empiriuli
abrkoleben
cvladebs
mtkicebulebebis
Soris
logikuri
mosalodneli
jaWvis
ageba:
myari
mizez-
Sedegobriobis SemCneva da daskvnebis gakeTeba;
konceptualuri/Teoriuli
Tanmimdevrulobis
fenomenebis asaxsnelad metaforebidan
uzrunvelyofa:
konstruqtebze da bolos
Teoriebze gadanacvleba.
monacemTa
aseTi
analizi
kerZodan
zogadisken
gadanacvlebis
sasargeblo, Tumca, albaT, pozitivisturi elferis midgomaa. mailsisa

da
habermanis
(1994)
SemoTavazebuli
taqtikebis
gamoyenebisas
mniSvnelovania, rom isini interviuSi miRebuli pasuxebis kodirebas,

nawilobriv,
monacemebis
reduqciiT
ebmis,
rodesac,
Cveulebisamebr,
gadatvirTuli Tvisebrivi monacemebis Semcireba xdeba.

kerlingeris (1970) ganmartebiT, kodireba analizis mizniT kiTxvebze
pasuxebisa
da
respodentis
mier
mowodebuli
informaciis
ufro
skecifikur, konkretul kategoriebad gardaqmnaa. rogorc vnaxeT, bevri

kiTxva winaswaraa kodirebuli, anu yoveli pasuxi uSualod da pirdapir,
obieqturad SeiZleba gamoisaxos quliT. winaswar kodirebuli kiTxvebis
magaliTia
reitingis
skalebi
da
pasuxebis
CamonaTvali.
kodireba
850
monacemTa nakrebisTvis kategoriis, samarko niSnis miniWebaa, romelic

an winaswar aris gansazRvruli, an miRebuli monacemebis Sesabamisad
SeirCeva.
kodirebis sakiTxs dawvrilebiT wignis 23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
kontent analizi kiTxvasa da Sefasebas moicavs. breneri da misi
kolegebi (Brenner et al. 1985) Ria kiTxvebiT miRebuli monacemebis kontent
analizis camet etaps aRweren:
1. brifingi: problemisa da misi konteqstis dawvrilebiT gacnoba;
2. SerCeva: samizne SerCevebSi Semavali adamianebis SerCeva (ixileT Tavi
4);
3. asocireba: sxva, ukve Sesrulebul samuSaosTan;
4. hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba;
5. hipoTezebis Semowmeba;
6. Segrovil monacemebSi yvela arsebuli mimniSneblis moZieba;
7. kategorizacia: romlis drosac kategoriebi da maTi dasaxelebebi
kvlevis
mizans
unda
asaxavdnen;
isini
amomwuravi
da
interpretaciebisa
da
urTierTgamomricxavi unda iyos;

8. inkubacia:
monacemebis
gaazreba
da
mniSvnelobebis formireba;
9. sinTezi:
kodirebis
safuZvlebis
mimoxilva
da
gamokveTili
tendenciebisa da Temebis identificireba;

10. gacxrilva:
monacemebis
interpretaciac
ki,
rom
imgvarad
gaazreba,
SesaZlebeli
iyos
amoWra
maTi
da
xelaxali
gasagebad
da
gamarTulad dawera;
11. interpretacia: monacemebisTvis azris micema;
12. dawera: xdomilobis gasagebad aRwera; grZnobebis mimarTulebisa da
intenciurobis dasabuTeba; gacnobiereba imisa, Tu ra ar iTqva da ra
iTqva
(dumilis
SemTxvevebi);
mkiTxvelisTvis
dumilze miTiTeba (Brenner et al. 1985: 140 3);

13. xelaxla gaazreba.
da
respodentisTvis
851
brenerisa
da
misi
kolegebis
(1985:
144)
azriT,
es
procesi
mkvlevrebisgan 13 faqtoris gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, esenia:

1. kvlevis mokle aRweris srulad gageba;
2. kvlevis proeqtTan SerCevis Sesatyvisobis Sefaseba;
3. mocemul
problemasTan
dakavSireuli
sakuTari
gamocdilebis
gaxseneba, warsulSi miniSnebebis Zieba;

4. Semowmebadi
hipoTezebis,
rogorc
kontent
analizis
safuZvlis,
Camoyalibeba (avtorebi amas cnebebis saxelmZRvanelos uwodeben);

5. hipoTezebis
Semowmeba
intervius
da
analizis
mTeli
procesis
manZilze;
6. monacemebis farglebSi darCena mTeli kvlevis manZilze;
7. cnebebis saxelmZRvaneloSi monacemebis kategoriebad gaerTianeba,
dasaxelebebisa da kodebis Seqmna;
8. daweramde monacemebis gaazreba da gadaxarSva;
9. ZiriTadi
cnebebis
Ziebis
procesSi
cnebebis
saxelmZRvaneloSi
Setanili monacemebis sinTezi;

10. monacemebis amorCeva, seleqciuroba aucilebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia
rac moxda yovelive imis aRwera;
11. monacemebis interpretacia, maTi mniSvnelobebisa da azris gageba;
12. angariSis dawera;
13. masalis
xelaxali
gaazreba
da
dawera:
miaRwia
Tu
ara
kvlevam
dasaxul miznebs?
hiCneri
(Hycner
1985)
intervius
monacemebis
fenomenologiuri
analizisas Sesasrulebel procedurebs aRwers. wignis pirvel TavSi

vnaxeT, rom fenomenologebi uSualo gamocdilebis Seswavlis momxreni
arian, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvs da qcevas gamocdilebis
fenomeniT ganpirobebulad miiCneven da ara _ raime garegani, obieqturi
an
fizikurad
aRwerili
realobiT.
hiCneri
(1985)
miuTiTebs,
fenomenologebi kvlevis meTodebis konkretul etapebze

ewinaaRmdegebian, vinaidan
rom
fokusirebas
eWvoben, rom amiT Zalian dakonretebuli da
852
materialuri
TvisebebiT
aRiWurvebian.
Tumca,
hiCneris
dasaxelebuli
etapebi monacemebis analizis iseT gzas gvTavazobs, romelic am eWvs

amcirebs. rogorc Tavad avtori ambobs, misi saxelmZRvanelo principebi
fsiqologiis magistraturis studentebisTvis fenomenologiuri kvlevis
wlobiT
swavlebis
marTali
gamocdilebasa
yofiliyo
intervius
da
imis
mcdelobaze
monacemebis
fenomenisadmi
aigo,
rom
da
Tan
konkretuli mimarTulebac mieca (Hycner 1985). saboloo jamSi, Semdegi

15 saxelmZRvanelo principi SemogvTavaza:
transkriptis gakeTeba: intervius Canaweris transkriptis gakeTeba, ara

mxolod
pirdapiri
naTqvamebis
CaniSvna,
aramed
araverbaluri
da
paralingvisturi komunikaciisac;
frCxilebSi Casma da fenomenologiuri reduqcia: hiCnerisTvis es

niSnavs mkvlevariseuli, SeZlebisdagvarad bevri mniSvnelobisa da
interpretaciis
(unikaluri)
Sesvlas
gamoricxvas
individis,
(Hycner 1985).
(frCxilebSi
romlisganac
amgvarad,
Casma)
da
interviu
mkvlevari
ganumeorebeli
aviReT,
samyaroSi
interviueris
naTqvamis
gagebas iwyebs da ara imisas, ris Tqmasac misgan moelis.
intervius mosmena erTiani warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad: aq igulisxmeba

mTliani Canaweris ramdenjerme mosmena da transkriptis ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva,
mogvianebiT
Seqmnili
erTeulebisa da Temebis konteqstis
zogadi
mniSvnelobis
mniSvnelobis
konkretuli
gasagebad.
erTeulebis
aRwera:
aq
Sedis
monawilis
nagulisxmebi azris dasadgenad verbaluri da araverbaluri Jestebis

detaluri da skrupulozuri Seswavla. es aris monawilis naTqvamis
kristalizacia
da
ganxilva
da
kvlav...
misi,
rac
SeiZleba
meti,
pirdapiri naTqvamis gamoyenebiT (Hycner 1985). (hiCneris magaliTisTvis

ixileT CanarTi 16. 6. es aris gaocebisa da TrTolvis amsaxveli
transkriptis
meore
gverdi.
wina
gverdze
monawile
saubrobda
SemTxvevaze, romlis mixedviTac Tavad da misma megobarma gogonam
853
Svebuleba mTaSi gaatares. mocemuli scena gaocebis sawyis emocias

aRwers).
kvlevis
kiTxvis
Sesatyvisi
azris
erTeulebis
aRwera:
zogadi
mniSvnelobis erTeulebis gamokveTis Semdeg, isini kvlevis kiTxvis

Sesatyvisi
azris
erTeulebamde
daiyvaneba.
hiCneris
kvlevis
SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi 18 erTeuli (ixileT CanarTi 16. 6)
kvlevis
kiTxvis Sesatyvisi azris 13 erTeulzea dayvanili (ixileT CanarTi 16.

7).
relevanturi
(Sesatyvisi)
azris
gadasamowmeblad
damoukidebeli
Semfaseblebis gavarjiSeba: Sedegebis gadamowmeba SesaZlebelia im

mkvlevarTa gamoyenebiT, romlebic zemoT aRweril procesebSi ar
monawileobdnen.
aseTi
tipis
kvlevaSi
muSaobis
gamocdilebidan hiCneri
Sedegebs
Soris
iSviaTad,
imazec
magram
mainc
gamocdil
studentebTan
miuTiTebs,
rom miRebul
SeimCneva
mniSvnelovani
gansvla.
CanarTi 16. 6
zogadi mniSvnelobis erTeulebis aRwera
1vumzerdi
maris da
2uecrad
aravisTvis mimzeria da
5mivxvdi,
4Cemi
vigrZeni, rom
3ise
vumzerdi, rogorc arasodes
Tvalebi TiTqos raRacnairad miejaWva mas da me
rom raRac amaRelvebeli xdeboda, amis mizezi ki iyo
misi kiTxva:
ras akeTeb 6da me ubralod vupasuxe: giyureb. 7da, ai, ase visxediT iq da 8is
raRacnairad ijda da miyurebda rogor
uxerxuloba igrZno, magram
11Tumca,
10mainc
15ubralod
vijeqi iq,
16ver
13bevri
12ubralod,
ram ki xdeboda.
vinZreodi,
17ar
2ucbad
3ise
raRac ucnauri
hyofnida unari da
14ver
mivxvdi, ra iyo
mindoda ganZreva,
mindoda, rom ase usasrulod mecqira misTvis.

1umzerda
9man
jiutad imeorebda: ki, magram ra xdeba,
sinamdvileSi ar surda pasuxis mosmena;
saSualebas maZlevda, megrZno es.

es.
mivSterebodi da
maris;
igrZno;
umzerda mas, rogorc arasodes aravisTvis umzeria;
18mxolod
is
854

4misi
Tvalebi TiTqos raRacnairad miejaWva mas;
5mixvda,
6man
ubralod upasuxa: giyureb;
7orive
8is
rom raRac amaRelvebeli xdeboda, rodesac man hkiTxa: ras akeTeb;
ase ijda iq;
raRacnairad ijda da uyurebda, rogor miStereboda mas;
9man
raRac ucnauri uxerxuloba
10mainc
11ar
igrZno;
jiutad imeorebda: ki, magram ra xdeba;
etyoboda, rom surda pasuxis mosmena;
12mas
eyo unari da saSualebas misca, rom egrZno es;
13bevri
14ver
ram xdeboda;
mixvda, ra xdeboda.
15ubralod
16mas
agrZelebda iq jdomas;
ar SeeZlo ganZreva;
17ar
undoda ganZreva;
18mxolod
undoda, rom ase usasrulod ecqira misTvis.
wyaro: Hycner 1985
CanarTi 16. 7
Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis erTeulebi
1umzerda
2ucbad
3ise
igrZno;
umzerda mas, rogorc arasodes aravisTvis umzeria;
4misi
Tvalebi TiTqos raRacnairad miejaWva mas;
5mivxvda,
6man
maris;
rom raRac amaRelvebeli xdeboda, rodesac man hkiTxa: ras akeTeb;
ubralod upasuxa: giyureb;
7orive
12mas
eyo unari da saSualebas misca, rom egrZno es;
13bevri
14ver
ase ijda iq;

ram xdeboda;
mixvda, ra xdeboda.
15ubralod
16mas
agrZelebda iq jdomas;
ar SeeZlo ganZreva;
855

18mxolod
undoda, rom ase usasrulod ecqira misTvis.
wyaro: Hycner 1985
zedmeti azrebis amokleba: am etapze mkvlevari amowmebs Sesatyvisi

mniSvnelobebis CamonaTvals da Slis maT, romlebic aSkarad zedmetia
danarCenebTan SedarebiT.
Sesatyvisi
azris
erTeulebis
daadginos,
Sesatyvisi
jgufdebian;
xom
ar
azris
aris
dajgufeba:
erTeulebi
raime
saerTo
mkvlevari
bunebrivad
Tema
an
arsi,
cdilobs,
xom
ar
romelic
aerTianebs Sesatyvisi azris sxvadasxva calkeul erTeuls. CanarTSi

16. 8 aseTi dajgufebis magaliTia mocemuli.
CanarTi 16. 8
Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis jgufebi
I.
maris cqeris amaRelvebloba:

a) maris imisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad umzerda, vidre odesme
vinmesTvis umzeria .
1, 3
b) misi Tvalebi TiTqos raRacnairad miejaWva mas.4

g) mixvda, rom raRac amaRelvebeli xdeboda, rodesac man hkiTxa: ras
akeTeb.
d) is (ubralod) uyurebda mas.
e) bevri ram xdeboda.13

v) mxolod undoda, rom ase usasrulod ecqira misTvis.
18
II. mixvedra:
a) ucbad igrZno.
(TiTqmis SeeWrao SigniT)
b) mixvda, ramdenad amaRelvebeli iyo es (misi SekiTxvis meSveobiT).

g) bevri ram xdeboda da man ar icoda, ra iyo es
riTmi).
III. imis gagrZeleba, rac xdeboda:
a) orive ubralod (isev) ijda iq.
b) is agrZelebda jdomas.
15
13, 14
(gacnobierebis
856

IV. ganZrevis unaris arqona:
a) ar SeeZlo ganZreva
16
(nebelobis sakiTxi).
b) ar undoda ganZreva
17
(ar surda, rom ganZreuliyo).
V. interpersonaluri ganzomileba:
a) maris imisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad umzerda, vidre odesme
vinmesTvis umzeria .
1, 3
b) misma kiTxvam gaacnobierebina, Tu ramdenad amaRelvebeli iyo es.

g) man mxolod Tqva: giyureb.
d) orive ubralod ijda iq.
wyaro: Hycner 1985
azris jgufebidan Temebis gansazRvra: mkvlevari azris yvela jgufs

swavlobs, raTa daadginos, xom ar aris yvela am jgufis arsis
gamomxatveli raime erTi (an meti) centraluri Tema (Temebi).
TiToeuli
miaCnia,
calkeuli
rom
am
dros
intervius
Sejamebis
sasargebloa
dawera:
interviuebis
hiCneris
(1985)
transkriptebTan
dabruneba da intervius SejamebaSi monacemebidan amoRebuli Temebis

CarTva.
SejamebiTa da TemebiT respondentTan dabruneba da meore intervius

Catareba: es aris gadamowmeba, Tu ramdenad sworad da srulad iqna
gagebuli pirveli intervius arsi.
Temebisa da Sejamebis modificireba: meore interviuTi mopovebuli

axali monacemebiT aRWurvili mkvlevari yvela monacems mTlianobaSi
ganixilavs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi cvlis an amatebs Temebs.
yvela
interviusTvis
saerTo
anu
zogadi
da
unikaluri
Temebi
gamoyofa: axla mkvlevari interviuTa umetesobisTvis saerTo Temebs

da
individualur
variaciebs
eZebs.
pirveli
nabiji
imis
naxvaa,
arsebobs Tu ara TiTqmis yvela interviusTvis saerTo Tema, xolo

meore _ aris Tu ara mxolod erTi interviusTvis damaxasiaTebeli an
interviuTa umciresobisTvis specifikuri Temebi.
857
Temebis
konteqstualizeba:
am
dros
sasargebloa
Temebis
im
konteqstSi an garemoSi dabruneba, saidanac warmoiqmna isini;
krebiTi (kompozituri) Sejameba: hiCneri (1985) sasargeblod miiCnevs

yvela
intervius
uSecdomod
krebiT
krebiTi
iqneba
Sejamebis
gadmocemuli
SejamebaSi,
zogadad,
daweras,
sakvlevi
samyaro
sadac
fenomenis
aRwerilia
zustad
arsi.
ise,
da
aseTi
rogorc
monawileebi ganicdian mas. aseTi Sejamebis bolos mkvlevars SeiZleba

mniSvelovan individualur gansxvavebebzec surdes ramdenime sityvis
Tqma (Hycner 1985).
am
procedurasTan
dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi
dawvrilebiT
hiCneris
(1985) statiis meore nawilSia ganxiluli.
gadamowmeba
wignis
mopovebuli
mexuTe
TavSi
monacemebis
dawvrilebiTaa
sandoobis,
ganxiluli
validobisa
da
interviuTi
ganzogadebadobis
sakiTxebi, amitom maT aq aRar gavimeorebT. girCevT, mexuTe Tavis mxolod

am nawils ki ar gadaxedoT, aramed mTel Tavs. kveili (1996: 237) ambobs,
rom interviuTi Catarebuli kvlevis validacia, am Tavis dasawyisSi
dasaxelebul, Svidive etapze unda moxdes. magaliTad:
kvlevas myari Teoriuli safuZveli unda hqondes da unda arsebobdes

logikuri kavSiri aseT Teoriasa da kvlevis kiTxvebs Soris;
kvlevis dizainis yvela aspeqti sando an sarwmuno da myari unda iyos;
monacemebi zusti, sando da validuri unda iyos (Tanmimdevrulobisa

da sandoobis gadamowmebiT);
zepiri monacemebis werilobiTi saxiT warmodgenisas ucvleli unda

darCes intervius situaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi;
monacemTa analizi monacemebis siswores unda aCvenebdes;
858
validaciis procedurebi Sesabamisi unda iyos
da droulad unda
iqnas gamoyenebuli;
angariSi miukerZoeblad unda iyos dawerili da es mkiTxvelebma unda

dainaxon.
mTavaria,
rom
saxelmZRvanelo
uzrunvelyofa
ar
arsebobs
principi
eTikuri
validobis
unda
kvlevis
interviuTi
erTi
iyos
konkretuli
miznisTvis
CarCoSi,
sadac
kanoni.
Sesatyvisobis
sxvadasxva
Catarebuli
saxis
(magaliTad,
struqturirebuli_arastruqturirebuli,
Tvisebrivi_raodenobrivi,
ganzogadebadi_unikaluri,
aRweriTi_kvleviTi,
pozitivisturi_eTnografiuli,
winaswar
dagegmili_reaqciuli)
kvlevisTvis sxvadasxvagvari validobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba.
angariSis dawera
angariSis
magaliTad,
formas,
garkveulwilad,
standartizebuli,
intervius
struqturirebuli
buneba
ganapirobebs.
interviu
SeiZleba
raodenobriv monacemebs iZleodes, romelic kompaqturad cxrilebiTa da

grafikebiT
SeiZleba
gadmovceT,
xolo
Tvisebrivi,
sityvieri,
Ria
kiTxvebiT mimdinare interviu sityvier angariSebs mogvcems, romelic

gacilebiT met adgils daikavebs.
kveili (1996: 263 6) angariSis ramdenime nawils
gvTavazobs:
Sesavali, sadac warmodgenilia ZiriTadi Temebi da Sinaarsebi;
meTodologiisa
da
meTodebis
mimoxilva
(dizainiT
dawyebuli
da
interviuirebiT dasrulebuli, transkriptis momzadeba da analizi);
Sedegebi (monacemTa analizi, interpretacia da dasabuTeba);
ganxilva.
Tu angariSi didwilad ricxobrivia, maSin grafikebi da cxrilebi
gamogadgebaT. Tu interviu sityvebiT ufro kargad aris gadmocemuli,

vidre ricxvebiT, maSin mkvlevars konkretuli citatebis teqstSi CarTvia
mouwevs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, kveils (1996: 266) miaCnia, rom pirdapiri
859
naTqvamebi
anu
citatebi
CarTuli
unda
iyos
da
ZiriTad
teqsts
ukavSirdebodes, Tumca, masTan balanss inarCunebdes, unda ergebodes

konteqsts da Tan axldes komentarebi da interpretacia. monacemi unda
iyos gansakuTrebiT zusti, sasargeblo da saukeTeso (margalitebi!),
miTiTebuli unda iyos, rogor moxda misi redaqtireba da angariSis
bunebriv werilobiT struqturaSi CarTva.
intervius monacemebis magaliTebi ixileT wignis Tanmxleb veb-gverdze
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 16, faili 16. 2. doc da
jgufuri interviu
intervius
meTodologiis
farglebSi
erT-erTi
teqnika,
romelic
gansakuTrebiT mzardi popularobiT sargeblobs, jgufuri interviua.

uatsi da ebati (Watts and Ebbutt 1987), magaliTad, jgufuri intervius,
rogorc
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
monacemebis
Segrovebis
saSualebis,
upiratesobebsa da naklovan mxareebs ganixilaven. maT mier dasaxelebul

upiratesobaTa ricxvSi Sedis diskusiis wamowyebis SesaZlebloba da
amiT farTo diapazonis monacemTa mopoveba. isini miuTiTeben, rom aseTi
interviu sasargebloa . . . rodesac adamianTa jgufi garkveuli drois
manZilze an saerTo miznis misaRwevad erTad muSaobs, anda maSin, roca
jgufSi
mniSvnelovania,
wevrebi
icodnen,
(Watts and Ebbutt 1987).
Tu
ras
jgufur
amboben
jgufis
intervius
danarCeni
gacilebiT
meti
informaciis mocema SeuZlia, vidre _ individualurs. bogdani da bikleni

(1992: 100) amateben, rom jgufuri interviuebi SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos im
ideebis mosaZieblad, romelzec SemdgomSi individualuri interviuebi
Catardeba.
maT
praqtikuli
dasaxuli
miznisTvis
da
organizaciuli
maswavleblebs,
upiratesobebic
minimaluri
aqvT.
ZalisxmeviT,
ukve
arsebuli jgufebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT. jgufuri interviuebi xSirad

ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre _ individualuri da amitom droc
izogeba.
aseve,
maT
sxvadasxva
mosazrebebis
mqone
adamianebis
sxvadasxva koleqtivis warmomadgenelTa Sekreba SeuZliaT.
an
860
arksisa
da
interviueris
naitis
yola
(Arksey and Knight 1999: 76)

ori
saxis
process
azriT,
erTze
ukavSirdeba
meti
jvaredin
gadamowmebasa da erTmaneTis naTqvamebis Sevsebas, rac ufro srul da

sando Canawers mogvcems. imis naxva da gamovlenac SesaZlebelia, Tu
rogor
udganan
monawileebi
erTmaneTs
mxarSi,
zemoqmedeben,
avseben,
eTanxmebian da ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs da ra urTierTobebi aqvT. meore

mxriv, erTi respodenti SeiZleba meoreze (sxvebze) dominanturi iyos
(ganskuTrebiT maSin, Tu erTi respodenti mamakacia da meore _ qali:
Arksey and Knight 1999: 76). garda amisa, arksi da naiti miiCneven, rom
intervius
procesSi
SeiZleba
antagonizmma
iCinos
Tavi,
adamianebi
SeiZleba gaCumdnen sxvebis TandaswrebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es

sxvebi maTi kolegebi arian an Temaa sensitiuri. avtorebi imasac amboben,
rom
gulwrfeli,
piradi
pasuxebis
gacemis
nacvlad,
respodentebs
SeiZleba ufro formaluri, sazogadoebisTvis Ria xaziT komunikacia

SevTavazoT
da
isic
SeiZleba
moxdes,
rom
monawileebi
winaswar
SeTanxmdnen konkretuli informaciis gaucemlobaze. uatsi da ebati (1987)

aRniSnaven,
rom
jgufuri
interviu
naklebad
sasargebloa
pirovnul
Temebze saubrisas an iseT viTarebaSi, sadac mkvlevars jgufis mxolod

erT konkretul wevrTan aqvs Semdgomi damazustebeli kiTxvebi. rogorc
isini amboben, jgufis dinamika ver mogvcems aseT monacemebs (Watts and
Ebbutt
1987).
gamoiwvios,
jgufurma
ramac,
intervium
Tavis
mxriv,
SeiZleba
jgufis
sxva
jgufuri
wevrebis
azrovneba
TandaswrebiT
sakuTari azris gamoxatvisgan Tavi Seakavebinos gansxvavebuli azris

mqone
individebs.
liusi
(Lewis 1992)
jgufuri
intervius
pasuxebis
kodirebis problemasac exeba. am Temis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvisa da

masSi CarTuli procedurebis Sesaxeb ixileT
Semdegi naSromebi: Simons
(1982), Hedges (1985), Watts and Ebbutt (1987), Breakwell (1990), Spencer and Flin (1990),
Lewis (1992) da Arksey and Knight (1999).
jgufuri intervius ramdenime sakiTxia mosagvarebeli, magaliTad:
861
jgufuri intervius procesSi, rogorc interviuerma,

gadaanawiloT
yuradReba
da
moisminoT
rogor unda
respodentebis
pasuxebi;
amasTan, yvela respodents misceT laparakisa saSualeba;
jgufuri
intervius
situaciaSi
yvelas
sTxovT,
rom
gipasuxon
kiTxvaze?
rogor moeqeceT maT, vinc Zalian Cumia, xmauriania, mxolod TviTon

laparakobs, kamaTobs da ar eTanxmeba sxvebs?
ra moxdeba, Tu adamianebi gagibrazdebian an erTmaneTs gaabrazeben?
rogor moaxerxebT zrdilobiani formiT adamianebis dawynarebas an

gaCumebas;
rogor mouvliT im faqts, rom adamianebi met-naklebad enawylianebi

arian?
rogor moaxerxebT, rom respodentebma rig-rigobiT ilaparakon (Tu

Seefereba situacias)?
dausvamT Tu ara kiTxvebs dasaxelebul pirebs?
rogor unda gipasuxon adamianebma Zaldautaneblad?
ra
unda
mouxerxoT
erTsa
da
imave
kiTxvaze
miRebul
sruliad
gansxvavebul pasuxebs?
ratom SekribeT es konkretuli pirebi?
gindaT, rom respodentebma konkretuli TanmimdevrobiT gipasuxon?
ras
moimoqmedebT,
Tu
jgufur
interviuze
metad
gamocdilebi
yovelTvis pirvelebi gagcemen pasuxs?
rogorc intrviueri, yuradRebiT iyaviT, rom jgufSi SeamCnioT isini,

visac raRacis Tqma surs.
kargad
erTeuli
unda
mTeli
gvaxsovdes,
jgufis
rom
jgufuri
mosazrebaa
da
intervius
ara
dros
analizis
calkeuli
wevrebis.
gvainteresebs koleqtiuri jgufuri pasuxi maSinac ki, Tu mTeli rigi

pasuxebisa gansxvavebulia. amiT miiRweva is, rom jgufis arc erTi wevri
862
ar aris usamarTlod marginalizebuli, dadanaSaulebuli an gandevnili

gansxvevbuli azris gamo.
jgufuri interviu maSinac gamosadegia, rodesac bavSvebTan gviwevs
muSaoba; qvemoT
swored am sakiTxze gveqneba saubari.
interviu bavSvebTan
mniSvnelovania, rom bavSvebis samyaro maTive TvaliT davinaxoT da
ara
mozrdilis
TvaliT.
bavSvebi
gansxvvadebian
mozrdilebisgan
kognituri da metyvelebis ganviTarebiT, yuradRebiTa da koncentraciis

TaviseburebebiT, gaxsenebis unariT, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, imiT,
Tu ras aRiqvamen mniSvnelovnad, statusiTa da uflebebiT (Arksey and
Knight 1999: 116), _ es yvelaferi zemoqmedebs interviuze. arksi da naiti
(1999: 116 18) miuTiTeben, rom mniSvnelovania: bavSvebis ndobis mopoveba,
raTa swrafad igrZnon Tavi usafrTxod da Tavdajerebulad; mwvaved
reagirebisgan Tavis Sekaveba (magaliTad, Tu bavSvs yuradReba gaefanta);
interviusTvis usafrTxo da sasiamovno saqmianobis saxis micema; martivi
da bavSvis enis gamoyeneba; misi asakisTvis Sesaferisi kiTxvebis dasma;
aq da amJamad konteqstis SenarCuneba; Zalian patarebTan (magaliTad, 5
welze patarebTan) ratom, rodis da rogor kiTxvebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba; darwmuneba imaSi, rom bavSvebs (xSirad ufrosi asakis bavSvebs)
esmiT abstraqtuli kiTxvebi; mosafiqrebeli drois micema da intervius
dros
meTodebisa
da
aqtivobebis
(magaliTad,
xatva,
TamaSi,
wera,
laparaki, TamaSebi, naxatebis, gazeTebis, saTamaSoebis an fotosuraTebis

gamoyeneba) kombinireba.
bavSvebTan jgufuri interviu imitom SeiZleba iyos sasargeblo, rom
jgufur urTierTqmdebas uwyobs xels da ar moiTxovs ubralod ufrosis
kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas. jgufuri interviu bavSvisTvis SeiZleba
naklebad
SemaSinebeli
iyos,
vidre
individualuri.
ederisa
da
fingersonis (Eder and Fingerson 2003: 34) azriT, bavSvebis interviuirebisas

mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs uflebebisa da statusis dinamika. maT cota ram
Tu aqvT mozrdilebTan saerTo.
863
meioli (Mayall 1999) gvTavazobs, rom bavSvebi umciresoba jgufad

ganvixiloT, im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar aqvT Zalaufleba da ver
akontroleben sakuTar cxovrebas. Tu
es asea, maSin mniSvnelovania, rom
maTTvis uzrunvelyofili iyos xmis ufleba da intervius garemo, sadac

Tavs komfortulad igrZnoben. jgufuri interviu iseTi garemoa, romelic
SeZlebisdagvarad bunebriv garemosTan miaxloebul viTarebaSi tardeba.
ederi da
fingersoni (2003: 45)
aRniSnaven bavSvebis
jgufSi maRali
statusis mqone bavSvis interviuerad gamoyenebis warmatebul SemTxvevebs.

bavSvebis jgufuri interviuireba maT saSualebas aZlevs, erTmaneTi
gamoiwvion da ise CaerTon interviuSi, rogorc pirispir (ufrosi _
bavSvi intervius SemTxvevaSi) ver SeZlebdnen da ilaparakon bunebrivad,
rogorc
erTmaneTs
elaparakebian
xolme.
magaliTad,
luisma
(1992)
aRmoaCina, rom jgufuri intervius SemTxvevaSi 10 wlis bavSvebi ukeT

igebdnen,
ra problemebi hqondaT swavlaSi da ra uWirdaT yvelaze
metad. es miiRweoda imiT, rom kamaTobdnen
da ganixilavdnen erTmaneTis
ideebs da erTmaneTs gansaxilvelad axal mosazrebebs sTavazobdnen.

garda
amisa,
Tu
interviu
ufro
rutinuli,
yoveldRiuri
aqtivobis
Semadgeneli nawilia, is naklebad xelovnuri xdeba, radgan SeiZleba

TamaSs (magaliTad, Tojinebisa da suraTebis gamoyenebiT) daemsgavsos.
magaliTad,
aCvene
SeiZleba iyos.
da
Tqvi
mTavaria,
TamaSis
an
jgufuri
diskusiis
nawili
interviu rac SeiZleba araformaluri
gaxdes. ra Tqma unda, zogjer ukeTesia formalur CarCoebSi moqceuli

sesia,
raTa
bavSvebs
situaciis
mniSvnelovnebis
gancda
hqondeT
da
dadebiTad ganewyon. erTnairad Rirebulia araformaluri da formaluri

interviu, Tumca pirveli ufro patarebTan aris rekomendebuli, meore
ufrosi asakis bavSvebTan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom jgufuri interviu bevri bavSvisTvis SeiZleba
Zalian
sasurveli
iyos,
individualuri
interviuc
aranakleb
Rirebulia. magaliTad, ederi da fingersoni (2003: 43 4) individualuri

intervius
mniSvnelobas
da
Rirebulebas
mozardebTan
mimarTebaSi
864
ganixilaven. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu saqme sensitiur Temebs Seexeba,

magaliTad,
urTierTobebs,
ojaxs,
sxeulTan
dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs,
seqsualobas da siyvaruls. isini ganixilaven magaliTebs, romlebSic

gansxvavebuli Sedegebi miiRes erTi da igive Temaze erTsa da imave
individebTan
Catarebul
individualur
da
jgufur
interviuebSi.
individebi ufro Rirebulad pirispir saubars miiCnevdnen.

bavSvebTan interviuSi, erTi tipis pasuxebis Tavidan asacileblad,
jobia
Ria kiTxvebi gamoviyenoT. meore strategiaa proeqciis teqnikis
gamoyeneba, rodesac pirdapiri kiTxvebis dasmis nacvlad, interviuers

SeuZlia
bavSvebs
suraTi
an
suraTebis
nakrebi
aCvenos
da
Semdeg
pasuxebis gacema sTxovos. naCveneb suraTze bavSvma SeiZleba jer masze

gamosaxuli personaJis rasobriv kuTvnilebas miaqcios yuradReba da
Semdeg
mis
sqess,
rac
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
misTvis
rasa
ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre _ sqesi. amiT Tavs varidebT pirdapir kiTxvas da

SeiZleba SevamciroT mikerZoebuli pasuxis albaToba, rac imiT iqneboda
gamowveuli,
sasurveli
Tojinebis
rom
pasuxis
an
respodenti
kiTxvaSi
miniSnebebis
marionetebis,
Ziebas.
daiwyebda
proeqciis
fotosuraTebis
an
interviuerisTvis
sxva
konkretuli
teqnikebia
scenebis
gamoyeneba, romelzec respodenti komentarebs gaakeTebs (magaliTad, ra

xdeba?
ra unda gveqna?) da teqnika aba, gamoicani vin (Wragg 2002: 157)
(romelsac adamianebi konkretul aRwerilobas argeben).

Tumca, saimonsi (1992), luisi (1992), beili (1994: 447 _ 9) da briqueli
(2000: 245 6) bavSvebis intrviuirebis sirTuleebze da maTi daZlevis
gzebze saubroben:
advilia bavSvebis yuradRebis gafantva (magaliTad, zog interviuers

saTamaSoebi an suraTebi aqvs da amiT iqcevs bavSvebis yuradRebas);
ecadeT, rom bavSvebma mkvlevari avtoritetul figurad ar aRiqvan

(magaliTad,
mozrdilad);
maswavleblad,
mSobelad
an
maRali
poziciis
mqone
865
gaigeT,
ras
gulisxmoben
bavSvebi
da
ras
amboben
(gansakuTrebiT
Zalian patarebis SemTxvevaSi);
mokle
droSi
bevri
informacia
moagroveT,
bavSvebis
yuradRebis
xangrZlivoba SezRudulia;
gaarkvieT realurad ras fiqroben da grZnoben bavSvebi da ara is, Tu,

maTi azriT, risi mosmena unda mkvlevars;
ecadeT, rom intervius situacia bavSvma gamocdad an Semowmebad ar

aRiqvas;
SeinarCuneT intervius relevanturoba;
daZlieT umcrosi asakis bavSvebSi ufrosTan SewinaaRmdegebis da

Tavis gamoCenis survilis arqona;
interviuSi CarTeT uTqmeli da meryevi bavSvebi;
bavSvebis maswavlebeli gareT gauSviT;
miaqcieT yuradReba da upasuxeT bavSvs, romelic ambobs raRacas da

mere maSinve ambobs, rom, neta, ar eTqva es;
bavSvebisgan marTali, gulwrfeli pasuxebi miiReT da ara ubralod

intervius situaciaze gacemuli pasuxebi;
gascdiT instituciur, direqtorisTvis gankuTvnil an mosalodnel

pasuxebs;
SeecadeT, bavSvebi Temis farglebSi darCnen;
erideT, rom bavSvebma ukiduresi an destruqciuli pozicia daikavon

erTmaneTis mosazrebebis mimarT;
gamoiyeneT saTanado sametyvelo ena;
ecadeT, rom interviu tvinis gamburRveliar iyos;
gaiTvaliswineT bavSvebis susti mexsiereba;
erideT,
rom
bavSvebi
Zalian
maxasiaTeblebze an situaciebze;
ar
koncentrirdnen
konkretul
866
erideT
situaciebs,
romlebSic
bavSvi
yvelaferze
kis
ityvis
(mdumare Tanxmoba), magaliTad, ki/ara tipis kiTxvebisTvis Tavis

aridebiT da Ria kiTxvebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT;
gaiTvaliswineT situaciebi, romlebSic bavSvi nebismier rames ityvis,

oRond gasiamovnoT;
daZlieT zogierTi bavSvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, Tqvas ar

vici, mxrebi aiCeCos da isev dadumdes;
daZlieT
problema,
rom
zogierTi
bavSvi
nebismier
rames
ityvis,
oRond ar igrZnos, rom ar aqvs pasuxi;
gaiTvaliswineT saubarSi dominanturi bavSvebis problema;
SeecadeT,
rom
bavSvebma
megobrebis
winaSe
Zalian daucvelad
ar
igrZnon Tavi;
ecadeT, rom bavSvebma uxerxulad ar igrZnon Tavi an ar SeSindnen

(amis mogvareba, savaraudod, bavSvebis megobrebis jgufSi moTavsebiT
SeiZleba).
SeecadeT bavSvebma ar icruon.

cxadia, rom es problemebi marto bavSvebs ar exeba. isini ufrosebis
jgufuri
intervius
marTvas da oTaxis
jgufis
zoma
SemTxvevaSic
marTebulia.
jgufuri
interviu
ise mowyobas moiTxovs, rom yvela yvelas xedavdes.
aseve
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia.
Zalian
mcire
jgufis
SemTxvevaSi, intervius mTeli tvirTi calkeul individebze gadadis,

Zalian didi jgufi ki nawevrdeba da fokusi ikargeba. luisi (1992)
miuTiTebs, rom eqvsi-Svidi monawile optimaluri zomaa, Tumca, umcrosi
asakis bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi, jgufi ufro mcire SeiZleba iyos. intervius
xangrZlivoba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ar unda aRematebodes TxuTmet wuTs
da
sasargeblo
minimumamde
yovelgvari
iqneba
dayvana.
aseve,
bundovanebisa
yuradRebis
gamfantavi
mniSvnelovania
da
metaforebisTvis Tavis arideba).
martivi
orazrovnebis
gamRizianeblebis
sametyvelo
gareSe
ena,
(magaliTad,
867
fokus jgufebi
dRes ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi nel-nela izrdeba fokus jgufebis,
rogorc jgufuri intervius, erT-erTi formis gamoyenebac, Tumca arc
ise intensiurad, rogorc magaliTad, biznesisa da politikur wreebSi.
fokus jgufebi jgufuri intervius formaa, Tumca, ara interviuersa da
jgufs
Soris
gamarTuli
kiTxva-pasuxis
TvalsazrisiT,
aramed
jgufur urTierTqmedebis, romelic mkvlevaris mier SeTavazebul Temas

ganixilavs (Morgan 1988: 9) da individualur mosazrebas ki ar gvaZlevs,
aramed
koleqtiurs.
maSasadame,
monawileebi
erTmaneTTan
urTierTqmedeben da ara _ interviuerTan. maT SeuZliaT mosazrebebis

gamoTqma
da ZiriTadad
swored
jgufis
monacemebi.
TavianTi
urTierTqmedebis
fokus
jgufi
ganrigiT
(ara
mkvlevris)
muSaoba.
Sedegad
grovdeba
(interaqciis)
xelovnuri,
Seqmnili
garemoa,
sadac
konkretuli Temis an sakiTxis gansaxilvelad specialurad arCeuli

seqtoris warmomadgenlebi arian Sekrebilni da jgufuri urTierTqmedeba
monacemebsa
da
siZlierecaa
Sedegebs
iZleva.
es
xelovnuroba
fokus
da sisustec: miuxedavad imisa, rom arabunebrivi
jgufis
garemoa,
Zalze fokusirebulia konkretul sakiTxze da amitom iseT mignebebs

iZleva, rogorsac
pirdapiri interviuTi albaT
ver miviRebdiT. fokus
jgufi ekonomiuria drois TvalsazrisiT _ drois mcire monakveTSi didi

raodenobiT monacemebi grovdeba, magram, saerTo jamSi, es informacia
mainc
ufro
naklebia,
vidre
igive
raodenobis
adamianebTan
individualuri interviuebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli (Morgan 1988:

19).
fokus jgufebi (Krueger 1988; Morgan 1988; Bailey 1994: 192 3; Robson 2002: 284
5) gamodgeba Semdegi miznebisaTvis:
konkretul saintereso sferoze orientirebisTvis;
Semdgomi interviuebisTvis da/an kiTxvarebisTvis Temebis, sakiTxebisa

da gegmebis
SemuSavebisaTvis;
868
jgufisgan miRebul mignebebsa da monacemebze agebuli hipoTezebis

CamoyalibebisaTvis;
populaciis
sxvadasxva
qvejgufebis
monacemebis
gaerTianebisa
da
SefasebisTvis;
Tvisebrivi monacemebis mogrovebisTvis;
monacemebis swrafad da iafad SegrovebisTvis;
damokidebulebebis,
Rirebulebebisa
da
mosazrebebis
Sesaxeb
monacemebis SegrovebisTvis;
imisaTvis, rom monawileebs sakuTari sityvebiT saubris SesaZlebloba

mieceT;
jgufebis (da ara _ individebis) wasaxaliseblad
xmamaRla gamoTqvan
sakuTari mosazrebebi;
wera-kiTxvis ucodinari monawileebis wasaxaliseblad;
sakiTxebis
ufro
kargad
SeswavlisTvis
vidre
es
gamokiTxvaSi
moxerxdeboda;
ukve Catarebuli kvlevebidan ukukavSiris misaRebad.

fokusi
jgufebi
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
intervius,
kiTxvaris,
dakvirvebisa da a. S. ufro tradiciul formebTan triangulaciisaTvis

(gaerTianebisaTvis).
fokus
jgufebis
Catarebisas
gasaTvaliswinebelia
ramdenime sakiTxi:
erT Temaze Casatarebeli fokus jgufebis raodenobis gansazRvra

(erTi jgufi ar aris sakmarisi, vinaidan ase mkvlevari ver gaigebs,
miRebuli Sedegi unikaluria da mxolod am jgufs axasiaTebs Tu ara);
jgufis
wevrebis
raodenobis
gansazRvra
(Zalian
cota
monawilis
SemTxvevaSi jgufis Sida dinamika araTanazomieri iqneba, xolo Zalian

didi jgufis marTva Znelia). morgans (1988: 43) miaCnia,
rom fokus
jgufisTvis optimaluri raodenoba 4-dan 12-mde monawilea.
monawileebs
Sexvedras
saSualeba
unda
mieceT,
rom
survilis
SemTxvevaSi
aRar daeswron. morgans (1988: 44) miaCnia, rom jgufisTvis
869
realurad saWiroze daaxloebiT 20 procentiT meti monawile unda

SeirCes.
monawileebi
yuradRebiT unda SeirCes im principiT,
maTgans
moTxovnis
hqondes
mocemul
SemTxvevaSi
Sesabamisi
sferoSi
diskusias
maxasiaTebeli
erTgvarovani
fokusi
rom
hqondes,
an
gamocdileba.
daekargeba
an
yovel
jgufs
winaaRmdeg
arareprezentaciuli
gaxdeba. SerCeva warmatebuli fokus jgufis mTavari gasaRebia.
darwmunebuli unda iyo, rom monawileebs raRac aqvT saTqmeli da

laparakisTvis sakmarisad komfortulad grZnoben Tavs.
Sexvedrebis ise warmarTva, rom dabalansebuli iyos direqtiuloba da

gansaxilveli Temidan gadaxveva, anu Sexvedra Tavisufali unda iyos,
magram ar unda gascdes Temas.
bavSvebTan
zemoT
ganxiluli
jgufuri
interviusgan
gansxvavebiT,
fokus jgufebi ufro warmatebiT muSaobs, Tu jgufis wevrebi ar icnoben

erTmaneTs, vidre maSin, roca jgufi
gamonaklisia
mniSvnelovani
is
SemTxvevebi,
sakiTxia
megobrebisgan Sedgeba; cxadia,
rodesac
(magaliTad,
megobroba
rodesac
jgufis
jgufSi
diskusiis
megobrebisTvis
Cveuli sasaubro Tema ganixileba).

cxadia,
fokus
jgufebsac
aqvs
Tavisi
nakli.
magaliTad,
isini,
ZiriTadad, ar iZlevian ricxobriv, daTvlad an ganzogadebad monacemebs;

SeiZleba rTuli iyos fokus jgufiT mopovebuli monacemebis lakonuri
analizi;
mcirea
monawileTa
raodenoba;
ufro
nakleb
informacias
iZlevian, vidre gamokiTxvebi; jgufuri dinamikis Sedegad zogi monawile

SeZleba
gairiyos,
zogi
ki
dominirebdes
diskusiaSi
(magaliTad,
statusebSi gansxvavebam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios); SeiZleba SezRuduli

iyos
ganxiluli
Temebis
raodenoba;
SesaZlebelia
Sida
jgufuri
uTanxmoebisa da konfliqtebis warmoqmnac ki; uTqmel wevrebs SeiZleba

xmis ufleba waerTvaT; monacemebi, saerTo jamSi, SeiZleba naklebad
sando iyos.
870
miuxedavad imisa, rom

rogorc
jgufuri
didi SesaZleblobebi aqvs, fokus jgufebi,
intervius
calkeuli
saxe,
jer
damkvidrebuli saganmanaTleblo wreSi ise, rogorc
kidev
ar
aris
sxva sferoebSi.
fokus jgufebi mkvlevris mxridan ostatur fasilitaciasa da marTvas

saWiroeben.
871
aradireqtiuli interviu da fokusirebuli interviu

aradireqtiuli interviu fsiqiatriuli da Terapiuli praqtikidan
modis da iseT situaciaSi tardeba , romelSic Tavad respodentebi arian
Sexvedris
iniciatorebi,
isini
gansazRvaven
urTierTqmedebis
mimarTulebasa da damokidebulebebs. aseTi situacia struqturirebuli

intervius
sruliad
sapirispiroa,
sadac,
rogorc
ukve
vnaxeT,
interviueris dominanturi roli valdebulebebis asimetriulobaSi iCens

Tavs (Kitwood 1977). dadgenilia, rom es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
teqnikaa, vinaidan respodentis ufro siRrmiseul damokidebulebebamde
da
aRqmebamde
aRwevs
da
Tan
mikerZoebulobisgan. am TavSi
Tavisufalia
interviueris
mokled ganvixilavT Terapiuli intervius
maxasiaTeblebs da Semdeg socialuri da ganaTlebis mecnierebebSi misi,

rogorc kvlevis instrumentis, sargeblianobaze visaubrebT.
dRes miiCneven, rom aradireqtiuli interviu froidis novatoruli
Sromebidan
da
misi
winamorbedi
analitikosebidan
modis.
froidis
bazisuri aRmoCena iyo, rom Tu Terapevti garkveul pirobebs Seqmnis da

pacientebs TavianTi problemebis Sesaxeb konkretuli formiT saubris
saSualebas miscems, qceva SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad Seicvlos. Seqmnili
teqnika
pacientebisgan
gamoiyeneboda
ise,
ukiduresad
rom
piradi
gazrdiliyo
informaciis
maTi
gaumjobesebuliyo TviTanalizis unari. ase
misaRebad
TviTcnobiereba
isini ukeT SeZlebdnenen
sakuTari TavisTvis daxmarebas. rogorc maji (Madge 1965) SeniSnavs,

teqnikebma
teqnikebze,
udidesi
gavlena
gansakuTrebiT
ki
moaxdines
maT,
da
interviuirebis
romlebic
ufro
am
Tanamedrove
Rrmad
Cadian
pirovnebis samyaroSi da nakleb raodenobrivia.

dReisaTvis Terapiuli intervius yvelaze gamorCeuli damcveli karl
rojersia.
man
intervius
efeqturoba.
dayrdnobiT,
man
gansxvavebul
gamoyo
viTarebebSi
sakuTari
klinikuri
Terapiuli
gadaamowma
kvlevebis
procesisTvis
Terapiuli
analizze
damaxasiaTebeli
etapebi, romelTaganac pirvelia klientis gadawyvetileba, daxmarebisTvis
872
sxvas mimarTos. klients xvdeba konsultanti, romelic megobruli da

Ria, magram ara _ didaqtikuria. Semdegi etapi iwyeba maSin, roca klienti
sakuTari mtruli, kritikuli da destruqciuli grZnobebis gamoxatvas
iwyebs.
konsultanti amas iRebs, aRiarebs da azustebs. SemdgomSi es
antagonisturi impulsebi, gamonaklisebis gareSe, ixarjeba da adgils

uTmobs
pozitiuri
grZnobebis
pirvel
gamoxatulebas.
konsultanti
analogiurad iRebs maT manam, sanam uecari da spontanuri insaiti da

TviTwvdoma ar daeufleba (Rogers 1942) klients. insaitTan erTad modis
qcevis
SesaZlo
impulsi.
mimarTulebebis
praqtikuli
xedva
terminebiT
rom
da
gadawyvetilebebis
vTqvT,
klienti
miRebis
konsultantze
damokidebulebisgan iTavisuflebs Tavs.

rojersi (1945) asaxelebs interviueris ramdenime Tvisebas, romelsac
is arsebiTad miiCnevs: interviueri Tavis saqmianobas mimReblobasa da
nebadarTulobaze agebs; is aRiarebs, rom Tavad klientia pasuxismgebeli
im situaciaze, romelSic is imyofeba; interviueri saSualebas aZlevs
klientebs, rom maT Taviseburad da Tavisi sityvebiT axsnan problema;
interviueri arafers akeTebs iseTs, rac klientis dacvis meqanizmebs
aamuSavebda.
aseTia
Terapiul
garemoSi
aradireqtiuli
intervius
maxasiaTeblebi. magram, ra sargebeli aqvs mas, rogorc
ZiriTadi
ubralod
kvlevis teqnikas socialur da ganaTlebis sferoSi? Terapiuli interviu

xasiaTdeba
mTeli
rigi
niSnebiT,
romlebic
SeiZleba
sruliad
araadekvaturi iyos sxva garemoSi: magaliTad, rogorc vnaxeT, intervius

iniciatori
respodentia,
romelsac
garkveuli
simptomisgan
Tavis
daRweva surs; interviueri, ZiriTadad, daxmarebis wyaroa da ara _

informaciis Semqmneli; konkretuli interviu Terpiuli gamocdilebis
nawilia; intervius mizani pirovnebis qcevisa da Sinagani cxovrebis
Secvlaa
da
misi
warmatebuloba
amiT
ganisazRvreba;
Temebis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari SezRudva ar arsebobs.
gansaxilveli
873
mkvlevars
gansxvavebuli
prioritetebi
aqvs
da
rac
Terapiul
konteqstSi upiratesobad iTvleba, imave teqnikis kvlevis miznebisTvis

gamoyenebisas SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces maSinac ki, Tu mkvlevari
dadebiTadaa ganwyobili aradireqtiuli intervius mimarT. rogorc maji
(1965) wers, izrdeba maTi ricxvi, visac
surs, rom aradireqtiul teqnikaSi maRali xarisxic SeinarCunos da
ekonomiuri da
sakmaod
zusti meTodi Seqmnas.
es imitom, rom
hqondes
garkveuli Sedegi da ara ubralod gankurnebuli sulebis razmi.

(Madge 1965)
amis
erT-erTi mcdeloba SegviZlia moviZioT mertonisa da kendelis
(1946) programaSi, sadac maT fokusirebuli interviu Seqmnes. am teqnikaSi,

aradireqtiulobis
principis
dacvis
fonze,
interviuri
metad
akontrolebs dasmuli kiTxvebis saxeebs da diskusiis Semofargvlas

respodentis gamocdilebis garkveuli aspeqtebiT cdilobs.
fokusirebuli
interviu
ramdenime
aspeqtiT
gansxvavdeba
kvleviTi
intervius sxva tipebisgan, romelTa Sorisac mertoni da kendeli (1946)

Semdegs asaxeleben:
cnobilia,
rom
respodentebi
garkveul
situaciaSi
imyofebodnen,
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba uyures konkretul telegadacemas, naxes

filmi, waikiTxes wigni an statia, an socialuri situaciis monawileni
gaxdnen.
kontent
analizis
gamoyenebiT
winaswar
analizdeba
situaciis
is
elementebi, romlebsac mkvlevari mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs. amgvarad, mas

aqvs am gamorCeuli elementebis mniSvnelobisa da efeqtebis Sesaxeb
hipoTezebi.
am analizis safuZvelze mkvlevari intervius gzamkvlevs gegmavs. masSi

mocemulia
kvlevis
gansazRvraven
relevanturobas.
ZiriTadi
mosapovebeli
sferoebi
da
monacemebis
hipoTezebi,
romlebic
ragvarobasa
da
874
Tavad
interviu
im
adamianebis
subieqtur
gamocdilebebzea
fokusirebuli, vinc mkvlevrisTvis saintereso situaciaSi imyofeboda.

maTi
pasuxebi
saSualebasac
mkvlevars
aZlevs
da
am
dadgenisac. aseve, xels uwyobs
hipoTezebis
validobis
Semowmebis
situaciaze
mosalodneli
reaqciebis
axali hipoTezebis Camoyalibebas.
aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom fokusirebuli intervius ganmasxvavebeli

niSani
mkvlevris
subieqtebi
ukve
mier
im
situaciis
imyofebodnen.
winaswari
mertoni
da
analizia,
kendeli
am
romelSic
proceduris
upiratesobebs damajereblad ayalibeben:

situaciis winaswari codna aSkarad amcirebs mkvlevris winaSe mdgar
amocanas, vinaidan intervius msvlelobisas ar dgas situaciis obieqturi
bunebis
dadgenis
saWiroeba.
winaswari
kontent
analiziT
aRWurvil
mkvlevars swrafad SeuZlia SemTxvevis Sesaxeb obieqturi faqtebisa da

situaciis subieqturi gansazRvrebebis erTmaneTisgan garCeva. amgvarad, is
momzadebulia seleqciuri pasuxebisTvis. rodesac obieqturi situaciis
codniT aRWurvil interviuers SeuZlia simboluri an funqciuri dumilis,
damaxinjebebis,
Tavis
aridebebis
an
blokirebis
amocnoba,
is
ufro
momzadebulia aris yovelive amis mniSvnelobebis gamosakvlevad.

(Merton and Kendel 1946)
imis mosapoveblad, rasac mertoni da kendeli (1946) mniSvnelovan

monacemebs
Sefasebis
uwodeben,
unarebi
kriteriumebi,
interviuerebma
unda
romliTac
mimdinare
ganiviTaron.
produqtuli
da
intervius
amisaTvis
maT
araproduqtuli
uwyveti
daadgines
intervius
erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba SeiZleba. am kriteriumebis mokle CamonaTvali

qvemoT aris warmodgenili:
aradireqtiuloba: interviueri minimalurad unda marTavdes situacias;
konkretuloba: situaciis respodentebiseuli gansazRvrebebi sruli

da konkretuli unda iyos;
diapazoni da dafarvis are: intervium maqsimaluri unda gaxados

respondentis mxridan mogonebebis stimulireba da gacemuli pasuxebi.
875
siRrme
da
pirovnuli
konteqsti:
intervium
unda
gamoavlinos
respodentebis pasuxebis afeqturi da RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobebi,

raTa
hqonda
gansazRvros,
maTTvis,
konteqsti,
mocemul
Tu
gamocdilebas
periferiuli.
idiosinkrezuli
man
asociaciebi,
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
relevanturi
rwmenebi
da
pirovnuli
ideebi
unda
gamoavlinos.
satalefono interviu
ukve didi xania, rac satelefono interviu monacemebis Segrovebis
mniSvnelovan
praqtikaa;
meTodad
Tumca,
satelefono
aRiares
rogorc
interviu
ar
da
arksi
es
gamokiTxvebSi
da
aRiqmeba
naiti
(1999:
interviud,
gavrcelebuli
79)
vinaidan
ganmartaven,
orive
mxare
moklebulia komunikaciis ramdenime arxs da pozitiuri urTierTobis

(magaliTad, araverbaluris) damyarebis SesaZleblobas. qvemoT swored am
sakiTxs ganvixilavT. dikeri da jilberti (Dicker and Gillbert 1988), niasi
(Nias 1991), openheimi (1992), borgi da gali (1996), Sahnesi da misi kolegebi
(Shaughnessy et al. 2003) da Sai (Shuy 2003) satelefono intervius ramdenime
mimzidvel mxareze miuTiTeben:
zogjer is ufro iafi da swrafia, vidre pirispir interviu;
mkvlevrebs
ufro
respodentebis
farTod
arCevis
respodentebTan Sexvedris
gafantuli
saSualebas,
populaciidan
vidre
aZlevs
mogzaurobiTa
da
SemTxvevaSi SeirCeoda;
ar sWirdeba mgzavrobis xarji;
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia mokle gamokiTxvebSi;
ukeTaa daculi respodentebis anonimuroba, vidre pirispir intervius

SemTxvevaSi;
gamosadegia struqturirebul kiTxvarze pasuxebis swrafad misaRebad;
ufro
martivia
interviuebi
monitoringi
centralizebulad
da
xarisxis
tardeba.
interviueri saTanadod Caatarebs intervius;
kontroli,
metia
vinaidan
garantia,
rom
876
Semcirebulia interviueris efeqti;
intervius procedura ufro metad erTgvarovania, xolo kiTxvebi _

ufro standartizebuli;
interviueri ufro metad akontrolebs intervius;
miRebuli Sedegebi raodenobrivia;
ufro
swrafad
respodentebi,
tardeba,
vidre
Cveulebisamebr,
pirispir
sul
bevri,
interviu
imitom,
rom
15-wuTiani
satelefono
SesaZlebelia
ramdenjerme
saubrisTvis arian mzad;
darekvis
xarjebi
imdenad
mcirea,
rom
darekva da amiT sandoobisa da kontaqtis gaumjobeseba;
bevr jgufTan, gansakuTrebiT dakavebul, saqmian adamianebTan maTTvis

mosaxerxebel dros SeiZleba dakavSireba, vidre es maTTan misvlis
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli;
ufro usafrTxoa maTi Catareba, radgan, magaliTad, ar moiTxovs saSiS

adgilebSi, safrTxis Semcvel dasaxlebebSi siaruls;
maTi
gamoyeneba
vinaidan
sensitiuri
uxerxuli,
monacemebis
Seuracxmyofeli
Sesagroveblad
an
rTuli
SeiZleba,
Temebis
Sesaxeb
pirispir dasmuli kiTxvebi safrTxis Semcvelad SeiZleba aRiqmebodes,

rac gamoricxulia am SemTxvevaSi;
ar aris damokidebuli respodentis wera-kiTxvis unarze (rogorc,

magaliTad, kiTxvarebi);
telefoniT dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebis misaRebad naklebi zewola

xorcieldeba
respodentze
da,
Cveulebriv,
interviueri
asrulebs
saubars da ara _ respodenti;
miRebuli pasuxebis wili ufro metia, vidre, magaliTad, kiTxvarebSi.

cxadia, es sakiTxi arc ise martivia, rogorc amtkiceben, vinaidan
arsebobs mTeli rigi problemebisa, romlebic satelefono intervius

ukavSirdeba, magaliTad (aseve, ixileT Tavi 6);
Zalian advilia, rom respodentma ubralod dakidos yurmili;
877
monawileobis motivacia SeiZleba ufro naklebi iyos, vidre pirispir

interviuSi;
SeiZleba hqondes
SerCevis problema, vinaidan an yvelas ar aqvs
telefoni (da es xSirad dabali Semosavlis Sinameurneobebia, albaT,

swored is xalxi, vinc mkvlevris samiznes warmoadgens), an ubralod
ar
esmis
(magaliTad,
xanSiSesuli
adamianebi,
isini,
visTvisac
interviuerebis ena ucxo enaa da visac smenis sirTuleebi aqvs);
naklebi pasuxebi miiReba dasvenebis dReebSi, SabaT-kviras;
satelefono intervius standartizebulma formatma SeiZleba xeli

SeuSalos
an siRrmiseuli pasuxebis mocemas;
zog adamians ar uyvars telefoni, rac zogjer fobiad yalibdeba da

SeuZlebels xdis misgan pasuxebis miRebas an kvlevaSi monawileobas.
respodentebma SeiZleba ar gaamJRavnon informacia, radgan ar iyvnen
(miuxedavad dapirebebisa) konfidencialobaSi darwmunebuli;
respodentebs
drois
SeiZleba
daxarjva,
ar
amitom
surdeT
telefonze
satelefono
interviebi
saubrisTvis
ufro
didi
xanmoklea
xolme, vidre intervius sxva formebi;
yuradRebis koncentracia
interviueri unda iyos fxizlad, fokusirebuli, Zalian yuradRebiT
pirispir interviusgan gansxvavebulia ;
unda mousminos da upasuxos respondents. es Zalian damRlelia;
kiTxvebi daxuruli, fiqsirebuli da martivia;
SezRudulia kiTxvis kompleqsuroba (ar aris rekomendebuli rTuli

qvewyobili winadadebebis gamoyeneba);
savaraudo pasuxebis kategoriebi Zalian martivi unda iyos. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, respoentebs daaviwydebaT, ra Tqves;
bevri respodentis
(openheimis
mixedviT (1992: 97), 25
telefonis nomeri ar iqneba satelefono cnobarSi;
procentamde)
878
respodentebma SeiZleba ar gaamJRavnon mniSvnelovani informacia an

moityuon, radgan araverbaluri qceva, romelic xSirad Tan axlavs
amas, interviueris mxedvelobis miRma rCeba;
xSirad, araverbaluri maniSneblebis gareSe ufro Znelia sruliad

ucxo adamianTan telefoniT urTierToba, vidre _ pirispir;
respodentebi bunebrivad eWvianebi arian (magaliTad, eWvis TvaliT

uyureben, Tu viRac rekavs da maTTvis raRac produqtis miyidvas
cdilobs);
zogi
respodenti
dasmisa
da
grZnobs,
interviueris
rom
mier
satelefono
ganoTqmuli
interviu
kiTxvebis
mosazrebis
uaryofis
nakleb saSualebas aZlevs mas;
respodents
SeiZleba
raimem
yuradReba
gaufantos
(magaliTad,
CarTulma televizorma, bavSvis tirilma, ZaRlis yefam, sxvebis iq

yofnam);
intervius dros rTulia pasuxebis CaniSnvna an Cawera.

miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, saiksi da hoinvili (Sykes and Hoinville 1985)
da, aseve, borgi da gali (1996) miiCneven, rom satelefono interviu

TiTqmis imave proporciiT wvdeba bevr samizne populacias, rogoriTac
standartuli interviu, anu, pasuxebis daaxloebiT imdenive wils iRebs
da
standartuli
intervius
monacemebTan
Sedarebad
(Tanazomier)
informacias iZleva. es xSirad mxolod misi xarjis nawilis fasad xdeba.

pasuxebis miRebis maCvenebelis sakiTxi Semdeg avtorebTanaa ganxiluli:
Weisberg et al. (1996: 122) da
Shuy (2003: 181), romlebic
amboben,
rom
satelefono interviuebs es maCvenebeli ufro dabali aqvT.

harvis (1988), openheimisa (1992) da mileris (1995) azriT: pirveli _
zedmiwevniT unda daigegmos satelefono intervius dro da xangrZlioba
(Cveulebriv, is ufro mokle da swrafia, vidre pirispir interviu);
intervius drois SesaTanxmeblad SeiZleba saWiro iyos respodentTan
winaswar darekva. meore _ interviuers momzadebuli unda hqondes zusti
miniSnebebi da CaZiebebi, Cveulebrivze meti raodenobis daxuruli da
879
naklebad
kompleqsuri
kiTxvebi
im
SemTxvevisTvis,
Tu
respondenti
dadumdeba. mesame _ Tu misi SesaZleblobebi gacnobierebulia, maSin

interviusTvis
momzadeba
respondentsac.
meoTxe
sWirdeba
_
SerCeva
orives
interviuersac
da
gasaazrebeli
da
detaluradaa
mosafiqrebeli, magaliTad, SemTxveviTi ricxvebi iqneba gamoyenebuli Tu

raime formis stratificirebuli SerCeva. Tumca, zogadad, standartul
interviusTan
dakavSirebuli
bevri
sakiTxi
zustad
iseve
exeba
satelefono intervius (aseve, ixileT Tavi 4).

qvemoT aRweril situaciebSi satelefono interviuze bevrad ufro
moxerxebuli SeiZleba pirispir interviu iyos (Weisberg et al. 1996: 122; Shuy
2003: 179 82):
interviuers rTuli sakiTxebis an sensitiuri kiTxvebis damateba surs;
bunebriv konteqstSi ufro meti sizuste SeiZleba miviRoT;
ufro Rrma da TviT-generirebuli pasuxebia saWiro (anu sadac kiTxva

ar awesebs pasuxis CarCoebs);
sakiTxebs
dakonkreteba da miyola, Rrma refleqsia da, Sesabamisad,
meti dro sWirdeba;
rodesac interviuerisa da respodentis ufleba-mosilebebis metad

gaTanabreba surT;
rodesac asakovani, smena-daqveiTebuli adamianebisa
da ucxoelebis
(visTvisac intervius warmoebis ena ar aris mSobliuri) interviuireba

igegmeba.
satelefono
interviuebis
SemTxvevaSi
xSiria
gamoyenebac, rasac Tavisi upiratesobebic aqvs

amiT
mkvlevari
Tavisufldeba
gamonTavisuflebuli
drois
damatebiTi
TvalsazrisiT,
gare
momsaxurebis
da naklic. erTi mxriv,
datvirTvisgan
aramed
ara
imiTac,
marto
rom
15
wuTiani satelefono interviu SeiZleba ufro damRleli iyos, vidre

imave xangrZliobis pirispir interviu, sadac ufro meti socialuri da
araverbaluri
urTierTqmedebaa
SesaZlebeli.
meore
mxriv,
gare
880
momsaxurebiT ganxorcielebul satelefono kvlevaSi uzrunvelyofilia

intervius
procesis,
kiTxvebis
Sinaarsisa
da
pasuxebis
Setanis
standartizacia; aseve, Semowmebulia, rom interviuebi namdvilad Catarda

da pasuxebi ar aris gayalbebuli.
satelefono
intervius
Catarebisas
mniSvnelovania
Semdegi
sakiTxebisTvis yuradRebis miqceva da ganxilva:
eqnebaT Tu ara adamianebs is informacia, romeliT gWirdeba? vis unda

elaparakoT telefonze? Tu
zarze mopasuxe TqvenTvis gamosadegi
respodenti ar aris, maSin vinme sxvas unda daelaparakoT.
saWiroa intervius gegmis pilotireba, interviuerTa momzadeba da

gavarjiSeba, rTuli/sensitiuri/gamaRizianebeli/piradi, sayoymano da
advilad
sapasuxebeli
kiTxvebis
gamovlena;
aseve,
im
kiTxvebis
gansazRvra, romelTac axsna-ganmartebebi dasWirdeba.
ramdenime kiTxvisTvis erTi da igive, martivi savaraudo pasuxebis

kategoriebi SearCieT. ase respodenti iolad daimaxsovrebs maT da
iolad gipasuxebT.
Tu raime saxis piradi informacia gWirdebaT, safrTxis SegrZnebis

Sesamcireblad, Sesabamisi kiTxvebi intervius bolosTvis SemoinaxeT.
SeecadeT, respodents ar dausvaT 35 kiTxvaze meti da araumetes 15

wuTis ganmavlobaSi. sasurvelia, 10 wuTSi CaetioT.
intervius
dawyebamde
respodentTan
gaarkvieT,
aqvs
Tu
ara
dro
pasuxebis gasacemad da TqvenTvis saintereso informacia (anu, arian

Tu
ara
Sesatyvisi
respodentebi).
Tu
isini
ar
arian
saTanado
respodentebi, maSin hkiTxeT, aris Tu ara vinme iqve, vinc akmayofilebs

interviueris moTxovnebs da SeuZlia pasuxebis gacema, an SeecadeT
xelmeored
darekvaze
SeuTanxmdeT
im
droisTvis,
roca
saTanado
adamiani xelmisawvomi iqneba. yvelaze Sesatyvis pirovnebasTan iTxoveT

saubari.
ilaparakeT martivi eniT da TemasTan dakavSirebiT, erideT Jargonsa

da damabnevel frazebs.
881
xmis mixedviT unda SeZloT respodentis sqesis gansazRvra, anu ar

unda gWirdeboT amis kiTxva.
savaraudo pasuxebis martivi kategoriebi gamoiyeneT (magaliTad, 10

qulis gadanawileba, Zalian veTanxmebi_Zalian ar veTanmebi, 1-dan 5mde skala da a. S.).
pirdapiri piraduli kiTxvebis nacvlad (im gamonaklilis garda, roca

darwmunebuli xarT pasuxSi), magaliTad, asakis an Semosavlis Sesaxeb,
hkiTxeT jgufebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, romel asakobriv jgufs (da
CamouTvaleT asakobrivi jgufebi) an ra Semosavlis mqoneTa jgufs (da
CamouTvaleT) miekuTvnebian.
satelefono interviu sasargebloa, magram gamocdileba sWirdeba.
eTikuri sakiTxebi intervius Catarebis procesSi

intervius
eTikuri
ganzomileba
urTierTqmedebas exeba
informacias.
aqvs.
is
pirovnebaTSoris
da adamianebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb iZleva
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
aq
sami
eTikuri
sakiTxis
informirebuli Tanxmobis, konfidencialobisa da intervius Sedegebis_

gamoyofa SeiZleba, mainc saWiroa am Temis
gavrcoba, vinaidan TiToeuli
es sakiTxi namdvilad ar aris uproblemo (Kvale 1996: 111 20). magaliTad,

vin unda mogvces informirebuli Tanxmoba (magaliTad, monawileebma,
maTma ufrosebma), visTvis da risTvis? ramdeni informacia unda miawodon
da vis? rogor ganisazRvreba piradi da sazogadoebisTvis kuTvnili
kanonieri codna? rogor SeiZleba daexmaros an, piriqiT, avnos kvlevam
respodentebs?
Sedis
Tu
ara
interviueris
movaleobebSi
monacemebis gamoyenebis SesaZlo saziano Sedegebi, Tu
kvlevis
ukanonod aiRebs
xelSi intervius marTvis sadaveebs?

Znelia mouqnel da myar eTikur wesebze saubari, vinaidan TavisTavad
cxadia, rom eTikuri sakiTxebi sakamaToa. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia
eTikis
Sesaxeb
zogierTi
intervius dawyebamde unda
kiTxva
wamoiWras,
iyos cnobili:
romelze
pasuxebic
882
respodentisgan miRebulia Tu ara informirebuli Tanxmoba?
es werilobiT gakeTda Tu zepirad?
kvlevamde ra moculobis informacia unda miewodoT respodentebs?
rogor
unda
miawodoT
respodentebs
adekvaturi
informacia,
Tu
interviu kvleviTia?
ganemartaT Tu ara monawileebs kvlevis SesaZlo Sedegebi?
garantirebulia Tu ara, rom kvleva ar avnebs monawileebs (da sxvebs)?
ramdenad gadawonis kvleviT miRebuli potenciuri sargebeli mis mier

miyenebul potenciur zians da ramdenad amarTlebs es kvlevas?
ra sargebels moutans kvleva monawileebs?
vin isargeblebs kvleviT?
iRebs Tu ara respodenti imdens, ramdensac kvlevaSi gascems?
garantirebulia Tu ara konfidencialoba, anonimuroba, amoucnobloba

unda SeiniRbos Tu ara monawileTa vinaoba?
intervius procesSi rogor xdeba monacemebis dacva(Data Protection Act

1984)?
vis miuwvdeba xeli
ra
gakeTda
monacemebze?
imisaTvis,
rom
interviu
saTanadod
da
usafrTxod
Catardes?
rogor gadamowmdeba monacemebi da transkriptebi da vin gaakeTebs

amas?
vin naxavs kvlevis Sedegebs? daifareba
Tu ara kvlevis romelime
nawili? vis ekuTvnis monacemebi? ra momentSi gadadis monacemebze

sakuTrebis
ufleba
respodentidan
interviuerze?
aqvT
Tu
ara
respodentebs vetos dadebis ufleba imaze, rac qveyndeba? vis unda

miuwvdebodes xeli sensitiur monacemebze (magaliTad, unda gaices Tu
ara bavSvze Zaladobis an narkotikebis miRebis Sesaxeb sensitiuri
informacia mSoblis an policiis Tanxmobis gareSe)?
883
ramdenad
unda
dominirebdes
mkvlevaris
sakuTari
gegmebi
da
mosazrebebi? ra moxdeba, Tu mkvlevari respodentisgan gansxvavebul

interpretacias
gaakeTebs? unda gaagebinon Tu ara es respodentebs
maSinac ki, Tu maT interpretacia ar uTxoviaT?

es
CamonaTvali
araviTar
SemTxvevaSi
ar
aris
sruli
da
marto
kvleviTi interviusTvis ar aris gankuTvnili, Tumca, kargad ergeba am

situacias. eTikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi msjeloba am wignis
meore TavSia mocemuli.
intervius
SemTxvevaSi
mosagvarebelia.
interviuers
aCvenos
vinme
axldes,
saidentifikacio
Seiswavlos
yvelaze
magaliTad,
midamo,
icodes,
mosaxerxebeli
interviueris
SeiZleba
daibaros,
baraTi,
sad
usafrTxoebis
mniSvnelovani
midis,
iqonios
sakiTxic
iyos,
waiyvanos
mobiluri
rogor
moeqces
av
ZaRlebs,
transporti.
udavod
samwuxaro
rom
megobari,
telefoni,
gamoiyenos
braldebebia
sazogadoebis mimarT, rom es sakiTxebi mosagvarebelia, magram, es asea.
884
17 angariSebi
Sesavali
am
TavSi
warmodgenili
eTnografiuli
masalis
paradigmidan
didi
iRebs
nawili
saTaves,
interpretaciuli,
romelic
situaciis
monawileebis TvaliT danaxvisken, maTi intenciebis, xSirad kompleqsuri

situaciebis
maTeuli
interpretaciebis,
mniSvnelobebis
maTeuli
sistemebisa da bunebrivad mimdinare urTierTqmedebis dinamikis wvdomas

cdilobs.
es
uaxlovdeba.
siRrmiseuli
sakiTxs
aRweris
ramdenime
nawilad
girciseul
(1973b)
cnebas
ganvixilavT:
pirvel
rigSi,
eTogenuri midgomis maxasiaTeblebs aRvwerT; meore, angariSebis miRebis,

gaanalizebisa da auTentifikaciis procedurebs ganvixilavT; mesame _
Tvisebrivi
angariSis
analizsa
da
raodenobrivi
eTogenuri
gamoyenebasa
diskursis
da
maTTan
analizs
Tvisebrivi
midgomebis
da
gagacnobT;
angariSebis
Zlier
da
dakavSirebul
gamoyenebas
sust
mxareebs
vacnobierebT, rom enis sfero da enis gamoyeneba

ucodinrobis
optimizmiT
(Edwards 1976)
meoTxe
da
qselur
Seexeba
bolos,
mimovixilavT.
Zalian farToa da Tavs
vimarTlebT.
aq
vcdilobT,
mkvlevrebs kvlevisTvis monacemebis SegrovebaSi angariSebis gamoyenebis

zogierTi mniSvnelovani gza
vuCvenoT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli Cvengani Taviseburad vxedavT samyaros,

Cven
sakuTar
gamocdilebaze
saubari
da
sxvebisaTvis
gaziareba
SegviZlia. erTmaneTisaTvis qcevebis axsna SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

moqmedebebis angariSi, romliTac isini sxvebisTvis gasagebi da dasaSvebi
xdeba. amgvarad, fraza Zalian didi bodiSi, mapatieT, ar mindoda, rom
dagjaxebodiT,
socialuri
Sinaarsis
axsnis
martivi
magaliTia,
romelSic am frazis mTqmeli dajaxebas gansazRvruli qcevis miRma

aTavsebs da amiT aneitralebs mas, Tan
rom aSkaraa,
amas meore adamians ise agebinebs,
es misTvis miuRebeli saqcielia; Sedegad, aseT
dajaxeba Seuracxmyof saqcielad
aRar aRqmeba (Harr 1978).
situaciaSi
885
moqmedebebis
axsna
cxovrebis
iseT
did
monakveTebSi,
romelTac
socialuri epizodebi ewodeba, monawileobiTi fsiqologiis centraluri

sazrunavia, romelic fokusirdeba aqtorebis ganzraxvebze, maT rwmenebze,
Tu ra saxis qcevebi miscemen dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas
da
am
qcevebis
Catarebul
wammarTveli
kvlevebs
wesebis
eTogenurs
codnaze.
uwodeben.
am
am
Teoriul
zedsarTav
CarCoSi
saxelSi
moiazreba adamiani _ pirovneba anu damgegmavi, TviTdakvirvebadi agenti,

romelic acnobierebs sakuTar miznebsa da mizanmimarTulad gegmavs misi
miRwevis gzebs. eTogenuri kvlevebi socialuri qcevis Seswavlis kidev
erTi
midgomaa.
maTi
meTodebi
mkveTrad
upirispirdeba
ganaTlebis
sferoSi tradiciulad gamoyenebuli meTodebis umravlesobas, romelzec

pirvel
TavSi
ganxilvamde,
midgomas.
ukve
visaubreT.
aucilebelia
amis
ufro
gakeTebas
warmomadgenlis,
rom
angariSebis
detalurad
eTogenuri
hares
miRebisa
midgomis
da
analizis
gavecnoT
eTogenur
erT-erTi
TvasaCino
(Rom Harr 1974; 1976; 1977a; 1977b; 1978)
naSromebis safuZvelze SevecdebiT.
eTogenuri midgoma
hare (1978) eTogenuri midgomis xuT ZiriTad princips gamoyofs. es
principebi ganxilulia CanarTSi 17. 1.
CanarTi 17. 1.
eTogenuri midgomis principebi
mkafiod imijneba erTmaneTisgan sinqronuli analizi, romelic drois

nebismier momentSi arsebuli socialuri praqtikisa da institutebis
analizs warmoadgens da diaqronuli analizi, romelic im etapebisa da
procesebis
analizia,
axorcieleben
romliTac
cvlilebebs
Seiqmna
socialuri
da
uariyo,
praqtikebi
Seicvala
da
da
institutebi.
analizis verc erTi es tipi ver migviyvans universaluri fsiqologiuri

principebis an kanonebis aRmoCenamde.
socialur urTieTqmedebebSi daSvebulia, rom moqmedeba intersubieqturi

erTeulebisTvis
azris
miniWebis
meSveobiT
xorcieldeba.
maSasadame,
886

eTogenuri
midgoma
azris
koncentrirdeba
sistemaze
anu
erTian
mimdevrobaze, romliTac epizodSi socialuri aqti miiRweva. magaliTad,

ganvixiloT
kocnis
aqti
konkretul
epizodebSi,
rogoricaa
saxlSi
wasvlisas megobarTan damSvidobeba, aRlumi da Sexvedra geTsamaniis

baRSi.
eTogenur
midgomas
moqmedebis
Tanmxlebi
metyveleba
ainteresebs.
metyvelebis mizania moqmedeba gasagebi da misaRebi gaxados mimdinare,

SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis erTian jaWvSi im drosa da adgilze, rodesac
da
sadac
is
xdeba.
esaa
metyveleba,
romliTac
ganxorcielebuli
moqmedebis Sesaxeb xdeba angariSgeba. imdenad, ramdenadac angariSebi

socialuri
Sinaarsis
matarebelia,
angariSis
SesaZlebelia
Sesaxeb
angariSis warmoeba.
eTogenuri
midgoma
rogorsac
maT
eyrdnoba
maTi
rwmenas,
sametyvelo
ena,
rom
adamianebi
tradiciebi,
iseTebi
arian,
nagulisxmevi
da
TvalsaCino codna aswavlis.
maSasadame,
unarebi,
romlebic
eTogenur
kvlevebSi
gamoiyeneba,
socialuri samyaros saRi azris poziciidan xedvas eyrdnoba. amitom

poetisa da mweralis moqmedebebi ukeTesi modelia eTogenuri midgomis
farglebSi momuSave mkvlevrisTvis, vidre is, rac fizikuri mecnierebis
warmomadgenelma SeiZleba SesTavazos mas.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Harr 1978
angariSebisa da epizodebis maxasiaTeblebi

angariSebisa
da
epizodebis
ganxilva,
romelsac
axla
gTavazobT,
eTogenuri midgomis zemoT warmodgenil principebSi mocemuli ideebis

ganviTarebaa.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom angariSi socialuri epizodis konteqstSi unda
iqnas ganxiluli. Tavad epizodi sakmaod zogadi cnebaa da SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri dalagebuli,
fragmenti. vinaidan epizodi cxovrebis bunebrivi nawilia, mas xSirad
aqvs
TvalsaCino
dasawyisi
da
dasasruli
da
misi
Semadgeneli
moqmedebebis mimdevrobas monawilisTvis garkveuli azri aqvs. amgvarad,
887
epizodebi erTmaneTisgan SeiZleba xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebodnen da

cxovrebis uTvalav aspeqts asaxavdnen. 7 wlis asakSi dawyebiT skolaSi
Sesvla
da
11
wlis
asakSi
damTavreba
vrceli
epizodia.
cnobil
politikosTan orwuTiani satelevizio interviu sxva epizodi iqneba.

epizodis Sinaarsi, romelic ainteresebs eTogenuri midgomis farglebSi
momuSave mkvlevars, moicavs ara marto TvalsaCino qcevas, rogoricaa
Jestebi da metyveleba, aramed epizodis monawileTa azrebs, grZnobebsa
da ganzraxvebsac. metyveleba, romelic am azrebis, grZnobebisa da
ganzraxvebis
gamoxatulebaa,
sityvis
yvelaze
farTo
mniSvnelobis
konteqstSi unda gavigoT. amgvarad, angariSebi SeiZleba iyos piradi

Canawerebi
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi
momxdari
movlenebis
Sesaxeb,
mezoblebTan saubrebis Canawerebi, megobrebisTvis miwerili werilebi da

dRiurebi. angariSebis funqcia Cveni warsulis, awmyosa da momavalis
moqmedebebis axsnaa.
Tuki angariSebi auTenturia, imasac niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs mizezi,
Tu ratom ar unda gamoviyenoT isini adamianebis moqmedebebis axsnis
mecnierul instrumentad.
angariSebis mopovebis, analizisa da gadamowmebis

procedurebi: erTi magaliTi
braunisa da saimis (Brown and Sime 1977) mier SemoTavazebuli angariSebis
mogrovebis
meTodi
informantebisadmi
transformaciasa
Sejamebulia
yuradRebas,
da
CanarTSi
angariSebis
mkvlevrebis
17.
2.
Segrovebas,
angariSebs;
aseve,
is
moicavs
angariSebis
TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli elementisaTvis kontrolis procedurebs awesebs.
CanarTi 17. 2.
angariSebis Segroveba
kvlevis strategia
informantebi
kontrolis procedura
888
mkvlevris interesis sferoSi

Semavali epizodebisa da monawile
jgufebis gansazRvra;
egzemplarebis identifikacia;
calkeuli informantebis SerCeva.
epizodisa da monawile jgufebis

arCevis safuZveli;
potenciuri informantebis
CarTulobis xarisxi;
individebTan dakontaqteba
monawileobisTvis motivis,
kompetenturobisa da qcevis
dasadgenad.
samoqmedo adgilis konteqstis

efeqtebi/Sedegebi;
angariSis dokumentirebisas
Sesatyvisoba da sizuste;
angariSebis Segrovebis situacia
samoqmedo adgilis gansazRvra;
angariSis Cawera;
angariSis Sesatyvisobis kontroli;
angariSis gadamowmeba;
angariSebis gegma;
interviuerisa da respodentis
rolebis gansazRvra;
molaparakeba da Sinagani
SeTanxmebuloba;
angariSis Semdgomi gadamowmebis.
mimarTulebis xarisxi;
dasabuTeba.
angariSebis transformacia
samuSao dokumentaciis
uzrunvelyofa;
transkriptis sandooba. kodirebis

sandooba;
monacemebis Semcirebis teqnika.
statistikuri da kontent analizis

Sesatyvisoba.
kvlevis operaciebis, gamokvlevis

sqemisa da Teoriis aRwera.
mkvlevrebis angariSebi
angariSi angariSis Sesaxeb:

Sejameba, mimoxilva, interpretacia.
wyaro: Brown and Sime 1981: 163
angariSebis mopovebis, analizisa da gadamowmebis problemebis kargi

ilustraciaa ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebuli ori kvleva, romelTagan
pirveli ufrosi asakis gogonebisa da vaJebis Rirebulebebs Seexeba,
xolo meore dawyebiT klasebSi kompiuterebTan muSaobisas moswavleebisa
da maswavlebelebis aqtivobebze fokusirdeba.
kitvudma (1977) Seqmna gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi _ esaa angariSebis
Segrovebisa
da
analizis
Tvisebrivi
meTodi,
romelic
Caweril
889
interviuebs
efuZneba.
es
interviuebi,
Tavis
mxriv,
mkvlevris
mier
nakarnaxev 15 situaciazea agebuli. ixileT CanarTi 17. 3.

CanarTi 17. 3.
gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodis gamoyeneba
qvemoT mocemulia 15 sxvadasxva situacia, romelSic adamianTa umravlesoba
erTxel mainc moxvedrila. SeecadeT, gaixsenoT bolo erTi wlis manZilze
Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdari iseTi ambebi (an rac axla xdeba), romelic
qvemoT mocemul romelime situacias ergeba. Semdeg airCieT aTi debuleba,
romelic
TqvenTvis
yvelaze
mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebs,
mTavar
interesebs,
sazrunavsa da Tqveni cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs exeba. Sexvedrisas Tqven

SerCeul
situaciebze
visaubrebT.
manamde
SeecadeT,
SeZlebisdagvarad
zustad gaixsenoT, ra moxda, ra moimoqmedeT Tqven da ra gaakeTes sxvebma,

rogor grZnobdiT Tavs da ras fiqrobdiT. SeecadeT, rac SeiZleba naTlad
da zustad gaixsenoT. Tu gsurT, CaiwereT kidec, rom gaxsovdeT situacia.
1.
rodesac moxda gaugebroba Tqvensa da meore adamians (an adamianebs)

Soris...
2. rodesac marTlac kargad iyaviT adamianebTan...

3.
rodesac mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba unda migeRoT...
4. rodesac raRac axali aRmoaCineT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb...

5. rodesac gabrazebuli, gaRizianebuli an aRSfoTebuli iyaviT...
6. rodesac ise moiqeciT, rogorc amas Tqvengan moelodnen...
7. rodesac Tqvenma cxovrebam mimarTuleba Seicvala...
8. rodesac igrZeniT, rom raRac kargad gaakeTeT...
9. rodesac mxolod sakuTari Tavis amara iyaviT, TiTqmis aravin giWerdaT
mxars...
10. rodesac SegrCaT namoqmedari, veravin gaigo...
11. rodesac seriozuli Secdoma dauSviT...
12. rodesac bolos igrZeniT, rom sworad moiqeciT...
13. rodesac sakuTarma Tavma imedi gagicruaT...
14. rodesac seriozulad SeejaxeT sxva adamians an uTanxmoeba mogividaT
masTan...
15. rodesac seriozulad SexedeT raRacas, rac manamde arafrad migaCndaT...
890
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kitwook 1977
vinaidan gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi ar iyenebs kiTxviT formas,

amitom
miRebuli
masala
naklebad
organizebulia,
vidre
kargad
struqturirebuli interviuTi miRebuli monacemebi. amitom calkeuli

angariSebis warmatebiT gamoyenebisTvis mkvlevarma Zalian kargad unda
icodes
intervius
Sinaarsi
da
savaraudo
interpretaciuli
TandaTanobiT formirebis unda imuSaos. sqemebi

procesSi Seicvleba. mkvlevari maT
sqemebis
kvlevis msvlelobis
daadasturebs an uaryofs. kitvudi
firze Cawerili angariSebis damuSavebis rva meTods gamoyofs. pirveli

oTxi meTodi sakmaod axlos dgas kiTxvarebis damuSavebis meTodebTan,
danarCeni
oTxi
ki,
zemoT
mocemul
eTogenur
principebs
ufro
Seesabameba.
arCevanis mTliani xasiaTi: sxvadasxva debulebebis arCevis sixSire

monawileebis,
rogorc
jgufis,
Sesaxeb
garkveuli
zedapiruli
ganzogadebis saSualebas iZleva. yvelaze bevris momcemi SeiZleba

yvelaze naklebad da metad popularuli debulebebis analizi iyos.
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi: igive, pirvel meTodSi gamoyenebuli,

teqnikiT
SesaZlebelia
monawileebis
garkveuli
maxasiaTeblis
(maxasiaTeblebis), magaliTad, asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis donisa da a.

S. mixedviT xelT arsebul angariSebSi msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis
Seswavla.
debulebebis dajgufeba: zogierTi miznisTvis SeiZleba mosaxerxebeli

iyos msgavsi Temebis kategoriebSi gaerTianeba. magaliTad, CanarTSi 17.
3 debulebebi 1, 5 da 14 ganekuTvneba kategorias konfliqti, xolo
debulebebi 4, 7 da 15 _ pirovnul zrdasa da cvlilebas.
Sinaarsis kategorizacia: calkeuli debulebis mTlian SerCevasTan

mimarTebaSi
ganixilaven
cdiloben, romelSic
efeqturia,
rodesac
da
garkveuli
kategoriebis
gamoyofas
mTeli masala gaerTiandeba. analizi yvelaze

ori
an
meti
mkvlevari
erTad
muSaobs
891
TiToeuli maTgani damoukideblad qmnis kategoriebis sistemas da

Semdeg yvela, arsebuli variantis erToblivad ganxilvis Sedegad,
kategoriebis saboloo sistemaze Tanxmdeba.
Temis kvaldakval miyola: am tipis analizi scdeba debulebebSi

nagulisxmev
sakmaod
konkretuli
Temis
xelovnur
Sesaxeb
sazRvrebs
da
SeZlebisdagvarad
miznad
meti
isaxavs
relevanturi
monacemis mogrovebas, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu intervius masalaSi sad

gvxvdeba
is.
es
sakmaod
rTuli
meTodia,
vinaidan
Sinaarsis
zedmiwevniT codnas moiTxovs da intervius Canaweris nabij-nabij,

ramdenjerme garCevas saWiroebs. am gziT mogrovili monacemebi zemoT,
meoTxe meTodSi mocemuli mimarTulebiT SeiZleba gaanalizdes.
gamotovebebis Seswavla: mkvlevari SeiZleba darwmunebiT moelodes

intervius msvlelobisas konkretuli sakiTxebis wamoWras. zogierTi
maTganis
ar
arseboba
SeiZleba
uaRresad
mniSvnelovani
iyos.
mosalodneli Temis gamotovebis faqtis saTanado Seswavlis Sedegad

SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi gamotovebis marTebulad axsna.
socialuri cxovrebis-samyaros rekonstruqcia: am meTodis gamoyeneba

im
adamianTa
angariSebis
damuSavebisas
SeiZleba,
romelTa
cxovrebasac raRac aerTianebs, magaliTad, megobrebis wre. meTodis

mizania, intervius dros mowodebuli fragmentuli masalis analiziT,
monawileTaTvis saerTo samyaros garkveuli formiT rekonstruqcia.
mkvlevari
realobaSi
orientirebis
ZiriTadi
stilis,
miznisa
da
aRqmulis sazRvrebis garkvevas cdilobs.
hipoTezebis
wamoyeneba
da
Semowmeba:
audioCanawerebis
analizisas
mkvlevars SeiZleba axali hipoTezebi gauCndes da imaze meti gaakeTos,

vidre maSin, Tu am hipoTezebs, ubralod, kvlevis savaraudo Sedegad
wardgenda.
deduqciuri
mas
meTodis
SeZlebisdagvarad
logikurad
Tavisuflad
gamoyeneba.
mkafiod
gamomdinare
SeuZlia
da
monacemebze
igulisxmeba
zustad
daskvnebis
hipoTeturhipoTezebis
formulireba,
damuSaveba
da
maTgan
angariSis
892
monacemebiT maTi gadamowmeba. Tu es monacemebi Zalian fragmentulia,

mkvlevarma SeiZleba moifiqros, ra saxis empiriuli mtkicebulebebia
aucilebeli
hipoTezebis
ufro
srulad
Sesamowmeblad
da
imave
kvlevis farglebSi, amis Semdeg warmoebul interviuebs igi saTanado

monacemebis mosapoveblad gamoiyenebs.
aRsaniSnavia
Segrovebisa
da
kitvudis
(1977)
analizis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
(romelsac
qvemoT
angariSebis
ganvixilavT)
susti
mxareebisgan Tavis aridebis zomebi. upirveles yovlisa, is mkvlevrebis

urTierTgadamowmebas anu jvaredin Semowmebaze saubrobs, rac Tavad
interviuebSi arsebuli sistematuri, magram SeumCneveli, mikerZoebisgan
Tavdacvis saSualebaa. meore, is gvirCevs wevrebis testirebas, anu imas,
rom Cveni hipoTezebi da mougvarebeli hroblemebi Tavad monawileebs an
igive/msgavs situaciaSi myof adamianebs gavacnoT da maTi komentarebi
movisminoT. mxolod ase davarwmunebT adamianebs, rom
rom gvesmis
moqmedebebis maTeuli axsna da safuZveli. vinaidan yovelTvis SeiZleba

monawilis gulisxmierebam da gaweulma samsaxurma Sedegi gamoiRos da
Cveni,
rogorc
mkvlevris,
yvelanairad unda vecadoT
Teoriuli
msjelobebi
daadasturos,
monawilem daijeros, rom
mxolod misi
TvaliT danaxuli WeSmaritebis gageba gvinda da erTnairad gagvexardeba,

mcdari aRmovCnebiT Cven Tu marTali.
maswavleblisa
da
moswavleebisgan
miRebuli
raodenobrivi
da
Tvisebrivi monacemebis gadamowmebisTvis blesma da kohenma (1990) klasze

dakvirvebis ramdenime mkvlevris mier gakeTebuli Canawerebis validaciis
swored zemoT aRniSnuli ori meTodi gamoiyenes. amgvarad, jvaredini
gadamowmebisas, dakvirvebis seansebis dros konkretuli kompiuteruli
aqtivobebis xangrZlivobisa da diapazonis Sesaxeb saboloo angariSebis
misaRebad, erTmaneTs Seadares da gaaanalizes mkvlevrebisa da maTi
asistentebis mier momzadebuli dakvirvebis cxrilebi. rac Seexeba meore
meTods,
monawileTa
komentarebi
mas
Semdeg
miiRes,
rac
intervius
monacemebis interpretaciebi kvlevaSi monawile maswavleblebs gaacnes.
893
analogiurad, garkveul TviTangariSis skalebze moswavleebis qulebi

individualurad ganixiles respodentebTan, raTa dawmunebuliyvnen, rom
bavSvebma esa Tu is qula namdvilad kompiuterTan muSaobis unarebis
mixedviT daiweres.
Tvisebrivi monacemebis qselis analizi

Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisTvis
warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba
kidev
erTi teqnika, romelsac misi Semqmnelebi qselis sistemur analizs

uwodeben (Bliss et al. 1983). iTvaliswineben ra xelovnuri
inteleqtis
sferos miRwevebs, blisi da misi kolegebi mocemul sferoSi individis

codnis
Sinaarsisa
da
struqturis
aRsawerad
mimarTebebis
qselis
cnebas iyeneben.
qselis analizi, ZiriTadad, kategoriebis zedmiwevniT damuSavebuli
sistemis Seqmnas gulisxmobs, rac Tvisebrivi monacemebis klasifikaciiTa
da
sakvlevi
masalis
xorcieldeba.
kompleqsurobisa
aRniSnuli
urTierTdamokidebulebis
da
teqnika
sinatifis
arsebuli
maCvenebeli,
dacviT
kategoriebis
qselismagvari
struqturebis
Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba. qselis moxazva kognituri rukebis Sedgenas

hgavs.1
amis
magaliTis
naxva
blisisa
da
misi
kolegebis
naSromSia
SesaZlebeli (1983).
rogoria kargi qseli?

blisi da misi Tanaavtorebi (1983) miuTiTeben, rom konkretuli qselis
Tvisebebis
kriteriumebis
erTaderTi
amomwuravi
daxasiaTeba
ver
iarsebebs. Tumca, isini cdiloben qselisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime

iseTi faqtoris gamoyofas, romlis wyalobiTac standartebis nebismieri
ganxilvisas qsels sakmaod adekvaturad
miiCneven.
pirveli_aRweris nebismieri sistema validuri da sando unda iyos:

validuri im mxriv, rom is garveuli saxiT Seesatyviseba realobas da am
farglebSi sakmarisad dasrulebuli da qmediTia, xolo sando im mxriv,
rom
adamianebi
raRac
misaReb
doneze
mainc
gamoiyenon qselis sistema monacemebis aRsawerad.
Tanxmdebian,
rogor
894
meore_qselis
sizuste,
aRweras
dasrulebuloba
unda
hqondes
da
iseTi
Tvisebebi,
TviTSeTanxmebuloba,
rogoricaa
rac
Semdeg
kriteriums _ qselis vargisianobas _ ukavSirdeba. mesame maxasiaTebels,

romelic qsels unda hqondes, swavlis unarianobas uwodeben. analizis
terminebis sxvebisTvis, magaliTad, avtorebisTvis gadacemas centraluri
mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
Sesabamisad
logikuria,
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad
rom
bevri
ram
aris
advili an Znelia sxvebisTvis misi
swavleba. kargi qselis meoTxe aspeqtia misi Semowmebadoba. blisi da

misi
kolegebi
(1983)
Semowmebadobis
or
formas
gamoyofen:
pirveli
qselis, rogorc Teoriis, monacemebiT Semowmebas exeba, meore _ qselSi

monacemebis TeoriiT, anu molodiniT Semowmebas.
dabolos,
terminebi
eqspresiuloba
da
damajerebloba
qselis
struqturis Seqmnisas gamoyenebuli sametyvelo enis Tvisebebs exeba.

amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
avtorebi
aseT
rCevas
gvaZleven:
kodireba,
romelic iseTive sasargebloa, rogorc eqspresiuli kodirebis stili,

gulmodgined gamoyofili abzacebi an teqstSi gamoyenebuli frCxilebi,
realurad imaze mets arafers gviCvenebs, rasac qseli
gamoyofs da
aRwers (Vliss et al. 1983, kursori Cvenia).

amrigad, rogorc Cans, qselis analizs ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi
sasargeblo rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. igi
Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis
damaxasiaTebel uamrav kompleqsur angariSebTan gamklavebis teqnikas

gvTavazobs.
diskursis analizi
diskursis mkvlevrebi Cveulebriv saubarsa da yofiT axsnebs da maTSi
asaxul
socialur
SegrovebiT,
maTi
mkvlevrisTvis
qmedebebs
Seiswavlian.
transkriptebis
saintereso
diskursis
gakeTebiTa
fenomenis
garkveuli
da
monacemebis
gaanalizebiT
saxis
bunebrivi
fsiqologiuri istoria iqmneba (Edwards and Potter 1993). diskursi SeiZleba

ganxilul
iqnas,
rogorc
lingvisturi
masalis
nakrebi,
romelsac
Tanmimdevruli struqtura da Sinaarsi aqvs da adamianebs socialur
895
konteqstebSi azris/mniSvnelobis Camoyalibebis saSualebas aZlevs. azris

Camoyalibebaze
xazgasma
miuTiTebs,
rom
diskursis
analizis
xedva
moqmedebazea orientirebuli (Coyle 1995: 245).

garda amisa, diskursze da metyvelebis aqtze fokusi am stilis
kvlevas
wignis
habermasiseul
dasawyisSi
kritikul
visaubreT.
TeoriasTan
habermasi
akavSirebs,
amtkicebs,
arasodes aris ubralod konteqstidan amovardnili
rom
romelzec
gamonaTqvami
winadadeba (Habermas
1970: 368), misi azri im intersubieqturi konteqstidan gamomdinareobs,

romelSic is gamoiTqmeba. metyvelebis situacias ormagi struqtura aqvs:
propoziciuli, anu informaciuli Sinaarsi (lokuciuri aspeqti _ ra
iTqva) da
moqmedebiTi Sinaarsi (ilokuciuri da perlokuciuri aspeqtebi
_ ra gakeTda, anu ra miiRwa gamonaTqvamiT). habermasisTvis (1979; 1984)

yoveli
gamonaTqvami
kanonierebis,
WeSmaritebis,
marTebulobisa
da
gulwrfelobisa kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes, unda iyos gasagebi.

idealuri metyvelebis garemos miseuli cnebis mixedviT, metyveleba,
Cvens
SemTxvevaSi,
diskursi,
SesaZleblobebis
gafarToebisken
unda
iswrafvodes da ar unda iyos gandevnis an ideologiuri damaxinjebis

sagani. habermasis idealuri metyvelebis situacias ramdenime principi
marTavs,
romelSic
Sedis
monawileebis
urTierTgageba,
diskursSi
Sesvlis Tavisufleba, metyvelebis aqtebis gamoyenebis Tanabari ufleba,

romelime
mxaris
dominirebis
gareSe
mimdinare
saubari,
mxolod
diskusiiT miRweuli konsensusi da mxolod argumentebis Zala (da ara _

saubarSi CarTulTa Zalauflebrivi poziciebi). amrigad, habermasisTvis
diskursis
analizis
meSveobiT
im
mizania
faruli,
ideologiis
represiuli
kritikis
Zalebis
(ixileT
gamovlena,
Tavi
1)
romlebic
sistematurad amaxinjeben komunikacias. habermasisgan SegviZlia aviRoT

dominanturi gavlenebis gamoaSkaravebisa da kiTxvebis dasmis saWiroeba
ara marto diskursebiT, romelsac mkvlevrebi swavloben, aramed im
diskursebiTac, romelsac Tavad qmnian mkvlevrebi.
896
sxvadasxvagvarma
ganviTarebam
diskursis
analizSi
mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana bavSvebis azrovnebis procesis gagebaSi imiT, rom eWvqveS

daayena
mosazreba
(da
saganmanaTleblo
wreebSi),
romelic
axali
yoveli
modelebs
es
mosazreba
rom
bavSvi
etapis
dResac
gavcelebulia
gancalkevebuli
dauflebis
Semdeg,
organizmia,
samyaros
zogadi
TanamimdevrobiT agebs (Edwards 1991). nacvlad imisa, rom
bavSvebis ena maTi Sinagani kognituri samyaros asaxvad miiCnios da

cvladebis mTeli nakrebis gakontrolebiT eqsperimentulad Seiswavlos,
diskursis
analizi
am
enas
moqmedebad,
gamovlenil
diskursiul
praqtikad miiCnevs.
edvardss
(1993)
magaliTad
sanaxavad misuli xuTi
mohyavs saTburis
movlili mcenareebis
wlis bavSvebisa da maTi maswavleblis mier
mowodebuli diskursis monacemebi. misi analizi aCvenebs, Tu rogor

wvdebian bavSvebi mozrdilis mosmenili sityvebis mniSvnelobebs da im
situaciebs,
romlebSic
gamoiyeneba
es
sityvebi.
mozrdilebi
(am
SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli), Tavis mxriv, moswavleebis nalaparakevidan

igeben ara marto imas, risi Tqmac surdaT bavSvebs, aramed imasac, Tu ra
SeeZloT an unda egulisxmaT. CanarTSi 17. 4 warmodgenilia is, rasac
edvardsi ideebis diskursiul
SerCevas (Edwards 1991) uwodebs.
CanarTi 17. 4
bavSvebis salaparako cnebebi
81 sali
moWril ylortebs mcenareebTan gazrda SeuZliaT.
82 maswavlebeli
moWril
ylortebs
SeuZliaT
gazrda_,
[iwers]
mcenareebze mcenareebTan-is nacvlad SegiZlia Tqva
mcenareebad gazrda SeuZliaT.
83
84 sali
85 maswavlebeli
= Tqven krisi dawereT.
87
ui..
madloba!
Tavidan
davwer.
moWril
ylortebs
mcenareebad gazrda SeuZliaT. esec kargia. ra aris
moWra, qristina?
88 qristina
moWra... hm... ar vici.
89 maswavlebeli
salis garda, vin icis ra aris moWra? sem!
86
es aris, roca raRacas moWri_, roca moWri mcenaris
897

nawils.
90 semi
zustad, da roca mcenaris nawils moWri, ras izam, rom is

gaizardos? Tu datoveb
91
92 maswavlebeli
mas _
93
miwaSi Cadeb.
94
95 X
kargi, zogjer SegiZlia, rom is miwaSi Cado.

da dargo
magram ra _, moica, kidev sad SegiZlia Cado is?
96 maswavlebeli
97 Y
98 maswavlebeli
Cado qoTanSi?
99 semi
qoTanSi, miwiT, an. . .? kidev aris sxva gza.
100 maswavlebeli
me vici eg sxva gza. =
101 sali
= moica. sem, Sen ici? ara? =
102 maswavlebeli
talaxSi.
103 semi
ara, talaxTan mas araferi aqvs saerTo _. is ar aris

myari. is siTxea. ra siTxe -,
104 maswavlebeli
wyali.
105
sworia [. . .].
106 merediti
107 maswavlebeli
wyaro: Eswards 1993
diskursis analizi teqsturi masalis guldasmiT, yuradRebiT kiTxvas

da lingvistur mtkicebulebaze dafuZnebul interpretacias saWiroebs.
diskursis
da
diskursis
aspeqtebi
mkvlevrisgan
analizis
daskvniTi
sametyvelo
enis
da
urTierTqmedebiTi
niuansebisadmi
uaRres
mgrZnobelobas moiTxovs (Coyle 1995: 247). diskursis analizSi, rogorc

zogadad,
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizSi
(Miles and Huberman 1984),
mkvlevars analizis adreul etapze kodirebis gamoyeneba, anu, Sesaswavli

teqsturi masalisTvis kodebis miniWeba SeuZlia (Parler 1992; Potter and
Wethrall 1987).
es
mas
diskursis
paternebisa
da
farTo
sferoebis
gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs. amis Semdeg mkvlevars SeuZlia xelaxla

gadaaTvalieros teqsti diskursis
miznebis, funqciebisa da Sedegebis
898
gamosavlenad
(diskursis
metyvelebis
aqtis
funqciebis
Seswavla,
magaliTad, informaciis miwodeba, darwmuneba, dadanaSauleba, akrZalva,

waxaliseba da a. S.). diskursSi alternatiuli axsnebisa da cvalebadobis
xarisxis
ZiebiT
gamoricxva
da
SesaZlebelia
imis
zustad
alternatiuli
ise
gageba,
rogorc
interpretaciebis
realurad
moxda
diskursis socialur konteqstSi.

diskursis analizis klasSi swavlis procesis gasagebad gamoyenebis
kargi magaliTia edvardsisa da merkeris (1987) kvleva. imis nacvlad, rom
klasSi
nalaparakebi
bavSvebis
azrovnebis
procesis
mtkicebulebad
mieCniaT, mkvlevreba is ikvlies, rogorc

konteqstis
mqone
dialogi
maswavlebelTan.
Tavad
diskursi
saganmanaTleblo realobaa da sakvlevia, Tu rogor qmnian maswavlebeli da

bavSvebi erTobliv angariSs, saswavlo programaSi
misaRebi codnis da
klasSi mimdinare procesis erToblivi interpretaciis CarCos.

(Edwards 1991)
edvardsi (1991) askvnis, rom maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris

arsebuli
rogorc
urTierTqmedebis
diskursiul
kognituri
(Zalauflebis
paternebsa
da
(codnis
TvalsazrisiT),
TvalsazrisiT)
funqciebs
asimetria
ganapirobebs.
ise
sxvadasxva
faqtobrivad,
edvardss (1980) miaCnia, rom maswavlebeli klasSi mimdinare saubars

Zalian
efeqturad
akontrolebs
imiT,
rom
avlens
Zalauflebis
asimetrias da eubneba moswavleebs, rodis ilaparakon, raze ilaparakon

da ramdenad kargad ilaparakes.
diskursis analizs usistemobis (Coyle 1995: 256), socialuri realobis
lingvistur konstruqciaze xazgasmis da analizis procesSi yuradRebis
gasaanalizebeli masalidan Tavad analizze gadatanis, anu, fenomenis
TviTmyofadobis dakargvis riskis gamo akritikeben. diskursis analizi
diskursis materializaciis riskis winaSe dgas. ar unda dagvaviwydes is
faqti, rom diskursis analizi Tavad aris teqsti da, Tavis mxriv, misi
899
mniSvnelobisa da daskvnebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gaanalizdes, rac

refleqsiurobis maRal xarisxs iTxovs (Ashmore 1989).2
edvardsi da vestgeiti (1987) aRiareben, rom bolo periodSi arsebiTi
nabijebi
gadaidga
saklaso
dialogebis
kvlevisadmi
midgomebis
ganviTarebaSi. zogi meTodi monawileebs saubarze iwvevs, zogi ki elis,

rom maT Tavad daiwyon laparaki. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu rogor iwyeba saubari, mis Casawerad daxvewili audio/video
teqnika gamoiyeneba. Semdeg xdeba Cawerili dialogis mosmena, garCeva da
gaazreba. amasTan, am mosmenas, garCevasa da gaazrebas, rogorc wesi,
mkvlevrebi akeTeben. swored mkvlevrebi arian isini, vinc, Cveulebriv,
diskusiaSi
monawileTa
mizanmimarTulobis
interpretaciis
meSveobiT
klasSi mimdinare saubris striqonebs Soris da Cavardnebs Soris

kiTxuloben (ONeill and McMahon 1990).
socialuri epizodebis analizi

socialuri qcevis bunebrivi erTeulis _ socialuri epizodis _
kvlevis ZiriTadi problema Tavad am cnebis Tanmxlebi bundovaneba da
adekvaturi taqsonomiis ararsebobaa, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda
empiriulad daTvladi maxasiaTebleblebis mixedviT urTierTqmedebaTa
rigis
klasifikacia.
am
sferoSi
ramdenime
raodenobrivi
kvleva
ganxorcielda, magaliTad, makquiti (McQuitty 1957), magnusoni (Magnusson

1971) da ekehameri da magnusoni (Ekehammer and Magnusson 1973), faqtorul
analizsa da kavSirebis analizs iyeneben, xolo piversi da seqordi
(Peevers and Secord 1973), seqordi da piversi (Secors and Peevers 1974) da
forgasi
(Forgas)
mravalganzomilebian
skalirebasa
da
klasterul
analizs.
angariSebis Segroveba ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi: magaliTi

Tavisufali komentarebis meTodi, romelsac seqordi da pirvesi
(1974) gvTavazoben adamianebis qcevis axsnis kvlevisTvis, eTnografis erTerTi
ZiriTadi
iaraRia.
eTnografiuli
kvlevis
qvemoT
mocemul
900
magaliTSi
zedapiruli
dafaruli
paternebis
monacemis
Ziebis
miRma
mcdeloba
gasvlisa
da
SegiZliaT
ufro
Rrma,
dainaxoT.
isini,
mxolod maSin vlindebian, roca yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu rogor axdenen

jgufis wevrebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebis interpretacias.
hiTi: kiTxvebi saxlsa da skolaSi

hiTis
(Heath 1982)
kvlevam,
romelic
aSS-is
samxreTiT
Savkanian
bavSvebsa da maT TeTkanian maswavleblebs Soris arsebul gaugebrobas

Seexeboda, gamoaaSkarava maswavleblebis daSvebebi, rom am moswavleebs
iseTive
reaqciebi
eqnebodaT
sametyvelo
enis
Cveul,
rutinul
moxmarebasa da codnisa da unarebis formirebisTvis enis gamoyenebaze,

rogorc sxva bavSvebs (TavianTi sakuTari Svilebis CaTvliT). kerZod,
hiTs surda, gaego, Tu ratom ar reagirebdnen es konkretuli bavSvebi
sxvebis
msgavsad.
misi
maswavleblebisgan,
kvleva
orive,
axna-ganmartebis
bavSvebis
miRebas
mSoblebisa
moicavda.
Cven
ise
da
ar
velaparakebiT Cvens bavSvebs, rogorc Tqven, _ Tqves mSoblebma, rodesac

bavSvebis qcevis Sesaxeb hkiTxes. rogorc hiTma SeamCnia, am bavSvebs
mozrdilebi
Sesatyvis
ar
aRiqvamdnen
partniorebad.
gamoiricxebodnen
monawileobdnen
informaciis
es
ar
sametyvelo
metyvelebis
gamcemebad
niSnavs,
rom
aqtivobidan.
procesSi,
an
saubrisTvis
bavSvebi
isini,
romelsac
hiTi
saerTod
faqtobrivad
stilisturs,
saubraSi CarTulTa da Temebis TvalsazrisiT mdidars uwodebs; Tumca,

mkvlevarma
aRmoaCina,
rom
kiTxvebis
dasmis
maswavleblebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stili iyo sagnebis Tvisebebis konteqstidan, kerZod,

wignebis
konteqstidan
amogleja
da
maTTvis
dedoflebis,
elfebis,
policiis, wiTeli vaSlebis da a. S. darqmeva (Heath 1982). mSoblebi ar

usvamdnen
Tavian
Svilebs
aseT
kiTxvebs
da
bavSvebs
maTgan
Tavis
daZvrenis sakuTari meTodebi hqondaT SemuSavebuli, rac kargad aris

ilustrirebuli CanarTSi 17. 5.
CanarTi 17. 5.
901

sakuTar Tavze saubari Znelia
es komentari 9 wlis biWma Tavisi maswavleblis mimarT gaakeTa, rodesac igi
misgan axlaxan wakiTxuli moTxrobis Sesaxeb dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemas moiTxovda.
maswavlebeli: razea moTxroba?
bavSvebi: (siCume)
maswavlebeli: hm... modiT... visze gviyvebian moTxrobaSi?
bavSvebi: (siCume)
maswavlebeli: vinaa mTavari gmiri? . . . rogori moTxrobaa es?
bavSvi: veravin ilaparakebs imeebze, rac TavianTi Tavis Sesaxebaa.
bavSvi ambobda: ar arsebobs, aravis SeuZlia iseT rameebze laparaki (da
kiTxvebis dasma), rac TavianTi Tavis Sesaxebaa.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Heath 1982
hiTma
(1982)
mSoblebisgan
da
maswavleblebisgan
moipova
bavSvebis
qcevisa da komunikaciis aSkara problemebis angariSebi (ixileT CanarTi

17. 6). angariSebis miseuli angariSi klasSi gakveTilebze da zogierTi
maswavleblis saxlSi dakvirvebidan da monawileobidan momdinareobs.
kerZod, is fokusirdeboda imaze, Tu rogor euflebodnen bavSvebi enas
TavianTi
moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad,
kiTxvebis
dasasmelad,
informaciis gadasacemad da maT irgvliv myofTa dasarwmuneblad, rom

maT efeqturad SeuZliaT komunikacia (Heath 1982). aman mastraqtonebis,
samxreTuli Temis, sadac aRwerili kvleva mimdinareobda, cxovrebis
wesis ufro farTo da intensiuri kvlevisken ubiZga. igi ambobs, rom mas
saSualeba
moepovebina
hqonda,
mravalferovani
monacemebi,
situaciebidan
xangrZlivad
da
da
konteqstebidan
sxvadasxva
konteqstSi
dakvirveboda bavSvebs, Caewera gamoyenebuli sametyvelo ena, am enis

gamoyenebis
socialuri
unarebi.3
CanarTi 17. 6.
konteqstebi
da
monawileTa
komunikaciuri
902

mSoblebi da maswavleblebi: bavSvebis komunikaciuri kompetenturobis
Sesaxeb gansxavebuli mosazrebebi
mSoblebi
maswavleblebi ar mousmenen. Cemi Svili Zalian SeSinebulia imisaTvis, rom
ilaparakos. imitom, rom aravin moqmedebs misTvis nacnobi wesebiT. saxlSi ver
vaCumeb, imdens laparakobs.
q-ni devisi Civis, rom nedi ar pasuxobs mis kiTxvebs. nedi ambobs, rom is
sulelur kiTxvebs usvams, romlebze pasuxebic Tavadve icis.
maswavleblebi
aSkaraa, rom maT yvelaze martiv kiTxvebzec ki ar SeuZliaT pasuxis gacema.
isic ki
TiTqos arc
momCerebian.
vatyob, rom
vifiqre, rom zog maTgans smenis problema hqonda. ise iqcevian,

ki esmiT Cemi dasmuli SekiTxvebi, pasuxad gamorecxili TvalebiT
Tumca, roca raRacas vambob an maTTvis saintereso ambavs vyvebi,
esmiT Cemi.
klasSi isini umartives kiTxvebsac ki ver pasuxoben, magram ezoSi, saTamaSo

moedanze uproblemod SeuZliaT burTiT TamaSis wesebis axsna an konkretuli
saxis xumrobis aRwera. Sesabamisad, vici, rom SeuZlebeliaT iyvnen utyvebi,
rogorc gakveTilze.
xandaxan, roca vuyureb maT da kiTxvas vusvam, mgonia, kedels velaparakebi,
romelsac verafers Sevagnebineb. raRacaSia aq saqme. ramdeni kiTxvac ar unda
davsva, arasodes var darwmunebuli, rom kedlis miRma gavaRwie da gavarkvie, iq
ra aris.
wyaro: adaptirebuli Heath 1982
angariSebis mogrovebasTan da analizTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi
dResdReobiT
socialur
mecnierebaSi,
zogadad,
aRiarebulia
adamianebisTvis im movlenebisa da moqmedebebis azris mniSvnelovneba,

romelSic isini CarTulni arian. Tumca, eTogenuri poziciis, aqtiuri
kvlevis
teqnikebis
TvalsazrisiT,
praqtikuli
gamoyeneba
jer
isev
problemuria. menzeli (1978) eTogenuri midgomis mTel rig bundovan

momentebsa da naklovan mxareebs ganixilavs da msjelobis amosaval
wertilad im faqts iRebs, rom erTsa da imave qcevas mravalgvari
903
mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes. misi azriT (1978), qcevaTa did nawils

SeiZleba mieweros mniSvneloba da, amasTan, erTdroulad erTze meti
mniSvneloba
SeiZleba
aramarTebulia
moTxovna.
rodesac
iyos
aqtis
verc
erTi
imas
mkvlevarma
validuri.
konkretuli
vityviT,
misi
rom
erTi
maSasadame,
amtkicebs
mniSvnelobis
aqtis
gansazRvris
interpretacia
mniSvneloba
gansazRvra
igi,
dasrulda,
an
is
erTi
mniSvneloba daadgina, romliTac dakmayofilda da WeSmaritad miiCnia.

meore problema, romelzec menzeli (1978) saubrobs, aqtorebiseul
mniSvnelobebs, rogorc mikerZoebis wyaroebs, Seexeba. is kiTxulobs:
ramdenad
centraluri
adgili
unda
daikavon
aqtorebiseulma
mniSvnelobebma movlenebis axsnebis formulirebaSi? yovelTvis mxolod

am msjelobebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes Tu ara mkvlevari? amis gakeTeba
potenciur axsnaTa mTeli diapazonis ignorirebis tolfasi iqneboda,
romelTa
ganxilvidan
gamoTiSva
sul
ramdenime
mkvlevars
Tu
endomeboda.
es Sors mimavali Sedegebis mqone, rTuli da Znelad mogvarebadi
sakiTxebia. ra
rodesac
gamosavals
gvainteresebs,
gvTavazobs
ras
niSnavs
menzeli (1978)? pirvel

aqtebi
da
rigSi,
situaciebi,
unda
davakonkretoT _ visTvis. meore _ mkvlevrebma unda gaakeTon arCevani

da pasuxismgebloba aiRon aqtebisTvis miniWebul mniSvnelobebze. garda
amisa, problemis formulirebaSi aqtebis Cveneuli, rogorc mkvlevrebis,
mniSvnelobac unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. mesame _ axsnebi aqtebis
Tavad aqtoriseul mniSvnelobebs unda iTvaliswinebdes, magram ar aris
aucilebeli, rom am mniSvnelobebis irgvliv koncentrirdebodes.
menzeli
(1978)
damkvirveblis
acxadebs,
mier
rom
wamorgenili
socialuri
angariSi
epizodis
im
Sesaxeb
axsnebTan
gare
erTadaa
sasargeblo, romelic Tavad monawilebma SeiZleba miscen am movlenas.

msgavsi argumenti moiazreba saklaso garemos obieqturi, sistematuri
dakvirvebis
makintirisa
da
makleodiseul
dasabuTebaSi
Macleod 1978). es SemTxveva warmodgenilia CanarTSi 17. 7.
(McIntyre and
904
CanarTi 17. 7
saklaso garemoSi obieqturi sistematuri dakvirvebis dasabuTeba
rodesac smiTi Sexedavs jons da ityvis: jon, ratom gaixsna nivTiereba
siTxeSi?
(savaraudod,
xmis
garkveuli
intonaciiT)
da
Semdeg
mdumared
Sexedavs jons (albaT, saxis garkveuli gamometyvelebiT), damkvirvebels am

movlenis kategorizeba erTmniSvnelovnad SeuZlia:
smiTi kiTxvas usvams jons
da moiTxovs siTxeSi momxdari difuziis axsnas. smiTma igive movlena SeiZleba

aRweros, rogorc jonisTvis codnis gamovlenis saSualebis micema, xolo
jonisTvis igive movlena SeiZleba iyos smiTi cdilobs gamaRizianos. magram
nebismier maTgans rom uareyo damkvirveblis aRweris validoba, isini ubralod
ar iqnebodnen marTali, vinaidan damkvirvebeli imas aRwers (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
nawilobriv mainc), rasac momxdari qceva aRniSnavs. aq araferia naTqvami klasSi
komunikaciis
efeqturobis
Sesaxeb
daSvebebze,
magram
uSveben,
rom
komunikacia damokidebulia tradiciuli mniSvnelobebis sistemaze, romelic

ufro
farTo
kulturaSia
xelmisawvdomi.
ufro
fundamenturad,
es
interpretacia gulisxmobs, rom sistematuri damkvirvebeli klasSi mimdinare

movlenebis obieqtur realobazea koncentirebuli (anu, Tu gvirCevnia, saerTo
intersubieqtur realobaze). es ar niSnavs, rom monawileebisTvis umniSvneloa
movlenebis
subieqturi
mniSvnelobebi;
aramed
mxolod
imas,
rom
isini
miuRebelia damkvirveblisTvis da ar arsebobs saklaso aqtivobis obieqturi
realoba, romelic ar aris damokidebuli am mniSvnelobebze [xazgasma Cvenia].

wyaro: McIntyre and Macleod 1978
eTogenuri midgomis Zlieri mxareebi

ganaTlebis
upiratesoba
miRebul
sferos
eTnografiuli
midgomis
socialuri epizodebis angariSebis analizis meSveobiT
gamorCeul
miRebuli sargebeli
ganaTlebis
mkvlevrisTvis
sferoSi
mignebebaSi
gamoixateba.
angariSebis
SeswavliT
naTlad gamoCndeba, Tu eTnografiul kvlevas

gamoyenebul
iseT
ufro
tradiciul
teqnikas
SevadarebT, rogoric, magaliTad, gamokiTxvaa (ganvixileT mecxre TavSi).

sworad amtkiceben eTnografiulad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi, rom
gamokiTxvis iseTi teqnikebi, rogoricaa kiTxvari, TavisTavad swored
905
iseT
raRaceebs
problemurad
moiazreben,
unda
miviCnioT.
rac
ganaTlebis
Zalian
xSirad,
sferos
kvlevaSi
fenomenebi,
romlebic
yuradRebis centrSi unda iyvnen, TavisTavad mocemulebad aRiqmebian anu

maT kvlevis sawyis wertilad miiCneven da ara _ mkvlevaris interesis
centrad da arafers akeTeben imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor warmoiqmnen
fenomenebi
an
rogor
moipoves
pirvelxarisxovani
magaliTad,
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
Sesrulebul
dadgenilia
skolaSi
disciplinaruli
mniSvneloba.
uamrav
darRvevis
kvlevaSi
SemTxvevebi
da
xangrZlioba; Tumca, misi sixSirisa da tipisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT

mogvianebiT
daiwyes
gakveTilis
arevis
mizezis
intensiuri
kvleva.
gamokiTxvisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic kros-seqciuri teqnikaa da drois

erT momentSi agrovebs mTel monacemebs, eTnografiuli kvleva mimdinare,
uwyvet dakvirvebas iyenebs, romelic procesze fokusirdeba da ara _
produqtze.
amgvarad,
eTnografi
mkvlevaris
yuradReba
skolaSi
mimdinare deviaciurma procesma unda miipyros da ara _ n tipis skolebSi

k tipis unarebis mqone bavSvebis cudad moqcevis sixSirem da tipma.
naambobis Sesaxeb
ganaTlebis
kvlevaSi
SedarebiT
uyuradRebod
mitovebuli
mimarTulebaa naambobis sfero da ambebis Txroba. baumanis (1986: 3) azriT,

naambobi
romlebic
im mniSvnelobebze, formebisa da funqciebze zepirmetyvelebaa,

situaciurad
damkvidrebulia
moqmedebisTvis
mniSvnelobis
mimcem kulturul konteqstSi, scenebsa da movlenebSi. es gvaxsenebs

bruners (1986), romelic ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis interpretaciul
midgomas
exmianeba; is
miiCnevs
mis
monaTxrobiT
naambobs
moqmedebebis
did
nawils
naambob teqstad
moqmedi pirebTan erTad, romlebic
situaciebs azrs
aZleven. ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis meTodebs Soris
kanonieri adgili uWiravs (Parsons and Lyons 1979). jounsi (1990),
qrou (1992), daningi (1993) da Todi (1997) maT intervius uTanabreben,

rogorc kvlevisTvis mtkicebulebis wyaros. Todi (1997: 331) miiCnevs, rom
naambobebi, rogorc intervius gafarToveba, biografiebis msgavsad, Zalze
906
auTenturi da cocxali monacemebia. igi amtkicebs, rom es praqtikosTa

azrovnebamde miRwevis unikaluri meTodia da mas analogi ar moeZebneba.
Todi (1997: 333 4) aRwers naambobTa
rogorc monacemebis wyaros
Sesaxeb araCveulebriv angariSs,
ganaTlebis menejmentis kvlevisTvis da
umcrosi asakis bavSvebisgan monacemebis mogrovebisTvis.

Todi
(1997:
gaanalizeba,
331)
gviCvenebs,
magaliTad,
iseTi
Tu
rogoraa
SesaZlebeli
tradiciuli
teqnikebis
naambobis
gamoyenebiT,
rogoricaa Sinaarsis kategorizireba da kodireba, Temebad dayofa da

cnebebis formulireba. am TvalsazrisiT, naambobi
dokumenturi
mtkicebulebebis
(magaliTad,
biografiis) gverdiT ikavebs adgils. naambobTa
pirveladi da meoradi
SeTxvevis
Seswavlis,
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
post-faqtum kvlevebSi, istoriul kvlevaSi, angariSebsa an moqmedebis

kvlevaSi. erTi sityviT, isini mkvlevarisTvis xelmisawvdomi kvlevis
yoveldRiuri
instrumentebis,
nawilia.
zepiri
istoriebis,
rogorc
kvlevis legitimuri teqnikis, socialur kvlevaSi gamoyenebis aRmasvla

ganaTlebis sferoSi Cans kvlevas Seexeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom zepiri
istoriebi gadasamowmeblad SeiZleba problemuri iyos
(gadamowmeba
mxolod
gadmocemul
im
movlenebs
SemTxvevebSia
sxva
dadasturebas),
monaTxrobi
adamianebic
mTxrobelis
ambebi
SesaZlebeli,
ewrebodnen,
mZlavri
mkvlevars
Tu
TxrobaSi
romlebic
subieqturi
auTenturi,
SeZleben
CarTulobis
mdidari
monacemebis Segrovebis saSualebas aZlevs (Bauman 1986).
da
gamo,
sapatio
907
18 dakvirveba
Sesavali
dakvirvebis, rogorc kvlevis procesis, gamorCeuli niSani bunebrivad
Seqmnil
socialur
situaciebSi
cocxali
monacemebis
Segrovebis
SesaZleblobaa. ase mkvlevars SeuZlia, uSualod adevnos Tvali adgilze

mimdinare
movlenas
da
ar
daeyrdnos
meorad
(sxvisgan
mowodebul)
angariSebs. myisieri gacnobierebis an uSualo Semecnebis kvlevis ZiriTad

modelad gamoyenebas gacilebiT validuri anu auTenturi monacemebis
mocema
es
SeuZlia, vidre nebismier sxva gaSualebul an daskvniT meTods.
dakvirvebis
gansakuTrebuli
siZlierea.
mas
sxva
mimzidveli
maxasiaTeblebic aqvs. rogorc robsoni (2002: 310) ambobs, adamianebis

namoqmedari SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes amave namoqmedaris Sesaxeb maTive
monayolidan, dakvirveba ki realobis Semowmebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
is mkvlevars yoveldRiur qcevaze sxva TvaliT dakvirvebis saSualebasac
aZlevs, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba bunebriv da mosalodnel
qcevad miCneuliyo, an SeumCneveli darCeniliyo (Cooper and Schindler 2001:
374). es midgoma monacemTa Casawerad kargad mowesrigebul cxrilebs
iyenebs,
riTac
Tavidan
gvacilebs
iseT
problemebs,
romelTac
dakvirvebis aqtsa da Casawer movlenas Soris arsebuli drois intervali

iwvevs,
magaliTad,
SerCeviTi
an
mcdari
mogoneba.
da
bolos,
proceduruli TvalsazrisiT, zog monawiles SeiZleba damkvirveblis

arseboba erCios CaZiebul, drois damkargav interviusa Tu gamokiTxvas.
dakvirveba SesaZlebelia iseT faqtebze, rogoricaa klasSi wignebis
raodenoba,
klasSi
moswavleTa
raodenoba
da
mocemul
dros
biblioTekaSi Sesul moswavleTa raodenoba. dakvirveba SesaZlebelia

klasSi mimdinare movlenebzec, magaliTad, maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs
Soris
saubris
xangrZlioba,
moswavleebs
Soris
sxvadasxva
Temaze
saubrisa da erToblivi jgufuri muSaobis xangrZlioba. garda amisa,
908
dakvirvebisas
koncentracia
SesaZloa
qcevebze
iseT
an
Tvisebebze
gakeTdes, rogoricaa maswavleblis keTilganwyoba, moswavleebs Soris

agresiuli Tu asocialuri qcevis xarisxi.
aq
uCinari
kontinuumi
dakvirvebidan
Sefasebamde,
SegviZlia
situaciis
romelSic
davinaxoT
mkvlevariseul
iwereba
realuri
faqtebis
interpretaciamde
dakvirvebis
Sedegebi.
da
uSualod
dakvirvebis procesSi bundovania ra iTvleba monacemad, vinaidan is, Tu

ras vakvirdebiT, damokidebulia rodis, sad da ramden xans
aseve, ramdeni damkvirvebelia da rogor
imazec, Tu ras miviCnevT ZiriTadi,
vakvirdebiT,
vakvirdebiT. is damokidebulia
faruli (lanetnuri) konstruqtis
mtkicebulebad an mis Camnacvleblad. zemoT mocemul magaliTSi is, Tu

ra
iTvleba
asocialuri
qcevis
mtkicebulebad,
validur
da
sando
operaciul gansazRvrebas saWiroebs. damkvirvebelma unda gadawyvitos,

ra
aris
dakvirvebis
indikatori,
magaliTad:
skolis
biblioTekaSi
wignis cveTa misi popularobis maCvenebelia, mkiTxvelebis uyuradRebobis

Tu moswavleTa destruqciuli qcevis? Sedegis mixedviT ver davaskvniT
mizezze,
dakvirvebis
monacemidan
ganzraxvaze
da
reaqciidan
stimulze.
dakvirvebis
ekologiuri
monacemebi
validobiTac
saSualebas
aZlevs,
induqciuri
iyos,
konteqstzea
damokidebuli
gamoirCeva
(Moyles
Cawvdes
dainaxos
programebis
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
es
2002).
konteqsts,
da
mkvlevars
ufro
uneburad
Zlieri
Ria
da
SeumCnevlad
darCenili movlenebi da sagnebi, aRmoaCinos, is, razec monawileebma

SeiZleba ver SeZlon Riad saubari intervius procesSi, gascdes aRqmiT
mopovebul
codnamde
monacemebs (magaliTad, mosazrebebs interviuSi) da pirovnul

miaRwios.
prognozirebadia,
garkveuli
siaxle,
vinaidan
monacemebis
rac
kiTxvarebs an testebs.
dasakvirvebeli
SemTxvevebi
Segrovebis
meTodSi
xSirad
aklia
am
sxva
meTodebs,
naklebad
yovelTvisaa
magaliTad,
909
mkvlevars
dakvirvebis
(Morrison
1993:
gamoyenebiT
80)
monacemebis
Segroveba SeuZlia:
fizikuri garemos Sesaxeb (magaliTad, fizikuri garemo da maTi

mowyoba).
adamianuri
garemos
dasakvirvebeli
Sesaxeb
jgufebis
(magaliTad,
adamianTa
Semadgenloba
da
gaerTianeba,
maxasiaTeblebi
an
individebis maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, sqesi da socialuri klasi).
interaqciuli
garemos
Sesaxeb
(magaliTad,
mimdinare
urTierTqmedebebi, formaluri, araformaluri, dagegmili, daugegmavi,

verbaluri, araverbaluri da a. S.).
programuli garemos Sesaxeb (magaliTad, resursebi da maTi mowyoba,

pedagogiuri stili, saswavlo programebi da maTi struqtura.
garda
amisa,
dakvirvebis
monacemebi
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
araverbaluri qcevis, bunebriv an xelovnur situaciebSi mimdinare qcevis

da
longituduri
analizis
Casawerad
bunebriv
garemoSi
dakvirvebaze
SeiZleba
naklebad
sasargeblo
gazomvis
sirTuleebi,
dasakvirvebel
anonimurobis
SeiZleba
mcire
garemoSi
mZlavri
kontrolis
gaxados,
sakvlevi
iaraRi
mas
mopovebis
Tan
magram
axlavs
problemebi,
siZneleebi
(Bailey 1994: 245 6).

iyos,
mxriv,
dakvirveba
dakavSirebuli
uflebis
problema
meore
naklebobam
vinaidan
SerCevasTan
SeRwevis
SenarCunebis
(Bailey 1994: 244).
masac
da
dakvirveba
aqvs
Tavisi
sirTuleebi, razedac am TavSi visaubrebT.

patonis (1990: 202) azriT, dakvirvebis monacemebi mkvlevars
danaxvisa
da
dakvirvebis
dakvirvebamde
gagebis
saSualebas
nairsaxeobebi
da
unda
aZlevdes.
arastruqturirebulidan
daugegmavidan
winaswar
situaciis
mkvlevris
xelTaa
struqturirebul
dagegmilamde.
Zlier
struqturirebuli dakvirvebisas winaswar aris cnobili ras akvirvebian

(anu winaswa dagegmili dakvirveba) da amitom kvlevis dawyebamde aqvT
gansazRvruli dasakvirvebeli kategoriebi. naxevrad struqturirebuli
dakvirvebisas winaswar ki arsebobs dakvirvebis sakiTxebis nusxa, magram
910
naklebad dagegmili anu naklebad sistematuri monacemebis Segroveba

swored
am
sakiTxebis
Sesaswavlad
xdeba,
SedarebiT
naklebad
mowesrigebuli da sistemuri saxiT. arastruqturirebuli dakvirvebisas

naklebad ician, ras eZeben, amitom uwevT situaciaSi Sesvla da imis
gansazRvra,
Tu
ra
struqturirebuli
xdeba,
ramdenad
dakvirvebisas
mniSvnelovania
ukve
winaswar
es
aqvT
kvlevisTvis.
hipoTezebi
da
dakvirvebis monacemebi maT dasadastureblad an uarsayofad gamoiyeneba.

rac
Seexeba
naxevrad
arastruqturirebul
ufro
struqturirebul,
dakvirvebas,
amowodebuli
isini
vidre
gansakuTrebiT
hipoTezebis
maTi
ki,
Camosayalibeblad
SemowmebisTvis.
naxevrad
struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli dakvirvebebis SemTxvevaSi,

jer dakvirvebis monacemebs ganixilaven da Semdeg iwyeben dakvirvebuli
fenomenis axsnas.
marTalia, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom yvela tipis kvleva, zogadad,
monawilis
dakvirvebis
garkveuli
formaa,
vinaidan
ver
SeviswavliT
samyaros, Tu misi nawili ar viqnebiT (Adler and Adler 1994), goldi (Gold 1958)
dakvirvebaSi mkvlevris rolis kargad nacnob, kontinuumze mocemul,
klasifikacias gvTavazobs. aq erT boloSi mkvlevari srulad monawilea,
rasac mosdevs monawile, rogorc damkvirvebeli, Semdeg _ damkvirvebeli,
rogorc
monawile
da
bolos
mocemulia
mkvlevari,
rogorc
sruli
damkvirvebeli (ix. http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18,

faili
18.
1.
monawileobis
ppt).
amgvarad,
situaciidan
esaa
srul
kontinuumi
sruli
gancalkevebulobamde,
mkvlevris
romlis
Sua
wertilSi dabalansebulia mkvlevris CarTuloba, siaxlove da distancia,

nacnoboba
da
ucnoboba.
sruli
damkvirveblis
SemTxvevaSi
tipuria
calmxrivi sarkis (hezelis minis), video-audio Canawerisa da fotoebis

gamoyeneba,
rolis
xolo
morgebas
sruli
monawileoba
iTxovs
(ixileT
/9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 2. ppt).
mkvlevrisgan
jgufis
wevris
http://www.routledge.com/testbooks
911
tradiciulad, dakvirveba CaurevlobiT xasiaTdeba (Adler and Adler 1994:

rodesac
378),
mkvlevrebi
ar
cdiloben
situaciiT
an
subieqtebiT
manipulirebas, arafers ekiTxebian maT da arc axal provokaciebs

qmnian mizanmimarTulad (Adler and Adler 1994: 378). raodenobriv kvlevas
viwro fokusi aqvs: dasakvirvebel movlenas erTwuTian fragmentebad
yofen, romelic SemdgomSi cvladis saxiT erTiandeba. amis sapirispirod,
Tvisebriv kvlevas mkvlevari dasakvirvebeli samyaros fenomenologiur
kompleqsurobaSi
Sehyavs,
sadac
droTa
situaciebis,
kavSirebis,
mizezebisa
SesaZlebeli.
Tvisebrivi
mkvlevari
asaxvas,
droSi
cvalebadi
da
ganmavlobaSi,
gaSlili
korelaciebis
dakvirvebaa
movlenebis
tendenciebisa
dinamikuri
da
paternebis
bunebis
moZiebas
eswrafvis.
Tu
winaswar
viciT,
risi
dakvirveba
gvinda,
anu,
Tu
dakvirvebis
mizania elementebis gamoCenis, maTi arsebobisa da sixSiris aRricxva da

SesaZloa
situaciebis
erTmaneTTan
Sedareba,
maSin
drois
ekonomiis
TvalsazrisiT, ufro mizanSewonili iqneba warmoeba dakvirvebis winaswar

momzadebuli cxrilebiT. meore mxriv, Tu gvinda situaciis gageba da
misi Semadgneli elementebis gamovlena imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu rogor
gansxvavdebian
situaciebi
erTmaneTisgan,
maSin
naklebad
struqturirebuli dakvirveba iqneba mosaxerxebeli.

struqturirebuli dakvirvebis momzadebas bevri dro sWirdeba, magram,
vinaidan
kategoriebi
winaswaraa
gamoyofili,
miRebuli
monacemebis
analizi sakmaod swrafad xdeba; xolo arastruqturirebuli midgomisas

kvleva swrafad mzaddeba, Tumca monacemebis analizs gacilebiT meti
dro sWirdeba. pirveli midgoma mkvlevris gegmis mixedviT mimdinareobs
da
amitom
SeiZleba
uyuradRebod
darCes
zemoT
CamoTvlili
oTxi
garemodan romelimes aspeqtebi, Tu isini dakvirvebis cxrilSi ar iqneba

winaswar Setanili, anu, es midgoma seleqciurad udgeba situaciebs.
meore mxriv, meore midgoma monawileebis gegmas mihyveba, anu, imaze
reagirebs, rasac xedavs da, maSasadame, imTaviTve adekvaturia arsebul
912
situaciasTan. dakvirvebis seleqciuroba situaciidan momdinareobs da

ara _ mkvlevrisgan, im TvalsazrisiT, rom,
man winaswar ar icis am
sakiTxebis wamoWris Sesaxeb. struqturirebuli dakvirveba hipoTezebis

SemowmebisTvis
gamodgeba,
arastruqturirebuli
ki
situaciis
mdidar
aRweras iZleva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, hipoTezebis Camoyalibebamde SeiZleba

migviyvanos.
flikis
(1998:
137)
azriT,
dakvirveba
xuT
sxvadasxva
ganzomilebaSi unda ganvixiloT:
struqturirebuli,
sistematuri
da
raodenobrivi
dakvirveba
arastruqturirebuli, usistemo da Tvisebrivi dakvirveba;
monawilis dakvirveba _ aramonawilis dakvirveba;
Ria dakvirveba _ faruli dakvirveba;
dakvirveba bunebriv garemoSi _ dakvirveba arabunebriv, xelovnur

garemoSi (magaliTad, laboratoriis an gamogonil situaciaSi);
TviTdakvirveba _ sxvaTa dakvirveba.

kupersa
da
Sindlers
(2001:
375)
miaCniaT,
rom
dakvirveba
sam
ganzomilebaSi SegviZlia ganvixiloT:
uSualoa dakvirveba Tu ara: uSualo dakvirveba mkvlevris situaciaSi

yofnas
moiTxovs,
dakvirvebisTvis
xolo
Camweri
gaSualebuli
aparaturac
sakmarisia
anu
arapirdapiri
(magaliTad,
video
kamerebi).
Ria an faruli dakvirveba: rodesac mkvlevari SeniRbulia (magaliTad,

calmxrivi sarkis miRma da faruli kameriT), nawilobrivaa SeniRbuli
(anu xedaven, magram ar ician, rom damkvirvebelia), Tu cnobilia (anu
ician, rom mkvlevaria).
damkvirveblis
mier
aRebuli
roli
(monawilis
dakvirvebidan
aramonawilis dakvirvebamde, romelic qvemoTaa ganxiluli).

dasaxelebul ganzomilebebs am TavSi gavecnobiT.
struqturirebuli dakvirveba
913
struqturirebuli
mkvlevars
dakvirveba
dakvirvebidan
Zalian
sistematizirebulia
raodenobrivi
monacemebis
da
miRebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. raodenobrivi monacemebi, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs

garemoebebisa
da
mimarTulebebisa
situaciebis
da
urTierTSedarebas
tendenciebis
da
dafiqsirebas
sixSireebis,
an
gamoTvlas.
damkvirvebels pasiuri roli aqvs, ar iWreba situaciaSi da ubralod

iniSnavs
Sesaswavli
monacemebi
faqtorebis
dakvirvebis
warmodgenilia
gamoCenis
cxrilSi
CanarTSi
18.
SemTxvevebs.
iwereba;
(ixileT
dakvirvebis
cxrilis
magaliTi
/9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 3. ppt). es aris maswavleblisa da

moswavlis saubris aTwuTiani monakveTis dakvirvebis cxrilis nimuSi.
zeda Svidi kategoria miuTiTebs, Tu vin vis elaparakeba, qveda oTxi ki _
Tavad
saubris
bunebas
gviCvenebs.
am
cxrilSi
ramdenime
momentis
gamoyofa SeiZleba:
CanarTi 18. 1.
struqturirebuli dakvirvebis cxrili
moswavle moswavles
moswavle
moswavleebs
moswavle
maswavlebels
moswavleebi
maswavlebels
maswavlebeli
moswavles
maswavlebeli
moswavleebs
moswavle
sakuTar
Tavs
micemuli amocana
wina amocana
Semdgomi amocana

/ _ saubarSi monawileoba
amocanis uqonloba
_ saubris buneba
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
914
dakvirvebis kategoriebi wyvetilia anu ar faraven erTmaneTs. aseTi

kategoriebis misaRebad da Sesamowmeblad piloturi kvlevaa saWiro,
raTa kategoriebis urTierTgadafarvasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri
problema aRmofxvrili iyos.
TiToeuli sveti 30
wamian intervals
Seesabameba, anu marcxnidan
marjvniv gadaadgileba movlenis Tanmimdevrobis qronologias asaxavs

da
mkvlevarma
yovel
30
wamSi
matricis
saTanado
ujraSi
unda
Seitanos monacemi (ixileT: momentaluri SerCeva).
vinaidan swrafad (yovel 30 wamSi erTxel) Sesamowmebeli uamravi

kategoria arsebobs, mkvlevarma winaswar imden xans unda ivarjiSos,
sanam ar gaiwafeba monacemebis cxrilSi sworad da Tanmimdevrulad
SetanaSi (anu, dakvirvebuli qcevebi, situaciebi da a. S. mudmivad
erTsa da imave kategoriaSi iwereba) da sandoobis miRwevaSi. amis
gakeTeba an video masalaze varjiSiTaa SesaZlebeli, an _ realur
situaciaSi im monawileebze, romlebic SedgomSi kvlevaSi ar miiReben
monawileobas.
erTze
meti
damkvirveblis
muSaobis
SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZloa erToblivi treiningis Catarebis aucilebloba warmoiqmnas,

raTa mkvlevrebis gunduri muSaobis Sedegad operatiulad, efeqturad
da Tanmimdevrulad moxdes monacemTa kategoriaSi Setana, anu, rom
arsebobdes damkvirvebelTa Soris SeTanxmebuloba.
Mmkvlevari
iRebs
gadawyvetilebas
aRmniSvneli
simboloebis
adekvaturobis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, ra gamoiyenos , daxrili xazi

(/), iqsi (), ricxvebi (1, 2, 3 da a. S.), asoebi (a, b, g da a. S.) Tu swori
xazi (). sul erTia, kodirebis ra formas gamoviyenebT, mTavaria, rom
Kkodirebis forma (gunduri muSaobisas) gasagebi, martivi da swrafad
Casaweri
(anu,
simboloebi
da
ara
sityvebi)
unda
iyos.
unda
gvaxsovdes, rom yovel 30 wamSi erTxel TiTo svetSi erTi an meti

ujra unda Seivsos, amitom mkvlevari gawafuli unda iyos saTanado
kodebis gamoyenebaSi monacemebis zustad da swrafad Setanis mizniT.1
915
SeuZlebelia struqturirebuli dakvirvebis cxrilis pilotirebaze

uaris Tqma. kategoriebi urTierTgamomricxavi da urTierTSemavsebeli
unda iyos. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros da daazustos:
dakvirvebis fokusi (magaliTad, adamianebi da movlenebi);
dakvirvebis sixSire (magaliTad, yovel 30 wamSi, yovel wuTs, yovel

or wuTSi erTxel);
dakvirvebis periodis xangrZlioba (magaliTad, erTi saaTi, oci wuTi);
mtkicebulebis kriteriumi (magaliTad, rogoraa qceva gansazRvruli

da operacionalizebuli);
monacemis Setanis
xasiaTi (kodirebis sistema).
am oTx sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miReba miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis

kriteriumis mixedviT xdeba. struqturirebuli dakvirvebis momzadebas
didi dro dasWirdeba, magram monacemebis analizi SedarebiT swrafad
moxdeba,
vinaidan
iqneba
analizis
Setanili.
ase
kategoriebi
magaliTad,
Tu
Tavad
dakvirvebis
skrupulozuri,
cxrilSi
detaluri
dakvirvebaa saWiro, maSin drois intervalebi Zalian mcire iqneba, xolo

naklebi detalizaciis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi intervalebic gaizrdeba.
dieris (Dyer 1995: 181 4) azriT, struqturirebuli dakvirveba ramdenime
ZiriTad princips unda iTvaliswinebdes:
iseTi garemos SerCeva, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba realurad mimdinare

qcevaze
dakvirveba
mkvlevrisTvis
saintereso
xelmisawvdomoba da sixSire: ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli
qcevis
im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu uCveulo an gansakuTrebuli qceva ainteresebT.
zustad
da
calsaxad
gansazRvruli
sazomebis
saWiroeba,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac faruli (latentutri) maxasiTebeli an

konstruqtia operacionalizebuli.
imdeni cvladi, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi damuSaveba: validobis

saCveneblad sakmarisi raodenoba, magram ara gadametebuli, rom ar
daikargos monacemebis Setanis
procesis sandooba.
916
Ria an faruli dakvirveba.
uwyveti, drois seriebis an SemTxveviTi dakvirveba.
qcevis sxvadasxva kategoriaze ganxorcielebuli dakvirveba.
dasakvirvebeli adamianebis raodenoba.
cvladebis raodenoba, romelTa Sesaxebac unda mogrovdes monacemebi.
dakvirvebisTvis gamosayenebeli cxrilis saxeoba.

dieri
(1995:
186)
struqturirebuli
dakvirvbeis
dagegmvis
sqemas
gvTavazobs (ixileT CanarTi 18. 2).

struqturirebuli
dakvirvebis
cxrilSi
monacemebis
Setanis
xuTi
sxvadasxva gza arsebobs, esenia: movlenis SerCeva, momentaluri SerCeva,

intervalis Cawera, reitingis skalebi da xangrZlivobis Cawera.
CanarTi 18. 2.
aramonawilis dakvirveba: dizainis amocanebis CamonaTvali
mosamzadebeli etapis amocanebi
gasagebad aRwereT sakvlevi problema?
CamoayalibeT kvlevis zusti mizani?
axseniT kvlevis mizani da misi kavSiri TeoriasTan?
(Tu gaqvT) CamoayalibeT Sesamowmebeli hipoTezebi?
dakvirvebis sistema
gansazRvreT dasakvirvebeli qcevis tipi (tipebi)?
/CamoayalibeT
obieqturi
gansazRvrebebi
qcevis
TiToeuli
kategoriisTvis?
SeamowmeT, rom kategoriebis sruli iyos da yvela samizne qcevas

moicavdes?
SeamowmeT,
rom
TiToeuli
kategoria
namdvilad
gansxvavdebodes
danarCenebisgan?
SeamowmeT,
rom
dakvirvebis
situaciaSi
erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva kategoriebs?
dakvirvebis procesi
iolad
ganasxvavebT
917
SearCieT dakvirvebisTvis saTanado adgili?
gadawyviteT, monacemebis SerCevis romel proceduras gamoiyenebT?
gadawyviteT, Ria dakvirvebas gamoiyenebT Tu faruls?
gadawyviteT,
informaciis
mosagroveblad
erT
damkvirvebels
gamoiyenebT Tu mets?
da bolos. . .
moamzadeT monacemebis Sesatani cxrili?
gadaxedeT kvlevis eTikur standartebs?
CaatareT
piloturi
kvleva
da
SeitaneT
aucilebeli
cvlilebebi
dakvirvebis sistemaSi an proceduraSi?
Tu
erTze
met
damkvirvebels
iyenebT,
winaswar
SeafaseT
damkvirvebelTa Soris SeTanxmebulobis sandooba?
wyaro: Dyer 1995: 186
movlenis SerCeva
movlenis
SerCeva
niSnebis
sistemis
saxelwodebiTacaa
cnobili.
movlenis SerCeviTi dakvirvebisas ramdenjerac dafiqsirdeba movlena,

Sesabamisi saxelwodebis gaswvriv imdenjer keTdeba cxilSi aRniSvna
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 4.
ppt):
maswavlebeli uyviris bavSvs /////
bavSvi uyviris maswavlebels ///
mSobeli uyviris maswavlebels //
maswavlebeli uyviris mSobels //
mkvlevars
formulirebuli
unda
hqondes
debulebebi,
romelTa
mixedviTac Seagrovebs monacemebs . es meTodi dakvirvebuli qcevebis an

situaciebis
sixSireebis,
anu,
gamovlenis
SemTxvevebis
imgvarad
dasafiqsireblad gamodgeba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos Sedareba. magaliTad,

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom maswavlebeli yvelaze mets yviris, xolo mSobeli
_
yvelaze
naklebs.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
ase
Cawerili
monacemebi
dakvirvebuli situaciebis an qcevebis moxazvis saSualebas gvaZlevs, is
918
arafers
gveubneba
am
situaciebis
an
qcevebis
qronologiur
Tanmimdevrobaze. magaliTad, zemoT mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT, ori

gansxvavebuli
ambis
Tanmimdevroba
rom
moyola
iqneboda
gvcodnoda.
SesaZlebeli,
monacemebi
movelenebis
qronologiurad
ase
SeiZleboda dalagebuliyo, rogorc qvemoTaa warmodgenili, sadac 1_7

drois sxvadasxva periodebia (magaliTad, yoveli 30 wami):
1
maswavlebeli uyviris bavSvs
bavSvi uyviris maswavlebels
mSobeli uyviris maswavlebels
maswavlebeli uyviris mSobels
warmoidgineT aseTi scena: erT dilas mSobelma da bavSvma daigvianes

skolaSi da bavSvi Cumad Sevida klasSi. maleve moxda raRac, ris gamoc
bavSvam dauyvira maswavlebels, gaRizianebuli maswavlebeli sagonebelSi
Cavarda bavSvis mxridan aseTi provokaciis gamo. maswavlebelma dauyvira
bavSvs,
bavSvma
moiyvana
mSobeli
(romelic
jer
ar
iyos
skolis
Senobidan gasuli). mSoblema dauyvira maswavlebels miuRebeli qcevis

gamo da maswavlebelma isev dauyvira bavSvs. am versiaSi Cans, rom
maswavlebeli mxolod maSin yviris, roca amis provocirebas mSobeli an
bavSvi akeTevs.
Tu igive raodenobis aRniSvnebi sxvagvarad iqneboda gadanawilebuli,
sruliad ganxvavebuli ambavi SeiZleba migveRo, magaliTad, aseTi:
maswavlebeli uyviris bavSvs
mSobeli uyviris maswavlebels
bavSvi uyviris maswavlebels
maswavlebeli uyviris mSobels
919
am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelia Cxubis iniciatori, romelic jer bavSvs

uyviris, Semdeg _ mSobels. bavSvi da mSobeli mxolod maswavleblis
mxridan
wamosuli
provokaciis
pasuxad
yvirian
(ixileT
http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 5. ppt).
momentaluri SerCeva
Tu mniSvnelovania movlenebis qronologiis codna, maSin aucileblad
momentaluri
SerCeva
unda
gamoviyenoT,
romelsac
zogjer
drois
SerCevasac uwodeben. momentaluri SerCevisas mkvlevari aRniSnavs imas,

rasac daakvirda drois standartul intervalSi, magaliTad, yovel 20
wamSi,
yovel
wuTs.
im
intervalis
Sesatyvis
momentSi
mkvlevari
aRniSnavs, Tu ra xdeba im konkretul momentSi da cxrilSi mocemuli

Sesatyvisi
kategoriis
gaswvriv
akeTebs
aRniSnvas.
magaliTad,
warmovidginoT, SerCeva yovel 30 wamSi xdeba, xolo ricxvebi 1_7 yovel

30 wamian intervals warmoadgens. amgvarad:
maswavlebeli uRimis bavSvs
bavSvi uRimis maswavlebels

maswavlebeli uRimis mSobels
mSobeli uRimis maswavlebels
am SemTxvevSi mkvlevarma Caiwera, Tu ra xdeboda yovel 30-e wamSi da

am
konkretuli
gaRimebis
momentebis
iniciatori,
Tumca,
mixedviT,
bavSvic
aSkaraa,
da
rom
mSobelic
maswavlebelia
sakmarisad
da
Tanabrad iRimebian (ixileT http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _

Tavi 18, faili 18. 6. ppt). momentaluri SerCeva gulisxmobs im faqtis
saTanado kategoriaSi Caweras, romelic myisierad, im momentSi xdeba. am
SemTxvevaSi daculia movlenebis qronologia.
intervalis Cawera
movlenebis Caweris meTodi, garkveulwilad, movlenebis qronologiis
Caweris
saSualebas
iZleva
da
momentaluri
SerCevis
msgavsad,
920
fiqsirebuli
drois
intervalebis
Sesabamis
ujrebSi
saTanado
kategoriebis gaswvriv monacemebis Setanas iTxovs; Tumca konkretul

momentSi mimdinare qcevis dafiqsirebis nacvlad, is aRwers drois mTel
intervalSi mimdinare movlenebs. ase magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebis dro 30
wamian intervalebadaa dayofili, maSin mkvlevari saTanado kategoriaSi
imis Sesabamis Canawers gaakeTebs, rac mTeli 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi
moxda. es meTodi sixSireebis gamoTvlis, martivi tendenciis
danaxvisa
da movlenebis miaxloebiTi Tanmimdevrobis danaxvis saSualebas iZleva,

vinaidan fiqsirdeba mTeli intervalis ganmavlobaSi momxdari movlenebi,
Tumca qronologiis zogierTi elementi SeiZleba daikargos. magaliTad,
Tu erT 30 wamian intervalSi sami sxvadasxva movlena moxda, maSin maTi
gamovlenis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb informacia daikargeba. Cven ubralod
gvecodineba, rom es movlenebi moxda.
uilkinsoni
(Wilkinson 2000: 236)
erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs
mTeli
intervalisa da nawilobrivi intervalis Caweras. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

qceva mxolod maSin Caiwereba, Tu is mTeli intervalis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ mocemul intervalSi erTxel
anu
intervalis
raRac
nawilSi
erTxel
mainc
Tu
gamovlinda.
nawilobrivi intervalis Caweris SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma unda daazustos,

Tu rogor awarmoebs Caweras.
reitingis skalebi
reitingis skalebis meTodis gamoyenebisas mkvlevars dakvirvebuli
movlenebis Sefaseba da pasuxebis reitingis skalaze datana moeTxoveba
(ixileT http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 7.
ppt). magaliTad, vragis (Wragg 1994) azriT, swavlebaze qcevis dakvirvebis
Sedegebis reitingis skalaze gadatana sam ganzomilebaSia SesaZlebeli:
1
Tbili __________________ gulgrili
921

mastimulirebeli __________________ fermkrTali
mowesrigebuli __________________ mouwesrigebeli
damkvirvebelma
reitingebis
Cawera
SeiZleba
xuTquliani
skalis
mixedviT awarmoos, magaliTad:

1 = srulebiT ara, 2 = Zalian mcired, 3 = mcired, 4 = sakmaod, 5 =
Zalian.
1
bavSvi cdilobs maswavleblis yuradRebis miqcevas

maswavlebeli ajildovebs bavSvs
maswavlebeli aRkveTs bavSvebis cud saqciels
aq saWiroa, mkvlevari martivi daskvnidan (ubralod dakvirvebebis

dafiqsirebidan) ufro maRali rangis daskvnaze (dakvirvebuli movlenebis
Sefasebaze) gadavides. amiT dakvirveba SesaZloa naklebad sando gaxdes,
magaliTad,damkvirveblis tendenciurobis efeqtis, centrisken swrafvis
tendenciis,
Caweras,
rodesac
Tu
damkvirveblebi
siaxlis
efeqtis
eridebian
gavleniT,
kidura
rodesac
kategoriebis
damkvirveblebze
SedarebiT axali anu mogvianebiT momxdari movlenebi ufro axdenen

gavlenas,
vidre
zemoTqmulisa,
ufro
meTodi
adreul
SeiZleba
periodSi
sasargeblo
momxdari.
gamodges
miuxedavad
dakvirvebis
monacemebis Sesajameblad.
xangrZliobis Cawera
aqamde mxolod erT movlenaze da mis Caweraze vsaubrobdiT. aRwerili
meTodebi
Zalian
efeqturia
erTi
da,
Cveulebriv,
xanmokle
qcevis
Casawerad. Tumca, zogjer garkveuli qceva didxans grZeldeba da drois

ramdenime intervalSi an movlenis ramdenime kategoriaSi moxvdeba, anu,
is uwyveti qcevaa da ara _ erTi, calkeuli movlena. magaliTad, bavSvma
SeiZleba mxolod erTxel gaixados fexsacmeli, magram fexSiSvelma oci
wuTis ganmavlobaSi iaros, bavSvma SeiZleba aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi ar
daiwyos wera, romelic kvlav calkeuli qcevaa, da romelic ufro did
922
xans grZeldeba, vidre erTi intervali, intervalis an momentaluri

Cawerisas. bavSvs SeiZleba erTxel hqondes krunCxva, romelic oci wuTi
gagrZeldes
da
a.
S.
am
meTodSi
xangrZliobis
qcevis
miTiTeba
aucilebelia. dakvirveba movlenas exeba da ara dakvirvebis sixSires. es

niSnavs,
rom
sWirdeba,
damkvirvebels
raTa
Canawerebis
struqturirebuli
cxrili
erTi uwyveti qcevis mTliani xangrZliobis Cawera
moxerxdes.
zemoT
ganxiluli
cxrilebis
SemTxvevaSi,
winaswar
unda
iqnas
SeTanxmebuli, Tu rogor moxdeba miRebuli monacemebis Cawera. Cawerisas

miRweul unda iqnas SeTanxmeba dakvirvebis adgilis, dakvirvebis drois,
dasakvirvebeli obieqtis da Tavad damkvirveblis vinaobis, raodenobis da
gamoyenebuli
meTodis
Sesaxeb. magaliTad, rogor
unda
ganvasxvavoT
erTmaneTisagan dakvirvebis cxrilSi, erTi adamianis mier erTi da igive

(1 individi 12) an rogor
qcevis Tormetjer ganxorcielebis faqti.

unda
dafiqsirdes
ramodenimejer
ramodenime
adamianis
ganxorcieleba.
mier
(magaliTad,
erTi
2
TiToeulis, an 4 adamiani 3-jer TiToeulis), anu,

raze viRebT orientacias
da
igive
qcevis
6-jer
adamiani
unda CamovyalibdeT
adamianebze Tu maT mier ganxorcielebul
qcevaze.
miuxedavad
imisa,
ricxobrivi maCveneblebi
rom
struqturirebuli
dakvirvebiT
saWiro
miiReba (magaliTad, Galton and Simon 1980; Bennett et
al, 1984), dakvirvebis am formaSi ramdenime sayuradRebo sakiTxi arsebobs,

magaliTad:
meTodi
bihevioristulia,
gamoricxavs
dakvirvebis
subieqtebis
ganzraxvis an motivaciis nebismieri formiT xsenebas;
individis subieqturoba ikargeba Sejamebul qulaSi;
dakvirvebuli qceva
grZnobebis empiriul mtkicebulebas warmoadgens,
anu, dakvirvebul xdomilobebSi SeiZleba uxeSad gaizomos cnebebi an

konstruqtebi.
923
bolo punqti mniSvnelovania _ is validobas
exeba da moiTxovs,
mkvlevari Tavad iyos kmayofili, rom adekvaturia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom

garkveuli
qceva
ganzraxvasa
an
cnobierebis
motivaciaze
operacionalizaciis
garkveul
miuTiTebs.
survilma
mdgomareobaze,
cnebebisa
mkvlevari
da
iolad
garkveul
konstruqtebis
SeiZleba
miiyvanos
rTuli cnebebis martiv indikatorebamde.

garda amisa, struqturirebuli dakvirveba ar iTvaliswinebs droiTi
da sivrculi konteqstis mniSvnelovnebas da, Sesabamisad, SeumCneveli
rCeba
is
faqti,
axasiaTebdes.
rom
qceva
TvalsaCino
SeiZleba
da
mxolod
dakvirvebadi
mocemul
qcevebiT
konteqsts
dainteresebul
mkvlevrebs SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCeT uneburad miRebuli Sedegebi,

romlebic SeiZleba mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. maT SeiZleba ver SeZlon
imis Cveneba, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania monawileTa sakuTari TvaliT
aRqmuli
qcevebi.
Tu
vaRiarebT,
rom
qceva
ganviTarebadia,
urTierTqmedebebi viTardeba droTa ganmavlobaSi da, maSasadame, bunebiT

fluiduria, maSin struqturirebuli dakvirvebis zemoT aRwerili sami
meTodi qcevis gayinul kadrebs afiqsireben, riTac irRveva moqmedebis
uwyvetobis (denadobis) principi. Znelia wamierad daWerili erTi an meti
movlenisTvis konkretuli mniSvnelobis miwera (Stubbs and Delamont 1976)
iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia raime saxiT darwmunebiT Tqma, Tu ra xdeba,
rodesac konkretuli movlenis erT fotos an fotoebis serias vuyurebT.
martivad
rom
vTqvaT,
damajereblobisTvis,
mkvlevars
informaciis
es
sxva
struqturirebuli
dakvirvebis
wyaroebidanac
monacemebis
SeiZleba
dakvirvebis
interpretaciisTvis
dasWirdes
damatebiTi
Segroveba.
ukanaskneli
mosazreba
exeba
ara
marto
struqturirebul
dakvirvebas, aramed, arastruqturirebulsac, da amisaTvis ganvixilavT
triangulacias
romelic
(meTodebis,
mkvlevars
damkvirveblebis,
sando
mtkicebulebis
droisa
da
sivrcis),
mopovebaSi
SeiZleba
daexmaros. arsebobs riski, rom dakvirveba seleqciuri iqneba, Tumca amis
924
efeqtis
Semcireba
triangulaciiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
ufro
sando
monacemebis (magaliTad, konkretuli moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufis

Sesaxeb) Segrovebis erTi gzaa maTTvis Tval-yuris devneba erTi dRis an
kviris ganmavlobaSi, maTi miyola adgilidan adgilze da movlenidan
movlenamde.Bbunebrivia,
bavSvebi
sruliad
gansxvavebulad
iqcevian
sxvadasxva maswavlebelTan da maTi qcevis sruli suraTis misaRebad

moswavleebis sxvadasxva konteqstSi naxva SeiZleba gaxdes saWiro.
kritikuli SemTxvevebi
zogjer dakvirvebisas yovelTvis
ar aris saWiro, sandoobis, rogorc
konsistentobis uzrunvelyofa. magaliTad, moswavlem garkveuli qceva

SeiZleba
mxolod
mniSvnelovani
erTxel
iyos,
rom
ganaxorcielos,
SeuZlebeli
iyos
magram
misi
is
imdenad
ignorireba
imitom, rom aRniSnuli qceva mxolod erTxel moxda.
mxolod
individma mxolod
erTxel unda Caidinos mkvleloba, rom mkvlelad iqces! xandaxan xdeba

iseTi
movlena,
romelic
pirovnebis
an
situaciis
Sesaxeb
uaRresad
mniSvnelovan informacias gvaZlevs. kritikuli SemTxvevebi (Wragg 1994)

konkretuli movlenebi an xdomilobebia, romlebmac SeiZleba srulad
warmoaCinon
an
naTeli
mohfinon,
magaliTad,
maswavleblis
qcevis
konkretul maxasiaTebels an swavlebis stils. vragi (1994: 64) wers, rom

es is movlenebia, romlebic damkvirvebels ufro sainteresod miaCnia,
vidre sxvebi da amitom ufro dawvrilebiT warmodgenasa da Caweras
saWiroebs. maT mniSvnelovani informaciis mocemaSeuZliaT. magaliTad,
bavSvi moulodnelad SeiZleba Zalian agresiulad moiqces, rodesac sxva
bavSvTan
wyvilSi
socialuri
muSaobas
tolerantobis
maswavlebels
ucabedad
moswavlis
mier
aqilevsis
qusli
aratolerantobis
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba
uxarisxod
_
rac
doneze
sTxoven.
am
mdidari
masala
da
bavSvis
mogvawodos.
reaqcia
naSromze
frustraciisadmi
miuTiTebs
SeiZleba
moWarbebuli
Sesrulebul
misi
faqtma
hqondes
maswavleblis
tolerantobis
tolerantobis
anu
zRurblis
miRwevis Sedegebsac aCvenebs. es movlenebi imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom
925
SeiZleba rutinuli ar aris, magram bevris momcemia. isini mkvlevars iseT

informacias
sTavazoben,
romlis
miRebac
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
Cveulebrivi dakvirebiT. es movlenebi xSirad uCveulo movlenebia2 (sad

aris
naturalisturi dakvirveba da CarTuli dakvirveba

dakvirvebisas sxvadasxva xarisxis CarTuloba arsebobs (LeCompte and
Preissle 1993: 93 4). srulad CarTuli is mkvlevaria, romelic Sesaswavli
jgufis wevris rols irgebs da, SesaZloa, arc ki ambobs, rom mkvlevaria
(es sakiTxi mogvianebiT, faruli kvlevis eTikis Sesaxeb komentarebSi
ganixileba).
monawile
damkvirvebeli,
rogorc
dasaxelebidan
Cans,
dasakvirvebeli subieqtis socialuri cxovrebis, kvlevis miznebisTvis

Seqmnili
dokumentebisa
da
Canawerebis
nawilia.
damkvirvebel
monawiles, monawile damkvirveblis msgavsad, jgufSi mkvlevrad icnoben

da mas, savaraudod, naklebad internsiuri urTierToba aqvs Sesaswavl
jgufTan. sruli damkvirvelis SemTxvevaSi monawileebma arc ki ician,
rom akvirdebian (magaliTad, calmxrivi sarkis gamoyenebisas), amitom
aseTi
dakvirveba
faruli
kvlevis
kidev
erT
saxes
warmoadgens.
hamerslisa da atkinsonis (1983: 93 5) azriT, SedarebiTi CarTuloba,

garkveul subieqturobasa da simpaTiasTan erTad, sruli monawilis da
monawile damkvirveblis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, SedarebiTi distancireba
ki
damkvirvebeli
monawilisa
da
sruli
monawilis
SemTxvevaSi,
romelTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi obieqturoba da distanciaa. rogorc

sruli monawileoba, ise _ sruli distancireba, urTierTemzRudvelia.
sruli monawileobisas, vinaobis gamJRavnebis SiSiT, mkvlevari ver bedavs
jgufis
farglebs
gareT
gasvlas
damkvirveblis
SemTxvevaSi,
subieqtebTan,
amitomac
yovelive
zemoTqmulisa,
aranairi
saxifaToa
srul
(farul
kvlevaSi),
xolo
sruli
kontaqti
ar
aris
dakvirvebis
daskvnis
gakeTeba.
miuxedavad
monawileobasac
da
distancirebasac
minimumamde dahyavs reaqtiuloba. Tumca, pirvelis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
926
gaSinaurebis riski, rodesac mkvlevari jgufis Rirebulebebs, normebsa

da qcevebs iTavisebs anu, wyvets mkvlevrobas da jgufis wevri xdeba.
monawilis dakvirveba SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyos mcire
jgufebis, xanmokle an xSiri movlenebis an procesebis
dakvirvebisas;
aseve, mkvlevrebisTvis, romlebsac situaciaSi SeRweva surT da didi

dro
aqvT
qcevis
an
organizaciebis
tyavSi
SesaZromad
(rogorc
eTnografiaSi xdeba), rodesac upirvelesi mizani mimdinare movlenebis

Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis Segrovebaa (aRweriT kvlevaSi).
CarTuli dakvirvebisas mkvlevari, reaqtiulobis efeqtis (mkvlevris
gavlena sakvlev subieqtebze, ris Sedegadac icvleba am ukanasknelTa
qceva)
Sesamcireblad,
monawileebTan,
mniSvnelovani
iwers
mimdinare
drois
ganmavlobaSi
movlenebs
d,
rCeba
amavdroulad,
paralelurad Tavis rolsac asrulebs. skolaSi es raime konkretuli

saqmianoba
SeiZleba
monawileoba,
qcevis,
iyos:
saerTo
STabeWdilebebis,
movlenebis,
superviziebi,
saubrebis,
aqtivobebisa
da
skolis
dakvirvebebis,
situaciaSi
cxovrebaSi
komentarebis,
yvela
monawilis
mosazrebebis Cawera. CarTuli dakvirveba xSirad monacemebis Segrovebis

sxva
meTodebTan
Segrovil
erTad
monacemebs.
gamoiyeneba,
situaciaSi
rac
avsebs
xangrZlivad
kvlevis
darCenil
procesSi
mkvlevars
movlenaTa droSi ganviTarebis naxva da situaciebis, adamianTa jgufis,

pirovnebebis, konteqstebis, resursebis, rolebisa
gagebac
SeuZlia.
morisoni
(1993:
88)
da
amtkicebs,
a. S. dinamikis
rom
konkretul
konteqstSi garkveuli drois manZilze yofnisas ara marto situaciis

arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebi
urTierTmimarTebebis
Sesaxeb
iCenen
Tavs,
ufro
holisturi
aramed
xedvac
faqtorTa
yalibdeba.
situaciaSi aseTi CaZirva safuZvliani aRwerebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs

xels, procesebisa da urTierTqmedebis aRwerisas, romlebic movlenebis
marTebulad
efuZvneba
axsnisa
da
interpretaciis
saSualebas
iZleva
da
ar
mkvlevriseul daskvnebs. monawilis dakvirvebiT miRebuli
monacemebi kargad gadmoscemen arsebul realobas.
927
safuZvliani aRwerebis komponentebSi Sedis Cawera (Carspecken 1996: 47),

magaliTad: metyvelebis aqtebi, martivi leqsika, droisa da movlenebis
vadebis
zusti
da
damkvirvebliseuli
xSiri
komentarebi
Cawera,
da
kategoriebad
detaluri
dayofili
konteqstualuri
monacemebi.
dakvirvebis monacemebi savele Canawerebis saxiT fiqsirdeba, romlebic
ramdenime
doneze
SeiZleba
Caiweros
(ix.
/9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 8. ppt). aRweris doneze (Spradley 1980;
Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 120 1; LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 224) dakvirvebam Semdegi
formebi SeiZleba miiRos:
ZiriTadi sityvebis/simboloebis swrafi, fragmentuli Canawerebi;
srulad dawerili transkriptebi da ufro dawvrilebiTi dakvirvebis

monacemebi;
aRwerebi, romelTa Segrovebisa da momxdaris Sesaxeb aRwetis Semdeg

yovelmxriv da gasageb, naTel angariSs miviRebT;
monawileebis werilobiTi portretebi;
saubrebis aRdgena:
fizikuri garemos, movlenebis, qcevisa da aqtivobebis aRwera
mkvlevris aqtivobebisa da qcevis aRwera

linkolni da guba (1985: 273) dakvirvebis sxvadasxva tipis an elementis
CamonaTvals gvTavazoben, romelSic Sedis:
mimdinare SeniSvnebi (sityva-sityviT an adgilzeve kategorizirebulad

Cawerili).
movlenebis registraciis Jurnali an savele gamocdilebis dRiurebi

(savele Canawerebis msgavsi, Tumca, Cveulebriv, dakvirvebis Semdeg
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg keTdeba).
konkretuli,
winaswar
gansazRvruli
Temebis
Sesaxeb
gakeTebuli
SeniSnvebi (magaliTad, dafuZnebuli Teoriidan gamomdinare Temebis

Sesaxeb).
928
qronikebi, sadac aRniSnulia yoveli calkeuli qceviTi epizodi,

misi gamovlenis droiT, an drois Tanabar
intervalebSi Cawerili
dakvirvebebi, magaliTad, yovel or an sam wuTSi.
konteqstis rukebi: rukebi, sketCebi, diagramebi an konteqstis raime

saxis
grafikuli
farglebSic
gamosaxureba
mimdinareobs
(Cveulebriv,
dakvirveba;
aseTi
fizikuri),
grafika
romlis
moZraobebis
gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva.
winaswar
gansazRvrul
cxrilebSi
Sesatani
masala
(reitingis
skalebis, siebisa da struqturuli dakvirvebis cxrilebis CaTvliT),

taqsonomiuri
anu
kategoriuli
sistemebis
gamoyeneba,
sadac
kategoriebi adrindeli dakvirvebebis an interviuebis monacemebidan

miiReba.
sociometruli
miuTiTeben,
diagramebi,
magaliTad,
popularulebi
romlebic
socialur
gariyulebi
(visac
yvela
irCevs)
mier
Sevsebuli
urTierTobebze
(visac
aravin
diadebi
(vinc
da
irCevs),
erTmaneTs
irCevs).
respodentebis
kvlevis
Semdgomi
gamokiTxvis
(debrifingi) kiTxvarebi, romlebsac damkvirvebeli mxolod sakuTari

moxmarebisTvis
qmnis
da
romlebSic
uyuradRebod
darCenili
ZiriTadi informacia da movlenebia Tavmoyrili.
naCqarevad
Cawerili
sxva
mklevrebTan
Catarebuli
debrifingis
sesiebis monacemebi.
lekomte da preisli (1993: 199 200) sasargeblo miTiTebebs iZlevian
konkretul
aqtivobebze,
movlenebsa
Tu
situaciebze
dakvirvebis
warmoebisaTvis da Tvlian, rom es miTiTebebi Semdeg kiTxvebs unda

pasuxobdes:
vin monawileobs _ romeli jgufi/aqtivoba/situacia?
ramdeni adamiania? maTi vinaoba da maxasiaTeblebi.
rogor moxvdnen monawileebi jgufSi/aqtivobaSi/situaciaSi?
929
ra xdeba?
ramdenad rutinuli, regularuli, stilizebuli, araregularuli da

ganmeorebadia dasakvirvebeli qceva?
ra resursebi gamoiyeneba situaciaSi?
rogor xdeba aqtivobebis aRwera, dasabuTeba, axsna, organizeba da

saxeldeba?
rogor eqcevian monawileebi erTmaneTs?
ra statusebi da rolebi aqvT monawileebs?
vin iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da visTvis?
vin ras ambobs?
romel sakiTxs
ganxilul sakiTxebs Soris romelia mniSvnelovani?
ra saxis araverbaluri komunikacia gamoiyeneba?
vin aris mosaubre da vin msmeneli?sad xdeba movlena?
rodis xdeba movlena?
ramden xans grZeldeba movlena?
rogor nawildeba dro movlenis msvlelobisas?
rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneT movlenis calkeuli elementebi?
rogor marTaven cvlilebas da stabilobas?
ra wesebiT xdeba movlenis socialuri organizeba da masSi mimdinare
ganixilaven xSirad/iSviaTad?
qceva?
ratom xdeba es movlena da swored ise, rogorc xdeba?
ras niSnavs monawileebiTvis is, rac xdeba?
ra warsuli, miznebi da Rirebulebebi gaaCnia sakvlev jgufs?

aseTi grZeli (da ara amomwuravi) CamonaTvali gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze
Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamrCeuli movlenac ki kompleqsuria!

louflands (1991) miaCnia, rom CarTuli dakvirveba informaciis eqvs
ZiriTad kategorias
moicavs:
930
aqtebi: konkretuli moqmedebebi;
aqtivobebi: ufro didxans grZeldeba, magaliTad, kvira, semestri,

Tveebi (magaliTad, skolaSi siaruli, klubis wevroba);
mniSvnelobebi: rogor xsnian monawileebi konkretuli movlenebisa da

moqmedebebis mizezebs, mniSvnelobebsa da miznebs;
CarTuloba: ras akeTeben monawileebi (magaliTad, ojaxis wevroba,

saskolo jgufebi, Tanatolebi, klubebi da sazogadoebebi, damatebiTi
saswavlo jgufebi);
urTierTobebi:
dakvirvebis
dros
konteqstSi
dafiqsirebuli
urTierTobebi;
garemo: dasakvirvebeli moqmedebebisa da qcevebis garemos aRwera.

spredli
(Spradley
1980)
savele
Canawerebis
Sinaarsis
elementebis
CamonaTvals gvTavazobs:
sivrce: fizikuri garemo;
aqtorebi (moqmedi pirebi): adamianebi;
aqtivobebi: mimdinare, urTierTdakavSirebuli aqtebi;
obieqtebi: arsebuli artefaqtebi da fizikuri nivTebi;
aqtebi: monawileebis mier ganxorcielebuli konkretuli moqmedebebi;
movlenebi: mimdinare aqtivobebis erToblioba;
dro: aqtebis, aqtivobebisa da movlenebis Tanmimdevroba;
grZnobebi:
ras
grZnoben
adamianebi
da
rogor
gamoxataven
isini
TavianT grZnobebs.
moilesi
(Moyles 2002: 181)
dakvirvebis
fizikuri
da
Tvlis,
rom
mkvlevrebma
konteqstualuri
garemo,
unda
Caiweron
monawileebi
(magaliTad, raodenoba, vinaoba, momsvleli da wamsvleli, moqmedeba da

roli),
dRis
romel
monakveTSi
xdeba
dakvirveba,
garemos
sqema
(magaliTad, skamebisa da merxebis ganlageba), dakvirvebuli movlenebis
931
qronologia
da
nebismieri
gamorCeuli
SemTxveva,
romelic
mocemul
drosa da mocemul situaciaSi xdeba.
refleqsiis doneze, savele CanawerebSi SeiZleba Sediodes (Bogdan and

Biklin 1992: 122):
Canawerebis gaazreba da namoqmedaris analizi;

dakvirvebisTvis,
monacemebis
Segrovebisa
da
analizisTvis
gamoyenebuli meTodebis gaazreba;
eTikuri sakiTxebi, daZabuloba, problemebi da dilemebi;
damkvirveblis reaqciebi danaxulsa da Cawerilze _ damodebuleba,

emocia, analizi da a. S.
namoqmedaris da/an momavali qmedebis
Semdgomi kvlevis SesaZlo mimarTulebebi.
gansazRvreba
da konkretizacia:
linkolnsi da guba (1985: 327) Canawerebis gakeTebas sam ZiriTad tips

asaxeleben,
romelic
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
Jurnalis
warmoebisas
gamoiyenos:
dRis ganrigi, praqtikuli saqmeebis CaTvliT (magaliTad lojistika);
piradi dRiuri refleqsiisTvis, msjelobisTvis da kaTarzisisTvis;
meTodologiis Sesaxeb Canawerebi da aRicxva.

dakvirvebis fokusis SerCevisas uilkinsoni (2000: 228) erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs
mniSvnelovani
qcevis
molekulur
gansxvavebaa.
qcevis
da
molur
mcire
erTeulebs
erTeulebi
da
es
molekuluria,
magaliTad, Jestebi, araverbaluri qceva, xanmokle moqmedebebi; Tumca

isini
Zalian
specifikur,
konkretul
monacemebs
iZlevian,
arsebobs
konteqstidan amovardnis
riski, rac amcirebs maT mniSvnelobas da,
Sesabamisad, validobasac.
amis sapirispirod, molur midgomas qcevis
didi
erTeulebi
interesebiT
dakvirvebis
ainteresebs,
ganisazRvreba.
erTeulebi
indikatorebs warmoadgenen.
romlis
mkvlevari
misTvis
zomac
mkvlevaris
darwmunebuli
saintereso
unda
sakiTxebis
Teoriuli
iyos,
rom
validur
932
yovelive
sakmarisad
zemoTqmulidan
amomwuravi
SegviZlia
unda
iyos,
davaskvnaT,
raTa
mkiTxvelma
analizis gameoreba SeZlos. monacemebi dasakvirvebel

fokusirdebodes
da
naTlad
da
rom
gasagebad
monacemebi
warmodgenili
erTeulebze unda
warmoaCendes
daskvn.
abstraqciebisa da ganzogadebebis gakeTeba kvlevis adreul stadiazeve

SeiZleba daiwyos, magram aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos mkvlevars kvlevaZiebis axali arxebis, axali gzebis moZiebaSi (Sacks 1992).
dakvirveba verbalur monacemebsac moicavs da vizualursac. mkvlevari
savele
CanawerebSi
detalebsac
aRwers,
Tumca
Caweris
mniSvnelovan
saSualebas audio-vizualuri teqnika warmoadgens (Erickson 1992: 209 10).

sruli
audio-vizualuri
CaweriT
SesaZlebelia
damkvirveblis
mier
calkeuli movlenis mxolod nawilobrivi xedvis da mxolod xSirad

gamovlenili
movlenebis Caweris Tavidan acileba. audio-vizualuri
monacemebis mogrovebas sruli analizisa da mravalmxrivi

uzrunvelyofis
potencia
gaaCnia,
vinaidan
am
SemTxvevaSi,
masalis
mkvlevari
naklebad aris damokidebuli sakuTar adrindel interpretaciebze. ra

Tqma unda, aq sifrTxile gvmarTebs, vinaidan video kamerebis dayenebam
SerCeviTobis problema SeiZleba wamoWras. Tu kamera fiqsirebulia, is
CarTuli damkvirvebeliviT seleqciuri iqneba, magram moZravi kamerac ki
SeiZleba ukiduresad SerCeviTi iyos (Morisson 1993: 91).
mniSvnelovania dakvirvebis konteqsti (Silverman 1993: 146). Spredli (1979)
da kirki da mileri (1986) Tvlian, rom damkvirveblebma oTxi saxis
monacemi unda warmoadginon:
adgilze gakeTebuli Canawerebi;
dakvirvebis
seansis
Semdeg
SeZlebisdagvarad
swrafad
gakeTebuli
vrceli Canawerebi;
Jurnalis
Canawerebi, sadac velze muSaobisas wamoqmnili sakiTxebi,
ideebi, sirTuleebi da a. S. fiqsirdeba;
mimdinare
analizisa
TandaTanobiT ixveweba.
da
interpretaciis
monaxazebi,
romelic
933
aRniSnuli monacemebis Cawera

maTSi
garkveuli
dakvirvebis sandoobis gasazrdelad
sistematizaciis
Setanas
isaxavs
miznad.
am
TvalsazrisiT, silvermeni (1993) gvaxsenebs mniSvnelovan sxvaobas -eTikur

da -emur analizs Soris. eTikuri analizi mkvlevaris konceptualur
CarCos
iyenebs,
struqturirebul
winaswaraa
emuri
midgomebi
dakvirvebaSi
gansazRvruli
ki
eTikuri
samuSao
sakvlevi
midgoma
CarCo,
subieqtebisas.
gamoiyeneba,
romelsac
sadac
usityvod
unda
mihyvnen, xolo emuri midgomebi kargad ergebian Tvisebriv kvlevas,

sadac
situaciebis
gansazRvrebebs
dasakvirvebel
subieqtTa
TvalTaxedvidan iReben.
CarTul
dakvirvebas
romlebic,
Cveulebriv,
Tavisi
uaryofiTi
/CarTuli
mxarec
dakvirvebiT
aqvs.
angariSebi,
miiReba,
Tvisebrivi
monacemebs zemoT ganxiluli kritika Seexeba , sadac naTqvamia, rom

Tvisebrivi
monacemebi
subieqturi,
mikerZoebuli,
STambeWdavi
idiosinkrazulia da zusti raodenobrivi sazomebis

eqsperimentis
ganmasxvavebeli
niSani)
uqonlobiT
da
(gamokiTxvis da
gamoirCeva.
albaT,
veraferi Seedreba arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa bandis cxovrebis Sesaxeb

informaciis misaRebad maT gverdiT xangrZlivad cxovrebiT miRebul
gamocdilebas.
CarTuli
dakvirvebis
kritikosebi
gaSinaurebis
safrTxeze migviTiTeben, rogorc mkvlevris mier aseTi jgufis wevris

rolis Sesrulebis Sedegze. saidan viciT, rom mkvlevars ar Seecvala
Sexeduleba
da
veRar
amCnevs
im
Taviseburebebsa
da
specifikur
maxasiaTeblebs, romelTa Seswavlasac isaxavda miznad?

adleri da adleri (1994: 370) dakvirvebis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen.
mkvlevari jer dasakvirvebel garemos SearCevs da Semdeg situaciaSi
Sesvlis saSualebebis Ziebas iwyebs (magaliTad, am situaciaSi raime
rolis morgebiT). mxolod situaciaSi Sesvlis Semdeg SeuZlia mkvlevars
srulfasovani dakvirvebis
arastruqturirebuli,
dawyeba, iqneba es struqturirebuli Tu
fokusirebuli
dakvirvebis gamoiyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
ufokuso.
raodenobrivi
Segrovili monacemebi kvlevis
934
dasrulebis Semdeg unda gaanalizdes, xolo Tu ufro eTnografiuli

teqnikebis
gamoyeneba
damkvirveblisgan
paralelurad
igegmeba,
kvlevis
progresuli
maSin
dasrulebamde,
analizis
warmoebas
fokusireba
dakvirvebis
moiTxovs
(razec
procesis
adre
ukve
visaubreT).
mkvlevrebi xSirad svamen kiTxvas: ramden xans unda davakvirdeT? an
rodis unda Sevwyvito dakvirveba? ra Tqma unda, aq ar arsebobs myari
da ucvleli wesi, Tumca, SesaZloa, mizanSewonili iyos mas Semdeg
gaCereba, rac Teoriuli sisavse miiRweva (Adler and Adler 1994: 380), anu,
rodesac
situaciebi,
arsebul
monacemebs.
romelsac
cxadia,
am
akvirvebian,
etapze
mxolod
SeiZleba
imeoreben
ukve
mniSvnelovani
iyos
monacemebis mogrovebis gagrZeleba, raTa dasakvirvebeli qcevis sruli

sixSire
dadgindes
gamovlenili
da
yvelaze
mkvlevarma
naklebad
SeZlos,
tipuri
droTa
qcevis
ganmavlobaSi
Sesaxeb
maqsimaluri
informaciis miReba. amasTan, rac metia dakvirvebaTa ricxvi, miT metad

sando SeiZleba iyos miRebuli monacemebi, rac miRebuli kategoriebis
dasabuTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. amgvarad, es dakvirvebis sandoobis
miRwevis sakiTxia (ix. msjeloba triangulaciis Sesaxeb).
dakvirvebisTvis bunebrivi da xelovnurad Seqmnili garemo

ganaTlebis
garemoSi
sferos
mkvlevrebi
skolebSi,
dakvirvebebs,
saklaso
oTaxebSi,
ZiriTadad,
saTamaSo
bunebriv
moednebze,
gakveTilebsa da a. S. _ awarmoeben. dakvirvebisTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili,

mowyobili
garemo
damkvirveblebis
xelovnurad
gagacnobT:
fsiqologiur
uflebamosilebis
Seqmnil
garemoSi
socialuri
kvlevebSi
gazrdis
Catarebul
fsiqologiidan
SeiZleba
mizniT.
or
Segvxvdes,
21-e
klasikur
milgramis
TavSi
kvlevas
avtoritetuli
figurisadmi daqvemdebarebis kvlevasa da stanfordis cixis eqsperiments.

am kvlevebis msgavsad, situaciaSi damkvirveblis yofnis gareSe bavSvebis
qcevaze
situaciis
dasakvirveblad,
rekonstruqcia
fsiqolog
da
mkvlevrebs
calmxrivi
sarkis
saklaso
gamoyeneba
oTaxis
SeiZleba
935
moisurvon.
aq
Ria
da
xelovnurad
Seqmnili
situaciaze
dawesebuli
laboratoriuli
faruli
kvlevis
garemos
upiratesobas
kontrolis
eqsperimentisTvis
utoldeba. im braldebas, rom

gakontroleba
da
maTiT
eTikuri
dgeba.
damkvirveblis
xarisxi
Cveuli
sakiTxebi
qmnis
kontrolis
mier
romelic
xarisxs
ararealistur situaciaSi adamianebis

manipulireba
dauSvebelia,
meore
TavSi
eTikuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas SevexeT.

dakvirvebis garemo struqturirebulidan arastruqturirebulamde da
bunebrividan xelovnuramde kontinuumebze SegviZlia movaTavsoT (CanarTi
18.
3).
maTi
Setanili
klasificireba
struqturis
damkvirveblis/mkvlevris
xarisxiT
da
garemos
mier
garemoSi
Tandayolili
sturuqturirebulobis xarisxiTac SesaZlebelia (Cooper and Schindler 2001:

378).
936
CanarTi 18. 3.
dakvirvebis struqturirebuli, arastruqturirebuli, bunebrivi da
xelovnuri garemo
struqturirebuli
bunebrivi garemo
xelovnuri garemo
struqturirebuli savele
sruliad
kvlevebi (magaliTad,
struqturirebuli
sirsisa da misi
laboratoria
kolegebis (Sears et al, 1965)
(magaliTad, stanfordis
kvleva, romelic
cixis eqsperimenti,
identifikaciasa da
morCilebis
bavSvis aRzrdas Seexeba)
milgramiseuli
eqsperimenti, ix. Tavi 21)
da eqsperimentebi,
romlebSic calmxriv
sarkesa da video
Canawerebs iyeneben.
arastruqturirebuli
sruliad
arastruqturirebuli
arastruqturirebuli
laboratoria
savele (magaliTad, Street
(1964) cnobili kvleva-
Corner Society-is
koWobana: sakuTari Tavis
uaitiseuli (Whyte 1949)
ZiebaSi) da dakvirvebebi,
cnobili kvleva) da
romlebSic calmxriv
eTnografiuli kvlevebi
sarkesa da video
(eqslanis
Canawerebs iyeneben.
cxadia,
miznisTvis
mkvlevars
mocemuli
Sesatyvisobis
idea
garemosa
unda
da
struqturis
amoZravebdes.
aq
pirobebSi
sazRvrebi
bundovania; struqturirebuli garemo hipoTezebis SemowmebisTvis ufro

gamogvadgeba, arastruqturirebuli ki _ maTi CamoyalibebisaTvis.
937
eTikuri mosazrebebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom dakvirvebas, Caurevlobis gamo, xSirad aqvs
neitralurobis pretenzia, masTan dakavSirebiT mainc arsebobs ramdenime
eTikuri mosazreba. literaturaSi kargad aris asaxuli Ria da farul
dakvirvebasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri dilemebi. Tu Ria kvlevis cdis
pirebma ician, rom akvirvebian, farul kvlevaSi maTTvis es ucnobia. erTi
mxriv,
kvlevis
es
ukanaskneli
forma,
rogorc
Cans,
arRvevs
informirebuli Tanxmobis princips, cdis pirebis pirad cxovrebas da

pirad
sivrceSi
iWreba,
maT
instrumentebiviT,
kvlevis
obieqtebiviT
eqceva da mkvlevars sakuTari rolis mcdarad warmodgenisken an (Mitchell

1993), metic, uaryofisken ubiZgebs. Tumca, meore mxriv, miCeli (1993)
amtkicebs,
rom
arsebobs
garkveuli
formis
codna,
romelic
sazogadoebis kanonieri kuTvnilebaa, magram masze mxolod farulad

momuSave mkvlevars Tu miuwvdeba xeli (magaliTad, homoseqsualTa wreSi
zedamxedvelze
faruli
dakvirvebis
kvleva
stigmatizebul
SeiZleba
jgufebSi
saintereso
angariSi
(Humphrey,
iyos
marginalur
aucilebeli
SesaRwevad,
an
jgufebSi,
1975)).
romlebic
da
ar
Tanxmdebian mkvlevris Txovnas, CaerTon kvlevaSi. maT Soris SeiZleba

iyvnen sensitiuri jgufebi, magaliTad, narkomanebi da maTi mimwodeblebi,
adamianis imunodeficituri virusiT (aiv) dainficirebulebi, politikuri
aqtivistebi,
bavSvebze
moZaladeebi,
policiis
informatorebi
da
rasobrivad motivirebuli kanondamrRvevebi. miCels (1993) faruli kvlevis

sasargeblod Zlieri argumentebi moaqvs, rodesac amtkicebs, rom faruli
kvlevis warmoebaze uaris Tqma farulad
jgufebSi
SeRwevaze
uaris
Tqmaa;
moqmed, Zalauflebis mqone
sensitiuri,
magram
mniSvnelovani
Temebis kvlevis uaryofaa; kvlevis rTuli, magram myarad fesvgadgmuli

sakiTxebisa da rwmenebis uaryofaa, anu, danebeba da far-xmalis dayraa
swored maSin, roca saqme rTuldeba! farulad warmoebuli kvlevis
magaliTebis ganxilviT igi aCvenebs, rom aseTi kvlevis CautareblobiT
uars
vambobT,
sazogadoebisTvis
saintereso
sakiTxebis
da
naklebad
938
cnobili
jgufebis
an
situaciebis
Sesaxeb
sajaro
informaciis
miwodebaze.
faruli kvlevis gamarTleba reaqtiulobis daZlevis SesaZleblobis
safuZvelzec SeiZleba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mkvlevars sjera,
rom individebis bunebrivi qceva Seicvleba, Tu maT ecodinebaT, rom
akvirdebian.
faruli kvleva rom saxifaToa kargad aris asaxuli glazgos bandis
patrikiseul
(1973)
kvlevaSi,
sadac
mkvlevars
udidesi
Zalisxmeva
dasWirda, rom ar gaemJRavnebina Tavi, rodesac mkvlelobis mowme gaxda;

miCelis
(1993)
angariSSi,
sadac
aRwerilia,
Tu
rogor
guldasmiT
SeaTanxmes rolis yvela detali, romelic saWiro iyo milenialistTa

_ aSS-is SearaRebuli politikuri dajgufebis gasaidumloebuli ultra
memarjvene
frTis
faruli
kvlevisTvis
da
bolos,
mTamsvlelTa
miCeliseuli kvlevaSi, sadac jgufis wevroba maTTvis Cveul mkacr da

mtkivneul
cxovrebasTan
ziarebas
niSnavda
(jgufSi
mkvlevars Tavad mouwia srulfasovan da profesionalurad
Sesasvlelad
momzadebul
mTasvlelad qceva).
uamravi eTikuri dilema arsebobs, romelSic mocemulia daZabuloba
pirad
cxovrebaSi
SeWras,
mis
dacvasa
da
sazogadoebis
kanonieri
codnis uflebas Soris, informirebul Tanxmobasa da ufro farTo

sazogadoebis
dakvirvebas,
interesebidan
rogorc
sanaxaobriv sportsa da
gamomdinare
zedapirul,
mis
savaraudod,
darRvevas
Soris,
mastimulirebel,
mniSvnelovan socialur kvlevas Soris. aq
laparakia dilemaze, romelic individis dacvasa da farTo sazogadoebis

dacvas Seexeba da romelSic ismis kiTxvebi: vin darCeba mogebuli
warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad,
_ vis da ras emsaxureba, vis argebs da vis
avnebs igi? individis interesebis dacva ufro didi sikeTea Tu _ farTo

sazogadoebis? avnebs Tu ara kvleva isedac dazaralebul adamianebs?
gaaumjobesebs Tu ara maT yofa-cxovrebas, instrumentulad (anu rogorc
obieqts da ara _ subieqts) unda moeqces Tu ara mkvlevari
monawileebis
939
kvlevisTvis
saWiro
da
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
miuwvdomeli,
magram
Rirebuli monacemebis mopovebis gamo? mkvlevars aucilebeli

valdebulebebi gaaCnia da vidre
TiToeuli
SemTxveva
mainc
moraluri
eTikuri qcevis kodeqsi arsebobs,
calkeuli,
mxolod
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Rirsebebis mixedviT unda Sefasdes.

garda amisa, TavisTavad problemuria Caurevlobis sakiTxi. rogorc
winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT,
magram
es
mTlad
ase
ar
aris
dakvirveba araintervenciulia,
realur
samyaroSi
mcxovrebi
mkvlevrebisTvis, romelsac ikvleven isini da maTi (mkvelvrebis) gavlena,

SesaZloa,
sulac
ar
iyos
neitraluri
(hoTornosa
da
wmindanis
efeqtebi, romelzec mexuTe TavSi visaubreT). es Zalze TvalsaCinoa,

magaliTad,
skolis
inspeqtoris
inspeqtirebis
daswreba
procesebze
da
SemTxvevaSi,
mniSvnelovnad
araswori
iqneboda
rodesac
moqmedebs
amis
gakveTilze
klasSi
mimdinare
SeumCnevloba.
amgvarad,
damkvirveblis efeqti mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos.

garda amisa, Caurevelma damkvirvebelma dawvrilebiT da zedmiwevniT
unda ganixilos Tavisi roli. rogor unda moqceuliyo mkvlevari zemoT
ganxilul patrikiseul (1973) magaliTSi, rodesac is mkvlelobis mowme
gaxda:
unda
mkvlelobis
gaemJravnebina
vinaoba
Sesaxeb?
moxdeboda,
ra
da
policiisTvis
Tu
Seetyobinebina
mkvlelobaze
reaqciis
uqonlobiT mas kidev ufro met sensitiur monacemze miuwvdeboda xeli?

Zaladobis mowmem ubralod unda Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb saTanado
organoebs
Tu
dakavSirebiT?
Tavad
Tu
unda
moimoqmedos
damkvirvebeli
rasobrivi
raime
aRniSnul
Zaladobis
an
faqtTan
daSinebis
(bulingi) SemTxvevebis mowmea, unda darCes Tu ara SeumCeveli? Aaris Tu

ara damkvirvebeli ubralod Jurnalsiti, romelic
demonstracias
moralurad
gadawyvetisas
axdens
miuRebeli
mkvlevari
ixelmZRvanelebs.
maT
da
gansaxilvelad?
gasakicxi?
calsaxa
es
is
ganaCenisTvis
monacemebis sajaro
rodisaa
Caurevloba
sakiTxebia,
eTikis
romelTa
kodeqsiT
ver
940
komentarebi
dakvirvebis bevr situaciaSi mikerZoebis riski arsebobs (magaliTad,
Wilkinson 2000: 228; Moyles 2002: 179; Robson 2002: 324 5; Shaughnessy et al. 2003: 116
17), risi mizezi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad:
damkvirveblis
seleqciuri
damokidebulia
imaze,
Tu
(SerCeviTi)
saiT
viyurebiT,
ras
yuradReba:
aRqma
vuyurebT,
rogor
vuyurebT, rodis vuyurebT, ras gvgonia, rom vuyurebT, vis vuyurebT,

raze vfiqrobT dakvirvebis dros da ra interesebi da gamocdileba
gagvaCnia.
reaqtiuloba: monawileebma SeiZleba Secvalon qceva im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu
ecodinebaT,
klasSi;
metad
rom
maT
daiZabon;
akvirdebian.
Cveulebrivze
magaliTad,
ukeT
an
ukeT
uaresad
imuSaon
moiqcnen;
imoqmedon mkvlevaris molodinis an miTiTebebis Sesabamisad,
moTxovnili maxasiaTeblebi (Shaughnessy et al. 2003: 113).
yuradRebis
deficiti:
ra
xdeba
maSin,
Tu
mklevars
yuradReba
efanteba, sxvagan da movlena misi yuradRebis miRma rCeba?
konstruqtebis validoba: dasadgenia
Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos
msjelobisTvis validur indikatorad. magaliTad, rogoria Rimili:

moSvebuli,
nevrotuli,
megobruli
Tu
mtruli?
iTvleba
Tu
ara
pirovnebis mier gamoyenebuli araverbaluri Jestebi urTierTqmedebis

validur
indikatorad?
gamoyenebuli
aris
iarliyebi
Tu
da
ara
sakvlevi
maniSneblebi
am
qcevis
aRsawerad
qcevis
validuri
indikatorebi?
monacemTa
zogjer
seleqciuri
Cvenive
piradi
CaniSvna:
Cvens
Sefasebebi
Casaweri fenomeni. zogjer
mier
ufro
Caweril
moqmedebs,
informaciaze
vidre
Tavad
situaciis interpretacias vaxdenT da
Semdeg am interpretacias viwerT da ara _ Tavad fenomens.
seleqciuri
mexsiereba:
dasrulebis Semdeg
Tu
dakvirvebebis
monacemebs
movlenis
viniSnavT, Cveni mexsiereba arCevs da filtravs
monacemebs da zogjer uyuradRebod rCeba dakvirvebis konteqstis
941
detalebi. amitom informaciis CaniSvna uSualod dakvirvebis procesSi

an dakvirvebis dasrulebisTanave unda moxdes.
pirovnebaTSorisi
interpretaciebze
adamianTa
sakiTxebi
Cvenive
qcevis
da
kontrtransferi:
Sefasebebi
Cveneuli
da
Sefaseba,
Camoyalibebuli urTierToba
prioritetebi
dakvirvebis
Cvens
moqmedebs:
monawileebTan
da situaciis konteqsti. mkvlevrebi
ganzrax unda moscildnen situacias da reflqsias mimarTon.
molodinis
efeqtebi:
rodesac
mkvlevarma
icis
Sesamowmebeli
hipoTezebi, an gaaCnia msgavsi kvlevebis Sedegebi anda garkveuli

qcevebis naxvis molodini aqvs aman SeiZleba gavlena iqonios mis
dakvirvebis monacemebze.
Caweris wesze SeTanxmeba: dasakvirvebeli jgufis erTi wevri SeiZleba

erTsa
da
imave
qcevas
imeorebdes,
magram
sxva
aravin
iqceodes
analogiurad da saerTod ar avlendes aseT qcevas. am SemTxvevaSi,

unda Caiweros, Tu ramdeni gansxvavebuli adamiani moiqca amgvarad.
damkvirvebelTa
raodenoba:
damkvirvebeli
SeiZleba
Sesabamisad,
erTi
da
sxvadasxva
arakonsistenturi
igive
rames
Sedegebi
situaciaSi
sxvadasxva
akvirdebodes
miiRon.
amitom
da
saWiroa
damkvirvebelTa gavarjiSeba maT Soris SeTanxmebulobis misaRwevad,

qcevis zusti gansazRvrebebis kargad gasagebad, monacemebis CaniSvnisa
da Caweris saxeebis SesaTanxmeblad.
daskvnis problema: dakvirvebisas mxolod momxdari realuri faqtis

Caweraa
SesaZlebeli;
nebismieri
triangulaciis, gareSe, aqtoris

miznebis
Sesaxeb
ganzraxvis
dakvnebis
Sesaxeb
megobruli
iyos,
pativmoyvareobad
mtkicebulebis,
magaliTad,
qcevis mizezebis, ganzraxvebisa da
gakeTeba
dakvirvebis
zogjer SeuZlebelia.
sxva
SeiZleba
safuZvelze
saxifaTo
daskvnebis
iyos.
gakeTeba
magaliTad, bavSvs SeiZleba undodes, rom
magram
gamoucdelma
aRiqvas;
maswavlebels
damkvirvebelma
SeiZleba
es
mis
undodes,
rom
efeqturi iyos, magram mkvlevarma araswori interpretacia gaakeTos da
942
is
saxifaTod
miiCnios.
reaqciidan
stimulze
da
dakvirvebidan
ganzraxvaze daskvnis gakeTeba mizanSewonili ar aris.

aq
saqme
validobasa
da
sandoobas
exeba.
TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevarma unda uzrunvelyos,
dakvirvebis
validobis
sakvlevi konstruqtis
indikatorebis sizuste da operacionalizeba, magaliTad, SeTanxmebuli

unda iyos, Tu ras niSnavs anu risgan Sedgeba iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa
megobruli,
dakvirvebis
viRebT
bednieri,
miznis
SerCeva
orientacias:
jgufze,
agresiuli,
problemuri
mxolod
konkretul
komunikabeluri
konkretul
movlenebsa
da
sakiTxia.
da
ukareba.
magaliTad,
adamianebze
konkretul
Tu
raze
adamianTa
droze
Tu
sxva
situaciaze? molur Tu molekulur erTeulebze? ras apirebT: axlo

manZilidan
detalebze dakvirvebas Tu holistur, farTo fokusisa da
diapazonis mqone kvlevas, anu, gamadidebel SuSas iyenebT da viwro

diapazonSi maRali xarisxis gamosaxulebis miRebas cdilobT? Tu farTo
xedvas irCevT, kadrSi mTel vels atevT, magram ar gaqvT gamokveTili
detalebi,
Tu
raRac
saSualos
miRwevas
cdilobT?
rogor
irCevT,
saorientacio obieqtivs?
molodinis
efeqtis
daZleva
SesaZlebelia,
Tu
damkvirveblebs
ar
ecodinebaT kvlevis mizani _ ormagad brma midgoma.

rac Seexeba sandoobas, indikatorebi srulad, Tanmimdevrulad da
myarad unda gamoiyenebodes, interpretaciaSi yovelgvari cvalebadobis
gareSe.
es
damokidebulia
ara
dakvirvebasa
da
warmoebul
raodenobazec.
marto
damkvirvebelTa
damkvirvebelze
mis
mier
Caweraze,
aramed
damkvirveblis
Soris
Tanxmobis
(procentebSi)
gamosaTvleli formula aseTia:

100,

SemfasebelTa
Soris
Tanxmobis
sandoobis
gazomvisas
mkvlevari
maRali procentuli maCveneblis miRebas unda cdilobdes (minimum 90

procentis). SemfasebelTa Soris Tanxmobis sandoobis sxva sazomebSi
943
korelaciebi gamoiyeneba, sadac korelaciis koeficientebi 0.90-ze (anu 90

procentze) meti unda iyos (Shaughnessy et al. 2003: 111).
mkvlevris
an
mkvlevrebis
sandoobis
saWiroeba SeiZleba warmoiSvas
uzrunvelsayofad
raTa mkvlevrebma:
erTi da igive operaciuli gansazRvrebebi gamoiyenon;
erTi da igive dakvirvebebi erTnairad Caweron;
kargad iyvnen koncentrirebulni;
SeZlon detalebze fokusireba;
iyvnen naklebad SesamCnevni, magram yuradRebianni;
hqondeT
dakvirvebis
treningis
monacemebze
dayrdnobiT
daskvnebis
gamotanisTvis saWiro gamocdileba.

am
Tvisebebs
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
gadaRlis,
gamofitvis,
damkvirveblis dreifis (Cooper and Schindler 2001: 380) da wmindanis efeqtis

Tavidan
asacileblad
da,
amasTan,
TiToeulma
maTganma
SeiZleba
monacemebis sandooba Seamciros.

rac
Seexeba
reaqtiulobis
sakiTxs,
erTi
SesaZleblobaa
faruli
dakvirvebis gamoyeneba, Tumca es eTikur sakiTxebs badebs, romlebzec

meore TavSi ukve visaubreT. meore _ habituaciis anu miCvevis gamoyeneba,
rodesac
mkvlevari imdenad did xans rCeba situaciaSi, rom monawileebi
ara marto eCvevian mis iq yofnas, aramed bunebrivdac iqcevian.

loflendis (1971: 104 6) azriT, kvlevaSi sandoobis problemis
dasaZlevad, aseve, mniSvnelovania, movlenis dasrulebisTanave gaakeTos
Canawerebi
maqsimaluri
warmoebas;
ganixilos
weros,
magram
SeniSvnebis
mainc
didi
audioCaweris
dro
Canawerebis
varianti
(Tumca,
azrovnebisTvis wera SeiZleba metad mastimulirebeli iyos); gamoiyenos

sityvebis damuSavebis saSualeba, rac SemdgomSi programuli paketebis
gamoyenebiT analizisas gauwevs daxmarebas da hqondes Canawerebis ori
faili:
erTi
originali
monacemebi
da
meore
manipulaciisa
analizisTvis (magaliTad, monacemebis daWrisa da gadanacvlebisTvis).
da
944
daskvna
dakvirvebis meTodebi situaciebis gagebisa da axali codnis SeZenis
mZlavri iaraRia.3 monacemebis Segrovebis sxva teqnikebis msgavsad, maTac
axlavT
validobisa
da
sandoobis
problema.
dabali
rangis
daskvnebisTvis gankuTvnili dakvirvebac ki, romelic, albaT, dakvirvebis

yvelaze usafrTxo formaa, uaRresad SerCeviTia, vinaidan Tavad aRqmaa
seleqciuri. daskvnis ufro maRali rangis formebi, romlebic mizezSedegobriobis dadgenas isaxaven miznad damkvirveblis interpretaciis
ufro maRali dones moiTxoven, sadac damkvirvebeli mizanmimarTulebisa
da motivaciis Sesaxeb msjelobs. am TvalsazrisiT, dasabuTebisTvis da
triangulaciisTvis rekomendebulia monacemebis Segrovebis damatebiTi
meTodebis gamoyeneba anu, sando monacemebidan sando daskvnebis miRebis
uzrunvelyofa.
dakvirvebis dagegmvisas mkvlevarma unda gaiazros da gadawyvitos:
rodis, sad, rogor da ras akvirdeba.
ramdenad struqturirebuli dakvirvebaa aucilebeli?
dakvirvebis
periodis
xangrZlioba,
romelic
unda
Seesabamebodes
dasakvirvebeli qcevis gamovlenisa da dakvirvebisTvis saWiro dros;
dakvirvebis periodis drois ganawileba (magaliTad, diliT, SuadRes,

saRamos).
dakvirvebis
konteqsti
sasargeblo
(Sexvedra,
praqtikuli
gakveTili,
savarjiSoebi,
ganviTarebisTvis
skolis
mmarTvelobis
brifingi da a. S.).
dakvirvebis
buneba
(struqturirebuli,
naxevrad
struqturirebuli,
Ria, moluri, molukuluri da a. S.).
dakvirvebis
SesaZleblobis
arseboba,
magaliTad,
darwmuneba,
rom
arian dasakvirvebeli adamianebi an arsebobs dasakvirvebeli qceva.
subieqturi da obieqturi dakvirvebis gaerTianeba, struqturirebul

dakvirvebaSic
ki.
dakvirvebis
gegma
uaRresad
subieqturi
xdeba,
945
vinaidan masze SeiZleba interpretacia, gadarCeva da kontrtransferi

aisaxos, operaciuli gansazRvrebebi ki yovelTvis
reaqtiulobis
Semcirebis
mizniT
warmoebuli
zusti ar aris.
faruli
monawilis
dakvirvebis Rirebuleba.
safrTxeebi, romlebic sandoobasa da validobas emuqreba;
dakvirvebis
operacionalizaciis
saWiroeba,
mtkicebulebad iTvleba, Tanmimdevruli, mkafio

qmnis
konkretul
iTvleba
Tvisebas
antisocialur
gamoyenebuli
Tvisobrivi
(magaliTad,
qcevad?
raTa
maxasiaTebeli
rac
da validuri iyos. ra
antisocialur
erTi
is,
individis
qcevas?
ra
SemTxvevaSi
komunikabeluri
meoris
SemTxvevaSi sityvaZunws SeiZleba niSnavdes da piriqiT).
saTanado saxis struqturirebuli dakvirvebisa da Caweris sistemis

arCevis saWiroeba (magaliTad, movlenis SerCeva, momentaluri SerCeva,
xangrZlivobis Cawera, diqotomiuri/reitingis skalebi).
rogor SeviniRboT da aucilebelia Tu ara informirebuli Tanxmoba.
gamarTlebulia Tu ara motyueba.
ra roli unda aiRos mkvlevarma kontinuumze: sruli damkvirveblis,

monawile
damkvirveblis,
damkvirvebeli
monawilis
Tu
kvlevis
meTodi
sruli
damkvirveblis?
dakvirveba
SeiZleba
Zalian
sasargeblo
iyos,
sasurveli qcevis an fenomenis gagebas SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdes, es

SeiZleba Zviri Rirdes daxarjuli droisa da Zalisxmevis TvalsazrisiT.
es
ki,
monacemebis
interpretaciis
an
maTi
daskvnebis gamotanisas sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.
mniSnvelobis
winamdebare
Sesaxeb
TavSi
dakvirvebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli tipi da maT safuZvlad mdebare

wanamZRvrebi mimovixileT, sadac miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis principis
dacviT dakvirvebis meTodis SerCevaze iyo saubari. dakvirvebis romelime
konkretuli meTodis gamoyenebis gansazRvris nacvlad
am TavSi iTqva,
rom dakvirveba mkvlevars moralur ganzomilebaSi aTavsebs; rom ar aris

sakmarisi dakvirvebis iseTi terminebiT ubralod aRwera, rogoricaa
946
araintruziuli, Caureveli teqnika da amiT kvlevis monawileebis winaSe

pasuxismgeblobis moxsna. adamianis Semswavlel mecnierebebSi monacemebis
Segrovebis
neitraluri
sxva
formebis
saqmianoba.
valdebulebebi
aqvT
msgavsad,
dakvirveba
damkvirveblebs,
rogorc
sxva
monawileebis,
ar
aris
moralurad
mkvlevrebis
msgavsad,
ise
kvleviTi
mTeli
sazogadoebis winaSe.
dakvirvebis monacemebis magaliTebisTvis mimarTeT wignis Tanmxleb
veb gverds (http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18.
1. doc da http://www.routledge.com/testbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 18, faili 18. 2.
doc).
947
19 testebi
Sesavali
raisis (Rice 1897) marTlweris testis, ebinghausis (1987) daviwyebis
testisa da bines (1905) inteleqtis skalis Semdeg, testebi arnaxuli
siswrafiT ganviTarda moculobis, mravalferovnebis,
sferoebisa da
daxvewilobis TvalsazrisiT. testirebis sfero imdenad farToa, rom aq

mxolod Sesavalis saxiT mimovixilavT masTan dakavSirebul zogierT
sakiTxs,
ufro
meti
da
detaluri
informaciisTvis
ki
specialuri
teqstebisa da wyaroebis moZieba mogiwevT. aq mxolod testebTan da

testirebasTan dakavSirebul ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs SevexebiT.
testebis saxiT mkvlevrebs monacemebis Segrovebis mZlavri iaraRi
gaaCniaT, romliTac maT ara sityvieri, aramed raodenobrivi monacemebis
miReba
SeuZliaT.
ramdenime
testirebis
mniSvnelivani
sakiTxi
monacemebis
unda
Segrovebaze
gaviTvaliswinoT,
saubrisas,
upirvelesad
saerod ratom viyenebT tests da aseve ganvsazRvroT:
ras vamowmebT (miRwevas, midrekilebas, damokidebulebas, pirovnebas

inteleqts, socialur adaptacias da a. S.);
rogor testebs viyenebT parametruls Tu araparametruls?
normazea testebi orientirebuli Tu kriteriumze?
SeuZliaT Tu ara mkvlevrebs testebis yidva, Tu Tavad unda Seadginon

isini?
aris Tu ara testis qulebi eqsperimentul meTodSi pretestisa da

post-testisidan miRebuli?
rogori saxis testia _ individualuri Tu jgufuri?
rogori saxis testia _ TviTangariSis Tu administrirebadi?

modiT, es sakiTxebi ufro vrclad ganvixiloT.
ras vamowmebT?
948
aTiaTasobiT
bavSvebidan
testi
arsebobs,
dawyebuli,
romlebic
mozrdilebis
yvela
CaTvliT)
asakis
moswavlis
(patara
cxovrebis
yvela aspeqts moicavs, maT Sorisaa, magaliTad: midrekileba, aTvisebuli

codna,
pirovneba,
Rirebulebebi,
sirTuleebi,
socialuri
stresi
da
inteleqti,
adaptacia,
gadaRla,
unarebi,
verbaluri
da
damokidebulebebi
da
miRweva,
da
diagnozi
araverbaluri
msjeloba,
abstraqtuli azrovneba, miRwevebi saskolo saganebSi, introversia da

eqstraversia, TviTSefaseba, kontrolis lokusi, depresia da SfoTva,
kiTxvisTvis mzaoba, universitetSi misaRebi testebi, enis codnis testebi,
motivacia da interesi, sensoruli da perceptuli testebi, specialuri
unarebi da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis da bevri sxva. gamoqveynebuli
testebis mosaZieblad sainteresoa The Manual Measurement Yearbooks da
Tests in Print, aseve konkretuli gamomcemlebis wyaroebi, rogoricaa

Harcourt Assessment and John Wiley. aseve, testebis da maTi momwodeblebis
Sesaxeb informacia ganTavsebulia amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis
Finding Information about Psychological Tests (http://www.apa.org/science/faq-findtests.html)
da
britaneTis
fsiqologiuri
sazogadoebis
da
http://www.psychtesting.org.uk
http://www.bps.org.uk/the-
society/psych_testing/psych_testing_home.cfm)
veb
testebis,
Sesabamisi
maTi
momwodeblebisa
da
(http://www.bps.org.uk,
gverdebze.
veb
mravalferovani
gverdebis
Sesaxeb
informaciis momcveli standartuli teqstebi SegiZliaT naxoT Semdeg

wyaroebSi: Gronlund and Linn (1990), Kline (2000), Loewenthal (2001) da Aiken (2003).
parametruli da araparametruli testebi

parametruli testebi farTo populaciaze Casatareblad gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, qveyana an asakobrivi jgufi. maTi saSualebiT yalibdeba
varaudi populaciisa da am populaciis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, anu,
cnobili xdeba unarebis parametrebi. aseTi testebi, aseve, uSveben, rom:
populaciaSi qulebi normaluradaa ganawilebuli. SeimCneva gausis

simetriuli,
zarisebri
formis
ganawileba.
populaciaSi
asea
949
ganawilebuli, magaliTad, inteleqtis koeficientis standartizebuli

qulebi, adamianebis simaRle, kiTxvis testSi miRebuli Sefasebebi.
testis qulebi uwyvetia da Tanabari intervalebiTaa erTmaneTisgan

daSorebuli
testebs
aqvT
WeSmaritad
nulovani
mniSvneloba
(anu
namdvili nuli, ixileT Tavi 24) rac imas niSnavs, rom, 80 procenti
orjer metia 40 procentze. aq imisgan gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs,
razec
kiTxvarebis
dizainis
ganxilvisas
rigis
skalis
Sesaxeb
visaubreT, sadac qulebs Soris intervalebi Tanabari ar aris.

parametruli testebi, Cveulebriv, gamoqveynebuli testebia, romlebic
iyideba da pilotirebuli da standartizebulia did da populaciis
reprezentaciul SerCevaze. isini, rogorc wesi, testis momzadebisas
gamoyenebuli SerCevis, sandoobisa da validobis amsaxveli statistikis
danarTebTan
erTad
intervalebisa
da
iyideba.
aseTi
Sefardebis
testebiT
skalebisTvis
muSaoba
mkvlevrebs
gankuTvnili
statistikis
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
araparametruli testebi mcireodens (an, saerTod arafers) gviCvenebs

populaciis
ganawilebis
(qulebis
parametrebis)
an
am
populaciis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. testebSi ar gvxvdeba populaciis zarisebri

ganawileba. faqtobrivad, farTo populacia arc arafer SuaSia, vinaidan
es testebi konkretuli mocemuli situaciisTvisaa Seqmnili, iqneba es
mocemuli
skolis
skolis
klasi,
qimiis
pirvelklaselebi.
populaciis
Sesaxeb,
Semswavleli
vinaidan
mkvlevarma
isini
jgufi
ar
saxeldebis
Tu
dawyebiTi
akeTeben
daSvebebs
da
rigis
skalis
monacemebisTvis Sesatyvisi araparametruli statistika unda gamoiyenos.

parametruli
maswavleblis
testebi,
WeSmariti
yoveldRiuri
nuliTa
moxmarebis
da
misaniWebeli
instrumentebia,
qulebiT,
magaliTad,
marTlweris da maTematikis testebi, saswavlo wlis bolos gamocdebisa

da imitirebuli gamocdebis testebi.
araparametruli
statistikis
mimzidvelobas
mcire
SerCevebisTvis
gamoyeneba ganapirobebs, radgan isini arafers amboben imis Sesaxeb, Tu
950
ramdenad normaluri, Tanabari da regularuli iqneba miRebuli qulebis

ganawileba.
garda
amisa,
araparametruli
testebisTvis
statistikuri
sidideebis gamoTvla ufro martivia, vidre _ parametruli testebisTvis.

araparametruli testebis upiratesoba is aris, rom isini konkretuli
institutis,
Seqmnili.
departamentisa
isini
da
individis
maswavlebels
garemoebebis
SesaZleblobas
Sesabamisadaa
aZleven
swrafi,
relevanturi da ukukavSiri miscen studentebs.

parametruli testebi ufro mZlavri sazomia, vidre araparametruli,
vinaidan
isini
ara
qvepopulaciebis
marto
standartizebul
populaciasTan
Sedarebis
qulebs
iZlevian,
SesaZleblobasac
aramed
aZleven
mkvlevars (magaliTad, erTi skolis an adgilobrivi saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebis Sedegebis mTeli qveynis monacemebTan Sedareba, vTqvaT,
normaze an kriteriumze orientirebul testebSi moswavleebis Sedegebis
Sedareba qveynis masStabiT imave testis saSualo maCvenebelTan). isini
monacemebis damuSavebisTvis mZlavri statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis
(ixileT
Tavebi
24-26)
da
Sedegebis
Sesaxeb
daskvnebis
gakeTebas
saSualebasac iZlevian. vinaidan, araparametruli testebi populaciis

Sesaxeb
arafers
varaudobs,
maT
mimarT
gansxvavebuli
statistika
gamoiyeneba (ixileT Tavi 24). aseT testebs Zalze specifikur situaciebSi

iyeneben,
iqneba
es
erTi
klasis
moswavleebi,
erT
wels
miRebuli
jgufebi, erTi stilis swavleba, Tu erTi saswavlo programis sfero.

swored amitom aris maswavleblebisTvis aseTi testebi Rirebuli.
normaze, kriteriumsa da sferoze orientirebuli testebi

normaze orientirebuli testi moswavleebis mocemul miRwevas sxva
moswavleebis
inteleqtis
miRwevas
testi,
reprezentaciul
adarebs,
romelic
SerCevazea
magaliTad,
6-16
wlis
maTematikis
erovnuli
moswavleebis
standartizebuli.
did
an
da
kriteriumze
orientirebuli testi moswavleebs ki ar adarebs erTmaneTTan, aramed

maTgan konkretuli kriteriumis, winaswar gansazRvruli da absoluturi
standartis an Sedegis miRwevas moiTxovs (Cunningham 1998). magaliTad,
951
manqanis
marTvis
testi,
rogorc
wesi,
kriteriumzea
orientirebuli,
vinaidan am testis Cabareba testis debulebebSi mocemuli kriteriumebis

dakmayofilebas
niSnavs,
magaliTad,
wreze
Semovlas,
avariuli
maniSneblebis CarTvas, Sejaxebis Tavidan aridebas da a. S., imisgan
damoukideblad,
Tu
analogiurad,
ramdenma
musikalur
adamianma
Caabara
instrumentze
an
dakvris
ver
Caabara
mravali
is.
testi
specifikur qmedebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa konkretuli savarjiSos an

arpejios dakvra, an baxis fugis swrafad da teqnikurad uSecdomod
Sesruleba. Tu moswavle akmayofilebs kriteriums, maSin mas gamocda
Cabarebuli aqvs.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testi mkvlevars awvdis informacias, Tu
zustad ra iswavla moswavlem, risi gakeTeba SeuZlia mas, xolo normaze
orientirebuli
testi
uCvenebs,
sxvebTan
SedarebiT
ramdenad
kargad
Seasrula studentma mocemuli davaleba da ramdenad iZleva igi miRwevis

ranJirebis saSualebas. amgvarad, normaze orientirebuli testis mTavari
maxasiaTebelia
studentebisa
da
maTi
miRwevebis
gansxvavebis
unari:
kargad agebuli normaze orientirebuli testi miRwevaSi gansxvavebebis

zustad gazomvis saSualebas, anu, qulebis farTo diapasons iZleva.
kriteriumze orientirebul tests es ar ainteresebs. misi mizania imis
Cveneba, akmayofilebs Tu ara moswavle mocemul kriteriums, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenma moswavlem daakmayofila an ver daakmayofila is
Sesabamisad, cvalebadoba anu diapazoni aq naklebad mniSvnelovania.
bolo
periodSi
SeimCneva
kriteriumze
orientirebuli
testebis
danamatis ganviTareba sferoze orientirebuli testebis saxiT (Gipps 1994:

81).
aq
didi
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
sakvlevi
Sinaarsisa
Tu
sferos
zedmiwevniT da detalurad daxasiaTebas. sfero Sesamowmebeli Temis

konkretuli
veli
an
area,
magaliTad,
sinaTle
mecnierebaSi,
ornawiliani kontrapunqti _ musikaSi, metyvelebis nawilebi _ inglisur

enaSi. sfero Zalian zustad da srulad aris gansazRvruli, ise, rom
Sinaarsi sruli siRrmiTa iyos warmodgenili. testis debulebebi am
952
sruli
velidan,
SeirCeva
SerCevis
ise,
rom
procedurebisadmi
maTSi
SenarCulebuli
udidesi
yuradRebiT,
iyos
im
velis
reprezentaciuloba, saidanac igi SearCies. moswavlis mier am testze

naCvenebi Sedegis gamoTvliT miiReba SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri qulis
wili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTliani sferos am moswavlis mier moculi
wilis indeqsad, anu, maCveneblad gamoiyeneba. ase magaliTad, Tu sfero
1000 debulebas moicavs, testSi Setanilia 50 debuleba da moswavlem 50
SesaZlebelidan 30-s upasuxa sworad anu qula daagrova, maSin vaskvniT,
rom man 1000 debulebiani sferos 60 procenti ([3050]100) dafara. aq
mTlian sferoSi moswavlis miRwevis Sesaxeb debulebebis SezRuduli
raodenobis safuZvelze vaskveniT, rac testis debulebebis zedmiwevniT
da reprezentaciul SerCevas saWiroebs.
komerciuli da mkvlevris mier Seqmnili testebi

saerTo sargeblobisTvis arsebobs testebis nakrebi, romelic Temebis
farTo
diapazons
(wyaroebze
zemoT
moicavs
da
mivuTiTeT).
Sefasebis
skolebis
miznebisTvis
umravlesoba
gamoiyeneba
gamoqveynebul
testebs erTxel mainc gamoiyenebs. aseTi testebis gamoyenebas ramdenime

pliusi gaaCnia, kerZod, isini:
obieqturia;
pilotirebuli da daxvewilia;
cnobil populaciazea standartizebuli (magaliTad, qveynis regionze,

mTel qveyanaze, konkretul asakobriv jgufze an sxvadasxva asakobriv
jgufebze), amitom ufro farTo populaciis reprezentaciulia;
cnobilia maTi sandooba da validoba (testis instruqciebisa da

administrirebis
saxelmZRvanelo,
Cveulebriv,
misi
Seqmnis
statistikur detalebsac moicavs);
parametruli
testebia,
amitom
rTuli
statistikuri
saSualebas iZleva;
gamodis sruli paketi, Catarebis instruqciebiTan erTad;
damuSavebis
953
xSirad martivia
rogorc, wesi, Tan axlavs monacemebis interpretaciis saxelmZRvanelo;
mkvlevrebs ar uwevT sakuTari testis Seqmna, pilotireba da daxvewa.
maTi Catareba da gasworeba;
meore mxriv, hoviti da krameri (Howitt and Cramer 2005) Tvlian, rom
komerciuli testebis SeZena da administrireba Zviri jdeba. isini xSirad
konkretul da ara _ zogad populaciebzea orientirebuli (magaliTad,
fsiqologiuri
ergebodes.
testireba)
garda
da
amisa,
kvlevis
zogierTi
mizans
SeiZleba
komerciuli
zustad
testi
ar
SezRuduli
raodenobiT gamoicema da SezRudulia masze wvdoma, amitom mkvlevars

testis gamoyenebisTvis an flobisTvis SeiZleba romelime konkretul
asociaciaSi mouwios gawevrianeba an testiT sargeblobaze nebarTvis
aReba daWirdes.
magaliTad, gamomcemlebs Harcourt Assessment da McGraw-Hill
ara marto yvelanair testze aqvT saavtoro ufleba mTel msoflioSi,

aramed testis gacemamde registraciasac iTxoven. Harcourt Assessment-s,
testebs gamoyenebis sxvadasxva pirobebi
mxarem
an
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
ver
gaaCnia, ase rom, zogierTma
gamoiyenos
testi,
vinaidan
ver
akmayofilebdes saWiro kriteriumebs.

gamoqveynebuli
morgebuli
testebi,
konkretul
rogorc
dasaxelebidan
institutze,
situaciasa
Cans,
Tu
ar
aris
moTxovnebze.
faqtobrivad, obieqturobaze pretenziis safuZvels swored is qmnis, rom

isini mizanmimzarTulad scildeba instituciis fargelbs. mkvlevari,
romelsac gamoqveynebuli testebis gamoyeneba surs, darwmunebuli unda
iyos, rom am testebis miznebi, amocanebi da Sinaarsi Sefasebis miznebs,
amocanebsa
da
Sinaarss
Seesabameba.
magaliTad,
gamoqveynebuli
sadiagnostiko testi SeiZleba ver moergos imas, ris Sesafasebladac

miRwevis testia saWiro; miRwevis tests SeiZleba ar hqondes prediqtuli
Rirebuleba, rasac mkvlevari midrekilebis testisgan moelis; kiTxvis
unaris Sesafasebeli gamoqveynebuli testi ver moicavs kiTxvis unaris im
aspeqtebs, romlis kvlevasac mecnieri apirebs, inglisur enaze Sedgenili
verbaluri kiTxvis testis Sesruleba Zneli iqneba im moswavlisTvis,
954
visTvisac
inglisuri
momentebia.
ar
aris
mkvlevrebisTvis
Sefasebis
Sesaxeb
fsiqologiur
fsiqologiuri
komerciuli
yvelaze
asociacias
mSobliuri
xSirad
(1999)
testirebis
ena.
es
testebis
citirebuli
ekuTvnis,
standartebi
esaa
mniSvnelovani
sargeblianobis
teqsti
amerikis
saganmanaTleblo
(Standards
for
Educational
da
and
Psychological Testing http://www.apa.org/science/standards.html).

komerciuli testebis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas oqros
wesia,
rom
miznisTvis
isini
Sesatyvisi
unda
iyos.
Tu
testi
ar
Seesatyviseba mizans, maSin misi Seqmna mkvlevars Tavad mouwevs. am

ukanasknelis mimzidveloba isaa, rom aseTi saxlSi gakeTebuli testi
kargad
iqneba
morgebuli
konkretul
adgilobriv
da
instituciur
konteqsts, anu, testis miznebi, amocanebi da Sinaarsi mizanmimarTulad

iqneba
morgebuli
mocemul
specifikur
konteqstSi
mkvlevris
saWiroebebze. miznisadmi Sesatyvisobis ganxilvisas kronbaxi (1949) da

kronbaxi da lini (1990) mTel rig kriteriumebs asaxeleben, romliTac
SeiZleba Sefasdes komerciuli testis konkretuli kvlevis miznebisTvis
Sesatyvisoba.
dasaxelebuli
upiratesobebis
miuxedavad,
arsebobs
ramdenime
mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic saxlSi Seqmnili testis Seqmnisas unda

ganvixiloT.
aseTi
testebis
Seqmna,
pilotireba,
daxvewa
da
Semdeg
Catareba did dros moiTxovs. aseve, maTi umravlesoba araparametrulia

da
miRebuli
monacemebis
damuSavebisTvis
gamosadegi
statistikuri
operaciebis diapazoni ufro SezRudulia, vidre parametruli testebis

SemTxvevaSi.
testebis gamoyenebis areali Zalian farToa. ganaTlebis sferoSi ar
arsebobs aqtivoba, romelsac testireba jer ar Sexebia. miRwevis testebi,
metwilad, Semajamebelia Tavisi bunebiT da mocemul Sinaarsobriv velSi
miRweul
Sedegs
aCvenebs,
xolo
unarebis
testebi
SesaZleblobis,
miRwevis potencialis, swavlis potencialisa da samomavlo miRwevebis

prognozirebisTvisaa Seqmnili. Tumca, daSveba, rom es ori konstruqti _
955
miRweva da unari _ sxvadasxvaa, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas da msjelobis

sagania (Cunningham 1998). xSirad xdeba, roca unari, vTqvaT, geografiaSi,
mocemul asakSi an ganviTarebis etapze amave asakisTvis an etapisTvis
gankuTvnili
miRwevis
testiT
SeiZleba
gaizomos.
kuningemis
(1998)
mosazrebiT, miRwevis testi SeiZleba bazisuri unarebis ufro martivi da

sworxazovani
moicavdnen,
sazomi
iyos,
magaliTad,
xolo
msjelobis
unarebis
testebi
(xSirad
kombinaciebs
abstraqtulis)
da
konkretuli codnisas. amgvarad, miRwevisa da unarebis testebi imis

mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rasac isini zomaven.
testebis es ori forma ara marto imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
rasac zomaven, aramed imiTic, Tu risi prognozireba SeuZliaT, radgan
maTi gamoyeneba prediqtoruli/prognozirebis TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba.
magaliTad,
vinaidan
miRwevis
testi
ufro
specifikuria
da
xSirad
specifikur Sinaarszea mibmuli, is am konkretuli sferoSi samomavlo

moswrebis prediqtorad gamodgeba, magram TiTqmis arafris momcemi iqneba
im miRwevis prognozirebisTvis, romelic mocemuli Sinaarsis farglebs
scildeba.
unarebis
inteleqtis
testi
aspeqtebs,
ufro
codnis
zogad
an
unarebs
saswavlo
zomavs
(magaliTad,
programis
ramdenime
sferosTvis saerTo unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs), amitom, is miRwevis

ufro ganzogadebul prediqtorad gamodgeba. gronlundis (Gronlund 1985)
mixedviT, miRwevis testebi saskolo gamocdilebas ufro ukavSirdeba,
unarebis
testebi
gamocdilebebsa
da
ki
skolis
gareT
SesaZleblobebs
swavlas
moicavs.
Tumca,
amtkicebs, rom testebis es ori tipi sakmaod hgavs

rom
gansxvaveba,
specifikuria
da
ukavSirdeba,
vidre
moicavs
metwilad,
saswavlo
unarebis
garegnulia.
programebsa
testi,
da
romelic
farTo
kuningemi
(1998)
erTmaneTs da Tvlis,
miRwevis
da
ufro
testi
monaTesave
ufro
zogad
(Hanna 1993) (magaliTad, inteleqts Gardner 1993).
testis Sedgena
testis Seqmnisas mkvlevarma unda ganixilos da gaiazros:
ufro
sferoebs
unarebs
956
testis mizani (Sefasebis kiTxvebisTvis pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevari

unda darwmundes, rom swored imas amowmebs, rac unda Seemowmebina,
magaliTad, programis erTi nawilis miznebis miRwevas);
testis
tipi
(magaliTad,
diagnostikuri,
miRwevis,
midrekilebis,
kriteriumze orientirebuli, normebze orientirebuli);
testis
amocanebi
formulirebuli
(Zalian
ise,
rom
specifikuri
testis
terminebiT
debulebebis
unda
Sinaarsi
iyos
mkafiod
ukavSirdebodes programis an kurikulumis specifikur amocanebs);
testis Sinaarsi (unda ganisazRvros ra mowmdeba da ra debulebebia

testSi mocemuli);
testis
Sedgena,
romelic
moicavs
debulebebis
analizs
maTi
diskriminaciis unarisa da sirTulis Sesafaseblad (ix. qvemoT);
testis
formati:
muSaobisa
zepiri
da
debulebebis
Sevsebis
instruqcia
meTodi
Tu
ganlagebis
(magaliTad,
praqtikuli
sqema,
instruqciebi,
davalebebis
amocanis
micemisas
SesrulebisTvis
werilobiTi instruqciebi);
testis pilotirebis buneba;
testis validoba da sandooba;
instruqciebis/miTiTebebis
gasworebisa
gansakuTrebiT
da
saxelmZRvanelo
miRebuli
mniSvnelovania
monacemebis
im
testis
administrirebis,
damuSavebisTvis
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
tests
(es
Tavad
mkvlevari ar atarebs, an Tu is ramdenime adamianma unda Caataros; ase

rom, standartuli proceduriT uzrunveliyofa, sandooba).
testis dagegmvisas mkvlevarma Semdegi etapebi unda gaiaros:
1. testis miznis gansazRvra;
2. testis specifikaciis gansazRvra;
3. testis Sinaarsis SerCeva;
4. testis formis ganxilva;
5. testis debulebebis dawera;
957
6. testis struqturis ganxilva;

7. testis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro drois ganxilva;
8. testSi qulebis miniWebis proceduris dagegmva.
testis miznis gansazRvra

tests
sxvadasxva
mizani
SeiZleba
hqondes,
magaliTad,
moswavlis
Zlieri, susti da problemuri mxareebis diagnostireba, miRwevis gazomva,
midrekilebisa da potencialis dadgena, programisTvis mzaobis Sefaseba.

gronlundi da lini (1990) amas ganawilebis tests uwodeben da is,
Cveulebriv,
pretestis
saxiT
tardeba
da
mowodebulia
imis
Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs moswavle mocemuli programis

dawyebisTvis
gagebis
aucilebel
unaris
winapirobebs
TvalsazrisiT).
(magaliTad,
codnis,
testebi
sxvadasxva
aseTi
unarebis,
etapze
gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, ganawilebis testi programis dawyebamde tardeba

da
sawyis
unarebsa
da
miRwevebs,
anu,
moswavlis
misaReb
unarebs
afasebs. Tu ganawilebis testis daniSnuleba moswavleebis sxvadasxva

mimarTulebiT, programebSi an saswavlo jgufebSi gadanawilebaa (anu,
maTi
administraciul
kriteriumze
an
detalurad
zomavs
an
normaze
saswavlo
jgufebad
orientirebuli
sawyis
dayofa),
SeiZleba
mdgomareobas,
maSin
iyos.
codnas,
testi
Tu
igi
unarebsa
da
SesaZleblobebs, maSin testi ufro kriteriumze orientirebuli iqneba,

vinaidan is met detalizacias moiTxovs. mas Tavisi eqvivalenti aqvs
bazisur SefasebaSi da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, Tu mkvlevari
swavlebisa da swavlis damatebiTi Rirebulebis komponents zomavs: mas
mxolod
maSin
SeuZlia
imis
Sefaseba,
Tu
ra
Semata
moswavles
saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebam, Tu misi sawyisi mdgomareoba da sawyisi

unarebi da miRwevebi ecodineba.
maformirebeli
testireba
programis
mimdinareobisas
tardeba
da
saswavlo procesSi moswavleebis progresis monitorings, programis

sxvadasxva nawilSi miRwevis gazomvas da Zlieri da susti mxareebis
958
dadgenas isaxavs miznad. es, rogorc wesi, kriteriumze orientirebuli

testirebaa.
diagnostikuri
konkretuli
testireba
Zlieri,
susti
siRrmiseuli
da
testia
problemuri
da
moswavlis
mxareebis
gamovlenas
emsaxureba. is, aseve, specifikuri susti da Zlieri sferoebisa da maTi

mizezebis saCvenebladaa mowodebuli. amisaTvis xSirad saWiroa, erTi
maxasiaTebeli testSi ramdenime debulebiT gaizomos. diagnostikur
testSi iseTi debulebebi unda Sevides, romlebic TiToeul Zalian
specifikur, konkretul sirTuleebdan cal-calke fokusirdeba, raTa
yvela
SesaZlo
romelic
problemaTagan
moswavles
aqvs.
zustad
cxadia,
gansazRvron
aseTi
is
testi
problema,
kriteriumzea
orientirebuli.
Semajamebeli testireba programis dasasruls tardeba da miRwevas,

Sedegs an daostatebas zomavs. aseTi testi SeiZleba kriteriumze an
normaze
orientirebuli
risTvis
gamoiyeneba
gacema
an
niSnis
iyos,
miRebuli
dawera,
garkveulwilad,
Sedegebi
konkretuli
imis
mixedviT,
(magaliTad,
amocanebis
Tu
sertifikacis
Sesrulebis
identificireba).
testis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra

testis specifikaciebSi Sedis:
programis konkretuli miznebis da swavlis Sedegebis gansazRvra;
Sinaarsobrivi sferoebis gansazRvra;
debulebebis fardobiTi wonebi, balansi da dafarvis are;
testSi debulebebis saerTo raodenoba;
programis
an
swavlis
kiTxvebis raodenoba;
testis zusti debulebebi.
konkretuli
Sedegebis
gasagebad
saWiro
959
testis validobis uzrunvelsayofad arsebiTi mniSnveloba aqvs, rom

testis miznebi zustad aisaxebodes testis debulebebSi. amtkiceben, rom
miznebi (Mager 1962; Wiles and Bondi 1984):
specifikuri unda iyos da saTanado sizustiT Camoyalibebuli;
unda asaxavdes swavlis mosalodnel Sedegebs;
unda
axdendes
realuri
da
dakvirvebadi
qcevis
identificirebas,
romliTac xdeba miRwevis demonstrireba;
zmna moqmedebis aRmniSvneli formiT unda iyos mocemuli;
unda
iyos
erTmniSvnelovani
(unitaruli)
(erTi
debuleba
erT
amocanas unda emsaxurebodes).

imaSi
darwmunebis
marTebulad
aisaxeba
erT-erTi
mis
saSualeba,
debulebebSi,
rom
matricis
testis
amocanebi
Sedgenaa,
romelic
gviCvenebs testSi Sinaarsobrivi mxaris dafarvas, programis amocanebis

dafarvasa da testuri debulebebis fardobiT wonebs. CanarTSi 19. 1
aseTi
matricaa
warmodgenili,
kursis silabusidanaa aRebuli.
romelic
saSualo
skolis
istoriis
960
CanarTi 19. 1.
testis debulebebis matrica
Sinaarsis sferoebi
programis
Sinaarsis
amocanebis/
sfero
II msoflio omis aspeqtebi

II msoflio omis dawyeba
poloneTis SeWra
safrangeTis SeWra
aliansis SeWra
konfliqtis dasasruli
sul
CanarTSi
19. 1
1a
1
2
3
3
2
11
mocemuli
1b
2
1
4
2
1
10
programis
Sinaarsis
amocanebis/
sfero
1c
2a
2
3
4
3
1
13
1
5
3
9
matrica
2b
1
2
4
4
1
12
2c
1
2
3
3
1
10
migviTiTebs
programis
Sinaarsis
amocanebis/
sfero
3a
1
3
4
3
2
13
3b
1
3
4
2
2
12
programis
sul
3c
1
3
4
2
10
10
20
35
25
10
100
ZiriTad
sferoebze, romlebic testSi unda aisaxos (Sinaarsis sferoebi). Semdeg

gviCvenebs,
aisaxeba
Tu
(1a
romeli
3c)
amocana
es
an
detalizebuli
ricxvebi
silabusSi
Sinaarsis
sfero
identificirebul
specifikaciebs Seesabameba. da bolos, mocemulia TiToeuli sferosaTvis

miniWebuli procentebi, romelic ramdenime momentze migvaniSnebs:
yvelaze
naklebi
aqcenti
keTdeba
II
msoflio
omis
dawyebasa
da
dasrulebaze (10 qula svetSi sul);
yvelaze didi aqcenti keTdeba safrangeTis SeWraze (10 qula svetSi

sul);
sakmaod Tanabradaa dafaruli gamoyofili miznebi (striqonSi sul

maCveneblebi mxolod 9-dan 13-mde icvleba);
yvelaze metad aris asaxuli miznebi 2a da 3a, yvelaze naklebad ki _ 1c;
Sinaarsis zogierTi sfero ar aris asaxuli testis debulebebSi

(carieli adgilebi matricaSi).
amrigad, gvaqvs testis sqema, romelic gviCvenebs fardobiT wonebs,
miznebisa da Sinaarsis dafarvasa da am ori ukanaskneli elementis
961
urTierTmimarTebas.
gronlundisa
da
linis
(1990)
azriT,
fardobiTi
wonebis gamosaTvlelad jer yoveli svetis bolos Sesabamisi procenti

unda
mivuTiToT,
Sesabamisi
Semdeg
procenti
specifikaciebis
dasaxelebebi
yoveli
da
striqonis
bolos,
farglebSi
specifikur
bolos
matricis
SevavsoT.
mivuTiToT
TiToeuli
matricis
miznebs
unda
ujra
magaliTSi
Seesabameba.
am
svetebis
cxadia,
isini
konceptualuri codniTa da principebiT da, aseve, TiToeuli svetis

dasaxelebis Sesabamisi unarebiT unda Seicvalos. sxva variantia am
dasaxelebebis
aqtivobis
specifikuri
aspeqtebiT
Secvla,
magaliTad,
(Cohen et al. 2004: 339): amwes dizainis Seqmna, amwes gakeTeba, amwes gamocda,
Sedegebis Sefaseba, dizainis gaumjobeseba. faqtobrivad, es ukanaskneli
SeiZleboda
Sinaarsis
(striqoni)
dasaxeleba
yofiliyo,
rogorc
naCvenebia CanarTSi 19. 2. aq SegiZliaT naxoT, rom praqtikul unarebs

ufro naklebi qulebi eniWeba, vidre Caweris unarebs (sveti sul), xolo
gakeTebasa da Sefasebaze qulebi erTnairad nawildeba (striqoni sul).
CanarTi 19. 2.
testis debulebebis elementebis formireba
Sinaarsis
sferoebi
amwes dizainis
Seqmna
amwes gakeTeba
amwes gamocda
Sedegebis
Sefaseba
dizainis
gaumjobeseba
sul
ZiriTadi
cnebebisa da
principebis
identificireba
praqtikuli
unarebi
Sefasebis
unarebi
Sedegebis
Cawera
sul
2
3
5
3
2
1
3
4
12
11
12
3
2
12
11
12
15
50
matrica garkveul infromacias gvaZlevs testSi Sesuli debulebebis

raodenobis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, istoriis testis matricis SemTxvevaSi
96=54 SesaZlo debulebaa, amwesTan dakavSirebuli aqtiobis magaliTSi
962
ki _ 54=20. cxadia, realurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli suraTi

SeiZleba gvqondes, magaliTad, testSi ufro meti debuleba SevitanoT,
Tu matricis erTi ujris Semowmeba ramdenime (da ara _ erTi) debulebiT
gvsurs
(savaraudod,
jvaredini
gadamowmebisTvis),
ufro
naklebi
raodenobis debulebebs miviRebT, erTi debuleba matricis erTze met

ujras rom Seesabamebodes. matricis agebis sirTule isaa, rom masze
kontrolis dakargva advilad SeiZleba. aseT dros, SeiZleba Zalian
bevri
debuleba
Cveulebisamebr,
SevqmnaT
rac
ufro
da
usargeblod
meti
grZeli
specifikurobaa
testi
saWiro,
miviRoT.
miT
meti
debuleba iqneba testSi. testis agebis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa

testis im erTi debulebis arseboba, romelic erTze meti faqtorisTvis
iZleva validur da sando monacems.
testis specifikaciebis dadgenis Semdeg mkvlevarma unda daazustos
da sruliad gasagebi gaxados testis debulebebi, romlebic miznebis,
programebis, Sinaarsebis da a. S. miRwevis konkretul aspeqtebs amowmeben;
testis debulebebis mier Sinaarsis dafarva,
maT Soris balansi da
testis debulebebis fardobiTi wonebi.
testis Sinaarsis SerCeva

am etapze xdeba testis debulebebis analizi. gronlundi da lini
(1990) Tvlian, rom debulebebis analizisas unda ganvixiloT Semdegi:
TiToeuli debulebis formatis (swavlis) miznebTan Sesabamisoba;
debuleba
ramdenad
aZlevs
moswavles
(swavlis)
miznis
Cvenebis
SesaZleblobas (relevanturoba);
TiToeuli debulebis amocanis sicxade;
amocanis sworxazovneba _ simartive;
TiToeuli
debulebis
Sedegis
erTmniSvnelovneba
da
Sedegze
SeTanxmeba;
TiToeuli debulebis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuloba;
963
TiToeuli
debulebis
debulebebis
gavlena
damoukidebloba
minimaluria
da
(anu,
rodesac
testis
erTi debulebis
sxva
warmatebiT
Sesruleba ar aris damokidebuli meoris warmatebiT Sesrulebaze);
testis
debulebis
mier
TiToeuli
(swavlis)
miznis
dafarvis
adeqvaturoba.
testis
Sedgenisas
mkvlevarma
unda
gaiazros,
Tu
rogor
iqneba
TiToeuli Sesamowmebeli elementi operacionalizebuli:
miRwevis ra indikatorebi iqneba saWiro;
maRali, saSualo da dabali moswrebis ra indikatorebi iqneba saWiro;
ras gaakeTeben moswavleebi testis TiToeul elementze muSaobisas;
ra
saxis
Sedegs
mogvcems
testi
(magaliTad,
werilobiTi
pasuxi,
daxurul kiTxvaze pasuxi, ese, diagrama Tu gamoTvla).

didi britaneTis Sefasebisa da testirebis mkvlevarTa jgufi (Task
Group on Assessment and Testing 1988) gvirCevs yuradReba mivaqcioT testis
prezentaciis, moqmedebis da reaqciis meTodebs:
rogor
waradgenT
amocanas
(magaliTad,
wepirad,
werilobiT,
piqtogramebiT, kompiuteriT, praqtikuli CvenebiT);
ras
akeTeben
moswavleebi
testze
muSaobisas
(magaliTad,
zepiri
gamoTvlebi, praqtikuli samuSao, zepiri samuSao, werilobiTi);
ra Sedegs miiRebT _ rogor aCveneben miRwevas da Sedegebis arsebobas

(magaliTad, mravaljeradi arCevanis
kiTxvidan debulebis
arCeviT,
mokle pasuxis daweriT, Ria kiTxvaze werilobiTi pasuxiT, zepirad,

praqtikuli Sedegis saxiT Tu kompiuteris mier gamotanili SedegiT).
miznebidan testis operacionalizacia Semdeg etapebs moicavs:
miznebis/Sedegebis/elementebis
identificireba,
romlebic
unda
aisaxos testSi.
miznebis/Sedegebis/elementebis
elementebad dayofa;
Semadgenel
komponentebad
anu
964
teqstSi Sesatani komponentebis arCeva ise, rom, SeZlebisdagvarad,

ufro farTo sferos warmoadgendnen (anu, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
sferoze orientirebuli).
komponentebis gadamuSaveba da konkretuli, praqtikuli, dakvirvebadi

qcevebis,
aqtivobebisa
da
praqtikebis
im
terminebiT
gadmocema,
romlebic saTanadod warmoadgenen da faraven mocemul komponents.
im monacemebis
tipis
gansazRvra, romlebic
miRwevis
/kriteriumis
dasakmayofileblad aris saWiro;
warmatebis
kriteriumebis
(Sesrulebis
indikatorebi)
praqtikuli
terminebiT gansazRvra, misaniWebeli qulebisa da niSnebis sistemis

SemuSaveba da wonebis sakiTxis mogvarebis gzebze SeTanxmeba.
testis TiToeuli debulebis dawera.

piloturi
testirebis
Catareba
mowodebis formis dasaxvewad,
debulebebis
kiTxvadobisa
da
debulebebis diskriminaciulobis, maTi
sirTulisa da distraqtorebis (qvemoTaa ganxiluli) Sesafaseblad da

validobisa da sandoobis sakiTxis mogvareba.
gronlundisa da linis (1990: 255) azriT, debulebebis analizi maTTvis
miniWebuli funqciis Sesrulebis gadamowmebaa, magaliTad: kriteriumze
orientirebuli debulebebi saTanadod esadagebian saWiro sferoebs da
kriteriumebs,
xolo
normaze
orientirebuli
debulebebi
debulebis
diskriminaciulobas (ix. qvemoT) avlenen; debulebebis sirTulis done

adekvaturia (ix. qvemoT: debulebis sirTule); testi sandoa (masSi ar
aris
distraqtorebi
maniSneblebi,
ix.
anu
qvemoT:
usargeblo
informacia
da
Seusabamo
distraqtorebi) (ix. Millan and Greene (1993)).
debulebebis analizisas pasuxebis sizustis done, debulebis sirTule,

Sesamowmebeli codnis an unaris mniSvnelovneba, debulebis programasTan
Sesabamisoba da testSi Sesatani debulebebis raodenoba ganixileba.
debulebebis analizis safuZvels debulebaze pasuxis Teoria (Item
Response Theory)
agebulia
qmnis (ix. Hambelton 1993).
iseT
principze,
sadac
debulebaze pasuxis Teoria
calkeuli,
specifikuri
faruli
965
(latenturi)
niSnebis,
unarebis
da
damokidebulebebis
gazomva
SesaZlebelia, romlebic TavisTavad aradakvirvebadia, anu, SegviZlia,

ganvsazRvroT aradakvirvebadi sidideebis dakvirvebadi sidideebi. Teoria
uSvebs, rom arsebobs kavSiri pirovnebis mier konkretuli Tvisebis,
niSnis an unaris qonas an maTi qonis xarisxsa da testis debulebaze mis
pasuxs Soris. es Teoria, aseve emyareba mosazrebas, rom SesaZlebelia:
debulebis sirTulis obieqturi donis dadgena, magaliTad, raSis

modeli (Wainer and Mislevy 1990);
iseTi
debulebebis
Seqmna,
romlebic
efeqturad
ganasxvaveben
erTmaneTisgan individebs;
debulebis
aRwera
adamianebis
nebismieri
konkretuli
SerCevisgan
damoukideblad, romlebic SeiZleba pasuxobdnen am debulebas, anu,

debuleba ar aris jgufze damokidebuli (debulebis sirTule da misi
diskriminaciis xarisxi SerCevisgan damoukidebelia);
sirTulis mocemul doneze testirebuli pirovnebis kompetenturobis

aRwera testis debulebis Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT;
pirovnebis aRwera debulebebis nebismieri SerCevisgan damoukideblad,

romlebsac awvdian mas (anu testirebuli pirovnebis unari ar aris
damokidebuli testis debulebebis konkretul SerCevaze);
testis administrirebamde misi Tvisebebis aRwera da prognozireba;
erTganzomilebiani
niSnebis
gamoyofa
niSnebis
da
arseboba
aRwera,
(SesaZlebelia
magaliTad,
calkeuli
verbaluri
unari,
maTematikuri gavarjiSebuloba) da testis Sedegebisa da Sesrulebis

axsna;
debulebebis nakrebis mier erTi saerTo niSanis an unaris gazomva;
pasuxi testis nebismier erT debulebaze ar moqmedebs testis sxva

debulebaze gacemul pasuxze;
966
debulebaze swori pasuxis albaToba ar aris damokidebuli im testis

SemsrulebelTa raodenobaze, romlebic, SesaZloa, mocemuli unaris
mixedviT, erT doneze iyvnen;
SesaZlebelia debulebis sirTulis obieqturi doneebis dadgena;
SesaZlebelia
iseTi
statistikis
gamoTvla,
romelic
gviCvenebs
TiToeuli testirebulis gazomili unaris sizustes da es statistika

testirebulis
unarze
da
testis
debulebebis
raodenobasa
da
Tvisebebzea damokidebuli.
testis Sedgenisas debulebebis analizi saWiroa testis TiToeuli
debulebis diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis dasadgenad. debulebis
diskriminaciulobaSi moiazreba mocemuli debulebis potenciali, anu,

tests sworad upasuxeben mocemuli debulebiT gasazomi Tvisebis mqone
moswavleebi, xolo arasworad upasuxeben is moswavleebi, romlebsac es
Tviseba
naklebad
ganisazRvros
gaaCniaT.
ramdenad
sxva
sityvebiT
efeqturia
rom
testi
vTqvaT,
moswavleebis
saWiroa
Soris
gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad, ramdenad iZleva debuleba mocemul sferoSi

moswavleTa
unarebs
Soris
gansxvavebis
gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas.
maRali diskriminaciulobis debuleba mkvlevars am debulebaze qulebis

potenciurad
debuleba
farTo
ki
diskriminaciulobis
diapazons
naklebad
maRali
miscems,
dabali
diferencirebul
xarisxi
diskriminaciulobis
qulebs.
sasurvelia
da
cxadia,
dabali
diskriminaciulobis debulebebi unda gamoiricxos.

davuSvaT,
mkvlevars
konkretuli
skolis
30
moswavlisTvis
(an
konkretuli skolis a klasisTvis) maTematikis testis ageba surs. is

qmnis tests da sxva skolaSi an b klasSi imave asakis 30 moswavleze
atarebs pilotur testirebebs (anu, mkvlevari skolis im SerCevis msgavs,
Tanazomier
SerCevaze
atarebs
pilotur
testirebas,
romlisTvisac
saboloo testia gankuTvili). pilotur testirebaSi 30 moswavlisgan

miRebuli qulebi Semdeg sam Tanabar jgufad iyofa (maRali, saSualo da
dabali qulebi). marTebuli iqneba daSveba, rom konkretul debulebaze
967
maRal qulebs Soris ufro meti swori pasuxi gveqneba, vidre _ dablebs
Soris. TiToeuli debulebisTvis es maCvenebeli ase gamoiTvleba:

1/2()
sadac
A =
maRali
qulebis
mqone
moswavleTa
jgufSi
swori pasuxebis
qulebis
mqone
moswavleTa
jgufSi
swori pasuxebis
raodenoba
B =
dabali
raodenoba
N = or jgufSi moswavleTa saerTo raodenoba.
davuSvaT, mocemul debulebas sworad upasuxa maRali qulebis mqone
aTive da dabali qulebis mqone orma moswavlem. am SemTxvevaSi, formula
aseT saxes miiRebs:
8
= 0.80 ( )
1/2(10 + 10)
diskriminaciulobis
romlis
maqsimaluri
diskriminaciulobis
aradiskriminaciulia,
jer
indeqsia
indeqsi
unda
1.00.
0.67-ze
gadaixedos
nebismieri
naklebia,
da
debuleba,
anu,
gairkves,
Zalian
bundovani
formulirebis an teqstSi SesaZlo maniSneblebis gamo xom ar xdeba ase.

Tu
ase
araa,
maSin
gadasawyvetia,
gamoviyenoT
Tu
ara
0.67-ze
dabalindeqsiani debuleba. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom am debulebis testSi

gamoyeneba
marTebulia.
debulebis
diskriminaciulobis
Sesaxeb
informaciisTvis ix. Linn (1993) da Aiken (2003).

diskriminaciulobis
Sesamowmebladac
distraqtorebis
indeqsi
gamodgeba.
es
emyareba
daSvebas,
distraqtori dabali qulebis mqone moswavleTa
efeqturobis
rom
efeqturi
ufro met raodenobas,
vidre maRali qulebis mqoneT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi, sadac

gamoiyo maRal da dabalquliani moswavleebis jgufebi:
a
pirveli 10 moswavle
10
bolo 10 moswavle
10
968
a magaliTSi debuleba dadebiTad diskriminaciulia, radgan masze

pirveli aTi moswavle ufro met swor pasuxs (10) iZleva, vidre _ bolo
aTi
(8)
da
amitom
is
cudi
distraqtoria.
aseve,
am
debulebis
diskriminaciulobis indeqsia 0.20, amitom, is cudi diskriminatoria da,

amasTan,
cudi
distraqtoric.
magaliTis
debuleba
araefeqturi
distraqtoria, radgan arc erTi jgufidan aravin gasca swori pasuxi. g

magaliTis debuleba efeqturi distraqtoria, radgan masze bolo aTi
studentisgan Semdgari jgufidan ufro meti (10) pasuxobs sworad, vidre
_ pirveli aTidan (2). Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, diskriminaciuli Zalis
gaumjobesebamde nebismieri bundovaneba unda gamoiricxos.
distraqtorebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxis kiTxvebis nawilia, sadac
mcdari alternativebia SemoTavazebuli da moswavleebma swori pasuxi
unda airCion. aq konkretuli alternativis arCevis ubralod daTvla
distraqtoris efeqturobis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias: Tu mas xSirad
irCeven, maSin is efeqturad muSaobs. Tu mas iSviaTad an saerTod ar
irCeven, maSin is ar muSaobs efeqturad da Sesacvlelia.
Tu
testis
debulebis
sirTulis
gamoTvla
gvsurs,
es
Semdegi
formuliT SegviZlia gavakeToT:
sadac
100
A = moswavleebis raodenoba, romlebmac sworad upasuxes debulebas;

N = moswavleebis saerTo raodenoba, romlebsac miawodes debuleba.
amrigad, Tu oci moswavlisgan Semdgari klasidan 12 moswavle sworad
pasuxobs debulebas, maSin formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
12
100 = 60
20
sirTulis maqsimaluri indeqsi 100 procentia; debulebebi, romlebic
33 procentis qvemoT da 67 procentis zemoT xvdebian, savaraudod, Zalian
rTuli da Zalian martivia. Semdeg gairkveva marTebulia Tu ara am
debulebis testSi CarTva. aqac mkvlevris gadasawyvetia, gamoiyenebs Tu
969
ara igi testSi sirTulis zRvris qvemoT an zemoT arsebul

normaze
orientirebul
procenti
unda
testSi
iyos
(Frisbie
debulebis
sirTule
debulebis
1981).
debulebas.
daaxloebiT
sirTulis
50
Semdgomi
detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix. Linn (1993) da Hanna (1993).

vinaidan
mkvlevars
mxolod
testis
Catarebis
Semdeg
ecodineba
debulebis diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis indeqsebi, gardauvalia

saxlSi Sedgenili testebis pilotireba. dabali diskriminaciulobisa
da
naklebi
sirTulis
debulebebi
unda
amoviRoT
CavanacvloT maqsimaluri diskriminaciulobis
testidan
da
da yvelaze Sesatyvisi
sirTulis mqone debulebebiT. amis gakeTeba mxolod piloturi kvlevis

Sedegebis gaanalizebiTaa
debulebis
SesaZlebeli.
diskriminaciulobas
da
sirTules
sxvadasxvagvari
mniSvneloba aqvs normaze orientirebul da kriteriumze orientirebul

testebSi.
normaze
Sedareba
gvinda,
orientirebul
amitom
testSi
debulebis
moswavleebis
erTmaneTTan
diskriminaciuloba
Zalian
mniSvnelovania. kriteriumze orientirebul testSi TavisTavad ar aris

mniSvnelovani, rom testi adarebdes an erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebdes
moswavleebis Sedegebs. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT, SeiZines Tu
ara moswavleebma garkveuli codna, mizani aTvisebuli codnis gazomvaa
da ara imis naxva, Tu ramdenma moswavlem gaarTva mas Tavi sxvebze
ukeTesad. amgvarad, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom kriteriumze orientirebul
tests diskriminaciulobis Zalian dabali maCvenebli hqondes, Tu yvela
moswavle
Zalian
karg
an
Zalian
cud
Sedegs
aCvenebs,
magram
diskriminaciuloba ufro nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre is faqti, rom maT

daiswavles an ver daiswavles mocemuli masala. normaze orientirebuli
testis
SemTxvevaSi,
usargeblo
iqneboda
orientirebuli
aseTi
dabali
testSi
testisTvis
(warmateba an CaWra) iZleva.
igive
diskriminaciulobis
Sesatanad,
debuleba
Tumca
sasargeblo
debuleba
kriteriumze
informacias
970
rac Seexeba debulebis sirTules, kriteriumze orientirebul testSi

sirTulis is donea sasurveli, romelic mocemul amocanas an mizans
Seesabameba.
amgvarad,
Tu
mizani
advilad
miRwevadia,
maSin
testis
debulebaze pasuxic advili unda iyos. Tu mizani rTulia, maSin testis

debulebac, Sesabamisad, rTuli unda iyos. es niSnavs, rom normaze
orientirebuli
gadamuSavdes
testisgan
gansxvavebiT,
diskriminaciulobis
ufro
sadac
debuleba
maRali
indeqsis
SeiZleba
misaRwevad,
kriteriumze orientirebul testSi es sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania.

ra Tqma unda, es debulebis sirTulis analizis mniSvnelobis uaryofas
ar niSnavs. saqme mis centralurobas exeba. gronlundi da lini (1990: 265)
amboben,
rom
sadac
instruqciebi
efeqturia,
iq
kriteriumze
orientirebuli testis debulebis sirTulis indeqsic maRali iqneba.

konkretuli testis debulebebis diskriminaciulobis, sirTulisa da
distraqtoris
efeqtebis
dadgenisas,
cxadia,
gvWirdeba
pilotireba,
Tumca, Zalian frTxilad unda viyoT, rom Zalian didi imedebi ar

davamyaroT
mcire
moculobis
SerCevaze
gamoTvlili
diskriminaciulobisa da sirTulis indeqsebze.

debulebis
analizis
gamoyenebiT
testis
agebisas,
debulebis
diskriminaciulobis, debulebis sirTulisa da distraqtoris efeqtebis

garda, mniSvnelovania testis realuri moTxovnebis ganxilvac (Nuttall,
1987; Cresswell and Houston 1991):
Tanabari sirTulisaa Tu ara testis yvela debuleba?
romeli debulebebia martivi, zomierad rTuli, rTuli an Zalian

rTuli?
ra saxis amocanaa mocemuli TiToeul debulebaSi: is praqtikuli

debulebaa
(aTvisebuli
masalis
gameoreba),
gamoyenebis
(miRebuli
codnis gamoyeneba) Tu sinTezis (sxvadasxva sferoSi miRebuli codnis

Tavmoyra da integracia)?
ra arTulebs zog debulebas sxvebTan SedarebiT?
971
sakmarisad
Seesabameba
Tu
ara
debulebebi
moswavleebis
gamocdilebas?
ramdenad
motivirebuli
iqneba
moswavle
TiToeuli
debulebis
SinaarsiT (anu ramdenad adeqvaturad miiCneven debulebas, ramdenad

saintereso iqneba is misTvis)?
testis
SinaarsSi
gaviTvaliswinoT,
Sesatyvisobis
mizanTan
magaliTad,
testis
cnebac
debulebebis
tipis
unda
SerCevisas.
mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros, srulyofilad asaxavs Tu ara garkveuli

saxis monacemebi mocemul unars, wvdomasa da miRwevas (Lewis 1974; Cohen et
al. 2004: Tavi 16):
Tavisufali Tema;
faqtobrivi da uaRresad direqtiuli ese;
kiTxvebi mokle pasuxebiT;
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis debulebebi;
dasasrulebeli debulebebi;
kiTxvebi mravali arCeviTi pasuxiT (erTi swori pasuxiT an ramdenime

swori pasuxiT);
debulebebi an mtkicebebi Sesabamisobis damyarebaze;
gamotovebuli sityvebis Casma;
dausrulebeli
winadadebebi
an
dausrulebeli,
dausaTaurebeli
diagramebi;
WeSmaritia/mcdaria tipis debulebebi;
Ria
kiTxvebi,
sadac
moswavleebs
mieTiTebaT
pasuxis
moculoba
(magaliTad, 300 sityva, winadadeba, abzaci);
daxuruli kiTxvebi.
am
debulebebs
sinTezisa
da
SeuZliaT.
amis
gaxsenebis,
Sefasebis,
logikuri
anu,
codnis,
gagebis,
gamoyenebis,
analizis,
sxvadasxvagvari
azrovnebis
Semowmeba
dasabuTeba
azrovnebis
blumiseuli
(1956)
972
ierarqiaa _ dabali rigis (gageba, gamoyeneba) saSualo rigis (analizi,

sinTezi)
da
maRali
rigis
azrovneba
(Sefaseba,
msjeloba,
kritika).
cxadia, testis formis arCeva yvelaze ekonomiuri gziT maqsimaluri

informaciis miRebis princips unda emyarebodes. amis kargi magaliTia
mravaljeradi
arCevanis
testebis
meqanikuri
damuSaveba,
rodesac
optikuri amomcnobebisa da skanerebis gamoyenebiT swrafad xdeba didi

raodenobis monacemebis aRricxva da damuSaveba.
testis
Sinaarsis
dadgenac
zogierTi
testisTvis
skalis
(klasifikaciis
safexuriani
sistema)
gansazRvrisas
aucilebelia.
skalis
Seqmnis ori ZiriTadi gza arsebobs:
debulebebis
CamonaTvali,
maCveneblebi
dablidan
seqsizmis
an
debulebebis
romliT
maRlisken
agresiulobis
maqsimaluri
gazomvis
lagdeba
sazomi)
donis
miRebuli
(magaliTad,
ise,
codniT,
Sedegad
rom,
IQ-testi,
Sesrulebuli
SesaZlebeli
iyos
imis
Sefaseba, Tu sadamde miaRwia moswavlem skalaze;
dajamebuli qulebis meTodi (Howill and Cramer 2005: 203), rodesac

iqmneba debulebebi da moswavlis saboloo qula yvela calkeuli
debulebaze miRebuli qulis dajamebiT miiReba.
garda amisa, ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoyenebuli bevri fsiqologiuri
testi
erTganzomilebiania,
e.i.
yvela
debuleba
erT
elements,
anu,
ganzomilebas zomavs. hoviti da krameri (2005: 204) amas adareben situcias,

rodesac 30 adamians 10 sasworiT wonian da moelian, rom sasworebs
Soris
maRali
korelacia
iqneba.
zogi
testi
SeiZleba
mravalganzomilebiani iyos erTi testiT ori an meti faqtori, anu,

sidide izomebodes. hoviti da krameri (2005: 204) amas adareben situacias,
rodesac
30
adamians
10
sasworiT
wonian
da
Semdeg
sxvadasxva
santimetriT simaRlesac uzomaven. am gazomvebis Semdeg ki moelian, rom

maRali korelacia iqneba wonis maCveneblebs Soris; aseve, maRali iqneba
korelacia
simaRlis
maCveneblebs
Soris,
xolo
dabal
korelacias
973
miiReben sasworiTa da santimetriT gazomviT miRebul Sedegebs Soris,

vinaidan isini sxvadasxva sidides anu ganzomilebas zomaven.
Aamitom, testis Semqmnelebma zustad unda icodnen, Tu romel skalas
iyeneben erTganzomilebians Tu mravalganzomilebians.
miuxedavad imisa,
rom bevr teqstSi erTganzomilebiani testis sisufTaves uWeren mxars,

romelic
erT
testebis
praqtikulobasa da efeqturobasac aRiareben. magaliTad, vinmem
inteleqti
konstruqts
SeiZleba
an
cnebas
erTganzomilebian
sinamdvileSi
inteleqtis
konstruqtad
miCnevis
kargi
SemTxvevaSi
skalirebas
debuleba
erTganzomilebiania,
faqtorad
sazomi
mravalganzomilebian
imTaviTve
zomavs,
misi
magram
mravalganzomilebian
miiReba
moiTxovs.
miiCnios,
da,
cxadia,
magaliTad,
Sesabamisad,
testis
zogierTi
asaki,
saSinao
davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro.

garda amisa, debulebebis arCevisas maqsimalurad maRali sandoobis
miRwevac ar unda dagvaviwydes. davuSvaT, 10 debulebis gamoyenebiT,
moswavleebSi
TiToeuli
gamocdebiT
debuleba
gamowveul
stresis
negatiur
gasazomad
unda
stress
iyos
vzomavT.
mowodebuli,
magaliTad:
debuleba 1: uZiloba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 2: SfoTva gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 3: gaRizianeba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 4: depresia gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 5: cremlianoba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 6: saSiano saqmeebis keTebis survilis uqonloba gamocdebis
periodSi;
debuleba 7: guneba-ganwyobilebis cvlileba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 8: yavis momatebuli moxmareba gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba
9:
dadebiTi
damokidebuleba
da
gamocdebis periodSi;
debuleba 10: gamocdebis mouTmeneli molodini.
karg
gunebaze
yofna
974
vTqvaT,
gavakeTeT
Sinagani
SeTanxmebulobis
sandoobis
testi
(sandooba SPSS-Si, ix. Tavi 24) da davadgineT maRali korelacia (vTqvaT,

daaxloebiT 0.85) 1 _ 5 debulebebs Soris, uaryofiTi korelaciebi me-9
da me-10 da yvela sxva debulebas Soris (vTqvaT, _0.79) da Zalian dabali
korelacia me-6 da me-8 da yvela sxva danarCens Soris (vTqvaT, 0.26).
calkeuli debulebasa da saerTo qulas Soris (debulebebis analizis
erT-erTi saxeoba, rodesac iTvleba erT debulebaze miRebuli qulisa
da
danarCen
debulebebze
korelaciebi sxvadasxvaa. axla
miRebuli
qulebis
jamis
korelacia)
ras vakeTebT? SegviZlia davtovoT 1 _ 5
debulebebi, me-9 da me-10 debulebebis Sebrunebulad mivaniWoT qulebi

(vinaidan es debulebebi stresis dadebiT aspeqtebs zomavs da ara _
uaryofiTs) da davfiqrdeT me-6 da me-8 debulebebis testidan amoRebaze,
radgan isini, rogorc Canas, sxva rames zomaven. debulebebis aseTi
analizis mizania testSi im debulebebis Setana, romlebic erTsa da
imave konstruqts zomaven da imaTi gamoricxva, romlebic ar zomaven
amave konstruqts. am sakiTxis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvisTvis ix.
Howill and Cramer (2005: Tavi 12).
testSi debulebebis datovebisa da amoRebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad faqtoruli analizic gamoiyeneba (ix. Tavi 25), rasac didad
aiolebs SPSS. faqtoruli analizi daajgufebs msgavs debulebebs da
maT sxvebisgan gamijnavs. sailustraciod davuSvaT, rom faqtoruli
analiziT ganisazRvra sami faqtori:
dadebiTi grZnobebi (debulebebi 9 da 10);
uaryofiTi fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi (debulebebi 2, 3, 4, 5, 7);
fizikuri, qceviTi cvlilebebi (debulebebi 1, 6, 8).

faqtorebis
faqtoris
wonebis
datovebaa
mixedviT
yvelaze
(ix.
Tavi
marTebuli
25)
gadavwyvetT,
romeli
da,
Sesabamisad,
romeli
debulebebi unda davtovoT testSi da romeli _ amoviRoT. zogadi wesis

Tanaxmad, unda davfiqrdeT dabali faqtoruli wonis (vTqvaT, 0.3) mqone
975
debulebebis
amoRebaze,
faqtorSi
maTi
arasakmarisi
wonis
gamo.
faqtoruli analizi imasac gviCvenebs, konstruqti erTganzomilebiania

Tu
(Tu
erT
faqtors
miviRebT,
savadaurod,
konstruqti erTganzomilebiania).
testis formis ganxilva

winamdebare TavSi
cxadia,
araa
magaliTad,
ZiriTadad,
aucilebli,
rom
werilobiTi,
xeliT Sesavseb testze vsaubrobdiT.

es
ase
zepiri,
iyos.
testi
SeiZleba
praqtikuli,
iyos,
interaqciuli,
kompiuteruli, dramatuli, diagramuli, piqtogramuli, fotografiuli,

saWiroebdes audio-video masalebis gamoyenebas, prezentaciuli, roluri
da simulaciuri. zepiri testebi, magaliTad, SeiZleba maSin Catardes, Tu
mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom kiTxva da wera xels SeuSlis testis realuri
mizanis miRwevas (anu, is wera-kiTxvis testad iqceva da aRar iqneba,
vTqvaT, maTematikis testi). es ar uaryofs zemoT ganxilul sakiTxvebs:
nebismieri formis testisTvis mainc saWiroa, magaliTad, sandoobisa da
validobis,
miniWebis
sirTulis,
sakiTxebis
diskriminaciulobis,
ganxilva,
gasworebisa
debulebebis
analizi
da
qulebis
da
testis
SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gansazRvra. faqtobrivad, zogierTi

es sakiTxi kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba arawerilobiTi testirebisas,
magaliTad,
cocxlad
sandooba
umTavresi
Sesrulebisas
an
sakiTxia
tanvarjiSSi
musikaluri
nawarmoebis
savaldebulo
programis
Cvenebisas, sadac mxolod erTjeradi, erTeuli Sedegi miiReba. amasTan,

sandooba
da
validoba
mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebs
warmodgens
jgufuri
warmodgenisas an jgufuri muSaobisas, sadac jgufis dinamikam SeiZleba

xeli SeuSalos calkeuli gamosacdeli individis realuri unarebis
gamovlenas. cxadia, mklevarma unda gadawyvitos, individualuri testi
Caataros Tu jgufuri da gansazRvros misi Catarebis forma.
testis debulebebis dawera

testSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
da
gauTvaliswinebeli
miniSnebebisa
da
maTze mimniSneblebis sakiTxi unda mogvardes, magaliTad (Morris et et. 1987):
976
pasuxis Casawerad gankuTvnili xazebis raodenoba SeiZleba saWiro

sityvebis raodenobaze miuTiTebdes;
wertilebis
raodenoba
SeiZleba
saWiro
asoebis
raodenobaze
miuTiTebdes;
pasuxis Casawerad gankuTvnili xazis sigrZe SeiZleba saWiro pasuxis

sigrZeze miuTiTebdes;
pasuxis Casawerad datovebuli adgili SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, Tu

ramdeni unda daiweros;
winadadebis sxvadasxva gamotovebuli nawilis aRdgenaSi mkiTxvels

amave winadadebis danarCeni nawilebi daexmareba (wakiTxvis anaforuli
da kataforuli maniSneblebi).
hana (Hanna 1993: 139 41) da kuningemi (1998) ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo
princips gvTavazoben, romlebic moklepasuxiani debulebebis Sedgenisas

zogierTi am problemis Tavidan asacileblad gamogvadgeba:
pasuxebis
Casawerad
gankuTvnili
xazebi
winadadebis
bolosken
gadaitaneT;
pasuxebis Casawerad Tanabari sigrZis xazebi gamoiyeneT;
darwmundiT, mxolod erTi pasuxis sisworeSi;
erideT
pasuxis
Casaweri
ramdenime
xazis
erTmaneTTan
axlos
(winadadebaSi an abzacSi) ise ganlagebas, rom azri daikargos;
mxolod ZiriTadi sityvebi an cnebebi gamotoveT da ara _ damxmare,

Cveulebrivi sityvebi;
erideT mxolod umniSvnelo sakiTxebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas;
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebma zustad ician, Tu ra saxis pasuxebi

moeTxovebaT;
daazusteT ricxobrivi pasuxebis gasacemad gankuTvnili erTeulebi;
codnis gaxsenebis unaris Sesamowmeblad mokle pasuxebi gamoiyeneT.
rac Seexeba mravali arCeviTi pasuxis kiTxvebs, maTTan dakavSirebiT

ramdenime SesaZlo problema arsebobs:
977
ramdeni alternatiuli pasuxi unda iyos da ramdeni pasuxi unda iyos

swori erTi, Tu ramdenime?
mravaljeradi arCevanis debulebaSi distraqtorebis raodenoba da

realuroba (magaliTad, SeiZleba bevri distraqtori gvqondes, magram
maTi
umravlesoba
aSkarad
mcdari
iyos,
anu,
gvqondes
ramdenime
zedmeti debuleba);
debulebebis Tanmimdevroba, rigi da maTi gavlena erTmaneTze;
mravali arCeviTi pasuxis kiTxvebSi swori pasuxis adgilmdebareoba.

gronlundi da lini (1990), hana (2003: 161 75), kuningemi (1998) da aikeni
(2003)
efeqturi
mravali
arCeviTi
pasuxis
kiTxvebTan
dakavSirebiT
ramdenime rCevas gvTavazoben:
darwmundiT,
rom
debulebebi
mniSvnelovan
codnasa
da
naswavl
masalaze migviTiTeben da ara _ ubralod faqtebis gaxsenebaze;
CamoayalibeT
sakiTxis
arsi
debulebis
ZiriTad
teqstSi
da
darwmundiT, rom ZiriTad teqsts TavisTavad aqvs azri (magaliTad,

aseTi
debuleba
Sesacvlelia:
cxvari:
(a)
balaxismWamelia,
(b)
Cliqosania, (g) Cveulebriv, erT jerze erT an or batkans Sobs.

umjobesia, iyos ase: ramden batkans Sobs, Cveulebriv, cxvari erT
jerze?);
darwmundiT,
rom
debulebis
piroba,
zedmeti
sityvebis
gareSe,
SeZlebisdagvarad mravlismomcveli informaciaa mocemuli;
erideT debulebis uaryofiTad formulirebas;
wereT martivi da gasagebi eniT;
daicaviT sizuste da erTmniSvnelovneba;
darwmundiT,
rom
yvela
mosazreba
imdenad
damajerebelia,
rom
SeuZlebeli iqneba swori variantis gamocnoba;
erideT, rom studentebs ar mieceT mcdari msjelobis safuZvelze

swori daskvnebi gakeTebis SesaZlebloba; SeitaneT siaxle debulebaSi
Tu mas masalis gagebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebT;
978
darwmundiT,
mxolod
erTi
pasuxis
sisworeSi
(Tu
erTi
pasuxis
SerCevaa saWiro) da rom swori pasuxi orazrovani ar aris;
erideT
sintaqsur
da
gramatikul
miniSnebebs,
ecadeT
savaraudo
pasuxebi sintaqsurad da gramatikurad paraleluri gqondeT da amiT,

Tavi aaridoT pirobisa da pasuxebis erTnairad formulirebas;
erideT debulebis pirobisa da swori pasuxis Semcveli maniSneblebis

CarTvas;
ecadeT alternatiuli pasuxebi Tanabari sigrZis iyos (magaliTad, ar

daweroT sxvebisgan gamorCeuli erTi grZeli pasuxi);
ecadeT alternatiuli pasuxebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli iyos, ar

CarToT erTmaneTismomcveli pasuxebi;
ganaTavseT swori pasuxi sxvadasxva debulebaSi sxvadasxva adgilas

(magaliTad, swori pasuxi ar unda iyos yovelTvis meore varianti);
erideT
iseTi
variantebis
gamoyenebas,
rogoricaa
yvela
zemoT
CamoTvlili an arcerTi zemoT CamoTvlilTagani;
erideT erTi debulebis pasuxebis meoreSi maniSneblad gamoyenebas _

debulebebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli unda iyos.
testis
pasuxebis
informaciisTvis
ix.
variantebi
me-15
gaazrebuli
Tavi
unda
kiTxvarebis
iyos.
Sesaxeb
damatebiTi
(magaliTad,
laikertis, gatmanis, semantikuri diferencialis da Turstonis skalebi).

morisi da misi kolegebi (1987: 161), gronlundi da lini (1990), hana
(1993:
147),
kuningemi
(1998)
da
aikeni
(2003)
WeSmaritia-mcdaria
tipis
kiTxvebTan dakavSirebul problemebzec miuTiTeben:
mniSvneloba SesaZloa bundovani iyos;
zogi debuleba SeiZleba nawilobriv WeSmariti an nawilobriv mcdari

iyos;
Sedarebis debulebebi SeiZleba Zalian martivi an Zalian rTuli iyos;
debulebaTa umetesoba garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba swori an mcdari

iyos;
979
moswavlem SeiZleba ver daadginos, faqtebze xdeba fokusireba Tu

mosazrebebze;
diqotomiurobis gamo moswavles swori pasuxis gamocnobis Tanabari

SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes;
debulebebi SeiZleba daubalansirebeli swori da daubalansebeli

mcdari iyos;
zogi debuleba SeiZleba absolutebs moicavdes da mniSvnelovan

miniSnebas
iZleodes,
magaliTad,
yovelTvis,
arasodes,
yvela,
arcerTi.
avtorebi am problemebis dasaZlevis ramdenime gzas gvTavazoben:
erideT
ganzogadebul
debulebebs
(vinaidan
isini,
Cveulebriv,
mcdaria);
erideT trivialur kiTxvebs;
erideT uaryofas da ormag uaryofas debulebebSi;
erideT Zalian grZel da Zalian rTul qvewyobil debulebebs;
darwmundiT, rom debulebebi faqtebs eyrdnoba;
darwmundiT,
rom
debulebebi
namdvilad
sworia,
an
namdvilad
mcdari;
dawereT debulebebi yofiTi, yoveldRiuri sametyvelo eniT;
gadawyviteT, sad aris marTebuli sixSiris maCveneblebis gamoyeneba

_
zogadad,
Cveulebriv,
xSirad,
vinaidan
SesaZlebelia
maTi
interpretacia;
erideT orazrovnebas;
darwmundiT, rom TiTo debuleba TiTo azrs gadmoscems;
Tu
mosazreba
gainteresebT,
maSin
darwmundiT,
rom
SesaZlebelia
mocemul wyaroze misi miwera;
darwmundiT,
rom
WeSmariti
da
raodenobiTaa da Tanabari sigrZisaa.
mcdari
debulebebi
Tanabari
980
morisi da misi kolegebi (1987), hana (1993: 150 2), kuningemi (1998) da
aikeni
(2003)
debulebebTan
romlebic
Sesabamisobas
saWiroeben
dakavSirebul garkveul sirTuleebzec miuTiTeben:
moswavle SeiZlebaadvilad mixvdes, CamonaTvalSi romeli debuleba
ver
iqneba
meore
CamonaTvalSi
mocemuli
debulebebis
wyvili
(magaliTad, Sinaarsis, gramatikisa da cnebebis mixedviT) da amitom, is

debulebebs
gamoricxvis
meTodiT
daawyvilebs
da
ara
gagebis
safuZvelze;
erT
siaSi
mocemuli
debuleba
SeiZleba
meore
siis
ramdenime
debulebasTan wyvildebodes;
siebSi SeiZleba araTanabari raodenobis debulebebi iyos mocemuli,

anu,
distraqtorebis
debulebebis
arCeva
miwodeba
xdebodes.
mravalpasuxian
amiT
debulebas
dasawyvilebeli
ufro
daemsgavdeba,
damyrebisas
warmoqmnili
vidre _ dawyvilebas;
avtorebi
Tvlian,
rom
Sesabamisobis
sirTuleebis mogvareba Semdegnairadaa SesaZlebeli:
darwmundiT, rom Sesawyvilebeli debulebebi homogenuria, anu, mTel

testSi msgavsia (raTa garTuldes gamocnoba);
erideT iseT Sesawyvilebel debulebebs, romlebze pasuxis gacemac

gamorcxviT
iqneba
gansxvavebuli
SesaZlebeli
raodenobis
(magaliTad,
debulebebia
da
(a)
TiToeul
amitom
svetSi
Sesawyvilebeli
vatiantebi ufro metia, vidre debulebebi; (b) moswavleebi naklebad

SeZleben asarCevi variantebis diapazonis Semcirebas, radgan ufro
meti debuleba eqnebaT Sesawyvilebeli; (g) erTi da igive varianti
ramdenjerme SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT);
gadawyviteT, SeurevT Tu ara erTmaneTSi SeWiduli debulebebis or

svets
(Tu
sasurvelia,
darwmundiT,
rom
mocemuli _ debulebac da alternativebic);
yovel
svetSi
orivea
981
Sesawyvilebeli
variantebi
logikurad
da
advilad
gasagebi
TanmimdevrobiT daalageT (magaliTad, raodenobis an qronologiis

mixedviT);
erideT grZel svetebs da isini erT gverdze moaTavseT:
asarCevi variantebis svetebSi SeZlebisdagvarad mokle debulebebi

CarTeT;
Tavi aarideT orazrovnebas, iqonieT naTlad
Sesatyvisi varianti,
romelic gamoirCeva alternativebisgan;
gasagebad gadmoeciT, Tu ra mimarTeba unda iyos debulebasa da

alternatiul
variantebs
Soris
(rogor
ukavSirdebian
isini
erTmaneTs);
danomreT debulebebi da asobiT aRniSneT pasuxebi.

rac Seexeba eses tipis kiTxvebs, maT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvT.
magaliTad, ese, rogorc testirebis Ria forma, swavlis kompleqsuri

Sedegis
gazomvis
saSualebas
iZleva.
aseve,
moswavles
codnis
integrirebis, gamoyenebisa da sinTezis, gamoxatvisa da TviTgamoxatvis

unaris,
divergenciuli
azrovnebisa
gadamuSavebis
demonstrirebis
advilia
saTauris
eses
da
SesaZleblobas
formulireba.
meore
umaRlesi
aZlevs.
mxriv,
kognituri
garda
eses
amisa,
akritikeben
arasando monacemebis mowodebis (Gronlund and Linn 1990; Cunningham 1998),

qulebis miniWebis arasando (araTanmimdevruli da cvaldebadi) procesisa
da swavlis mosalodneli Sedegebisadmi uyuradRebobis, mikerZoebisa da
prioritetebis mixedviT gasworebis (gasworebaze didi dro ixarjeba,
intuiciuri, subieqturi da holisturia) gamo. am siZneleebis dasaZlevad,
avtorebi gvTavazoben Semdegs:
eses tipis kiTxva im swavlis miznebiT unda Semoifarglos, romelsac

obieqturad ver gavzomavT;
eses tipis kiTxva mkafiod unda ukavSirdebodes swavlis sasurvel

Sedegs da naTeli unda iyos, ra qcevebi unda aCvenon moswavleebma;
982
eses tipis kiTxva Zalian mkafiod unda miuTiTebdes sferosa da

amocanebze
(magaliTad,
daasabuTeT,
SeadareT,
SeajameT,
gaaanalizeT,
daazusteT,
SeafaseT,
gaaerTianeT,
daupirispireT,
gaakritikeT,
gaarCieT,
gamoiyeneT,
axseniT
moiyvaneT
magaliTi);
dauweseT TiToeul eses Sesrulebis dro;
Tavi aarideT variantebs, magram variantebis SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi,

miawodeT
saTaurebis
CamonaTvali,
saidanac
SeZleben
arCavanis
gakeTebas. amasTan, SeTavazebuli saTaurebi Tanabari sirTulis unda

iyos da moswavles erTnairad aZlevdes miRwevis, gagebisa da a. S.
demonstrirebis saSualebas;
winaswar gansazRvreT da axseniT kriteriumebi, miuTiTeT, Tu ra unda

iyos pasuxebSi mocemuli, TiToeul punqtze ramden qulas mianiWebT
da
ramdeni
qula
unda
moagrovon
moswavleebma
mocemuli
kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad;
SeaTanxmeT, rogor SeafasebT Secdomebs, uzustobebs da gramatikul,

marTlweris Secdomebs;
naSromi
orjer
erTmaneTisgan
asworebs
imave
swordeba
brmad
damoukideblad
nawers)
da,
(rodesac
asworebs
saWiroebis
da
ar
ori
gamsworebeli
ician,
SemTxvevaSi,
rom
eses
sxvac
avtoris
vinaobis codnis gareSe.

cxadia, sandoobis sakiTxebic wamoiWreba (ix. Tavi 6). aq saqme isaa, rom
testis sqemam, anu, debulebebis wyobam SeiZleba Sedegze mZlavri gavlena
moaxsinos.
testis struqtura
testis
struqturis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze
Semdegi
faqtorebi moqmedebs (Grounland and Linn 1990; Hanna 1993; Linn 1993; Cunningham
1998):
983
instruqciebis
xasiaTi,
sigrZe
da
sizuste,
magaliTad,
ra
unda
gaakeTos moswavlem, ramden xans, ramdeni unda gaakeTos, ramdeni

debuleba unda mosinjos, ra saxis pasuxebia saWiro (magaliTad, erTi
sityva, winadadeba, abzaci, formula, ricxvi, debuleba da a. S.),
rogor
da
sad
Caweros
pasuxi,
sad
Caweros,
Tu
rogor
wyvets
problemas, saidan daiwyos axali pasuxis Cawera (magaliTad, axal

bukletSi);
pasuxebis
raodenoba,
anu,
ramdeni
pasuxia
saWiro
mravalpasuxian
kiTxvebze, erTi, Tu ramdenime;
instruqciebis
Tavidanve
nu
konkretuloba
gadatvirTavT
instruqciebi
moswavleebs
teqstSi
Warbi
gaabnieT,
informaciiT;
instruqciebi saWiroebisamebr mieciT _ yoveli seqciis dasawyisSi

mxolod am seqciisTvis gankuTvnili instruqcia miawodeT;
qulebis raodenoba _ ramden qulas aniWebT testis TiToeul nawils;
minimumamde daiyvaneT orazrovneba da debulebebi wakiTxvadi gaxadeT;
debulebebis Tanamimdevroba _ testSi debulebebi sirTulis zrdis

mixedviT daalageT (anu debulebebis mdebareoba da Tanmimdevroba);
gverdis vizualuri mxare, magaliTad, erideT moswavleebis vizualuri

masaliT an sityvebiT gadatvirTvas;
debulebebis dajgufeba _ daajgufeT debulebebi _ msgavsi Sinaarsis

an formatis debulebebi erTad daajgufeT;
pasuxebis
furcelis
Sedgena,
romelsac
kompiuterSi
SeitanT
da
optikuri amomcnobi da skaneri waikiTxavs (Tu marTebulia).

testis wyoba iseTi unda iyos, rom amartivebdes testis Sevsebas da
amas imdenad efeqturad akeTebdes, ramdenadac es moswavlisTvis aris
SesaZlebeli.
testis Sesrulebis dro

testirebisas orgvari dro wesdeba: testis Catarebis dro (kviris dRe,
Tve,
dRis
monakveTi)
da
moswavlisTvis
testis
an
debulebis
984
Sesasruleblad micemuli dro. rac Seexeba pirvels, es, nawilobriv,

sandoobis
sakiTxia, vinaidan dRis an kviris
an a.S. dro
SeiZleba
gavlenas axdendes imaze, Tu ramdenad mobilizebuli an motivirebulia

moswavle, an ramdenad SeuZlia mas testze muSaoba. rac Seexeba meores,
mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, drois rogor SezRudvas daawesebs da
ratom. magaliTad, sasurvelia Tu ara drois SezRudviT gamowveuli
zewola imis sanaxavad, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZlia moswavles SezRuduli
drois pirobebSi, Tu drois limitis daweseba imaze, rac droSi ar unda
izRudebodes araswori moTxovnaa (SezRuduli hqonda van gogs dro,
roca cnobil mzesumzirebs xatavda?) (ix. Kohn 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma icodnen,
zogadad,
testisTvis
gamoyofili
drois
Sesaxeb,
maT
namdvilad
waadgebaT imis codnac, Tu testis TiToeul nawils ramdeni dro unda

dauTmon. Tu dro testis fardobiTi wonebis mixedviT nawildeba (ix.
wonebisa da qulebis ganxilva), maSin moswavles saSualeba eZleva, Tavad
gadawyvitos, testis romel nawilze gaakeTos aqcenti _ maT SeiZleba
testis im nawilebze surdeT koncentrireba, romelSic ufro met qulas
miiReben.
garda
amisa,
Tu
testis
debulebebisTvis
zustadaa
dro
gansazRvruli, es zrdis misi standartizaciis xarisxs da SeiZleba

sasargebloc iyos, Tu Sedegebi individebis an jgufebis Sesadareblad
unda gamoiyenon.
testSi qulebis miniWebis proceduris dagegmva

testis
sxvadasxva
debulebebisTvis
qulebis
miniWeba
TiToeuli
debulebis fardobiTi mniSvnelobis TvalsaCino maCvenebelia _ qulebis

miniWebisas
gaTvaliswinebulia
TiToeuli
debulebis
wona.
mniSvnelovania, rom testis ufro iol nawilebs ufro naklebi qulebi

mieniWos, vidre _ ufro rTulebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis
Sedegebi SeiZleba xelovnurad gaizardos Zalian bevr martiv da cota
985
rTul kiTxvaze sworad gacemuli pasuxebis gamo (Gronlund and Linn 1990).
amasTan, testis debulebebisTvis qulebis miniWebis SeZlebisdagvarad
didi sizuste da specifikuroba ramdenime TvalsazrisiTaa mimzidevli
(Cresswell and Houston 1991; Gipps 1994; Aiken 2003),
debulebisa
da
qvedebulebisTvis
romelic
TiToeuli
qulis
miniWebas
konkretuli
gulisxmobs, magaliTad:
ar ikargeba nawilobriv Sesrulebuli davaleba _ moswavleebi qulebs

davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebuli nawilis proporciiT mocemuli
aqvT
warmatebiT
Sesrulebuli
(sferoze
orientirebulobis
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli);
moswavles saSualeba eZleva, testis cudad gakeTebuli nawili sxva

nawilebSi miRebuli SedegebiT daakompensiros;
moswavleebisTvis gasagebi xdeba debulebebis wonebi;

testis nawilebis warmatebulad SesrulebisTvis miniWebul qulebSi
iseTi momentebis gaTvaliswinebisa SesaZleblobas qmnis, rogoricaa
debulebis moculoba, mis Sesasruleblad saWiro dro, sirTulisa da
mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi;
amartivebs moderacias, vinaidan gasagebi da konkretulia;
iZleva debulebis mixedviT jgufebis Sedarebis SesaZleblobas;
iZleva sandoobis indeqsebis daTvlis SesaZleblobas (ix. sandoobis

ganxilva);
SesaZlebelia qulebis dagroveba da pirdapir niSanSi gadayvana.

ebeli (1979) amtkicebs, rom rac ufro meti quliT aRiwereba miRwevis
sxvadasxva
done
dawerili
(magaliTad,
niSnebis
moculobas.
niSnebis
sandooba,
qulebi
Tumca,
gramatikisa
dawerisas),
miT
cxadia,
gazrdis
da
es
meti
punqtuaciisTvisac
iqneba
testis
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT _ moswavleebs gramatikur Secdomebzec unda daakldeT

qulebi. rogor unda iqnas am SemTxvevaSi miRweuli Tanmimdevruloba?
amasTan,
rogor
viqceviT
gamotovebul
pasuxebTan,
erTeulebTan,
986
debulebeTan mimarTebaSi da a. S., magaliTad, ras vakeTebT, Tu moswavles

gazomvis erTeulebi ar uweria (km/sT, dolari an girvanqa sterlingi,
metri an santimetri)?
testSi qulebis daweras ukavSirdeba Sedegebis wardgenis sakiTxic.
Tu
testSi
qulebis
miniWeba
specifikuria,
maSin
es
Sedegebis
sxvadasxvagvarad wardgenis SesaZleblobas qmnis, magaliTad, Sedegebi

SeiZleba warmovadginoT: saTiTaod, yoveli debulebis qula cal-calke,
testis nawilebis mixedviT an mTliani testis jamuri qulis saxiT. aseTi
moqniloba
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
mkvlevrisTvis,
radgan
moswavleebis jgufis konkretuli Zlieri da susti mxareebis gamovlenis

saSualebas miscems.
zemoT warmodgenili zogierTi mosazrebis sasurveloba sakamaToa.
magaliTad,
SegviZlia
orientirebulobis
kriteriumze
vikamaToT
siZliere
imis
swored
orientirebisas
Taobaze,
misi
ikargeba
rom
kriteriumze
specifikurobaa
gaerTianebuli
da
rom
monacemebis
(magaliTad, miniWebuli qulebis) arsi (Gipps 1994: 85). magaliTad, Tu

moswavles inglisur gramatikaSi E dauweres da mxatvrul weraSi _ A, es
ori Sefaseba, SesaZloa, C niSnad agregirdes, rogorc misi jamuri
kompetencia inglisur enaSi, magram ras niSnavs es C? is moklebulia
azrs, ar aqvs aTvlis wertili, anda, gasagebi kriteriumi, masSi ikargeba
A da E niSnebis sasargeblo specifikuroba, es kompromisia, romelic,
faqtobrivad,
arafers
gveubneba.
amasTan,
aseTi
niSnebis
agregireba
uSvebs, rom yvela debuleba erTnairi sirTulisaa.

cxadia, rom nedli qulebi mainc Riaa interpretaciisTvis, rac ukve
msjelobis sakiTxia da ara _ sizustis (Wiliam 1996). magaliTad, Tu testi
sagnis
codnas
afasebs,
mkvlevarma
und
gadawyvitos,
ra
qmnis
am
codnas _ es absoluturi qulaa (anu Zalian maRali) Tu gradaciebi

arsebobs
da
gradaciebi?
Tu
es
ukanasknelia,
gamoqveynebuli
standartizebulia
da
ukve
maSin
rogoria/sad
testebisTvis
gasagebi,
radgan
xvdeba
qulebis
aq
nedli
es
miniWeba
qulebi
ukve
987
gadayvanilia
standartul
qulebSi,
magaliTad,
procentilebSi
an
niSnebSi.
qulebis
miniWebis
Taobaze
diskusiis
safuZvels
markirebis
kriteriumis zustad da calsaxad gansazRvris saWiroeba qmnis: ras

mieniWeba qula da ras ara. amisaTvis unda gairkves, arsebobs Tu ara
maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali, romelic unda moiZebnebodes moswavlis
pasuxSi.
naTelia, rom kriteriumze orientirebul testebSi deklarirebuli
unda
iyos
umdablesi
zRvari
minimaluri
kompetenciis
zRvari
romlis qvemoTac moxvedrili moswavleebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom maT ver

daakmayofiles
kriteriumi.
kompromisi
SeimCneva
kriteriumze
orientirebul im testebSi, romlebic erTi da imave davalebis sxvadasxva

doniT Sesrulebas sxvadasxva qulas aniWeben da gamocdaze sxvadasxva
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris dadgenas saWiroeben. amis gavrcelebuli
magaliTia did britaneTSi saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis saSualo
ganaTlebis zogadi sertifikatis (GCSE) gamocda, sadac moswavleebi
kriteriumze orientirebul gamocdaSi A-sa da F-s Soris iReben niSnebs.
minimaluri
kompetenciis
zRvris
dadgenis
Sesaxeb
damatebiTi
informaciisTvis ix.: Nedelsky (1954), Angoff (1971), Ebel (1979) da Linn (1993).
angofi (1971) debulebebisTvis qulebis diqotomiurad miniWebis meTods
gvTavazobs. aq gamsworeblebs im minimalurad misaRebi individebis wilis
identificireba moeTxovebaT, vinc yovel debulebas sworad upasuxebda.
am wilebis jami minimalur misaReb qulas warmoadgens. am principis
ufro daxvewili versia ebels (1979) ekuTvnis. am meTodis mixedviT, yvela
debulebisTvis aigeba sirTulisa da relevanturobis matrica. sirTule
SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros (magaliTad, advili, saSualo da
Zneli) da, aseve, sam doneze ganisazRvreba relevanturobac (magaliTad,
Zalian relevanturi, zomierad relevanturi da odnav relevanturi).
rodesac
testis
ganTavsdeba,
TiToeuli,
Semfaseblebi
calkeuli
afaseben,
debuleba
TiToeul
matricis
ujraSi
ujraSi
moxvedrili
988
debulebebis
ra
nawils
upasuxebdnen
sworad
minimalurad
misaRebi
individebi, amasTan, yoveli Semfasebeli standartad iRebs TiToeuli

ujris
wilebis
Sewonil
saSualos
(romelic
TiToeul
ujraSi
moxvedrili debulebebis raodenobiT aris gansazRvruli). am meTodSi

Semfaseblebma
sirTule
ori
(angofis
sirTulezea
faqtori
(1971)
saubari).
am
unda
ganixilon
meTodisgan
relevanturoba
gansxvavebiT,
midgomebisTvis
sadac
da
mxolod
damaxasiaTebelia
ndoba,
romelsac isini eqspertebs ucxadeben doneebis Sefasebisas (magaliTad,

sirTulis an relevanturobis, anda, warmatebiT miRwevis wilebis), anu,
isini SecdomebiT aRsavse adamianur subieqturobas efuZnebian.
ebelis (1979) mtkicebiT, niSnebis daweris erT-erTi principis Tanaxmad,
isini qulebis skalaze Tanabar intervalebs unda warmoadgendnen. is
medianasa da standartul gadaxraze miuTiTebs: mediana imitom, rom
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia qulebis dawerisas absoluturi nulis
arsebobis daSveba, xolo standartuli gadaxra _ es aris misaRebi
diapazonis erTeuli, romelSic xvdebian TiToeuli gradaciis/klasis
Semadgeneli qulebi (aseve, ix. Cohen and Holliday 1996). amgvarad, erT-erTi
procedura Semdegnairia:
gamoTvaleT qulebis mediana da standartuli gadaxra;
medianis
da
standartuli
gadaxris,
rogorc
TiToeuli
gradaciis/klasis zomis erTeulis, gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT niSnis

intervalebis qulis qveda zRvari.
Tumca, minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris sakiTxs is faqti arTulebs,
rom es zRvari SeiZleba icvlebodes sxvadasxva miznisa da qulebis
sxvadasxvagvari
gamoyenebis
mixedviT
(magaliTad,
diagnostirebisTvis,
sertificirebisTvis, SerCevisTvis, programis SefasebisTvis), radgan es

miznebi gavlenas moaxdens minimaluri kompetenciis zRvris raodenobasa
da gradaciaze da, aseve, detalebis moTxovnil sizusteze. minimaluri
kompetenciis zRvris dadgenis sakiTxis sruli analizisTvis ix. Linn
(1993).
989
qulebis miniWebis sakiTxi mTel rig faqtorebs moicavs, magaliTad,

klasis
normebi,
asakobrivi
normebi,
procentiluri
normebi
da
standartuli qulis normebi (magaliTad, z-qulebi, T-qulebi, stanainebi,

procentilebi). es sakiTxi Cveni wignis farglebs scildeba, amitom mis
Sesaxeb
informaciis
misaRebad
mkiTxvels
vurCevT
Semdeg
avtorebs
gaecnos: Cronbach (1970), Gronlund and Linn (1990), Cohen and Holliday (1996), Hopkins et
al. (1996).
pretestisa da post-testis Sedgena

testis ageba da Catareba kvlevis modelis arsebiTi nawilia, sadac
sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebisTvis iqmneba pretesti da posttesti. pretesti da post-testi ramenime saxelmZRvanelo princips unda
mihyvebodes:
pretestSi SeiZleba iyos post-testisgan formiT an formulirebiT

gansxvavebuli kiTxvebi, Tumca am or tests erTi da igive Sinaarsi
unda hqondes, anu, erTi da igive jgufebisTvis gankuTvnili testis
alternatiul variantebs unda warmoadgendnen.
sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs erTi da igive pretesti unda

miewodoT.
sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs erTi da igive post-testi

unda miewodoT.
post-testis
gakeTebisas
sifrTxile
gvmarTebs,
raTa
is,
erTi
jgufisTvis ufro martivi ar aRmoCndes, vidre meoresTvis.
orive testi erTnairi sirTulis unda iyos.

testis monacemebi, ZiriTadad, kvlevis eqsperimentuli modelisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. amas garda, isini SeiZleba kiTxvaris, interviusa da

dokumenturi masalis nawili iyos.
testebis sandooba da validoba
990
sandoobisa da validobis sakiTxebs me-6 Tavi eZRvneba. aq sakmarisia,

aRvniSnoT, rom sandooba gulisxmobs Sedegebisa da monacemebisTvis
miniWebuli
ndobis
dones.
xSirad
gadakeTebis mizniT, statistikurad
es
monacemebi,
testis
Semdgomi
muSavdeba. validoba ki gviCvenebs,
Tu ramdenad zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac is aris gamiznuli.

gulisxmobs
Sinaarss,
konstruqts,
garegnul
mxares,
es
kriteriumze
orientirebul da konkurentul validobas.
eTikuri sakiTxvebi testebis momzadebisas

testis monacemebis arasandoobis ZiriTadi wyaroa is, Tu ramdenad da
rogor arian moswavleebi testirebisTvis momzadebuli. es SegviZlia
kontinuumze
ganvaTavsoT
pirdapiri
da
specifikuri
momzadebidan,
arapirdapiri da zogadi momzadebis gavliT, sruliad moumzadeblobamde.

testis monacemebze mzardi moTxovnis gamo (magaliTad, SerCevisTvis,
sertificirebisTvis,
klasificirebisTvis,
sanaxavad,
saswavlebelSi
umaRles
dasaqmebisTvis,
mosaxvedrad,
progresis
angariSgebisTvis,
skolebisa da maswavleblebis Sesafaseblad), albaT, sruliad gasagebia,

rom arsebobs moswavleebis testebisTvis momzadebis moTxovnileba. es
testirebis umaRlesi fsonis aspeqtia (Harlen 1994), rodesac testis
Sedegebze
bevri
ramaa
damokidebuli.
erT
doneze
es
SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc gamocdebis Sedegi, romelic saswavlo programasa

da silabusebze aisaxeba. sxva doneze amas konkretuli gamocdebisTvis
moswavleebis
pirdapir
momzadebamde
SeiZleba
mivyavdeT.
momzadebam
SeiZleba bevri sxvadasxva forma miiRos (Mehrens and Kaminski 1989; Gipps
1994):
sxva programis Sinaarssa da amocanebTan erTad, im amocanebisa da

programis dafarva, romelic testirebiT unda Semowmdes;
programis Sinaarsisa da amocanebiT mxolod im masaliT SezRudva,

romelic testirebiT unda Semowmdes;
moswavleebisTvis gamocdis teqnikis swavleba;
991
adrindeli an msgavsi testebiT varjiSi;
swavlebis
rodesac
stilis
swavlebis
konkretuli
yoveli
testis
nabiji
debulebebTan
da
Sinaarsi
Sesatyviseba,
testis
TiToeul
debulebis igiveobrivia;
testis zustad paraleluri versiiT varjiSi;
testSi mocemuli masalis winaswar miTiTeba;
identur
testze
maswavleblis
varjiSi
daxmarebis
da
gareSe
aseTi
testiT
momzadeba
damoukideblad,
(magaliTad,
testebis
winaswar gamoSveba);
identur testze varjiSi da aseTi testiT maswavleeblis daxmarebiT

momzadeba
(magaliTad,
testebis
winaswar
gamoSveba),
romelTan
erTadac saTiTaod xdeba debulebebis damuSaveba da, savaraudod,

sanimuSo pasuxebis micema.
ramdenad eTikuri iqneboda bolo oTx punqtSi mocemuli an, Tundac,
pirveli punqtis garda, nebismieri CamoTvlili qmedebis ganxorcieleba,
sakamaToa. TaRliTobaa es, Tu testisTvis momzadebis legitimuri forma?
unda
moamzados
Tu
ara
maswavlebelma
moswavle
testisTvis?
maswavleblis mier moswavlis testisTvis moumzadeblobis SemTxvevaSi,

ras miewereba misi aseTi qceva _ profesiul gulgrilobas (magaliTad,
kriteriumze da sferoze orientirebul testebSi) Tu usamarTlobas,
romelic moswavleebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebaSi vlindeba da amiT
testis, rogorc unaris an miRwevis realuri da samarTliani sazomis,
sandoobis
Semcirebas
iwvevs?
maRali
fsonis
mqone
Sefasebisas
(magaliTad, sajaro angariSebisTvis da skolebisa da maswavleblebis

Sesadareblad) testirebaze im moswavleebis ar daSvebis sakiTxic ki
dgeba, visac dabali maCveneblebi aqvs (ix. Haladyna et al. 1991). aris riski,
rom arsebobdes korelacia fsonebsa da araeTikuri praqtikis xarisxs
Soris _ rac metia fsoni, miT metia araeTikuri qcevis SemTxveva. gipsis
(1994) dakvirvebiT, araeTikuri SemTxveva maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac qulebi
gaberilia, xolo Sesrulebis an miRwevis Sesaxeb sando daskvna _ ara.
992
aseve, maSinac, rodesac moswavleebis sxvadasxva jgufi sxvadasxvagvarad

emzadeba testisTvis, anu, zogierT moswavles usamarTlo upiratesoba
aqvs
sxvebTan
dasaZlevad,
farTo
SedarebiT.
maswavleblebis
sferos
gipsi
Tvlis,
mxridan
swavleba, vidre _
rom
eTikuri
da
aseTi
problemebis
legitimuria
ufro
calkeuli testis; maswavleblebi
moswavleebs mxolod testis farglebSi ar unda amzadebdnen amasTanave,

yvelanairi
piroba
unda
iyos
Seqmnili
ukeTesi
swavlebis
gansaxorcieleblad da ara _ testisTvis momzadeba (Cunningham 1998).

yovelive zemoTqmuls (Cronbach 1970; Hanna 1993; Cunningham 1998) Semdegi
mosazrebebi SegviZlia davamatoT:
testi sando da validuri unda iyos (ix. Tavi 6);
testi mxolod kompetenturma adamianebma (anu Semowmebuli unda iyos

proeqtebi da maTSi monawile adamianebi) unda Caataron, gaasworon da
gamoiyenon;
testis masalebis xelmisawvdomoba unda kontroldebodes, amgvarad,

testis debulebebi ar unda gamoiyenon profesiuli gamocemebisgan
damoukideblad; testebi mxolod konkretul, profesiul proeqtTan
kavSirSi myof, saTanadod kvalificirebul, profesionalebze unda
gaices;
testma sargebeli unda moutanos testirebuls (keTildReoba);
gasworebisa
da
niSnebis
daweris
oqmebi
unda
arsebobdes
(gamWvirvaleobis sakiTxi meeqvse TavSi ganvixileT);
testis Sedegebis gaformeba mxolod iseTi formiT xdeba, romlis

arasworad interpretacia SeuZlebeli iqneba;
pativiscemiT unda movekidoT individebis piradulobasa da Rirsebas

(magaliTad, konfidencialoba, anonimuroba, amoucnobloba);
testma
an
misma
Sedegebma
ar
unda
avnos
individebs
(zianis
miuyenebloba);
miRebul unda iqnas informirebuli Tanxmoba testSi monawileobaze.
993
kompiuterizirebuli adaptirebadi testebi

kompiuterizebuli adaptirebadi testireba (Wainer 1990; Aiken 2003: 50 2)
aris
gadawyvetileba
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
testis
konkretulad
romeli
debuleba mivawodoT, romelic wina debulebebze cdis pirebis pasuxebzea

damokidebuli.
es
gansakuTrebiT
gamosadegia
farTomaSstabian
testebisTvis, rodesac sakvlevi unaris farTo diapazonia mosalodneli.

am SemTxvevaSi, iseTi testi unda gakeTdes, romelic testis Camtarebels
unaris am farTo diapazonis dafarvis saSualebas miscems. Aamitom, masSi
unda
Sevides
debulebebi:
garkveulwilad
Zalian
maCveneblebis
advili
diapazonis
advili
debulebebis
miRebas
da
garkveuli
SemTxvevaSi,
(gamosacdelebi,
sirTulis
unaris
ubralod,
maRali
yvela
debulebaze sworad uparuxeben) ver SevZlebT. Zalian Zneli debulebebis

SemTxvevaSi ki, unaris dabali maCveneblebis diapazonis miReba gaWirdeba
(gamosacdelebi, ubralod, yvela debulebas mcdarad upasuxeben). bevrs
verafers SevityobT gamosacdeli moswavleebis Sesaxeb, Tu maT Zalian
advil
an
gacilebiT
Zalian
Znel
efeqturi
da
kiTxvebs
sando
davusvamT.
iqneba,
Tu
garda
amisa,
kargi
testireba
unarebis
mqone
gamosacdelebs ufro rTul debulebebamde misaRwevad ar mouwevT mTeli

rigi advili debulebebis damuSaveba, naklebad ganviTarebuli unaris
mqoneT ki _ ufro rTul debulebebze pasuxebis gamocnoba. amrigad,
efeqturia iseTi moqnili testi, romelic gamosacdelisTvis adaptirdeba.
magaliTad, Tu gamosacdelisTvis debuleba Zalian rTuli aRmoCndeba,
SesaZlebelia Semdegi debulebis adaptireba da gaioleba da, piriqiT, Tu
gamosacdeli warmatebiT Seasrulebs erT debulebas, Semdegi debuleba,
SesaZloa, kidev ufro rTuli iyos.
veineri (1990) miuTiTebs, rom adaptirebul testSi pirveli debuleba
unaris gamovlenis savaraudo diapazonis SuaSi unda mdebareobdes. Tu
gamosacdeli mas sworad upasuxebs, maSin mas ufro rTuli debuleba
mohyveba, xolo Tu mcdar pasuxs gascems, maSin Semdegi debuleba ufro
martivi
iqneba.
kompiuteri
testirebis
aseTi
moqnilobis,
994
diskriminaciulobisa
da
efeqturobis
idealur
SesaZleblobas
qmnis.
aikenis (2003: 51) azriT, kompiuteruli adaptirebadi testirebiT SeiZleba

Semcirdes
testis
debulebebis
raodenoba
da
tradiciul
testebSi
gamoyenebuli debulebebis daaxloebiT 50 procenti miewodos cdis pirs.

gamosacdelebs SeuZliaT, sakuTari tempiT imuSaon; maT xeli ki ar unda
SevuSaloT,
aramed
wavaxalisoT;
testi
maSinve
swordeba,
raTa
gamosacdels ukukavSiri misces; SesaZlebelia testSi farTo diapazonis

debulebebis
Setana
da
gazomvis
sizustisa
da
sandoobis
miRweva;
faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia testis usafrTxoebis gazrda da pasuxebis

furcelSi garkvevis problemis Tavidan acileba.
cxadia, kompiuteruli adaptirebadi testirebis gamoyenebas Tavisi
mimzidveli
mxareebi
tradiciuli
aqvs,
testebisgan
Tumca,
meore
gansxvavebul
mxriv,
unarebs
aseTi
testireba
saWiroebs,
ramac,
SesaZloa, testis sandooba Seamciros, magaliTad:
kompiuteris
ekranze
tradiciul
da
testze
kompiuterul
muSaobisTvis
programasTan
muSaobas
aucilebeli
fsiqikuri
procesebisgan gansxvavebuli procesebi esaWiroeba.
kompiuterTan muSaobisas motivaciisa da SfoTvis done izrdeba an

mcirdeba.
fizikurma
garemom
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
ganaTeba,
mniSvnelovani
ekranis
sikaSkaSe,
gavlena
moaxdinos,
aparaturis
xmauri,
programuli uzrunvelyofis CatvirTva da muSaoba.
sandooba testis cvalebadobis indeqsidan gamosacdelis mier testis

Sesrulebisas
daSvebul
standartuli
Secdomis
Secdomis
dispersia
standartul
gamoTvlis
yvela
Secdomaze
Cveuli
qulisTvis
gadainacvlebs.
formulis
erTnairia
mixedviT,
maSin,
roca
debulebaze pasuxis TeoriaSi daSvebulia, rom Secdomis dispersia

TiToeuli gamosacdelis unarzea damokidebuli. Secdomis dispersiis
tradiciuli statistikuri sidide Sejamebuli qulebis erTi saSualo
dispersiaa,
xolo
debulebaze
pasuxis
TeoriaSi,
saukeTeso
995
SemTxvevaSi,
Semyvani,
Zalian
vinaidan
uxeSi,
dispersia
xolo
uares
unaris
SemTxvevaSi,
funqciaa
da
ara
SecdomaSi
_
testis
dispersia da misi marTebulad Sejameba SeuZlebelia (am sakiTxis

mogvarebis gzebis Sesaxeb ix. Thissen (1990)).
testSi bevri debulebis gamoyeneba zrdis susti debulebebis masSi

CarTvis Sanssac.
kompiuterul adaptirebad testebs mocemuli Sinaarsobrivi sferos
yoveli
aspeqtisTvis
sakmarisi
raodenobis,
mravalferovnebis
da
sirTulis mqone debulebebis didi maragi sWirdebaT (Flaugher 1990). yvela

debuleba
erT
konkretul
SesaZleblobas
anu
ganzomilebas
unda
zomavdes da erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli unda iyvnen, anu, individis

mier erT debulebaze gacemuli pasuxi ar unda iyos damokidebuli amave
individis mier sxva debulebaze gacemul pasuxze. debulebebma unda
gaiaros
pretesti
da
validacia,
gamoiTvalos
maTi
sirTulisa
da
diskriminaciulobis indeqsebi, unda Semcirdes distraqtorebis gavlenis

efeqti,
unda
dazustdes,
testi
erTganzomilebiania
mravalganzomilebiani da gaiweros debulebebis SerCevis wesebi.
Tu
996
20 pirovnuli konstruqtebi
Sesavali
pirovnuli
konstruqtebi
pirovnebis
srul
da
formalurad
Camoyalibebul TeoriaSi analizis ZiriTadi erTeulia, romelic jorj

kelis
ekuTvnis
da
gadmocemulia
wignSi
pirovnuli
konstruqtebis
fsiqologia (1955). keli sakuTarma klinikurma gamocdilebam miiyvana

mosazrebamde, rom ar arsebobs obieqturi, absoluturi WeSmariteba da
movlenebi
azrs
mxolod
maSin
iZenen,
rodesac
adamianebi
maT
mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. kelis, ZiriTadad, individebis mier sakuTari

garemos aRqma, aRqmulis interpretacia da Sedegad, mocemul garemoSi
maTi qceva ainteresebs. pirovnuli konstruqtebis fsiqologiaSi keli
gamoTqvams
mosazrebas,
rom
adamianebi
aqtiurad
arian
dakavebulni
garemosTvis azris miniWebiTa da TavianTi gamocdilebis gamdidrebiT.

pirovnuli
konstruqtebi
yoveldRiuri
ganzomilebebia,
garemos/samyaros
konceptualizaciisTvis
erTmaneTisgan
is
viyenebT
gansxvavebulad
da,
ageben
romelTac
sxvadasxva
rogorc
keli
movlenebs.
Cveni
aspeqtis
wers,
Cvens
adamianebi
mier
Seqmnil
konstruqtebs movlenebis winaswar ganWvretisa da situaciebis manamde

warmosadgenad
viyenebT,
sanam
isini
realurad
moxdebodes.
es
konstruqtebi zogjer jgufebad erTiandeba, romlebic qvemdgomisa da

zemdgomis urTierTobebSi xorcieldeba. kelis mixedviT, Cven mecnieris
rols virgebT da im movlenebis prognozirebasa da gakontrolebas
vcdilobT,
romelSic
CaTreulni
aRmovCndebiT.
kelis
ganmartebiT,
adamianis qceva misi [sic.] valdebulebebis, mis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebis,

wamowyebuli kvleva-Ziebisa da gamoyenebuli strategiebis erTobliobaSi
mdgomareobs
(Kelly
1969).
kelis
azriT,
ganaTleba
aucileblad
eqsperimentulia. misi saboloo mizani individis srulyofa
da misi
997
potencialis maqsimaluri ganviTareba,
mocemuli individis saWiroebebis
gamoyeneba da kvleva-Ziebaa.
kelis Teoriis centraluri principebi fundamenturi postulatisa da
misgan gamomdinare daskvnebis saxiTaa formulirebuli. aq ar vapirebT am
Teoris dawvrilebiT ganxilvas. komentarebi ix. Bannister (1970) da Ryle
(1975) (aseve, http://brint.com/PTC.htm), xolo Teoriis srul mimoxilvas fei
fransela
gvTavazobs
Tavis
naSromSi
(International Handbook of Personal
Construct Psychology Fay Fransella 2004) (aseve, ix. Fransella 2005). aq mxolod kelis
mier
SemoTavazebul
meTods
ganvixilavT,
romelic
konstruqtebis
moZiebasa da maT Soris maTematikuri mimarTebis dadgenas moiazrebs da

repertuaris badis teqnikis saxeliTaa cnobili.
meTodis maxasiaTeblebi
keli
(1955)
SezRudul
varaudobs,
raodenobaze
rom
yovel
miuwvdeba
pirovnebas
xeli,
konstruqtebis
romliTac
igi
samyaros
Semadgenel fenomenebs afasebs. am fenomenebs _ adamianebs, movlenebs,

sagnebs, ideebs, institutebs da a. S. _ elementebi ewodebaT. keli
Tvlis,
rom
konstruqtebi,
romlebsac
TiToeuli
Cvengani
iyenebs,
SegviZlia bipolarulad miviCnioT, anu, SesaZlebelia maTi polaruli

zedsarTavi saxelebiT (kargi_cudi) an frazebiT (kargad mxdis _ cudad
mxdis) gansazRvra.
kelis
mier
repertuaris
badis
teqnikis
pirvelad
SemoTavazebis
Semdeg misi sxvadasxvagvari forma Seiqmna. dReisaTvis arsebul yvela

teqnikas
ori
saerTo
maxasiaTebeli
aerTianebs.
Ees
konstruqtebi _ ganzomilebebi, romelsac pirovneba

konceptualizaciisTvis
iyenebs
maxasiaTeblebia:
sakuTari samyaros
da elementebi _ stimulebi, romlebsac
pirovneba Tavisi konstruqtebiT afasebs. CanarTSi 20. 1 warmodgenilia

kelis empiriuli teqnika, romelic konstruqtebis miRebisTvis da maTi
elementebTan
kavSiris,
kerZod
dadgenisTvisaa mowodebuli.
ki
repertuaris
badis
saxiT,
998
CanarTi 20. 1.
konstruqtebis moZieba da repertuaris badis ageba
pirovnebas
moeTxoveba.
misTvis
aseTi
mniSvnelovani
adamiani
ramdenime
SeiZleba
iyos
deda,
adamianis
mama,
dasaxeleba
meuRle,
megobari,
TanamSromeli, sulieri moZRvari. dasaxelebuli adamianebi qmnian repertuaris

badis elementebs.
Semdeg mas sTxoven dasaxelebuli elementebis samwevrian jgufebad ise
gaaerTianos, rom samidan ori wevri raRaciT hgavdnes erTmaneTs da, amasTanave,
gansxvavdebodnen mesamesgan. is, riTic emsgavsebian an gansxvavdebian elementebi
erTmaneTisgan,
aris
konstruqti,
romelic,
zogadad,
bipolaruli
saxisaa
(sityvaZunwi_enawyliani, Zunwi_guluxvi, Tbili_civi). imas, riTic ori elementi

hgavs erTmaneTs, konstruqtis msgavsebis polusi ewodeba, xolo imas, riTic
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan _ kontrastis polusi.
badis
asagebad
cdis
pirs
yoveli
elementis
TiToeuli
konstruqtis
davuSvaT, rom
msgavsebis an kontrastis polusze moTavsebas vTxovT.
konstruqtis erTi polusia, xolo carieli adgili _ meore. Sedegad aseT

suraTs miviRebT:
konstruqtebi
elementebi
A
1 sityvaZunwi_enawyliani
2 Zunwi_guluxvi
3 Tbili_civi
axla SesaZlebelia miRebuli badidan sxvadasxva tipis
informaciis miReba.
magaliTad, TiToeuli striqonis SeswavliT SegviZlia garkveuli warmodgena

SeviqmnaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gansazRvravs pirovneba TiToeul konstruqts
misi sayvareli adamianebiT. TiToeul svetSi mocemulia
arCeuli konstruqtiT aRwerili misTvis
mniSvnelovani
cdis piris mier

calkeuli adamianis
pirovnuli profili. badis monacemebis ufro detaluri ganxilva teqstSi

warmodgenil magaliTebSia mocemuli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kelly 1969
999
mas Semdeg, rac kelim (1955) pirvelad aRwera is, rasac Tavad rolis
konstruqtis
repertuaris
badis
testi
uwoda,
ramdenime varianti SeimuSaves da gamoiyenes. am
repertuaris
badis
teqnikis
moqnilobam da
adaptirebadobam ganapiroba
misi efeqturi gamoyeneba
fsiqiatriaSi,
konsultirebasa
periodSi,
da,
bolo
ganaTlebis
sferoSi.
aq
mis
ramdenime formasa da gamoyenebas gavecnobiT. alban-metqalfis (AlbanMetcalf 1997: 318) azriT, repertuaris bades, ZiriTadad, orgvari gamoyeneba
aqvs: misi statikuri forma drois mocemul momentSi adamianis mier
sxvebis aRqmas avlens, xolo dinamikuri formis SemTxvevaSi, meTodis
ganmeorebiTi gamoyeneba am aRqmis droSi cvlilebaze migviTiTebs. es
ukanaskneli ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis gamosavlenad gamodgeba.
repertuaris
badisa
da
triadebis
Seqmnis
magaliTebi
ix.
moZiebuli da miwodebuli konstruqtebi

repertuaris badis standartuli forma mkvlevars savaraudod im
konstruqtebis
maTTvis
moZiebis
mniSvnelovani
interpretaciisTvis
saSualebas
aZlebs,
adamianebis
iyeneben.
romlebsac
qcevis
pirovnuli
cdis
pirebi
prognozirebisa
konstruqtebis
da
moZiebis
keliseuli meTodi cdis pirebisgan garkveuli raodenobis baraTebis

ganxilvas moiTxovs, romelTagan TiToeulze mis cxovrebaSi arsebuli
adamianis
saxelia
identificirebisas,
[elementi]
mesamesgan?,
raime
anu
konstruqtebis
adamianebis
da
maxasiaTeblebis
cdis
aRniSnuli.
pirebs
mniSvnelovani
xdeba
TeoriaSi
maTi
analogiurad,
ekiTxebian:
nebismieri
maxasiaTebliT
triaduli
moZieba
(ix.
xom
adgili
msgavsi
gansxvavebuli
dasaxelebas,
ris
Sedegadac
ori
ar
ukavia
cdis
maTgani
gansxvavdeba
Nash 1976).
centraluri
an
elementebis
pirovnuli
mniSvnelovani
mniSvnelovani
pirebi
Tavad
asaxeleben konstruqtebsac da elementebsac. keli zustad gamosaxavs
1000
individualobis Sedegs: pirovnebebi erTmaneTisgan movlenebis agebiT

gansxvavdebian.
dResdReobiT,
forma
farTod
mniSvnelovnad
gamoyenebuli
gansxvavdeba
repertuaris
kelis
badis
ramdenime
individualobis
Sedegisgan
imiT, rom isini cdis pirebisgan ki ar iReben konstruqtebs, aramed,

piriqiT _ maTTvis qmnian am konstruqtebs.
miwodebuli
komentarSia
konstruqtebis
mocemuli:
erT-erTi
keli
sakmaod
dasabuTeba
mcire
railiseul
yuradRebas
uTmobda
ganviTarebisa da socialur procesebs; raili (1975) aRniSnavs, rom mas

pirovnuli ainteresebda da ara _ socialuri. raili (1975) Tvlis, rom
individualobis
Sedegs
gaaZlierebs
damatebiTi
debuleba,
romelic
Semdegs gulisxmobs: pirovnebebi erTmaneTs movlenebis agebiT hgvanan.

SesaZlebelia
praqtikis
Tu
ara
cdis
individualobis
pirebisTvis
Sedegebis
konstruqtebis
daSvebebTan
miwodebis
Sewyvileba?
literaturis mimoxilva cxadyofs rom aseTi Sewyvileba SesaZlebelia

da am kiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTia.
kvlevis
garedan
mixedviT,
miwodebuli
individebi
sakuTari
ganzomilebebis
Tavisa
nacvlad
da
sxvebis
sakuTari
aRwerisas
konstruqtebis
gamoyenebas amjobineben... zogierTi kvlevis Sedegi aCvenebs, rom normaluri

cdis pirebi, sul mcire, daaxloebiT iseTive diferenciacias
aCveneben
zedmiwevniT SerCeuli zedsarTavi saxelebis CamonaTvalis gamoyenebisas,

rogorsac Tavad Seqmnili pirovnuli konstruqtebis SemTxvevaSi.
(Adams-Webber 1979)
informacia moZiebuli da miwodebuli konstruqtebis dapirispirebis,

rogorc badiT generirebuli problemis, Sesaxeb ix. Fransella and Bannister
(1977).
banisteri da mairi (1968) Tvlian, rom miwodebuli konstruqtebis
gamoyeneba
iseT
eqsperimentebSia
SesaZlebeli
formulirebuli da saWiroa jgufebs Soris
sadac
hipoTezebia
Sedareba. miwodebulisa
da
moZiebuli konstruqtebis erTad gamoyeneba pirvelis mniSvnelovnebis
1001
gadamowmebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: moZiebul da miwodebul konstruqtebs

Soris mniSvnelovnad dabali korelacia, savaraudod, mkvlevaris mier am
SeTavazebuli
konstruqtis
mairis
mtkicebiT,
(1968)
zedsarTavi
saxelebi
an
Seusabamobaze
mkvlevrebis
frazebi
miuTiTebs.
mier
maTTvis
benisterisa
miwodebuli
saintereso
da
polaruli
fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebis verbaluri eqvivalentebia.
konstruqtis elementebis gadanawileba

rodesac cdis pirs saSualeba eZleva maqsimalurad didi
an mcire
raodenobis elementi ganaTavsos msgavsebis an kontrastis polusebze,

xSirad
Zalian
konstruqtebis
calmxrivi
konstruqti
urTierTmimarTebis
miiReba,
Sefasebis
rac
SemdgomSi
damaxinjebis
safrTxes
qmnis. benisteri da mairi (1968) am problemis gadaWris or meTods

gvTavazoben, romelic ilustrirebulia CanarTSi 20. 2.
pirveli
meTodi
e.w.
TiToeuli
konstruqtis
ganTavsebas
moiTxovs.
Suaze
gaxleCvis
msgavsebis
instruqciis
forma,
polusze
cdis
pirisgan
elementebis
naxevris
Sesabamisad,
cdis
pirma
unda
gadawyvitos Tu romel elements Seesabameba yvelaze metad TiToeul

konstruqtSi aRwerili maxasiaTebeli. danarCeni elementebi kontrastis
polusze
Tavsdeba.
gamoyenebis
rogorc
Sedegad,
is
benisteri
(1970)
konstruqtebi
aRiSnavs,
(magaliTad,
am
teqnikis
mdedrobiTi
mamrobiTi), romelTa polusebze kompaqturad ganTavseba ver moxerxdeba,

SeiZleba gamoiricxos.
meore
meTodi,
migviTiTebs,
ranJirebas
e.w.
cdis
ranguli
pirisgan
moiTxovs
rigis
forma,
elementebisTvis
konkretuli
rogorc
rangebis
maxasiaTeblis
saxelwodeba
miniWebas
(msgavsebis
anu
polusis
aRweris Sesabamisad) maqsimalurad gamkveTili elementidan minimalurad

gamokveTili
gviCvenebs,
msgavsebis
elementis CaTvliT. rogorc 20. 2 CanarTis meore magaliTi

nebismieri
xarisxis
ori
konstruqtis
Sesafaseblad
ranguli
elementebis
korelaciis
gamoyofis
koeficienti
1002
SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT.
urTierTkavSiris
benisteris
qulebi
kvadratSi
ayvaniTa
arawrfiv
kavSirSia,
da
mixedviT
gamoiTvleba
100-ze
maT
(1970),
konstruqtebis
korelaciis
koeficientebis
gamravlebiT.
qulebad
ver
(vinaidan
gamoviyenebT).
korelaciebi
konstruqtebis
urTierTkavSiris qula procentuli dispersiis Sefasebis saSualebas

iZleva,
romelic,
badis
ranJirebis
mixedviT,
saerToa
ori
konstruqtisTvis.
elementebis gadanawilebis mesame meTodia e.w. reitingis forma. aq
cdis pirs yoveli elementis 7- an 5-qulian skalaze Sefaseba moeTxoveba,
magaliTad,
Zalian
maxasiaTeblis
lamazidan
gamoyenebisas.
(1).
(7)
Zalian
reitingis
uSnos
formis
farglebSi
upiratesobebze
saubrisas, benisteri da mairi (1968) aRniSnaven, rom is cdis pirebs

elementebis
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebis
met
SesaZleblobebs
aZlevs,
vidre amis saSualebas kelis mier SemoTavazebuli originaluri forma

iZleoda.
amavdroulad,
cdis
pirisTvis
moTxovnili
diferencirebis
xarisxi SeiZleba ar iyos iseTi didi, rogorsac ranJirebis meTodi

iTxovs.
ranJirebis
msgavsad,
reitingis
formac
iZleva
korelaciuri
teqnikebis gamoyenebis saSualebas. reitingis formis mesame magaliTi

mocemulia CanarTSi 20. 2.
alban-metqarfs (1997: 317) miaCnia, rom repertuaris badis teqnikaSi
elementebis SerCeva ori principiT xdeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, elementebi
konstruqtis sistemis sakvlevi nawilis Sesabamisi unda iyos. meore
SemTxvevaSi
SerCeuli
elementebis
reprezentaciulobaa
saWiro.
rac
ufro meti elemeneti an konstruqtia moZiebuli (Cveulebisamebr, 10 da

25), miT metia reprezentaciulobis Sansi. konstruqtebi SeiZleba iyos
fsiqologiuri (magaliTad, SfoTva), fizikuri (magaliTad, maRali),
situaciuri
(magaliTad,
sportSi warmatebulia).
am
samezoblodan)
da
qceviTi
(magaliTad,
1003
CanarTi 20. 2.
konstruqtis elementebis gadanawilebis sami meTodi
magaliTi 1: Suaze gaxleCvis forma

konstruqtebi
elementebi
1
moeTxoveba,
ori
10
1 _ swrafi-neli
pirs
elementebis
konstruqtis
mosalodneli albaToba
cdis
vinaidan
naxevris
10
elementis
iqneba.
SegviZlia
2 gvian-adre
3 saSiSi-usafrTxo
erT
polusze
Sedarebisas
maTi
ganTavseba
Tanxvedris
qulebis gadaxrebis gamoTvla
albaTobis donidan. amgvarad, 5 Tanxvedra = 0; 1 da 2 konstruqtis SemTxvevaSi,

Tanxvedrebis raodenoba = _3; 1 da 3 konstruqtis SemTxvevaSi = +1, xolo 2 da 3
konstruqtis
SemTxvevaSi
_1.
konkretuli
Tanxvedris
miRebuli
qulebis
albaToba statistikur cxrilebSi SeiZleba naxoT.
magaliTi 2: ranguli rigis forma

konstruqtebi
elementebi
1
10
10
1 _ swrafi-neli
10
2 gvian-adre
10
3 saSiSi-usafrTxo
spirmenis ro (rS)
urTierTkavSiris qulebi
konstruqtebi 1 da 2 =.15
(0.15)2 100 = +23
konstruqtebi 1 da 3 =.24
(0.24)2 100 = +58
konstruqtebi 2 da 3 = _.16
(_0.16)2 100 = _26
magaliTi 3:
reitingis forma
1004
konstruqtebi
elementebi
1
10
1 _ swrafi
2 gvian
3 saSiSi
mocemulia
5-quliani
reitingis
skala,
romelzec,
magaliTSi
mocemuli
konstruqtebis polusebi Semdegnairad lagdeba:

srulebiT ar
hgavs
saSualo
Zalian hgavs
benisteri da mairi (1968: 63 5) reitingis formidan konstruqtebs Soris

urTierTkavSiris
gamoTvlis
ramdenime
meTods
gvTavazoben.
konstruqtebis
urTierTkavSiris sazomebis detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix. Fracsella and Bannister

(1977: 60 72).
wyaro: adaptirebuli Bannister and Mair 1968
safexurisebri da piramidisebri konstruqtebi

teqnika, romelic
hinklim
(Hinkle
safexurebad ganlagebis
Seqmna
1965)
safuZvliani gadaxedvisa
safuZvelze.
hinklis
princips iTvaliswinebs,
pirovnuli
konstruqtebis
Teoriis
da mis mier kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodis
individis
konstruqtebis
sistemaSi
nebismieri
konstuqtis mdebareoba ainteresebda da amtkicebda, rom konstruqts

mocemul ierarqiul sistemaSi diferencialuri Sedegebi aqvs. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, konstruqts interviueri irCevs da respondents
konkretuli elementis ama Tu im polusTan
moeTxoveba
(Alban-Metcalf
individisTvis
logikuri
1997:
316).
ase
TanmimdevrobiT
mocemuli
Sesabamisobis dadgena
moZiebuli
SeiZleba
konstruqtebi
ganlagdes
da
daqvemdebarebulisa da zemdgomi konstruqtebis saxiT gaerTiandes (Alban-
1005
Metcalf 1997: 317). aseT ganlagebas aRmavali safexurebrivi ganlageba

hqvia, sadac daqvemdebarebuli konstruqtidan zemdgomisken vmoZraobT.
ukuprocesi (zemdgomidan
daqvemdebarebulisken), romelsac daRmaval
safexurebriv
ganlagebas
uwodeben,
respodentisgan
konstruqtis
konkretul
pirovnebasTan
ama
Seesatyvisobis
Tu
im
dadgenas
moiTxovs.
hinklim (1965) Seqmna implikaciuri bade (Implication grid anu Impgrid),
romelSic
cdis
pirs
Tavisi
konstruqtebis
sxvebTan
Sedareba
moeTxoveboda imis dasadgenad, Tu romeli konstruqti romels moicavda.

individis konstruqtebis ierarqiul sistemaSi nebismieri konstruqtis
poziciis dasadgenad xSirad ismoda kiTxva ratom?. CanarTSi 20. 3
mocemulia safexurebad ganlagebuli hinklis teqnika, romelsac Tan
axlavs ganaTlebis sferodan motanili magaliTi: mas romelsac Tavis
naSromSi aRwers fransela (1975).
CanarTi 20. 3.
safexurebad ganlageba
konstruqtebi
elementebi
mamakacuri
seriozuli
kargi maswavlebeli
avtoritaruli
seqsualuri
moxuci
ewyoba sxvebs
martosuli
Cemnairi xasiaTis
rogoric, imedi maqvs, rom gavxdebi
A
2
6
B
1
2
maswavleblebi
C
D
E
F
5
4
3
6
1
3
8
4
G
8
5
H
7
7
ranJirebis matrica repertuaris badisTvis, sadac elementia maswavleblebi.

maswavleblis
elementidan
Svidi
an
rva
konstruqtis
moZiebis
Semdeg,
SegiZliaT moZieba SewyvitoT, da safexurebad ganalagoT ori an sami maTgani.

ganlagebis es procesi, faqtobrivad, sakuTari TavisTvis (an sxvisTvis) erTi
1006

konceptualuri
donidan
meoreze
abstrahirebis
moTxovnaa.
SegiZliaT
kaci_qalidan daiwyoT, magram ufro advili iqneba seriozuli_araseriozuli

dawyeba.
dafiqrdiT
da
TqviT,
ra
ufro
gendomebodaT
seriozuli
yofiliyaviT Tu araseriozuli. Tqveni pasuxi SeiZleboda yofiliyo qarafSuta.

Aaxla, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: ratom? ratom girCevniT, iyoT qarafSuta da ara
_ seriozuli adamiani? pasuxis pirobiTi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare albaT imitom,
rom araseriozuli adamianebi ukeT ewyobian sxvebs, vidre seriozulebi. isev
hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: ratom? ratom gindaT, iseTi adamiani iyoT, romelic
ukeT ewyoba sxvebs? iqneb ggoniaT, rom adamianebi, romlebic kargad ar ewyobian
sxvebs, martosulebi arian. ase ufro bevr konstruqts miiRebT, magram iseTebs,
romlebic
manamde
miRebul
konstruqtebzea
agebuli.
badeSi
nebismieri
moZiebuli konstruqtis Caweraa SesaZlebeli.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Fransella 1975
piramidis agebisas respondentebs moeTxovebaT yuradReba gaamaxvilon

konkretul elementze _ pirovnebaze da mxolod Semdeg daakonkreton
am
pirovnebisTvis
moeTxoveba
damaxasiaTebeli
iseTi
pirovnebis
sapirispiro maxasiaTebeli
bolos,
TiToeul
Tviseba.
gaxseneba
amis
da
Semdeg
respondents
dasaxeleba,
romelsac
aqvs. ase iqmneba konstruqtis ori polusi.
sapirispiro
poluss
daRmavali
mimarTulebiT
safexurebad ganalageben da ase ageben konstruqtebs Soris mimarTebebis

piramidas
(Alban-Metcalf
1997:
317).
am
procesis
ufro
detaluri
mocemul
magaliTSi
ganxilvisTvis ix. Butt (1995).
badis administrireba da analizi

badis
administrirebis
da
analizis
qvemoT
konstruqtebSi elementebis gadanawilebisTvis Suaze gaxleCvis meTodi

da
benisteris
gamoyenebuli.
(1970)
Cveni
mier
varaudiT,
warmodgenili teqnikis
gamoyenebuli.
SemuSavebuli
aRniSnul
Ruzebis
analizis
magaliTSi
20.1
formaa
CanarTSi
16 elementi da 15 konstruqtia moZiebuli da
1007
badis administrirebis procedurebi

davxazoT CanarTSi 20. 1 warmodgenili badis msgavsi 16 (elementi)15
(konstruqti) zomis bade, zemoT davaweroT elementebis dasaxelebebi da
davamatoT
erTi
elementi
saxelmwodebiT
me.
striqonebis
gaswvriv
CamovweroT konstruqtebis polusebi.

axla gvaqvs bade, romelSic ujra konkretuli svetiTa (elementiT) da
konkretuli
striqoniTaa
(konstruqtiT)
administrireba
yoveli elementis
gulisxmobs.
Tu,
TiToeul
magaliTad,
Tqveni
gansazRvruli.
badis
konstruqtSi ganTavsebas
pirveli
konstruqtia
gulisxmieri_uxeSi, moaTavseT yoveli elementi aseT ganzomilebaSi: Tu

pirovneba (elementi) gulisxmieria, saTanado ujraSi CawereT , xolo
Tu TvliT, rom is uxeSia, maSin ujra carieli datoveT. darwmundiT,
rom elementebis naxevari gulisxmieris niSniT iyos aRniSnuli, meore
naxevari ki _ uxeSis niSniT.
igive gaimeoreT TiToeuli konstruqtisTvis da yovelTvis CawereT
, Tu elementi konstruqtis marcxena polusze Tavsdeba, xolo Tu is
konstruqtis
marjvena
polusze
xvdeba
ujra
carieli
datoveT.
amgvarad unda gadanawildes yvela elementi da maTi naxevari yovelTvis

marcxena polusze unda xvdebodes.
badis analizis procedurebi

bade
SegviZlia
konceptualur
struqturad
miviCnioT,
romelSic
konstruqtebi erTsa da imave adamianebs (elementebs) miewereba. es kavSiri

konstruqtebis striqonebis urTierT TanxvedriT izomeba.
CanarTSi 20. 4, magaliTad, 1 da 2 konstruqtebs Soris kavSiris
dasadgenad,
daTvaleT
TiToeul
striqonSi
Sesabamisi
ujrebis
Tanxvedrebis raodenoba. Tanxvedrad iTvleba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

erTi da igive elementi erTnairadaa aRniSnuli orive striqonSi, anu,
orive
SemTxvevaSi
moniSnulia
simboloTi
an
carieli
adgilia
datovebuli. ase magaliTad, CanarTSi 20.4 1 da 2 konstruqtebis eqvsi
1008
Tanxvedra SegviZlia davTvaloT. albaTobis mixedviT savaraudod, rva

(16-dan)
Tanxvedraa
Sesafaseblad,
mosalodneli
es
raodenoba
da,
albaTobidan
dakvirvebul
misi
gansxvavebis
sixSires
SegviZlia
gamovakloT.
konstruqtebi
Tanxvedra
gansxvavebis qula
1 _ 2
6 _ 8 = _2
CanarTi 20. 4
elementebi
konstruqt
i
me
gulisxmie
ri
darwmunebu
li
pirveli
konstruqtis
yvela
10
11
12
sxva
13
14
15
konstruqti
uxeSi
daurwmunebe
li
danarCen
konstruqtTan
(3
15)
Sedarebis Sedegad yoveli SedarebisTvis TiTo qulas miviRebT. Semdeg

gadavdivarT meore konstruqtze da vadarebT mas
yvela sxva danarCen (3,
.. 15) konstruqts da a. S., badeSi warmodgenili yoveli konstruqti

saTiTaod
Sedardeba
danarCenebs
da
Sedegad,
gansxvavebuli
qulebi
miiReba. miRebuli Sedegebi iwereba matricaSi da ivseba sarkiseburad

areklili
mxare.
(ix.
konstruqtebisTvis).
CanarTi
gansxvavebis
20.
qulis
gansxvavebis
niSani
(+
qula
1_2
an
_)
SenarCunebulia, romelic kavSiris mimarTulebaze miuTiTebs. niSani +

konstruqtebis pozitiur kavSiris, xolo niSani _, maT Soris negatiuri
kavSiris maCvenebelia.
1009
CanarTi 20. 5
gansxvavebis qula konstruqtebisTvis
konstruqti
konstruqti
1
_2
1
2
_2
15
15
axla matricis TiToeuli svetisTvis (konstruqtisTvis) davajamoT

(ugulebelvyoT niSnebi) gansxvavebis qulebi. ganxvavebis udidesi qulis
mqone konstruqti statistikurad xsnis yvelaze did dispersias badeSi.
es
davimaxsovroT.
aRniSnul
axla
konstruqtTan
SevxedoT
udidesi
konstruqti
(16-elementiani
gansxvavebis
qula
an
matricas
magram
badis
masze
da
umniSvnelo
SemTxvevaSi,
naklebi
movZebnoT
ix.
iqneba).
axlaxans
kavSiris
CanarTi
meore
mqone
20.
4,
konstruqti
SegviZlia pirvelis marTobul ganzomilebad miviCnioT. mocemuli ori

konstruqti
qmnis
organzomilebian
sistemas,
romelzec
pirovnebis
fsiqologiuri sivrcis gamosaxva SegviZlia.

Tu davuSvebT, rom gulisxmieri_uxeSi umaRlesi gansxvavebis qulis
mqone konstruqtia da yvelaze umniSvnelod dakavSirebuli konstruqti _
darwmunebuli_daurwmunebeli,
maSin
badeSi
mocemuli
yoveli
sxva
konstruqti am ori RerZis gaswvriv SegviZlia ganvaTavsoT. amisaTvis

koordinatebad gansxvavebis qulebi gamogvadgeba, romlebic TiToeuli
konstruqtisa
da
RerZebad
gamoyenebuli
konstruqtebis
Tanxvedras
Seesatyviseba. am gziT pirovnuli konstruqtebis sivrcis piqtoruli

gamosaxulebis
miReba
SegviZlia
da
daskvnebi
sibrtyeze
datanil
konstruqtebs Soris sivrculi mimarTebis safuZvelze gakeTdeba (ix.

CanarTi 20. 6).
1010
CanarTi 20. 6.
badis matrica
+8 gulisxmieri
darwmunebuloba
daurwmunebloba
_8
+8
_8 uxeSi
sawyisi badis 90 gradusiT mobrunebiTa da svetebis mimarT (figurebi)

Tanxvedris igive proceduris gameorebiT, msgavsi rukis miReba badeSi
CarTuli
adamianebisTvisac
matricebze
sxvadasxva
(figurebisTvisac)
sirTulis
analizi
SegviZlia.
SegviZlia
badisebr
CavataroT.
CanarTSi 20. 1 konstruqtebis urTierTmimarTebis gamoTvlis umartivesi

gza warmogidgineT. statistikaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxvelisTvis,
arsebobs
mTeli
gankuTvnili
rigi
programebi,
romelic
(http://www.brint.com/PCT.htm).
badis
metruli
analizisTvisaa
faqtoruli
analizi
safuZvlianad aris ganxiluli franselas da banisteris, Fransella and

Bannister (1977: 73 81) da poupisa da kinis Pope and Keen (1981: 77 91) mier
badis analizis arametrul meTodebSi cladebsa da faqtorebs Soris
wrfivi
kavSiri
upiratesad,
daSvebuli
elementebs
ar
Soris
skalireba
aris.
metic,
mimarTebebi
monacemebisadmi
rodesac
mkvlevars
ainteresebs,
ufro
maSin
marTebuli
midgoma SeiZleba iyos, vidre _ ZiriTadi komponentebis analizi.

ama Tu im meTodis SerCeva, statistikur sizustes da fsiqologiur
sasurvelobas unda efuZnebodes. rogorc fransela da benisteri (1977)
aRniSnaven, daxvewili kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba ricxvebSi
gaxlarTvis
saSiSroebas
qmnis.
am
ukanasknelTa
rekomendaciiT,
vinc
badis analizisTvis kompiuterul programebs iyenebs, kompiuteris mier

warmoebuli operaciebis Sesaxeb Tundac intuiciuri warmodgena unda
hqondes.
1011
repertuaris badis teqnikis Zlieri mxareebi

socialur
mecnierebaSi
monawileTa mier
interpretacias,
romelSic
mkvlevari
movlenebisTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelobebis gagebas
cdilobs, repertuaris badis teqnika udides SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs.

mas
SeuZlia
mkvlevari
uxvi
da
mdidari
masaliT
uzrunvelyos.
fosterisa (Foster 1992) da neimeieris (Neimeyer 1992) kvlevis mixedviT,

repertuaris
bade
gansakuTrebiT
konstruqtebis urTierTmimarTebis
karieruli
miznebisTvis
gamosadegia
individis
pirovnuli
Sesaswavlad. 16 wlis mozardi vaJis
Sesatyvisi
konstruqtebis
gagebis
mizniT,
fosterma (1992) e.w. badis mimoxilvisa da organizebis samuSao rveuli

(Grid Review and Organazing Workbook GROW) anu, pirovnuli konstruqtebis
Teoriaze dafuZnebuli struqturirebuli procedura gamoiyena. neimeieri
(1992)
19
wlis
studenti
gogonas
karieruli
konsultirebisas
profesiuli repertuaris tests (Vocational Reptest) iyenebda. aRniSnuli

testis
Sesabamisad,
sxvadasxva
ierarqiis
studenti
profesiul
elements
dasadgenad,
gamoyenebuli.
erTmaneTs
(saqmianobebs),
safexurebrivi
repertuaris
badis
upirispirebda
xolo
ganlagebis
gamoyeneba
garkveuli saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebiT
da
adarebda
konstruqtebis
teqnika
SesaZlebelia
iqna
individSi
gamowveuli cvlilebebis
dasadgenadac. burkem da misma kolegebma (Burke et al 1992)1 am meTodiT

teqnikuri
sagnebis
maswavleblebis
jgufSi
im
cvlilebebis
identicifireba SeZles, romelic orwliani sakvalifikacio programis

periodSi maTi konstruqtebis sistemaSi moxda.
repertuaris
diada)
badis
ganixilavs
modificirebul
formati
(diada
urTierTobebs
elementebs
Soris
da
ormagi
da
ara
urTierTobebs adamianebs Soris. aRniSnul formatSi naCvenebia aseTi

badis momatebuli sensitiuroba iseT sferoebSi adaptaciis problemebis
gamovlenisas, rogoricaa ojaxuri konsultacia (Alexander and Neimeyer 1989)
da sportis fsiqologia (Feixas et al. 1989).
1012
da bolos, rogorc salmonis (Salmon 1969), eiplibisa (Applebee 1976) da

eptingis (Epting 1988) kvlevebma aCvena, repertuaris badis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia bavSvebSi konstruqtebis urTierTmimarTebebis modelebisa
da am mimarTebebis damyarebis cvalebadi bunebis Seswavlac.
repertuaris badis teqnikis gamoyenebis sirTuleebi

fransela da benisteri (1977) badis teqnikis Seqmnasa da gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebul
mTel
rig
siZneleebze
miuTiTeben,
romelTagan
umniSvnelovanesi, albaT, badis formisa da analizis teqnikur winsvlasa

da maT Teoriul safuZvels Soris mzardi ufskrulia. rogorc Cans, es
teqnika
swrafad
viTardeba
da
ixveweba
(magaliTad,
ixileT
http://www.brint.com/PTC.htm).
meore
sirTule
im
formis
badeebis
bipolarulobas
ukavSirdeba,
romlebSic, Cveulebriv, konstruqtis mxolod erTi polusi gamoiyeneba.

mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba
sapirispiro
polusebis
Sesaxeb.
moRunuli
ilustracia,
romelic
iorkes
(Yorke
konstruqtebis
aramarTebulad
bipolarobis
daaskvnan
konstruqtebis
konstruqtebis
1978)
uzrunvelsayofad
ekuTvnis,
miRebis
moZiebuli
urTierTsapirispiro
cnebaTa meTodis efeqturobaze miuTiTebs.

mesame siZnele konstruqtebis moZiebasa da safexurebriv ganlagebas
ukavSirdeba. fransela da benisteri (1977) aRniSnaven, rom safexurebad
ganlageba xelovnebaa da ara _ mecniereba. cdis pirisTvis konstruqtebis
Tavze
moxveva
sifrTxile
sruliad
gvmarTebs.
dauSvebelia.
yvelaferTan
amasTan
erTad,
dakavSirebiT
mkvlevars
cdis
didi
pirebis
mosmena unda SeeZlos. iorke (1978) reitingis badeebTan dakavSirebul

ramdenime problemas asaxelebs:
pirovnulad naklebad mniSvnelovani elementebis aRqmis cvalebadoba;
badis
administrirebis
procesSi
romelSic elementebi aRiqmeba;
im
konteqstis
cvalebadoba,
1013
cdis piris mier matricis Sevsebas, reitingebze Saravandedis efeqtis

moqmedeba;
reitingis skalis SemTxveviTi Sebruneba (gonebrivi gadarTva 5 =

maRali donidan 1 = maRal done, savaraudod, umaRlesi xarisxis
maCveneblad orive gamoiyeneba _ 5 qulac da 1 qulac ). es SeiZleba
moxdes rogorc konstruqtis SigniT, aseve,
konstruqtebs Sorisac.
gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia maSin, rodesac triadebSi uaryofiTi an

navaraudevi uaryofiTi Tviseba miewereba wyvils;
reitingis
proceduris
wesebis
Seusrulebloba.
magaliTad,
sadac
wyvili 5-quliani skalis zeda boloSi unda ganTavsebuliyo, erT

badeSi vxedavT Semdegnairad Sefasebul triadebs: 5, 4, 4; 1, 1, 2; 1, 2, 4,
romelic
kiTxvis
niSnis
qveS
ayenebs
konstruqtebsa
da
maT
damokidebulebas elementebTan.
Tumca, repertuaris badis yvelaze fundamenturi kritikis mixedviT, es
ukanaskneli nomoTetur pozitivizms avlens, romelic swored im Teorias
ewinaaRmdegeba, romelsac is efuZneba. iorke svams kiTxvas: arsebobs Tu
ara daSveba, romlis mixeviTac konstruqti stabiluri iqneba ranJirebaSi
monawile
elementebis
yvela
elementisaTvis?
gadasanawileblad
am
igi
SemTxvevaSi,
nebismieri
konstruqtebSi
meTodis
gamoyenebas
gulisxmobs, iqneba es reitingi, ranJireba Tu diqotomiuri ganawileba.

fizikaSi arsebuli gazomvis skalebis msgavsad, elementebi fiqsirebul
skalaze Tavsdeba ise, TiTqos mkvlevars sigrZesTan an wonasTan hqondes
saqme. magram mniSvneloba, gvaxsenebs iorke (1978), mudmivad cvladebad
semantikazea mibmuli. zemoaRniSnuli kargad aris naCvenebi hipoTeturi
problemis saSualebiT, rodesac konstruqtis guluxvi_Zunwi mixedviT
oTxi
adamianis
ranJireba
unda
moxdes.
iorke
aRniSnavs,
rom
es
procedura uzarmazari proporciebis mqone daxvewil bades saWiroebs,

raTa arCeul konstruqtTan dakavSirebiT gamovlenili Sinaarsobrivi
niuansebi
samarTlianad
Sefasdes,
magram
amavdroulad,
imis
ugulvelyofac ar SeiZleba, rom konstruqtebSi elementebis ranJireba
1014
da Semdgomi statistikuri analizi pozitivistur birTvs inarCunebs, rac

sinamdvileSi, arapozitivistur meTodologias unda moiazrebdes.
da bolos, repertuaris badis formebis kompiuterizebuli analizis
daxvewas mivyavarT mTeli rigi iseTi cnebebis formirebamde, romlebic
matricebis
benisteri
kompleqsurobis
(1977)
repertuaris
aRsawerad
aRniSnaven,
badis
rom
teqnikas
gamoiyeneba.
namdvilad
fsiqologiuri
fransela
sasacilo
iqneba,
testirebis
da
Tu
tradiciebi
STanTqamen da mas testirebis safuZvlad mdebare daSvebebs gamoiyeneben.

isini gvafrTxileben, rom gazomvidan niSnebamde mxolod erTi nabijia.
ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi repertuaris badis gamoyenebis

zogierTi magaliTi
ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi pirovnuli konstruqtebis gamoyenebis aq
warmodgenili sami magaliTi kursis Sefasebas Seexeba. pirvel kvlevaSi
kelis
(1955)
mier
SemoTavazebuli
triaduli
sortirebis
procedura
gamoiyeneba. meore magaliTSi pirovnuli konstruqtebis moZiebisa da

analizisTvis daxvewili interaqciuli programis gamoyenebaa naCvenebi,
xolo mesame magaliTi skolis direqtorebis rolebis monacvleobas
Seexeba.
kremer-heionis (Kremer-Hayon 1991) kvleva or kiTxvaze cdilobs pasuxis
gacemas:
pirveli
direqtori
romeli
TanamSromlebTan
profesionali
axalgazrda
SeiZleba
pirovnuli
urTierTobebs?
gaxdes
direqtori
konstruqtebiT
es
da
meore
konstruqtebi?
monawileobda,
mis
romlebic
amyarebs
ramdenad
kvlevaSi
30
samsaxurisgan
mouwyvetlad skolis organizaciisa da menejmentis, ganaTlebis marTvisa

da
saswavlo
monawileobdnen.
programebis
kursis
ganviTarebis
zogadi
mizani
sauniversiteto
programaSi
monawileTa
profesiuli
funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba iyo. direqtorebis pirovnuli konstruqtebi

triaduli daxarisxebis proceduriT iqna miRebuli:
1015
1. monawileebs miewodebodaT 1-dan 10-mde gadanomrili aTi baraTi. yovel

baraTze isini skolaSi momuSave TanamSromlis saxels werdnen.
2. amis Semdeg cdis pirebs baraTebis sam-samad dalageba moeTxovebodaT,
mkvlevaris mier spontanurad dasaxelebuli normebis mixedviT.
3. bolo
etapze
maT
unda
daesaxelebinaT
maswavlebelTa
erTi
erTmaneTs
maxasiaTebeli,
da
triadis
sami
maxasiaTebeli,
wevridan
romliTac
es
romliTac
ori
maTgani
hgavda
ori
gansxvavdeboda
mesamisgan.
orwliani programis ganmavlobaSi triaduli sortirebis procedura
samjer Catarda: I faza _ pirveli wlis dasawyisSi, II faza _ meore wlis
dasawyisSi da
III faza
meore wlis
dawyebidan ori Tvis
Tavze,
praqtikuli mecadineobis dasrulebis Semdeg, romelic I da II fazebze

moZiebuli
pirovnuli
konstruqtebis
analizis
Sedegad,
maTi
Tvalsawieris gamdidrebasa da gafarTovebas isaxavda miznad

pirovnuli konstruqtebis monacemebis analiziT Seiqmna kategoriebi,
romlebic uSualod skolis direqtorebis mier daxarisxebuli masalidan
momdinareobda. kategoriebi daTvlil iqna TiToeuli direqtorisTvis
calke
da
profilebi
yvelasTvis
miiRes.
Semfasebelma
monacemebze
erTad.
analizis
Caatara,
85
amgvarad,
es
romlebsac
procentiani
pirovnuli
nawili
kvlevis
SeTanxmeba
orma
da
damoukidebelma
dawyebamde
hqondaT.
jgufuri
eqvivalentur
profesionalad
miCneuli kategoriebis klasificirebisas kremer-haioni (1991) samecniero

literaturas eyrdnoboda, sadac profesionalizmisaTvis damaxasiTebeli
Semdegi Tvisebebi iyo aRwerili: codnisa da gamocdilebis specifikuri
erToblioba,
swavlebis
movaleobebi,
eTikis
maxasiTeblebi
daiyo
unari,
kodeqsi,
Teoria
da
solidaroba
kvleva,
da
pasuxismgebloba,
avtonomia.
Semdeg
kogniturad da afeqturad. profesionalizmis
zemoT CamoTvlili pirveli sami atributi (codnisa da gamocdilebis

specifikuri erToblioba, swavlebis unari, Teoria da kvleva) kognitur
1016
aspeqts asaxaven, Semdegi oTxi ki _ emociurs. amgvarad, monacemebi Semdeg

kategoriebSi gaerTianda:
profesionaluri maxasiaTeblebi (kognituri da afeqturi);
zogadi maxasiaTeblebi (kognituri da afeqturi);
monacemebi (profesiuli da araprofesiuli);
sxvadasxva.
kremer-heioni (1991) aRniSnavs, rom programis dasawyisSi direqtorebis
nawils
maswavleblebTan
zogadi
da
afeqturi
maxasiTeblebis
saSualebiT hqondaT urTierToba da ara _ profesiuli da kognituriT,

xolo mTliani jgufuri profili I fazaze araprofesionalulad da
afeqturad
gamoiyureboda.
Tumca,
viTareba
Seicvala
meore
wlis
dasawyisisTvis, rodesac profesionaluri maxasiTeblebis
gamoyenebam
imata.
(III
praqtikuli
mecadineobebis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
faza)
profesionalizmis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani cvlileba SeiniSneboda.

kremer-heioni
(1991)
azriT,
profesionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis raodenobis mateba profesiuli TanamSromlebis ganviTarebis

mauwyebelia.
fiSerisa da misi kolegebis (1991) kvleva skolis Semdgomi, kolejis
orwliani diplomireuli kursisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sefasebazea
agebuli.
mkvlevrebma
repertuaris
bade
SearCies,
rogorc
swavlis
procesSi studentebis mier sakuTari interesebis gaazrebisa da maTi

pirovnuli
da
profesiuli
zrdis
gamovlenis
yvelaze
adekvaturi
saSualeba. amasTanave, fiqrobdnen, rom repertuaris bade mniSvnelovan

ukukavSirs
miscemda
instruqtorebsa
da
kursis
xelmZRvanelebs
swavlebis, gamocdebis Cabarebis da zogadad, kursis menejmentis Sesaxeb.

kompiuteruli interaqciuli programa Flexigrid im mizniT gamoiyenes,
rasac fiSeri da misi kolegebi (1991) badis Seqmnisa da warmoqmnili
sakiTxebis Seswavlis ZiriTad problemad miiCnevdnen _ es aris drois
faqtori.
sadiplomo
kursis
programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
1017
mecadineobebisa da badeebis moZiebisTvis daTmobili Sexvedrebis garda,

damatebiT
dainiSna
xuTi
bukletebi, romlebSic
samsaaTiani
am programiT
sesia.
studentebs
daurigdaT
muSaobis detaluri instruqciebi
iyo mocemuli. maT mosTxoves im eqvsi elementis dasaxeleba, romelsac

TavianT
saswavlo
kursTan
CaTvlidnen.
aRniSnuli
triadebidan
miRebul
studentebi
damoukideblad
erTmaneTs
wyvilebSi
dakavSirebiT
eqvsi
elementi,
konstruqtebTan
mniSvnelovnlad
kompiuteris
erTad,
muSaobdnen
uziarebdnen
yvelaze
am
sakuTar
mier
Sedgenili
kompiuterSi
programiT
Sedegebs.
da
maT
Seitanes.
Semdeg
aswavles
kompiuteruli rukebis wakiTxva. Semdeg rogorc individualuri, aseve,

wyvilis interpretaciebi studentebis bukletebSi SehqondaT. amasTanave,
keTdeboda wyvilebis ganxilvebis audioCanawerebi. kvlevis angariSSi
mocemuli monacemebis analizi kompiuteris mier mowodebul Sedegebs,
studentebis detalur komentarebs, mklevrebis savele Canawerebs da
diskusiebis audioCanawerebs eyrdnoba.
yvela studentis badisa da komentarebis guldasmiT ganxilvis Semdeg,
fiSerma da misma kolegebma (1991) studentebis saswavlo programisadmi
reaqciebis Sesaxeb Semdegi saxis daskvnebi gaakeTes:
studentebis
SfoTvisa
da
stresis
ZiriTadi
mizezi
davalebebis
SesrulebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da metic, aseTi SfoTva uSualod

ukavSirdeboda Semfasebelis rols.
garegani faqtorebi dominirebdnen Sinaganze, anu, kursis dasruleba

ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda, vidre misi TviTRirebuleba.
instruqtorebis
mxardaWera
exmareboda
studentebs
moWarbebuli
stresisa da CaWris SiSis daZlevaSi. gamoikveTa, rom instruqtorebs

gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT eqsternaluri Sefasebis problemis moxsna.
kursis
Sefasebis
mizanSewonilad
Sinagani
instrumentad
miiCnies.
validoba,
Flexigrid
gansakuTrebiT
ramac
gamoyeneba
sasiamovno
fokusirebuli
badeebis
mkvlevarebma
aRmoCnda
da
maRali
studentebis
1018
komentarebis
kontent
kongruentuloba
analizis
Sedegad
miRebuli
Sedegebis
aCvena.
mesame magaliTSi, direqtorebis mosazrebebis gasarkvevad sxvadasxva

droSi TavianTi rolebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis Sesaxeb, jonsma (Jones,
1999) repertuaris bade interviuebTan da monawilis dakvirvebasTan erTad
gamoiyena. kvlevaSi maTi, rogorc xelmZRvanelis
saqmianobis gaaqtiureba
gamovlinda, (erTi konstruqti), aRmoCnda, rom rolebis cvlilebas

profesionalizmis
Rirebulebebi,
misTvis
daqveiTeba
ganaTlebis
miniWebuli
ar
gamouwvevia.
monawileTa
(meore
konstruqti)
maTeul
Rirebulebebidan
iRebda
ZiriTadi
xedvidan
saTaves.
maTi
da
direqtorebis
konstruqtebidan mTavari iyo bavSvze orientirebuli da menejmentis

konstruqtebi. menejmentis sistema bavSvze orientirebul
Rirebulebebsa
da xedvas emsaxureboda. miRebul konstruqtTa Soris Sedioda bavSvze

centrirebuli problemebis gadawyveta, politikis gatareba, Sefaseba,
sxva saagentoebis CarTva, problemebis gadaWra da sakancelario samuSao.
repertuaris
badis
damatebiTi
magaliTebi
Semdeg
kvlevebSia
mocemuli: haresa da roseris (Harr and Rosser 1975) eTogenuri kvlevis

angariSi,
daudevari
romelic
qcevis
saSualo
Seswavlas
skolidan
exeboda.
garicxuli
aRniSnuli
moswavleebis
kvleva
srulad
Seesabameba revenetis (Ravenette 1977) mier aRweril repertuaris badis

ganvrcobil
situaciebis
variants,
aRqmis
praqtikanti
kvlevas
maswavleblebis
(Osborne
1977),
mier
sadac
saswavlo
elementebis
(mniSvnelovani rolis mqone) mosaZieblad 1313 matricaa gamoyenebuli da

repertuaris badeebSi smiTisa da liCis (Smith and Leach 1972) ierarqiuli
struqturebis
gamoyenebis
magaliTia
moyvanili;
kursdamTavrebulTa
karieris ganviTarebis modelebis furnierisiseul (Fournier 1997) axsna da

makloulinis (McLoughlin 2002) kvleva, romelic studentebis mecnierul _
SemecnebiT struqturebs
Seexeba.
1019
badis teqnika da gakveTilis audio/video Canaweris gamoyeneba

parsonsi da misi kolegebi (1983) gviCveneben, Tu rogor SeiZleba badis
teqnikisa da maswavleblebis klasSi muSaobis audio-video Canawerebis
gamoyeneba imis gasagebad,
Tu maswavleblebs bavSvebis swavlis ra
implicituri modelebi aqvT.

14 moswale SemTxveviTi principiT SearCies; bavSvebis swavlis stilSi
arsebuli
msgavsebebisa
da
gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb
maswavleblebis
mosazrebis gasagebad, individualuri fotoebi gamoiyenes da triaduli

Sedarebebi
gaakeTes.
garda
amisa,
maswavleblebs
bunebriv
garemoSi,
gakveTilebis msvlelobis procesSi akvirdebodnen da mTeli procesis

audio-video Canawers akeTebdnen, romelsac SemdgomSi maswavlebeli da
mkvlevrebi
erTad
uyurebdnen
kolegebi
(1983)
xazgasmiT
urTierTdainteresebis
da
ganixilavdnen.
aRniSnaven,
suliskveTebiT
parsonsi
rom
da
mTeli
warimarTa,
misi
kvleva
mkvlevrebi
da
maswavleblebi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT aanalizebdnen repertuaris bades,

romlis mixedviTac unda dasabuTebuliyo bavSvis swavlis strategiis
Sesaxeb implicituri mosazreba
an unda momxdariyo misi uaryofa,
romelsac TandaTanobiT avlenda maswavlebeli.

maleve,
damxmare
SemTxvevaSi,
maswavleblis)
moswavleebTan
video
analizis
safuZvelze,
mier
gamoikveTa
warmatebul
da
q-n
C-is
(am
warumatebeli
gamoyenebuli mkveTrad gansxvavebuli midgomebi. rogorc
Canawerze
Cans,
klasSi
moswavleebze
dakvirvebis
Sedegad,
gamoavlinda, rom warmatebuli da warumatebeli moswavleebi ara marto

cal-calke
jgufebad
isxdnen,
aramed
maT
maswavleblic
sruliad
gansxvavebulad epyroboda. warmatebul bavSvebTan maswavlebeli xSirad

iyenebda erToblivi muSaobis midgomas, anu, bavSvebis daxmarebiT maT
mier Sesrulebuli davalebis verbalizacias axdenda maSin, rodesac
warumatebeli
ainteresebda
moswavleebis
Tu
ratom
SemTxvevaSi,
miudgnen
igive
moswavleebi
maswavlebels
mocemul
xSirad
problemas
1020
swored
ase,
da
ara
sxvagvarad
da
moswavleebisgan
elodeboda
ganmartebas (Parsons et al. 1983).
fokusirebuli badeebi, araverbaluri badeebi,

urTierTgacvlis badeebi da socialuri badeebi
repertuaris
mniSvnelovnad
badis
ganviTarda.
miRweva mokledaa
kvlevaSi kompiuteruli programebis

qvemoT
am
sferoSi
gamoyeneba
arsebuli
zogierTi
ganxiluli:
badeze fokusireba badis nedli monacemebis interpretacias uwyobs

xels. yoveli elementi saTiTaod Sedardeba danarCen elementebs da
badeSi maTi ganlageba ise icvleba, rom msgavsi elementebi erTmaneTis
gverdiT
aRmoCndnen.
analogiuri
procedura
tardeba
TiToeul
konstruqtTan mimarTebaSi.
elementebad fizikuri sagnebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba da badis Seqmna

xSirad
aseTi
araverbalurad
midgoma
mimdinareobs.
sensoruli
da
Tomasi
perceptuli
(1978)
amtkicebs,
gamocdilebis
rom
kvlevas
uwyobs xels.
urTierTgacvlis badeebi is procedurebia, romlebic verbaluri

komunikaciis
xarisxis
gaumjobesebas
uwyobs
xels.
Tavdapirvelad, erTi pirovnebis interpretacia carieli badis

formas iZleva, romelic
carieli
bade
Sesavsebad, meore pirovnebas miewodeba.
pirveli
pirovnebis
verbaluri
aRwerebisgan
Sedgeba, romlidanac amoSlilia mis mier miniWebuli reitingebi.

amgvarad, meore pirovnebam unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad gaigo
pirveli pirovnebis mosazreba; igi miwodebul bades im rwmeniT
avsebs, rom mosaubrem ukve Seavso is. urTierTgacvlis badeebis
urTierTmolaparakebis
procesis
analizis
gamartiveba
mTeli
rigi kompiuteruli programebiTaa (Pairs, Cores da Difference)

SesaZlebeli.
1021
wyvilis-analizisas (Pairs Analysis) erTi badis TiToeul konstruqts

meore badis konstruqtebTan adareben da interpretaciebis damTxvevis
zomas
adgenen.
mivyavarT,
`wyvilis~-analizs
romelSic
erTi
sociogridisken
jgufis
badeebis
(Sociogrid)
urTierTmimarTebis
dadgenaa SesaZlebeli, sociogridi xSirad mTliani jgufis erTian

an
ramdenime
tipis
bades
iZleva,
rac
qvejgufebis
gamovlenis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. amave programiT SesaZlebelia socionetebis

(Socionets)
miReba,
romlebic
saerTo,
saziaro
interpretaciebis
modelebze miuTiTeben.
kompiuteruli
programa
fokusi
(FOCUS)
rigis
klasteruli
analizis, dendrogramebis, konstruqtebisa da elementebis gamoyenebis

saSualebas iZleva.
cnebebis
rukebis
kompiuteruli
agebisas
repertuaris
uzrunvelyofis
badeebis
(magaliTad,
gamoyenebisTvis
Seqmnasa
da
analizisa
da
CMap)
gamoyenebas makloulini (2002) aRwers.
ZiriTadi
komponentebis
dendruli
analizis
programiT
Enquire
gamoyenebadi
analizis,
ganxorcieleba
da,
programiT,
aseve,
iseTi
rogoricaa
klasteruli
SesaZlebelia
ufro
SPSS.
kompiuteruli
cnobili
da
WebGrid
farTod
monacemebis
analizis gasacnobad ix. http://ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/articles/WWW4WG/WG/G.html,

http://repgrid.com/pcp/,
informacia
http://tiger.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/
damatebiTi
programuli
da
http://repgrid.com/reports.
uzrunvelyofis
Sesaxeb
ix.
http://www.psyctc.org/grids/ da http://www.brint.com/PTC.htm=tools.; OMNIGRID-is

Sesaxeb informacia ix. http://www.psyctc.org/grids/omnigrid/htm.
ganxiluli mokle magaliTebi warmodgenas SegiqmniT, Tu risi gakeTeba
SeiZleba ganaTlebis sferoSi2 repertuaris badeebis sxvadasxva formis
gamoyenebiT.
programuli
uzrunvelyofis
damatebiTi
analizi
mocemulia veb gverdze: http://www.brint.com/PCT.htm. am sferoSi Sesavals

SegiZliaT
gaecnoT
misamarTze:
http://www.enquirewithin.co.nz/theoryof.htm.
pirovnuli konstruqtebis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb literaturis monacemTa
1022
baza SegiZliaT naxoT bmulze http://www.psyc.uow.edy.ay.pcp/citedb/. damatebiTi

masalebis
moZieba
eleqtronuli
naSromebi
net.de/info/online.html.
Sesaxeb
SesaZlebelia
SegiZliaT
pirovnuli
informacia
SegiZliaT
net.org/epca. eleqtronuli
vebgverdze:
naxoT
misamarTze:
konstruqtebis
moiZioT
Jurnali
http://www.pcp-net.de/info,
veb
evropuli
gverdze:
http://www.pcpasociaciis
http://www.pcp-
Personal Construct Theory and Practice
SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze: http://www.pcp-net.org/journal.
1023
21 roluri TamaSi
Sesavali
Ddidi xania rac
roluri
diskusia
TamaSis
mimdinareobs.
eqsperimentul-socialur fsiqologiaSi
gamoyenebisas
Sesabamisad,
adamianis
roluri
SecdomaSi
TamaSis,
Seyvanaze
rogorc
kvlevis
instrumentis ganxilva, aucileblad moiazrebs debatis _ tyuili Tu

simarTle _ detalurad garCevas. Tumca, roluri TamaSis meTodis,
rogorc
tyulis
socialur
Camnacveblis,
mecnierebebSi.
gamoiyeneboda
pirovnebis
fsiqoTerapiaSi
es
gamoyenebas
meTodi
Sefasebis
(Ginsburg 1978).1
xangrZlivi
am
istoria
aTwleulebis
dros,
aqvs
manZilze
biznes-treiningebsa
ukanasknelTan
dakavSirebiT
da
unda
iTqvas, rom gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebis amerikaSi roluri TamaSis,

rogorc
Terapiuli
proceduris,
danergva
iakob
morenos
saxels
ukavSirdeba. misi jgufuri Terapiis seansebi fsiqodramis saxeliT iyo

cnobili. jgufuri dinamikis mimarTuleba,
romelic amerikaSi gasuli
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, `fsiqodramis~ sxvadasxva formas

iyenebda.
morenos
novatorulma
gaTamaSebis Sesaxeb,
naSromma
rolebis
ganawilebisa
didi gavlena iqonia Sexvedrebis seansebisa
da
da
treiningebisadmi interesis gaRvivebaze.

winamdebare Tavi ganaTlebis sferoSi Catarebul kvlevaSi roluri
TamaSis meTodis gamoyenebasa da simulaciebs Seexeba. roluri TamaSi
gulisxmobs
naTels
xdis
simulirebul
realuri
socialur
cxovrebis
situaciaSi
socialuri
monawileobas
epozodebSi
da
arsebul
rolebsa da moqmed wesebs. Cveni mizania me-17 TavSi ganxiluli zogierTi

mosazrebis ganvrcoba, romelic angariSebis Tavmoyrasa
da analizs
Seexeba. Tavdapirvelad roluri TamaSis Sesaxeb literaturaSi aRweril

meTodebs gavecnobiT.
1024
hamiltoni (1976) roluri TamaSis sxvadasxva meTods aRwers da maT

pasiuroba-aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan. individi
SeiZleba
rols
maSinac
ki
asrulebdes,
roca
socialuri
epizodis
aRweras kiTxulobs da am epizodis Sesaxeb kiTxvars avsebs. adamians

SeuZlia
Seasrulos
roli
maSinac
ki,
roca
improvizacia
auditoriis winaSe wardgena moeTxoveba. hamiltoni aRniSnavs, rom
da
-
`aqtiuri-pasiuris kontinuumi sam mniSvnelovan analitikur gansxvavebas

Seexeba.
pirveli, individs SeiZleba vTxovoT, rom warmoidginos situacia an
realurad Seasrulos is. hamiltoni (1976) zemoaRniSnuls warmosaxviT
Sesrulebul
mimarTebaSi,
situacias
igi
uwodebs.
erTmaneTisgan
meore,
Sesrulebul
ganasxvavebs
rolTan
struqturirebul
da
arastruqturirebul aqtivobebs da es gansxvaveba imazea damokidebuli,

zRudavs Tu ara eqsperimentatori individs
moqmedebebSi an sasurveli
mimarTulebiT moZraobisas. hamiltoni warmodgenil situacias scenariT

improvizirebul~
gansxvavebas
uwodebs.
mesame,
monawilis
aqtivobebi
SeiZleba verbaluri, Cveulebriv, werilobiTi saxis, an qceviTi pasuxebi

iyos, romlebic sakmaod hgavs moqmedebas. am gansxvavebas verbaluriqceviTi ewodeba. roluri TamaSis Sinaarsis mixedviT, hamiltoni (1976)
erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs
monawileobiT
da
aramonawileobiT
Sinaarsebs, rodesac cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT moqmedeba an situaciaSi

sakuTari Tavis warmodgena; an, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac cdis pirebs
ise moqceva moeTxovebaT, rogorc maTi azriT, sxva adamiani moiqceoda
msgavs situaciaSi. aq aRniSnuli situaciis ZiriTad arss identuri qceva
warmoadgens.
garda
amisa,
pirovnebis
mier
Sesasrulebel
rolTan
dakavSirebiT, hamiltoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs kvlevebs, rodesac

individs laboratoriis cdis piris roli eZleva da rodesac individs
sxva nebismier rols aZleven. da bolos, realurad gaTamaSebul an
warmosaxviT
Sesrulebul
gasaTvaliswinebelia,
anu,
situaciebSi
roluri
scenaris
damuSaveba,
TamaSis
sxva
Sinaarsic
aqtorebis
1025
monawileoba da auditoria. hamiltonis mier aRwerili roluri TamaSis

meTodis sxvadasxva ganzomileba warmodgenilia CanarTSi 21. 1.
CanarTi 21. 1.
roluri TamaSis meTodis ganzomilebebi
forma
Sinaarsi
viTareba
warmosaxviTi an Sesrulebuli
pirovneba: Tavad an sxvebi
moqmedeba
scenariT gansazRvruli an
roli: subieqti an sxva
improvizirebuli
roli
damokidebuli sityvieri an qceviTi
konteqsti: scenari an
cvladebi
aqtorebis auditoria
wyaro: adaptirebulia Hamilton 1976
CanarTSi
21.
mocemuli
roluri
TamaSis
meTodebis
ukiduresi
variantebis sailustraciod ori kvleva SevarCieT, romelTagan pirvelipasiuri, warmosaxviTi da verbaluria _ es aris roluri TamaSis tipuri
forma, romelsac xSirad
SesrulebiTi
da
iyeneben moswavleebTan. meore kvleva aqtiuri,
qceviTia,
romelic
damuSavebul
scenarsa
da
mravalricxovani aqtoris monawileobas moiazrebs.

gakveTilisTvis,
(Rogers
and
Atwood
suraTebze
romelic
1974)
TvalsaCinod
empaTiis
unaris
Jurnalebidan
iyo
ganviTarebas
amoRebuli
gamoxatuli
exeboda,
suraTebi
maniSneblebi,
SeirCa.
romelTa
mixedviTac iolad SeiZleboda daskvnis gakeTeba emociis an situaciis

Sesaxeb. zog suraTze mxolod individis saxe iyo gamosaxuli, zogze ki
_ erTi an ramdenime pirovneba garkveul socialur garemoSi. suraTebi
asaxavdnen
SfoTva
sxvadasxva
da
emocias,
sixaruli.
daeTvalierebinaT
rogoricaa
moswavleebs
konkretuli
suraTi
SiSi,
TanagrZnoba,
moeTxovebodaT,
yuradRebiT
da
brazi,
gaecaT
kiTxvebze:
rogor fiqrobT, ras grZnobs es adamiani (adamianebi)?
pasuxi
Semdeg
1026
ratom
ggoniaT,
rom
es
asea?
(waxalisebis
moeTxovebodaT sakuTari dakvirvebebis
mizniT
moswavleebs
aRwera, romlis safuZvelzec
keTdeboda daskvna ama Tu im emociis Sesaxeb.)
SeiZleba Tu ara am adamians (adamianebs) Tqven mier dasaxelebuli

grZnobisagan gansxvavebuli grZnoba hqonoda? daasaxeleT magaliTi.
odesme ase Tu gigrZvniaT Tavi? ratom?
rogor fiqrobT, am adamians ra SeiZleba daemarTos momavalSi?
Tu usiamovno emocias warmoidgenT, ris gakeTeba SeuZlia am adamians

(adamianebs), rom ukeT igrZnos Tavi?
roluri TamaSis meore magaliTia kargad cnobili stenfordis cixis
eqsperimenti romelic hanim da misma kolegebma (Haney et al. 1973) Caatares.

am eqsperimentis mokle mimoxilva warmodgenilia CanarTSi 21. 2. roluri
TamaSis,
rogorc
kvlevis
meTodologiis
mosazrebis
dasacavad
stenfordis
amtkiceben,
rom
rolur
Tu
cixis
TamaSSi
damcvelebs
eqsperiments
Setanilia
sakuTari
iSvelieben
realizmi
da
da
spontanuroba, maSin aseTi eqsperimentuli situaciebi, faqtobrivad, maTi

realuri
cxovrebis
simboluri,
ise
analogebis
simulaciad
fenomelogiuri
iqceva
TvalsazrisiT.
xolme
rogorc
roluri
TamaSis
damcvelebi eTanxmebian hanisa da misi kolegebis daskvnebs, romelTa

mixedviT simulirebuli cixe realuri cixis msgavs garemod iqca. isini
Tvlian, rom patimrebisa da mcvelebis qcevebs Soris dramatuli sxvaoba
cixis instituciur struqturaSi maT mier dakavebuli poziciiTaA da iq
gabatorebuli socialur-fsiqologiuri pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli da
ara _ cdis pirebis or jgufs Soris arsebuli pirovnuli gansxvavebebiT
(ixileT Banuazizi and Movahedi, 1975).
meore mxriv, pasiuri, warmosaxviTi roluri TamaSi, romelic pirvel
magaliTSi
aRvwereT
da
cdis
pirebisgan
gakveTilze
daswrebasa
da
monawileobas moiTxovda, kritikis sagani gaxda, rodesac saqme misi

kvlevis teqnikad gamoyenebas Seexeboda. ginsburgi (Ginsburg 1978) ajamebs
1027
roluri
TamaSis,
rogorc
mecnieruli
codnis
Seqmnis
meTodis,
winaaRmdeg argumentebs da wers, rom:
roluri
TamaSi
ararealuria
sakvlevis
cvladebis
TvalsazrisiT.
cdis pirebi amboben, Tu ras gaakeTebdnen Aama Tu im situaciaSi

pirobiTad da amas mkvlevari sinamdvileSi Cadenil qmedebad iRebs.
gamovlenili qceva roluri TamaSis yvelaze aqtiur formebSic ki ar

aris spontanuri.
roluri
TamaSis
verbalur
angariSebze
Zlier
gavlenas
axdens
xelovnuri sakiTxebi, rogoric socialuri sasurvelobaa.
roluri TamaSis procedurebi ar aris iseTi sensitiuri rTuli

urTierTqmedebebisadmi, rogoric sicruis Semcveli sqemebi.
zogadad, ginsburgi (1978) askvnis, rom roluri TamaSis kritikosebis
mixedviT,
mecniereba bunebrivi WeSmaritebebis Sesaxeb aRmoCenebs iyenebs;
isini amtkiceben, rom roluri TamaSi ubralod ver Caanacvlebs tyuilis

gamoyenebas, rac arasasiamovno, Tumca gardauvali viTarebaa.
CanarTi 21. 2.
stenfordis cixis eqsperimenti
kvleva 1971 wlis zafxulSi, stenfordis universitetis sardafSi mowyobil
simulaciur cixeSi Catarda. cdis pirebi im 75 adamianisgan SearCies, romlebic
gazeTSi
gamoqveynebul
cxovrebis
gancxadebas
Sesaswavlad
dagegmil
gamoexmaura,
sadac
eqsperimentSi
ewera,
rom
moxaliseebs
cixis
iwvevdnen.
SemTxveviTobis principiT cdis pirTa naxevars mcvelebis roli misces, meore

naxevars
ki
patimrebis.
eqsperimentis
dawyebamde
cdis
pirebs
sTxoves,
Tanxmobis formaze moeweraT xeli, romlis Tanaxmadac maT unda SeesrulebinaT

patimris
an
mcvelis
roli
maqsimum
ori
kviris
ganmavlobaSi.
mas,
visac
patimris roli ergeboda, mouwevda dakvirvebis qveS yofna da Seuracxyofis

atana, Tumca,
ganmavlobaSi
gamoricxuli iyo
yovelgvar fizikuri Zaladoba. eqsperimentis
cdis pirebi uzrunvelyofilni iqnebodnen saTanado kvebiT,
samosiT, sacxovrebliT da miiRebdnen dReSi 15 dolars.
1028

kvlevis Sedegi sakmaod dramatuli iyo. misi dawyebidan ori dRe ar iyo
gasuli, rom cixeSi Zaladoba da janyi daiwyo. patimrebma Semoixies samosi da
saidentifikacio
mcvelebs.
daSineba
nomrebi,
mcvelebma,
daiwyes.
saknebSi
Tavis
isini
mxriv,
sxvadasxva
Caiketnen,
uyvirodnen
patimrebis
Seuracxyofa,
saxis
daxvewil
da
lanZRavdnen
damcireba
fsiqologiur
da
teqnikas
iyenebdnen patimrebis solidarobisa da erTobis dasarRvevad da maT Soris

undoblobis gasaCenad. 36 saaTic ar iyo gasuli, rom erT-erT patimars mwvave
emociuri aSlilobis simptomebi aReniSna, ukontrolod yviroda da tiroda da
amitom iZulebulebi gaxdnen gaeTavisuflebinaT. mesame dRes masobrivi gaqcevis
Sesaxeb daiwyes laparaki. mcvelebma umates patimrebis Seuracxyofas, daSinebasa
da
maTdami
sisastikes.
meoTxe
dRes
or
patimars
kvlav
mwvave
emociuri
aSlilobis simptomebi aRmoaCnda da amitom isinic gaaTavisufles. mexuTe dRes

patimrebSi individualuri da jgufuri dezintegracia SeimCneoda. isini ufro
pasiurebi da morCilebi gaxdnen da sruliad dakarges realobasTan kontaqti.
mcvelebi,
Tavis
mxriv,
agrZelebdnen
zogierTi
maTgani
sadisturadac iqceoda. simulirebul cixeSi miRebulma gamocdilebam
imdenad
moulodneli reaqciebi gamoiwvia,
Seuracxyofas,
rom eqsperimentatorebma kvleva dawyebidan
meeqvse dRes Sewyvites.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Banuazizi and Movahedi 1975
roluri TamaSi tyuilis gamoyenebis winaRmdeg: argumentebi

rogorc
vnaxavT,
sistematuri
uaryofen
kvlevis
aseT
alternativad
TamaSis,
legitimuri
kritikas
ganixilaven
avtoritetisadmi
Camoyalibeba
roluri
da
mecnieruli
rolur
iseTi
rogorc
TamaSs
fenomenebis
destruqciuli
socialuri
teqnikis,
tyuilis
kvlevisas,
daqvemdebareba,
qcevis
momxreebi
gamoyenebis
rogorebicaa
damokidebulebebis
da cvlileba.
eqsperimentul kvlevaSi tyuilis
gamoyenebis winaRmdeg mosazrebebi
Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:
motyueba, sicrue da SecdomaSi Seyvana ewinaaRmdegeba im normebs,

romelTa
gamoyenebasac,
Cveulebriv,
yoveldRiur
socialur
1029
urTierTobebSi
vcdilobT.
pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobis
Seswavlisas tyuilis gamoyneba iseve dasaZraxia, rogorc realur

cxovrebaSi. erTi sityviT, tyulis gamoyeneba araeTikuria.
kvlevaSi
tyuilis
gamoyeneba
epistemologiurad
araswori
da
gaumarTlebelia, vinaidan iseTi poziciis miRebas efuZneba, romelic

ufro
naklebia,
adekvaturi
zogadad,
vidre
modeli.
piris,
tyuilis
cdiloben,
TviTprezentaciis
cdis
rom
rogorc
gamoyenebiT
cdis
pirebs
SesaZlebloba.
pirovnebis,
warmoebul
waarTvan
Sesabamisad,
xedvis
kvlevebSi,
arCevanisa
isini
da
SemTxveviT
(incidentur) socialur qcevaze fokusirdebian anu qcevaze, romelic

scildeba cdis piris arCevanis, ganzraxvisa da TviTprezentaciis
farglebs, rac, Cveulebriv, aqtorebs Soris socialuri aqtivobis
umTavresi fokusia (ixileT Forward et al. 1976).
tyuilis
gamoyeneba
gaumarTlebelia.
sistematiurad
meTodologiuradac
kvlevebSi,
esaWiroebaT
sadac
axali
tyuilis
cdis
araswori
forma
pirebi
da
gamoiyeneba
vinaidan
tyuilis
Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi, eqsperimentSi monawile

potenciuri cdis pirisaTvis motyuebis molodini mudmivad iarsebebs.
savsebiT samarTliani daSvebaa, roca cdis pirTa umravlesoba eWvis
TvaliT
uyurebs
miuxedavad
da
matyuara
undoblobiT
ekideba
mkvlevrebis
fsiqologiur
saukeTeso
kvlevas,
survilebisa
da
miznebisa.
da
bolos,
roluri
TamaSis
meTodis
damcvelebi
aprotesteben
gavrcelebul midgomas, rodesac ori meTodis fardobiTi validobis

Sesafaseblad erTmaneTs adareben
tyuilis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli
kvlevebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi roluri TamaSiT miRebul Sedegebs. isini

amtkiceben, rom SeuZlebelia roluri TamaSisa da tyuilis gamoyenebiT
Catarebuli
kvlevis
Sedegebis
pirdapiri
Sedareba,
vinaidan
rolur
TamaSs adamianis qcevis gacilebiT farTo diapazoni Seaqvs eqsperimentSi

(ix. Forward et al. 1976). Tu Sedareba aucilebelia, maSin roluri TamaSis
1030
Sedegebi unda aviRoT kriteriumad romliTac
tyuilis gamoyenebiT
miRebuli
piriqiT,
kvlevis
sinamdvileSi
SeadaroT
Sedegebi
xdeba
xolme.
avtoritetisadmi
cnobili
eqsperimenti
romelic
miqsons
girCevT
da
da
ara
miiRoT
destruqciuli
(1974)
ekuTvnis
gaizomeba
misi
es
es
da
erTmaneTs
daqvemdebarebis
milgramis
roluri
(Mixon 1872; 1974).
rCeva
rogorc
TamaSiT
tyuilis
replikacia,
gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebuli eTikuri problemebi ufro srulad ganxilva wignis meore

TavSia ganxiluli.
roluri TamaSi tyuilis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg: mtkicebuleba

milgramis avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebarebis eqsperimentebi
kvlevaTa
seriaSi,
romelsac
wlebSi, daqvemdebarebis
stenli
milgrami
atarebda
1963-1974
sxvadasxva versia ganxorcielda, romelSic
individebi saTiTaod asrulebdnen meore individis (romelic, realurad,

eqsperimentatoris mokavSire iyo), maswavleblis rols. maswavlebels
moeTxoveboda moswavlisTvis mzardi simZlavris eleqtruli dartymebis
miyeneba, Tu is sworad ver upasuxebda dasmul kiTxvas. wlebis manZilze
milgramis kvlevaSi 1,000-ze metma adamianma miiRo monawileoba, romlebic
gansxvavebuli cxovrebisa da interesebis mqone SemTxveviTi adamianebi
iyvnen da
ara fsiqologiis specialobis bakalavriatis studentebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme. Sedegebis Sejamebis Semdeg milgrami (1974)

aRniSnavda, rom misi maswavleblebis daaxloebiT 67 procenti, rogorc
wesi, mainc iyenebda maqsimaluri simZlavris eleqtroSoks, miuxedavad
imisa, rom denis es simZlavre
ukiduresad saSiSi iyo
adamianis
sicocxlisaTvis da amis Sesaxeb garkveviT iyo naTqvami. avtoritetisadmi

destruqciuli daqvemdebarebis milgramiseuli (1974) axsna safuZvlianad
aris gaanalizebuli braunisa da herSteinis mier (Brown and Herrnstein 1975).
miqsonis (1974) amosavali wertili iyo
romelic
motyuebiT
ukmayofileba,
milgramis cdis pirebSi emociuri stress iwvevda
da aseve,
1031
avtoritetisadmi
destruqciuli
daqvemdebarebis
Seswavlisadmi
alternatiuli midgomebis moZiebis survili. vinaidan milgramis mier

SerCeuli damokidebuli cvladi wesebiT marTuli moqmedeba iyo, miqsonma
(1974) ivarauda, rom milgramis cdis pirebis wesebiT marTuli qceva
erTgvarovani da prognozirebadi SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magram es ase ar
iyo. maSin ratom xdeboda, rom misi zogierTi cdis piri emorCileboda
eqsperimentatoris instruqciebs, zogi ki yuradRebas ar aqcevda mas?
miqsoni
(1974)
aRniSnavs,
rom
situacia
umravlesobisTvis: eleqtro Sokis
absoluturad
naTelia
gamoyeneba aSkarad amoraluri iyo da
amitom, arc erTi cdis piri ar unda damorCileboda eqsperimentators.

TuEeqsperimentis
Sefasebisas
ase
aSkara
iyo
daumorCileblobis
gardauvaloba, maSin ratom ver xedavdnen amas eqsperimentSi monawile

adamianebi? _ kiTxulobs miqsoni. man milgramis eqsperimentis sruli
sqema moipova da misi roluri TamaSis savarjiSod gadakeTebas Seecada.
miqsoni
(1974)
werda,
rom
milgramis
monacemebis
adrindeli
interpretacia efuZneboda daSvebas, morCili cdis pirebi akeTebdnen imas,

rac
aSkarad
amoraluri
damkvirveblisaTvis
miqsoniseul
aseTi
qcevis
da
versiaSi
mizezs.
iyo.
ara
situacia
monawileTaTvis.
monawileebi
maTi
naTeli
ver
aseTi
iyo
roluri
xvdebodnen
gareSe
TamaSis
eqsperimentatoris
damokidebuleba
iyo
seriozul
gansacdelSi aRmoCenili msxverplis mdgomareobis aSkara ignorireba.

iqmneboda STabeWdileba, TiTqos eqsperimenti araswori mimarTulebiT
midioda, Tumca eqsperimentatori mainc ise iqceoda, TiTqos yvelaferi
rigze iyo da amiT ewinaaRmdegeboda gansacdelSi Cavardnil msxverpls.
rodesac miqsonma yvelaferi an araferi meTodi gamoiyena, man aRmoaCina,
rom rodesac
zianis
eqsperimentatorma daijera msxverplisTvis miyenebuli
seriozuloba,
eqsperimentatoris
swored
miTiTebebis
maSin
Sesruleba.
Sewyvites
meTodis,
monawileebma
yvelaferi
an
araferi Sedegebis analizma aCvena, rom eqsperimentSi adamianebi manam

daeqvemdebarebian
arahumanur
miTiTebebs,
sanam
eqsperimentis
1032
usafrTxoebis zomebis darRvevis eWvis safuZveli ar gaCndeba.Mmiqsoni

werda, rom rodesac eqsperimentuli situacia damabnevelia, rogorc es
milgramis
kvlevaSi
ewinaaRmdegeba
(1975)
iyo,
zogi
adamiani
eqsperimentatoris
gakeTebuli
milgramis
miTiTebebs.
angariSisa
da
eqvemdebareba,
zogi
ki
braunisa
da
herSteinis
miqsonis
interpretaciis
Sedareba mkiTxvelisaTvis migvindia.

amrigad, miqsonis (1974) mier gamoyenebuli roluri TamaSis
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
moRvawe
mkvlevars
saintereso
sTavazobs. am meTodebiT Tavidan aris acilebuli

naklovanebebi.
amis
maxasiaTeblis
garda,
eqsperimentis
gaerTianebis
SesaZleblobebs
motyuebis sqemis
bevri
SesaZleblobas
meTodi
standartuli
iZleva,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad, sakvlevi faqtorebisTvis eqsperimentuli pirobebis Seqmna

(miqsonis
kvlevaSi
rolebis/wesebis
erTmaneTisgan),
scenarebis
konteqstebis
cdis
pirebis
pirobebSi,
rogorc
saSualeba,
ganmeorebiTi
scenarebisa
gamoyeneba,
mdgomareobebiT
SemTxveviTad
individualuri
gazomvis
da procedurebis
romlebic
gansxvavebodnen
gadanawileba
gansxvavebebis
sqemis
ganawilebuli
da
sxvadasxva
ganeitralebis
standartizebuli
gamoyeneba, rac kvlevis gameorebis
saSualebas iZleva (Forward et al. 1976).

miuxedavad
yovelive
zemoTqmulisa,
rac
eqsperimentuli
roluri
TamaSis meTodologiis gamokvlevaSi, da ara eqsperimentul kvlevaSi

gamoyenebas
asxvaveben
Seexeba, hare da seqordi (Harr and Secord 1972) erTmaneTisgan

gamokvlevas da eqsperiments. Tu eqsperimenti ukve cnobili
viTarebis auTenturobis SemowmebisTvis gamoiyeneba, gamokvleva sruliad

sxva miznebs emsaxureba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mecnierma zustad ar icis,
ras SeiZleba elodes da amis garkvevas cdilobs. anu, mecnierma icis ra
mimarTulebiT wavides, magram ar icis, ra daxvdeba an ras unda elodos
iq. aseTi kvleva arc adasturebs da arc uaryofs hipoTezas.
adamianis
socialuri
qcevis
Seswavlaze
orientirebuli
kvleva
(eqsperimentulisgan gansxvavebiT) ufro roluri TamaSis meTodologias
1033
iyenebs. amis mizezi sakmaod martivia. rodesac aseTi kvlevis

socialuri
urTierTqmedebis
rolebis/wesebis
moqmedebis
mizani
farglebis
dadgena da Seswavlaa, maTi azrovnebis da grZnobebis Sesaxeb monacemebis

misaRebad, arsebiTi mniSvneloba informirebul cdis pirebs eniWebaT da
ara _ motyuebulebs. SeadareT erTmaneTs kvlevaSi srulad CarTuli,
informirebuli monawile da ufro tradiciul eqsperimentul situaciaSi
myofi motyuebuli cdis piri.
SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom bevri seriozuli socialuri problema,
romelic dResdReobiT sazogadoebis winaSe dgas, sxvadasxva socialur
garemoSi
adamianebis
urTierTqmedebebis
rolebis/wesebis
moqmedebis
arcodnis Sedegia. Tu es asea, maSin roluri TamaSis sxvadasxva teqnikis

wyalobiT adamianis qcevis
ukve
xelT
Tumca,
arsebuli,
isic
unda
ukeTesad wvdoma aris SesaZlebeli, vidre
didi
iTqvas,
raodenobiT
rom
rolur
eqsperimentuli
TamaSTan
monacemebiT.
dakavSirebuli
gadaWarbebuli molodini marTebuli ar aris. ginsburgi (1978) amtkicebs,

rom
roluri
TamaSi
tradiciuli
eqsperimentebis,
gamokiTxvebis
da
savele dakvirvebebis damatebiT meTodad unda miviCnioT. es niSnavs imas,

rom is sakvlevi instrumentis
mniSvnelovani danamatia
da ara _ raimes
Canacvleba.
roluri TamaSi saganmanaTleblo garemoSi

roluri TamaSi, TamaSebi da kompiuteruli simulacia _ simulaciuri
kvlevebis ganviTarebis sami mimarTulebaa. simulaciis am sam tips _
rolur
TamaSs,
TamaSebsa
da
kompiuterebs
Soris
sxvaoba
arc
ise
TvalsaCinoa. magaliTad, simulaciuri TamaSebi xSirad roluri TamaSis

aqtivobebs
moicaven
uzrunvelyofsac
momdevno
da
procedurebis
dasaCqareblad
kompiuterul
SeiZleba iyenebdnen (ix. Taylor and Walford 1972).
qveTavSi
simulaciis
roluri
TamaSis
komponentze
gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. ganxilvas saklaso garemoSi roluri TamaSis

miznebze mokle dakvirvebiT daviwyebT, Semdeg ramdenime sasargeblo
1034
rCevas SemogTavazebT im praqtikosebisTvis, romelTac roluri TamaSis

meTodebis
gamoyenebis
naklebi
gamocdileba
aqvT.
bolos
ki
simulaciebs ganvixilavT.
roluri TamaSis meTodis gamoyeneba

van mentsi (Van Ments 1978) roluri TamaSis meTodis gamoyenebis Semdeg
klasifikacias gvTavazobs:
sensitiurobis ganviTareba da cnobierebis xarisxis amaRleba: iseTi

rolebis gansazRvreba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deda, maswavlebeli,
policiis oficeri da mRvdeli, Riad Tu farulad rolis sxvadasxva
maxasiaTebels
moiazrebs,
rasac
xSirad
am
rolSi
myofTa
stereotipizacia mosdevs Tan. roluri TamaSi aseTi stereotipebis da

konkretul rolSi myofi individis mosazrebebisa da grZnobebis ufro
Rrmad Seswavlis saSualebebs iZleva.
rolebis zemoqmedebis gancda: roluri TamaSi jgufis wevrebs awvdis

saswavlo
masalas
im
situaciebis
da
garemos
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
rolebi unda gaTamaSdes. cdis pirebs Soris rolebis ganawilebisas,

aRniSnuli garemos Sesaxeb codna komitetis formaluri struqturis
da
calkeuli
pirovnebis
urTierTqmedebis
Seswavlis
saSualebas
iZleva.
mocemuli individis qcevis SesaZlo stilis Semowmeba: faqtobrivad,

es repeticiis sindromia: esaa mosalodneli axali situaciis gonebaSi
winaswar gaTamaSeba. roluri TamaSi sxvadasxva situaciaSi
gamoviyenoT,
rodesac
individs,
ama
Tu
im
mizeziT,
SegviZlia
socialuri
urTierTqmedebis ritualebTan da wes-CveulebebTan gamklaveba da maT

gamoyenebaSi gavarjiSeba uwevs ise, rom stresul situaciaSi SeZlos
maTi gameoreba.
gamocdilebis misaRebad situaciebis sxvebis winaSe simulireba (da,

zogjer sakuTari Tavis winaSec): am SemTxvevaSi, rolis Semsrulebeli
masalas sxvebs gadascems gamosayeneblad
da damuSavebisTvis. yvelaze
1035
martiv situaciaSi mxolod erTi adamiani asrulebs konkretul rols.

ufro
rTul
stenfordis
situaciebSi,
cixis
rogoric
eqsperimentia,
21.
roluri
CanarTSi
TamaSi
bevri
mocemuli
moTamaSis
urTierTqmedebisTvis saWiro struqturirebuli garemos Sesaqmnelad

gamoiyeneba. maswavlebelebisTvis, romelTac roluri TamaSis klasSi
gamoyeneba surT, SesaZloa, sasargeblo iyos van mentis (1983) mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia. is gvirCevs, rom miznebis gansazRvriT
daviwyoT da gadavwyvitoT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli roluri
TamaSis saswavlo programaSi gamoyeneba. amis Semdeg ganvsazRvroT
situaciisadmi
garedan
wayenebuli
nebismieri
SezRudva,
rasac
sakvlevi problemis kritikuli faqtorebi mohyveba. mas Semdeg, rac

miviRebT
roluri
TamaSis
tipisa
da
struqturis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebs, ukve SegviZlia procesis mokle aRwerilobis an

masalebis momzadeba, rasac kvlevis Semdgomi interviu mosdevs.
miznebis dasaxva
pirveli dakvirvebis Sedegad van mentesi (1983) mivida daskvnamde, rom
maswavleblebma jer Tavad unda
gaarkvion, zustad risi miRweva surT
swavlebaSi roluri TamaSis gamoyenebiT. es faqtebis cnebebis, unarebis,

gacnobierebis Tu sensitiurobis swavlebaa? maswavleblis konkretuli
miznidan
gamomdinare,
roluri
TamaSi
mravalnairad
SeiZleba
iqnes
gamoyenebuli saswavlo programaSi. van mentsi (1983) Semdeg variantebs

asaxelebs:
rogorc Sesavali saganSi;
rogorc
konkretuli
poziciis/Temis
ganxilvisTvis
damatebiTi
an
misgan logikurad gamomdinare meTodi;
rogorc saswavlo kursis sakvanZo momenti an samuSao erTeuli;
rogorc
saklaso
mecadineobebis
ganrigisgan gantvirTva;
an
treiningebis
rutinuli
1036
rogorc saswavlo sagnis farglebSi sxvadasxva sakiTxis Sejamebisa

da integraciis gza;
rogorc Temis mimoxilvis an gameorebis saSualeba;
rogorc naSromis Sefasebis saSualeba.
garegani SezRudvebis gansazRvra

roluri
TamaSi
SeiZleba
Zalian
did
dros
moiTxovdes.
amitom,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, rom maswavlebelma Tavidanve gaafrTxilos

moswavleebi, rom qvemoT mocemulma faqtorebma SeiZleba Seaferxon da
zogjer Sewyviton kidec roluri TamaSi (ixileT Van Ments 1978):
saTanado adgili an sivrce (zoma, ganlageba, aveji da a. S.);
sakmarisi dro gasaxureblad, Tavad roluri TamaSi da debrifingi;
sesiis Casatareblad daxmarebis SesaZlebloba.
kritikuli faqtorebi
van mentsis (1983) rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, maswavlebelma yuradReba
unda miaqcios im kritikul sakiTxebs, romelsac moicavs roluri TamaSi
da gadawyvitos, vis SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena
am sakiTxebze
aseve, isic Tu visze imoqmedebs miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.

3
mocemulia
magaliTi,
romelSic
axalgazrda
da
CanarTSi 21.
mwevelebis
roluri TamaSis ramdenime moqmedi gmiria aRwerili.

CanarTi 21. 3
kritikuli faqtorebi rolur TamaSSi: moweva da axalgazrdebi
rolebi
axalgazrdebi, mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, axalgazrduli

liderebi, Tambaqos maRaziis mepatroneebi, sigaretis
mwarmoeblebi.
kritikuli
sakiTxebi
janmrTelobaze pasuxismgebloba, daavadebis Rirebuleba,

moqmedebis Tavisufleba, reklamireba, sxvebze moxdenili
STabeWdileba.
ZiriTadi
reklamebi, kontaqtebi skolaSi, ojaxSi, megobrebSi.
Sesaxeb
1037
sakomunikacio
arxebi
wyaro: adaptirebulia Van Ments (1983)
roluri TamaSis SerCeva an dawera

arCevans roluri TamaSis mza produqtis Sesyidvis an gadmoRebis
Taobaze Tavad maswavlebeli akeTebs. igi, aseve, SeiZleba iyos sakuTari
roluri TamaSis avtoric. van mentsi (1983) aRniSnavs, rom praqtikaSi
roluri
TamaSebi,
Seqmnili
ZiriTadad,
specifikuri
saWiroebebisTvis
aris
da konkretul saswavlo kurszea morgebuli. ra Tqma unda,
maswavleblebs
konkretul
SeuZliaT
garemoebebsa
arsebuli
da
roluri
saWiroebebze
TamaSebis
morgeba.
sakuTar
yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT, ukeTesia, maswavlebeli Tavad iyos roluri

TamaSis
avtori.
maSin
mas
zustad
ecodineba,
rom
savaraudo
monawileebisTvis nacnobia TamaSis safuZveli da konteqsti. amasTan, mas

konkretuli roluri TamaSis konkretul problemasTan Sesatyvisobis
danaxvac SeuZlia.
roluri TamaSis Catareba

idealur
roluri
SemTxvveaSi,
TamaSisTvis
ZiriTadi procesis
gankuTvnili
masalis
dawyebamde, aucilebelia
piloturi
Semowmeba
da,
sasurvelia, rom es msgavs auditoriaze gakeTdes. realobaSi piloturi

testireba imdenive dros SeiZleba moiTxovdes, ramdensac Tavad roluri
TamaSi
da
arapraqtikulia.
rTuli
amitom,
Tumca,
pirobebic
ar
SezRuduli
rogorc
unda
van
iyos,
drois
mentsi
pirobebSi,
(1983)
nebismieri
sruliad
aRniSnavs,
formis
rogori
pilotireba
yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre sul araferi, maSinac ki, Tu es mxolod

ramdenime kolegasTan roluri TamaSis proceduris garCevas moiazrebs.
mas
Semdeg,
TanmimdevrobiT
rac
masalebi
mimdinareobs:
mzadaa,
Sesavali,
roluri
rolSi
TamaSi
Sesvla,
Semdegi
TamaSi
da
1038
dasasruli. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania roluri TamaSis iseT dros

dasruleba, rom is mTel programas ergebodes.
amis uzrunvelyofis
erT-erTi magaliTia Tavad rolur TamaSSi roluri TamaSis dasrulebis

meqanizmis
gamoyeneba,
direqtorTa
sabWos
magaliTad
Sekrebis
ase:
dRis
dawyebamde
Tormetis
yvela
naxevramde,
sakiTxze
unda
SeTanxmdeT.
debrifingi
debrifingi mxolod moswavleebis mier miRebuli codnis gadamowmeba
da informaciis ukan dabruneba rodia. van mentsis (1983) gansazRvrebiT,
es
aris
ormxrivi
ganxorcielebuli
gakeTeba
roluri
moqmedebebis
SeiZleba
TamaSis
procesi,
Sedegebis
(rogorc
is
etapia,
rodesac
milgramis
rodesac
roluri
TamaSis
gaaanalizeba
da
eqsperimentSi).
SesaZlebelia
dros
daskvnebis
debrifingi
Secdomebisa
da
gaugebrobebis gamosworeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki mainc isaa, rom

kargad Catarebuli debrifingidan maswavlebels SeuZlia dainaxos, Tu
ra Sedegi miiRo da mocemuli Temis Semdgomi swavlebis procedurebi
dagegmos.
roluri TamaSis Semdgomi Sexvedrebi

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, van mentsi (1983) ambobs, rom roluri
TamaSis
dasrulebis
mniSvnelovania
roluri
Semdeg
dagegmili
TamaSis
Semdgomi
savarjiSodan
Sexvedrebi
sasawavlo
masalis
sakiTxze bunebrivad gadasvlisaTvis. amgvarad, rodesac roluri TamaSiT

unaris swavlebas an axali situaciis gonebaSi gaTamaSebas cdiloben,
maSin SeiZleba marTebuli da logikuri iyos misi imdenjer gameoreba,
sanam
kompetenciis
sasurveli
xarisxi
ar
miiRweva.
da
piriqiT,
Tu
savarjiSos mizani kiTxvebis wamoWra iyo, maSin aucilebelia seansis

Semdgomi Sexvedris organizeba am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad. ra
mizansac ar unda emsaxurebodes roluri TamaSi, aucileblad unda iqnas
1039
gaTvaliswinebuli kavSiri massa da mis Semdgom saswavlo aqtivobas

Soris (Van Ments 1983).
roluri TamaSis Zlieri da susti mxareebi da simulaciis

sxva aqtivobebi
saklaso
garemos
simulaciis
savarjiSoebis
upiratesobebisa
da
naklovanebebis ganxilvisas teilori da ualfordi (1972) or ZiriTad

Temas gamoyofen: pirveli, moswavleebis motivaciis
meore,
simulaciis
roli
relevanturi
gaumjobeseba da,
saswavlo
masalebis
uzrunvelyofaSi. simulaciis motivaciuri upiratesobebi unda moicavdnen

Semdegs:
swavlisadmi gazrdili interesi;
siaxlis
mudmivad
arseboba,
romelic
simulaciuri
amocanebis
dinamikuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs;
moswavle-maswavleblis
daqvemdebarebuli-damqvemdebareblis
tradiciuli urTierTobis Secvla;
is faqti, rom simulacia qcevis universaluri formaa.

vinaidan simulaciis gamoyenebiT codnis miReba xdeba, teilori da
uilfordi (1972) gamoyofen Semdegs:
gansxvavebul (kognitur, socialur da emociur) doneeze miRebuli

codna;
monawileebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis gamocdilebis SeZena;
rolis ukeT gacnobiereba;
simulaciis
unari
Tavisufali
interdisciplinaruli
komunikaciis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis;
miRweuli warmateba, romelic dakavSirebulia simulaciis savarjiSos

meSveobiT
gamomuSavebul
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
konkretul
midgomasTan,
romelic
skolaSi naswavlsa da realur samyaros.
1040
ra SeniSvnebi arsebobs simulaciis savarjiSoebTan dakavSirebiT? am

kiTxvaze teilori da uolfordi (1972) Semdegnairad pasuxoben:
miuxedavad imisa, rom simulacia saintereso da mimzidvelia, bevr

dros moiTxovs da amitom, SezRuduli saswavlo ganrigis pirobebSi,
srulad dasabuTebuli unda iyos misi gamoyeneba
saswavlo meTodebis
nacvlad.
simulaciebis
kompiuteruli
savarjiSoebis
umravlesoba
SeiZleba
ZviradRirebuli iyos.
simulaciis
masalebma
SeiZleba
problemebi Seqmnas. Aaseve,

teqnikad
aRiarebamac
lojistikis
simulaciebis
SeiZleba
da
operirebis
zogadad saganmanaTleblo
Seqmnas
problemebi
gansakuTrebiT
mSobelTa asociaciebis mxridan.

usafrTxo garemos pirobebSi simulaciaSi SeiZleba Cadebuli iyos
realuri
elementebic, romelic mkvlevars fenomenis srulad gaazrebisa
da prognozirebis saSualebas miscems. am SemTxvevaSi, situacias ver

ganvixilavT,
rogorc
cvladebis
ganvixiloT,
rogorc
mTliani
martiv
kombinacias.
(mTliani
ufro
situacia
metia,
vidre
unda
misi
mdgenelebis meqanikuri jami). rogorc robsoni (2002: 363) ambobs, es aris

kompromisi
laboratoriis
xelovnur
garemosa
da
realur,
samyaros
Soris.
roluri
TamaSis
meTodis
Zlieri
da
susti
mxareebi
moswavleTa
jgufebSi gamoyenebis magaliTzea ganxiluli. teilorisa da uolfordis

(1972)
mosazrebiT,
simulacia
qcevis
universaluri
formaa.
amis
sailustraciod studentebis roluri TamaSis robsonisa da kolieris

(1991) magaliTi gamodgeba.
roluri TamaSi saganmanaTleblo garemoSi: magaliTi

winamdebare
gaTamaSebuli
qveTavSi
oTxi
seansi,
ganxilulia
romelsac
saganmanaTleblo
van
mentsi
(1983)
garemoSi
situaciis
simulacias uwodebs. kvleva Seexeba moswavleTa mimarT maswavlebelTa
1041
mxridan gamoxatuli rasizmis aRqmas. kvlevaSi

oTxi
xuTwuTiani
kvlevis
miznebis
video
prezentacia
Sesabamisad
neilorma (Naylor 1995)
warmoadgina,
klasSi
romelic
mimdinare
exeboda
rekonstruirebul
movlenebs. filmis scenari dawera da gaiTamaSa zogadsaganmanaTleblo

skolis
ocdaerTma
moswavlem.
eTnikuri
umciresobis
romelic
TeTrkaniani
niWierma
jgufis
qali
maswavlebelma
maswavleblebis
interpretacia
geografiis,
TiToeuli
mier
warmomadgeneli
maswavleblis
moswavleebis
Sesrulebul
gaakeTa.
mis
franguli
filmi
mier
enis,
TvalsaCinoeba
moswavlis
qcevas
rolebze
oTxi
enisa
dramis
gamoiwvia
reaqciebis
gaTamaSebuli
inglisuri
mimarT,
Seexeboda.
reaqciebi
da
iyo
da
swori
moqmedeba
maTematikis
maswavleblebs ekuTvnoda.
es
videoebi
xelmisawvdom
neilorma
SerCevas
(1995)
aCvena,
mTeli
romelic
inglisis
asakis,
masStabiT
sqesis,
aRebul
unarebisa
eTnikuri niSniT gansxvavebuli 1,000-ze meti mozardisgan Sedgeboda.
da
oTx
video Canawerze moswavleebis werilobiTi pasuxebi kolbergis tipis 5qulian skalaze Sefasda, romelic warmodgenilia CanarTSi 21. 4. 480
moswavlisgan
werilobiTi
Semdgari
pasuxebis
ganviTarebuli
stratificirebuli
analizma
unarebis
mqone,
aCvena,
rom
TvalsaCino
SerCevidan
ufrosi
miRebuli
asakis,
eTnikuri
kargad
umciresobis
warmomadgeneli gogonebi yvelaze metad mgrZnobiarebi iyvnen da ufro

mtkivneulad aRiqvamdnen maswavleblis rasizms, vidre asakiT umcrosi da
naklebad ganviTarebuli unarebis mqone TeTrkaniani vaJebi. ix.: Robson and
Collier (1991) da Bolton and Heathcore (1999).
1042
CanarTi 21. 4.
pasuxebis kategorizacia oTx video Canawerze
done
aRwera
(qula)
0
upasuxod datoveba. nawerSi araferia azriani imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

eqcevian adamianebi erTmaneTs. amis sapirispirod, am donis pasuxi
SeiZleba mcdari iyos faqtis da/an interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT.
maswavleblis an moswavleebis mier impliciturad an eqspliciturad
rasizmis
(anu
aSkarad
eTnikuri
umciresobis
warmomadgeneli
moswavlisadmi usamarTlobis) ignorireba.
moswavleebis, magram ara _ maswavleblis, rasizmis umniSvnelod
moxsenieba (ixileT zemoT, done I), an rasistuli elferis mqone qcevis
avtoris vinaobis ar gamxela. aseTi moxsenieba SeiZleba videoCanaweris
mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods Seexebodes da moklebulia
debulebebis yovelgvar ganzogadebas an sinTezs. angariSi mxolod
zedapiruli analizis, gagebisa da axsnis donezea dawerili.
maswavleblis
rasistuli
qcevisa
da
moqmedebebis
ramdenjerme
moxsenieba. aseTi aRniSvna Riad arafers ambobs. Tumca, SeiZleba
maswavleblis rasistuli qcevis an moqmedebis gankicxvasac ki
moiazrebdes. arsad ar Segvxvdeba maswavleblis rasizmis Sesaxeb
ganzogadebuli
debuleba,
romelic
videoCanaweridan
aRebuli
magaliTebiT iqneba gamyarebuli.
am doneze angariSSi naTlad da gasagebad iqneba ganxiluli da
ilustrirebuli maswavleblis rasizmi, magram analizi siRrmiseuli
sakiTxebis mxolod zedapirul codnasa da wvdomas gamoavlens.
am doneze angariSSi mkafiodaa aRwerili maswavleblis rasizi da
kargadaa ilustrirebuli video Canawerebidan amokrefili magaliTebiT.
video Canaweridan amoRebuli erTi an ramdenime aseTi magaliTi
naklebad TvalsaCino da metad faqizi rasistuli qcevis an moqmedebis
kargi ilustracia iqneba.
wyaro: Naylor 1995
roluri TamaSisa da simulaciis sxva savarjiSoebis Sefaseba

saklaso garemoSi simulaciuri meTodebis intensiurad gamoyenebis
fonze
aSkarad
midgomis
ikveTeba
tradiciul
meTodebTan
SedarebiT
aseTi
upiratesoba da efeqturoba. Tumca, swored aq aris mTavari
problema. megari (Megarry 1978) aRniSnavs, rom dResdReobiT Sefasebis

umetesoba
SedarebiT
eqsperimentzea
orientirebuli,
romelic
1043
simulaciuri
tipis
savarjiSoebisa
da
ufro
tradiciuli
saswavlo
teqnikis empiriul Sedarebas moiazrebs. Tumca am eqsperimentul meTods

Tavisi
sisusteebi
kompleqsuri,
gatarebuli
aqvs
(Megarry 1978):
fenomenebi
da
RonisZiebebisa
da
masSi
mxolod
miRebuli
yuradRebis
miRma
nawilobrivadaa
Sedegebis
rCeba
cnobili
Sesaxeb.
Sedegebi
SeiZleba arc gamomdinareobdes misi winmswrebi faqtorebidan; garda

amisa,
urTierTqmedebis
mniSvnelovani
efeqtic
arsebobs,
romelic
aucilelad gasaTvaliswinebelia da ar aris ubralod TeTri xmauri,

rogorc amas eqsperimentul midgomaSi miiCneven.
tradiciuli
meTodebi
meTodis
arsebobs?
garda,
megari
Sefasebis
(1978)
kidev
simulaciis
ra
alternatiuli
Sefasebis
ramdenime
midgomas asaxelebs:
naratiuli angariSebis gamoyeneba;
moswavleebis mier miRebuli gansakuTrebulad dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

saswavlo gamocdilebebis gamoyeneba;
moTamaSeTa waxaliseba, rom TamaSis procesSi Seswavlili masala da

cnebebi cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic gamoiyenon;
instruqciuli
intervius
gamoyeneba
saswavlo
konsultaciebis
individualuri an mcire jgufuri forma, romelic adre gamoiyeneboda

da
romlis
amowmebs,
drosac
romelsac
masalebsa
ara
da
marto
meTodebs
iseTi
mocemuli
instruqtori
masalis
gamoyenebis
gamocdileba aqvs, aramed isic kargad icis, Tu rogor ra gziT

swavloben moswavleebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sefasebisas yuradReba ara Sedegze, aramed Tavad
simulaciis proceszea koncentrirebuli.
rogorc
meaTe
TavSi
aRvniSneT,
rolurma
TamaSma
(simulaciis
meTodebis msgavsad) SeiZleba Seamciros laboratoriuli eqsperimentis

ramdenime problema da amavdroulad, zogierTi misi (laboratoriuli
eqsperimentis)
laboratoriuli
dadebiTi
Tvisebac
eqsperimentis
SeinarCunos.
msgavsad,
rolur
eqsperimentatori
TamaSSi,
situaciis
1044
yovel aspeqtze manipulaciur kontrols axorcielebs. amave dros, ar

exebian cdis pirebis adamianur bunebas, radgan maT realuri situacia
eZlevaT, romelSic ise SeuZliaT moiqcnen, rogorc saWirod CaTvlian.
garda amisa, procesSi intensiuri CarTuloba, rac simulaciisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli,
gviCvenebs,
rom
Cveulebriv
laboratoriul
eqsperimentTan dakavSirebuli TviTcnobiereba, ufro iolad
mcirdeba.
1045
nawili mexuTe
monacemebis analizi
mocemuli masala winamdebare gamocemis sruliad axali nawilia da
monacemebis analizis Sesaxeb xuT Tavs moicavs, romelTagan ori _
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizs Seexeba, ori _ raodenobrivs, xolo
mexuTe,
maqsimalurad
Sesatyvisi
statistikuri
kriteriumis
SerCevas
Seexeba. Tanmxleb veb gverdze, aseve, mocemulia mdidari damatebiTi

masala
da
monacemebis
literatura,
analizis
romelsac
Sesaxeb
jer
girCevT,
kontent
gaecnoT.
analizis
Tvisebrivi
ufro
rTul
sakiTxebsa da dafuZnebul Teorias warmogidgenT da aRvniSnavT, rom

teqstebi,
anu,
monacemebi
sxvadasxvagvarad
mravalSriania
interpretacia.
da
mocemul
SesaZlebelia
nawilSi
maTi
praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT mimovixilavT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars Tvisebrivi

monacemebis
analizi
da
wardgena,
aseve,
gagacnobT
aseTi
midgomis
ZiriTad principebs. raodenobrivi monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, vuSvebT, rom

mkvlevrebs ara marto statistikis gamoyenebis aranairi gamocdileba ar
aqvT, aramed, SeiZleba eSinodeT kidec misi! Aamitom, am Temas sawyisi
statistikuri principebis ganxilviT viwyebT da nel-nela gadavdivarT
SedarebiT
rTuli
statistikuri
procedurebis
ganxilvaze.
Cven
SevecdebiT agixsnaT statistikuri procedurebis safuZvlebi, principebi

da cnebebi da Segnebulad varidebT Tavs formulebisa da ricxvebis
gamoyenebas, im SemTxvevebis garda, sadac gardauvalia maTi gamoyeneba. am
TavebSi
warmodgenil
manipulaciebisTvis
ricxobriv
viyenebT.
SPSS-s
monacemebze
Tanmxleb
veb
statistikuri
gverdze
damwyeb
mkvlevrebs SPSS-is gamoyenebis martivi saxelmZRvanelos naxva SeuZliaT.

rogorc
Tvisebrivi,
ise
raodenobrivi
monacemebis
analizisTvis
1046
praqtikul rCevebs mogcemT, rogoricaa frazebisa da sityvebis

da Sedegebisa da miRebuli monacemebis gaformeba.
nimuSebi
1047
22 Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis

midgomebi
Sesavali
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizi monacemebis organizebas, aRricxvasa
da axsnas moicavs. erTi sityviT,
monawileebi Tavad aRweren
kategoriebsa
analizis
da
wesebs.
ramdenime
monacemebis ise gagebas rogorc
situacias, moixsenieben tendenciebs, Temebs,

winamdebare
formas
TavSi
ganvixilavT,
Tvisebrivi
xolo
23-e
monacemebis
Tavi
ufro
konkretulad kontent analizsa da dafuZnebul Teorias eTmoba. am TavSi

Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisadmi ramdenime gansxvavebul midgomas
gagacnobT.
ar
arsebobs
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisa
da
wardgenis
erTaderTi swori gza da Tu rogor gaarTmevs Tavs am sakiTxs mkvlevari,
miznisadmi
Sesatyvisobazea
damokidebuli.
amasTan,
rogorc
vnaxavT,
xSirad sakmaod Znelia Tvisebrivi monacemebis interpretacia, magram

unda gvaxsovdes, rom xSirad Tvisebrivi monacemebis sxvadasxvagvarad
interpretaciac SesaZlebelia, rac maTi Rirsebaa, xolo mkvlevrisTvis
Tavis tkivili! miznisTvis Sesatyvisobis principis dacvisas, mkvlevarma
zustad unda icodes, risi miReba surs monacemebis analiziT, vinaidan es
gansazRvravs analizis konkretuli saxis arCevas. mkvlevars, magaliTad,
SeiZleba undodes:
aRwera;
warmodgena;
Sejameba;
interpretacia;
tendenciebis
gamovlena;
1048
Temebis generireba/Camoyalibeba;
individebisa da ideografiuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena;
jgufebisa
da
nomoTeturi
maxasiaTeblebis
gageba
(magaliTad,
sixSireebis, normebis, paternebis, kanonebis);
sakiTxebis dasma;
dasabuTeba da axsna;
mizez-Sedegobriobis axsna da Zieba;
gamokvleva;
Semowmeba
msgavsebebis, gansxvavebebis da saerTo maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena;
erTi da igive sakiTxis sxvadasxva situaciaSi
Semowmebisa
da
gamoyenebis Seswavla.
miznis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba imitomaa mniSvnelovani, rom
maszea
damokidebuli,
avirCevT.
es,
Tavis
Tu
monacemebis
mxriv,
gavlenas
damuSavebis
moaxdens
romel
analizis
formas
werilobiT
gaformebaze. monacemebis analizze ganxorcielebuli Tvisebrivi kvlevis

saxeobac
moaxdens
Seswavlis
gavlenas.
werilobiTi
magaliTad,
saxiT
biografiisa
gaformeba
da
SemTxvevis
aRweriTi,
xSirad
qronologiurad dalagebuli, narativis saxiT iqneba yvelaze marTebuli,

romelSic
sakiTxis
dasma
TandaTanobiT xdeba. eTnografia
SeiZleba
narativis, anu, monaTxrobis saxiT daiweros, sadac sakiTxebi ki iqneba

dasmuli,
Tumca araa aucilebeli, rom movlenebi qronologiurad iyos
dalagebuli.
aseTi
angariSi
jgufis
an
kulturis
arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebis aRweras, analizs, interpretaciasa da axsnas moicavs.

dafuZneuli
Teoria
da
kontent
analizi
midgomiT damuSavdebaa, romelic kodirebas,
monacemebis
sistematuri
da kategorizebas moicavs;
es grZeldeba manam, sanam is Teoria ar Camoyalibdeba, romelic

fenomenebs
mogvcems.
xsnis,
an
miznebis
winaswarmetyvelebisT
sakvlev
SesaZleblobas
1049
analizze monacemebis
xSirad
ufro
raodenobrivi
mcire
raodenobac imoqmedebs. Tvisebrivi monacemebi

raodenobis
monacemebi,
Tumca,
adamianebze
monacemebi
grovdeba,
mainc
vidre
detalizebuli
_
da
mravalferovania. mkvlevrebma unda gadawyviton, magaliTad, monacemebi

calkeuli individebis mixedviT daamuSavon da Semdeg, Tu saWiro iqneba,
gaaerTianon
maTTvis
gansazRvruli
saerTo
analitikuri
sakiTxebi,
CarCos
Tu
sakiTxebis
farglebSi
winaswar
imuSaon,
romlebic
sakvlev individebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. zogierTi Tvisebrivi kvleva

(magaliTad, Ball 1990; 1994a; Bowe et al. 1992) mizanmimarTulad fokusirdeba
individebsa
da
konkretul
scenarSi
monawileebis
reaqciebze
da
saboloo angariSSi xSirad mohyavT citatebi maTi gamonaTqvamebidan. zog

kvlevaSi
Sejamebul
konkretuli
sakiTxebs
monacemebi
warmoadgenen
konkretulad
da
romeli
ar
asaxeleben,
monawilisgan
miiRes.
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT meTodebs, romlebic rogorc individebis, ise

sakiTxebis mimarT gamoiyeneba.
zog
kvlevaSi
gamoyenebuli,
bevri
zog
sityva-sityviT
maTganSi
naklebi.
gadmocemuli
zog
mkvlevars
saubaria
miaCnia,
rom
originaluri monacemebis surnelis SenarCuneba mniSvnelovania, amitom,

pirdapir moaqvT frazebi da winadadebebi da ara marto imitom, rom isini
xSirad
ukeT
warmoaCnen
sakiTxs,
vidre
mkvlevris
sityvebi,
aramed
imitomac, rom Tvlian, rom samarTlianoba unda gamoiCinon monawilis

gamonaTqvamebis mimarT da zustad gadmoscen isini. marTlac, rogorc
qvemoT ganxilul magaliTSi vnaxavT, pirdapiri saubrebi Zalian mdidar
masalas da bevr detals unda iZleodes. beli (1990) da boui da misi
kolegebi
(1992)
bevr
sityva-sityviT
gadmocemul
naTqvams
iyeneben,
ZiriTadad, imitom, rom maTi kvlevis monawileebi Zalauflebis mqone

adamianebi
iyvnen
da
samarTlianoba
moiTxovda,
rom
zustad
maTi
sityvebiT yofiliyo gadmocemuli maTi saTqmeli. amis sapirispirod,

uilfordi (2001: 92) transkriptebis gafetiSebaze saubrisas aRniSnavs,
rom mas iSviaTad gaukeTebia intervius sruli trankripti da isic
1050
mxolod [misi]
ramdenime intervius SemTxvevaSi da amis mizezebs Soris
arc ise umniSvnelo iyo dro, romelsac transkriptis wera moiTxovs

(uolfordi
asaxelebs
Sefardebas
xuTi
erTTan,
anu,
erTsaaTiani
intervius transkriptis gakeTebas xuTi saaTi sWirdeba, Tumca realurad

am process ufro meti dro miaqvs).
praqtikul doneze, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi monacemebi swrafad grovdeba
da
adreul
etapebze
dawyebuli
analizi
da
mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa amcirebs mozRvavebuli monacemebis problemas.

mailsisa da habermanis (1984) azriT, monacemebis sworad da zustad
warmodgena
maTi
Semcirebis
hamiltonis
(1976)
mixedviT,
SesaZleblobas
progresuli
iZleva.
parletisa
fokusirebisas
da
monacemebis
mogrovebas gansxvavebulad udgebian da Semdeg mogrovili monacemebis

gacxrilviT,
daxarisxebiT,
gadaTvalierebiTa
da
gaazrebiT
xdeba
situaciis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis gamokveTa. ase miRebuli monacemebi

Semdgomi
analizis
dasagegmad
gamoiyeneba.
es
zogadidan
kerZosken
daviwrovebis process hgavs.

Teoriul doneze, Tvisebrivi kvlevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli is aris,
rom analizi xSirad monacemebis mogrovebis etapzeve iwyeba, rac Teoriis
Camoyalibebis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 238).
mkvlevrebma sakvlevi fenomenebis zogadi monaxazi unda gaakeTon. Semdeg

unda
scadon
monacemebis
Tanmimdevruli
mTlianis
daweriT).
Semdeg,
amis
dajgufeba,
Seqmna
maT
blokebad
(magaliTad,
gulmodgined
unda
gaerTianeba
aRmoCenilis
daanawevron
da
Sejamebis
TavianTi
savele Canawerebi da Seadaron, daupirispiron, gaaerTianon, Seusatyvison

erTmaneTs da moawesrigon isini. am procesis mizani aRweridan axsnisken
da Teoriis Camoyalibebisken gadanacvlebaa (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 237
53).
1051
monacemebis warmodgena cxrilebis saxiT

winamdebare da Semdgom TavebSi monacemebis analizisa da wardgenis
ramdenime
magaliTs
Sejamebas,
SemogTavazebT.
monacemebis
gasagebad,
pirveli
cxrilis
aseTi
magaliTi
martiv
saxiT
warmodgenasa
da
komentarebs Seexeba. mocemuli magaliTi sadoqtoro disertaciidan aris

aRebuli.
Cineli bavSvebi swavloben inglisurs:
intervius
monacemebis analizi da gaformeba

intervius
monacamebi
kiTxvebis
mixedviTaa
ganxiluli.
erTi
asakobrivi jgufis respondentebis msgavsi monacemebi, anu, maTi pasuxebi

striqonebSia dajgufebuli, xolo gansxvavebuli pasuxebi cal-calkea
mocemuli. TiToeuli cxrilis marcxena sveti respondentebis raodenobas
(1_12) da maTi swavlebis dones (magaliTad, P1, F3 da a. S.) gviCvenebs. ase
magaliTad, 1_3: P1 niSnavs 1_3 respondentebis pasuxebs, romlebic P1
klasebs
aswavlian.
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
marjvena
rom
svetSi
yvela
pasuxebia
respondentma
mocemuli.
msgavsi
bevrgan
pasuxi
gasca
dasaxelebul debulebebsa da Temebs. yovel cxrils mokle Semajamebeli

komentari axlavs Tan.
es
monacemebi
amoRebulia
sadoqtoro
CineTSi saskolo asakis bavSvebis
disertaciidan,
romelic
inglisuri enis swavlis problemebs
Seexeba. monacemebi arasruladaa warmodgenili da mxolod ilustraciis

mizniT iqna
SerCeuli. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom monacemebi ar
aris
sityva-sityviT gadmocemuli, aramed ukve Sejamebulia mkvlevris mier,

anu, is, rac aqaa warmodgenili, ar aris monacemebis analizis pirveli
etapi, vinaidan pirveli etapi transkriptis gakeTeba iqneboda.
gamoyenebulia Semdegi kodireba:
P1_P6 = dawyebiTi klasebi (1_6), P1 = swavlebis pirveli weli, P2 =
swavlebis meore weli da a.S.
1052
F1_F5 = saSualo klasebi (1_5), F1 = pirveli klasi (saSualo skolis

pirveli weli), F2 = meore klasi da a.S. (saSualo skolis meore weli da
a. S.).
marcxena
miniWebul
svetSi
kodis
asos
win
Seesabameba
dawerili
(CanarTi
ricxvebi
22.1).
maswavleblisTvis
interviuSi
sul
12
maswavlebeli monawileobda, aqedan 6 _ dawyebiTi klasebis, 6 _ saSualo

klasebis.
CanarTi 22. 1.
inglisuri enis swavlebis efeqtianoba
QQ6: inglisuri enis swavlebis efeqtianoba
1 _ 3: P1 moswavleebs arc esmodaT werilobiTi an zepiri inglisuri da
arc wesierad laparaki an wera SeeZloT;
miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavleebma Zalian adreuli asakidan
daiwyes inglisuri enis Seswavla, maTi standarti mainc Zalian
dabali iyo, radgan maT marTlac ar SeeZloT inglisuri enis
gageba an misi gamoyeneba.
4 _ 6: P6 moswavleebi
inglisurad
kargad
ver
laparakobdnen,
ver
kiTxulobdnen an werdnen;
moswavleebs
dabali
standarti
hqondaT,
vinaidan
isini
inglisurad ver kiTxulobdnen, ver werdnen an ver laparakobdnen;
swavlisas isini masalas mxolod izepirebdnen amitom, inglisuri
enis codna Zalian zedapiruli iyo da mwiri leqsikuri maragiT
xasiaTdebodnen.
7 _ 9: F3 mTlianobaSi moswavleebs Zalian dabali standarti hqondaT.
inglisuri enis swavleba da swavla ar iyo Zalian warmatebuli;
moswavleebi samuSaos Sovnas inglisuri enis Zalian mwiri
codniTac axerxebdnen;
es ar iyo mravalerovani qalaqi. inglisuri ena realurad arc ise
mniSvnelovani iyo da araferi daSavdeboda, Tu moswavleebs es ena
kargad ar ecodinebodaT.
10: F5 inglisuri enis swavleba da swavla ar iyo Zalian efeqturi,
vinaidan moswavleebi kargad ar mecadineobdnen da mxolod
izepirebdnen masalas. Tumca, mainc axerxebdnen universitetebSi
moxvedras.
11: F5 moswavleebma inglisur enaSi, sul mcire, bazisuri codna mainc
SeiZines.
12: F5 enis Seswavla zogierTi moswavlisTvis garkveulwilad efeqturi
iyo _ isini Tavad xdebodnen inglisuri enis maswavleblebi
sauniversiteto ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg.
1053
skolaSi inglisuris swavlebam da swavlam realurad ver miaRwia

dasaxul
miznebs.
moswavleebs
cudad
esmiT
werilobiTi
an
zepiri
inglisuri, uWirT laparaki, kiTxva, mosmenilis gageba da wera, riTic

izRudeba maTi SesaZleblobebi, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramden wels
swavlobdnen isini enas. dabali donis damaxsovrebis models zedapirul
codnamde mivyavarT. swavleba da swavla uxarisxoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Zalian dabalia maTi standarti, isini mainc axerxeben universitetSi
moxvedras, vinaidan Zalian bevri universiteti acxadebs miRebas. maT arc
samsaxuris Sovnisas sWirdebaT inglisuri enis codna.
komentari:
dawyebiTi
klasebis
inglisuri
enis
maswavleblebis
mosazrebebis diapazoni ufro farTo iyo, vidre _ ufro maRali klasebis

maswavleblebis.
dawyebiTi
klasebis
maswavleblebSi
ufro
meti
erTsulovneba SeiniSneboda, vidre _ ufrosi klasebis maswavleblebTan.

saSualo skolis mesame klasis yvela maswavlebelma msgavsi komentarebi
gaakeTa,
xolo
saSualo
skolis
mexuTe
klasis
maswavleblebs
erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondaT.

CanarTi
22.
2.
gviCvenebs,
rom
inglisuri
enis
swavlebis
Zlieri
mxareebi is iyo, rom moswavleebi Zalian adreul asakSi iwyebdnen

Seswavlas
da
skolebs
sruliad
damoukideblad
SeeZloT
enis
TaviaTi
saswavlo programis Sedgena. inglisuri enis swavlebis sisusteebi ki is

gaxldaT,
rom
masalis
gagebaze
arasakmarisi
aqcenti
keTdeboda.
moswavleebi Zalian patarebi iyvnen enis SeswavlisTvis xolo programebi

ar Seesabameboda maT moTxovnebs, programaSi didi moculobis masala
iyo
Setanili,
rac
maswavleblebisTvis
kargi
winapiroba
aRmoCnda
moswaleebisaTvis daReWili masalis pirSi Casadebad. amasTan erTad,

maswavleblebsa da maT moswavleebze metismeti zewola xdeboda, vinaidan
programisa da enis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, inglisur enas saswavlo
programaSi
adgilis
dasakaveblad
sxva
enebTan
konkurencia
uwevda.
1054
swored amitom, ar icodnen moswavleebma kargad ena, miuxedavad imisa,

rom mis Seswavlaze wlebs xarjavdnen.
CanarTi 22. 2.
inglisuri enis swavlebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
Q7: inglisuri enis swavlebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi
1: P1 moswvleebi Zalian adreuli asakidan iwyebdnen inglisuri enis
Seswavlas da, wesiT, kargad unda icodnen is. Tumca, es naklovan
mxaredac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan isini Zalian patarebi iyvnen
swavlisTvis da saswavlo masalis gacnobierebisTvis.
2_6: P6 respondentebma aRniSnes, rom calkeuli skolebi silabusebis
Sedgenisas sruli damoukideblobiT sargebloben.
7_9: F6 Sesabamisad, zogierT silabusSi Zalian didi moculobis masalaa
10_12: F5 Setanili
da
SezRuduli
drois
pirobebSi
misi
dafarva
SeuZlebelia. maSasadame, es maswavlebelzec axdens zewolas da
moswavlezec. yvelaze cudi ki isaa, rom zogi skola moswavleebs,
inglisuris garda, sxva ucxo enis swavlasac avaldebulebs da amiT
inglisuris Seswavla kidev ufro Zneldeba.
komentari: dawyebiTi skolis erTi maswavleblis garda, danarCenma

(dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis) 11 maswavlebelma erTnairi komentarebi
gaakeTa.
gasagebi
iyo,
rom
didi
moculobis
klasi
(30-50
moswavle)
da
intensiuri programa mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda swavlebis meTodebsa

da
saklaso
aqtivobebis
SezRudvaze,
rac
uSualod
ukavSirdeboda
kontrolis sakiTxsac (CanarTi 22. 3). am gavlenis Sedegad maswavleblebi,

ZiriTadad, didaqtikul da gramatika-Targmanis meTodebs iyenebdnen da
mxolod
mcire
dros
uTmobdnen
enis
praqtikul
gamoyenebas
an
inglisurad azrovnebas. swavlebisas garkveuli jgufuri aqtivobebic

gamoiyeneboda,
magram
Zalze
asaxsnelad Cinurs iyenebdnen.
SezRudulad.
maswavlebeli
inglisuris
1055
CanarTi 22 3.
swavlebis meTodebi
Q9: swavlebis meTodebi
1_3: P1
4_6: P6
7_9: F3
10_12: F5
yvela respondentma upasuxa, rom umetesad didaqtikur midgomas

iyenebda, Tumca, moswavleebSi interesis gasaRviveblad, vizualur
saSualebebsa da jgufur aqtivobebsac mimarTavdnen. didaqtikuri
meTodis ZiriTad meTodad arCevas Zalian intensiuri programa
ganapirobebda.
es
meTodi
klasis
ukeT
gakontrolebis
saSualebasac iZleoda, kontroli ki aucilebeli iyo, radgan
moswavleebis raodenoba klasSi
30-dan 50-mde meryeobda da
zogjer 60-sac aRwevda.
gramatikis swavlebisas, umeteswilad, gramatika-Targmanis meTods
eyrdnobodnen. inglisuri enis gramatikis asaxsnelad, ZiriTadad,
Cinurs iyenebdnen (80 procenti), rasac unda gaeadvilebina
axsnilis gageba.
komentari:
komentirebisas
yvela
maswavlebeli
erTsulovani
iyo,
romelTa mosazrebebi orad dajgufda.

moswavleebs
warmatebul
Tu
mniSvnelovani
wvlili
SehqondaT
warumatebel
SeswavlaSi
inglisuri
(CanarTi
22.
4).
enis
isini
morcxvobdnen, eSinodaT Secdomebis daSvebis da saxelis gatexvis da,

saerTod,
naklebad
sagnebiT
iyvnen
iyvnen
dainteresebulebi
gadatvirTulebi.
viTarebas
swavliT,
isic
radgan
sxva
amwvavebda,
rom
moswavleebi ver axerxebdnen drois dagegmvas. negatiurad uyurebdnen

inglisuri enis saxelmZRvaneloebiT Seswavlas da Tvlidnen, rom es
sagani aranairad ar Seesatyviseboda
sxva sagnebs. garda amisa,
Zalian
bevri sxva xelis SemSleli faqtori arsebobda da enis Seswavlis Zalze

mwiri unarebiT xasiaTdebodnen; naklebad motivirebulebi iyvnen masalis
swrafad
aTvisebisebiT,
radgan
icodnen,
rom
maT
igive
kursis
ganmeorebiT gavla SeeZloT, inglisuri ar iyo prioritetuli, am enis

swavlisTvis mwiri safuZveli da umniSvnelo motivacia an dadebiTi
damokidebuleba
hqondaT.
moswavleebs
swavlis
periodSi
naklebad
aZlevdnen miTiTebebs da waxalisebebs, enis safuZvlianad Seswavlis

mimarTulebiT,
radgan
standarts iTxovndnen.
universitetebi
mxolod
inglisuris
dabal
1056
CanarTi 22. 4.
moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
QQ11: moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
1 _ 3: P1 moswavleebi morcxvobdnen da eSinodaT saxelis gatexvis, rodesac
klasis winaSe raime SeeSlebodaT.
4 _ 6: P6
moswavleebs, faqtobrivad, arafris swavla ar ainteresebdaT,
ganakuTrebiT uinteresoni iyvnen ucxo enebis mimarT.
Zalian bevri sagani hqondaT saswavli da inglisuri Zalian
wignieri eniT iyo mowodebuli.
bevri sxva iseTi xelis SemSleli faqtori arsebobda, rogoric
iyo magaliTad, internetiT garToba an megobrebTan erTad drois
gatareba.
7: F3 moswavleebs ar SeeZloT inglisuri enis skolaSi naswavl sxva
sagnebTan an nebismier sxva sakiTxTan dakavSireba, amitom am enis
swavla arc ainteresebdaT.
moswavleebs enis swavlis Zalian mwiri unarebi hqondaT da
gauCndaT SiSi inglisuri enis swavlisadmi.
moswavleebs programis gameorebis ufleba hqondaT, rac maTi
sizarmacis da gulgrilobis safuZveli gaxda.
8: F5 moswavleebi Zalian did dros uTmobdnen internetSi garTobas.
moswavleebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebze ufro met dros
xarjavdnen, vidre _ enebze.
9: F3 moswavleebs TiTqmis ar hqondaT sabaziso codna.
10-12: F5 moswavleebi moklebulni iyvnen enTuziazms da ar hqondaT
swavlisadmi saTanado damokidebuleba.
moswavleebi ver axerxebdnen drois ganawilebas.
moswavleebs saxelis gatexvis eSinodaT, rodesac klasis winaSe
uSvebdnen Secdomas. isini morcxvebic iyvnen.
moswavleebs aravin aZlevda miTiTebas swavlis procesSi da maT
arc samomavlo gegmebi gaaCndaT. Sesabamisad, isini ar swavlobdnen
kargad, ganskuTrebiT enebs.
miuxedavad inglisuri enis dabali standartisa moswavleebs
universitetSi moxvedris bevri SesaZlebloba hqondaT.
komentari: am SemTxvevaSi Zalian mravalferovanma komentarebma iCina

Tavi.
aq
garkveulwilad
eTanxmebodnen
erTmaneTs
dawyebiTi
skolis
dabali klasis maswavleblebi. aseve, Tanxmoba iyo dawyebiTi skolis

maRali klasis maswavleblebs Soris. saSualo skolis maRali klasis
maswavleblebs
Sorisac
miRweul
iqna
SeTanxmeba.
saSualo
skolis
dabali klasis maswavleblebma erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi

gamoTqves,
Tumca,
maswavleblebis
oTxi
jgufi
(dawyebiTis
dabali,
1057
dawyebiTis maRali, saSualos dabali da saSualos maRali klasebi)

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen.
sityvieri monacemebis cxrilis saxiT warmodgenis sqema da Sesabamisi
analizi
SegiZliaT
ixiloT
wignis
Tanmxleb
veb
gverdze
(http://www.routledge.com/tesxtbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 22, faili 22. 1. doc).
intervius monacemebis Sejameba

intervius
monacemebiramdenime
TvalsazrisiT
iyo
gasaocari.
respondentebi monacemebs erTsulovnad eTanxmebodnen, magaliTad:
absoluturi
erTsulovneba
iyo
me-9
da
me-12
kiTxvebze
miRebul
pasuxebSi;
saintereso da Zalian sayuradRebo iyo erTsulovneba, Tumca ara

absoluturi, me-11 kiTxvaze;
ukve aRniSnulTan erTad, damatebiTi Tanxmoba iyo miRweuli dawyebiTi

klasebis maswavleblebs Soris me-11 kiTxvaze;
ukve
aRniSnulis
garda,
erTsulovani,
Tumca
ara
absoluturad
erTsulovani, iyo dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebis pasuxebi me-6

kiTxvaze.
aseTi erTsulovneba miRebul Sedegebs mniSvnelovan wonas matebs,
Tumca, gamoyenebuli SerCevidan gamomdinare, mainc ver vityviT, rom es
Sedegebi
farTo
TemasTan
dakavSirebuli
mimoxilvisTvis
SegaxsenoT,
populaciis
Segnebulad
rom
marTalia
reprezentaciulia.
ZiriTadi
SeirCa
miuxedavad
sakiTxebis
gamocdili
erTsulovneba
amisa,
kompetenturad
maswavleblebi.
sasargebloa,
unda
intervius
monacemebis mTavari mizani Ziridi sakiTxebis gamovlena iyo, ganurCevlad

imisa,
yvela
iziarebda
maT.
is,
rom
respondentebi
msgavs
saubrobdnen, SesaZloa am Temebis mniSvnelovnebaze miuTiTebdnen
Temebze
1058
garda amisa, Tavad dasaxelebuli sakiTxebi uamrav sxvadasxva sferoSi

SeiZleba
Segvxvdes.
gadawyvetilebebis
ase
erTi
rom,
an
ar
martivi
arsebobs
nakrebi.
problemebis
aqedan
an
gamomdinare,
erTsulovnebas emateba konsensusi, romelic problemebis masStaburobis

gansazRvrisas
iqna
miRweuli,
Tumca
problemebis
diapazoni
sakmaod
farToa. calke Tu erTad, kompleqsuria makaoze (naxevarkunZuli samxreTdasavleT CineTSi, sadac kvleva Catarda) inglisuri enis swavlebis,
swavlisa da am mimarTulebiT miRweuli warmatebis sakiTxebi. mexuTe
klasis
moswavleebTan
da
maTTvis
inglisuris
swavleba-swavlasTan
dakavSirebiT yvelaferi naTelia. pirveli, moswavleebi inglisuris yvela

aspeqtSi Zalian sustebi arian, iqneba, es kiTxva, wera, laparaki Tu
mosmena-gageba, magram gansakuTrebiT sustebi arian laparaksa da weraSi.
meore, inglisuri enis swavlaze adgilobrivi kulturuli faqtorebi
axdenen gavlenas:
moswavleebs ar surT sazogadoebis winaSe saxelis gatexva (xolo

Cinur kulturaSi mkveTrad aqcentirebulia saxelis damkvirveba da
SenarCuneba);
moswavleebi morcxvebi arian da Secdomebis daSvebis eSiniaT;
gamocdaze warmatebis miRwevaze zewola universaluri da Zlieria;
adgilobrivi kultura ar aris inglisuri kultura. is Cinuria da,

sxva
danarCen
inglisuri,
Tanabar
Tumca
es
pirobebSi,
ukanaskneli
portugaliuri
Zalze
ufroa,
SezRudulia.
vidre
amJamad,
adamianebs TiTqmis ar uwevT inglisurad laparaki an misi gamoyeneba.

zog wreebSi inglisuri kulturis codna inglisuri enis swavlis
mniSvnelovan elementad miiCneva, rac am SerCevis maswavleblebma uaryves.
mesame mniSvnelovani migneba is aris, rom inglisuri ena instrumenturad
ganixileba,
Tumca,
es
sakiTxi
Sesafasebelia,
radgan
moswavleebi
samsaxursac Soulobdnen da universitetebSic abarebdnen inglisuris

Zalian mwiri codniT. is faqti, rom inglisuri saerTaSoriso enaa,
didad ar moqmedebda moswavleebis motivaciasa Tu miRwevaze.
1059
da
bolos,
uxarisxo
swavleba
da
swavla
moswavleebis
sust
Sesrulebas ganapirobebs:
ZiriTadi aqcenti usasrulo meqanikur gameorebaze da damaxsovrebaze

keTdeba;
pasiuri swavleba dominirebs da ara _ aqtiuri. swavleba faqtebis

miwodebaa da ara _ daswavlisa da gagebis waxaliseba da xelSewyoba;
gamoiyeneba tradiciuli didaqtikuri meTodebi;
eyrdnobian swavlebisa da swavlis Zalian SezRudul stils;
inglisuri
enis
maswavleblebis
meTodologiebis
SezRuduli
mxridan
codna,
sagnisa
rasac
da
pedagogiuri
maswavleblebisTvis
adekvaturi pirveladi da Semdgomi ganaTlebis ararseboba arTulebs;
xSirad ar arsebobs inglisuri enis swavlebisa da swavlis ukve

arsebul sabaziso codnaze dafuZnebis praqtika;
moswavleebi inglisuri enis gakveTilebze imdenad xSirad iyneben

Cinurs,
rom
maT
TiTqmis
ar
aqvT
inglisurad
azrovnebis
SesaZlebloba: isini Targmnian inglisurad azrovnebis nacvlad.

intervius
monacemebidan
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
rom
inglisuri
enis
swavlebisa da swavlis winaSe didi problemebi da sakamaTo sakiTxebi

dgas. am magaliTSi cxrilebi guldasmiTaa Sedgenili, raTa msgavsi
pasuxebi
erTad
yofiliyo
dajgufebuli.
gaZlevT,
erTi
SexedviT
dainaxoT,
es
riTi
cxrilebi
hgavs
da
saSualebas
gansxvdeba
erTmaneTisgan respondentTa ori jgufi. yuradReba miaqcieT imasac, rom

yoveli cxirilis Semdeg Sejamebulia ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebzec
mklevars mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba surs da es Sejameba moicavs
rogorc konkretuli Temis Sesaxeb komentarebs, ise _ zogad SeniSnvebs
(magaliTad, mocemul momentSi gansaxilveli Temisa da respondentebis
jgufebs
Soris
msgavsebebisa
da
gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb).
da
bolos,
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ZiriTadi Setyobinebebis saboloo Sejameba

yvela
cxrilisa
da
komentaris
Semdegaa
warmodgenili.
es
Zalian
1060
Semoklebuli
naSromSi
magaliTia da srulad araa warmodgenili originalur
mkvlevris
mier
gamoyenebuli
monacemebi.
miuxedavad
amisa,
gasagebad gadmogeciT da gaCveneT, rom monacemebis cxrilebis saxiT

SejamebiTa
da
warmodgeniT
sakiTxi
Tvisebrivi
gadawydeba:
kvlevis
monacemebis
ori
zustad
da
guldasmiT warmodgeniT monacemebis Semcireba da komentireba.
monacemebis analizis organizebisa da warmodgenis xuTi

meTodi
monacemebis analizisa da wardgenis xuT meTods gTavazobT. maTgan
ori meTodi monacemebis individebis mixedviT dalagebaa, Semdegi ori _
sakiTxebis, mexuTe ki _ instrumentis mixedviT.

makaoze inglisuri enis swavlebis magaliTSi SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom
monacemebi,
mixedviT
konkretul
iyo
kiTxvebze
dalagebuli
da
pasuxebis
ganxiluli.
saxiT,
respondentebis
faqtobrivad,
respondentebi erTi da igives ambobdnen,
maTi pasuxebi
jgufebis
stratificirebul
mixedviT
respondentebi
daajgufes:
organizdeboda.
sxvadasxva
dawyebiTi
maRali
klasebis,
skolis
maRali
stratasadmi
skolis
saSualo
klasebis
dabali
skolis
respondentebis
mikuTvnebulobis
klasebis,
dabali
maswavleblebi.
es
rodesac
SerCevaSi
mixedviTac
dawyebiTi
klasebisa
Tvisebrivi
da
skolis
saSualo
monacemebis
analizis mxolod erTi gza _ jgufebis mixedviT dalagebaa. am meTodis

upiratesoba isaa, rom monacemebi avtomaturad jgufdeba da Temebis,
tendeciebis
da
a.
S.
erTi
SexedviT
danaxvis
saSualebas
iZleva.
marTalia, aseTi meTodi msgavsi pasuxebis Sejamebis sasargeblo meTodia,

magram
calkeuli
monawilis
pasuxebi
sxvadasxva
kategoriebsa
da
adamianTa jgufebSi erTiandeba da aseTi Sejamebisas ikargeba pasuxebis

mTlianoba da Tanmimdevruloba. garda amisa, es meTodi xSirad erTi
instrumentiT kvlevisas gamoiyeneba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uzarmazari
moculobis iqneboda (magaliTad, Tvisebrivi kiTxvarebiT, interviuebiTa
1061
da dakvirvebiT miRebuli monacemebis gaerTianeba mZime Sroma iqneboda).

amitom, mkvlevrebs SeiZleba ufro metad gamoadgeT amgvarad monacemebis
ara jgufebis, aramed instrumentebis mixedviT dalageba.
monacemebis analizis meore meTodi individebis mixedviT analizia. aq
mocemuli jer erTi respondentis pasuxebi, Semdeg meoris da a. S. amiT
daculia
individis
pasuxebis
Tanmimdevruloba
da
mTlianoba
da
pirovnebis erTiani suraTis danaxvis saSualebas iZleva, rac SeiZleba

mniSvnelovani iyos mkvlevrisTvis. Tumca am midgomas Tavisi safasuri
aqvs
im
TvalsazrisiT,
pasuxebi
ar
rom
ainteresebs,
Tu
maSin
mkvlevars
mas
mxolod
mouwevs
individualuri
sxvadasxva
individTan
wamoWrili sakiTxebis gaerTianeba (analizis meore done), raTa moiZios

erTnairi pasuxebi, reaqciebis tendenciebi, SeTanxmeba da SeuTanxmebloba,
erTmaneTs Seadaros individebi da maTi pasuxebi anu Seajamos monacemebi.
im midgomebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic cdiloben samarTlianoba
gamoiCinon
kvlevaSi
individebis
an
CarTuli
jgufebis
adamianebis
monacemebis
winaSe
sisrule,
da
ar
sxva
daarRvion
midgomebiT
Catarebuli kvlevebi, sadac ar gamoiyeneba SemTxvevis Seswavla, rogorc

wesi, meore rigis analizs saWiroeben. es monacemebis adamianebis mier
wamoWrili sakiTxebis mixedviT dalagebas moiazrebs da qvemoT swored
am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
monacemebis
relevanturi
analizis
mesame
meTodia
konkretuli
sakiTxisTvis
monacemis erTad wardgena. swored es meTodi gamoiyenes
inglisuri enis Seswavlis magaliTSi. marTalia es ekonomiuri meTodia

da respondentebis urTierTSedarebis saSualebas iZleva (monacemebis
zedmiwevniT da zustad CvenebiT monacemebis Semcirebis sakiTxi, romelic
zemoT
ganvixileT),
aqac
aris
calkeuli
respondentis
mTlianobis,
Tanmimdevrulobisa da integrirebulobis dakargvis riski.

Segrovili monacemebidan sakiTxis gamokveTas dazusteba sWirdeba.
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
ise
moxdes,
rom
sakiTxi
winaswar, monacemebis
mogrovebis dawyebamde iyos gansazRvruli. am SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxisTvis
1062
Sesatyvisi yvela monacemi ubralod erT kalaTSi _ mocemul sakiTxSi _

moiyris Tavs. monacemebis damuSavebis, Sejamebis da gaformebis aseTi
midgoma ekonomiuria, magram sam ZiriTad problemas ukavSirdeba:
SeiZleba
imdenad,
daikargos
rom
individebis
TiTqmis
integrirebuloba
SeuZlebeli
gaxdes
da
calkeuli
mTlianoba
individebis
erTmaneTTan Sedareba.
monacemebi, SesaZloa, konteqstidan amovardes (dekonteqstualizacia).

es
orgvarad
kiTxvaris
SeiZleba
bunebrivi
moxdes:
pirveli,
Tanmimdevrobidan
da
amovardes
intervius
Sinaarsidan
an
(magaliTad,
zogierTi monacemis gasagebad SeiZleba saWiro iyos misi winmswrebi

konkretuli komentaris an komentarebis codna) da, meore, amovardes
erTiani suraTidan da aRar Candes mTlian viTarebasTan misi kavSiri,
radgan am midgomaSi monacemebi SeiZleba
daiyos da amiT, maTi
urTierTkavSiri daikargos.
vinaidan
interesis
gansazRvruli,
sferoebi
analizSi
da
SeiZleba
samuSao
ver
CarCo
winaswaraa
gaiTvaliswinon
damatebiTi
faqtorebi, romlebic monacemebis sapasuxod SeiZleba warmoiqmnas. es

monacemebTan magnitis mitanas hgavs: magniti mocemuli sakiTxisTvis
relevantur
monacemebs
miizidavs,
xolo
danarCens,
ararelevanturad miiCnevs, dakargvis safrTxe emuqreba.
rasac
im sakiTxebis
gamokveTis mizniT, romlebic winaswari SerCevisas gauTvaliswinebeli

darCa da mkvlevrisTvis mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa,
gadarCevis
Semdeg darCenili monacemebi unda gadasinjos.

amrigad, mkvlevars ara marto winaswari kategorizaciis Zlieri da
susti mxareebi unda axsovdes (da, Sedegad, daamatos kategoriebi), aramed
isic unda gadawyvitos, aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani yvela monacebis
ganxilva, anu gadawyvitos, Tu ris mixedviT aanalizebs igi monacemebs:
adamianebis/respondentebis Tu sakiTxebis mixedviT.
analizis
meoTxe meTodia kvlevis SekiTxvebis mixedviT dalageba. es
monacemebis organizebis Zalian saWiri meTodia, radgan is mkvlevrisTvis
1063
saintereso
sakiTxis Sesaxeb yvela monacems erTad alagebs da masalis
Tanmimdevrulobas inarCunebs. is mkiTxvels kvlevis wamyvan problemebTan

abrunebs da amiT kvlevis kiTxvebTan kravs wres, romlebic rogorc
wesi, kvlevis dasawyisSi ismeba. am midgomaSi monacemebis sxvadasxva
wyarodan
miRebuli
monacemebi
(interviuebi,
erTiandeba,
raTa
dakvirvebebi,
kvlevis
kiTxvarebi
kiTxvas
da
gaerTianebuli
a.
S.)
pasuxi
gaeces. rogorc wesi, es procesi sistematizaciis garkveuli xarisxiT

xasiaTdeba, magaliTad,
ricxobrivi monacemebi
monacemebi
an
piriqiT.
kvlevis SekiTxvisTvis jer misTvis gankuTvnili

mieTiTeba,
es
Semdeg
sxvadasxva
maT mohyveba
tipis
Tvisebrivi
monacemebSi
urTierTmimarTebebis, Sedarebebisa da dasabuTebebis
modelebis,
zustad Seswavlis
saSualebas iZleva.
monacemebis
organizebis
mexuTe
meTodi
monacemebis
instrumentis
mixedviT dalagebaa. es meTodi, rogorc wesi, sxva midgomasTan erTad

gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad,
dalagebasTan
erTad.
sakiTxebis
am
an
respondentebis
mixedviT
SemTxvevaSi
warmodgenilia
TiToeuli
instrumentiT miRebuli Sedegebi, magaliTad, mocemulia

miRebuli
yvela
monacemi,
Semdeg
ganxiluli
aris
interviuTi
kiTxvarebiT
mopovebuli monacemebi, Semdeg _ dokumentebidan amoRebuli monacemebi

da savele Canawerebi da a. S. marTalia es midgoma mkiTxvels imis
naTlad
danaxvis saSualebas
aZlevs, Tu romeli instrumentiT iqna
miRebuli esa Tu is monacemi, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom instrumenti

xSirad mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa da monacemebis Semdgomi
damuSaveba pasuxebis Sinaarsis (sakiTxebisa da adamianebis mixedviT)
analizs saWiroebs. maSasadame, Tu konkretuli monacemis miRebis ama Tu
im konkretuli instrumentis codna mniSvnelovania, maSin es Rirebuli
meTodia; Tumca, Tu es umniSvneloa, maSin es monacemebisTvis analizis
usargeblo donis damateba iqneba. amasTan, Tu monacemebi instrumentebis
mixedviTaa
ganxiluli da
kavSiri daikargos.
ara
Sejamebulad, maT
Soris
SeiZleba
1064
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisas
ZiriTadi
sirTule
analizis
kontrastuli _ holisturi da atomisturi ( fragmentuli) _ midgomebis

gamoyenebas SeiZleba daukavSirdes. makauze inglisuri enis swavleba
aSkarad atomisturi analizis magaliTia, romelSic masala mcire zomis
erTeulebad
nawevrdeba.
respondentebis
SegviZlia
mosazrebebis
vamtkicoT,
mTlianoba
da
rom
amaSi
amiT
irRveva
namdvilad
aris
simarTlis marcvali, Tumca, isic unda vikiTxoT, problemaa es Tu ara.

seqciebad dayofisa da fragmentaciis Sedegad analizi ufro martivi
wasakiTxi
xdeba.
meore
mxriv,
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
midgomebs individebisa da jgufebis mTlianobis asaxva

ufro
naratiuli
formis,
angariSamde
SeiZleba
holisturi
endomebaT, ramac
migviyvanos,
sadac,
narativis msgavsad, ZiriTadi sakiTxebi TandaTanobiT ikveTeba! arc erTi

midgoma ar aris meoreze ukeTesi. mkvlevrebma TavianTi miznebisa da
savaraudo auditoriis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gadawyviton, Tu rogor
daamuSaon monacemebi.
monacemebis analizisadmi sistemuri midgoma

monacemebis analizi SeiZleba Zalian sistematuri iyos. bekeri da giri
(Becker and Geer 1960) aRweren, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes aseTi
sistematuroba:
sxvadasxva jgufebis erTmaneTTan erTdroulad da droSi Sedareba;
interviuSi mocemuli pasuxebis dakvirvebad qcevasTan Sedareba;
deviaciuri da negatiuri SemTxvevebis analizi;
xdomilobebisa da pasuxebis sixSireebis daTvla;
sakmarisi
monacemebis
Tavmoyra
da
miwodeba,
rac
erTmaneTisgan
mijnavs nedl monacemebs da analizs.

Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizi
aq
praqtikulad
gardauvlad
interpretaciulia, amitom is zusti reprezentacia ki araa (rogorc

raodenobriv,
pozitivistur
tradiciaSi),
aramed
ufro
refleqsiuri,
1065
reaqtiuli
interaqciaa
mkvlevarsa
da
konteqstidan
mowyvetil
monacemebis Soris, romlebic, TavisTavad, ukve socialuri urTierTobis

interpretaciebia. faqtobrivad, refleqsiuroba Tvisebrivi monacemebis
analizis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelzec calke visaubreT (Tavi
7). aq saqme isaa, rom mkvlevars monacemebSi Seaqvs sakuTari winaswari
ganwyobebi,
interesebi,
gamocdileba da gegmebi.
mikerZoebebi,
prioritetebi,
biografia,
rogorc uolfordi (2001: 98) wers: yvela
kvleva sakuTari Tavis kvlevaa. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs,

rom mkvlevari SeiZleba seleqciuri iyos fokusis arCevisas, an kvlevaze
SeiZleba
gavlena
moaxdinos
mkvlevris
subieqturma
maxasiaTeblebma.
robsoni (1993: 374 5) da linkolni da guba (1985: 354 _ 5) miuTiTeben, rom

amaSi SeiZleba Sediodes:
monacemebiT
gadatvirTva
(adamianebma
SeiZleba
ver
SeZlon
didi
raodenobis monacemebis damuSaveba);
pirveli STabeWdilebebi (monacemebis adreulma analizma SeiZleba

imoqmedos SemdgomSi monacemebis Segrovebasa da analizze);
adamianebis xelmisawvdomoba (magaliTad, ramdenad reprezentaciulebi

arian isini da rogor gavigoT, mniSvnelovania Tu ara is adamianebi an
monacemebi, romlebic gvaklia);
informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba
(iolad
xelmisawvdom
informacias
SeiZleba meti yuradReba mieqces, vidre _ Znelad mosapovebels);
pozitiuri
magaliTebi
(mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
gadaWarbebulad
gamokveTos damadasturebeli da daakninos sapirispiro monacemebi);
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (uCveulo, moulodnel an axal monacemebs

SeiZleba arasakmarisi yuradReba miiqcion);
araTanabari sandooba (mkvlevars SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gamorCes is

faqti, rom zogierTi wyaro ufro sandoa, vidre _ sxvebi);
gamotovebuli monacemebi (sakiTxebi, romelTaTvisac ar aqvT sruli

monacemebi, SeiZleba uyuradRebod darCes an uaryofil iqnas);
1066
hipoTezebis
gadasinjva
(mkvlevarma
arasakmarisi yuradReba gamoiCinos
SeiZleba
zedmeti
an,
piriqiT,
axali monacemebis mimarT);
SefasebebSi darwmunebuloba (mkvlevrebi SeiZleba ufro metad iyvnen

darwmunebulebi
TavianT
saboloo
SefasebebSi,
vidre
gamarTlebulia);
movlenebis
erTdroulad
ganxorcielebam
SeiZleba
SecdomaSi
Seiyvanos mkvlevari da es maT Soris asociaciad miiCnios;
arakonsistentoba (igive monacemebis Semdgomma analizma SeiZleba sxva

Sedegebi mogvces). amis naTeli magaliTis naxva SeiZleba benetTan
(Bennett 1976) da aitkinTan da mis kolegebTan (Aitkin et al. 1981).
aq mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevarma didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba
SeiZleba gamoiCinos Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisas, vinaidan analizi

da
miRebuli
monacemebze.
Sedegebi
magaliTad,
mkvlevarze
mkvlevari
ufro
mets
adgens
ambobdes,
kodebsa
da
vidre
analizis
kategoriebs, iqneba es winaswar dagegmili Tu reaqciuri kvleva (anu,

mkvlevari
kodebsa
gansazRvravs
Tu
da
analizis
miRebuli
kategoriebs
monacemebis
kvlevis
analizis
dawyebamde
Sedegad).
swored
mkvlevris gegma marTavs kvlevas da mkvlevri irCevs meTodologias.

monacemebis
analizis
procesSi
mkvlevars
mouwevs
monacemebTan
dakavSirebiT hqodes ideebi, axali mignebebi, komentarebi da refleqsiebi.

es yvelaferi SeiZleba Caiweros, ? da, faqtobrivad, refleqsiis
procesSi Tavad iqces monacemebad (Tumca, es monacemebi unda gamijnos
monawileebisgan miRebuli pirveladi monacemebisgan). glaserisa (1978) da
robsonis (1993: 387) mtkicebiT, aseTi CaniSvnebi monacemebi ar aris, magram
monacemebis
analizis
procesSi
damxmare
funqcias
asruleben.
es
sakamaToa: Tu refleqsiuroba monacemTa analizis procesis nawilia,

maSin,
mkvlevris
CaniSvnebi
monacemTa
analizis
an
mimoxilvis
legitimuri meoradi monacemebi SeiZleba iyos. Tvisebrivi monacemebis

analizisTvis (ganxilulia qvemoT) gankuTvnili bevri programuli paketi
ara marto mkvlevris mier aseTi CaniSvnebis gakeTebis, aramed _ am
1067
CaniSvnis
konkretul
monacemTan
mkvlevris CaniSvnebis
dakavSirebis
saSualebasac
iZleva.
erTi universaluri swori formati ar arsebobs.
masSi SeiZleba Sediodes monacemebis Sesaxeb subieqturi mosazrebebi,

ideebi,
Teoriebi,
refleqsiebi,
komentarebi,
mosazrebebi,
pirovnuli
reaqciebi, mosazrebebi samomavlo da axali mimarTulebiT kvlevisTvis,

mogonebebi,
axsnebi,
dakvirvebebi,
ganxilvebi,
Sefasebebi,
Sedegebi,
msjelobebi,
spekulaciebi,
kritika,
daskvnebi,
prognozebi,
varaudebi,
kavSirebi, mimarTebebi kodebsa da kategoriebs Soris, axali mignebebi da

a. S. aseTi CaniSvnebiT warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis asaxava SeiZleba
da,
aqedan
gamomdinare,
SeiZleba
mizez-Sedegobriobis
gamokvlevis
dasawyisi iyos. ar arsebobs moTxovnili minimaluri an maqsimaluri

sigrZe, Tumca samaxsovroebis daTariReba aucilebelia ara marto imitom,
rom
advilad
misaTiTebeli
iyos,
mkvlevris, ise _ kvlevis dinamika

CaniSvnebi
monacemebis
monacemebze
aramed
rom
rogorc
aRinusxos da dafiqsirdes.
refleqsiis
mogrovebisTvis,
imitomac,
mniSvnelovani
analizisTvis
da
nawilia
da
Teoretizirebis
procesebisTvis sakmaod mravlismTqmeli SeiZleba iyos. isini maSin unda

Caiweros, rodesac mkvlevari maT mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs _ analizis
dros an misi dasrulebis Semdeg. maTi dawera nebismier dros SeiZleba.
faqtobrivad, zog mkvlevars Segnebulad yvelgan daaqvs Tan ubis wignaki
da kalami da ideebis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, maSinve SeuZlia Caiweros, sanam
daaviwydeba.
monacemebis analizisas ZiriTadi sirTule Tavs iCens monacemebis _
teqstis
holisturobis
monacemebis
gancdis
atomizaciisa
da
SenarCunebasa
fragmentaciis
da
_
analizisTvis
maT
Semadgenel
elementebad daSlis da amiT mTlianis sinergiis dakargvis _ tendencias

Soris
da
elementebis
xSirad
mTliani
meqanikuri
jami.
ufro
metia,
analizSi
vidre
ramdenime
magaliTad:
mniSvnelobis bunebrivi erTeulebis generireba;
misi
etapi
Semadgeneli
gamoiyofa,
1068
mniSvnelobis
am
erTeulebis
klasificireba,
kategorizeba
da
mowesrigeba;
Sinaarsis aRsawerad monaTxrobebis struqturireba;
monacemebis interpretacia.
es
SedarebiT
gamsxvilebuli
etapebia.
mailsi
da
habermani
(1994)
transkriptis monacemebidan mniSvnelobis Camoyalibebis Tormet taqtikas

gvTavazoben, esenia:
xdomilobis
sixSireebis
daTvla
(magaliTad,
ideebis,
Temebis,
monacemTa nawilebis, sityvebis);
tendenciebis da Temebis (geStaltebis) aRmoCena, romlebic SeiZleba

gameorebuli Temebidan da mizezebidan, an axsnebidan momdinareobdes;
damajereblobis
danaxva:
monacemebisTvis
marTebuli
mniSvnelobis
miniWeba, daskvnis gamosatanad informaciaze dafuZnebuli
intuiciis
gamoyeneba;
klasterebad gaerTianeba: debulebebis kategoriebSi, tipebSi, qcevebsa

da klasifikaciebSi gaerTianeba;
metaforebi: figuraluri da konotaciuri metyvelebis gamoyeneba da

ara
pirdapiri
da
denotaciuris,
STaberva da, amgvarad, monacemebis
monacemebisTvis
sicocxlis
Semcireba, tendenciebis
gamokveTa
da monacemebis TeoriasTan dakavSireba;
ideebis dasamuSaveblad, erTmaneTisgan gasamijnad da gasaxsnelad

cvladebis
danawevreba,
ese
igi,
monacemebis
integraciisa
da
erTmaneTSi aRrevis sawinaaRmdegod qmedeba;
kerZos
zogadisTvis
daqvemdebareba
glaseris
mudmivi
Sedarebis
(1978) cnebis msgavsad; (ix. Tavi 23) _ ZiriTadi cnebebis dazustebaze

gadasvla;
faqtorebis
raodenobis,
gaerTianeba;
gamoyofa:
(xSirad)
didi
raodenobis
aradakvirvebad
cvladebis
hipoTetur
ufro
mcire
cvladebSi
1069
cvladebs Soris mimarTebebis gamovlena da aRniSvna;
Sualeduri
cvladebis
aRmoCena:
sxva
cvladebis
Zebna,
romlebic,
rogorc Cans, gzaze eRobebian, xels uSlian mkvlevris molodiniT,

cvladebs Soris arsebuli kavSiris axsnas;
empiriuli mtkicebulebis logikuri jaWvis ageba: mizez-Sedegobrobis

aRniSvna da daskvnebis gakeTeba;
konceptualuri
metaforebidan
(Teoriuli)
Tanmimdevrulobis
konstruqtebze,
fenomenebis
uzrunveloyofda:
amxsnel
Teoriebze
gadanacvleba.
am process, marTalia, pozitivisturi elferi aqvs, magram monacemebis
analizisas kerZodan zogadze gadasvlis efeqtueri
gzaa. mailsisa da
habermanis (1994) SemoTavazebebi monacemTa kodirebas
ukavSirdeba, rac
(kodireba)
Tavis
mxriv,
nawilobriv
Tvisebrivi
monacemebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Warbi monacemebis Semcirebis saSualebas warmoadgens.

mailsi da habermani (1994) Tvlian, rom kodirebis meSveobiT analizi
orivegan
sferos
farglebSi
da
sferoebs
Soris
SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes da SesaZlebeli gaxados mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis,

qselebisa da matricebis dadgena. avtorebi am yvelafers im sakiTxis
gadaWrad miiCneven, rasac
kontent
analizi
Warbi monacemebis Semcireba warmoadgens.
kiTxvasa
da
gansjas
moicavs.
breneri
da
misi
kolegebi (1985) Ria kiTxvebiT Segrovili monacemebis kontent analizis

ramdenime etaps gamoyofen:
brifingi: problemisa da misi konteqstis detalurad gageba-gaazreba;
SerCeva: adamianebis SerCeva, saWiro SerCevis tipis CaTvliT (ix. Tavi

4);
dakavSireba: sxva ukve Sesrulebul kvlevasTan dakavSireba;
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba;
hipoTezis Semowmeba;
1070
CaRrmaveba:
Segrovil
monacemebSi
CaRrmaveba
yvela
miniSnebis
mosakrebad:
kategorizireba: kategoriebi da maTi dasaxelebebi kvlevis miznebs

unda asaxavdnen, isini amomwuravi da urTierTgamomricxavi unda iyvnen;
inkubacia: magaliTad, monacemebis gaazreba da interpretaciebisa da

mniSvnelobebis Camoyalibeba;
sinTezi: kodirebis logikuri safuZvlebis mimoxilva da gamokveTili

tendenciebisa
daxarisxeba:
da Temebis identificireba;
monacemebis
interpretaciac
ki
ise,
SemWidroveba,
rom
amokleba
SesaZlebeli
iyos
da
maTi
xelaxali
naTlad
da
mimarTulebasa
da
gasagebad dawera;
interpretacia: monacemebisTvis azris miniWeba;
dawera:
xdomilobis
naTlad
axsna;
grZnobebis
intenciebze miTiTeba; gacnobiereba imisa, Tu ra iTqva da ra ara _

dumilis epizodebi; dumilis SemTxvevebze miTiTeba (mkiTxvelebisTvis
da respondentebisTvis).
xelaxali gaazreba.
kontent analizi 23-e TavSi ufro sruladaa ganxiluli. brenerisa da
misi kolegebis (1985: 144) azriT, am procesis dros ramdenime faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro. es faqtorebia:
kvlevis Sejamebis srulad gaazreba;
kvlevis proeqtTan
mkvlevris piradi gamocdilebis kvlevis problemasTan dakavSireba,
Sesatyvisobis Sefaseba;
maniSneblebis sakuTar warsul gamocdilebaSi moZieba;
Semowmebadi
hipoTezebis
formireba,
romelic
kontent
analizis
safuZvels Seqmnis (breneri da misi kolegebi (1985) amas cnebebis

rveuls uwodeben);
hipoTezebis Semowmeba intervius CatarebiTa da analiziT;
mTeli kvlevis ganmavlobaSi monacemebis farglebSi darCena;
1071
cnebebis
rveulSi
monacemebis
kategorizeba,
saxelwodebebisa
da
kodebis Seqmna;
monacemebis gaformebamde monacemebis gaazreba;
cnebebis rveulSi monacemebis sinTezia da cnebebis moZieba;
monacemebis
SemWidroveba:
seleqciuroba
mniSvnelovania,
vinaidan
yvelafris dawera momxdaris Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia;
monacemebis
interpretacia,
maTi
mniSvnelobebisa
da
Sedegebis
identificireba;
angariSis dawera;
xelaxali gaazreba da dawera: miRweulia Tu ara kvlevis miznebi?

hiCneri (1985) gvTavazobs proceduras, romelic intervius monacemebis
fenomenologiuri
vnaxeT,
rom
analizisas
SegviZlia
fenomenologistebi
gamoviyenoT.
uSualo
pirvel
gamocdilebis
TavSi
Seswavlis
momxreni arian da qcevas gamocdilebiT ganpirobebulad miiCneven da ara

_ garegani, obieqturi da fizikurad aRwerili realobiT. hiCneri (1985)
miuTiTebs,
amitom,
rom
Tavs
fenomenologistebs
arideben
kvlevis
zedmeti
konkretikis
meTodis
etapebze
eSiniaT
da
gadaWarbebul
fokusirebas. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom hiCneri monacemebis analizis iseT

etapebs gvTavazobs, romelic amcirebs am SiSs. rogorc igi Tavad xsnis,
misi
miTiTebebi
fsiqologiis
specialobis
studentebisTvis fenomenologiuri kvlevis
magistraturis
swavlebis wlebis manZilze
dagrovil gamocdilebas emyareba da cdilobs, zusti iyos intervius

monacemebTan da amavdroulad konkretul miTiTebebsac iZleodes (Hycner
1985). saboloo jamSi, hiCneriseuli miTiTebebi aseTia:
transkriptis momzadeba: intervius Canaweris transkriptis momzadeba;

ara
marto
pirdapir,
Ria
naTqvamebze,
aramed,
araverbalur
da
paralingvistur komunikaciaze reagireba.
frCxilebSi
Casma
SeZlebisdagvarad
da
fenomenologiuri
bevri
mkvlevriseuli
Semcireba:
es
niSnavs
mniSvnelobisa
da
1072
interpretaciis
SeCerebas
(frCxilebSi
Casmas)
da
unikaluri
respondentis samyaroSi Sesvlas (Hycner 1985). amgvarad, mkvlevari

Tavad respondentis mier naTqvamis gagebas cdilobs da ara imis, ris
Tqmasac igi Tavad moelis am adamianisgan.
intervius
mosmena
mTlianobis
Canaweris
ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva
moiazreba,
gancdis
mosmena
rac
da
SemdgomSi,
Sesaqmnelad:
aq
mTeli
transkriptis
ramdenjerme
mniSvnelobebis
konkretuli
erTeulebisa da Temebis gamovlenisTvis Seqmnis konteqsts.
zogadi mniSvnelobis erTeulebis aRwera: aq moiazreba monawilis mier

nagulisxmevi
Jestebis
mniSvnelobis
zedmiwevniT
gasagebad
Seswavla.
verbaluri
es
da
araverbaluri
monawilis
naTqvamis
kristalizacia da ganxilvaa da am dros isev, rac SeiZleba, bevr

sityva-sityviT naTqvams viyenebT (Hycner 1985).
kvlevis kiTxvis Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis erTeulebis aRwera: zogadi

mniSvnelobis
erTeulebis
gamokveTis
Semdeg,
xdeba
maTi
dayvana
kvlevis kiTxvisTvis Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis erTeulebze.
Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis erTeulebis Sesamowmeblad damoukidebeli

Semfaseblebis
gamoyenebiT
gamoyeneba:
SeiZleba
miRebuli
Semowmdes,
Sedegebi
romlebic
sxva
zemoT
mkvlevrebis
aRweril
proceduras ganxorcileben. am tipis kvlevaSi kargad gavarjiSebul

magistrantebTan muSaobis hiCneris piradi gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom
aseT Sedegebs Soris iSviaTad aris xolme mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba.
zedmeti masalis amokleba: am etapze mkvlevari amowmebs Sesatyvisi

mniSvnelobebis nusxeas da amoSlis im punqtebs, romlebic aSkarad
zedmetia sxvebis nusxebTan SedarebiT.
Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobebis mqone erTeulebis klasterebad dajgufeba:

am etapze mkvlevari cdilobs gansazRvros, Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis
romelime erTeulebi bunebrivad Tu jgufdeba erTad. aris Tu ara es
saerTo Tema, romelic Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobis ramdenime erTeuls
aerTianebs.
1073
mniSvnelobis klasterebidan Temebis dadgena: mkvlevari Seiswavlis

mniSvnelobis yvela klasters da cdilobs, gaarkvios, arsebobs Tu
ara erTi (an meti) centraluri Tema (Temebi), romelic am klasterebis
arss asaxavs.
yoveli intervius Sejamebis dawera: hiCneri Tvlis, rom am etapze

sasargebloa
intervius
transkriptTan
mibruneba
da
intervius
Sejamebis dawera, romelSic monacemebidan amoRebuli Temebi iqneba

CarTuli.
ganmeorebiTi Sexvedra monawilesTan, Sejamebisa da Temebis gacnoba _

meore intervius Catareba: gadamowmeba imisa, Tu ramdenad sworad
Cawvda mkvlevari pirveli intervius arss.
Temebisa da Sejamebis modificireba: meore intervius dros miRebuli

axali monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevari mTlianobaSi uyurebs
monacemebs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, cvlis an amatebs Temebs.
yvela interviusTvis zogadi da unikaluri Temebis identificireba:

axla mkvelvari yvela, an TiTqmis yvela interviusTvis saerToOTemebs
da individualur variaciebs eZebs. am procesSi pirveli nabijia yvela,
an TiTqmis yvela interviusTvis saerTo Temebis gamovlena. meore
nabijia imis naxva, Tu rodis xvdeba Temebi
mxolod erT interviuSi
an interviuebis umciresobaSi.
Temebis
konteqstualizacia:
aq
sasargebloa
Temebis
im
zogad
konteqstSi da areSi dabruneba, saidanac warmoiqmna isini;
erTiani Sejameba: hiCneri (1985) sasargeblod miiCnevs yvela intervius

erTiani Sejamebis daweras, romelSic zedmiwevniT iqneba gadmocemuli
sakvlevi fenomenis arsi. aseTi erTiani Sejameba aRwers zogadad
samyaros ise, rogorc mas monawileebi xedaven. aseTi Sejamebis
dasasruls
mkvlevarma,
SesaZloa,
mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebis aRniSvnac moisurvos (Hycner 1985).
individualuri
1074
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis meTodologiuri

instrumentebi
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis ramdenime proceduruli instrumenti
arsebobs. lekomti da preisli (1993: 253) analitikur induqcias, mudmiv
Sedarebas, tipologiur analizsa da daTvlas im Rirebul teqnikebad
miiCneven, romlebic Tvisebrivma mkvlevarma monacemebis analizisa da
Teoriis CamoyalibebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenos.
analitikuri induqcia
analitikuri induqcia aris termini da procesi, romelic znanieckim
(Znaniecki
monacemebis
1934)
sawinaRmdegod
Seqmna.
analizis
lekomtisa
da
statistikuri
preislis
(1993:
254)
meTodebis
azriT,
es
procesi zemoT warmodgenil ramdenime etaps waagavs imiT, rom masSic

xdeba
fenomenebis
kategoriebis
Sesaqmnelad
monacemebis
yuradRebiT
ganxilva, am kategoriebs Soris mimarTebebis Zieba da tipologiebis

SemuSaveba.
Sejameba
ki
Seswavlili
monacemebis
safuZvelze
iwereba.
miRebuli Sedegi Semdeg ixveweba SemTxvevebisa da analizis damatebiT,

mizanmimarTulad xdeba uaryofiTi da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis moZieba
sawyisi mosazrebis an Teoriis Secvlis, gafarToebis an SezRudvis
mizniT. denzini (1970b: 192) termins analitikuri induqcia
dakvirvebis
farTo strategiis aRsawerad iyenebs, romelic Semdegnairad warmoebs:
asaxsneli fenomenis zogadi StrixebiT gansazRvra;
asaxsneli fenomenis hipoTeturi axsna;
hipoTezis WrilSi Seiswavleba erTi SemTxveva, rac miznad isaxavs

imis
gansazRvras,
Tu
ramdenad
ergeba
hipoTeza
am
SemTxvevaSi
mocemul faqtebs;
Tu hipoTeza ar Seesabameba faqtebs, maSin an hipoTezis xelaxla

formulireba xdeba, an Sesaswavli fenomeni xelaxla ganisazRvreba
ise, rom maT Soris Seusabamoba gamoiricxos;
1075
praqtikuli dasabuTeba mcire raodenobis SemTxvevebis SeswavliTaa

SesaZlebeli, Tumca uaryofiTi SemTxvevebis aRmoCena uaryofs axsnas
da isev xelaxla formulirebas moiTxovs;
SemTxvevebis Seswavlis, fenomenis xelaxla gansazRvris da hipoTezis

xelaxla
Camoyalibebis
univarsaluri
es
procesi
urTierTmimarTeba
ar
manamde
grZeldeba,
dadgindeba.
aseve,
vidre
saWiroa
TiToeuli negatiuri SemTxvevis xelaxala formulirebis xelaxla

ganmarteba.
bogdani da bikleni (1992: 72) sawinaRmdego, gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis
ufro metad mizanmimarTulad Ziebas emxrobian da analitikuri induqciis
xuT ZiriTad elements gamoyofen:
kvlevis
adreul
etapebze
konkretuli
fenomenis
sqematuri
gansazRvreba da axsna;
es gansazRvreba da axsna kvlevis procesSi mogrovili monacemebis

WrilSia
Seswavlili;
saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi,
axali
monacemebis
fonze (magaliTad, Tu monacemebi ar ergeba axsnas an gansazRvrebas),

formulirebuli gansazRvrebis da/an axsnis cvlileba;
iseTi SemTxvevebis Segnebulad aRmoCena, romlebic SeiZleba axsnas an

gansazRvrebas ar Seesabamebodes;
xelaxali
gansazRvrebisa
da
xelaxla
formulirebis
procesis
gameoreba, manadme, vidre iseTi axsna ar miiReba, romelic yvela

monacems moicavs da manamde, vidre ganzogadebuli urTierTimimarTeba
ar dadgindeba, romelic negatiur SemTxvevebsac moicavs.
mudmivi Sedareba
mudmivi
Sedarebisas
mkvlevari
axlad
miRebul
monacemebs
ukve
arsebul monacemebs da Seqmnil, ganviTarebad kategoriebsa da Teoriebs

adarebs, raTa isini idealurad moargos erTmaneTs. logikuria, rom
negatiur SemTxvevebs an monacemebs, romlebic eWvqveS ayeneben arsebul
kategoriebsa
da
Teoriebs,
maTi
cvlileba
mohyveba
da
es
manamde
1076
gagrZeldeba, vidre yvela monacems srulad ar moicaven. am teqnikaze

ufro srulad 23-e TavSi visaubrebT, vinaidan es Tvisebrivi analizis
ZiriTad maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.
tipologiuri analizi
tipologiuri
analizi,
Tavisi
(LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 257),

kriteriumis
safuZvelze
arsiT,
rodesac
(magaliTad,
klasifikaciis
monacemebi
aqtebi,
procesia
garkveuli
qceva,
zusti
mniSvnelobebi,
monawileobis buneba, urTierTobebi, garemoebi, aqtivobebi) jgufebad,

qvesimravleebad
procesia
an
(Miles
qvesimravleebSi
kategoriebad
and
Huberman
erTiandeba.
erTiandeba.
1984),
es
meoradi
rodesac
tipologiebi
kodirebis
aRweriTi
fenomenebis
kodebi
erTobliobaa,
romlebSic ufro zogadi erTobliobis an kategoriis qveerTobliobebia

warmodgenili (Lofland 1970). lazarfeldisa da bartonis (1951) mosazrebiT,
tipologiis Seqmna SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi ganzomilebis, anu, ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblis mixedviT. louflendi (1970) Tvlis, rom tipologiebis
Seqmnisas
mkvlevarma
monacemi,
romelic
mizanmimarTulad
monawilis
mier
unda
gaaerTianos
konkretuli
yvela
sakiTxis
is
ganxilvas
asaxavs, anu, daafiqsiros ra saxis strategiebs iyenebs; erTmaneTisgan

gamoyos
da
gamijnos
erTobliobebad
da
gansxvavebuli
qveerTobliobebad
strategiebi;
klasifikacia
moaxdinos
da
maTi
mkiTxvels
mowesrigebuli, saxeldebuli da gadanomrili saxiT warudginos.
daTvla
daTvlis
analizis
procesSi
erTeulebis,
xdeba
kategoriebisa
terminebis,
sityvebis
da
an
kodebis
ideebis
sixSireebis,
daTvla.
es
sixSireebis statistikuri analizis saSualebas iZleva (magaliTad, Monge

and Contractor 2003). am meTods tradiciul kontent analizSi iyeneben da mas
23-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
winamdebare TavSi Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisa da gaformebis
ramdenime midgoma SemogTavazeT. es Temebi 23-e TavSi mocemul masalasTan
erTad unda waikiTxoT, radgan es ori Tavi avsebs erTmaneTs.
1077
Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis Sesaxeb sasargeblo masalebi mraval

veb gverdzea mocemuli, magaliTad:
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/creswell/chapter9/destinations1/deluxe-xontent.html;
http://labweb.education.wisc.edu/cni916/;
http://qualitative-research.net/fqs;
http://sagepub.co.uk/journals.aspx?pid=105751;
http://soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/sru.htm;
http://tandf.co.uk/journals/online/0951-8398.asp;
http://ualberta.ca/~iiqm;
http://www.auckland.ac.nz/msis/isworld;
http://www.car.us.edu;
http://www.esds.ac.uk/qualidata/support/teaching.asp;
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/text.html;
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/web.html;
http://www.nova.edu/ssss?QR/qualres.html;
http://www.nova.edu/ssss?QR/qualres.index.html;
http://www.qualitative-research.net.fqs/fqs-e/rubriken-e/htm;
http://www.qualitativeresearch.uga.edu/QualPage/;
http://www.ringsurf.com/netring?ring=QualitativeResearch;action=list;
http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/caqdas;
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/1/1/4.html;
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/2/1.html;
http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/qualmeth.html;
http://www.textanalysis.info;
http://www.ualberta.ca/%7Eiiqm/iiqmHomePages/resources.html;
http://www.umich.edu/~qualnet/resources.htm;
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk.
zemoT dasaxelebuli misamarTebis umravlesobas sxva veb gverdebTan

bmulebic aqvs, romlebzec Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisTvis saWiro
miTiTebebisa da resursebis naxva SeiZleba.
1078
23 kontent analizi da dafuZnebuli Teoria

Sesavali
winamdebare TavSi
Tvisebrivi monacemebis
analizis
ori ZiriTadi
formaa ganxiluli_ kontent analizi da dafuZnebuli Teoria. aqvea,

mocemuli am meTodebis gamoyenebis ori vrceli magaliTi. Tvisebrivi
monacemebis analizs xSirad kontent analizis forma aqvs. Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizis
raodenobis
erT-erT
werilobiTi
raodenobamde
dayvana
mudmivad
monacemebis
warmoadgens.
arsebul
Semcireba
monacemebis
problemas
da
Semcireba
didi
optimalur
Tvisebrivi
analizis ZiriTadi elementia, romelic Tvisebrivi monacemebis Tvisebis

gaTvaliswinebiT
gavrcelebuli
teqstebSi
xorcieldeba.
procedura
mocemulididi
aRniSnulismiRwevis
kontent
analizia
raodenobis
procesi,
sityvebi
erT-erTi
romliTac
gacilebiT
mcire
raodenobis kategoriebSi erTiandeba (Weber 1990: 15). am proceduris

mizani masalis sxvadasxva gziT Semcirebaa (Flick 1998: 192). kategoriebi,
Cveulebriv, Teoriuli konstruqtebidan an mkvlevrisTvis saintereso
sferoebidan
gansazRvruli
miiReba,
romlebic
(winaswari
analizis
kategorizacia)
da
dawyebamde,
winaswaraa
miRebuli
masalisgan
naklebad iqmneba Tumca, cxadia, empiriuli monacemebis mixedviT maTi

Secvla SesaZlebelia.
ra aris kontent analizi?

termini kontent analizi (Sinaarsis analizi) xSirad ara zustad
gamoiyeneba. faqtobrivad, is ubralod werilobiTi monacemebis, maTi
ZiriTadi Sinaarsisa da mowodebuli cnobis _ Sejamebasa da wardgenas
gulisxmobs. ufro
zustad, kontent
analizi ganisazRvreba, rogorc
werilobiTi monacemebis Sinaarsis detaluri analizis, Seswavlisa da

dasabuTebis zusti
da Tanmimdevruli procedurebis erToblioba (Flick
1998: 192; Mayring 2004: 266). kripendorfis (Krippendorp 2004: 18) mixedviT, es
aris kvlevis teqnika, romelic teqstebidan (an mniSvnelobis mqone sxva
1079
Sinaarsidan)
maTi
(am
teqnikebis)
gamoyenebis
konteqstis
Sesaxeb
gameorebadi da validuri daskvnebis gasakeTeblad aris gankuTvnili.

teqsti
ganisazRvreba,
rogorc
nebismieri
werilobiTi
komunikaciis
masala, romlis wakiTxva, interpretacia da gageba analitikosebis garda,

sxvebmac
unda SesZlon (Krippendorp 2004: 30).
kontent analizi masobrivi sakomunikacio saSualebebisa da sajaro

gamosvlebis
analizis
sakomunikacio
safuZvelze
masalis,
Seiqmna
rogorc
da
orive
formis
struqturirebulis,
aseve
arastruqturirebulis Seswavlaze vrceldeba. is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli

iyos im mniSvnelovani problemebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Tavs iCens
kulturis,
socialuri
struqturisa
da
socialuri
urTierTqmedebis
Tanxvedrisas; aseve, eqsperimentul kvlevebSi damokidebuli cvladebis

Camoyalibebasa
da
jgufebis,
rogorc
sazogadoebis
mikromodelebis,
Sesaswavlad (Weber 1990: 11) .kontent analizis Catareba nebismieri saxis

werilobiTi
masalazea
SesaZlebelidokumentebidan
intervius
transkriptebamde da media produqtebidan pirad interviuebamde. kontent

analizis sistemurobisa da wesebiT gansazRvrulobis gamo, mas xSirad
didi
moculobis
teqstebis
gasaanalizebladiyeneben.amasTan,
sakmaod
mniSvnelovania isic, rom meTodis aseTi mowesrigebuloba kompiuteruli

analizis ganxorcielebis saSualebasac iZleva.
kontent analizi ramdenime Tvisebis gamoa mimzidveli. pirvel rigSi,
is
SeuCneveli
meTodia
(Krippendorp 2004: 40)
adamians,
sxvebisgan
SeumCnevlad SeuZlia dakvirvebis warmoeba. (Robson 1993: 280) kontent

analizi enasa da lingvistur maxasiaTeblebze, konteqstis mniSvnelobaze
fokusirdeba, sistematuri da gadamowmebadia (magaliTad, kodebisa da
kategoriebis gamoyenebiT), vinaidan analizis wesebi naTeli, gamWvirvale
da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia (Mayring 2004: 267 9). amasTan, vinaidan
monacemebi
ucvleli
formiTaa
(teqstebis
SesaZlebelia maTi xelaxali analizi.
saxiT)
warmodgenili,
1080
bevri
mkvlevari
kontent
analizs
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
raodenobrivi analizis alternativad miiCnevs, magram es ase ar aris;

miuxedavad
amisa,
mas
farTod
iyeneben
verbaluri
monacemebidan
ricxobrivi monacemebis misaRebad. rogorc andersoni da arseno (Anderson

and Arsenault 1998: 101 2) samarTlianad miuTiTeben, kontent analiziT ara
mxolodgarkveuli
aRweraaa
Temebis
SesaZlebeli,
fardobiTi
aramed
sixSirisa
werilobiT
da
mniSvnelovnebis
masalebSi
mikerZoebis,
crurwmenebis an propagandis Sefasebac SeiZleba.

veberisTvis
(1990:
9)
kontent
analizis
mizans
gamokiTxvebisTvis
gankuTvnil Ria kiTxvebis kodireba, individis, jgufis, instituciuri an

sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobebis
fokusebis
gamovlena
da
komunikaciur
SinaarsSi gamokveTili paternebisa da tendenciebis aRwera warmoadgens.

es
ukanaskneli
kontent
analizSi
sxvadasxva
statistikuri
teqnikis
rolze miuTiTebs. veberi (1990: 10) samarTlianad Tvlis, rom kontent

analiziT
warmoebul
igulisxmeba
saukeTeso
nebismieri
formis
kvlevebSi
werilobiTi
teqstebis
(teqstSi
komunikacia)
rogorc
raodenobrivi, ise _ Tvisobrivi analizi gamoiyeneba.

kontent
analizisas
mocemuli
teqstis
gaanalizeba,
moculobis
Semcireba, garCeva da Sejamebuli saxiT warmodgena xdeba. aRniSnuli

xorcieldeba winaswar arsebuli kategoriebisa da teqstze muSaobis
procesSi
gamokveTili
ganzogadebas
an
Temebis
Semowmebas
saSualebiT
isaxavs.
am
da
miznad
kategoriebTan
Teoriis
mimarTebaSi
meToduri, gameorebadi, dakvirvebadi da wesebs daqvemdebarebuli analizi

gamoiyeneba.
kripendorfis
maxasiaTebeli
aqvs,
(2004:
romelic
22
4)
kontent
azriT,
teqsts
analizis
ramdenime
gansazRvrebas
ukavSirdeba; maT Sorisaa is faqti, rom teqsts obieqturi, mkiTxvelisgan

damoukidebeli Tvisebebi ar gaaCnia. teqsts mravalgvari mniSvneloba aqvs
da mravalgvar interpretacias eqvemdebareba. misi calsaxa mniSvnelobis
da azris migneba da aRwera SeuZlebelia. raTqmaunda, teqstSi mocemuli
mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba pirovnuli iyos da ukavSirdebodes gansazRvrul
1081
konteqsts,
diskursebsa
Tu
miznebs.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
mniSvneloba
konteqstis mixedviTY unda iqnas moZiebuli. amasTanave, kontent analizi

aRwers
komunikaciis
(kiTxulobs,
vin
TvalsaCino
vis
ras
da
maxasiaTeblebs
rogor
eubneba),
akeTebs
daskvnebs
komunikaciis winapirobebisa (komunikaciis mizezebi, miznebi da konteqsti:

Mayring
2004:
267)
da
Sedegebis
(komunikaciis
efeqtebi)
Sesaxeb.
kripendorfs (2004: 75 7) miaCnia, rom kontent analizi maSinaa yvelaze

warmatebuli, rodesac lingvisturad agebuli faqtebis oTx sxvadasxva
klasad dayofa xdeba; es klasebia: Tvisebebi (atributebi), socialuri
urTierTobebi, sazogado qcevebi da instituciuri realobebi.
rogor tardeba kontent analizi?

ezis (Ezzy 2002: 83) mixedviT, kontent analizi teqstebis (erTeulebis)
SerCeviT
iwyeba.
Semdeg
analizis
erTeulebi
(magaliTad,
sityvebi,
winadadebebi) da analizSi gamosayenebeli kategoriebi ganisazRvreba.

kodirebisa
da
kategoriebSi
gaerTianebis
mizniT
xdeba
teqstis
mimoxilva; Semdeg ki daiTvleba da aRiricxeba sityvebis, kodebisa da

kategoriebis
sixSireebi.
raodenobrivi
meTodebis
mohyveba.
martivad
rom
aqedan
iwyeba
gamoyeneba,
vTqvaT,
kategorizacias(mniSvnelobis
rasac
kontent
mqone
statistikuri
Sedegebis
analizi
kategoriebis
analizisa
da
interpretacia
moicavs
kodirebas,
Seqmna,
romlebSic
gaerTiandeba analizis erTeulebi _ sityvebi, frazebi, winadadebebi da a.

S.), Sedarebasa (kategoriebis Sedareba da maTi urTierTdakavSireba) da
daskvnas _ teqstidan Teoriuli daskvnebis gamotanas.
andersoni
da
arseno
(1998:
102)
kontent
analizis
raodenobriv
bunebaze miuTiTeben, rodesac amboben, rom umartives doneze, kontent

analizi dokumentebSi cnebebis, sityvebis an xdomilobebis daTvlas da
maTi cxrilebis saxiT warmodgenas moicavs. am mokle ganmartebaSi
kargad
aris
gamoxatulikontent
analizis
maxasiaTeblebi:
teqstis analizis erTeulebad dayofa;
procesis
arsebiTi
1082
erTeulebis statistikuri analizi;
analizis maqsimalurad ekonomiuri formiT wardgena.

CamonaTvalSi ar Cans kontent analizis zogierTi sxva mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli,
rogoricaa
magaliTad,
analizis
erTeulebis
(kategoriebis) urTierTkavSiris Seswavla, Temebis Tanmimdevruli buneba

da Teoriis Semowmeba, ganviTareba da Camoyalibeba.kontent analizis
mTeli procesi TerTmet Tanimdevrul etaps gulisxmobs.
etapi 1: kvlevis kiTxvebis gansazRvra, romelsac kontent

analizma unda gasces pasuxi
es etapi, aseve, gulisxmobs imis gansazRvras, Tu risi miReba surs
mkvlevars im teqstidan, romelzedac kontent analizi tardeba. sakvlevi
sakiTxis formirebaSi SeiZleba wvlili Seitanos im Teoriam, romlis
Semowmebac xdeba, an sulac, am Teoriidan momdinareobdes.
etapi 2: im populaciis gansazRvra, saidanac teqstebis

erTeulebi unda SeirCes
populaciaSi
igulisxmeba
ara
marto
adamianebi,
aramed,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi, teqsti _ analizis sferoebi. magaliTad, ras vaaanalizebT:

gazeTebs,
programebs,
saubrebs,
sajaro
intervius
sargeblobis
transkriptebs,
dokumentebs,
saxelmZRvaneloebs,
sagamocdo
nawerebs,
eleqtronul gzavnilebs, internet-dialogebs Tu sxvas?
etapi 3: SerCevis gansazRvra

adamianebis
gamoviyenoT.
SerCevas
SerCevis
mkvlevarma
akeTebs
Tu
stratificirebuls(am
wesebi
dokumentebis
SerCevisasac
SegviZlia
unda
gadawyvitos,
dokumentebis
albaTur
araalbaTurs;
SemTxvevaSi
SerCevis
romel
miuTiTos
formas
rogor
iyenebs:
stratebs
1083
gamoiyenebs),
SemTxveviTs,
xelmisawvdoms,
sferos,
miznobrivs, sistematur, drois, zvavisebrs da sxv.
klasteruls,
(ix. Tavi 4) robsoni
(1993: 275 9) SerCevis strategiis zustad gansazRvris aucileblobaze

miuTiTebs, magaliTad, ama Tu im dokumentebis nakrebi, esa Tu is drois
monakveTi
(magaliTad
gazeTebisTvis),
amdeni
da
amdeni
satelevizio
programa an interviu. SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

teqstebis SerCevazec vrceldeba: reprezentaciuloba, xelmisawvdomoba,
SerCevis moculoba da Sedegebis ganzogadeba.
kripendorfi
(2004:
145)
miuTiTebs,
rom
saqme
SeiZleba
gvqondes
erTmaneTis momcveli Canaweris erTeulebTan, rodesac erTi erTeuli

meore erTeulSia mocemuli, magaliTad, SerCeuli gazeTebis SemTxvevaSi,
aseTi viTareba SeiZleba gvqondes:
mocemul gazeTSi sakiTxi SeirCa; gazeTSi SerCeul sakiTxze Tavis mxriv,
SeirCa statiebi;gazeTSi SerCeul sakiTxze SerCeul statiebSi SerCeul iqna
abzacebi; Semdeg, gazeTSi SerCeul sakiTxze SerCeul statiaSi SerCeuli
abzacebis Semadgeneli winadadebebis SerCeva moxda.
es procesi safexureobrivi SerCevis ekvivalenturia romelic meoTxe

TavSia ganxiluli.
etapi 4: dokumentis Seqmnis konteqstis gansazRvra

es procesi Seiswavlis, magaliTad, Tu rogor Seiqmna masala (Flick
1998: 193); vin monawileobda mis SeqmnaSi; vin eswreboda Seqmnis process;
visgan iqna mowodebuli dokumentebi; rogor moxda masalis Cawera da/an
redaqtireba; surda Tu ara pirovnebas simarTlis Tqma, SeeZlo Tu ara
simarTlis Tqma da Tqva Tu ara man simarTle; aris Tu ara monacemebi
zustad Cawerili (Robson 1993: 273); aris Tu ara monacemebidadasturebuli,
sarwmuno
konteqsts,
da
damajerebeli;
SeviswavliT
SerCevasa da Sefasebas.
aseve,
davadgenT
dokumentebSi
dokumentebis
mocemuli
Seqmnis
mtkicebulebebis
1084
etapi 5: analizis erTeulebis gansazRvra

analizis erTeulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba mravaldoneze gakeTdes,
magaliTad, analizis erTeuli SeiZleba iyos sityva, fraza, winadadeba,
abzaci, mTliani teqsti, adamianebi da Temebi. robsoni (1993: 276), gazeTis
analizisTvis iseT damatebiT erTeulebs iyenebs, rogorebicaa: mocemul
Temaze statiebis raodenoba, svetis sigane (santimetrebSi), saTauris
moculoba, erT gverdze statiebis raodenoba, fotoebis raodenoba da
tipi.
mis
mier
damatebuli
da
gaazrebulad
zedmiwevniT
erTeulebi.
sakiTxebs
analizis
iqneba
unda
gviCvenebs,
SearCios
gansxvavebuli
wamoWrian,
SesaZlebeli
erTeulebi
doneebi
razec
mogvianebiT
analizis
erTeulebis
Tu
ramdenad
mkvlevarma
analizis
sandoobis
gansxvavebul
visaubrebT.
savaraudod,
imave
kategoriis
teqstSi
gaerTianeba, romelsac igive an msgavsi mniSvneloba eqneba Tavad teqstis

konteqstSi
SeiZleba
(semantikuri
problemuri
validoba)
iyos
(Krippendorp, 2004: 296);
(mogvianebiT
Tumca,
ganvixilavT).
es
analizis
erTeulebis aRwera gazomvisa da daTvlis erTeulebsac moicavs.
kodirebis
erTeuli
masalis
is
umciresi
elementia,
romlis
gaanalizebac SesaZlebelia, xolo konteqstualuri erTeuli is udidesi

teqstualuri erTeulia, romelic SeiZleba erT kategoriaSi Segvxvdes.
kripendorfi (2004: 99 101) sami saxis erTeuls ganasxvavebs: SerCevis
erTeulebi
is
erTeulebia,
romlebic
CarTulia
analizSi
an
gamoricxulia analizidan; es SerCevis erTeulebia. Caweris/kodirebis
erTeulebi is erTeulebia, romlebsac SerCevis erTeulebi moicaven da

ufro
mcire
zomisaa,
vidre
SerCevis
erTeulebi
amitom,
maT
erTeulebisTvis Cveuli kompleqsuroba ar axasiaTebT; isini aRweris

erTeulebia konteqstis erTeulebi ki teqstualuri Temebis erTeulebia,
romlebic
sazRvrebs
gasaTvaliswinebel
Semofarglaven
uweseben
Caweris
informacias.
es
informacias,
romelic
erTeulebis
is
aRwerilobaSi
erTeulebia,
mkvlevars
romlebic
Caweris/kodirebis
erTeulebis daxasiaTebisas sWirdeba (Krippendorp 2004: 101, 103).
1085
garda amisa, kripendorfi (2004) SerCevis erTeulebis xuT nairsaxeobas

gvTavazobs, esenia: fizikuri (magaliTad, dro, adgili, zoma), sintaqsuri
(sityvebi, gramatika, winadadebebi, abzacebi, Tavebi, seriebi da a. S.),
kategoriuli (kategoriis wevrebs raRac aqvT saerTo), propoziciuli

(konkretuli konstruqciebis anu propoziciebis moxazva) da Tematuri
(teqstebis
Temebad
da
kategoriebis
kombinaciebad
gaerTianeba).
kategoriebis sakiTxi Semdeg etapze migviTiTebs. kriteriumia is, rom

analizis yoveli erTeuli (kategoria _ konceptualuri, aqtualuri,
klasifikaciis elementi, klasteri, sakiTxi) SeZlebisdagvarad wyvetili
(diskretuli)
unda
iyos
da,
amasTanave,
mTlianis
integrirebulobas
inarCunebdes, ese igi, yoveli erTeuli konteqstisa da sxva monacemTa

zusti
gamoxatuleba
unda
iyos
da
ara
damaxinjebuli.
analizis
erTeulebis Seqmna monacemebisTvis kodebis miniWebiT aris SesaZlebeli

(Miles and Huberman 1984).
es
elementebis
erT
mTelSi
gaerTianebis
procesis msgavsia (Lincoln and Guba 1985: 203).
etapi 6: analizisas gamosayenebeli kodebis gansazRvra

Sinaarsisa da cnebebis gansazRvisas kodebs SeiZleba sxvadasxva donis
konkretuloba da zogadoba axasiaTebdes. SeiZleba gvqondes kodebi,
romlebic, Tavis, mxriv, sxva kodebs moicaven da ase iqmneba ierarqiuli
klasifikacia _ erTi kodi meores moicavs da Tavadac sxva kodSi
erTiandeba, rac Sedegad kodebis xisebr diagramas qmnis. zogi kodi
Zalian zogadia, zogi ki _ ufro konkretuli. kodebi didi raodenobiT
masalas erTad kravs da garkveuli wesiTa da struqturiT aerTianebs.
isini
sityvebs
sityvebad
toveben
da
konteqstis
specifikurobas/konkretulobas inarCuneben. kodebi SeiZleba aRweriTi

iyos (Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 167 72) da situaciis kodebs, subieqtebis
Tvalsazrisebs,
adamianebsa
da
sagnebze
msjelobis
Taviseburebebs,
procesTan, aqtivobasTan, movlenasTan, strategiasTan, urTierTobasa da

socialur
struqturasTan,
aseve
meTodebTan
dakavSirebul
1086
kodebsmoicavdes. Tumca, monacemebTan dakavSirebuli sizustis dasacavad

unda aRiniSnos, rom kodebi miRebuli monacemebidan ufro miiReba, vidre
winasawar zogadad gansazRvruli gziT. Sesabamisad, kodis misaniWeblad
mkvlevari yvela
abreviatura,
monacems
romelic
saTiTaodganixilavs. kodi aris
sakmaod
axlosaa
imasTan,
rasac
sityva
aRwers
an
da
mkvlevars erTi SexedviT SeuZlia mixvdes, Tu ras aRniSnavs is (am mxriv,

kodi
gansxvavdeba
sandoobas
ricxvisgan).
SeiZleba
magaliTad,
moiazrebdes,
kodi
kodi
ndoba
Zalaufleba
pirovnebis
_
jgufSi
umjobesia
kodebi,
pirovnebis statuss an Zalauflebas.

mailsisa
da
SeZlebisdagvarad,
habermanis
wyvetili
(1984)
mixedviT,
(diskretuli)iyos;
aseve,
kodireba
rac
SeiZleba adre unda daiwyos, radgan gvian dawyebuli kodireba analizs

asustebs;
Tumca,
SesaZloa
aseve,
arsebobs
mniSvnelovnad
safrTxe,
imoqmedos
rom
Semdgom
adreulma
kodirebam
kodirebaze.
avtorebi
miuTiTeben, rom monacemebze muSaobis procesSi oTxmocdaaTamde kodis

gaCerebaa SesaZlebeli adamianis muSa mexsierebaSi. Tumca, cxadia, es
procesi mravaljeradad meordeba, romlis Sedegadac zogierTi adreul
etapze gamoyenebuli kodi SeiZleba Seicvalos da, piriqiT, aucilebelia,
rom mkvlevarma monacemebi ramdenjerme gadasinjos, raTa uzrunvelyos
kodirebis
konsistenturoba
daxvewiloba,
modificireba
da
yovlismomcveloba (zogierTi kodi SeiZleba zedmeti aRmoCndes, zogi ki

ufro
mcire
kodebad
daiyos).
monacemebis
kodirebiT
mkvlevars
sixSireebisa (romeli kodebi gvxvdeba yvelaze xSirad) da tendenciebis

(romeli kodebi gvxvdeba erToblivi formiT) gamovlena SeuZlia.
hamersli
da
atkinsoni
safuZvlianad gasarkvevad,
xelaxali
gadakiTxva.
(1983:
177
8)
Tvlian
rom,
monacemebSi
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa maTi wakiTxva da
aseve,
aucilebelia
gamaxvileba nebismier saintereso
kiTxvis
dros
yuradRebis
tendenciaze, moulodnel, ucnaur da
gasakvir maxasiaTeblebze, nebismier TvalsaCino araTanmimdevrulobasa an
1087
winaaRmdegobriobaze
(magaliTad,
jgufebs
Soris,
individebsa
da
jgufebs Soris an adamianebis naTqvamsa da maT moqmedebas Soris).
etapi 7: analizis kategoriebis Seqmna

kategoriebi
teqstis
konstruqtebis
an
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis
mTavari dajgufebebia, romlebic analizis erTeulebs Soris kavSirebze

migviTiTeben.
magaliTad,
maswavleblebis
stresis
Sesaxeb
teqsts
SeiZleba hqondes iseTi dajgufebebi, rogoricaa maswavleblis stresis

mizezebi, maswavleblis stresis buneba, stresis daZlevis gzebi da
stresis Sedegebi. mkvlevarma Tavad unda gadawyvitos, hqondes Tu ara
urTierTgamomricxavi
kategoriebi
(maTi
arseboba
sasurveli,
magram
rTulia). mkvlevarma, aseve unda daadginos ramdenad farTo an viwro

iqneba
TiToeuli
kategoria,
kategoriis
zogadobis
rigi,
anu,
done
(zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba Zalian zogadi iyos da moicavdes sxva

ufro konkretul kategoriebs; am SemTxvevaSi analizi mxolod erTi
kategoriis doneze unda gakeTdes; sxvadasxva donis kategoriebi erTi da
imave analizSi ar erTiandeba da, Sesabisad, maTTan erTi da igive
analizis
gamoyeneba
ar
SeiZleba.
kategoriebis
Sesaxeb
daskvnas
mkvlevari akeTebs, xolo konkretuli sityvebi an analizis erTeulebi

daskvnebs
gakeTebas,
naklebad
miT
eqvemdebareba.
naklebia
rac
sandooba
ufro
da
vuaxlovdebiT
metia
daskvnis
mkvlevris
gegmebis
monacemebTan Serevis SesaZlebloba.

Sinaarsis validobis uzrunvelsayofadkategoriebi amomwuravi unda
iyos. robsoni (1993: 277) amtkicebs, rom kontent analizi imdenadaa kargi,
ramdenadac
kargia
misi
kategoriebis
sistema
da
masSi
SeiZleba
Sediodes: gansaxilveli sagani, mimarTuleba (rogor udgebian sakiTxs _

dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad), Rirebulebebi, miznebi, miznebis misaRwevad
gamoyenebuli
gamoyenebuli
meTodebi,
maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTeblebi),
aqtorebi
(vin
(adamianebis
aris
aRsawerad
ganxilvis
sagani),
1088
uflebamosileba (visi saxeliT keTdeba gancxadebebi), adgilmdebareoba,

konfliqti (wyaroebi da doneebi) da Sedegebi (konfliqtis gadaWris gza).
am
etaps
uwodeben.
(anu
es
kategoriebis
gulisxmobs
Seqmnas)
zogjer
erTeulebis
sferos
gaerTianebas
analizsac
klasterebSi,
jgufebSi, tendenciebSi, Temebsa da Tanmimdebrul klasebSi sferoebis

Camoyalibebis
mizniT.
sfero
aris
nebismieri
simboluri
kategoria,
romelic Tavis mxriv, sxva kategoriebs moicavs (Spradley 1979: 100). am

etapze mkvlevrisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos monacemebis xelaxali
kodireba sferoebis kodebSi, an ukve gamoyenebuli kodebis gadasinjva da
naxva, Tu ramdenad bunebrivad erTiandebian isini klasterebad da Semdeg
TiToeuli klasterisTvis saerTo kodis miniWeba. hamersli da atkinsoni
(1983)
gviCveneben,
Tu
rogor
SeiZleba
debulebebis
erTze
meti
kategoriisTvis mikuTvneba da es sasurvelad miaCniaT, radgan am gziT

monacemebis
simdidrea
kategorizaciis
SenarCunebuli.
procesis
aRniSnuli
(Lincoln and Guba 1985)
procedura
msgavsia,
romelic
gulisxmobs kompleqsuri, unificirebuli (erT mTelSi gaerTianebuli)

monacemebiT informaciis aRwerasa da daskvnebis gamotans. unificirebis
procesi
gulisxmobs
moTavsebas,
analizis
monacemebis
mniSvnelobis
Seswavlasa
da
imis
erTeulebSi
monacemebis
gansazRvras,
Tu
ras
warmoadgens es erTeulebi. mniSvnelobis erTeuli ubralod monacemTa is

cakleuli
nawilia,
romelsac
mkvlevari
mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevs
is
SeiZleba iseTi mcire iyos, rogoricaa sityva an fraza, an iseTi didi

moculobis, rogoricaa abzaci, abzacebis jgufi an, sulac, mTliani
teqsti, romelsac TavisTavad aqvs Tavisi mniSvneloba.
spredli (1979) Tvlis, rom sferoebis dadgena oTxi analitikuri
amocanis SesrulebiT aris SesaZlebeli:
sityva-sityviT Cawerili intervius SerCevisa da savele Canawerebis

arCeva;
sagnebis saxelwodebebis moZieba;
SerCevidan SesaZlo terminebis dadgena/identificireba;
1089
damatebiT CanawerebSi sxva punqtebis moZieba.

spredliam amocanebis Sesrulebis eqvs etaps gamoyofs:
erTi semantikuri mimarTebis SerCeva;
sferos analizis formis momzadeba;
respondentebis debulebebis SerCevis gamoyofa;
SesaZlo zogadi dasaxelebebis moZieba, romlebic aseve dadgenil

semantikur mimarTebas ergebian;
TiToeuli
dadgenili
sferosTvis
struqturuli
kiTxvebis
formulireba;
yvela hipoTeturi sferos CamoTvla.

amrigad, sferos
analizis
mizans
simboloebis
urTierTmimarTebis
dadgena warmoadgens (Spradley 1979: 157).

kodebis
msgavsad,
kategoriebic
zogadobis
sxvadasxva
doniT
SeiZleba
xasiaTdebodes.
konkretulobis
zogi
kategoria
da
ufro
zogadi da yovlismomcvelia, zogi ki,_ naklebad. rogorc wesi, kodebi

ufro konkretulia xolme, vidre kategoriebi. es kvanZebsa da kodebs
Soris
ganxvavebaze
migviTiTebs.
kodi
teqstis
nawilis
iarliyia,
saxelwodebaa, xolo kvanZi aris kategoria, romelSic Tavsdeba, anu,

grovdeba
sxvadasxva
SeiZleba
iyos
nebismieri
sxva
specifikur
kodi.
cneba,
idea,
dajgufeba;
teqstur
mkvlevris
survilis
procesi,
igi
momentebs
adamianTa
maorganizebeli
aRweren,
xolo
Sesabamisad,
jgufi,
adgili
kategoriaa.
kvanZebi
kvanZi
da
kodebi
kategoriaTa
CarCoSi aerTianeben am kodebs da erTmaneTTan akavSireben kodirebul

segmentebsa
Tavebi
cnebebs.
kvanZebia,
SeiZleba
meores,
da
Seikras,
xolo
teqsti
abzacebi
magaliTad,
anlogikurad
SegviZlia
an
erTi
SevadaroT
wigns,
romlis
kodebi.
kvanZebi
ramdenimenairad
cneba
SeiZleba
gansazRvravdes
empiriulad
(aRmoCndes,
rom
erTmaneTis
TanxlebiT Cndebian teqstSi) ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs (Krippendorp 2004:

296).
1090
unda gvaxsovdes, rom kodebisa da kategoriebis SeqmniT SegviZlia

mimarTuleba mivceT kvlevasa da mis Sedegebs, anu, mkvlevari SeiZleba
Zalian Sors wavides kvlevis procesSi. magaliTad, igi SeiZleba skolaSi
klasgareSe aqtivobebs swavlobdes da aRmoaCinos, rom es araSemecnebiT
da
araakademiur
sferoSi
iZleva
sasargeblo
Sedegs
da
ara
akademiurSi, Tumca, realurad, es SeiZleba sulac ar iyos ase. saqme isaa,

rom SemecnebiTi/akademiuri da araSemecnebiTi/araakademiuri sferoebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas Tavad kodebi da kategoriebi iwveven da ara _
respodentebis gonebaSi arsebuli monacemebi. Tu mkvlevari specialurad
dainteresdeboda amis Sesaxeb, an akademiur da araakademiur sferoebs
Soris kavSiris amsaxvel kodebsa da kategoriebs SeimuSavebda, maSin
ufro mets aRmoaCenda, vidre manamde SeeZlo daedgina. es is safrTxea,
romelic kodebisa da kategoriebis gamoyenebiT monacemebis winaswar
gansazRvrasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
etapi 8: monacemebis kodireba da kategorizacia

kodebisa
da
kategoriebis
dadgenis
Semdeg
ukve
SesaZlebelia
analizis dawyeba. es procesi teqstisTvis kodebisa da kategoriebis

realurad miweras gulisxmobs. kerlingeri (1970) kodirebas gansazRvravs,
rogorc
analizis
mizniT
kiTxvebze
pasuxebisa
da
respodentis
informaciis konkretul kategoriebad gardaqmnas. rogorc vnaxeT, bevri

kiTxva winaswar kodirebulia, es niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia TiToeuli
pasuxis dauyonebliv da pirdapir qulad gardaqmna. winaswar kodirebuli
kiTxvebis
magaliTebia
reitingis
skalebi
da
pasuxebis
variantebis
CamonaTvali. kodireba aris monacemis erTeulisTvis kategoriis saxelis

miwera, romelic an winaswaraa gansazRvruli, an monacemebis Segrovebis
Semdeg maTi mixedviT ganisazRvreba.
meiringi (Mayring 2004: 268 9) miuTiTebs, rom Semajamebeli kontent
analizi
masalas
iseT
moculobamde
amcirebs,
romelic
ukeTesad
samarTavia da amave dros, Sinaarsis sizustec SenarCunebulia. avtori
1091
aseve aRniSnavs, rom kategoriebis induqciuri formireba Semajamebeli

kontent
analizis
meSveobiT
teqsturi
masalidan
kategoriebis
induqciurad warmoqmnis process warmoadgens. aRniSnuli eqsplicituri
kontent
analizis
analizis
sawinaaRmdego
sawinaaRmdegod,
lokalizaciisTvis
procesia.
teqstis
damatebiT
Semajamebeli
analizisa
informacias
eZebs.
da
kontent
kategoriebis
pirveli
amcirebs
konteqstualur detalebs, meore ki _ inarCunebs maT. mastruqturirebeli
kontent
analizi
SemuSavebuli
filtravs
kriteriumis
teqstis
safuZvelze
nawilebs,
masalis
raTa
winaswar
sxvadasxva
nawilebis
Sedarebis saSualeba mogvces.

aucilebelia imis gansazRvra, Tu ras vaniWebT kods TviTon cnebis
arsebobas
vinaidan
Tu
teqstSi
pirvel
misi
Sexvedris
SemTxvevaSi,
sixSires.
rodesac
es
mxolod
mniSvnelovania,
cnebis
arsebobas
vafiqsirebT, daikargeba informacia misi Sexvedris sixSiris Sesaxeb,

xolo sixSire, SesaZloa, teqstSi cnebis mniSvnelovnebaze miuTiTebdes.
garda amisa, kodirebisas unda gadawydes, mxolod konkretuli sityvebis
kodireba
unda
savaraudod,
radgan
moxdes,
pirveli
Tu
msgavsi
monacemebis
mniSvnelobis
mniSvnelovan
mqone
sityvebisac.
dakargvas
gamoiwvevs,
sityvebi xSirad ar meordeba im cnebebis saxiT, romelsac isini
gamoxataven.
frazebis
meore
niuansebi
SemTxvevaSi,
daikargos.
SeiZleba
marTlac,
garkveuli
zogierTi
sityvebisa
oratori
da
Tavis
gamosvlebSi SeiZleba ganzrax iyenebdes orazrovan sityvebs an frazebs.

transkriptis
kodirebisas
mkvlevari
rogorc
wesi,
sistemurad,
striqon-striqon mihyveba teqsts da yovel monacems misTvis Sesatyvis

kods miawers, magaliTad:
teqsti
moswaleebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi
kodi
prob
problemis gadawyvetas mimarTaven.

Sereuli unarebis mqone bavSvebisgan Semdgar
klasebis swavleba mirCevnia
Serunari
1092
TvalsaCinoa,
rom
am
magaliTSi
kodebi
abreviaturebia,
romlebic
mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs advilad mixvdes, ra sakiTxia am kodebiT

aRniSnuli, vinaidan kodi miaxloebulia sakiTxTan (kodirebis es forma
ufro mosaxerxebelia, vidre TiToeuli monacemisTvis kodebis saxiT
ricxvebis
miwera,
kategoriis
romlebic
Sinaarsze).
abreviaturebis
ar
aranairad
mailsi
arsebobis
da
ar
mianiSnebs
habermanis
SemTxvevSi,
monacemis
(1994)
kodebis
an
mixedviT,
saxelwodebebi
sakmarisad unda waagavdes originalur monacems, raTa mkvlevarma kodis

mixedviT Sinaarsis dadgena SesZlos.
arsebobs
kodirebas
ramodenime
kompiuteruli
(magaliTad,
originaluri
programa,
romelic
Tumca
ETHNOGRAPH, N-Vivo),
am
aiolebs
SemTxvevaSi,
transkriptis eleqtronuli versia unda arsebobdes. erT-
erTi aseTi programa, Code-A-Text, gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa dialogebis

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi analizisaTvis (sistema audio da video
signalebsac iRebs).
kodirebis
pirveli
safexuris
Semdeg
mkvlevars
ukve
SeuZlia
tendenciebisa da Temebis danaxva da ganzogadebis dawyeba (magaliTad,

kodebis
sixSireebis
klasterebSi
daTvliT).
dajgufebac
mkvlevars
SeuZlia,
anu
kodebis
iwyebs
ufro
monacemTa
zogad
faqtorebad
dayofas.
mailsi da habermani (1994) miuTiTeben, rom teqstis damuSavebisas muSa
mexsierebaSi erTdroulad oTxmocdaaTi kodis SeCerebaa SesaZlebeli;
Tumca, aRniSnaven, rom monacemebis xelaxali kodireba SeiZleba meore an
mesame wakiTxvisas moxdes. adre gamoyenebuli kodebi SeiZleba daixvewos
mogvianebiT
gamoyenebul
kodebis
safuZvelze,
raTa
kodebi
ufro
konkretuli da gasagebi gaxdes, an piriqiT, gaerTiandes is kodebi,

romlebic zedmetad konkertulia. es avtorebi amtkiceben, rom kodebi
mkvlevars saSualebas unda aZlevdes, moicvas monacemebis kompleqsuroba
da
sirTule.
kodireba
da
savaraudod,
qulebSi
yvelaze
gadayvana
did
problemas,
warmoadgens.
am
Ria
kiTxvebis
SemTxvevaSi
ori
1093
gamosavalia: miuxedavad imisa, rom pasuxi Riaa, interviuerma magaliTad,

winaswar ise SeiZleba gadaakodiros intervius ganrigi, rom respodentis
Tavisuflad saubrisas, misi pasuxebis an maTi nawilebis SinaarsisTvis
winaswar gansazRvruli Sesatyvisi kodebis miniWeba moaxerxos. aseTi
saxis klasifikaciis gakeTeba piloturi kvlevebis drosaa SesaZlebeli.
alternatiuli
gza
monacemebis
intervius
dasrulebis
Semdeg
kodirebaa. intervius Sedegad miRebul masalaze, romelsac SeiZleba

Sejamebuli
saxe
hqondes,an
audio
Camweris
daxmarebiT
gakeTebuli
sityva-sityviTi transkripti iyos, mkvlevarma kontent analizi ramdenime

xelmisawvdomi proceduridan erT-erTis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Caataros,
magaliTad,
skalirebis,
qulebis
miniWebis,
ranJirebis,
pasuxebis
daTvlisa da a. S.
etapi 9: monacemTa analizi

monacemTa kodirebisa da kategorizaciis Semdeg mkvlevars SeuZlia
teqstSi TiToeuli kodis an sityvis sixSiris da TiToeul kategoriaSi
sityvebis raodenobis daTvla. es Ziebis procesia, romelic mravalnairad
SeiZleba mimdinareobdes, magaliTad, sityvebis, kodebis, kvanZebis da
kategoriebis formiT. zogi sityva
SeiZleba erTze met kategoriaSi
moxvdes, magaliTad, rodesac erTi kategoria meoris qvesimravlea anu,

erTi
kategoria
umjobesia,
meores
dasawyisSi,
moicavs.
mTlian
veberi
teqstze
(1990:
21
muSaobis
4)
Tvlis,
nacvlad,
rom
teqstis
SerCeul mcire monakveTze vimuSaoT. es saSualebas mogvcems, SevamowmoT

kodireba da kategorizacia da, aseve, SevitanoT saWiro cvlilebebi.
semantikuri
Tanmimdevrulobis
dasacavad
ki
sruli
teqstebi
unda
gaanalizdes.
sityvebi da calkeuli kodebi TavisTavad bevris momcemi ar aris da
amitom mniSvnelovania sityvebsa da kodebs Soris kavSirebisken, anu,
kategorebisa
da
maT
Soris
mimarTebebisken
gadanacvleba.
sferoebs
Soris mimarTebebisa da kavSirebis dadgena monacemebis SenarCunebas, maT
1094
simdidres da konteqstiT ? uzrunvelyofs. kavSirebis

aRmoCena
damadasturebeli
SemTxvevebis
gamovleniT,
monacemebis
qvesimravleebs Soris safuZvlad arsebuli asociaciebis (LeCompte and

Preissle 1992: 246) da kavSirebis moZiebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
veberis (1990: 54) azriT, teqstis moZieba umjobesia kategoriebis da
ara
calkeuli
sityvebis
safuZvlze
ganxorcieldes,
kategoriebi calkeul sityvebze mets gvaZleven,
iyeneben ra
vinaidan
sinonimebsa
da konceptualurad axlos mdgom mniSvnelobebs. mkvlevars SeuZlia

daTvalos rogorc kategoriebi, ise sityvebi. Ffaqtobrivad, mas SeuZlia
konkretulad
gansazRvros,
daTvla,
ras
anu,
romel
daiTvlis,
doneze
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
sityvebs,
ganxorcieldes
frazebs,
kodebs,
kategoriebsa Tu Temebs.
am proceduris Sedegi isaa, rom sityvebis, kodebis, kvanZebisa da
kategoriebis sixSireebi maT aqtualurobaze miuTiTebs. es SeiZleba ase
iyos an arc iyos ase, vinaidan garkveul teqstebSi (magaliTad, sityviT
gamosvlebSi)
sityvis
an
kategoriis
Semdgomi
moxsenieba,
SesaZloa,
rTulad iyos gamoTqmuli. sixSire ar aris mniSvnelovnebis tolfasi,

xolo
sul
mniSvnelovani
arafris
Tqma
SeiZleba
(komentarisgan
iyos,
rogoric
Tavis
raime
Sekaveba)
naTqvami.
iseTive
kontent
analizisas ufro mocemulis, naTqvamis analizi xdeba, vidre imisa, rac

gamotovebulia, an ar Tqmula (Anderson andArsenault 1998: 104). amasTan,
rogorc veberi (1990) ambobs:
gzadagza
wamoWrili
gamowveuli
arsebiTi
sakiTxis
saxelebi
ganviTarebam
mravalsatyvaoba
SeiZleba
SeiZleba
moitanos,
nacvalsaxelebiT
Seicvalos;
araproduqtiuli
gameorebiT
teqstis
moculobis
SezRudvam
SeiZleba xeli SegviSalos TemasTan dakavSirebaSi; zogi Temis wamoweva

SeiZleba sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro met Zalisxmevas saWiroebdes.
(Weber 1990: 73)
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
Seajamos
teqstidan
gamomdinare
daskvnebi,
moZebnos tendenciebi, kanonzomierebebi da teqstis sxvadasxva segmentebs
1095
Soris arsebuli kavSirebi, aseve, Seamowmos hipoTezebi. kategoriebisa da

monacemebis Sejameba statistikuri teqnikebis mizania, rac tendenciebis,
sixSireebis,
prioritetebisa
da
mimarTebebis
gamoTvlis
saSualebas
iZleva. monacemebis analizis etapze ramdenime midgomisa da meTodis

gamoyeneba SeiZleba. kripendorfis (2004: 48 53) mixedviT, maT Soris
SeiZleba iyos:
eqstrapolaciebi: tendenciebi da gansxvavebebi;
standartebi: Sefasebebi da msjelobebi;
indeqsebi:
magaliTad,
xdomilobis
urTierTobebis,
Tanxvedris
xdomilobis
sixSireebis
da
indeqsebi,
ramdenime
Sesatyvisi
da
araSesatyvisi erTeulebis raodenoba;
lingvisturi reprezentaciebi:
sixSireebis daTvlis Semdeg SesaZlebelia statistikuri analizis
ganxorcieleba da Semdegi meTodebis gamoyeneba:
faqtoruli analizi: msgavsi pasuxebis dajgufeba;
monacemebis cxrilebis saxiT warmodgena: sixSireebis an procentebis;
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
romelSic
cxrilebi
sityvebi
saxeldebis
skalis
anu
(kros-tabulacia):
kodebi
cvladebi
svetebis
(magaliTad,
matricis
Seqmna,
dasaxelebebia,
xolo
gazeTi,
weli,
sqesi)
striqonebis;
korelacia:
sityvebs,
kodebs
da
kategoriebs
Soris
kavSiris
siZlierisa da mimarTulebis dadgena;
grafikuri
gamosaxva:
magaliTad,
drois
monakveTSi
an
teqstebSi
konkretuli sityvebis, cnebebis, kategoriebis Sexvedris sixSireebis

grafikurad gamosaxva;
regresia: erTi cvladis/sityvis/kodis/kategoriis Rirebulebis dadgena

meoresTan
mimarTebaSi _
asociaciis
forma, romelic
regresiis
wrfis zust mniSvnelobebsa da gradients anu daxris kuTxes gvaZlevs;
1096
mravaljeradi
regresia:
damokidebul
cvladebSi
damoukidebeli
cvladebis wonis gamoTvla;
struqturuli
gantolebis
Sedegobriobis
modelireba
sxvadasxva
da
LISREL analizi:
mimarTulebis
da
mizez-
mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTebebis analizSi sxvadasxva kavSiris wonis dadgena;
dendrogramebi: xisebri diagramebi kategoriebsa da kodebs, kodebsa da

kvanZebs Soris damokidebulebis saCveneblad.
statistikuri
ganxiluli.
sidideebis
am
SesaZlebelia
etapze
gamoTvla
mxolod
Tvisebrivi
da
imas
wardgena
vityviT,
monacemebis
anu
24-26-e
rom
TavebSia
analizisTvis
sityvebis
ricxobriv
monacemebad gardaqmna.
Tu
analizis
gamoricxavs
naklebad
zemoT
raodenobrivi
aRweril
formaa
statistikuri
saWiro,
procedurebis
maSin
es
Tvisebriv
versias. magaliTad, mkvlevars SeuZlia cnebebsa da kategoriebs Soris

kavSiris dadgena da am kavSirebis siZlierisa da mimarTulebis Seswavla
(ramdenad mWidrod ukavSirdebian isini erTmaneTs da ramdenad dadebiTia,
an ramdenad uaryofiTia es kavSiri). bevri kompiuteruli programa iZleva
statistikuri
procedurebis
Tvisobrivi
ekvivalentebis
Sesrulebis
saSualebas.
aseve,
sasargebloa
ZiriTadi
kategoriebis
identificireba
(ix.dafuZnebuli Teoria). ZiriTadi kategoria is kategoriaa, romelsac

yvelaze meti axsniTi SesaZlebloba aqvs da romelsac sxva kategoriebi
da qvekategoriebi, savaraudod, xSirad da mWidrod ukavSirdeba (Strauss
1987: 11).
daskvnebis
robsoni
gakeTeba
(ganmeorebadi
gamoyofiT
(1993:
401)
Tvlis,
SesaZlebelia
Temebis
(adamianebis,
anu
rom
daTvliT,
tendenciebis
sakiTxebis,
Tvisebrivi
monacemebidan
tendenciebis
dafiqsirebiT),
movlenebis
da
a.
S.,
gamokveTiT
klasterebis
romlebsac
msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi aqvT), cvladebis dakavSirebiT, mizez-Sedegobrivi

qselebis SeqmniTa da Sedegebis Teoriuli CarCosTvis dakavSirebiT.
1097
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisobrivi monacemebis analizisas ricxobrivi

midgomis an paradigmebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba maTi pozitivisturobis
gamo gaakritikon, gasaTvaliswinebelia dafuZnebuli Teoriis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis, glaseris (Glaser 1996) sityvebic, romelic ambobda, rom
dafuZnebuli Teoria ara marto Tvisebriv monacemebTan raodenobrivi
paradigmebs gamoyenebas ar cdilobs, aramed
paradigmuli sizustec
miuRebeli iyo Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis realuri samyarosTvis,

sadac warmmarTveli mizanTan Sesatyvisoba an daqvemdebareba unda iyos.
SesamCnevia, romailsi da
grafikulad
gamosaxvas,
habermani (1984)
rogorc
mxars
Tvisebrivi
uWeren
monacemebis
monacemebis
Semcirebis
ekonomiur saSualebas. aseTi grafikebi mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebaze

miTiTebisa da monacemTa Sejamebis saSualebas iZleva.
etapi 10: Sejameba

am etapze mkvlevars SeuZlia ukve Seswavlili situaciis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis
Sejameba.
SejamebaSi
mocemuli
iqneba
ZiriTadi
faqtorebi, sakiTxebi, cnebebi da Semdgomi kvlevis mimarTulebebi.esaris

gardatexis
etapi
monacemebidan
monacemebis
aqamde
Segrovebisas,
moZiebuli
ZiriTadi
vinaidan
am
dros
xdeba
Temebis,
sakiTxebisa
da
problemebis gamokveTa da Semdgomi kvlevis gzebis dasaxva. Sejamebis

werisas gamoiyeneba rogorc Tavad monacemebidan, ise mkvlevris daskvniT
miRebuli cnebebi (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983: 178).
aq mkvlevars Teoriis Camoyalibebis
mosamzadebeli etapebis gavla
mouwevs. patoni (1980) Tvisebrivi analizis SemTxvevaSi Semdeg etapebs

gamoyofs:
kvlevisa da analizis fokusis povna;
monacemebis organizeba, damuSaveba, mowesrigeba da gadamowmeba;
Tvisebrivi aRweris anu analizis dawera;
kategoriebis, tipologiebisa da saxelwodebebis induqciurad Seqmna;
1098
kategoriebis analizi imis gasarkvevad, Tu sad aris saWiro Semdgomi

dazusteba da jvaredini dazusteba;
am
kategoriebis
gamoxatva
da
tipuri
SemTxvevebis
aRniSvna
metaforebis saSualebiT (ix.Pitman and Maxwell 1992: 747);
urTierTmimarTebebis,
mizezebisa
da
Sedegebis
Sesaxeb
daskvnebis
gakeTeba.
bogdani da bikleni (1992: 154 63) ramdenime mniSvenlovan faqtors
gamoyofen,
romelic
faqtorTa
ricxvSi
mkvlevarma
Sedis:
am
etapze
sakuTar
Tavze
unda
gaiTvaliswinos.
zemoqmedebis
am
moxdena
im
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, romelic xels Seuwyobs kvlevis fokusis

gamoyofas, daviwroebas da kvlevis tipis gansazRvas; aseve, analitikuri
kiTxvebis Camoayalibeba; monacemebis Segrovebis dagegmvisas adrindeli
dakvirvebiT
miRebuli
moancemebis
gamoyeneba,
dakvirvebebis
Sesaxeb
refleqsiuri Canawerebis gakeTeba, sakuTari ideebisa da mosazrebebis

cdis pirebisTvis gacnoba, savele samuSaoebisa da kvlevis warmoebis
paralelurad Sesabamisi literaturis analizi, kvlevis dasazusteblad
cnebebis, metaforebis, analogiebis da vizualuri saSualebebis Seqmna.
etapi 11: spekulaciuri daskvnebis gakeTeba

spekulaciuri daskvnebis etapi mniSvnelovani etapia, vinaidan mas kvleva
aRweridan
daskvnebis
gakeTebaze
gadahyavs.
am
etapze
mkvlevars,
empiriul mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT, situaciis, zogierTi ZiriTadi

elementisa
moeTxoveba.
da
es
savaraudod,
hipoTezis
maTi
mizezebis
axsnebis
SemoTavazeba
Camoyalibebisan
samuSao
pihoTezebis
formirebis procesia, romelic Teoriis generirebas uwyobs xels.

Teoriis generirebis etapi dafuZnebul Teorias ukavSirdeba da am
sakiTxs mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT. axla gTavazobT kontent analizis
magaliTs, romelSic ar aris gamoyenebuli statistikuri analizi, Tumca
monacemebis
analizisadmi
sistematur
kontent analizis arss warmoadgens.
midgomas
mainc
gviCvenebs,
rac
1099
kontent analizis sailustracio magaliTi

winamdebare magaliTSi mkvlevars ukve gakeTebuli aqvs samsaxurSi
miRebuli stresis Sesaxeb monacemebis transkripti, romlebic, vTqvaT,
ramdenime maswavleblis angariSidan da interviudan aris aRebuli da
romelSic
ukve
Sejamebulia
ZiriTadi
momentebi.
warmoidgineT,
rom
TiToeuli angariSi an interviu saTiTaod aris dawerili da calke

failebad
inaxeba
(magaliTad,
kompiuterSi)
da
axla
analizisTvis
erTiani monacemebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. praqtikulad, rac gvaqvs, ukve

interpretirebuli monacemebia da ara stenografiuli Canaweri.
etapi 1: monacemebze interpretaciuli komentarebis miwera

TiToeuli
monacemis
gaswvriv
kodis/kategoriis/deskriptoris
aRmniSvneli sityvaa miwerili (msxvili SriftiT), ese igi, Sejamebuli

monacemebi ukve warmodgenilia 33 Semajamebeli winadadebis saxiT.
stress
iwvevs
gacruebuli
molodinebi,
anu
dasaxuli
miznis
miuRwevloba, ukmayofileba sakuTari saqcielis gamo, zogjer, Tavad

maswavleblebis moduneba da beds damorCileba.mizezi
stress iwvevs profesiuli saqmeebisaTvis Tavisufali drois daTmobis

saWiroeba. magram, stresis mizezi Tavisufali drois daxarjva ki ar
aris,
aramed
maswavleblis
mier
sakuTar
gegmebTan/survilebTan
dakavSirebiT kompromisis gakeTebaa mizezi.
stresis
mizezi
ramodenime
moTxovnidan
gamomdinareobs
erTdroulad
arsebobs,
SeuZleblobaze
moTxovnis
.Tavad
maTi
miuTiTebs.
is
erTdroulad
faqti,
rom
erTdroulad
amrigad,
stresi
Sesrulebis
es
moTxovnebi
dakmayofilebis
situaciis
daZlevis
problemaSia _ es gamouvali situaciaa. buneba
erTi
wyarodan
uZilobas
iwvevs
warmoqmnili
es
zomamdea misuli. Sedegi
ki
stresi
imis
damatebiT
niSania,
rom
stress
yvelaferi
qmnis,
rac
ukidures
1100
stress
ganapirobebs
is
mniSvneloba,
romelsac
pirovneba
im
aqtivobebs miawers, romelSic igi monawileobs. buneba. stress iwvevs

individis patiosnebis/Rirebulebebis
ara mxolod gamocda, aramed
eWvqveS dayeneba. mizezi
stresi
frustraciidan
mivyavarT,
rac
Tavis
warmoiqmneba
mxriv,
isev
frustracias
stress
iwvevs,
stresamde
Semdeg
isev
frustraciamde da a. S. _ mankieri wre. buneba
rodesac kargad dawyobili gegmebi ireva, es SeiZleba stresuli iyos.

mizezi
stresis mankieri wre Zilis darRvevasac iwvevs, rac Tavis mxriv,

stress iwvevs. buneba
stresis Semcireba xSirad mxolod simptomebze moqmedebs da ara _

mizezebze, mizezi erTaderTi, rac am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gvqondes,
isaa, rom stresorebi ar uCinardeba da stresi Zlierdeba. mizezi
stresis efeqti fizikuria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro did stress iwvevs
_ kidev erTi Caketili wre. Sedegi
stresi daqveiTebuli enTuziazmidan/pasuxismgeblobidan/miswrafebidan/

molodinidan warmoqmneba. mizezi
samuSaos zewola amcirebs miswrafebas, romelic amcirebs stress.

mizezi
stresi megobrebTan urTierTobiT mcirdeba. gamklaveba
stess iwvevs is, rac individis kontrols miRmaa. mizezi
stresi
problemur
moswavleebTan
urTierTobidan
momdinareobs.
mizezi
stresi warumatebeli menejmentis gamo Cndeba. mizezi
stresi kmayofilebis gancdis uqonlobisgan Cndeba. mizezi
stresi TavisTavad
faqtoris
iSviaTad warmoiqmneba. is, rogorc wesi, ramdenime
kombinaciaa
Zlierdeba. buneba
zvaviviTaa,
TandaTanobiT
matulobs
da
1101
stress profesiuli pirobebis gauareseba iwvevs, rasac maswavlebli

ver
akontrolebs.
stresi
mizezi.
kontrolisa
da
avtonomiis
dakargvis Sedegad yalibdeba. mizezi
profesiuli
pirobebis
gauaresebiT
gamowveuli
stresis
Sedegebi
geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba. buneba
stresi
warmoiqmnebamaSinac,
rodesac
profesiuli
standartebis
daTmobis saSiSroeba Cndeba. mizezi
stresi mougvarebeli saqmeebis gamo SeiZlba gaCndes. mizezi
stresis mizezi profesiuli kompromisi SeiZleba iyos, rac individis

kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. mizezi
stresis intensiobas misi zoma ganapirobebs _ didi yumbaris afeTqeba

myisieri zianis gamomwvevia. buneba
stress TviTgadarCenis gzis ararseboba iwvevs; situacia Caketilia da

kidev ufro met stress iwvevs. ucxviro Caidnis msgavsad, romelic
duRilisas jer liTons awveba, mere ki feTqdeba. mizezi
stresi gadatvirTvidan da frustraciidan _ kontrolis dakargvidan

momdinareobs. stresi maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac adamianebi TavianT
samuSao garemosver akontroleben. mizezi
stress gadatvirTva iwvevs.Mmizezi
stresi Cndeba maSinac, rodesac individi xedavs, rom mis gakeTebul

saqmes sxva afuWebs Tavisi ucodinrobiT. mizezi
stresi
gvxvdeba
maSin,
rodesac
misi
Semcirebis
araviTari
SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. amrigad, Tu stresis orTqlis gamoSveba

ar xdeba, is sul ufro da ufro moimatebs. mizezi, buneba
stresTan gamklaveba relaqsaciiTa da varjiSiT SeiZleba. gamklaveba
stresis
Semcirebis
iseTi
TviTdamazianebeli
qcevebiT,
rogoricaa
alkoholos miReba da moweva. gamklaveba, buneba
stresi
im
saqmianobebisadmi
miniWebuli
romelsac monawileebi axorcieleben. buneba
mniSvnelobis
funqciaa,
1102
rac
ufro
axlo
urTierToba
aqvs
individs
stresis
gamomwvev
adamianebTan, miT mwvavea stresi. buneba

monacemebis Zalian miaxlovebiTi kodireba sami an oTxi kategoriis
mixedviT
moxda.
SeiZleboda
monacemebis
gacilebiT
ufro
zustad
kodireba, magaliTad, Tu TiToeul konkretul mizezs sakuTari kodi

eqneboda. marTlac, garkveuli Teoriuli mimdinareoba dagvisabuTebda,
rom sawyis etapze konkretuli kodebis Seqmna mniSvnelovania. mkvlevarma
SeiZleba gadawyvitos sityvebis (da Semdeg sityvebis sixSireebis) an
mniSvnelobebis kodireba sityvebis da ara mniSvnelobebis kodireba
zogjer
saxifaToa,
radgan
adamianebi
erTidaigive
azrs
sxvadasxva
sityvebiT gamoTqvamen xolme.
etapi 2: monacemebis daxarisxeba ZiriTadi areebis mixedviT

gamoyenebuli kodebi oTx ZiriTad areSi ganTavsda, esenia:
stresis mizezebi;
stresis buneba;
stresis Sedegebi;
stresTanbrZola.
etapi 3: TiToeuli
Temis dasaxeleba da debulebebis
xsenebis sixSireebis miwera

TiToeuli Temis Sesatyvisi monacemebi erTad grovdeba da debulebis
gaswvriv imdeni niSani (/) iwereba, ramdenjerad is maswavlebelma axsena.
stresis mizezebi
gacruebuli molodini/miswrafeba _ /
gaRizianeba _ /
sxvebs ar gaaqvT Tavisi _ /
sxvebi nebdebian/far-xmals yrian _ /
1103
profesiuli moTxovnebi, magaliTad, problemuri moswavleebi _ /
profesiuli saqmeebisTvis Tavisufali drois daTmobis saWiroeba _ /
samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi _ /
Tavisufali droisa da sivrcis uqonloba _ /
sakuTari
an
sxvebis
profesiuli
standartebisa
da
patiosnebis
daTmoba _ ///
CaSlili gegmebi_ /
stresi TavisTavad iwvevs stresis gaZlierebas_ /
stresis mizezebis Semcirebis uunaroba _ /
enTuziazmis/pasuxismgeblobis/miswrafebis Semcireba _ /
samuSaos zewola/wnexi _ /
is, rac sakuTari kontrolis miRmaa _ /
warumatebeli menejmenti an mmarTveloba _ /
daukmayofilebloba _ /
profesiuli pirobebis gauareseba _ /
kontrolisa da avtonomiis dakargva _ //
problemuri situaciis mowesrigebis uunaroba_ /
problemuri situaciisgan Tavis daRwevis uunaroba_ /
samuSaoTi gadatvirTva _ /
imis yureba, Tu rogor afuWeben sxvebi individis mier warmatebiT

gakeTebul saqmes _/
stresis buneba
stresiganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac monawileebi maT

mier Sesrulebul saqmianobebs aniWeben. _ /
stresi maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac erTdroulad bevri moTxovnaa, anu

rodesac situacia gamouvalia _ /
stresi
kumulaciuria
(zvaviviT
ukidures zRvars ar miaRwevs _ /
matulobs
da
grovdeba),
sanam
1104
stresi mankieri wrea _ //
stresis efeqti geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba _ /
stresis intersivoba misi zomis funqciaa _ /
Tu stress ar aqvs gamosavali, orTqlis gamosaSvebi xvreli, igi

ufro Zlierdeba_ //
stresTan gamklavebis mcdelobam TviTdamazianebel qcevamde (Tambaqos

moweva an alkoholis miReba) SeiZleba miiyvanos adamiani _ /
stresi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamiani

gasakeTebel saqmeebs _ /
rac
ufro
axlo
urTierToba
aqvs
individs
stresis
gamomwvev
adamianebTan, miT mwvavea stresi _ /
stresis Sedegebi
uZiloba an fizikuri reaqcia _ /
stresis Sedegebi TavisTavad iwvevs met stress. _ /
TviTdamazianebeli qceva_ /
stresTan gamklaveba
fizikuri aqtivoba an varjiSi _ /
megobrebTan urTierToba _ /
alkoholis miReba da moweva _ /
etapi 4: mesame etapze gakeTebuli CamonaTvalis gadasinjva

da sakiTxebis dajgufeba (kategoriasTan gadafarvisTavidan
arideba)
am etapze dajgufebuli monacemebi xelaxlaa gaanalizebuli da isini
oTxiZiriTadi
dajgufis
saxiTaa
warmodgenili
(stresis
stresis buneba, stresis Sedegebi da stresTan brZola).
mizezebi,
1105
stresis mizezebi
pirovnuli faqtorebi
gacruebuli molodini/miswrafeba _ /
gaRizianeba _ /
Tavisufali droisa da sivrcis arqona_ /
stresi TavisTavad met strss iwvevs _ /
stresis mizezebis Semcirebis uunaroba _ /
enTuziazmis/pasuxismgeblobis/miswrafebis Semcireba _ /
is, rac sakuTari kontrolis miRmaa _ /
dakmayofilebis grZnobis arqona _ /
problemis mogvarebis unaris uqonloba _ /
gamosavalis ararseboba_ /
interpersonaluri faqtorebi
gaRizianeba _ /
sxvebis mier miznis miuRwevloba_ /
sxvebisTvis danebeba/far-xmlis dayra_ /
sakuTari
an
sxvebis
profesiuli
standartebisa
da
patiosnebis
daTmoba _ ///

gakeTebul saqmes _/
menejmenti
samuSaos zewona _ /
is, rac kontrols miRmaa _ /
warumatebeli menejmenti an mmarTveloba _ /
1106

gakeTebul saqmes _ /
profesiuli sakiTxebi
sxvebis mier miznis miuRwevloba_ /
profesiuli moTxovnebi, magaliTad, problemuri moswavleebi _ /
samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi _ /
sakuTari an profesiuli standartebisa da patiosnebis daTmoba _ ///
gegmebis CaSla_ /
samuSaos zewola _ /
samuSaoTi gadatvirTva _ /
stresis buneba
obieqturi
stresi
ganpirobebulia
im
mniSvnelobiT,
rasac
monawileebi
gasakeTebel aqtivobebs aniWeben _ /
stresi maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac erTdroulad bevri moTxovnaa, _ /
stresi kumulaciuria (zvaviviT matulobsda grovdeba), sanam ukidures

zRvarsar miaRwevs _ /
stresi mankieri wrea _ //
stresis efeqti geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba _ /
stresis intersivoba misi zomis funqciaa _ /
Tu stress gamosavali ar aqvs, is ufro Zlierdeba_ //
stresTan gamklavebis mcdelobam adamiani SeiZleba TviTdamazianebel

qcevamde (Tambaqos moweva an alkoholis miReba) miiyvanos _ /
subieqturi
1107
stresi
ganpirobebulia
im
mniSvnelobiT,
rasac
monawileebi
gasakeTebel aqtivobebs aniWeben_ /
rac
ufro
axlo
urTierToba
aqvs
individs
stresis
gamomwvev
adamianebTan, miT mwvavea stresi _ /
stresis Sedegebi
fiziologiuri
uZiloba _ /
fizikuri
fizikuri reaqciebi _ //
Tambaqos mowevis gaZliereba _ /
alkoholis moWarbebuli moxmareba _ /
fsiqologiuri
gaRizianeba _ /
stresTan gamklaveba
fizikuri
fizikuri aqtivoba da varjiSi _ /
socialuri solidaroba, gansakuTrebiT, axlobel adamianebTan _ ///
socialuri
socialuri solidaroba, gansakuTrebiT, axlobel adamianebTan _ ///
etapi 5: meoTxe etapze gamoyofili jgufebis an Sedegebis

komentireba da maTi
mniSvnelobebis ganxilva
1108
wina etapebis dasrulebis Semdeg mkvlevars ukve SeuZlia zogad da

konkretul momentebs dauTmos yuradReba, magaliTad:
stresis uamravi mizezi arsebobs (daasaxeleT raodenoba);
stresidan
gamosvlis
Zalian
cota
gza
arsebobs,
ase
rom,
misi
akumulireba albaT, gardauvalia.
stresis
mizezebi
menejmentSi,
pirovnul
profesiuli
faqtorebSi
saqmianobasa
iRebs
Tu
saTaves
sxv.
(aq
da
ara
daasaxeleT
sixSireebi).
samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi ufro nakleb stress iwvevs,

vidre
sxva
faqtorebi
(magaliTad,
menejmenti).
anu,
adamianebma
muSaobis dawyebisas ician, ras unda elodon TavianTi samuSaodan,

magram problema sadRac sxvaganaa, Tundac
_ menejmentSi (daasaxeleT
sixSireebi).
kontrolis dakargva mniSvnelovani faqtoria (daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
adamianebis
mimarT
arsebuli
gamowvevebi,
da
maTi
pirovnuli
integrirebulobis/TviTSefasebis eWvqveS dayeneba Zalian stresulia

(daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
stresis buneba kompleqsuria da ramdenime urTierTmoqmed komponents

moicavs (daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
stresi adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iWreba.
stresis dasaZlevad zomebis miuRebloba agvarebs problemas; stresis

dasaZlevad zomebis miReba agvarebs problemas.
stresis
bunebis
subieqturi
aspeqtebi
iseTive
mniSvnelovania,
rogoric obieqturi (daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
stresis Sedegi pirovnuli ufroa, vidre _ pirovnebis gareT arsebuli

(magaliTad,
sistemuri
an
sistemis
damazianebeli)
(daasaxeleT
sixSireebi).
stresis Sedegebi TiTqmis uklebliv uaryofiTia da ara _ dadebiTi

(daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
1109
stresis Sedegebis gancdaufro arakognituria, magaliTad, emociuri

da fsiqologiuri, vidre _ kognituri (daasaxeleT sixSireebi).
stresTan
gamklavebis
cota
gza
arsebobs
(sixSireebi),
ese
igi,
SezRudulia stresis Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi.

gaanalizebuli magaliTis etapebSi asaxulia is Temebi, romlebic
kontent analizis wina ganxilvisas wamoiWra; Tumca magaliTSi ar aris
gakeTebuli statistikuri analizi da arc sityvebia daTvlili. kontent
analizis mimarT samarTlianobis dasacavad zogierTi ityoda, ufro
swored
ki,
Semdgomi
moiTxovda,
analizi.
rac
rom
monacemebma
kargia
aucileblad
ganxilul
analizSi,
unda
esaa
gaiaros
ramdenime
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis wamoWra:
mkvlevarma monacemebi
mimoixila rogorc kategoriebs Soris aseve
Tavad kategoriebSi dajgufebebis paternebis, Temebis, ganzogadebebisa,
aseve varaudebisa da uCveulo Sedegebis sanaxavad.
mkvlevari
iRebs
gadawyvetilebas,
aris
Tu
ara
sixSireebi
mniSvnelovani, an aris Tu ara sakiTxi mniSvnelovani maSinac ki, Tu is

mxolod erTxel an ramdenjerme aris naxsenebi.
mkvlevarma moiZia da warmoadgina debulebebis damadasturebeli da

uarmyofeli mtkicebulebebi.
analizis bolo etapi Teoriis Camoyalibebaa, imis Sesajameblad, rac

stresis
asaxsnelad
Semdgomi
analizisas
iTqva.
aseve,
SeiZleba
mizez-Sedegobrivi
mniSvnelovani
mimarTebis
iyos,
dadgenis
mcdelobac: ra risi mizezia da ra mimarTuleba aqvs mizezobriv

kavSirs.
aseve,
SeiZleba
sasargeblo
iyos
diagramebis
ageba
mimarTulebebis, Zlieri mxareebisa da dadebiTi/uaryofiTi bunebis

saCveneblad.
kontent analizSi kompiuteris gamoyeneba

lekomti da preisli (1993) sainformacio teqnologiebis Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi gamoyenebis SesaZlo gzebs ajameben (aseve, ix.Tesch 1990). rogorc
1110
qvemoT
mocemuli
CamonaTvalidan
kvlevaSi teqnologiebis
damuSavdes
saqmea,
da
gamoyeneba
radgan sityvieri
arsebobs
SegviZlia
monacemTa
davinaxoT,
Tvisebriv
mravalferovania. monacemebi unda
monacemebis
damuSavebisa
damuSaveba
da
Sromatevadi
analizis
ramdenime
programuli paketi, mkvlevrebma srulad unda gamoiyenon yvela arsebuli

gamoTvliTi teqnologia. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi sainformacio teqnologiebi
Semdegi daniSnulebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (LeCompte and Preissle 1993: 280
1):
monacemebis Senaxva da Semowmeba (magaliTad, koreqturis);
monacemebis
Tanmimdevrulad
dalageba
da
segmentebad
dayofa,
monacemebis gamravleba (aslebi);
Canawerebis
warmoeba
im
viTarebebis
aRweris
CaTvliT,
romelSic
gakeTda es Canawerebi;
monacemebSi sityvis an frazis Zieba da moZiebulis amokrefa;
teqstis
erTeulebisTvis
saidentifikacio
niSnebis
miniWeba
(magaliTad, kiTxvaris pasuxebi) ise, rom Semdgom SesaZlebeli iyos

maTi daxarisxeba;
teqstze komentarebisa da danarTebis gakeTeba;
monacemebis dayofa erTeulebad, romlebic

gansazRvrulia,
an
Tavad
monacemebis
mkvlevris mier winaswar

bunebrivi
enis
mixedviT
ganisazRvra;
monacemebis winaswari kodireba;
erTgvarovani
Sedarebis
daxvewis
mizniT
xelaxla
gadaxarisxeba,
xelSewyobisa
monacemebis
da
calkeuli
kritikuli
klasifkaciis
nawilebis
Sedareba,
sqemebis
daxarisxeba,
klasifikacia
da
xelaxali klasifikacia;
Canawerebis kodireba da maTi imave klasifikaciis CarCoSi moqceva;
monacemebis gaerTianeba, xelaxali gaerTianeba da maTi kategoriebSi

dabruneba;
1111
sixSireebis daTvla (magaliTad, sityvebis, frazebis, kodebis);
monacemebis
jvaredinad
gadamowmeba
(monacemebis
erTze
met
kategoriaSi kodirebis da kategoriebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis

SesaZlebloba);
iseTi monacemebis gamovlena, romlebic erze met kategoriaSi xvdeba;
monacemebis Sedarebisa da dapirispirebis mizniT qvesimravleebidan

(magaliTad,
sqesi)
monacemebis
kodirebuli
da
kvanZebad
gaerTianebuli segmentebis amoReba;
monacemis
iseTi
TanmimdevrobiTaa
nawilebis
moZieba,
dalagebuli
romlebic
(magaliTad,
garkveuli
qronologiurad);
kodirebul kategoriebs Soris kavSirebis dadgena;
kategoriebs
Soris
mimarTebebis
dadgena
(magaliTad,
ierarqiuli,
droiTi, urTierTobiTi, daqvemdebarebuli, damaqvemdebarebeli);
saboloo angariSSi monacemebis citireba.

keles (Kelle 1995) mosazrebiT, kompiuteri gansakuTrebiT efeqturia
Tvisebrivi
kvlevisTvis
problemasTan
damaxasiaTebeli
gamklavebisas,
iseT
rogoricaa
xSirad
wamoWril
gadatvirTuli,
Warbi
monacemebidan saWiro monacemebis amokrefa. amtkiceben, rom kompiuteri

mkvlevars
saSualebas
moculobis
teqtsebis
aZlevs,
sistemebi,
gamoiyenos
kodebi,
seleqciuri
SeniSvnebi,
MmoZieba,
didi
Tanxvedrili
kodebi, aseve, Tvisebrivi monacemebi raodenobrivad daTvalos. (aseve,

ix.Seidel
and
Kelle
es,
1905).
Tavis
mxriv,
elementebis
erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebis, qselebis agebisa da, saboloo jamSi, Teoriis Seqmnis

SesaZleblobas
iZleva
(Seidel and Kelle 1995).
lonkila
(Lonkila 1995)
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba kompiuteris gamoyenebam xeli Seuwyos

dafuZnebuli
Teoriis
kavSirebis,
CaniSvnebis,
gadamowmebis gamoyenebiT,
Camoyalibebas
kodirebis,
anotaciebis,
mudmivi
danarTebis,
Sedarebis,
diagramebis,
rasac saboloo jamSi, Teoriis Camoyalibeba
mohyveba. kele da lauri (Kelle and Laurie 1995: 27) Tvlian, rom am procesSi
1112
kompiuteruli
meTodebis
gamoyeneba
zrdis
validobasa
(SerCevebis
marTviT) da sandoobas (mocemul Temaze yvela monacemis mopovebiTa da

amiT
monacemebis
sarwmunoebis
gazriT).
kompiuteri,
ZiriTadad,
monacemebis kodirebisa da kompilaciisTvis gamoiyeneba (Kelle 1995: 62 104).

lonkila (1995) kodebis ramdenime saxes gamoyofs: Ria kodirebis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba
kategoriebi
da
ganisazRvreba
RerZuli kodireba
ganzomilebebi.
erTi
maTi
kategoriis
Tvisebebi
SigniT
da
muSaobs,
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs am kategoriis qvejgufebs da erT kategorias

meoresTan.
es
SeiZleba
exebodes
Sesaswavl
movlenas,
am
movlenis
gamomwvev pirobebs, konteqts, romelSic xorcieldeba movlena, masTan

dakavSiebul moqmedebebsa da urTierTobebs, Sedegebsa da situaciaSi
moqmed
seleqciuri
pirebs.
kodireba
teqsturi
monacemebis
kategoriebs adgens, romelTac Teoriis CamoalibebisTvis
ZiriTad
aerTianebs.
seideli da kele (1995) Tvlian, rom kodebiT SeiZleba teqstis, movlenisa

Tu faqtis moniSvna, da, aseve, maTi
gamoyeneba monacemebis qselebis
Sesaqmnelad.
Tvisebrivi
programebis
monacemebisTvis arsebobs mTeli rigi iseTi kompiuteruli

paketebisa
(ix.Kelle 1995),
rogoricaa,
magaliTad:
AQUAD,
ATLAS/ti, HyperQuad2, Hyper-RESEARCH, Hypersoft, Kwaliton, Martin, MAXqda,

WINMAX, QSR.NUD.IST, Nvivo, QUALPRO, Textbase Alpha, ETHNOGRAPH, ATLAS.ti,
Code-A-Text, Decision Explorer da Diction. zogierTi maTgani ganxiluli aqvT
preinsa da mis kolegebs (Prein et al. 1995: 190 209). realurad, es programebi
Tavad
ki
ar
analizisTvis
aanalizeben
gankuTvnili
monacemebs
(raodenobrivi
programebisgan
meTodebis
gansxvavebiT),
aramed
exmarebian mkvlevars amaSi. kele (2004: 277) SeniSnavs, rom es programebi

imdenad ar aanalizeben teqsts, ramdenadac Semdgomi analizisTvis mis
organizebasa da struqturirebas axdenen.
am
programebis
masalasTan
gamoTvlisa
swrafad
da
mimzidvelobas
Tavis
moZiebisas
garTmevis
didi
moculobis
saSualebas
gamoricxavs
adamianur
qmnis;
teqstobriv
monacemebis
Secdomas;
aseve,
1113
aTavisuflebs mklvevars zogierTi meqanikuri davalebisgan. sityvebis,

frazebis, kodebis, kvanZebisa da kategoriebis SeTxvevaSi, kompiuteruli
programiT SesaZlebelia:
teqstebis, kodebis, kvanZebisa da kategoriebis moZieba da Camateba;
teqstis gafiltrva;
ukuTvla;
dajgufebuli monacemebis sasurveli SerCevis kriteriumis mixedviT

warmodgena, rogorc teqstebs SigniT, aseve ramdenime teqstSi erTad
statistikuri
analizis
Tvisebrivi
ekvivalentebis
ganxorcieleba,
rogoricaa:
-
logikuri Zieba (iseTi teqstebis TanakveTa, romlebic erTze

meti kodiT an kvanZiTaa aRniSnuli, da da an kavSirebis
gamoyenebiT; erTdroulad Sexvedrebisa da gadafarvebis Zieba);
siaxlovis Zieba (monacemebis klasteruli gaerTianebebisa da

kvanZis an kodis nebismier mxaresTan dakavSirebuli konteqsturi
monacemebis Zebna);
SezRudvebi, xeebi da niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilebi (monacemebis

ZiebaSi
CarTva
an
gamoricxva,
konkretul
kvanZSi
Semavali
kodebis da sxva kvanZebis momcveli kvanZebis Zieba).
urTierTdakavSirebuli kvanZebisa da kodebis dendrogramebis ageba

(xis struqtura);
monacemebis Tanmimdevrulad warmodgena da teqstis misTvis uaxloesi

masalis
farglebSi
ganTavseba
aucilebeli
konteqstiT
uzrunvelyofis mizniT;
teqstis SerCeva kombinirebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT (magaliTad,

erTdroulad gamoCena, erToblivi ganlageba);
teqstebsa da teqstebis pasaJebs Soris msgavsebebis, gansxvavebebisa da

urTierTobebis analizis SesaZlebloba;
teqstis komentireba da mis Sesaxeb CaniSvnebis Cawera.
1114
amas
garda,
masalis
kodirebis,
Ziebis,
amokrefvisa
da
wardgenis
gasaioleblad programa SeiZleba leqsikonebs da terminebis anbanur

saZiebelsac Seicavdes.
vinaidan
kodirebis
wesebi
da
kategoriebi
cnobilia
da
wesebiT
imarTeba, kompiuteruli analizi gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo SeiZleba

iyos teqstebis moZebnis, dajgufebisTvis rogorc konkretuli sityvebis,
ise _ msgavsi mniSvnelobi mqone sityvebis mixedviT. calkeul sityvebsa
da
sityvebis
daTvlisas
SeiZleba
uyuradRebod
darCes
konteqstis
mniSvneloba. amitom Seiqmna iseTi kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic

konteqstis
ZiriTad
programebis
SesaZlebelia
ZiriTad
sityvebs
umetesobas
im
teqsts
CaniSvnebis
teqstis
ar
(Key-Words-In-Context)
gakeTebis
Tanmxlebi
miekuTvneba
pouloben.
funqcia
komentarebis
da
gaaCnia,
gakeTeba,
survilisamebr,
aseTi
anu,
romelic
gamoiricxos
an
CaerTos teqsturi masalis analizSi. garda amisa, bevri programuli

paketi
moicavs
teqstis
anotaciis
da
danarTis
gakeTebis
funqcias,
romelic teqstTan erTad inaxeba, sadac iqvea miTiTebuli, rom es aris

anotacia da ara _ ZiriTadi teqstis nawili.
kompiuterebi verafers gaakeTeben adamianis xelis gareSe, vinaidan
mainc adamianma unda gadawyvitos da Seqmnas kodebi da kategoriebi,
gadaamowmos monacemebi da moaxdinos maTi interpretacia. analogiurad,
mkacradaa SezRuduli teqstebis algoriTmuli interpretaciebi (Kelle
2004: 277),
vinaidan
gaanalizirebadi
SeiZleba
teqstebi
masalaa.
problemebi
imaze
garda
Seiqmnas
mets
amisa,
iseT
Seicavs,
kele
vidre
(2004:
SemTxvevebSi,
283)
meqanikurad
Tvlis,
rodesac
rom
daSvebebi,
romelsac kompiuteruli programa eyrdnoba, ar Seesabameba mkvlevris

miznebs an programa ar iZleva Tvisebriv kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli
analitikuri
teqnikebis
saWiro
arCevansa
da
diapazons.
kele
(2004)
amtkicebs, rom kompiuteruli programa dafuZnebuli Teoriis teqnikebs

ufro
mWidrod
SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes,
vidre
sxva
teqnikebs
(magaliTad, hermenevtika, diskursis analizi) (Coffey et al. 1996); programa
1115
SeiZleba warmarTavdes analizs da ara _ piriqiT (Fielding and Lee 1998). is

ZiriTadad kategoriebis kodirebiTaa dakavebuli (Siedel and Kelle 1995).
SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom programuli uzrunvelyofa ar aris
iseTi
efeqturi,
rogoric
raodenobrivi
monacemebis
analizi,
im
TvalsazrisiT, rom teqstis Setana uaRresad Sromatevadi saqmea da

programa analizs ki ar akeTebs, aramed mxolod imiT exmareba mkvlevars
analizis warmoebaSi, rom alagebs monacemebs da imaxsovrebs kodebs,
kvanZebs da a. S.
sandooba kontent analizSi

teqstebisa da maTi kontent analizis sandoobis ganxilvisas ramdenime
sakiTxia
gasaTvaliswinebeli
da
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
analizisas
amisTvis, faqtobrivad, sxvadasxvagvari saSualeba gamoiyeneba, magaliTad;
nebiTi
da
uneblie
mtkicebulebebi
(Robson
1993:
nebiTi
273):
mtkicebuleba is mtkicebulebaa, romlis gamJRavnebac ganzraxuli iyo,

xolo unebrie mtkicebuleba iseTi mtkicebulebaa, romlis Sesaxebac
teqstidan
SegviZlia
davaskvnaT
da
romlic
gacemac
informaciis
wyaros ganzraxuliar hqonda.
teqsti, SesaZloa, mkvlevris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, ara kvlevisaTvis,

aramed sruliad sxva mizniT daiwera (rac xSirad xdeba dokumentebis
SemTxvevaSi). Sesabamisad, mkvlevarma unda icodes teqstis avtoris
ganzraxva, an unda SeeZlos mis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba.
dokumentebi
SeiZleba
SezRuduli,
mikerZoebuli,
araneitraluri
da
seleqciuri,
arasruli
iyos,
nawilobrivi,
vinaidan
isini
sruliad sxva mizniT Seiqmna da ara kvlevisTvis (validobisa da

sandoobis sakiTxi);
dokumentebSi,
SesaZloa,
gaZneldes
mizez-Sedegobriobis
Sesaxeb
daskvna _ isini konkretuli situaciis mizezi an Sedegi SeiZleba iyos.
teqstis klasifikacia, SesaZloa, araTanmimdevruli iyos (problema,

romelsac zogjer amsubuqebs kompiuteruli analizi) adamianisTvis
1116
Cveuli
Secdomis,
kodirebaze
momuSave
personalis
cvalebadobisa
(individis SigniT da individebs Soris cvalebadoba) da kodirebis

wesebis orazrovnebis gamo (Weber 1990: 17).
teqsti
SeiZleba
ar
iyos
damowmebuli
an
SeuZlebeli
iyos
misi
damowmeba;
sityvebi imTaviTve orazrovani da mravalparametrulia (omografebis

problema). magaliTad, ras niSnavs sityva skola: Senobas, adamianTa
jgufs,
SemoqmedTa
garkveul
gaerTianebas
(magaliTad,
impresionistuli skola), departaments (samedicino skola), arsebiT

saxels,
zmnas
kontroli,
(swavleba,
institutSi
ganaTleba,
siaruli),
warmarTva,
institutSi
gavarjiSeba,
gatarebul
drois
monakveTs (skolis Semdeg fexburTis saTamaSod darCnen), zedsarTav

saxels
(magaliTad,
Zlieri
dartymis
principebis
saskolo
skola),
erTgulia
dRe),
aqtivobis
adamianTa
(magaliTad,
jgufs,
sferos
(magaliTad,
romelic
garkveuli
utilitaristuli
skola),
cxovrebis stils (magaliTad, Zveli skolis warmomadgeneli batoni),

garkveuli miznis irgvliv Sekrebili adamianebis jgufs (magaliTad,
TamaSis
skola)
da
a.
S.
es
gansakuTrebiT
problemuri
sakiTxia
kompiuteruli programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebSic SeiZleba sityvebi

maTi mniSvnelobebis gareSe analizirdebodes;
kodirebisas da kategorizaciisas SeiZleba daikargos konkretuli

sityvebis niuansebi
kategoriebis
da maTi damatebiTi mniSvnelobebi (konotaciebi);
gansazRvrebebi
da
Temebi
SeiZleba
bundovani,
orazrovani iyos, radgan isini daskvniTi xasiaTisaa;
zogierTi
sityva
SeiZleba
erTsa
da
imave
saerTo
kategoriaSi
Sediodes, magram met-naklebi mniSvneloba hqondes im kategoriisTvis

(sityvebis Sewonvis sistema SeiZleba sando ar iyos);
msgavs
kategoriebSi dajgufebul sityvebs
SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli
konotaciebi hqondeTY da maT ufro niuansirebulad iyenebdnen, vidre

kategoria aRiarebs.
1117
kategoria,
SesaZloa,
mkvlevris
gegmebs
da
mis
mier
miweril
mniSvneloba ufro asaxavdes, vidre imas, rac realuradaa teqstSi

mocemuli, an, rasac teqstis Semqmnelebi (magaliTad, respodentebi)
gulisxmobdnen.
monacemebis gaerTianebam SeiZleba sandooba Seamciros. maSin, rodesac

analizisisas
winadadebebs,
frazebs,
sityvebsa
da
srul
teqstebs
SeiZleba maRali sandooba hqondeT, abzacebsa da teqstis ufro didi

zomis, magram arasruli nawilebs dabali (Weber 1990: 39).
dokumentSi
saTqmeli SeiZleba mizanmimarTulad iyos gamotovebuli,
gazviadebulad an dakninebulad naTqvami (Weber 1990: 73).

ufro farTo doneze, ezi (Ezzy 2002: 84) kontent analizis SezRudvas
gvTavazobs
winaswar
da
amtkicebs,
gansazRvrulia,
Sesamowmeblad
Sesaqmnelad,
an
Tumca,
rom
vinaidan
kontent
analizi
dasasabuTeblad
aq,
albaT,
kodireba
ukve
gamodgena
arasaTanadodaa
da
kategorizacia
arsebuli
da
ara
Teoriis
_
Sefasebuli
axlis
kontent
analizis axali Teoriis CamoyalibebisTvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi,

gansakuTrebiT, dafuZnebuli Teoriis SemTxvevaSi (ganxilulia qvemoT).
kontent analizisas xSirad winaswanaa cnobili, Tu ras eZeben teqstSi
da ra kategoriebiT moxdeba misi gaanalizeba. ezis (2002: 85) azriT, amiT
analizis
kategoriebis
monacemebisadmi
reaqciuloba
mcirdeba
da,
Sedegad, monacemebis analizi mkvlevris gegmebis mixedviT warimarTeba

da ara _ raime sxva gegmiT. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba arsebuli
Teoriis
Semowmeba.
kvlevis
kiTxva
faqtobrivad,
Zalian
zogadia,
meiringis
an
Tu
(2004:
kvleva
269)
mtkicebiT,
SeswavliTia,
Tu
maSin
umjobesi iqneba kontent analizze ufro Ria procedurebis, magaliTad,

dafuZnebuli Teoriis gamoyeneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom induqciuri midgomebi kontent analizis adreul
etapebze
SeiZleba
etapebzec
wamoayenos
gamoiricxos,
gamoricxuli
da
es
iqneba,
monacemebidan
ar
niSnavs,
vinaidan
induqciurad
rom
isini
SesaZlebelia,
gamokveTos
Semdgom
mkvlevrma
Temebi
da
1118
interpretaciebi da ara _maincdamainc kategoriebidan an ukve arsebuli

Teoriebidan. aqedan gamomdinare, Tqma imisa, rom kontent analizi uars
ambobs induqciaze an arsebuli Teoriis SemowmebiT Semoifargleba (Ezzy
2002: 85), usamarTloba iqneba. es kontent analizis moqnilobaze mcdari
warmodgenaa.
fliki
(1998)
Tvlis,
rom
Tu
winaswar
momzadebuli
kategoriebi monacemebs ver ergebian, isini unda modificirdes.
dafuZnebuli Teoria
Tvisebrivi
monacemebis
SemTxvevaSi
axali
Teoria
TandaTanobiT,
monacemebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes. Teoriis Camoyalibebis

mniSvnelovan
meTods
dafuZnebuli
Teoria
warmoadgens.
dafuZnebuli
Teoria ufro induqciuria, vidre kontent analizi, radgan Teoriebi

monacemebidan
warmoiqmneba
da
monacemebis
mopovebamde
ar
arsebobs.
strausi da korbini (Strauss and Corbin 1994: 273) aRniSnaven: dafuZnebuli

Teoria
Teoriis
sistematurad
Camoyalibebis
Segrovil
da
zogadi
meTodologiaa,
gaanalizebul
monacemebs
romelic
efuZneba.
dafuZnebuli Teoriis principebis Sejamebis sailustraciodix. wignis

Tanmxlebi
vebgverdi
(http://routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi
23,
faili 23.1. doc). sayuradReboa am gansazRvrebis ramdenime maxasiaTebeli:
Teoria ar aris winaswar gansazRvruli da Semowmebuli, igi da
ganviTarebadia;
Teoria monacemebidan yalibdeba
Teoriis
Camoyalibeba
da viTardeba da ara _ piriqiT;
monacemebis
sistematuri
Segrovebisa
da
analizis Sedegi da Tanmxlebi procesia;
tendenciebi Teoriebi impliciturad, TavisTavad arsebobs monacemebSi,

ubralod saWiroa maTi aRmoCena.
glaseri
(1996)
Tvlis,
rom
dafuZnebuli
Teoria
monacemebidan
Teoriis sistematuri Camoyalibebaa; es induqciuri procesia, romelSic

yvelaferi
monacemebive
integrirebulia
qmnian
da
ara
da
_
monacemebis
wyobas
mkvlevari,
vinaidan
(paternebs)
moqmedebebi
Tavad
sxva
1119
moqmedebebTanaa dakavSirebuli. glaserisa da strausis (1967) ZiriTad

naSromSi
uaryofilia
martivi
wrfivi
mizezobrioba
da
monacemebis
konteqstidan amovardna. avtorebi amave naSromSi amtkiceben, rom samyaro,

romelSic
monawileebi
da
cxovroben,
Sekrulia.
rogorc
mravalparametriani,
glaseri
(1996)
ambobs,
samyaro ar Cndeba vakuumSi da mkvlevarma mxedvelobaSi unda iqonios

moqmedebebis
urTierTdakavSirebuloba.
moqmedebebi
erTmaneTTanaa
dakavSirebuli
yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi
da
bunebrivad
adamianebi
amyareben am kavSirebs. es yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da amitom

dafuZnebuli Teoria wvdeba kvlevis naturalistur elements da mas
sistematuri
meTodologiis
saxiT
moqmedebebis
kompleqsurobisa
ayalibebs.
da
yoveldRiuri,
yofiTi
urTierTdakavSirebulobis
gagebis
mcdelobisas dafuZnebuli Teoria adamianebis moqmedebas zustad da

dawvrilebiT
aRwers.
is
moqmedebebSi
arsebul
araTanmimdevrulobas,
winaaRmdegobebs, wyvetasa da dakavSirebulobas iTvaliswinebs. rogorc

glaseri (1996) ambobs, dafuZnebuli Teoria imiTaa mimzidveli, rom is
zustad imas wvdeba, rac xdeba. fliki (1998: 41) wers, rom mizans ara
cvladebad dayofis gziT kompleqsurobis Semcireba, aramed konteqstis
damatebiT kompleqsurobis gazrda warmoadgens.
dafuZnebuli
SerCevisTvis,
Teoria
mudmivi
identificirebisTvis
meTodebs
sistematuri
Sedarebis
da
(ganxilulia
Teoriaa,
romelic
Teoriuli
kodirebisTvis,
ZiriTadi
cvladebis
Teoriis
qvemoT)
SevsebisTvis
iyenebs.
sistematizirebul
dafuZnebuli
Teoria
ar
gamoricxavs raodenobriv meTodebs, piriqiT, is efuZneba maT (Glaser 1996)

im
TvalsazrisiT,
teqnikebSi
rom
gamoyenebuli
Tvisebrivi
zogierTi
analizis)
monacemebisTvis
analituri
gamoyenebas
meTodis
cdilobs.
statistikur
(magaliTad,
dafuZnebul
TeoriaSi mkvlevari arkvevs, Tu ra aris relevanturi. sagulisxmoa, rom

glaserisa
da
strausis
(1967)
naSromis
saxelwodebaa:
Teoriis aRmoCena (The Discovery of Grounded Theory).
dafuZnebuli
1120
dafuZnebuli
Teoria
yvelaze
metad
Teoriis
xedviT
gansxvavdeba
raodenobrivi, pozitivisturi kvlevisgan. pozitivistur kvlevaSi jer

Teoria arsebobs, romelic mowmdeba da mkvlevari monacemebidan askvnis,
aris Tu ara Teoria myari da SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi dasabuTeba.
monacemebs
piriqiT,
aiZuleben,
ar
cdilobs
rom
moergos
monacemebis
Teorias.
winaswar
dafuZnebuli
gansazRvrul
Teoria,
Teoriaze
morgebas (Glasser and Strauss 1967: 3). sinamdvileSi, induqciur da deduqciur

kvlevas Soris gansxvaveba imaze naklebad SesamCnevia, vidre es erTi
SexedviT
Cans.
magaliTad,
deduqciuri
daskvnis
Camoayalibebamde,
mkvlevarma Teoria da kategoriebi induqciurad unda Camoayalibos.

dafuZnebuli
Teoria
monacemebiT
iwyebs,
romlebic
Semdeg
gaanalizdeba da gadaisinjeba, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTgan Teoriis

Camoyalibeba. is mxolod monacemebidan rodi iRebs saTaves; Teoria
miiReba monacemebidan _ is dafuZnebulia monacemebze da warmoiqmneba
maTgan. rogorc linkolni da guba (1985: 205) amtkiceben, dafuZnebuli
Teoria sakvlev situacias unda ergebodes.
glaseri
(1996)
gabatonebuli
wers,
iyo,
rom
forsirebis
gansakuTrebiT
meTodologiebi
pozitivistur
kvlevaSi.
Zalian
amrigad,
dafuZnebuli Teoria iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva winaswar arsebuli

TeoriebiT kvlevis forsirebaze an misi bunebis SezRudvaze. vinaidan
dafuZnebuli Teoria gamijnulia nebismieri winaswar miRebuli ideisgan
da monacemebs Teoriis warmoqmnis saSualebas utovebs, am mimarTulebiT
momuSave mkvlevars garkveuli unarebi esaWiroeba, magaliTad:
tolerantoba
da
mimRebloba
monacemebisa
da
axlad
warmoqmnili
erTeulebis mimarT;
gaugebrobasa
da
SemTxvevaSi, Tu
xerxdeba)
Segueba;
Teoriis
droze
ukan
daxevasTan
(diskomfortis
gancda,
im
Teoriis momentaluri da mkafio gamovlineba ver
adre,
winaaRmdegobis gaweva;
daumTavrebeli
saxiT
formulirebisTvis
1121
monacemebisadmi didi yuradRebis gamoCenis unari;
mzaoba Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi CarTvisTvis da ara _ misi

SemowmebisTvis.
es
empiriuli,
gamocdilebaze
dafuZnebuli
meTodologiaa;
ganviTarebis
procesSi
myof
kategoriebTan
da
ara
winaswar
gansazRvrul, mza kategoriebTan, muSaobis unari.

vinaidan Teoria
Sesaxeb
ar
arsebuli
aris
winaswar gansazRvruli, sakvlevi Temis
literaturis
mizanmimarTuli
kiTxva
arc
ise
Sedegiania, rogorc sxva saxis kvlevebSi (magaliTad, kvlevis sakiTxebis

CamoyalibebisTvis literaturis mimoxilvis gamoyeneba). sinamdvileSi, es
saxifaToc ki SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan SeiZleba droze adre daixuros
sakvlevi Tema an winaswar ganisazRvros, Tu ras dainaxavs mkvlevari
monacemebSi.
aseve,
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba
mocemul
prizmaSi
dainaxos
monacemebi da ara _ axali kuTxiT. vinaidan mkvlevarma ar icis, ras

aRmoaCens, Sesabamisad, verc is ecodineba zustad, Tu ra unda waikiTxos
Teoriis dafuZnebamde. man farTo speqtris literatura unda ikiTxos,
sakvlev sferoze da mis gareT da ara _ viwrod specializebuli da
konkretuli mimarTulebiT fokusirebuli.
dafuZnebuli Teoriis ramdenime elementi arsebobs, romlebic mis
sistematur bunebas qmnian. axla, swored am elementebs ganvixilavT.
Teoriuli SerCeva
Teoriul
grovdeba
da
SerCevaSi
monacemebi
mkvlevari
manamde
mudmivi
avsebs
gameorebis
SerCevas,
safuZvelze
vidre
sakmarisi
monacemi ar daugrovdeba imisaTvis, rom aRweros sakvlev konteqstSi

an situaciaSi mimdinare movlenebi da vidre Teoriul sisavses
(ganxilulia qvemoT) ar miaRwevs. mkvlevars winaswar ver ecodineba,
rodis
dadgeba
es
momenti,
igi
kvlevis
dasrulebamde
ver
1122
gansazRvravs SerCevis moculobas an reprezentaciulobas. Teoriul

SerCevaSi monacemebis Segroveba imdeni monacemis miRebamde grZeldeba,
ramdenic
sakmarisi
formulirebisTvis
iqneba
da
misi
mimdinare
movlenis
Teoriuli
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis
axsnis
Semadgeneli
nawilebis aRwerisTvis. es reprezentaciulobis sakiTxi ki ar aris,

aramed Teoriis warmoqmnis saSualebas iZleva. rogorc glaseri da
strausi (1967) weren Teoriuli SerCeva monacemebis Segrovebis procesia,
romelic
Teoriis
Camoyalibebas
isaxavs
miznad
da
sadac
analitikosi
erTdroulad agrovebs, axdens monacemebis kodirebas da aanalizebs Tavis

[sic.]monacemebs da gadawyvets, ra monacemebi Seagrovos momavalSi da sad
moipovos isini, raTa obieqturad
rogorc realurad
Camoayalibos Tavisi Teoria, anu ise,
yalibdeba da viTardeba. monacemebis Segrovebis am
process Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi Teoria akontrolebs.

(Glasser and Strauss 1967: 45)
glaseri da strausi
jgufebis
arCevis
weren, rom Teoriis aRmoCenisTvis Sesadarebeli
bazisuri
kriteriumi
warmoqmnis
procesSi
myofi
kategoriebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis maTi Teoriuli Sesatyvisobaa

(Glasser and Strauss 1967: 49) da ara, SerCevis tradiciuli strategiebi.
kodireba
kodireba monacemebis danawevrebisa da xelaxla gaerTianebis procesia.
monacemebis danawevrebisas isini striqonebad, abzacebad an seqciebad iyofa.
es
fragmentebi,
Semdeg
kodirebis meSveobiT
xelaxla
wesrigdeba,
raTa
axlebuli xedvis CamoyalibebiT mTel rig sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevebs Soris

msgavsebebi
da
gansxvavebebiSeviswavloT.
kodireba
sawyis
etapze
damabnevelia uamravi aSkarad erTmaneTis Seusabamo masalis TvalsazrisiT;

Tumca, kodirebis procesTan da Temebis gamokveTasTan erTad, analizi ufro
organizebuli da struqturirebuli xdeba.
(Ezzy 2002: 94)
dafuZnebul TeoriaSi sami saxis kodireba arsebobs: Ria, RerZuli da
seleqciuri; kodirebis mizania monacemebis advilad samarTav nawilebad
1123
dayofa, raTa xeli Seuwyos da gaaadvilos sakvlevi fenomenis gageba. Ria
kodireba monacemebis Seswavlas, analizis erTeulebis gamoyofas da

mniSvnelobebis, grZnobebis, moqmedebebis, movlenebis da a.S. kodirebas
moicavs. mkvlevari axdens monacemebis kodirebas, saWiroebisamebr, qmnis
axal kodebs, kategoriebsa da qvekategoriebs da, sadac marTebulia, manam
aerTianebs kodebs, vidre srulad ar moaxdens mis xelT arsebuli
teqstis kodirebas. RerZuli kodireba kategoriebsa da kodebs Soris
kavSirebis damyarebas da centraluri kategoriebis RerZebis irgvliv
kodebis gaerTianebas cdilobs (Ezzy 2002: 91). RerZuli kodirebis arsi
kategoriebis urTierTdakavSirebaa (Cresswell 1998: 57). aqedan gamomdinare,
xdeba
kodebis
gamokvleva,
maTi
kodebis da kategoriebis arsebul
kodireba
ZiriTadi
gamoikveTeba
da
kodis
urTierTmimarTebebis
da
TeoriasTan Sedareba. seleqciuri
identificirebas
dazustdeba
Seswavla
ZiriTad
kodsa
gulisxmobs;
da
sxva
kodebs
amasTan,
Soris
mimarTeba (Ezzy 2002: 93) da kodirebis sqema ukve arsebul TeoriasTan

Sedardeba. kresveli (Cresswell 1998: 57) wers, rom seleqciuri kodirebisas
mkvlevari adgens Txrobis xazs da wers ambavs, romelic RerZuli
kodirebis modelSi kategoriebs aerTianebs.
kodirebisprocesTan
erTad
mkvlevari
ayalibebs
cnebebs
da
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs maT. fliki da misi kolegebi (2004: 19) amtkiceben,

rom
monacemebis
urTierTobamde
Teoriul
da,
ganmeorebiT
aqedan
kodirebas
gamomdinare,
formulirebaSi
cnebebs
Teoriamde
gaTvaliswinebulia
Soris
mWidro
mivyavarT,
anu,
monacemebis
mravalferovneba da simdidre.
mudmivi Sedareba
Ria, RerZuli da seleqciuri kodireba mudmivi Sedarebis meTods
iyenebs. mudmivi Sedarebisas mkvlevari axal monacemebs adarebs ukve
arsebul monacemebsa da kategoriebs ise, rom kategoriebi idealurad
moergos monacemebs. Tu monacemebi da kategoriebi an, sinamdvileSi,
Teoria da monacemebi ar Seesabameba erTmaneTs, maSin kategoriebi da
1124
Teoriebi manamde unda modificirdes, vidre yvela monacemi ar aixsneba.

winaaRmdegobrivi da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gareSe rom SesaZlebeli
gaxdes kargad morgebuli monacemebis miReba da akomodacia, axali da
ganviTarebadi kategoriebi iqmneba. glaseri da strausi (1967: 102) weren,
rom erTdrouli kodirebis mudmivi Sedarebis meTodisa da analizis
mizania Teoriis Camoyalibeba... eqsplicituri kodirebisa da analitikuri
procedurebis
gamoyenebiT.
universalobis
dasadgenad
es
an
Teoria
ar
SemoTavazebuli
aris
mowodebuli
mizezebis
an
sxva
Tvisebebis dasamtkiceblad. vinaidan dasamtkicebeli araferia, mudmivi

Sedarebis meTodi... mxolod monacemebis sisavses saWiroebs da ara _
yvela arsebuli monacemis ganxilvas.

mudmivi
Sedarebisas
TeoriisTvis
yvela
kategoriebisa
arsebuli
da
monacemis
formirebadi
(dafuZnebuli)
morgebisas
gansxvavebuli,
negatiuri da sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.

mudmivi
Sedareba
is
procesia,
romelSic
sxvadasxva
monacemebis
Tvisebebis da kateoriebis erTmaneTTan uwyveti Sedareba xdeba manamde,

sanam cvalebadoba saerTod ar gaqreba (Glaser 1996), anu, vidre Teoriuli
sisavse ar miiRweva. mudmivi Sedarebisas erTmaneTs adareben monacemebs
situaciebis, drois, adamianTa jgufebis mixedviT da es mTeli rigi
meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. es procesi triangulaciis meTodologiur
cnebas exmianeba. glaserisa da strausis (1967: 105 13) mosazrebiT,
mudmivi Sedarebis meTodi oTx etaps moicavs. es etapebia: TiToeuli
kategoriis
Sesaferisi
SemTxvevebisa
da
monacemebis
Sedareba;
am
kategoriebisa da maTi Tvisebebis gaerTianeba; Teoriis moxazva; Teoriis

formulireba. pirveli etapi moicavs SemTxvevebis kodirebasa da maT
Sedarebas
imave
da
gansxvavebul
jgufebSi
gaerTianebul
wina
SemTxvevebTan da imave kategoriaSi moxvedril sxva monacemebTan. meore

etapi
gulisxmobs
CaniSvnebis,
komentarebis
gakeTebasa
da
Semdgom
kodirebas. am etapze icvleba mudmivi Sedarebis erTeulebi; es jer

SemTxvevisa da SemTxvevis Sedarebaa, xolo Semdeg SemTxvevisa da
1125
kategoriis
Tvisebis
Sedareba,
romelic
SemTxvevebis
Tavdapirveli
Sedarebis Sedegad aris miRebuli (Glasser and Strauss 1967: 108). mesame etapi
_ sazRvrebis dadgena, Teoriisa da kategoriebis doneze mimdinareobs. am
etapze
xdeba
ZiriTadi
erTgvarovnebis
da
Tvisebebis
aRmoCena,
Sesabamisad, mcirdeba ganxorcielebul cvlilebaTa ricxvi. amasTan, es

is etapia, romelzec Teoriuli sisavse miiRweva. bolo etapi, Teoriis
formireba,
maSin xdeba, rodesac mkvlevars Segrovili da Seqmnili aqvs
kodirebuli monacemebi, Canawerebi/CaniSvnebi am monacemebis Sesaxeb da

Teoria, romelic sabolod
monacemebis
werilobiTi saxiT formdeba.
nawilebis
gadasinjviT,
kerZod,
negatiuri da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis

saSualeba,
jami.
moZiebiT, mkvlevars eZleva
konkretuli TeoriisTvis miiRos am SemTxvevebis Sualeduri
mkvlevari
ayalibebs
damadasturebeli,
da
sakvlevi
analogiurad
fenomenebisTvis
iTvlis
alternatiur
damadasturebel,
Teoriebsac
negatiur
da
gansxvavebul SemTxvevebs. linkolnisa da gubas (1985) mtkicebiT, yvelaze

myaria Teoria, romelSic yvelaze bevri damadasturebeli da yvelaze
cota negatiuri da gansxvavebuli SemTxveva moiZebneba.
lekomtisa da preislis (1933: 256) azriT, mudmivi Sedarebisas xdeba
kategoriebis induqciuri kodirebis kombinireba (zemoT ganvixileT) da
am procesiT miRebuli kodebis imavdrouli Sedareba sxva movlenebTan
da socialur SemTxvevebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da sivrceSi
iqna
aRmoCenilida
sxvadasxva
kodirebuli.
kategoriis
mixedviT
aseTi
Sedareba
erTmaneTs
saSualebas
Sedardes
iZleva
socialuri
fenomenebi, ris Sedegadac aucileblad warmoqmneba axali ganzomilebebi,

kodebi da kategoriebi. glaseri (1978) miuTiTebs, rom mudmivi Sedareba
SeiZleba monacemebis SegrovebasTan erTad daiwyos, gagrZeldes ZiriTadi
sakiTxebisa
da
kategoriebis
Ziebisas,
monacemebSi
ganmeorebadi
movlenebis an aqtivobebis aRmoCenisas, romlebic ZiriTad kategoriebad

iqceva
drosac
kategoriebis
ki
SeiZleba
diapazonis
gafarTovebisas.
grZeldebodes,
romelic,
es
Tavis
procesi
mxriv,
weris
kvlevis
1126
paralelurad, uwyvetad unda mimdinareobdes, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos

fenomenis iseTi modelis an axsnis Camoyalibeba, romelic fundamentur
socialur procesebsa da urTierTobebs axsnida.
ZiriTadi cvladebi da Teoriuli sisavse

mudmivi Sedarebis gamoyenebiT ZiriTadi cvladebis dadgena xdeba. es
is cvladebia, romliTac monacemebis didi nawili aixsneba da romlebic,
rac SeiZleba, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. esaa cvladebi,
romlis irgvlivac iyris Tavs monacemebis umravlesoba. rogorc fliki
da
misi
kolegebi
gaerTianeba
surT
(2004:
an
19)
ramdenime
aRniSnaven,
ZiriTad
cnebebis
Tanmimdevrul
kategoriasTan
da
amiT,
formirebadi Teoriis birTvamde mivyavarT.

Teoriuli
sisavse
maSin
miiRweva,
rodesac
axali
monacemebis
damatebis miuxedavad, axali kodebi an kategoriebi aRar warmoiqmneba,

aRar arsebobs axali mignebebi da, aseve, Cven xelT arsebuli yvela
monacemi ZiriTadi kategoriebiTa da qvekategoriebiT aixsneba (Glaser and
Strauss 1967: 61). rogorc ezi (2002: 93) SeniSnavs: Teoriuli sisavse maSin
miiRweva, roca dasrulebuli kodireba Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi
Teoriis
adekvaturia
da
avsebs
mas.
cxadia,
kategoriebis
sisavsis
Sesaxeb darwmunebiT verasodes vimsjelebT, vinaidan induqcias Tavisi

SezRudvebi aqvs, anu, SeiZleba axal monacemebSi iseTi monacemic erios,
romelic
Teoriuli
arsebul
Teorias
dasrulebuloba,
ukuagdebs.
rodesac
sisavsesTanaa
Teorias
Sewyvilebuli
SeuZlia
monacemebis
srulad da damakmayofileblad axsna.
dafuZnebuli Teoriis Camoyalibeba

dafuZnebuli
Sedarebis,
Teoria
ZiriTadi
Teoriuli
cvladebis
SerCevis,
kodirebis,
identificirebiTa
da
mudmivi
monacemebis,
kategoriebisa da kodebis sisavsis miRweviT, arsebuli monacemebidan

TavisTavad, Zaldatanebis gareSe yalibdeba (ris Teorizebazec ar unda
iyos
laparaki),
da
yvela
monacems
xsnis.
miRebuli
Teoriis
1127
adekvaturobis Sefaseba ramdenime kriteriumiTaa SesaZlebeli. glaseri

da strausi (1967: 237) oTx aseT kriteriums gvTavazoben:
Teoriisa
da
monacemebis
urTierTSesabamisobis
xarisxi;
ramdenad
sferoSi
momuSave
kargad ergebian isini erTmaneTs.
ramdenad
advilad
gasagebia
Teoria
mocemul
Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianisTvis.
Teoriis
unari,
mravalricxovani
iyos
zogadi
yoveldRiuri
yofiTi
mniSvnelovan
sferoebSi
situaciebisTvis
da
ara
mxolod konkretuli tipis situaciisTvis.
vinaidan
yoveldRiuri
Teoria
situaciis
situaciebi
droTa
struqturasa
da
ganmavlobaSi
procesze
icvleba,
nawilobrivi
kontrolis saSualebas unda iZleodes, anu, pirovnebas, romelic mas

iyenebs, sakmarisad SeeZlos yoveldRiuri situaciebis gakontroleba
da amisaTvis mizanSewonili iyos am Teoriis gamoyeneba (Glaser and
Strauss 1967: 245).
strausi
da
korbini
(1994:
253
6)
Teoriis
Sefasebis
ramdenime
kriteriums gvTavazoben:
ramdenad adekvaturad da qmediTad xsnis Teoria monacemebs?
monawileebisadmi Teoriis Sesatyvisoba da sargeblianoba;
ramdenad mWidrod ergeba Teoria monacemebsa da Sesaswavl fenomens

da ra pirobebSia is marTebuli.
rogor ergeba RerZuli kodireba kategoriebsa da kodebs?
moicavs Tu ara Teoria negatiur da gansxvavebul SemTxvevebs?
rogor ergeba Teoria sferoSi arsebul relevantur literaturas?
rogor iqna arCeuli pirveli, sawyisi SerCeva? ris safuZvelze?
ra ZiriTadi kategoriebi gamoikveTa?
romelma
movlenebma,
SemTxvevebma,
moqmedebebma
indikatorebma) miuTiTes ZiriTad kategoriebze?
da
a.
S.
(rogorc
1128
romeli kategoriebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda Teoriuli SerCeva?

iyo Tu ara es kategoriebis reprezentaciuli?
ra
hipoTezebi
kategoriebs
gamoiTqva
Soris)
Sesaxeb
konceptualuri
da
ris
mimarTebebis
safuZvelze
(anu,
Camoyalibda
da
Semowmda isini?
xdeboda Tu ara ise, rom ar arsebobda hipoTezebi realurad nanaxis

Sesaxeb? rogor iqna axsnili es gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebi (gansvlebi
hipoTezasa da realurad nanaxs Soris)? ra gavlena moaxdina nanaxma
hipoTezaze?
rogor da ratom SeirCa birTvuli kategoria (uecrad, TandaTanobiT,

rTulad, martivad)? ris safuZvelze?
moxda Tu ara cnebebis Camoyalibeba da sistemaSi CarTva?
iyo
Tu
ara
didi
raodenobis
konceptualuri
bma
da
kargad
ganviTarebuli kategoriebi?
moiazreba Tu ara TeoriaSi cvalebadoba? am cvalebadobis asaxsnelad

gaTvaliswinebul iqna Tu ara farTod gansazRvruli pirobebi?
iqna Tu ara mxedvelobaSi miRebuli Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi Sesuli

cvlileba?
cxadia,
aRniSnuli
midgoma,
romelSic
Teoria
monacemebidan
warmoiqmneba da maT efuZneba, kritikis gareSe ar rCeba. magaliTad,

silvermens (1993: 47) miaCnia, rom midgoma kvlevis adreul etapze ver
iTvaliswinebs
monacemebi
Sevsebulia)
Teoriebs,
Teoriulad
da
romlebic
neitraluri
SeiZleba
iseT
warmarTaven
ki
ar
aris,
kategoriebs
am
kvlevas
aramed
iZleodes
(anu,
TeoriiT
romelTac
aucileblobiT ar gaaCniaT amxsneli potenciali. es is SeniSvnebi da

winaaRmdegobebia, romlebic gaTvaliswinebul da gamoyenebul unda iqnas
Tvisebrivi kvlevis gaazrebisas.
interpretacia Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizSi: mravalSriani

teqstebi
1129
sityvas
mravali
mgrZnobiarea.
mniSvneloba
Tvisebrivi
interpretacia
da
monacemebis
analizi
gulubryviloba
monacemebis
analitikoss
gamijvna,
is
da
iqneboda,
SeuZlia
radgan
konteqstisadmi
analizSi
Serwymuli
Tanmxlebia.
erTmaneTisgan
aqvs.
xSirad
analizisa
Tavad
xdeba,
faqtobrivad,
gvefiqra,
roca
erTmaneTis
rom
da
sityvebia
uaRresad
Tvisebrivi
interpretaciis
interpretacia
da
saWiroeben interpretacias. amasTan, teqsts mniSvnelobis ramdenime done

aqvs da Tvisebriv mkvlevars am gansxvavebuli doneebis, anu, Sreebis
asaxva unda SeeZlos. aq mniSvnelovania proeqciisa da kontrtransferis
sakiTxebi:
mkvlevris
mier
warmoebuli
analizi,
SesaZloa,
imdenadve
warmoaCendes mas, ramdenadac Tavad gasaanalizebel teqsts, rogorc

analizis doneebis SerCevaSi, ise _ Sesaswavli teqstis diskursisTvis
ganzraxvisa
naTeli
da
funqciis
dadasturebaa
mecadineobisas
miweraSi.
(Cummings
gamarTuli
mokle
qvemoT
1985).
mocemuli
es
saubris
aris
magaliTi
amis
pirvelklaselTa
transkripti,
romlis
gaanalizeba ramdenime donezea SesaZlebeli.
sailustracio magaliTi: pirvelklaselTa mecadineobisas

gamarTuli diskusia
es aris 5-6 wlis 27 bavSvebisgan Semdgari klasi. bavSvebi xaliCaze
sxedan, maswavlebeli _ skamze. bavSvebisTvis axlaxans miiRes axali,
ufaso saxelmZRvaneloebi.
wignebis miRebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg
maswavlebeli Tvlis, rom man klasTan erTad unda gadaaTvalieros

isini. (aRniSvnebi: m _ maswavlebeli, bb _ bavSvebi, b _ bavSvi) 21
1
kargi. modiT, am wigns SevxedoT, radgan es

Zalian kargi wignebia! mogwonT?
bb
diax//diax//diax.
ra hqvia amas? vinmes SeuZlia, miTxras?
21mTargmenis
SeniSvna.
1130
bb
Sxefebi//
//Sxifebi//
bb
//Sxefebi//
Sxefebi da ara Sxifebi. SuaSi e unda iyos.

Sxefebi.
bb
Sxifebi Sxefebi//
//Sxefebi//
10
Sxefebi. (kiTxulobs) ZaRli, goWi, Zroxa, daTvi,

maimuni, viri, _ yvelani _
11
m da bb
12
haerSi
((aCvenebs suraTebs)) ai, ZaRli da goWi da
Zroxa da daTvi da maimuni da viri, _ yvelani
caSi arian. riTi afrindnen caSi?
13
bb
14
()//
//xeli awieT, Tu iciT. viki. ((bavSvebi
azuzundnen da mixvedras cdiloben))
15
Zroxam gaxeTqa.
16
viki
17
18
b (igive, vinc 15)
19
riTi gaxeTqa Zroxam buSti?
20
bb
rqiT//rqiT//yuriT//rqiT//sakuTari rqiT.
21
22
bb
((icinian))//
23
yurebi CamoSvebuli aqvs. rqebi aqvs
//cxeli haeriT savse buSti.

cxeli haeriT savse buSti
Zroxam gaxeTqa.
misi rqa _ es misi yuri araa _ misi yurebi//
gamoSverili.
24
bb
((icinian))
25
hoda, ras niSnavs es? ((suraTze sqematurad

gamosaxuli buStidan gamosul haers aCvenebs))
26
haeri gamodis gareT//
1131
27
//haeri//
28
haeri gamodis buStidan, ara? marTla

SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rogor gamodis haeri
buStidan?
29
bb
30
ara. ara. ara.

ara _ Zalian xSirad naxatebSi ise Cans, TiTqos
aseTi ram SesaZlebelia.
31
me SemiZlia, davinaxo, rogor gamodis haeri Cemi

piridan, roca me ( ) fanjrebs.
32
rodis SegiZlia dainaxo?
33
roca is gamodis.
34
ho. da Tu//
35
//roca civa.
36
roca civa. roca Sen hhh//
37
//roca Seni amonasunTqi _ roca Seni

amonasunTqi ukan gibrundeba da fanjaraze
iorTqleba.
38
ho//
39
da is//
40
magram marto maSin, roca _
41
bb
42
civa. marto maSin, roca civa.
43
me vnaxe diriJabli vnaxe.
44
marTla? sad? rodis?
45
erT parkSi.
46
marTla?
47
bb
48
49
luki
civa.
me maqvs//me vnaxe// qalbatoni kumingsi.

Shh _ ho, luk.
roca Cven _ roca diriJabli iyo... roca morCa
da papi iyo iq da Cven televizori gareT
1132
gavitaneT _ da _ Cven gareT gavitaneT

televozori _ da _ davinaxeT _ vnaxeT kargi,
Zveli diriJabli.
50
51
luki
52
hoo?
da sahaero buStic.
es ar aris kargi (good) Zveli (old) diriJabli _
es gudiaria (Goodyear) _ gudiaris
diriJablia.
53
bb
kargi weli (Good year)//qalbatoni kumingsi
54
kargi weli. ho.
55
jer me davinaxe diriJabli ((bevri bavSvi

alaparakda erTdroulad))
56
moicaT, ar mesmis, luki ras ambobs imitom, rom

sxvebic laparakobT. erT wuTSi Tqvenc
gaTqmevinebT.
57
luki
me vuTxari dedikos, ra aris is raRaca, ukan X

rom aweria da man ar mipasuxa, magram mere
roca me ( ) is ( ) sahaero buSti aRmoCnda.
58
ho. es diriJabli iyo. ki. ise, me mgoni, is

erTxel skolaSic davinaxeT gasul zafxuls,
ara?
59
bb
diax.
60
yvelani gareT gavediT da SevxedeT. caSi

midioda.
61
bb
( )//
62
luki
63
( )
64
hm...ben.
65
beni
66
qalbatono kumings//
me maxsovs, roca man ( ) skolas gadaufrina.

marTla? ho-//
1133
67
beni
//( ) igivem gadmoifrina, saxlSi rom mivedi.
68
69
poli
mec vnaxe diriJabli, roca imaT naxes//
70
luki
//man Cem saxls gadaufrina ( )//
71
diax, pol.
//moica, pol, nu awyvetineb luks. Cven mas

yuradRebiT vusmendiT. axla misi jeria, rom
mogvisminos.
72
poli
me diriJablis sanaxavad wavedi iq, sadac iyo

da roca me _ roca me iq mivedi, davinaxe ( ) is
trialebda.
73
oh... ra aCerebs diriJabls caSi?
74
bb
haeri//haeri//gazi//
75
luki
76
qalbatono kumings.
haeri anu gazi. diax. Tu masSi haeria, maSin es
cxeli haeri unda iyos, rom caSi gaaCeros, an

gazi. Aaxla, erTi wuTiT dauSviT xelebi da
gavagrZeloT wignis Tvaliereba. ((kiTxulobs))
miSveleT, Tqva goWma. ai, aq ambobs, miSveleTo.
((suraTze gamosaxulia goWis piridan
gamomavali Rrubeli da SigniT weria
miSveleT)) miSveleT, Tqva _
77
bb
maimunma.
78
miSveleT, Tqva maimunma. wkipze hkidia.
79
bb
80
h-h-h ((ramdenime bavSvis gaurkveveli laparaki))

SexedeT, TiTqos imitom hkidia wkipze, rom
buStze raRac aris. ratom vambob amas?
81
imitom, rom _ imitom, rom raRacaa buStze.
82
mmm. buSti dakerebulia, rom naxvreti ar

gamoCndes. ((kiTxulobs)) daTvi, Zroxa, goWi,
ZaRli, viri da maimuni _ yvela _ raSi? es is
1134
sityvaa, adre rom SegeSalaT _ yvelani

83
talaxSi
84
talaxi. vin Tqva balaxi boloSi wina jerze?
85
jeimsi
86
87
jeimsi
88
me.
jeims! jeims, ra asoTi iwyeba?

t _ talaxi.
t.es gviCvenebs, Tu rogori mniSvnelovania, rom
bgerebi sworad CavsvaT sityvebSi da ras unda
niSnavdes is?//
89
//tualets//
90
ara. ara mgonia, rom is tualets niSnavs.
91
bb
92
93
bb
94
95
kevini
96
((icinian))
ara mgonia, rom isini tualetSi Cacvivdnen.
((icinian))
ras niSnavs talaxi, Tu tualets ar niSnavs?
Cemi Zma ase eZaxis.
ho, bevri adamiani eZaxis ase, magram ara mgonia,
rom aq amas niSnavdes.
97
poli
98
(Zirs wveba) raRac, roca _ roca gekroba.

diax, savsebiT marTali xar, pol. es raRac
iseTia, rac Zalian gekroba da webovania. Tu
Cavardebi, mogewebeba.
99
( )
100
es ar aris webo.
101
amas talaxi, Waobi hqvia.
102
ho, Waobi kidev erTi dasaxelebaa, yoCaR! _

magram es ar aris webo. es, rogorc wesi,
talaxia an raRac eseTi _ sadRac sofelSi,
sadac Zalian bevri nestia. ((bevri bavSvi
erTdroulad laparakobs)).
1135
103
qalbatono kumings, ra ( )
104
moicaT, mosmena gaviwydebaT. Tqven gaxsovT, rom

unda ifiqroT da ilaparakoT, magram
gaviwydebaT, rom unda mousminoT erTmaneTs da
Tqvens rigs daelodoT. axla olga.
105
olga
Aaxla,
erTxel Cemma mamikom _
mocemuli
magaliTis
analizis
doneebi
ganvixiloT.
ismis
kiTxva: ra iswavles am magaliTSi bavSvebma? am kiTxvaze ramdenime

pasuxig
veqneba.
programasTan
pirvel
rigSi,
dakavSirebul
pasuxs
formalur
doneze,
saswavlo
miviRebT:
bavSvebi
cotaoden
informacias iReben enis (kiTxva, laparaki, mosmena, leqsika, gamoTqma,

asoebis
sityvebSi
CarTvis
(magaliTad,
talaxi
da
balaxi),
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis (kondensacia, cxeli da civi, cxeli haeris

amwevi Zala, cxeli haeri da gaziT savse buStebi) da niadagis (talaxiani
Waobi) Sesaxeb. aq saqme akademiur saswavlo programas exeba. Tumca, meore
doneze bavSvebi ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebs swavloben da ara marto
akademiuri,
aramed
interpersonaluri
pirovnuli,
ganviTarebis
socialuri,
aspeqtebsac,
emociuri
magaliTad,
da
rigrigobiT
laparaks, TanamSromlobas, saerTo mxiarulebas, erTmaneTis mosmenas,

koleqtiur saqmianobaSi wvlilis Setanas da metyvelebis dros gariskvas
(gariskva, rom SeiZleba dascinon, Tu erTmaneTSi aurevs erTi sityvis or
mniSvnelobas, talaxsa da tualetis mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebul uxeS
termins).
mesame doneze klasSi laparakis nebarTva SeiniSneba.
analizi rom
gaioldes, magaliTSi gadanomrilia teqstis striqonebi da daculia

movlenebis
qronologia.
testis
guldasmiT
analizis
SemTxvevaSi
SegviZlia gavarCioT Semdegi:
saubris didi nawili mimdinareobs TanmimdevrobiT maswavlebeli

moswavle maswavlebeli moswavle da a. S. ( striqonebi 28 _ 48).
1136
es
Tanmimdevroba
iSviaTad
irRveva,
magaliTad,
maswavlebeli
moswavle moswavle (striqonebi 3 _ 7 da 14 _ 16).
sadac Tanmimdevroba irRveva, es maswavleblis miTiTebiT xdeba. igi

konkretul bavSvebs mimarTavs (striqonebi 48 _ 52, 64 _ 69, 84 _ 88, 94_
98).
rodesac
saubris
Tanmimdevroba
maswavleblis
nebarTvis
gareSe
irRveva, maswavlebeli saubarSi ereva da aRadgens Tanmimdevrobas, an

akontrolebs saubris mimdinareobas (striqonebi 54 _ 56, 70 _ 71, 103 _
104).
aSkaraa,
rom
damswre
27
bavSvis
umetesoba
saubarSi
iSviaTad
monawileobs _ maswavlebeli mxolod uSualod, pirdapir ekiTxeba an

laparakisken ubiZgebs ramdenime kbavSvs, es bavSvebi arian: viki, luki,
beni, poli, jeimsi da olga.
bavSvebi saubars TiTqmis arasodes iwyeben (striqonebi 43, 65, 101).

saubris didi nawili maswavleblis iniciativis pasuxia (striqonebi 3,
11, 20, 25, 28, 32, 34, 36 da. a. S.).
maswavlebeli
mxolod
maSin
miyveba
bavSvis
wamowyebul
saubars,
rodesac es mis miznebs Seesabameba (striqonebi 43 _ 46).
TiTqmis
yvela
moqmedebis
iniciatori
maswavlebelia.
ase,
rom
yvelafris gaSualeba maswavleblis meSveobiT xdeba.
rodesac
bavSvi
ambobs
raimes,
rac
moswons
maswvlebels
an
gakveTilis miseul gegmaSi Sedis, bavSvi jildovdeba (striqonebi 34,

42, 54, 58, 76 da 96, 98 (sityva diax), 102) da maswavlebeli imeorebs
moswavlis swor pasuxs (striqonebi 16 _ 17, 20 _ 21, 29 _ 30, 35 _ 36, 41
_ 42).
maswavlebeli bavSvebs mianiSnebs mosalodnel pasuxebze (striqonebi

10 _ 11, 40 _ 41, 76 _ 77, 82 _ 83).
rodesac maswavlebeli saubars veRar akontrolebs, is klasSi qcevis

wesebis mkafiod ganmartebas iwyebs(striqonebi 56, 71, 104).
1137
rodesac maswavlebeli gadawyvets, rom gakveTilze win wawevis droa,

is wyvets mimdinare ganxilvas da Semdeg Temaze gadadis (striqoni 76).
bavSvebTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas maswavlebeli saxumaro

CanarTebis saSualebiT cdilobs (striqonebi 90 _ 93), magram Semdeg
isev ubrundeba Temas (striqoni 94).
saubris
umetesi
nawili,
(perlokuciuria
dasaxul
da
mizans).
metyvelebis
aRwevs
maswavleblis
vidre
aqtebis
ilokuciuri,
diskusia
ar
mixedviT,
mier
(Ria
aris
emociuria
gakveTilisTvis
da
Tavisufali
sadac
Sedegi
araprognozirebadia).
maswavlebelibevrad mets laparakobs, vidre bavSvebi.

meoTxe
doneze
mocemuli
gamokveTaSegviZlia.teqstidan
masalidan
aSkarad
Teoriis
CansuflebamosilebiT
(ZalauflebiT) Riad da farulad operirebis faqti, rac imaze miuTiTebs,

rom bavSvebi Zalian efeqturad swavloben farul kurikulums, rodesac
ZiriTad maxasiaTebels uflebamosilebawarmoadgens, magaliTad:
maswavlebeli uflebamosilia gadawyvitos vin, rodis da ris Sesaxeb

isaubrebs da Seafasos saubris xarisxi (cf.Edwards 1980).
maswavlebeli uflebamosilia, gaakontrolos bavSvebis sakmaod didi

jgufi
(27
bavSvi
iatakze
zis,
maswavlebeli
skamze,
ese
igi,
fizikurad maTze zemoTaa).
maswavlebeli saubris da misi mimdinareobis kontrolis meSveobiT

akontrolebs klass da amyarebs disciplinas, xolo rodesac amas
veRar axerxebs (striqonebi 56, 71, 104), maSin misi kontroli gacilebiT
TvalsaCino
pedagogikis
da
Ria
xdeba.
magaliTia,
es
bernSteinis
rodesac
(Bernstein 1975)
maswavleblis
mier
uCinari
bavSvis
kontroli implicituria (nagulisxmevia) da ara _ eqsplituri, anu,

Riad mocemuli; rodesac, idealur variantSi, maswavlebeli awyobs
konteqsts, romlis gadawyobasa da Seswavlas bavSvebisgan moelian,
1138
sadac konkretuli unarebis gadacemasa da aTvisebaze naklebi aqcenti

keTdeba.
es naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania bavSvebis mier

gakveTilebis im faruli saswavlo programis aTviseba (Jackson 1968),
romelSic
maT
imis
uflebamosilebasa
swavla
uwevT,
(Zalauflebasa)
da
Tu
rogor
avtoritets,
gaumklavdnen
dajildovebas,
uaryofas, dagvianebas, jgufis wevrobas, individualurobis dakargvas,

wesebs, rutinasa da socialurad misaReb qcevas. rogorc jeksoni (1968)
ambobs, Tu bavSvebma kargad unda iswavlon skolaSi, amisaTvis iseve
mniSvnelovania, Tu metad ara, faruli saswavlo gegmis aTviseba da
miyola, rogorc formaluri gegmis.
es
Teoriis
struqturirebis
magaliTicaa,
romelSic
Zalauflebis
gansxvavebisa
gamaSualebeli
da
gidensiseuli
klasSi
da
Sedegia,
(1976;
mimdinare
asimetriis
romelic
1984)
saubari
SenarCunebis
ganamtkicebs
cnebis
klasSi
mizezi,
maswavleblis
kontrols, Zalauflebasa da avtoritets.
maswavlebeli rTul mdgomareobaSia, radgan erTaderTi ufrosia 27

bavSvTan
da
amitom
misi
qceva,
savaraudod,
keTilganwyobiT
motivirebulia da, faqtobrivad, daZlevis anu gadarCenis strategiebs

asaxavs, raTa mouaros didi raodenobiT informacias da SeZlos
disciplinis damyareba _ jgufis kontroli.
bavSvebi swavloben, rom damjerebi unda iyvnen da rom maTi roli

morCilebaa da Tu daujereben maswavlebels da SeTavazebul gegmas
Seasruleben, dajidovdebian.
ZiriTadi
cvladi
uflebamosilebaa
(dafuZnebuli
Teoriis
(Zalauflebaa):
uflebamosilebis
(Zalauflebis)
terminebiT)
maswavlebeli
gamyarebiTa
da
Tavis
SenarCunebiT
moqmedebs. rodesac misi gamyareba da gamtkiceba faruli pedagogikiT

SeiZleba,
maSin
TvalsaCino xdeba.
is
farulia;
rodesac
es
ar
muSaobs,
maSin
is
1139
axla meoTxe doneze unda vikiTxoT, mkvlevari Zalian bevrs xom ar

xedavs
teqstSi
pirovnuli
da
mis
zedmetad
safiqralebiT
an
interpretacias
uflebamosilebasTan
axdens,
da
sakuTari
avtoritetTan
dakavSirebuli negatiuri gamocdilebiT datvirTuli; vinaidan, metwilad,

sakuTar
Tavs
aproecirebs
monacemebis
interpretaciaSi,
moWarbebul
yuradRebas xom ar uTmobs disciplinis sakiTxebs. iqneb maswavlebeli

ubralod socialurad misaReb qcevas aswavlis Tavis moswavleebs da
saubars nayofierad warmarTavs, profesiul amocanas sensitiurad da
ostaturad asrulebs da bavSvebsac rTavs amasSi da, sinamdvileSi, mis
qcevas araferi aqvs saerTo uflebamosilebasTan. garda amisa, meoTxe
doneze
SegviZlia
davinaxoT,
rom
teqstSi
mocemuli
gzavnilebis
asaxsnelad ramdenime Teoria gamoikveTa da isic SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu

rogor SeuZlia transkriptis erT patara, martiv monakveTs ramdenime
dafuZnebuli an winaswar gansazRvruli/arsebuli Teoriis mxardaWera. aq
rTuli kiTxvaa: romeli interpretaciaa swori? am kiTxvas ar aqvs
erTaderTi swori pasuxi, savaraudod, yoveli maTgani sworia.
saklaso komunikaciis transkriptSi mxolod isaa Cawerili, rac iTqva.
adamianebi
ufro
mizanmimarTulad
enawylian
Tanatols
dafaraven
informacias.
zogierTi
dauTmobs
sityvas
sxvebi
da
bavSvi
TamaSgare
aRmoCndebian. aq mxolod Cawerili informacia gvaqvs. miuxedavad imisa,

rom
transkriptis
gakeTebisas
zogierTi
sxva
maxasiaTeblis
dafiqsirebasac cdiloben (magaliTad, erTdroulad molaparake bavSvebi),

is ver asaxavs klasSi mimdinare yvela movlenas. magaliTad, saidan
gvecodineba, zogma bavSvma moiwyina Tu ara, an zogs eZineba, Cxubobs,
sul sxva wigns kiTxulobs da a. S.? aq mxolod SerCeuli movlenebis
Canaweri gvaqvs da mxolod is movlenebia SerCeuli, romelTa Cawerac _
transkriptad gadaqceva SesaZlebeli iyo.
warmodgenil
magaliTSi
SegviZlia
davinaxoT,
rom
teqsti
mravalSriania. aq saqme analizis moTxovnil an legitimur dones Seexeba

da, aseve, imas, Tu rogor ereva analizi interpretacias. Tvisebriv
1140
kvlevaSi
xSirad
validobisa
da
gaerTianebulia
sandoobis
analizi
sakiTxs
badebs.
da
aq
interpretacia,
ormagi
rac
hermenevtikis
problema gvaqvs: rogorc mkvlevrebi, Cven im samyaros wevrebi varT,

romelsac vikvlevT da amitom ver viqnebiT neitralurebi. amasTan, Cven
ukve
interpretirebul
samyaroSi
vcxovrobT.
morisoni
(2003)
ufro
vrclad ambobs, rom problema kidev ufro Sorsmimavalia. SevxedoT

zemoT mocemul magaliTs:
maswavlebeli da moswavleebi situaciis TavianTi interpretaciebis

(samyaros maTeuli gansazRvrebis) safuZvelze moqmedeben.
realuri moqmedebebi erTi mediumidan (dakvirvebebi, moqmedebebi da

cocxali movlenebi) meore mediumad (werilobiT) gardaiqmneba imiT,
rom mxolod transkripts anu maTi interpretaciebis interpretacias
mihyvebian.
Semdeg
mkvlevari
werilobiTi
monacemebis
(mesame
hermenevtika)
interpretacias axdens da seleqciur angariSs wers (meoTxe _ oTxmagi

permenevtika,
interpretaciis
interpretaciis
interpretaciis
interpretacia!).
Semdeg
mkiTxveli
Tavis
sakuTari
biografiisa
da
gamocdilebis
WrilSi axdens mkvlevris dawerili interpretaciis interpretacias

(mexuTe _ xuTmagi hermenevtika).
aseTi Tanmimdevruli interpretaciebis pirobebSi Znelia, ar vifiqroT,
rom
Tvisebriv
Semcirdes.
kvlevaSi
mkvlevris
sandooba
SesaZlo
da
validoba
mikerZoebuli
iolad
SeiZleba
interpretaciebis
gamovlenaze mimarTuli refleqsiuroba bevrs verafers moimoqmedebsmis

Sesamcireblad: adamians SemiZlia ganvacxado Cemi SesaZlo mikerZoebebisa
da interpretaciebis Sesaxeb, magram es aucileblobiT ar niSnavs imas,
rom isini maSinve Sewyveten mikerZoebulobas da seleqciurobas. es,
savaraudod, refleqsiurobis SezRudulobaze migviTiTebs. sandoobisa
da validobis gasazrdelad refleqsiurobasakmarisi ar aris.
1141
wignis Tanmxleb veb gverdze mocemulia QSR NUD.IST-is gamoyenebis

saxelmZRvanelo
(romlis
principebi
N-Vio-Sic
gamoiyeneba.
ix.http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 23, faili 23.2. doc). veb

gverdze, aseve, naxavT monacemebis sityvieri masalebiT Sedgenil, QSRsTvis srulad momzadebul ramdenime fails, romelic Sefasebisa da
testirebis
erTi
konkretuli
proeqtidanaaa
aRebuli
(ix.http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 23, faili qsr23. 13danqrs23. 23-mde). es failebi vordis dokumentebis saxiTac aris Senaxuli
(ix.http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 23, faili 23.3. doc _
23.13.doc). Tvisebrivi monacemebis momzadebuli dokumentebis CamonaTvali
SegiZliaT
naxoT
wignis
Tanmxleb
veb
gverdze:
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 23, faili QSRFILES ON

THE WEB SITE).
1142
24 raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi

Sesavali
raodenobrivi
monacemebis
analizis
perspeqtiva
bevr
damwyeb
mkvlevars aSinebs, romlebic ara marto Tavs arideben statistikaze

fiqrs, aramed fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegebian kidec imas, rasac isini
bunebis maTematizacias uwodeben (Horkheimer 1972). zogi Semogvedaveba,
rom ganaTlebis sferoSi cnebaTa didi nawili, ricxobriv analizze
ubralod ar daiyvaneba. isini amtkiceben, rom statistika daxvewili
procesisa da daumuSavebeli cnebis kombinaciaa.
Cven arcerT am mosazrebas ar vemxrobiT. raodenobrivi monacemebis
analizi, Tvisebriv analizTan SedarebiT, arc metad mniSvnelovania da
arc
naklebad.
damokidebuli.
misi
gamoyeneba
raodenobrivi
mTlianad
analizis
miznisTvis
Sesatyvisobazea
mizanmimarTulad
uaryofa
araferia, Tu ara ideologia an cruwrmena.

raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi kvlevis mZlavri formaa, romelic,
nawilobriv,
pozitivisturi
tradiciidan
momdinareobs.
is
xSirad
msxvilmasStabian kvlevas ukavSirdeba, Tumca misi gamoyeneba ufro mcire

zomis kvlevaSic SeiZleba, romelic SemTxvevis Seswavlas, praqtikis
kvlevas, korelaciur kvlevasa da eqsperiments moicavs. Semdeg TavebSi
gaCvenebT, Tu rogor SeiZleba ricxobrivi monacemebis gaformeba da
analizisTvis saWiro farTod gavrcelebuli statistikis gamoyenebasac
giCvenebT.
ricxobrivi
ganxorcieldes,
analizi
magaliTad,
mecnierebebisTvis
(SPSS,
kompiuteruli
aseTia
Minitab,
programiT
statistikuri
Excel).
paketi
kompiuteruli
SeiZleba
socialuri
programebi
gamoTvlebisTvis statistikur formulebs iyeneben. viTvaliswinebT ra am

programebis arsebobas, Tavs varidebT vrceli statistikuri formulebis
gamoyenebas, Tumca, sadac sasargeblod miviCnevT, detalur ganxilvas
1143
SemogTavazebT.
Cveni
upirvelesi
mizania
im
cnebebis
maqsimalurad
gasagebad da martivad axsna, romlebic statistikur analizs udevs

safuZvlad. puristebis ukmayofileba rom ar gamoviwvioT, gavrcelebul
teqnikebs dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT da sadac saWiro iqneba, damxmare veb
gverdebsac mivuTiTebT. aq ganxiluli statistikuri meTodebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba
SPSS-s,
socialur
mecnierebebSi
yvelaze
farTod
gavrcelebul statistikur pakets. winamdebare Tavis Sesatyvisi SPSS-is

saxelmZRvanelo wigni, Sesabamis komentarebTan erTad am veb gverdze
SegiZliaT naxoT
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24,
faili SPSS, sruli saxelmZRvanelo 24.1 ). saxelmZRvanelo dayofilia

seqciebad da warmodgenil TavSi am seqciebze migiTiTebT. xSirad xdeba,
rodesac aseTi (rogorc SPSS-s gamoaqvs manipulaciebis Sedegebi) saxiT
mocemuli Sedegis ganxilviT ufro martivia Sesrulebuli operaciebis
gageba, vidre grZeli prozauli axsna-ganmartebiT. veb gverdze, aseve,
SegiZliaT naxoT masze ganTavsebuli yvela SPSS-failis
Tavi
24,
gzamkvlevi (ix.
faili SPSS, veb
gverdze ganTavsebuli failebisTvis).

statistikuri meTodebis ganxilvas ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvriT
daviwyebT
(monacemebis
monacemebi,
aRweriTi
skalebi,
da
parametruli
daskvniTi
statistika,
da
araparametruli
damokidebuli
da
damoukidebeli cvladebi). Semdeg statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis cnebas

da bolos, zogierT martiv statistikur sidides mimovixilavT. amasTan,
giCvenebT, rogor unda gaaformoT analizi werilobiTi saxiT. mTeli es
masala
wignis
Tanmxleb
veb
gverdzea
Tavmoyrili

veb gverdze mocemuli masala statistikur cxrilebsac moicavs (ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili Appendices of
Statistical Tables).
monacemebis skalebi
1144
monacemTa
analizis
dawyebamde,
saWiroa
gavarkvioT,
ra
tipis
ricxvebTan gvaqvs saqme. amas skalebis, anu, monacemebis doneebis kargad

nacnob sakiTxamde mivyavarT. qvemoT oTxi skala iseTi TanmimdevrobiT
aris ganxiluli, rom yoveli Semdgomi skala mis win mdgoms moicavs.
saxeldebis skala ubralod kategoriebs aRniSnavs, vTqvaT, 1 aRniSnavs

ama Tu im kategorias, 2 _ sxva saxis kategoriaze miuTiTebs da a. S.,
magaliTad,
SeiZleba
mamakacebs
aRniSnavdes,
qalebs.
kategoriebi urTierTgamomricxavia da aranairi ricxviTi mniSvneloba ar

gaaCniaT. magaliTad, ganvixiloT fexburTelebis maisurebze dawerili
ricxvebi: Cven ver vityviT, rom moTamaSe, romlis maisursac nomeri 4
aweria, orjer metia raRaciT, im moTamaSeze, romelsac maisurze nomeri
2 aqvs gamosaxuli da arc raimeTia im moTamaSis naxevari, romelsac
nomeri
8-is
mqone
maisuri
acvia.
ricxvi
ubralod
kategoriaze
migviTiTebs. sinamdvileSi, saxeldebis monacemebs xSirad kategorialur

monacemebsac uwodeben. monacemebi dayofilia, magram ar gaaCniaT rigi.
saxeldebis skalis monacemebi iseT erTeulebs moicavs, rogoricaa sqesi,
asakobrivi jgufi (magaliTad, 30-35, 36-40), saswavlo sagani, skolis tipi,
socio-ekonomikuri
statusi.
saxeldebis
skalis
monacemebi
wyvetil
(diskretul) cvladebs, sruliad gancalkevebul kategoriebs aRniSnaven,

magaliTad, qalebi Seadgenen nomer 1 kategorias, mamakacebi _ nomer 2
kategorias (ver gveqneba 1.25 an 1.99 mniSvnelobebi). ricxvi ubralod
mosaxerxebeli
mokle
dasaxelebaa
(ix.
9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 1. ppt).
rigis skala ara marto monacemebis klasifikacias axdens, aramed

rigis mixedviTac
magaliTad,
sadac
alagebs maT. es SeiZleba reitingis skala iyos,

sruliad
veTanxmebi
ufro
Zlieria,
vidre
veTanxmebi, an Zalian xSirad ufro metia, vidre Zalian iSiaTad. am

skalaze SesaZlebelia monacemebis
rigis mixedviT dalageba, sustidan
Zlierisken, pataridan didisken, dabalidan maRlisken, yvelze naklebad

mniSvnelovanidan yvelaze metad mniSvnelovnamde da a. S., Tumca mainc ar
1145
gvaqvs sazomi erTeuli _ sazomi, romelic Tanabar intervalebs iyenebs.

maSasadame,
ver
davuSvebT,
rom
rigis
skalaze
wertilebs
Soris
manZilebi tolia, anu, manZili Zalian mciresa da mcires Soris

SeiZleba ar iyos igive, rac manZili bevrsa da Zalian bevrs Soris.
magaliTad,
ver
vityviT,
rom
5-qulian
skalaze
(1
saerTod
ar
veTanxmebi, 2 = ar veTanxmebi, 3 = arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi, 4 =

veTanxmebi, 5 = sruliad veTanxmebi) qula 4 orjer met Tanxmobas niSnavs,
vidre qula 2, qula 1 xuTjer meti ardaTanxmebaa, vidre qula 5. Tumca,
SegviZlia maTi Tanmimdevrobis, rigis mixedviT dalageba: saerTod ara,
Zalian mcired, mcired, sakmaod bevri, Zalian bevri, anda saerTod
ar veTanxmebi, ar veTanxmebi, arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi,
veTanxmebi,
sruliad
veTanxmebi,
ese
igi
SesaZlebelia
nebismieri
kategoriis monacemebis ufro naklebi, vidre da ufro meti, vidre

wesis mixedviT ranJireba. rigis skalis monacemebs miekuTvneba iseTi
skalebi,
rogoricaa
reitingisa
da
laikertis
skalebi
da
xSirad
gamoiyeneba mosazrebebisa da damokidebulebebis sakvlevad.
intervalebis skalaze Semodis sazomi erTeuli _ skalis punqtebs

Soris regularuli da Tanabari intervalebi da, amasTan, mas wina ori _
rigisa da saxeldebis _ skalis Tvisebebic aqvs. es skala saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
zustad
vicodeT,
ramdenad
daSorebulebi
erTmaneTisagan individebi, sagnebi an movlenebi, rac
arian
Cveni kvlevis
fokuss Seadgens (Cohen and Holliday 1996: 9). vinaidan aq monacemebs Soris
zusti da Tanabari intervalebi gvaqvs, intervalebis skalis monacemebs
zogjer
Tanabari
intervalebis
skalebsac
uwodeben
(magaliTad,
celsiusis 3 da 4 gradusebs Soris igive manZilia, rac celsiusis 98 da

99 gradusebs Soris). Tumca, intervalebis skalis monacemebSi namdvili
nuli ar gvaqvs. ganvixiloT ori magaliTi. temperaturis farengeitis
skalaze wylis gayinvis temperaturaa 32 gradusi da ara nuli (rogorc
es
celsiusis
skalazea),
amdenad,
ver
vityviT,
magaliTad,
rom
farengeitis 100 gradusze orjer metad cxela, vidre farengeitis 50
1146
gradusze, vinaidan gazomva farengeitis skalaze nulidan ar iwyeba.

faqtobrivad, farengeitis 50 gradusze orjer cxeli farengeitis 68
gradusi iqneba (({50 32} 2) + 32). axla meore magaliTi: bevri IQ-testi
qulebis miniWebas 70 qulidan iwyebs, ese igi, umdablesi SesaZlo qulaa
70. Cven ver vityviT, rom pirovnebas, romlis inteleqtis koeficienti 150is
tolia,
orjer
meti
inteleqti
aqvs,
vidre
pirovnebas,
romlis
maCvenebeli 75-is tolia, vinaidan aTvlis wertili 70-ia. 150 qulis mqone
pirovnebas orjer meti gazomili inteleqti eqneba im pirovnebasTan
SedarebiT, romlis maCvenebeli amave skalaze 110-is tolia ({150 70}2).
intervalebis
skala
monacemebisTvis
praqtikaSi
igive
iSviaTad
(miznebisa
da
gamoiyeneba
gamoyenebis
da
am
skalis
arealis
mqone)
statistikuri sidideebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, romelic meoTxe skalaze,

anu, Sefardebis skalze gamoiyeneba.
Sefardebis skalas samive wina skalis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi gaaCnia:

klasifikacia, rigi da sazomis Tanabari intervalebi, magram amas emateba
meoTxe
da
mZlavri
maxasiaTebeli
namdvili
nuli.
es
mkvlevars
proporciebis uproblemod gansazRvis saSualebas aZlevs: orjer meti,

orjer naklebi, samjer meti raodenoba da a. S. vinaidan absoluturi
nuli gvaqvs, SesaZlebelia yvela ariTmetikuli moqmedebis _ Sekrebis,
gamoklebis, gamravlebisa da gayofis _ Sesruleba. manZilis
sazomebi,
fuli bankSi, mosaxleoba, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli

dro,
swavlebis
wlebi,
Semosavali,
celsius
temperatura
testSi
miRebuli niSnebi da a. S., _ es yvelaferi Sefardebis skalis monacemebia,

vinaidan
maT
SeuZliaT
hqondeT
namdvili
(absoluturi)
nulis
Sesatyvisi sidide. vTqvaT, bankSi aTasi dolari maqvs. orjer naklebi

fuli meqneboda, Tu bankSi aTasi ki ara, 500 dolari meqneboda. Tu
gamocdaze
SedarebiT,
90 qula davagrove, es orjer meti iqneboda im SemTxvevasTan

45
ariTmetikuli
qula
rom
moqmedebis
damegrovebina.
gamoyenebis
Sefardebis
SesaZlebloba
da
oTxive
am
skalas
monacemebis yvelaze Zlier skalad aqcevs. intervalebisa da Sefardebis
1147
skalis monacemebi uwyveti cvladebia, romlebsac mocemul konkretul

diapazonSi nebismieri mniSvnelobis miReba SeuZliaT. intervalebisa da
Sefardebis
skalebis
monacemebis
damuSavebisas,
rogorc
wesi,
ufro
mZlavri statistikuri sidideebi gamoiyeneba, vidre _ saxeldebisa da

rigis skalis monacemebis SemTxvevaSi.
monacemebis
am
statistikuri
oTxi
skalis
kriteriumis
arCeva
romel skalas miekuTvneba

(mkacri)
skalisTvis
monacemebisTvis
monacemebisTvis
swored
mniSvnelovania,
imazea
vinaidan
damokidebuli,
Tu
monacemebi. arasworia, Tu ufro maRali
gankuTvnil
gamoviyenebT,
ar
aRwera
unda
statistikas
dabali
magaliTad,
(susti)
skalis
saxeldebis
gamovTvaloT
saSualo
skalis
ariTmetikuli
(saSualo) da arc rigis skalis monacemebisTvis unda gamoviyenoT tkriteriumi

skalis
da
dispersiuli
monacemisTvis
analizi
romeli
(ganxilulia
statistikuri
qvemoT).
romeli
kriteriumi
unda
gamoviyenoT, cota qvemoTaa ganxiluli. am qveTavs vraitis (Wright 2003)

mosazrebiT davasrulebT, romlis Tanaxmadac gazomvis skala romelime
konkretul cvlads ki ar axasiaTebs, aramed isaa, rasac mkvlevari
akuTvnebs am cvlads mis Sesaxeb Cveni Teoriis safuZvelze. es Cveni
rwmenaa
am
cvladis
davasabuToT,
Sesaxeb.
ratom
amiT
vakuTvnebT
avtori
miuTiTebs,
cvlads
rom
saxeldebis,
unda
rigis,
intervalebisa Tu Sefardebis skalas da ar davuSvaT, rom es TavisTavad

cxadia.
parametruli da araparametruli monacemebi

araparametrulia
akeTeben
monacemebi,
daSvebebs,
populaciis
Cveulebriv,
maxasiaTeblebis
textbooks/9780415368780 _
Tavi
24,
romlebic
imitom,
Sesaxeb
faili
populaciis
rom
(ix.
24. 2.
araferia
normaluri,
Sesaxeb.
gausis
maTSi
ganawileba,
xSirad
rogorc
aris
ar
cnobili
http://www.routledge.com/
ppt).
sando
gakeTebis mizniT parametruli monacemebi daSvebas akeTeben

maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb
daskvnebis
populaciis
daSvebuli
magaliTad,
kiTxvis
qulebis
testSi
1148
miRebuli qulebia ganawilebuli (Tumca, rogorc vraiti (2003: 128) ambobs,

fsiqologiaSi,
realurad,
normaluri
ganawileba
Zalian
iSviaTia).
praqtikaSi es gansxvaveba Semdegs niSnavs: saxeldebisa da rigis skalis

monacemebi araparametrulad
Sefardebis
skalis
mniSvnelovania,
aris
monacemebi _
rogorc
ukve
miCneuli, xolo
intervalebisa
parametrulad. es
gansxvaveba
aRwerili
skala,
oTxi
da
iseve
vinaidan
statistikuri testis SerCeva monacemebis ragvarobazea damokidebuli.

parametruli
statistikis
arasworia,
Tumca
monacemebisTvis
araparametruli
araparametruli
gamoyeneba
monacemebisTvis
statistikis
SesaZlebelia
(Tumca,
gamoyeneba
parametruli
es
ar
aris
gavrcelebuli praqtika, radgan es statistikuri kriteriumebi naklebad

Zlieria). araparametruli monacemebi xSirad miiReba kiTxvarebiT da
gamokiTxviT (Tumca, maT parametruli monacemebic SeiZleba mogvcen),
xolo
parametrul
monacemebs
eqsperimentebi da
testebi (magaliTad,
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani) gvaZleven. (statistikuri testis simZlavris

efeqturobis
Sesaxeb
masala
ixileT
wignis
Tavi
Tanmxleb
24,
veb
faili
gverdze
The Power
efficiency of a test)
aRweriTi da daskvniTi statistika

aRweriTi statistikis funqcia swored is aris, razec saxelwodebac
miuTiTebs: is aRwers da warmoadgens monacemebs, magaliTad, jamuri
sixSireebis saxiT (ix.: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24,
faili 24. 3. ppt). aq moiazreba, magaliTad:
moda (qula, romelic yvelaze bevrma adamianma miiRo);
saSualo
(saSualo
qula)
(ix.:
9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 4. ppt);
mediana
(qula,
romelic
ranJirebuli
adamianebis
jgufis
SuaTana
wevrma miiRo da mis zemoT da qvemoT qulebis Tanabari raodenobaa

ganlagebuli);
1149
umciresi (minimaluri)
variabelurobis
da udidesi (maqsimaluri) qulebi;
diapazoni
(udides
da
umcires
qulebs
Soris
sxvaoba);
dispersia
(qulebis
saSualosgan
calkeul qulebsa da saSualos
gansxvavebis
sazomi;
Soris sxvaobis
es
aris
kvadratebis
saSualo);
standartuli gadaxra (SD: saSualos mimarT qulebis gafantulobis,

anu,
diapazonis
sazomi;
gamoiTvleba,
rogorc
kvadratuli
fesvi
dispersiidan);
standartuli
Secdoma
(SE:
SerCevis
saSualoebis
standartuli
gadaxra);
asimetriuloba (ramdenad asimetriulia anu gadaxrilia monacemebi

ganawilebis normaluri mrudidan);
daxriloba (ramdenad cicaboa an brtyelia monacemebis ganawilebis

grafikis forma. sazomi imisa, Tu ramdenad wamaxvilebulia ganawileba
da ramdenad cicaboa monacemebis daxra, anu, monacemebis gafantva
pikis irgvliv).
aseTi statistikuri sidideebis mixedviT daskvna da prognozireba ar
xdeba; isini, ubralod, sxvadasxvanairad gamoxataven Sedegebs.

amis
sapirispirod,
daskvniTi
statistika
Segrovil
monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, daskvnebisa da prognozebis gakeTebas cdilobs. daskvniT

statistikaSi
Sedis,
magaliTad,
hipoTezebis
Semowmeba,
korelaciebi,
regresia da mravaljeradi regresia, gansxvavebis Semowmeba (magaliTad, t

kriteriumebi
da
dispersiuli
analizi,
faqtoruli
analizi
da
struqtruli gantolebis modelireba). zogjer martivi sixSireebi da

aRweriTi statistika, SesaZloa, sakmarisi iyos monacemebis aRsawerad da
aRweriTi
monacemebis
zedmiwevniT
gadmocema
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani
iyos, Tumca, xSirad mkvlevrebisTvis daskvniTi statistika gacilebiT

Rirebulia da, rogorc wesi, daskvniT statistika ufro Zlieria.
1150
calmxrivi da ormxrivi kriteriumis testebi

statistikuri
sidideebis
gamoyenebisas
mkvlevrebs
zogjer
uwevT
gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kriteriumis testi

gamoiyenon _ calmxrivi Tu ormxrivi. es nawinaswarmetyvelebi Sedegis
ragvarobazea
damokidebuli.
calmxrivi
kriteriumis
SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevari winasarmetyvelebs, rom, magaliTad, erTi jgufi ufro maRal

qulas miiRebs, vidre meore, xolo ormxrivi kriteriumis testi ar
akeTebs aseT daSvebas. calmxrivi kriteriumis testi ufro Zlieria,
vidre _ ormxrivi kriteriumis, vinaidan is populaciisa da Sedegis
mimarTulebis Sesaxeb akeTebs daSvebas (anu, erT jgufs ufro maRali
qula
eqneba,
SemTxvevaSi,
vidre
ufro
meores)
da,
mZlavria,
aqedan
vidre
gamomdinare,
ormxrivi
dadasturebis
kriteriumis
testi.
calmxrivi kriteriumis testi mimarTulebis mqone hipoTezis SemTxvevaSi

gamoiyeneba (magaliTad: moswavleebi, romlebic televizoris yurebis
gareSe asruleben saSinao davalebas, ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre

isini,
vinc
CarTul
televizorTan
mecadineoben),
xolo
ormxrivi
kriteriumis _ mimarTulebis armqone hipoTezis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad:

wynar
da
xmaurian
garemoSi
Sesrulebuli
saSinao
davalebebi
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan). mimarTulebis mqone hipoTeza miuTiTebs

metze an naklebze, mimarTulebis armqone hipoTeza ki _ mxolod
gansxvavebaze da arafers ambobs imaze, Tu raSi gamoixateba es ganxvaveba.
damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi

kvlevaSi
xSirad
cvladebis
urTierTmimarTeba
ainteresebT.
damoukidebeli cvladi is cvladia, romelic nawilobriv an mTlianad

iwvevs
konkretul
Sedegs.
es
stimulia,
romelic
gavlenas
axdens
pasuxze, winapiroba an faqtori, romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos Sedegze

zemoqmedebis
damokidebuli
mizniT
(magaliTad,
cvladi,
Tavis
eqsperimentul
mxriv,
Sedegad
an
sxva
miRebuli
pirobebSi).
cvladia,
romelsac nawilobriv an mTlianad iwvevs winmswrebi cvladi. es aris
1151
damoukidebeli
cvladis
efeqti,
Sedegi,
anu
damoukidebel
cvladze
pasuxi. es mravali statistikuri kriteriumis fundamenturi cnebebia.

magaliTad,
SeiZleba
gvsurdes,
vnaxoT,
zrdis
Tu
ara
saxlSi
mecadineoba moswavelebis akademiur moswrebas, vTqvaT, maTematikaSi. Cven

ufro met samecadinos mivcemT maT saxlSi da gavzomavT Sedegs da
vnaxavT, magaliTad, rom maTematikis testSi moswavleebma ukeTesi Sedegi
aCvenes. damoukidebelma cvladma garkveuli Sedegi mogvca. Aan iqneb es
ase ar aris? iqneb: (a) maTematikis testis SiSiT moswavleebi ufro
koncentrirebulebi,
gakveTilebze;
(b)
motivirebulebi
moswavleebs
da
moswondaT
mondomebulebi
maTematika
da
gaxdnen
maTematikis
maswavlebeli da amitom mecadineobdnen ukveT da ara _ testis SiSiT; (g)

moswavleebma kargad gamoiZines testis win da amitom, mxned grZnobdnen
Tavs; (d) sinamdvileSi, maTematikis testSi miRebulma Sedegma imoqmeda
imaze, Tu ramdeni imecadines saxlSi _ rac ufro maRali niSani hqondaT
studentebs
miRebuli, miT metad
maTematika
emecadinaT;
(e)
motivirebulni iyvnen, rom saxlSi
saSinao
davalebis
momatebam
maTematikis
swavlis motivaciac gazarda da aman, Tavis mxriv, maTematikis testSi

ukeTesi Sedegi gamoiwvia; (v) moswavleebs uTxres, rom Tu kargad ar
gaakeTebdnen
tests,
daisjebodnen
da
sasjels
miRebuli
qulebis
mixedviT miiRebdnen _ dabali qulis SemTxvevaSi, metad daisjebodnen.

mniSvnelovania, risi danaxva SegviZlia aq: rac Seexeba (a)-s, mizezSedegobriv mimarTebaSi sxva gareSe faqtorebia (saSinao davalebasTan
erTad) Careuli. (b)-s SemTxvevaSi, navaraudebi mimarTeba realurad ar
arsebobs: saxlSi samuSaos momatebasa da testSi ukeTesi Sedegis miRebas
Soris ufro Zlier mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs sagnisa da maswavleblis
mowoneba qmnis, rac moswavleebs gaaqtiurebisken ubiZgebs, risi gverdiTi
Sedegi testis maRali qulebi iyo. (g)-Si Sualeduri cvladi (cvladi,
romelmac
uSualod
gavlena
ar
moaxdina
testirebis
ganxorcielebula
procesze,
dakvirveba,
ar
magram
romelzec
gazomila
da
daqvemdebarebia manipulirebas) moqmedebda. (d)-sa da (e)-s SemTxvevaSi,
1152
faqtobrivad, testma gamoiwvia saxlSi mecadineobis momateba da ara,

piriqiT, ese igi, Sebrunebuli mizez-Sedegobrioba iyo. rac Seexeba (v)-s,
saxlSi
mecadineobis
odenoba
uaryofiTad
korelirebda
sasjelis
odenobasTan: rac ufro maRali iyo miRebuli niSani, miT naklebi iyo
sasjeli. faqtobrivad, aq SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri wrfivi
modelisTvis
damaxasiaTebel
kavSirze
ufro
susti,
ufro
mravalmimarTulebiani da mravalmxrivi iyos da qsels ufro hgavdes,

vidre wrfes.
es magaliTi damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis Sesaxeb mTel
rig sakiTxebze migviTiTebs:
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba yovelTvis mkafio ar aris:

damoukidebeli cvladi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba damokidebul cvladad
iqces da piriqiT;
mizez-Sedegobrioba SeiZleba ormimarTulebiani iyos;
kavSiris daSveba SeiZleba ar niSnavdes mizez-Sedegobriobiv kavSirs;
SeiZleba
arsebobdes
mTeli
rigi
sxva
faqtorebisa,
romlebic
mocemuli Sedegis miRebaSi monawileoben;
gamovlenili mizezebis (damoukidebeli cvladebis) ukan SeiZleba sxva

mizezebi (damoukidebeli cvladebi) idgnen, romlebic damokidebul
cvladze moqmedeben;
damoukidebeli cvladi SeiZleba raRac sxvas iwvevdes da es raRac

sxva,
Tavis
mxriv,
miRebul
Sedegs
ganapirobebdes
(damokidebul
cvlads);
mizez-Sedegobrioba SeiZleba arawrfivi iyos da ara _ wrfivi;
kavSiris mimarTuleba SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos da ara _ dadebiTi;
kavSiris siZliere SeiZleba mkafio ar iyos.

bevri
statistikuri
kriteriumi
damokidebuli
da
damoukidebeli
cvladebiT operirebs (magaliTad, eqsperimentebSi iyeneben t kriteriums

da dispersiul analizis, regresias da mravaljerad regresias), zogi ki
1153
_ ara (magaliTad, korelaciuri statistika da faqtoruli analizi). Tu

iseT
kriteriums
cvladebs
viyenebT,
saWiroebs,
daSvebisas,
Tu
romelic
maSin
romeli
didi
aris
an
damokidebul
sifrTxile
ar
aris
da
unda
damoukidebel
gamoviCinoT
damokidebuli
damoukidebeli cvladi, mizez-Sedegobrioba
marTlac
imis
cvladi
an
iseTi martivia,
rogorc amas kriteriumi uSvebs Tu ara. garda amisa, bevri statistikuri

kriteriumi
regresia
wrfiv
damokidebulebas
emyareba
(magaliTad,
korelacia,
da mravaljeradi regresia, faqtoruli analizi), rodesac,
faqtobrivad, cvladebs Soris mimarTeba SeiZleba wrfivi arc iyos (zog

kompiuterul
damuSavebis
programas,
magaliTad,
SesaZleblobas
SPSS
iZleva).
arawrfivi
mkvlevarma
mimarTebis
fundamenturi
gadawyvetileba unda miiRos cvladebs Soris mimarTebis ragvarobaze _

wrfivia is Tu ara da Semdeg, am gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, SearCios
saTanado statistikuri kriteriumebi.
yvela am mosazrebas Tu SevajamebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom mkvlevarma
unda ganixilos:
romel skalas miekuTvneba misi monacemebi?
parametrulia misi monacemebi Tu araparametruli?
aRweriTi statistikaa saWiro Tu daskvniTi?
saWiroa Tu ara damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis gamoyofa?
cvladebs Soris kavSiri wrfivia Tu arawrfivi?

momzadebulma mkvlevarma winaswar unda gaiazros da gadawyvitos,
monacemebis
analizis
romel
meTods
gamoiyenebs.
es
Zalian
mniSvnelovania, radgan gavlenas axdens kvlevis instrumentebis arCevaze.

magaliTad, mkvlevarma guldasmiT unda dagegmos kiTxvaris sqema da
struqtura,
raTa
kompiuteruli
damuSavebisTvis
da
analizisTvis
monacemebis Seyvana gauadvildes. kiTxvaris Seusabamo sqemam monacemebis

Seyvana
da
analizi
SeiZleba
dagegmvisas gasaTvaliswinebelia:
daabrkolos.
monacemebis
analizis
1154
rogor davamuSavebT da gavaanalizebT Segrivil monacemebs?
rogor gadavamowmebT da davadasturebT analizis Sedegebs?

aseve, gadawyvetilebebi unda miviRoT im statistikuri kriteriumebis
Taobaze,
romlebsac
gavlenas
moaxdens
monacemebis
kvlevis
analizSi
debulebebze
gamoviyenebT,
(magaliTad,
radgan
es
kiTxvarSi)
da
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizisTvis saWiro programis

SerCevaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SPSS da NUD. IST.
sandooba
saWiroa
vicodeT,
Tu
ramdenad
sandoa
instrumenti,
romelsac
monacemebis Sesagroveblad viyenebT. sandooba raodenobriv analizSi

orgvarad gamoixateba da orive maTgani Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis sazoms
warmoadgens, esenia: Suaze gaxleCvis teqnika da koeficienti alfa. orive
SemTxvevaSi, gamoiTvleba sandoobis koeficienti, romelic 0-sa da 1-s
Soris SeiZleba moTavsdes. Suaze gaxleCvis sandooba wina TavebSi ukve
ganvixileT. misi gamosaTvleli formulaa:
sadac,
korelacias
instrumentis
(amis
2
,
1 +
naxevrebs
gamosaTvlelad
Soris
saWiroa
arsebuli
kiTxvaris,
realuri
Sinaarsisa
da
sirTulis mixedviT, or Tanazomier nawilad gayofa). ase magaliTad, Tu

kiTxvaris or naxevars Soris korelaciis koeficienti 0.85-is tolia,
maSin formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
2(0.85) 1.70
=
= 0.919
1 + 0.85 1.85
amrigad, Suaze gaxleCvis sandoobis koeficientia 0.919, rac Zalian
=
maRalia.
Tu
Sesabamis
ujras
gavaaqtiurebT,
SPSS Suaze
gaxleCvis
sandoobas avtomaturad gamoiTvlis.

sandoobis, rogorc Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis, gamoTvlis meore gzaa
kronbaxis alfas gamoTvla, romelsac xSirad, ubralod, sandoobis alfa
koeficients uwodeben. kronbaxis alfa debulebebs Soris korelaciebis
1155
koeficients iTvlis, anu, esaa TiToeuli debulebis korelacia yvela

sxva
danarCeni
debulebis
jamTan.
debulebebs
is
Soris
Sinagani
SeTanxmebulobis sazomia (da ara, magaliTad, adamianebs Soris). es aris

saSualo
korelacia
yvela
sakvlev
debulebas
Soris
da
igi
mravaldebulebiani skalebisTvis gamoiyeneba. SPSS-Si kronbaxis alfas

gamoTvla Rilakze daWeriT xdeba. alfas formulaa:
=
,
1 + ( 1)
sadac n = testis an gamokiTxvis debulebebis raodenobas (magaliTad,

kiTxvarSi)
da
rii = debulebebs
Soris
yvela
korelaciis
saSualos.
vTqvaT, gamokiTxvis kiTxvari 10 debulebisgan Sedgeba da maT Soris

saSualo
korelacia
0.738-is
tolia.
alfa
korelacia
Semdegnairad
SegviZlia gamovTvaloT:
=
10(0.738)
7.38
=
=
= 0.97
1 + ( 1) 1 + (10 1)738 7.64
amrigad, alfa koeficienti 0.97 miviReT, rac Zalian maRalia. alfa

koeficientebi mocemulia statistikuri cxrilebis a danarTSi. Suaze
gaxleCvis
da
alfa
koeficientebisTvis
gamosadegia
Semdegi
saxis
informacia:
>0.90
Zalian maRali sandooba
0.80_0.90
maRali sandooba
0.70_0.79
sando
0.60_0.69
minimalurad sando
<0.60
miuReblad dabali sandooba.
braimeni da krameri (Bryman and Cramer 1990: 71) Tvlian, rom sandoobis
misaRebi donea 0.8, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom misaRebia koeficienti 0.67
da meti.1 (http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS
Manual 24. 2.).
1156
monacemebis aRwera: sixSireebi, procentebi da niSanTa

SeuRlebis cxrilebi22
es
aris
analizis
forma,
romelic
arsebul
monacemebzea
damokidebuli da yvelaze metad imis danaxva ainteresebs, rasac
Tavad
monacemebi gviCveneben. aseTi analizi SegviZlia deteqtivs SevadaroT,

romelic mtkicebulebebs mihyveba. monacemebi, Cveulebisamebr, aRweriTia.
aq intensiurad gamoiyeneba monacemebis warmodgenis vizualuri teqnikebi.
Sesabamisad, xSirad gamoiyeneba sixSireebi, procentebi da monacemebis
grafikurad
teqnika
gamosaxvis
monacemebis
teqnikebi.
monacemebis
analizisTvis
grafikulad
gankuTvnil
programul
gamosaxvis
paketebSi
SegiZliaT naxoT, magaliTad:
sixSireebisa
da
procentebis
cxrilebi
(ix.
textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS Manual 24. 3.);
svetebiani diagramebi (saxeldebisa da rigis skalis monacemebisaTvis);
histogramebi (uwyveti _ intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebis _

monacemebisTvis);
xazovani grafikebi;
wriuli diagramebi;
diapazonis maCvenebeli diagramebi;
wertilTa gabnevis diagramebi;
foTlebiani Reros diagramebi;
marTkuTxa diagramebi (ulvaSebiani/ulvaSa marTkuTxedebi).

monacemebis
sxvadasxvagvarad
mixedviT.
gamosaxvis
ladgeba
marTalia,
gamoiyurebodes,
am
arCeuli
grafikebi
isini
formebis
da
xSirad
umravlesobaSi
diagramis
an
monacemebi
grafikis
saxeobis
diagramebi
SeiZleba
mimzidvelad
arafers
eubnebian
mkiTxvels
gansxvavebuls, vidre ubralo cxrilebi romelic saboloo angariSSi

22
cross-tabulation literaturaSi xSirad pirdapir ase gamoiyeneba (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).
1157
ufro
nakleb
diagramebs,
adgils
svetebian
monacemebis
ikavebs.
diagramebsa
gamosaxva
SesaZlebeli.
es
ufro
naTelia,
problema
da
histogramebs
kompaqturad,
rom
aq
gansakuTrebiT
exeba
cxrilis
mniSvnelovania
wriul
da
igive
saxiT
aris
auditoriisadmi
Sesatyvisobis sakiTxi: zogi mkiTxvelisTvis diagramebi ufro misaRebi da

advilad gasagebi SeiZleba iyos, vidre ricxvebiT savse cxrilebi. sxva
saxis diagramebi da grafikebi SeiZleba cxrilebze met informacias
gvawvdides, magaliTad, xazovani grafikebi, marTkuTxa diagramebi da
wertilTa gabnevis diagramebi regresiis wrfiTurT. aq ar ganvixilavT
TiToeuli saxeobis grafikisa da diagramis Zlier da sust mxareebs,
Tumca mokled vityviT, rom:
svetebiani
diagrama
kategorialuri
da
wyvetili
monacemebis
warmosadgenad (maRali-dabali) gamodgeba;
grafikebis agebisas
gamoyeneba,
mesame ganzomilebis (magaliTad, siRrme, sisqe)
saWiroebis
garda,
mizanSewonili
ar
aris.
mesame
ganzomileba grafiks damatebiT informacias unda matebdes;
uwyveti monacemebis gamosaxvisTvis histogramebi gamodgeba;
mravaljeradi
xazovani
grafikebi
tendenciebis
saCvenebladaa
sasargeblo, gansakuTrebiT, uwyveti cvladebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

erTdroulad erTi an ramdenime cvladi gvaqvs;
wriuli
da
svetebiani
diagramebi
Tanafardobis,
proporciebis
saCvenebladaa mizanSewonili;
cvledebs
Soris
gamosaxva
niSanTa
SeuRlebis cxrilebiT (ganxilulia qvemoT) SeiZleba;
marTkuTxa diagramebi erT diagramaze ramdenime cvladis mniSvnelobis

ganawilebis saCveneblad gamodgeba, maT diapazonTan da medianasTan
erTad;
Sedgenili
svetebiani
diagrama
farglebSi
sxvadasxva
jgufis
erT
diagramaze
sixSireebis
rodesac erTi an meti cvladi gvaqvs;
erTi
saCveneblad
cvladis
gamodgeba,
1158
wertilTa
gabnevis
urTierTobis
an
diagrama
ori
an
erT
meti
diagramaze
cvladis
or
cvlads
Soris
wyvils
Soris
procentebis
saxiT
ramdenime
urTierTobis saCvenebladaa gamosadegi.

martiv
SegviZlia
doneze
monacemebi
warmovadginoT
sixSireebisa
(magaliTad,
da
kursis
Sefasebis
monacemebis
nawili) (CanarTi 24. 1).

CanarTi 24.1.
sixSireebi da procentebi kursis SefasebisTvis
kursi Zalian rTuli iyo
validuri
sixSire
procenti
24
49
98
16
4
191
12.6
25.7
51.3
8.4
2.1
100.0
srulebiT ar
odnav
arc ise
sakmaod
Zalian
sul
am martivi cxrilis mixedviT (CanarTi 24. 1) SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom:
debulebas upasuxa 191 adamianma.
respodentebis umaravlesoba fiqrobs, rom kursi arc ise Zneli iyo

(98 respodenti anu 51.3 procenti). modaluri qula is kategoria an
qulaa, romelsac yvelaze meti respondenti ambobs.
Sedegebi asimetriulia, respodentTa mxolod 10.5 procenti xvdeba

kategoriebSi sakmaod da Zalian.
im adamianTa ricxvi ufro metia, vinc fiqrobs, rom kursi sul ar

iyo rTuli, vidre imaTi, vinc fiqrobs, rom kursi sakmaod da
Zalian rTuli iyo.
mTlianobaSi kursi odnav rTuli iyo da ara _ Zalian rTuli.

vTqvaT, am cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis ufro Rrmad Seswavla
gvsurs. magaliTad, SeiZleba imis gageba gvindodes, Tu rogor upasuxes

am debulebas qalebma da mamakacebma. es informacia niSanTa SeuRlebis
1159
martivi cxrilis saxiT SegviZlia gadmovceT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mivyvebiT

Cveul wess da saxeldebis skalis monacemebs (qalebi da mamakacebi)
striqonSi
miRebul
movaTavsebT,
Sefasebebs)
ki
ubralod
monacemTa
meoresTan
mimarTebaSia
rigis
_
skalis
svetebSi.
gamosaxvis
monacemebs
niSanTa
saSualebaa,
warmodgenili
da
(5-qulian
skalaze
SeuRlebis
cxrilebi
sadac
erTi
cvladi
cxrilis
yovel
ujraSi
Sesabamisi ricxvia Cawerili. (es cxrilebi avtomaturad keTdeba iseT

programebSi,
rogoric
SPSS-ia)
(CanarTi
24.
2)
(ix.

CanarTi 24. 2.
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili jamuri maCveneblebiT
sqesi*kursi Zalian Zneli iyo: niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili
mamakaci
qali
jami
raodenoba
jamis %
raodenoba
jamis %
raodenoba
jamis %
srulebiT
ar
7
3.7%
17
8.9%
24
12.6%
odnav
Aarc ise
sakmaod
Zalian
jami
11
5.8%
38
19.9%
49
25.7%
25
13.1%
73
38.2%
98
51.3%
4
2.1%
12
6.3%
16
8.4%
3
1.6%
1
0.5%
4
2.1%
50
26.2%
141
73.8%
191
100.0%
CanarTi 24. 2 mTeli SerCevisTvis gviCvenebs, rom mamakacebze (13.1

procenti) TiTqmis samjer meti qali (38.2 procenti) fiqrobs, rom kursi
arc ise rTuli iyo, ori mesamedidan sam meoTxedamde meti qali (19.9
procenti), vidre mamakaci (5.8 procenti) fiqrobs, rom kursi odnav
rTuli iyo da daaxloebiT samjer met kacs (1.6 procenti), vidre qals
(0.5 procenti) miaCnia, rom kursi Zalian rTuli iyo. Tumca, isic
SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom or qvejgufSi individebis raodenoba araTanabari
iyo:
SerCevis
daaxloebiT
sam
meoTxeds
qalebi
Seadgendnen
(73.8
procenti) da daaxloebiTYerT meoTxeds (26.2 procenti) _ mamakacebi.

gansxvavebuli moculobis qveSerCevebis problemis gadaWris ori gza
arsebobs:
erTia
SerCevis
morgeba,
Cvens
SemTxvevaSi,
mamakacebis
qveSerCevis zust ricxvze gamravleba, raTa ori qveSerCeva erTnairi
1160
moculobis iyos (141/50=2.82). meore gzaa monacemebis striqonebis mixedviT

gaanalizeba da ara _ jamuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, ese igi, calke imis
dadgena, Tu mamakacebis ra wilma mogvca esa Tu is pasuxi da calke _ ra
pasuxebi mogvces qalebma cvladis igive kategoriebze (CanarTi 24. 3).
CanarTi 24. 3.
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili striqonebis jamuri maCveneblebiT
sqesi*kursi Zalian rTuli iyo: niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili
mamakaci
qali
jami
Tu
raodenoba
%
gamoTvlilia
sqesis
farglebSi
raodenoba
%
gamoTvlilia
sqesis
farglebSi
raodenoba
%
gamoTvlilia
sqesis
farglebSi
fiqrobT,
rom
srulebiT
ara
7
14.0%
Oodnav
sakmaod
Zalian
jami
11
22.0%
Aarc
ise
25
50%
4
8.0%
3
6.0%
50
100%
17
12.1%
38
27.0%
73
52%
12
8.5%
1
0.7%
141
100%
24
12.6%
49
25.7%
98
51.3%
16
8.4%
4
2.1%
191
100.0%
es
ori
gamoTvla
da
Semdeg,
misi
xelaxali
gamoTvla rTulia (mTliani jamuri procentebi da striqonebis jamuri

procentuli
maCveneblebi),
maSin
gaiTvaliswineT:
bevr
kompiuterul
programaSi, magaliTad, SPSS-Si (romelic am magaliTSi gamoviyeneT) es

klaviSze erTi dawkapunebiT keTdeba.
meore cxrilSi (CanarTi 24. 3) SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom:
mamakacebi da qalebi Tanmimdevrul pasuxebs iZlevian kategoriebze

arc ise da Zalian;
ufro meti kaci (6 procenti), vidre qali (0.7 procenti) fiqrobs, rom
kursi Zalian rTuli iyo;
1161
mTlianobaSi, odnav meti qali (91.1 procenti: {12.1 + 27 + 52 procenti}),

vidre kaci (86 procenti: {14 + 22 + 50 procenti}), Tvlis, rom kursi arc
ise rTuli iyo;
qalebisa da mamakacebis pasuxebis zogadi suraTebi msgavsi iyo, anu,

orive qvejgufisTvis, pasuxebis procentuli maCveneblebis mixedviT,
Zlieridan sustisken kategoriebi identurad dalagda.
unda iTqvas, rom meore cxrili ufro gamosadegia, vidre pirveli,
vinaidan masSi mocemulia procentuli maCveneblebi striqonebis mixedviT,

rac ori jgufis _ qalebisa da mamakacebis _ Sedarebis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva. amasTan, vTvliT, rom, Cveulebriv, umjobesia orives _ realuri

sixSireebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi procentebis _ miTiTeba, magram Sedareba
procentuli maCveneblebis mixedviT unda moxdes. amas imitom vambobT,
rom
mniSvnelovania,
mkiTxvelma
icodes,
Tu
ra
realuri
ricxvebis
safuZvelze warmoebs Sedareba. magaliTad, pirvel cxrilSi (CanarTi 24.

2) ubralod im mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli rom gvqonoda, vinc
kursi Zalian Znelad miiCnia (1.6 procenti), kursis avtorebisTvis es
SemaSfoTebeli informacia iqneboda. Tumca, rodesac gavarkvevT, rom 1.6
procenti sul raRac 3 adamiania 141-dan, maSin es nakleb SemaSfoTebeli
iqneba. SerCevis 1.6 procenti 50 adamiani rom yofiliyo, maSin namdvilad
gveqneboda SfoTvis mizezi. procentulma maCveneblebma SeiZleba dafaros
realuri ricxvebi da amitom, mkiTxvelma es ricxvebic unda icodes.
konkretul
faqtorebze
yuradRebis
gasamaxvileblad
niSanTa
SeuRlebis cxrilis konkretuli ujra unda ganvixiloT (magaliTad, 24.3

CanarTSi qalebis pasuxebis striqonSi Zalian maRali, 52 procenti, mis
gverdiT mdgar 8.5 procentTan SedarebiT). es cxrilis ramdenime ujris
monacemis
gaerTianebis
SemTxvevaSic
gamosadegia,
rogorc
es
zemoT
ganxilul magaliTSi gavakeTeT. magaliTad, Tu gavaerTianebT mamakacebis

sakmaod da Zalian kategoriebSi moxvedris monacemebs (8 procenti + 6
procenti
srulebiT
14
ara
procenti),
kategoriis
SegviZlia
tolia,
vnaxoT,
aramed
rom
ufro
igi
cota
ara
marto
SemTxvevas
1162
moicavs, vidre mamakacebisTvis calke aRebuli nebismieri sxva kategoria,

ese igi, kombinirebuli kategoria gviCvenebs, rom kurss Zalian rTulad
cota adamiani miiCnevs.
gaerTienebuli
kategoriebi,
SesaZloa,
monacemebSi
zogadi
tendenciebis saCveneblad gamogvadges. magaliTad, cxrilebSi (CanarTebi

24. 1 _ 24. 3) srulebiT ara, odnav da arc ise kategoriebSi
mocemuli
Sedegebis
kombinacia
gviCvenebs,
rom
kursis
sirTulis
problema Zalian mcirea, anu, zogadad, Tu vityviT, kursi Zalian rTuli

ar yofila.
gaerTianebuli
skalebSic
kategoriebi
SeiZleba
daTanxmeba-ar
gamogvadges.
magaliTad,
daTanxmebis
reitingul
ganvixiloT
konkretul
debulebaze 200 adamianis mier gacemuli pasuxebi (CanarTi 24. 4):

CanarTi 24. 4
daTanxmebisa da ar daTanxmebis reitingis skala
sruliad
ar
veTanxmebi
30
15%
ar
veTanxmebi
arc veTanxmebi, arc ar

veTanxmebi
veTanxmebi
sruliad
veTanxmebi
40
20%
70
35%
20
10%
40
20%
24. 4 CanarTSi mocemuli cxrilis interpretacia sxvadasxvanairad

SeiZleba.
magaliTad,
im
adamianebis
raodenoba,
romlebic
sruliad
eTanxmebian ufro metia, vidre im adamianebisa, (20 procenti),
romlebic
sruliad ar eTanxmebian (15 procenti), anda modaluri qula arc

veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi centralur neitralur kategoriaSi xvdeba
(centrlauri tendencia). Tumca, amaze Sorsac SegviZlia wavideT. Tu
daTanxmebisa da ar daTanxmebis saerTo Tanafardobis garkveva gvinda,
maSin ar daTanxmebis ori kategoriis monacemebis jami 35 procents
gvaZlevs (15 procenti + 20 procenti), xolo daTanxmebis ori kategoriisa
_ 30 procents (10 procenti + 20 procenti), ese igi, ar daTanxmebis
SemTxvevebi ufro meti iyo, vidre _ daTanaxmebis, miuxedavad im faqtisa,
1163
rom ufro meti respodenti sruliad eTanxmeboda, vidre _ sruliad ar

eTanxmeboda, anu, daikarga daTanxmebisa da ar daTanxmebis siZliere.
daTanxmebisa
da
ar
daTanxmebis
or-ori
kategoriis
Sekreba
zogad
suraTs gvaZlevs da ara _ detalurs. Tumca, Tu amas gavakeTebT, maSin im

faqtsac unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom ar daTanxmebis ori kategoriis
jami (35 procenti) imdenivea, rac arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi
kategoriis
maCvenebeli.
am
SemTxvevaSi,
SegviZlia
vifiqroT,
rom
modaluri kategoria arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi bimodalobiT

Canacvlda:
ar
daTanxmeba
erTi
modaa
da
arc
veTanxmebi,
arc
ar
veTanxmebi _ meore.
kategoriebis
kombinireba
SeiZleba
efeqturi
iyos,
magram
mas
problemebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, ganvixiloT sami cxrili (CanarTebi

24.5 _ 24. 7). pirvel cxrilSi gamogonili kursis saerTo Sefasebaa
mocemuli,
romelSic
kmayofilebis
sami
donea
gamoyofili
(dabali,
saSualo da maRali) (CanarTi 24. 5).

CanarTi 24. 5
kursiT kmayofileba
kursiT kmayofileba
dabali (1_3)
saSualo (4_5)
maRali (6_7)
jami
mamakaci
60
(41.4%)
70
(48.3%)
15
(10.3%)
145
(100%)
qali
35
(43.7%)
15
(18.8%)
30
(37.5%)
80
(100%)
jami
95
(42.2%)
85
(37.8%)
45
(20%)
225
(100%)
am cxrilSi
vnaxoT , rom modaluri kategoriaa dabali (95 xma, 42.2
procenti), xolo yvelaze naklebi xmebi miiRo kategoriam maRali (45

xma,
20
procenti),
ese
igi,
respodentebi
mTlianobaSi,
ukmayofiloni darCnen. cxrilSi, kategoria maRali

qalebi
ufro
kmayofilebi
arian
kursiT,
vidre
mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, kursiT zomierad
kursiT
gviCvenebs, rom
mamakacebi,
xolo
kmayofilebi Canan.
1164
Tumca, Tu am kategoriebs (dabali da saSualo) gavaerTianebT, maSin sul

sxva suraTs miviRebT (CanarTi 24. 6).
CanarTi 24. 6
reitingis skalebis gaerTianebuli kategoriebi
kursiT kmayofileba
dabali (1_5)
maRali (6_7)
jami
mamakaci
130
(89.7%)
15
(10.3%)
145
(100%)
qali
50
(62.5%)
30
(37.5%)
80
(100%)
jami
180
(76.1%)
45
(20%)
225
(100%)
gansxvaveba
+27.2%
_27.2%
procentebis
kmayofilebi
mixedviT
arian
vnaxavT,
kursiT,
rom
vidre
mTlianobaSi,
mamakacebi
da
qalebi
ufro
mamakacebi
ufro
ukmayofiloebi arian kursiT, vidre _ qalebi. Tumca, Tu am kategoriebs

sxvagvarad
gavaerTianebT
(saSualo
da
zomieri),
maSin
sruliad
gansxvavebuli suraTs miviRebT (CanarTi 24. 7).
CanarTi 24. 7
reitingis skalebis gaerTianebuli kategoriebis reprezentacia
kursiT kmayofileba
dabali (1_3)
maRali (4_7)
jami
mamakaci
60
(41.4%)
85
(58.6%)
145
(100%)
qali
35
(43.7%)
45
(56.3%)
80
(100%)
jami
95
(42.2%)
130
(57.4%)
225
(100%)
_2.1%
+1.9%
gansxvaveba
procentuli maCveneblebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi da mamakacebi didad

ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan da orive jgufi kmayofilia kursiT. aq
1165
saqme kategoriebis kombinirebas, anu, cxrilebis SemWidrovebas exeba da

girCevT,
aseTi
kombinireba
udidesi
sifrTxiliT
gaakeToT.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Sedegebi zogjer ufro mkafioa, zogjer ki miRebuli suraTi

SeiZleba
damaxinjdes
SenarCuneba
ufro
kidec.
Cvens
magaliTSi
sawyisi
marTebulia,
vidre
misi
mcire
ufro
cxrilis
raodenobis
kategoriebze dayvana.
monacemebis
Seswavlisas
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
ramdenad
Tanabrad
an
farTodaa isini ganawilebuli. magaliTad, xazovani grafiki gviCvenebs,

Tu
rogor
pasuxoben
respodentebi
kiTxvaze
rogor
exmarebiT
moswavleebs swavlis procesSi?. aT qulian skalaze ganawilebis gziT,

kiTxvas 400-ma respodentma upasuxa (CanarTi 24. 8).
CanarTi 24. 8 gviCvenebs, rom monacemebi asimetriulia, meti pasuxi

skalis zeda (marjvena) boloSi grodeba. grafiki nelnela eSveba qvemoT
negatiuri,
meore
(marcxena)
bolosken;
magram
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
1166
umaRlesi
qulebi
skalis
marjvena
boloSia
Tavmoyrili,
grafiki
negatiurad asimetriulia, radgan grZeli kudi qvemoT eSveba.

amis sapirispirod, SevxedoT grafiks, romelzec gamosaxulia skolis
TanamSromlebis mier sakuTari iniciativiT skolaSi ama Tu im rolis
aReba. grafikze warmodgenilia 150 respodentis mier 10 qulian skalaze
gacemuli pasuxebi (CanarTi 24. 9).
rogorc vxdavT,
grZeli kudi diapazonis zeda bolosken eSveba da
qulebis umetesoba diapazonis qveda boloskenaa Tavmoyrili. miuxedavad

imisa,
rom
qulebis
didi
nawili
diapazonis
qveda
boloskenaa
Tavmoyrili, grZeli kudis zeda mxarisken daSvebis gamo, ganawilebas

dadebiTad asimetriuli ewodeba. monacemebis asimetriuloba monacemebi
mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo maxasiaTebelia.
intervalebis da Sefardebis skalis SemTxvevaSi, modaluri qulebisa
da
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilebis
garda,
saSualo
(saSualo
ariTmetikuli) da standartuli gadaxra SegviZlia gamovTvaloT. vTqvaT,

gvaqvs 1,000 moswavlis testis Sedegi, romelSic maqsimaluri Sefaseba 10
qulaa (CanarTi 24. 10).
1167
CanarTi 24. 10
testis qulebis ganawileba
testis qulebi
validuri
sixSire
validuri procenti
1
223
276
32
69
149
185
39
26
1,000
0.1
22.3
27.6
3.2
6.9
14.9
18.5
3.9
2.6
100.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
jami
am
magaliTSi
tolia.
aseve,
SegviZlia,
SegviZlia,
gamovTvaloT
saSualo,
romelic
5.48-is
standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla, romelic
qulebis gafantulobis standartul sazoms warmoadgens, anu, gviCvenebs,

Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba TiToeuli qula ganawilebis saSualosgan
(ix.

qvemoT
mocemulia
standartuli
gadaxris
formula (amis ramdenime gza arsebobs):
sadac,
2
1
d2 = saSualosa da qulis sxvaobis kvadrats;

= jams;
N = SemTxvevebis raodenobas.
gamoTvlis
umartivesi
1168
mcire
standartuli
Sejgufebuli,
xolo
gadaxra
didi
gviCvenebs,
standartuli
rom
qulebi
gadaxra,
maT
erTadaa
farTod
gafantulobaze migviTiTebs. standartuli gadaxra avtomaturad, erT

Rilakze daWriT gamoiTvleba iseT kompiuterul programebSi, rogoric
SPSS-ia.
am magaliTSi standartuli gadaxra 2.134-is tolia. ras gveubneba es
maCvenebeli? pirvel rigSi, is gviCvenebs, rom miRebuli niSnebi ar aris
maRali (saSualo 5.48). meore, is, aseve, gviCvenebs, rom qulebs Soris
sakmao
cvalebadobaa
da
mesame,
migvaniSnebs,
rom
qulebi
Zalian
araTanabradaa gafantuli, faqtobrivad, qulebis erTi klasteri 3 da 4

kategoriebis axlos gvaqvs, xolo meore _ 7 da 8 kategoriebis axlos. ai,
swored aq gamogvadgeba xazovani grafiki qulebis warmosadgenad, radgan
is am or piks naTlad gviCvenebs
standartuli
gadaxris
(CanarTi 24. 11).
miTiTeba
mniSvnelovania.
ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi. SevxedoT ricxvebis sam jgufs:

(1) 1
20
saSualo = 6
magaliTad,
1169

(2) 1
(3) 5
6
6
10
11
saSualo = 6
saSualo = 6
Tu am ricxvebs sami calkeuli grafikis saxiT gamovsaxavT, Zalian

gansxvavebul
Sedegebs
miviRebT
(ix.
textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 7. ppt).

CanarTi 24. 12 gviCvenebs, rom saSualoze did gavlenas axdens erTi
qula 20, romelic gancalkevebulia yvela sxva qulisgan (ukiduresi
qula
outlier
faqtobrivad,
mdebareobs.
qula,
romelic
daSorebulia
sxva
sxva
danarCeni
oTxi
saSualos
yvela
qula
qulebisgan).
qvemoT
qula 20 arRvevs monacemebis proporciulobas da moqmedebs
saSualoze _ zrdis mis mniSvnelobas. zogierTi statistikuri paketi

(magaliTad,
SPSS)
saSualebas
iZleva.
ukiduresi
Tu
ricxviTi
monacemebi
mniSvnelobebis
farTodaa
gauqmebis
gafantuli,
maSin
centraluri tendenciis sazomad mizanSewonilia ara saSualos, aramed

medianis gamoyeneba. SPSS-is saSualebiT es yvelaferi Rilakze daWeriT
avtomaturad
keTdeba.
mediana
monacemebis
diapazonis
SuaSi
mdgomi
qulaa. Tu dakvirvebaTa wyvili raodenoba gvaqvs, maSin mediana ori

SuaTana qulis saSualo iqneba.
1170
CanarTi 24. 13 gviCvenebs, rom erTi qula zustad saSualos tolia,

danarCenebi ki misgan garkveulad gansxvavdebian. qulebi farTod arian
gafantulni da grafiki brtyelia (brtyel/blagvpikiani ganawileba).
CanarTi
qulebs,
24.
14
romelTa
gviCvenebs
saSualosTan
Sesabamis
grafikul
Zalian
axlos
Tavmoyril
gamosaxulebas
Zalian
wamaxvilebuli piki aqvs (maxvilpikiani ganawileba)
warmodgenili CanarTis ZiriTadi arsi Semdegia: sakmarisi ar aris

ubralod saSualos gamoTvla da misi miTiTeba. ufro sruli suraTis
misaRebad
qulebis
gafantvasac
unda
mivaqcioT yuradReba. amisaTvis
1171
gvWirdeba standartuli gadaxra, romelic monacemebis diapazonsa da

gafantulobis
ukiduresi
xarisxs
gviCvenebs,
qulebisadmi
Tumca,
mgrZnobiarea.
zogi
standartuli
qula
gadaxra
farTod
iqneba
gafantuli (pirveli grafiki), zogi _ Tanabrad (meore grafiki), zogi ki

_ erTad iqneba Tavmoyrili (mesame grafiki). didi standartuli gadaxra
qulebis farTod gafantulobaze miuTiTebs,
mcire
ki _ qulebis erTad
Sejgufebaze.
zogadi wesia, rom saSualo gamosadegi statistikuri sididea, Tu
monacemebi simetriulia (anu, Tu isini ganawilebis mrudis romelime
bolosken
ar
grovdebian),
romlebic ganawilebis
an
Tu
ar
disproporcias
arsebobs
ukiduresi
qulebi,
gamoiwvevdnen. gavixsenoT, rom
saSualo, rogorc mxolod statistikuri gamoTvla, zogjer SeiZleba

ucnaur Sedegebsac gvaZlevdes, amis magaliTia pirovnebis rxevebi.
mediana rigis skalis monacemebisTvis gamodgeba, magram mas rom azri
hqondes, bevri qulaa saWiro da ara mxolod _ ramdenime. medianas
SemTxvevaSi,
ukiduresi
qulis
problema
daZleulia
da
amitom,
is
gamosadegia asimetriuli ganawilebisTvis. modaluri qula yvela skalis

monacemisTvis
gamodgeba,
gansakuTrebiT,
saxeldebisa
da
rigis
skalebisTvis, anu, wyvetili da ara _ uwyveti monacemebisTvis da masze

ukiduresi qulebi ar imoqmedebs. Tumca, is Tavis Zalas kargavs, bevri,
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis mqone qulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa
Sorisac
erTnairi
sixSiriT
bevri
qula
gvxvdeba
(magaliTad,
roca
reitingis skalaze mxolod ramdenime punqtia).

albaTobis testis laikertis tipis magaliTebSi gamoyeneba wignis
Tanmxleb
veb
gverdzea
mocemuli.
ix.
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/
9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 2. doc).
Sejameba
ra SegviZlia gavakeToT martivi sixSireebis saSualebiT
monacemebis
aRweriT analizSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi monacemebis skalzea damokidebuli

(saxeldebis,
rigis,
intervalebis,
Sefardebis).
oTxive
skalisTvis
1172
SegviZlia
davTvaloT
sixSireebi
da
procentebi
da
isini
sxvadasxvanairad ganvixiloT. aseve, SegviZlia, gamovTvaloT moda da

warmovadginoT niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilebi. am cxrilebSi SegviZlia,
gavaerTianoT kategoriebi da SevamWidrovoT cxrilebi ise, rom sawyisi
monacemebis
sensitiuroba
ar
daikargos.
garda
amisa,
SegviZlia,
gamovTvaloT mediana, romelic gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia, monacemebis

farTod gafantulobis an ukiduresi qulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalis monacemebisTvis, aseve, SegviZlia,
saSualo
da
standartuli
gadaxra
gamovTvaloT.
saSualo
qulebis
saSualo ariTmetikulia, standartuli gadaxra ki saSualos irgvliv

qulebis
gafantvis
diapazons
gviCvenebs,
anu,
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
monacemebi farTodaa gafantuli (magaliTad, rogorc brtyel/blagvpikian

ganawilebaSi),
Tu
gamokveTili
pikis
irgvlivaa
SemWidrovebuli
(maxvilpikian ganawilebaSi). sixSireebisa da procentebis ganxilvisas

monacemebis asimetriulobasc unda gaviTvaliswinoT, anu, unda vnaxoT
aris Tu ara grafiki skalis erTi an meore bolosken asimetriuli.
dadebiTi
asimetriis
SemTxvevaSi,
grafikis
grZeli
kudi
skalis
dadebiT mxaresaa, xolo monacemebis didi nawili uaryofiT, boloSia

Tavmoyrili. uaryofiTi asimetriis SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, grafikis
grZeli kudi
uaryofiT mxares mdebareobs da monacemebis ZiriTadi
nawili dadebiT boloSia
Tavmoyrili.
statistikuri mniSvnelovn
statistikuri analizis udidesi nawili statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis
cnebazea
damokidebuli. kirki (1999: 337) miuTiTebs, rom statistikurad
mniSvnelovania
Sedegi,
romelic
ver
aixsneba
SemTxveviTobiT.
hipoTetur-deduqciur tipis kvleva xSirad iwyeba erTi an ramdenime

hipoTeziT.
es
raodenobriv
kvlevaSi
hipoTezis
Semowmebis
arsia.
Cveulebriv, ori tipis hipoTeza arsebobs. nulovani, ZiriTadi tipis
hipoTeza acxadebs, rom, magaliTad, ar arsebobs kavSiri or cvlads

Soris, an araferi Secvlila monawileebSi pre-testsa da post-tests
1173
Soris drois monakveTSi, an sami skola ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT, an qalebi da mamakacebi ar gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan ama Tu im pasuxebis mixedviT. nulovani hipoTeza kargad
ergeba
poperis
pozicias,
romlis
Tanaxmadac,
mecnierebis
arsi
mis
(hipoTezis) aucilebel falsificirebaSi mdgomarobs.

saqme isaa, rom hipoTezis nulovani formiT wamoyeneba mkvlevrisgan
imis damtkicebas moiTxovs, rom nulovani hipoTeza ar aris swori. es
situacia
sasamarTlos
hgavs,
sadac
mosamarTle
udanaSaulobis
prezumciiT iwyebs muSaobas da ise unda daamtkicos danaSauli, rom

masSi daeWvebis aranairi racionaluri safuZveli ar arsebobdes. martivi
dadebiTi hipoTezis mxardaWera xSirad advilia, Tumca aseTi hipoTeza,
dadasturdebis SemTxvevaSic, SeiZleba mainc ar gvqondes misi miRebis
sakmarisi safuZveli, vinaidan
miRebuli
Sedegebi, SesaZloa, sul sxva
hipoTezebs Seesatyvisebodes. magaliTad, davuSvaT, Cveni hipoTezaa, rom

moneta deformirebulia
da, maSasadame,
100-jer
rom
da
vnaxulobT,
60-jer
asimetriuli. monetas vagdebT
ricxvis
mxariT
iqneboda, pirdapir gamogvetana daskvna, rom moneta
daeca.
advili
deformirebulia,
magram, aseve, advilad SesaZlebelia, rom es Sedegi sxva mizezebiT

ixsnebodes. cxadia, moneta 100 agdebidan 99-jer rom dacemuliyo ricxvis
mxares,
Cveni
hipoTeza
ufro
mtkicebulebaa,
romelic
mxardaWerili
negatiuri
ara
swori
marto
hipoTeza,
iqneboda.
imas
aramed
nulovani
moiTxovs,
im
rom
zRvris
hipoTeza
ar
iqnas
miTiTebasac
moiTxovs, romlis zemoTac nulovan hipoTezas ar uWeren mxars da

romlis qvemoTac uWeren mxars. monetis magaliTSi SeiZleba saWiro
iyos, rom ricxvis mxare 100-dan 95 SemTxvevaSi, an 100-dan 99 an, Tundac,
1,000-dan 999 SemTxvevaSi jdebodes, raTa meti darwmunebiT vTqvaT, rom
nulovani
hipoTeza
ar
dasturdeba
(ix.

aq
terminologias
didi
sifrTxiliT
viyenebT.
zogi
mkvlevari
ambobs, rom nulovani hipoTeza uaryofilia, zogic ki ambobs, rom is
1174
damtkicebulia an ar aris
miRebulia
an
mxardaWerilia
ar
an
aris
ar
damtkicebuli, sxvebi ki amboben rom

miRebuli.
aris
Cven
mxardaWerili.
vamjobinebT
es
ar
terminebs
aris
mxolod
semantika an pedanturoba; es sifrTxilis niSania. nulovani hipoTezis

uaryofa ar aris misi ar dadastureba an mxaris ar daWera, uaryofa
absolutur da universalur mdgomareobas gulisxmobs, romelsac kvleva,
savaraudod, ver miaRwevs, vinaidan mkacri parametrebiTaa SemosazRvruli
da yvela SemTxvevisTvis ar gamodgeba. amasTan, dadastureba da ar
dadastureba, uaryofis msgavsad, Zalian kategoriuli, absoluturi da
universaluri terminebia kvlevisTvis, romelsac sabolood mocemul
sazRvrebSi
viRebT.
aseve,
ver
miviRebT
nulvan
hipoTezas,
radgan
nulovani hipoTeza calsaxad da garkveviT arasodes ar dadasturdeba.

hipoTezis meore tips alternatiuli hipoTeza ewodeba. Tu nulovani
hipoTeza
amtkicebs,
rom
raime
ar
arsebobs
(magaliTad,
urTierToba, gansxvaveba), alternatiuli hipoTezis
cvlileba,
mixedviT, arsebobs
raRac, da es raRac aris magaliTad, cvlileba skolis moswavleebis

qcevaSi; aris gansxvaveba moswavleebis maTematikasa da sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaSi miRebul qulebs Soris; aris gansxvaveba xuT sxvadasxva
skolaSi gamocdebis Sedegebs Soris; aris gansxvaveba aseTi da amgvari
klasis pre-testsa da post-tests Soris. hipoTezis
aseTi susti forma
xSirad aris xolme mxardaWerili, roca nulovani hipoTeza ar aris

mxardaWerili, anu, Tu nulovani hipoTeza ar aris mxardaWerili, maSin
alternatiuli hipoTezaa mxardaWerili.
dasaxelebul ori saxis hipoTezas, Cveulebriv, Semdegnairad weren
xolme:
H0: nulovani hipoTeza;
H1: alternatiuli hipoTeza.
zogjer alternatiul hipoTezas HA-iTac aRniSnaven. ase magaliTad,
mkvlevars
hqondes:
SeiZleba
aseTi
nulovani
da
alternatiuli
hipoTezebi
1175
H0:
sakontrolo
da
erTmaneTisgan
eqsperimentuli
maTematikis
jgufebi
post-testSi
ar
gansxvavdebian
miRebuli
Sedegebis
mixedviT;
an
ar arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba qalebisa

da mamakacebis inglisuri enis gamocdis Sefasebebs Soris;
an
ar
arsebobs
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
korelacia
maswavleblis mier gaweul daxmarebasa da sagnisTvis miniWebul

mniSvnelobas Soris;
H1:
sakontrolo
da
eqsperimentuli
jgufebi
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan maTematikis posttestSi miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT;

an
arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba qalebisa da

mamakacebis mier inglisuri enis gamocdaze miRebul Sefasebebs
Soris;
an
arsebobs
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
dadebiTi
korelacia
maTematikisa da mecnierebis testebSi miRebul qulebs Soris.

nulovani
hipoTeza
mtkicebulebas
ufro
saWiroebs
Zlieri
imisaTvis,
rom
hipoTezaa
is
da
ufro
myar
ar iqnas mxardaWerili.
alternatiuli hipoTeza, ukan daxevis poziciaa, romelsac maSin iRebs

mkvlevari,
rodesac
pirvel,
nulovan
hipoTeza
ar
mtkicdeba.
alternatiuli hipoTeza nulovanis logikurad sawinaarmdego debulebaa.

mkvlevarma
nulovani
hipoTeziT
unda
daiwyos
da
mxolod
maSin
gadaerTos alternatiul hipoTezaze, rodesac nulovanis mxardaWera

SeuZlebeli xdeba.
statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis cnebis ukeT gasagebad korelaciuri
kvlevidan aviRoT magaliTi. korelacia saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars,
gaarkvios, arsebobs Tu ara or cvlads Soris kavSiri da Tu arsebobs,
ramdenad
Zlieria
is
(am
sakiTxs
ufro
srulad
odnav
mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT). davuSvaT, bevr adamians davakvirdiT da vnaxeT, rom didi

xelebis mqone adamianebs fexebic didi hqondaT, patara xelebis mqoneT ki
1176
_ patara fexebi (ix. Morrison 1993: 136 40). gadavwyvetT, kvlevis Catarebas
imis gamosakvlevad, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri fexis zomasa da
xelis zomas Soris, Tu es kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviTia. 100 adamians
vuzomavT xelebsa da fexebs da vnaxulobT, rom 100-dan 99 SemTxvevaSi
didi fexebis mqone adamianebs, xelebic didi hqondaT. darwmunebulebi,
rom
mniSvnelovani
mimarTeba
adamianze vatarebT da
aRmovaCineT,
igivenair
vnaxulobT, rom 1,000
gazomvebs
1,000
SemTxvevidan 999-Si es
mimarTeba dasturdeboda. rogorc Cans, es SemTxveviTobasa da ubralo

damTxvevaze metia. rogoc Cans, SegviZlia dawrmunebiT vTqvaT, rom Tu
adamians didi xelebi aqvs, maSin mas fexebic didi eqneba. saidan viciT,
rodis
SegviZlia
amis
mtkiceba?
rodis
viciT,
rom
SegviZlia,
darwmunebulni viyoT am winaswarmetyvelebaSi?

statistikuri miznebisTvis, Tu vnaxavT, rom es mimarTeba saxezea 100dan 95 SemTxvevaSi, anu, SemTxveviTobiT gansxvavebis mxolod 5 procenti
aixsneba, maSin garkveuli xarisxis darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
or cvlads Soris, am SemTxvevaSi xelisa da fexis zomas Soris, mWidro
kavSiri
unda
iyos.
xelisa
da
fexis
zomis
Tanxvedra
yoveli
100
adamianidan mxolod xuTTan iqneba SemTxveviTi da amas mniSvnelovnobis

0.05 done ewodeba. Tu vnaxavT, rom es mimarTeba yovel 100 SemTxvevaSi 99jeraa
saxeze
(rogorc
xelisa
da
fexis
zomis
magaliTSi),
anu,
SemTxveviToba mxolod gansxvavebis 1 procents xsnis, kidev ufro meti

darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom or cvlads Soris Zalian mWidro
kavSiri unda iyos. yovel as SemTxvevaSi, is mxolod erTxel iqneba
SemTxveviTi da es gaformdeba, rogorc mniSvnelovnobis 0.01 done. Tu
vnaxavT, rom yoveli 1,000 SemTxvevidan 999-jer gvaqvs aseTi mimarTeba
(rogorc xelebisa da fexebis zomis magaliTSi), anu, SemTxveviTobiT
mxolod
gansxvavebis
0.1
procenti
aixsneba,
maSin
kidev
ufro
meti
darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom or cvlads Soris Zalian Zlieri

kavSiria. yovel 1,000 SemTxvevaSi is mxolod erTxel iqneba SemTxveviTi
da es gaformdeba, rogorc mniSvnelovnobis 0.001 done.
1177
Cven nulovani hipoTeziT viwyebT, romelic amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs

kavSiri xelisa da fexis zomas Soris. Cveni amocanaa nulovani hipoTeza
ar iyos mxardaWerili. Tu SevZlebT, vaCvenoT, rom nulovani hipoTeza ar
aris mxardaWerili populaciis 95, 99 an 99.9 procentSi, maSin naTeli
gaxdeba, rom xelisa da fexis zomas Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani
mimarTeba arsebobs mniSvnelovnobis, Sesabamisad, 0.05, 0.01 an 0.001 doneze.
mniSvnelovnobis es sami done _ 0.05, 0.01 da 0.001 _ is doneebia, romelsac
xSirad
iReben
mkvlevrebi
saCveneblad. rogorc
Sedegebis
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
wesi, kvlevebSi pirveli ori done gamoiyeneba
xolme. mkvlevari ityoda, rom nulovani hipoTeza (or cvlads Soris ar

arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani kavSiri) ar iqna mxardaWerili
mniSvnelovnobis
(p)
0.05,
0.01
an
0.001
doneze.
aqve
mivuTiTebT,
rom
gamoviyeneT termini statistikurad mniSvnelovani da ara _ ubralod

mniSvnelovani. ucilebelia, rom es termini swored aseTi
formiT
gamoviyenoT.
modiT, meore magaliTi aviRoT. vTqvaT, xelisa da fexis gasazomad
SevqmeniT
gavuzomeT
1-dan
8-mde
xelebi
skala,
da
romlis
fexebi
da
gamoyenebiTac
aseTi
Sedegebi
rva
adamians
miviReT
(ix.

xelis zoma
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fexis zoma
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xelisa da fexis

zomas
Soris
idealuri
korelaciaa:
yvelas,
dawyebuli
pirveli
individidan romelsac orive kiduris zoma 1 aqvs da merve individiT

dasrulebuli, romelsac xelebic da fexebic 8 zomis aqvs. es idealuri
dadebiTi korelaciaa (erTi cvladis, magaliTad, xelis zomis, zrdas
1178
Tan axlavs meore cvladis, fexis zomis, zrdac da Tu erTi cvladi

iklebs, iklebs meorec). maTematikuri formulis gamoyenebiT spirmenis
korelaciis koeficienti SegviZlia gamovTvaloT (SPSS-Si avtomaturad
gamoiTvleba):
= 1
6 2
( 2 1)
sadac, d = qulebis gansxvavebas TiToeul wyvilSi, = jams, N = cdis

pirTa
raodenobas.
am
idealuri
korelaciis
gamoTvla
kavSiris
indeqss/koeficients gvaZlevs, romelic +1.00-is tolia.

davuSvaT, amjerad sxva rva adamianze CavatareT igive kvleva da aseTi
Sedegebi miviReT:
xelis zoma
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
fexis zoma
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Aamjerad, xelis 1 zomis mqone individs fexi 8 zoma aqvs, xolo 8

zomis xelis mqone individs _ 1 zoma fexi. es idealuri uaryofiTi
korelaciaa (erTi cvladis zrdas, magaliTad, xelis zomis, Tan axlavs
meore cvladis, fexis zomis kleba da erTi cvladis klebasTan erTad
meore izrdeba). igive maTematikuri formulis gamoyenebiT gamovTvliT am
idealur
uaryofiT
korelacias
da
miviRebT
kavSiris
indeqss/koeficients, romelic amjerad, _1.00-is toli iqneba.

cxadia, aseTi idealuri dadebiTi an uaryofiTi korelaciis povna
Zalian
iSviaTad
aris
SesaZlebeli.
saqme
isaa,
rom
korelaciebis
kvlevisas miviRebT korelaciis koeficientebs, romlebic daaxloebiT

_1.00-sa da +1.00-s Soris iqneba moTavsebuli. rogor mivxvdebiT, rom
miRebuli korelaciis koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovania? (ix.
http://www.routledge.com/ textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 10. ppt).
1179
vTqvaT, mesamejerac SevarCieT sxva rva adamiani da xelebisa da

fexebis igive gazomvebi CavatareT. gazomvis Sedegebi saTiTaod SevitaneT
cxrilSi (A cdis piridan H cdis piramde) _ davafiqsireT TiToeulis
fexisa da xelis zoma. Aamjerad, maT Soris mimarTeba arc ise naTelia,
vinaidan ranguli rigi ufro araerTgvarovani da Sereulia. magaliTad, A
cdis pirs aqvs 2 zoma xeli da 1 zoma fexi, xolo B cdis pirs _ 1 zoma
xeli da 2 zoma fexi da a. S.:
xelis zoma
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
cdis
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
piri
fexis zoma
2
1
3
5
4
7
6
8
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
korelaciis gamosaTvleli formulis gamoyenebiT vnaxavT, rom am rva

adamianisTvis
korelaciis
koeficienti
0.7957-ia.
aris
Tu
ara
es
statistikurad mniSvnelovani? mniSvnelovnobis cxrilSi (cxrilebi 2 da

3 statistikuri cxrilebis damatebaSi) vadgenT ramdenad mniSvnelovania
statistikurad
koeficienti
mocemuli
konkretuli
raodenobis
SemTxvevebisTvis, magaliTad:
SemTxvevebis
raodenoba
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
mniSvnelovnobis done
0.05
0.01
0.93
0.96
0.825
0.92
0.78
0.875
0.71
0.83
0.65
0.795
0.455
0.595
0.36
0.47
cxrilSi vxedavT, rom rva SemTxvevisTvis korelaciis koeficienti

0.78 an meti unda iyos, rom 0.05 mniSvnelovnobis doneze statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos, xolo 0.01 doneze mniSvnelovnad misaCnevad, is
0.875-is toli an meti unda iyos. vinaidan mesame jgufSi miRebuli
korelaciis
koeficienti
0.7857-is
tolia,
is
ufro
maRalia,
vidre
1180
mniSvnelovnobis
0.05
naklebi,
0.01
vidre
donis
misaRwevad
donisTvisaa
saWiro
(0.875)
sidide,
saWiro.
magram
amitom
ufro
SegviZlia
vamtkicoT, rom xelisa da fexis zomas Soris dadgenili kavSiri ar

uWers
mxars
nulovan
hipoTezas
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
0.05
doneze.
xelisa da fexis zomis zemoT ganxiluli pirveli magaliTi Zalian
naTelia, radgan SerCevaSi 100 adamiania. Tu 100-ze meti an naklebi
adamiani
gveyoleba,
saidan
gavigebT,
or
cvlads
Soris
kavSiri
statistikurad mniSvnelovania Tu ara? vTqvaT, 30 individis monacemi

gvaqvs. am SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan SerCevis moculoba mcirea, SeiZleba
SevyoymandeT imis mtkicebisas,
Zlieri
kavSiri
arsebobs,
rom xelebisa da fexebis zomebs Soris

Tu
kidurebis
zomebis
Tanxvedras
27
SemTxvevaSi aRmovaCenT (anu, SerCevis 90 procentSi). axla davuSvaT, rom

1,000 adamianisgan Semdgari SerCeva gvqvs da kidurebis zomebis Tanxvedra
700 SemTxvevaSi
gvaqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq SerCevis mxolod 70
procentSi aRiniSneba xelisa da fexis zomis kavSiri, SerCevis didi

moculobis gamo, SegviZlia ufro darwmunebulni viyoT
monacemebSi,
vidre _ mcire moculobis SerCevisas.

statistikuri mniSvnelovnoba SerCevis moculobis mixedviT icvleba
(rogorc statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis zemoT mocemuli cxrilidanad
SegviZlia davinaxoT) (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi
24, faili 24. 10. ppt). mniSvnelovnobis donis gansasazRvrad ori sidide
gvWirdeba: SerCevis moculoba da, korelaciuri kvlevis SemTxvevaSi,
korelaciis
koeficienti,
xolo
sxva
saxis
kvlevaSi
saTanado
koeficientebi an monacemebi (sxvadasxvagvari aseTi monacemi arsebobs,

gaaCnia
gamoyenebul
kriteriums).
mniSvnelovnobis
zemoT
mocemuli
cxrili gviCvenebs, rom korelaciis koeficienti SeiZleba Semcirdes,

magram mainc mniSvnelovani darCes, radgan SerCevis moculoba izrdeba.
(es SerCevis kreiCisa da morganiseul (Krejcie and Morgan 1970) princips
exmianeba,
romelic
meoTxe
TavSi
ganvixileT,
kerZod,
populaciis
1181
moculobis zrdasTan erTad SerCevis SemTxveviTobis wili mcirdeba.) es

statistikuri
romlebic
mniSvnelovnobis
amtkiceben,
ver
mniSvnelovnebis
rom
kritikosebisTvis
TiTqmis
aRmoCena
did
sakamaTo
SeuZlebelia
SerCevebSi,
sakiTxia,
statistikuri
radgan
koeficienti
SeiZleba Zalian dabali iyos da mainc mniSvnelovnad iTvlebodes.

cxrilidan
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
dasadgenad
saWiroa
mocemuli mniSvnelovnobis donis SerCevis moculobis mixedviT naxva, an

kompiuteruli programiT monacemebis damuSaveba saTanado statistikuri
sididis misaRebad. xelsa da fexis zomis Sesaxeb mesame magaliTis
ganxilvisas
warmodgenili
mniSvnelovnobis
cxrilis
pirveli
sveti
SerCevaSi adamianebis raodenobas gviCvenebs, danarCeni ori sveti ki _

mniSvnelovnobas or doneze. amgvarad, Tu SerCevaSi 30 adamiani gvyavs,
maSin korelaciis koeficienti 0.36-is toli mainc unda iyos, rom kavSiri
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos mniSvnelovnobis 0.05 doneze,
xolo Tu Cveni SerCeva mxolod 10 adamianisgan Sedgeba, imave 0.05 doneze
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
korelaciis
koeficienti
programebis
umetesoba
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
kavSiris
gvWirdeba.
(magaliTad,
dones.
misaRebad
kompiuteruli
toli
statistikuri
avtomaturad
SPSS)
SPSS,
0.65-is
magaliTad,
iTvlis
avtomaturad
aRniSnavs varskvlaviT TiToeul SemTxvevas, romelic mniSvnelovania 0.05

da 0.01 an ufro mcire doneze. korelaciur analizs ufro dawvrilebiT
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
hipoTezis Semowmeba
korelaciuri
analizis
zemoT
mocemuli
magaliTi
hipoTezis
Semowmebis ufro farTo sakiTxis ilustracias warmoadgens. hipoTezis

Semowmeba oTx etaps moicavs:
I etapi
rogorc zemoT ukve vTqviT, raodenobrivi kvleva nulovani hipoTeziT
iwyeba, magaliTad:
1182
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilSi
monacemTa
ganawileba
ar
aris
statistikurad mniSvnelovani;
ar arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani korelacia or faqtors

Soris;
ori jgufis saSualo statistikurad mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisgan;
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan jgufis

mier pre-testsa da post-testSi miRebuli qulebis saSualoebi;
sami
an
meti
jgufis
saSualo
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
ar
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan;
ar arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba or qveSerCevas

Soris;
ar arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sam an met

qveSerCevas Soris;
ar arsebobs X damoukidebeli cvladis mixedviT Y damokidebuli

cvladis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZlebloba;
ar arsebobs X, Y, Z da a. S. damoukidebeli cvladis mixedviT A

damokidebuli
cvladis
Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovani
winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZlebloba.
mkvlevris
amocanaa,
mxari
dauWiros
an
ar
dauWiros
nulovan
hipoTezas.
II etapi
nulovani hipoTezis Camoyalibebis Semdeg mkvlevari mniSvnelovnobis
dones () adgens, romelsac am hipoTezis mxardaWeris an mxaris ar
daWerisTvis gamoiyenebs. esaa alfas () done. alfas dones mkvlevari
gansazRvravs. Cveulebisamebr, es 0.05-ia, anu SemTxvevebis 95 procentSi
nulovani
hipoTeza
ar
aris
mxardaWerili.
werilobiTi
saxiT
gaformebisas vityviT: davuSvaT, = 0.05. Tu mkvlevars ufro meti
1183
simkacris Setana surs kvlevaSi, maSin, alfas ufro maRal dones aiRebs
( = 0.01 an = 0.001). es im riskis donea, romliTac mas surs, rom mxari
dauWiros an ar dauWiros nulovan hipoTezas.
III etapi
nulovani
hipoTezis
Camoyalibebisa
da
mniSvnelovnobis
donis
gansazRvris Semdeg mkvlevars ukve SeuZlia ise daTvalos da daamuSaos

monacemebi, rogorc mocemuli kvlevis formats Seesabameba (magaliTad,
gazomos
kavSiri,
gansxvaveba,
regresia
da
winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZlebloba).
IV etapi
monacemebis
dauWiros
an
gaanalizebis
ar
dauWiros
Semdeg
mkvlevars
ukve
nulovan
hipoTezas
da
SeuZlia
swored
mxari
es
unda
aRiniSnos man angariSSi.

mniSvnelovania ori tipis hipoTezis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba (Wright
2003: 132):
mizez-Sedegobrivisa
dasaxelebidan
Cans,
da
dakavSrebulobis.
mizez-Sedegobrivi
hipoTeza
rogorc
varaudobs,
Tavad
rom
stimuli gamoiwvevs Y Sedegs, rogorc es, magaliTad, eqsperimentul

dizainSi xdeba. dakavSirebulobis hipoTeza aRwers, Tu rogorc SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes erTi cvladi meores da ar aris aucilebeli, rom es
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri iyos (magaliTad, rogorc es korelaciur
analizSia).
sifrTxile gvmarTebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom dakavSirebulobis
hipoTeza (magaliTad, sqesi) mizez-Sedegobrivad ar miviCnioT, vinaidan
sqess, SesaZloa, realurad ar hqondes mizez-Sedegobrivi efeqti.
hipoTezis Semowmebisas unda veridoT I da II gvaris Secdomebis
daSvebas. I gvaris Secdoma
nulovan
hipoTezas,
gansakuTrebiT
maSin xdeba, rodesac
rodesac
problemuria,
is
rodesac
sinamdvileSi
SerCevis
mxars
ar
vuWerT
WeSmaritia.
moculobis
es
zrdasTan
1184
erTad
mniSvnelovani
kavSiris
dadgenis
SesaZleblobac
izrdeba,
ganurCevlad imisa, es kavSiri marTla arsebobs Tu ara (Rose and Sullivan

1993:
168);
amitom,
mkvlevars
alfasTvis
()
ufro
maRali
zRvri
(magaliTad, 0.01 an 0.001) daweseba sWirdeba. II gvaris Secdoma maSin xdeba,

rodesac mxars vuWerT nulovan hipoTezas da is sinamdvileSi ar aris
WeSmariti (es xSirad xdeba, rodesac Zalian mkacri mniSvnelovnobis
doneebia dawesebuli, ese igi, saWiroa, rom mkvlevarma dawios alfas ()
done (magaliTad, 0.1 an 0.2)). I da II gvaris Secdomebi warmodgenilia
CanarTSi 24. 15.
CanarTi 24. 15
I da II gvaris Secdomebi
gadawyvetileba
H0 WeSmaritia
H0 mcdaria
mxars uWers H0-s

mxars ar uWers H0-s
sworia
I gvaris Secdoma ()
II gvaris Secdoma ()
efeqtis zoma
statistikuri
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
mniSvnelovnoba
mniSvnelovnoba.
magaliTad,
gamoyenebisas
ar
aris
SeiZleba
igive,
sifrTxilea
rac
saWiro.
saganmanaTleblo
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
korelacia aRmovaCinoT maTematikis mecadineobisTvis daTmobil drosa

da televizoris yurebisTvis daxarjul dros Soris, magram es SeiZleba
sulac
ar
qalebi
da
iyos
Rirebuli.
kacebi
analogiurad,
statistikurad
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad
davadginoT,
ar
rom
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan imiT, Tu ramdenad moswonT an ar moswonT maT fizika,

Tumca ufro detalurma ganxilvam, SesaZloa, aCvenos, rom, vTqvaT, ufro
met mamakacs moswons fizika, vidre _ qals, magram es gansxvaveba ver
aRwevs
mniSvnelovnobis
0.05
dones.
SesaZloa
es
0.065
iyos.
am
SemTxvevaSi, Tqma imisa, rom gansxvaveba ar arsebobs, anu, nulovani

hipoTezis mxardaWera, ararekomendebulia. aq ori sakiTxi dgeba: pirveli,
mniSvnelovnobis donis zRvari, marTalia, maRalia, magram TviTneburadaa
aRebuli;
meore,
uyuradRebod
ar
unda
davtovoT
koeficientebi,
1185
romlebic dadgenili zRvris qvemoT xvdeba. es problema efeqtis zomis,

rogorc mniSvnelovnobis doneebis alternativis, ganxilvisken gvibiZgebs.
vinaidan
statistikuri
koeficientzea
mniSvnelovneba,
(magaliTad,
korelaciis
SerCevis
moculobasa
koeficientze)
da
damokidebuli,
miiCneven, rom is, rogorc aseTi, efeqtis indeqsad ar gamodgeba (Thompson

1994; 1996; 1998; 2001; 2002; Fitz-Gibbon 1997: 43; Rozenboom 1997: 335; Thompson and
Snyder 1997; Wilkinson and the Task Force on Statistical Inference, APA Board of Sciencific
Affairs 1999; Olejnik and Algina 2000; Capraro and Capraro 2002; Wright 2003; Kline 2004),
statistikuri
moculobis
mniSvnelovnobis
SerCevisTvis
miRweva
maRali
SesaZlebelia
koeficientis,
an
an
didi
mcire
moculobis
SerCevisTvis dabali koeficientis qonis pirobebSi. aq problema isaa,

rom ver gavarkvevT, Tu ra Sedegi eqneba kvlevas, romelic statistikur
mniSvnelovnobas iyenebs (Coe 2000: 9). mTavaria SevZloT imis Tqma, Tu ra
iZleva
aseT
gansxvavebas
SerCevis
moculoba
Tu
koeficienti.
amis
saSualebas efeqtis zoma gvaZlevs.

statistikuri
Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovnoba
informaciiT,
an
es
saWiroa
ukanaskneli
CavanacloT
masTan
efeqtis
erTad
zomis
gamoviyenoT
(American Psychological Association 1994: 18; 2001; Wilkinson and the Task Force on
Statistical Inference, APA Board of Schiencific Affairs 1999; Kline 2004). faqtobrivad,
efeqtis zomas ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCneven, vidre mniSvnelovnebas da
bevr
saerTaSoriso
samecniero
JurnalSi
an
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis nacvlad efeqtis zomas moixsenieben, an moiTxoven, rom

mniSvnelovnobis donis maCvenebels efeqtis zomis indeqsic axldes Tan
(Olejnik and Algina 2000; Capraro and Capraro 2002; Thompson 2002). statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
usargeblo
zRvars
zRvrad
damaxinjebuli/gafuWebuli
TviTneburad,
miiCneven
forma
SemTxveviT
_
dawesebul
mecnieruli
(Carver 1978),
ganaTlebis
da
meTodis
sferoSi
Catarebuli kvlevisTvis damabrkolebelia da ara _ xelmSemwyobi. is

ukritiko erTgulebisken gvibiZgebs da ara _ efeqtis zomis daxvewili,
sensituri da sasargeblo cnebis gamokvlevisken (ix. Fitz-Gibbon 1997: 118).
1186
marTlacda, saRma azrma unda ukarnaxos mkvlevars, rom efeqtis zomis

diferencialuri
sazomi
ufro
gamosadegia,
vidre
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnoba.
efeqtis zoma aris:
or
jgufs
Soris
gansxvavebis
raodenobrivad
gamosaxvis
saSualeba.
magaliTad, Tu ori jgufidan erTi eqsperimentul pirobebSi imyofeboda,

xolo
meore
ara
(sakontrolo),
maSin efeqtis
zoma
am
pirobebis
efeqturobis sazomi iqneba.

(Coe 2000: 1)
is mkiTxvels eubneba, Tu ramdenad didia efeqti, anu, imas, rasac ar

ambobs p-s [statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis] mniSvneloba (Wright 2003: 125).
efeqtis
zoma
(Thompson
2002:
25)
SerCevis
Sedegebis
nulovani
hipoTezisgan gadaxris xarisxs gviCvenebs. is standartuli gadaxrebis

gamoyenebiT gamoiTvleba.
vudis (1995: 393) mixedviT, efeqtis zomis gamoTvla mniSvnelovnobis
donis SerCevis moculobaze gayofiT aris SesaZlebeli. glasi da misi
kolegebi (1981: 29, 102) efeqtis zomas Semdegnairad iTvlian:

romeli jgufis standartuli gadaxra unda iyos mocemuli wiladis

mniSvnelSi
sakontrolosi
Tu
eqsperimentulis,
gansjis
sagans
warmoadgens. Tumca, qos (Coe 2000: 7) miaCnia, rom sakontrolo jgufis

standartuli
gadaxris
gamoyeneba
sjobs,
radgan
is
standartuli
gadaxris saukeTeso Sefasebaa, vinaidan populaciis im reprezentaciuli

jgufisgan Sedgeba, romelsac eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba ar ganucdia.
Tumca, igi (2000) imasac ambobs, rom, albaT, kidev ukeTesia standartuli
gadaxris gaerTianebuli Sefasebis gamoyeneba, radgan is ufro zustia,
vidre
mxolod
sakontrolo
jgufis
standartuli
gadaxra.
gaerTianebuli standartuli gadaxris gamosaTvlelad is Semdegi saxis

formulas gvTavazobs:
1187
sadac,
NE
=
eqsperimentuli
( 1)2 + ( 1)2
+ 2
jgufis
wevrebis
raodenobas,
NC
sakontrolo jgufis wevrebis raodenobas, SDE = eqsperimentuli jgufis

standartul gadaxras, SDC = sakontorlo jgufis standartul gadaxras.
Sesabamisad,
gaerTianebuli
standartuli
gadaxris
gamoyenebiT
efeqtis zomis formula aseTi iqneba (Muijs 2004: 136):

sadac,
gaerTianebuli
standartuli
gadaxra
(erTi
jgufis
standartul gadaxra + meore jgufis standartuli gadaxra).

efeqtis
zomis
gamoTvlis
ramdenime
gansxvavebuli
gza
arsebobs,
magaliTad, (Richardson 1996; Capraro and Capraro, 2002: 771): r2, dadgenili R2, 2, 2,
krameris V, kendelis W, kohenis d da
midgomebi
efeqtis
magaliTad,
muijsis
zomis
eta.
sxvadasxva
sxvadasxva/gansxvavebul
(Muijs 2004)
SemoTavazebuli
statistikuri
gamoTvlas
iyeneben.
formula
gvaZlevs
statistikur sidides, romesac kohenis d ewodeba. am Temis dawvrilebiT

ganxilva da gamoTvlis avtomaturi saSualebebi ix. veb misamarTze:
http://www.ucss.edu/~lbecker/psy590/escale3.htm.
efeqtis zomis mniSvneloba 0-sa da 1-s Soris Tavsdeba (zogi formula
1-ze met efeqtis zomas gvaZlevs, ix. Coe 2000). kohenis d-s gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi:
0_0.20
= susti efeqts
0.21_0.50
= zomieri efeqts
0.51_1.00
= saSualo efets
>1.00
= Zlieri efeqts
korelaciur
monacemebSi
efeqtis
zomad
korelaciis
koeficienti
gamoiyeneba kavSiris mimarTulebis Sesaxeb informaciasTan erTad (anu,
1188
dadebiTia korelacia Tu uaryofiTi). korelaciis koeficientis (efeqtis

zomis) interpretacia aseTia:
< 0 + / _ 0.1 susti
< 0 + / _ 0.3 zomieri
< 0 + / _ 0.5 saSualo
< 0 + / _ 0.8 Zlieri
+ / _ 0.8 Zalian Zlieri
korelaciis
koeficientebis
interpretacias
ufro
detalurad
am
TavSi mogvianebiT SemogTavazebT. Tompsoni (2001; 2002) damajereblad

amtkicebs, rom efeqtis zomis trivialuri interpretaciebi, rogoricaa
mcire,
saSualo
da
didi,
iseTive
windauxedavi
fiqsirebuli
sazomebia, rogoric statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis SemTxvevaSi gvqonda.

igi wers, rom Tu adamianebi efeqtis zomis interpretacias ise xistad
moaxdenen, rogorc statistikuri Semowmebisas = 0.05 gamoiyeneboda,
maSin ubralod briyvebi viqnebiT, mxolod sxva sazomiT xelSi (Thompson
2001: 82 3). is, aseve, amtkicebs, rom mniSvnelovania veridoT fiqsirebuli
niSnulebis
adreul
gamoyenebas
kvlevebSi
(anu,
aRmoCenil,
zRvrebis
ndobis
dawesebas)
da
intervalebTan
efeqtis
da
zoma
simZlavris
analizTan kavSirSi ganvixiloT. vraiti (2003: 125) efeqtis zomis sazomis

erTeulebis (units) miTiTebasac mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, magaliTad, sawyisi
cvladebis
sazomsa
da
standartul
(magaliTad,
standartuli
gadaxrebiT) erTeulebs. es ukanaskneli maSin gamogvadgeba, Tu sxvadasxva

cvladi sxvadasxva skalazea gazomili.
ndobis intervalebi meoTxe TavSi ganvixileT. es aris parametris

realuri
populaciis
mniSvneloba
(Wright
2003:
126),
magaliTad,
populaciis 90 procenti, 95 procenti, 99 procenti. ndobis intervali

gamoiTvleba, rogorc 1 _ , anu, albaToba imisa, rom qula winaswar
gansazRvrul qulaTa diapazonSi moxvdeba (magaliTad, 95 procentiani an
99 procentiani albaTobiT). sxvadasxva sazomisTvis ndobis intervalebis
1189
gamoTvlis
programuli
saSualebebi
ix.
veb
misamarTze
http://glass.ed.asu/stats/analysis/.
testis
simZlavre
aris
testis
unari
erTmaneTisgan
gamijnos
efeqtis zoma da SemTxveviTi cvalebadoba (Gorard 2001: 14), SerCevis

konkretuli moculobis SemTxvevaSi konkretuli efeqtis zomis uaryofis
albaToba (anu H0-is uaryofis kritikuli done) -s mocemul doneze
(Wright 2003: 126). vraiti (2003) Tvlis, rom is minimum 80 procenti unda
iyos da,
Cveulebriv, -s 5 procentian doneze. simZlavris analizisTvis
gankuTvnili
programuli
uzrunvelyofa
ix.
veb
misamarTze
http://www.psycho.uni_duesseldorf.de/aap/projects/gpower.
damoukidebeli
SerCevebis
kriteriumisTvis
efeqtis
zomis
(eta
kvadratis) gamosaTvlelad Semdegi formula gamoiyeneba:

=
2
2 + (1 + 2 2)
sadac, t = t-s mniSvnelobas (SPSS-iT gamoTvlili), N1 = erTi SerCevis

wevrTa
raodenobas
ganvixiloT
da
debulebis
monawileobda:
N2
meore
Sefasebis
skolis
SerCevis
magaliTi,
mmarTvelobis
wevrTa
romelSic
raodenobas.
ori
jgufi
warmomadgenlebisa
da
maswavleblebis (CanarTebi 24. 16 da 24. 17).

CanarTi 24. 16
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra efeqtis zomaSi
jgufis statistika
ramdenad
iReben
moswavleebi
daxmarebas,
miTiTebasa da
mxardaWeras.
ra statusi
gaqvT?
saSualo
standartuli
gadaxra (SD)
skolis
mmarTvelobis
warmomadgeneli
347
8.37
2.085
saSualos
standartuli
Secdoma (SE)
0.112
maswavlebeli
653
8.07
2.462
0.096
aq t = 1.923, roca N1 = 347 da N2 = 653. Sesabamisad, formula aseT saxes

miiRebs:
1190
2
1.9232
3.698
=
=
= 0.0037
2 + (1 + 2 2) 1.9232 + (347 + 653 2) 3.698 + 998
kohenis (1998) mixedviT, 0.01 = Zalian mcire efeqts, 0.06 = zomier

efeqts da 0.14 = Zalian did efeqts. am magaliTSi miRebuli Sedegi 0.003
odnav SesamCnevi efeqtia, anu, cvladis ramdenad iReben moswavleebi
daxmarebasa da mxardaWeras dispersiis mxolod 0.3 procenti aixsneba
imiT, Tu romel jgufs miekuTvneba respodenti _ maswavleblebs Tu
skolis mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebs.
CanarTi 24. 17
dispersiebis toloba: levenis testi
damoukidebeli SerCevebis Semowmeba
dispersiis
Tanabrobis
levenis
testi
ramdenad
iReben
moswavle
ebi
daxmareb
as,
miTiTeba
sa da
mxardaWe
ras
daSvebulia
erTnairi
dispersiebi
F
8.344
ar aris
daSvebuli
erTnairi
dispersiebi
Sig.
0.004
saSualoebs Soris gansxvavebis t kriteriumi
t
1.923
df
998
Sig.
(2tailed)
0.055
2.022
811.922
0.044
gansxvavebis
95%-iani
ndobis
intervali
qveda zeda
Mean
difference
0.30
SE
differen
ce
0.155
_0.006
0.603
0.30
0.148
0.009
0.589
damokidebuli SerCevebis (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT) t kriteriumisTvis

efeqtis zoma (eta kvadrati) Semdegi formuliT gamoiTvleba:
=
2
2 + (1 1)
davuSvaT, moswavleebis erTma da igive jgufma Sefasebis 100-quliani

sistemiT maTematikasa
da
sabunebismetyvelo
qulebi miiRes (CanarTi 24. 18 da 24. 19).
mecnierebebSi garkveuli
1191
efeqtis
zoma
Semdegnairad
SeiZleba
gamoiTvalos
(SPSS-is
gamoyenebiT):
16.5882
275.162
2
=
=
= 0.216
2 + (1 1) 16.5882 + (1000 1) 275.162 + 999
CanarTi 24. 18
damokidebuli SerCevebis saSualoebi da standartuli gadaxrebi

damokidebuli SerCevebis statistika
wyvili
maTematika
81.71
1,000
23.412
saSualos
standartuli
Secdoma (SE)
0.740
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebi
67.26
1,000
27.369
0.865
saSualo
standartuli
gadaxra (SD)
am magaliTSi efeqtis zoma 0.216-ia, rac Zalian didi efeqtia, ese igi,
ori jgufis qulebi arsebiTad ganxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.
dispersiuli analizisTvis (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT) efeqtis zoma
Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba
=
CanarTi 24. 19
damokidebuli SerCevebis gansxvavebis Semowmeba
damokidebuli SerCevebis Semowmeba
1192

damokidebul SerCevebs Soris gansxvaveba
wyvi
li I
maTematikasabunebismetyve
lo
mecnierebebi
saSual
o
14.45
standartu
li
gadaxra
(SD)
27.547
saSualos
standartu
li
Secdoma
(SE)
0.871
gansxvaveb
is 95%iani
ndobis
intervali
qved
a
12.74
zed
a
16.16
t
16.58
8
df
99
9
Sig.
(2taile
d)
0.000
SPSS-Si es mocemulia, rogorc parcialuri eta kvadrati. magaliTad,

warmovidginoT, rom sajaro gamocdaze maTematikaSi miRweuli Sedegebis
mixedviT
skolebis
oTx
jgufs
Soris
gansxvavebis
efeqtis
zomis
gamoTvla gvsurs. es jgufebia: soflis dawyebiTi, soflis saSualo,

qalaqis dawyebiTi da qalaqis saSualo skolebi. dispersiuli analizis
Sedegebi warmodgenilia CanarTSi 24. 20.
CanarTi 24. 20
efeqtis zoma dispersiul analizSi
ANOVA
MmaTematika
jgufebs Soris
jgufebs SigniT
jami
Sum of
squeares
7078.619
337266.2
344344.8
df
3
601
604
Mean
square
2359.540
561.175
F
4.205
Sig.
0.006
am formulaSi ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis Setanis Semdeg miviRebT:

7078.619
=
0.021

344344.8
ricxvi 0.021 mcire efeqtze migviTiTebs, anu, es oTxi jgufi mcired

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan maTematikaSi miRweuli SedegebiT (yuradReba
miaqcieT,
rom
es
gacilebiT
mcire
gansxvavebaa,
vidre
amas
1193
mniSvnelovnobis
0.006
done
aCvenebs,
romelic
oTx
jgufs
Soris
statistikurad Zalian mniSvnelovan gansxvavebaze metyvelebs).

regresiul analizSi (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT) prediqtori cvladis
efeqtis
zoma
beta
koeficientiT
gamoisaxeba.
efeqtis
zomis
interpretaciisas muiji (2004: 194) Semdeg niSnulebs gvTavazobs:

0_0.1
susti efeqti
0.1_0.3
zomieri efeqti
0.3_0.5
saSualo efeqti
Zlieri efeqti
>0.5
hejisi (Hedges 1981) da hanteri da misi kolegebi (Hunter et al 1982)

alternatiul
formulebs
gvTavazoben,
raTa
gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos
SerCevis moculobis cvalebadobiT gamowveuli gansxvavebuli wonebi.

yvelaze xSirad efeqtis zomis or indeqss iyeneben, esenia saSualoTa
Soris standartizebuli sxvaoba da korelaciebi (Hunter et al. 1982: 373),
Tumca, araparametruli statistikuri sidideebic SegviZlia gamoviyenoT,
magaliTad, mediana. lipsi (Lipsey 1992: 93 100) efeqtis zomebis, efeqtis
zomis
saSualoebisa
da
homogenurobis
Sesamowmeblad
statistikuri
kriteriumebis nakrebs gvTavazobs.

muijsi (Muijs 2004: 126) miuTiTebs, rom efeqtis zomis sazomi niSanTa
SeuRlebis cxrilisTvis xi-kvadrati ki ar unda iyos, aramed fi (phi),
romelic xi-kvadratis gamoTvlili mniSvnelobisa da SerCevis mTliani
moculobis fardobidan kvadratuli fesvis tolia. igi aseT magaliTs
gvTavazobs:
Tu xi-kvadrati = 14.810 da SerCevis moculoba 885-is tolia,
maSin fi = 14.810/885 = 0.0167 da Semdeg, aqedan kvadratuli fesvi = 0.129.

efeqtis zoma mgrZnobiarea mTeli rigi gavlenebisadmi. maT Soris (Coe
2000):
SezRuduli diapazoni: rac ufro mcirea qulebis diapazoni, miT metia

maRali
zomis
efeqtis
zomis
gamoTvlisas
miRebis
SesaZlebloba,
mniSvnelovania
mTliani
maSasadame,
populaciis
efeqtis
(da
ara
1194
mxolod erTi jgufis) anu gaerTianebuli standartuli gadaxris

gamoyeneba. aq mniSvnelovania SerCevis SesaZlo SezRuduli diapazonis
miTiTeba
(magaliTad,
kargad
ganviTarebuli
unarebis
mqone
studentebis jgufi da ara yvelanairi unaris farTo speqtri).
normalurisgan
gansxvavebuli
ganawileba:
efeqtis
zoma,
Cveulebisamebr, normaluri ganawilebis arsebobas uSvebs, ase rom,

nebismieri
ganawileba,
romelic
normalurisgan
ganxvavdeba,
unda
aRiniSnos.
gazomvis sandooba: gamoyenebuli instrumentis (magaliTad, rac ufro

grZelia testi, an rac ufro meti debuleba zomavs erT faqtors, miT
ufro sando SeiZleba iyos is) sandooba (sizuste, stabiloba da
simyare).
arsebobs programuli paketebi, romelTa CamotvirTvac SesaZlebelia
da
romliTac
SesaZlebelia
efeqtis
zomis
gamoTvla
minimaluri
raodenobis monacemebis SetaniT, magaliTad:
grant
devilis
(Grant
Devilly)
Efect
Size
Generator
misamarTze
ix.
http://www.swin.edu.au/victims;
marli uotkinsis (Mrley Watkins) Efect Size Calculator (sxva sidideebTan

erTad
iTvlis
kohenis
d-sa
da
hejis
miukerZoebel
d-s)
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS Manual

24. 4).
efeqtis zomis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix. veb misamarTze:
http://www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/esci da http://cemcentre.org/ebeuk/research/ effectsize/brief.htm.
(Kline 2004; Leech and Onwueg-buzie 2004).
xi-kvadrati (2)
gansxvavebis
Semowmeba
mniSvnelovani
operaciaa
monacemebSi
garkvevisas da am sakiTxs mogvianebiT ufro srulad ganvixilavT. Cven

gansxvavebis gamosavlenad statistikuri testis Catareba SegviZlia. am
kriteriums
xi-kvadrati
(2)
ewodeba.
viwyebT
nulovani
hipoTeziT,
1195
romelic
amtkicebs,
rom
ar
arsebobs
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba, vTqvaT, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, Tu ramdenad moswonT

maTematika da monacemebis daniSnulebaa, rom am mtkicebas ar dauWiros
mxari.
virCevT
mniSvnelovnobis
dones
(),
romelsac
gamoviyenebT
nulovani hipoTezis mxardasaWerad, an misTvis mxaris ar dasaWerad.

magaliTad, SegviZlia, vTqvaT, davuSvaT, = 0.05.
xi-kvadrati zomavs statistikurad gamoTvlil mosalodnel Sedegsa
da realur Sedegs Soris gansxvavebas imis gasarkvevad, arsebobs Tu ara
maT Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, anu, vnaxulobT,
mniSvnelovania Tu ara miRebuli sixSireebi. es aris mosalodneli da
realurad
miRebuli
Sedegebis
Sesatyvisobis
sikargis
sazomi
(ix.

mosalodneli Sedegi qvemoT ganxlul statistikur process efuZneba.
statistikuri sidide xi-kvadrati statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis cnebis
Sesaswavladaa mowodebuli da albaTobis cnebas emyareba. aq ar aris
misi maTematikuri mxaris ganxilvis dro da adgili da, ZiriTadad,
imitom, rom kompiuteruli programebi avtomaturad iTvlian Sedegebs.
miuxedavad amisa, vityviT, rom xi-kvadratis gamosaTvleli formula
aseTia:
( )2
=
sadac,
O = realurad dakvirvebuli sixSireebi

E = mosalodneli sixSireebi
= jami
zemoT
programiT
ganxilul
(SPSS-iT)
hipoTetur
miviReT,
magaliTSi,
rom
vTqvaT,
mnivnelovnobis
kompiuteruli
donea
0.016,
anu,
monacemebis aseTi ganawileba ubralo SemTxveviTobis Sedegi ar aris.

gavixsenoT,
rom,
donea
da
0.05
tradiciulad,
Cveni
mniSvnelovnobis
monacemebis
minimaluri
mniSvnelovnobis
done
am
misaRebi
ricxvze
1196
naklebia, ese igi, is statistikurad mniSvnelovania. amrigad, SegviZlia

vifiqroT,
rom
mamakacebisa
da
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvaveba
aris
ar
qalebis
mier
gansxvavdeba
SemTxveviTi,
anu,
mocemuli
pasuxebi
erTmaneTisgan
or
jgufs
da
Soris
es
arsebul
ganxvavebas Tavisi mniSvneloba/azri aqvs. amgvarad, nulovani hipoTeza ar

aris mxardaWerili da alternatiuli hipoTezaa marTebuli, anu, ori
jgufis
pasuxebs
Soris
arsebobs
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba.
xi-kvadratiT miRebuli Sedegebi Semdegnairad SegviZlia gavaformoT:
rodesac
gamovTvaleT
ganawilebisTvis
xi-kvadrati
maTematikisadmi
maTi
mamakacebisa
da
damokidebulebis
qalebis
mixedviT,
am
or
jgufs Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba miviReT (2 = 14.51, df

= 2, p = 0.01).
xi-kvadrati, Cveulebriv, saxeldebis skalis monacemebTan gamoiyeneba

da Cveni magaliTic amas aCvenebs. xi-kvadratis gamoTvlisTvis saWiro
monacemebi niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilSia mocemuli, romlis magaliTi 24.
21 CanarTSi SegiZliaT naxoT. esaa 23 niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili, anu,
ori
horizontaluri
striqoni
da
sami
sveti
(niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilebi amaze met cvladsac SeiZleba Seicavdes). am CanarTSi mocemuli

cxrili
Seicavs
(mdedrobiTi
da
60
studentis
mamrobiTi)
da
kolejSi
arCeuli
gadanawilebas
mimarTulebebis
sqesisa
(socialuri
mecnierebebi, xelovneba da humanitaruli mecnierebebi) mixedviT (Morrison

1993: 132 4). yovel ujraSi Cawerili ori ricxvidan qveda ricxvi im
studentebis
realur
raodenobas
asaxavs,
romelmac
Sesabamisi
mimarTuleba airCia (socialuri mecnierebebi, xelovneba da humanitaruli

mecnierebebi),
maCvenebelia,
xolo
zeda
romelsac
ricxvi
sruliad
studentebis
SemTxveviT
im
unda
raodenobis
velodoT
am
mimarTulebebze. es ricxvebi statistikuri gamoTvliTaa miRebuli da

amitom
gvaqvs
mimarTulebis
aTwiladebi.
arCevis
mkvlevars
realurad
ainteresebs,
miRebuli
sqesis
ganawileba
mixedviT
mniSvnelovnad
1197
gansxvavdeba Tu ara im ganawilebisgan, romelic SeiZleboda kolejSi

SemsvlelTa
populaciis
SemTxveviTi
cvalebadobis
Sedegad
migveRo
(CanarTi 24. 21).

CanarTi 24. 21.
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebi
xelovneba
mamakacebi
7.6
14
8
4
8.4
6
24
qalebi
11.4
5
12
16
12.6
15
36
19
20
21
60
jami
humanitaruli
mecnierebebi
jami
mkvlevari nulovani hipoTeziT iwyebs, romlis mixedviTac realurad

miRebuli Sedegebi da is Sedegebi, romlebic SeiZleboda populaciaSi
SemTxveviT migveRo erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba. xikvadratis
gamoTvlis
Semdeg
Tu
dakvirvebuli,
realurad
miRebuli
ganawileba gansxvavebuli iqneba imisgan, rasac mxolod SemTxveviT unda

velodoT,
maSin
mkvlevarma
unda
statistikurad mniSvnelovania Tu ara
gansazRvros,
es
gansxvaveba
(anu, ar unda dauWiros mxari
nulovan hipoTezas).
60
studentis
formuliT
miviReT
arCevanis
14.64.
am
Sesaxeb
Cvens
mniSvnelobas
magaliTSi
xi-kvadratis
xi-kvadratis
ganawilebis
cxrilSi vnaxulobT (ix. cxrili 4 statistikuri cxrilebis danarTSi),

raTa gavarkvioT, xi-kvadratis miRebuli mniSvneloba migviTiTebs Tu ara
realurad
miRebuli
da
SemTxveviTad
mosalodneli
Sedegebis
erTmaneTisgan statistikurad mniSvnelovan gansxvavebaze. xi-kvadratis

ganawilebis cxrilis nawili qvemoT aris warmodgenili.
Tavisuflebis
xarisxi
0.05
0.01
1198

3
4
5
6
7.81
9.49
11.07
12.59
11.34
13.28
15.09
16.81
mkvlevari naxavs, rom gamosaTvleli aqvs Tavisuflebis xarisxi

(maTematikuri konstruqti, romelic monacemebze dawesebuli SezRudvebis
raodenobas
ukavSirdeba).
bevr
SemTxvevaSi
Tavisuflebis
xarisxis
dasadgenad, sakmarisia, rom niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilis striqonebis

raodenobas
gamovakloT
erTi,
igive
cxrilis
svetebis
raodenobas
gamovakloT erTi da miRebuli ori ricxvi SevkriboT. am SemTxvevaSi,

Tavisuflebis xarisxi gveqneba: (2 _ 1) + (2 _ 1) = 3. Tavisuflebis xarixs
Semdeg
qveTavSi
formulis
ganvixilavT.
mixedviT,
(Tavisuflebis
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
xarisxis
cxrilis
misaRebi
ujrebis
sxva
saerTo
raodenobas unda gamovakloT erTi. am meTods mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.)

xi-kvadratis
ganawilebis
cxrilis
garCevas
mkvlevari
Tavisuflebis
xarisxis Semcveli svetidan iwyebs, poulobs 3-is tol Tavisuflebis

xarisxs da naxulobs, rom xi-kvadratis gamoTvlili mniSvneloba (14.64)
statistikurad
mniSvnelovania
0.01
doneze,
moTxovnili minimaluri 11. 34. es
anu
ufro
metia,
vidre
Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom realurad
miRebuli monacemebis ganawileba mxolod SemTxveviTad ver iqneboda

aseTi.
niSanTa
konkretuli
SeuRlebis
ricxvebis
cxrilSi
(CanarTi
saganmanaTleblo
da
24.
ara
21)
_
gamosaxuli
statistikuri
TvalsazrisiT interpretaciisas sayuradReboa qalebis mcire raodenoba

sabunebismetyvelo
humanitarul
mimarTulebebze,
sabunebismetyvelo
xelovnebasa
mecnierebebis
da
da
didi raodenoba
xolo
mecnierebebis
humanitarulze.
mamakacebis
didi
mimarTulebaze
mkvlevari
xelovnebisa
da
ityoda,
rom
da
raodenoba
naklebi
ganawileba
statistikurad mniSvnelovania da amiT, savaraudod, aRniSnavda, rom

kolejma unda raRac moifiqros, raTa
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebiT,
humanitaruli mimarTulebiT.
qalebi ufro metad daainteresos
xolo
kacebi
xelovnebiTa
da
1199
xi-kvadrati
konkretulad
erT-erTi
saxeldebis
farTod
skalis
gamoyenebadi
monacemebisTvis
kriteriumia
gamoiyeneba.
da
rigis,
intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebis monacemebisTvis ufro mZlavri

kriteriumebi arsebobs da maT calke ganvixilavT. Tumca, xi-kvadratis
SezRudvebs yuradRebiT unda movekidoT. ix. 24. 22 CanarTSi mocemuli
magaliTi.
CanarTi 24. 22
mamakacebi
qalebi
jami
musika
fizika
maTematika
7
14.0%
17
12.1%
24
12.6%
11
22.0%
38
27.0%
49
25.7%
25
50%
73
52%
98
51%
mocemuli
cxrilisTvis
xi-kvadrati
germanuli
ena
4
8.0%
12
8.5%
16
8.4
rom
espanuri
ena
3
6%
1
0.7%
4
2.1%
gvqonoda
jami
50
100%
141
100%
191
100%
gamosaTvleli,
uaRresad frTxilad unda vyofiliyaviT, vinaidan xi-kvadratis daSvebis

Tanaxmad,
cxrilis
ujredebis
oc
procentze
meti
xuT
SemTxvevaze
naklebs ar unda moicavdes. am magaliTSi mocemuli cxrilis erT ujraSi

xuTi SemTxvevaa, meoreSi _ sami, xolo mesameSi _ mxolod erTi, ese igi,
xuTze naklebi odenobis SemTxvevis aTi ujridan (ori striqoni _ qalebi
da mamakacebi da TiToSi xuTi kategoria) sami ujra gvaqvs. es niSnavs,
rom
ujrebis
30
procenti
Seicavs
xuTze
nakleb
SemTxvevas,
Tumca
kompiuteri xi-kvadrats mainc gamoTvlis, romelic, cxadia, arasando

iqneba. aq ikveTeba meoTxe TavSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba SerCevis Sesaxeb,
romlis Tanaxmadac qveSerCeva didi unda iyos. magaliTad, TiToeul
kategoriaSi xuTi SemTxveva rom yofiliyo, es minimum 50 wevrian SerCevas
niSnavda (105) im daSvebiT, rom monacemebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am magaliTSi mocemuli SerCeva gacilebid didia
(191),
is
mainc
ar
iZleva
garantias,
rom
xuTSemTxveviani
ujrebis
1200
raodenoba 20 procents ar gadaaWarbebs, radgan monacemebi araTanabradaa

ganawilebuli.
radgan
saWiroa,
rom
xi-kvadratis
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilis
ujrebis, sul mcire, 80 procentSi xuTze meti SemTxveva iyos sando

monacemebis
misaRebad
xi-kvadratis
gamoTvla,
mcire
moculobis
SerCevasTan muSaobisas, SesaZloa, usargeblo iyos. amgvarad, mkvlevarma

es kriteriumi farTomasStabiani gamokiTxvebiT miRebuli monacemebisTvis
unda gamoiyenos. Tu ujrebSi dabali sixSireebis problema gvaqvs, maSin
sxva
statistikuri
kriteriumebis
gamoyeneba
SegviZlia,
magaliTad,
binomialuri testis da, ufro farTod gamoyenebadi, fiSeris sizustis

kriteriumi
(Cohen and Holliday 1996: 218 20).
SemTxvevaTa
minimaluri
raodenoba TiToeul ujraSi problemurs xdis xi-kvadratis gamoTvlas

da, saxeldebis skalis monacemebTan erTad, arsebobs alternatiuli
statistikuri
daZleva
sidideebi,
SegviZlia
romelTa
(magaliTad,
gamoTvliT
man-uitnis,
aRniSnuli
problemis
uilkoqsonis,
kruskal-
uolisisa da fridmanis kriteriumebi araparametruli _ rigis skalis _

monacemebisTvis da t kriteriumi da dispersiuli analizi parametruli _
intervalebisa
da
Sefardebis
skalis
monacemebisTvis)
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/ textbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS Manual 24.

5).
xi-kvadratis
gamoyenebiT
22
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilis
saxiT
warmodgenili monacemebis analizis meTodebi, zogadad, kargad aris

ganxiluli kvlevis meTodebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi. Tumca, ganaTlebis
sferoSi miRebuli monacemebi ufro da ufro xSirad Tavsdeba ara
organzomilebiani,
everiti
(1977)
aramed
cxrilebis
cxrilis
formatSi.
analizis
meTodebis
sasargeblo mimoxilvas gvTavazobs.

Zalian
mcire
mniSvnelovnobis
moculobis
mqone
SerCevebisTvis
gankuTvnili
Sesamowmebeli ori kriteriumi wignis
Tanmxleb veb
1201
gverdzea mocemuli (http://www.routledge.com/ textbooks /9780415368780 _ Tavi 24,

faili 24.3. doc).
Tavisuflebis xarisxi
xi-kvadratis ganxilvisas SemovitaneT termini Tavisuflebis xarisxi.
gorardi (2001: 233) ambobs, rom Tavisuflebis xarisxi aris im qulebis
raodenoba, romelic danarCeni qulebis gamoTvlamde unda vicodeT.
koeni da holidei (1996) naTlad ganmartaven am termins:
davuSvaT, unda avirCioT nebismieri xuTi ricxvi. ricxvebis aRebisas
arCevanis sruli Tavisufleba gvaqvs. amrigad, xuTi Tavisuflebis xarisxi
gvaqvs. Tumca, davuSvaT, Semdeg gviTxres, rom Cven mier arCeuli xuTi
ricxvis jami 25-is toli unda iyos. Cven oTxi ricxvis arCevis sruli
Tavisufleba
gveqneba,
magram
mexuTe
ricxvi
danarCen
oTxze
iqneba
damokidebuli. vTqvaT, pirveli oTxi arCeuli ricxvia 7, 8, 9 da 10, romelTa

jami 34-ia da Tu xuTi ricxvis SekrebiT 25 unda miviRoT, amitom mexuTe
ricxvi _9 unda iyos.
7 + 8 + 9 + 10 _ 9 = 25
SeizRuda
erT-erTi
dakvirveba,
mxolod
oTxs
aqvs
cvalebadobis
Tavisufleba, mexuTem dakarga Tavisufleba. Sesabamisad, Cvens magaliTSi

Tavisuflebis xarisxi df = 4, rac ase miiReba: N 1 = 5 1 = 4.
axla davuSvaT, xuTi nebismieri ricxvis arCeva gvTxoves, romelTagan
pirveli oris jami 9-is toli unda iyos da xuTives jami 25-s Seadgendes.
erTi SezRudva aSkaraa, rodesac vambobT, rom pirveli ori ricxvis jami 9is toli unda iyos. meore SezRudva maSin Cndeba, rodesac viTxovT, rom
xuTive ricxvis jami 25 iyos. sxva sityvebiT, ori Tavisuflebis xarisxi
davkargeT da gvrCeba df = 3 anu N 2 = 5 2 = 3.
(Cohen and Holliday 1996: 113)
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilisTvis Tavisuflebis xarisxi gulisxmobs

ganapira jamebis pirobebSi cxrilis ujrebSi mniSvnelobebis Caweris
Tavisuflebas da es xarisxi, Cveulbriv, aris (striqonebis raodenoba _
1) + (svetebis raodenoba _ 1). Tavisuflebis xarisxis sxvadasxva varianti
arsebobs
da
am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT
mkiTxvels
ufro
detaluri
1202
teqstebis gacnobas vurCevdiT. aq ar vapirebT Tavisuflebis xarisxis

Sesaxeb ufro vrclad saubars, vinaidan is avtomaturad iTvleba iseT
statistikur programebSi, rogoric SPSS-ia.
urTierTkavSiris gazomva
ganaTlebis
sferos
kvlevis
didi
nawili
cvladebs
Soris
mimarTebebis dadgenas Seexeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba gvsurdes, vicodeT,

Tu rogor ukavSirdeba damnaSaveoba socialur klass; arsebobs Tu ara
kavSiri
ganaTlebaze
daxarjuli
wlebis
raodenobasa
da
SemdgomSi
wliur Semosavals Soris; aris Tu ara raime kavSiri pirovnebasa da

miRwevas Soris. magaliTad, arsebobs Tu ara raime mimarTeba sajaro
biblioTekis wevrobasa da socialuri klass Soris da Tu arsebobs,
rogoria
es
mimarTeba? aris
saSualo
skolis
programis
Tu ara
kavSiri socialur
sxvadasxva
strataSi
klassa da
moxvedras
Soris?
arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri sqessa da manqanis marTvis gamocdis

(pirvelad gasvla) Sedegebs Soris?
urTierTkavSiris ramdenime martivi sazomi arsebobs, romelic aseTi
urTierTmimarTebebis
Semowmebis
SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
Cven
yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebuli aseTi sazomebi SevarCieT, romlebic Sejamebuli

saxiT warmodgenilia CanarTSi 24. 23.
CanarTi 24. 23
kavSiris gavrcelebeli sazomebi
sazomi
cvladebis buneba
komentari
spirmenis ro
rigis skalis ori cvladi
wrfivi kavSiri
pirsonis Sereuli momentis

r
ori uwyveti cvladi,

intervalebis an Sefardebis
skala
wrfivi kavSiri
kendelis ranguli
korelaciis koeficienti
ori uwyveti cvladi, rigis

skala
korelaciis wili (eta)
erTi uwyveti cvladi, meore

an uwyveti an wyvetili
diskretuli.
arawrfivi kavSiri
1203
Sida klasobrivi korelacia

wyvetili. intervalebis an
Sefardebis skala.
mizani: jgufs Sida

msgavsebis dadgena
biseriuli rbis

uwyveti, magram
diqotomirebuli, rbis an
realuri diqotomia rpt bis
debulebebis diskriminaciis
indeqsi (gamoiyeneba
debulebebis analizSi)
wertilovani biseriuli rpt bis
fi koeficienti
ori WeSmariti diqotomia,

saxeldebis an rigis
skalebi
parcialuri korelacia r12.3
sami an meti uwyveti cvladi
mizani: or cvlads Soris

mimarTebis dadgena, mesame
cvladis efeqtis mudmivad
SenarCunebiT
mravaljeradi korealcia
r1.234
sami an meti uwyveti cvladi
mizani: erTi cvladis

prognozireba ori an meti
damoukidebeli cvladis
Sewonoli wrfivi
kombinaciis mixedviT
kendelis SeTanxmebulobis
koeficienti (W)
sami an meti uwyveti

cvladi, rigis seriebi
mizani: Tanxmobis (vTqvaT,

damkvirvebelTa Soris)
xarisxis dadgena
wyaro: Mouly 1978
CanarTSi 24. 23 warmodgenili sazomebidan yvelaze metad gamoiyeneba

spirmenis
ranguli
korelaciis
koeficienti
rigis
skalis
monacemebisTvis da pirsonis Sereuli momentis korelacia intervalebisa

da
Sefardebis
skalebis
monacemebisTvis.
axla
marTebulia,
rom
cvladebis bunebis aRsawerad 24. 23 CanarTSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi

termini
agixsnaT.
warmodgenilia
koenisa
am
CanarTSi
da
holideis
CamoTvlili
(1982;
1996)
korelaciuri
naSromSi
teqnikebis
gamoyenebiT amoxsnili amocanebis magaliTebi da, aseve, urTierTkavSiris

sxva sazomebi, rogoricaa kruskalis gama, somersis d da gatmanis lambda
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 13 ppt
da SPSS Manual 24. 6).
daakvirdiT
24.
13
CanarTis
pirvel
striqonSi
mocemul
sityvebs
pirsonis Sereuli momentis sazomTan mimarTebaSi. vxedavT, rom cvladebi
1204
aris uwyveti da gazomvis intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebs

miekuTvneba.
uwyvetia cvladi, romelsac, Teoriulad mainc, skalis or wertils
Soris nebismieri mniSvnelobis miReba SeuZlia. magaliTad, wona uwyveti
cvladia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas droisa da simaRlis Sesaxeb. wonam, drom
da simaRlem nebismieri SesaZlo mniSvneloba SeiZleba miiRos nulsa da
usasrulobas Soris. am diapazonSi maT realurad gazomvas mxolod
saTanado sazomi instrumentis cvalebadoba zRudavs.
isev mivubrundeT 24. 23 CanarTs da vnaxoT, ra xdeba meore sazomTan
(ranguli korelaciis koeficienti anu kendelis tau) dakavSirebiT: aq
naTqvamia, rom ori uwyveti cvladi gazomvis rigis skalas miekuTvneba.
asociaciis sazomi fi koeficientis (24. 23 CanarTis cxrilis Sua
nawilisken)
gamoTvlaSi
WeSmaritad
CarTuli
diqotomiuri
da
cvladebi
gazomvis
aRwerilia,
saxeldebis
rogorc
skalaze
ganTavsebuli. WeSmaritad diqotomiur cvladebs (rogoricaa sqesi an

manqanis tarebis testi) mxolod ori mniSvnelobis miReba SeuZliaT
(mamakaci da qali, gamocdis Cabareba da gamocdaze CaWra).
da bolos, yuradReba miaqcieT termins wyvetili anu diskretuli
cvladi, romelic 24. 23 CanarTSi mesame striqonSi, korealciis wilis
(etad)
gansazRvrisas
gvxvdeba.
adre
vTqviT,
rom
uwyvetma
cvladma
skalaze or mniSvnelobas Soris moTavsebuli nebismieri mniSvneloba

SeiZleba miiRos. amis sapirispirod, wyvetil, anu, diskretul cvlads
mxolod (skalis konkretuli wertilebis Sesatyvsi) mTeli ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebis miReba SeuZlia. magaliTad, uwyveti cvladia fexburTis
gundis
wevrebis
raodenoba,
romelic,
Cveulebriv,
11-ia,
SeiZleba
naklebic iyos, magram verasodes iqneba, vTqvaT, 7,5-is toli.
procentuli sxvaoba
procentuli
sxvaoba
kavSiris
martivi,
asimetriuli,
sazomia.
asimetriuli sazomi calmxrivi kavSiris sazomia. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

esaa sazomi imisa, Tu ramdenad moiazrebs erTi fenomeni meores, magram
1205
ara _ piriqiT. rogorc male vnaxavT, sqesi SeiZleba moiazrebdes manqanis

tarebis testis warmatebiT Cabarebas an gamocdaze CaWras, magram ara
piriqiT.
aseTi
kavSiri
Sebrunebulad
verasodes
iqneba
marTebuli!
sazomebs, romlebic zomavs imas, Tu ramdenad moiazrebs ori cvladi

erTmaneTs, simetriuli sazomebi ewodebaT. CanarTSi 24. 24 warmodgenilia
sajaro biblioTekis wevrebis procentuli ganawileba maTi socialuri
klasisadmi mikuTvnebulobis mixedviT.
CanarTi 24. 24
sajaro biblioTekis wevrebis procentuli ganawileba socialuri klasis
mixedviT
sajaro biblioTekis
wevroba
wevria
ar aris wevri
jami
socialuri klasis statusi

saSualo klasi
muSaTa klasi
86
37
14
63
100
100
ra SegviZlia gavigoT 24. 24 CanarTSi warmodgenili monacemebidan?

erTi
striqonis
sxvadasxva
svetSi
mocemuli
procentuli
maCveneblebis SedarebiT SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom sajaro biblioTekis

wevrTa Soris saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi 49 procentiT metni
arian, vidre muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebi. erTi da igive svetis
sxvadasxva striqonSi mocemuli ricxvebis SedarebiT vnaxavT, rom 72
procentiT meti saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli ufro aris sajaro
biblioTekis wevri, vidre _ ar aris. monacemebi individebis socialuri
klasis
statusisa
da
sajaro
biblioTekis
wevrobis
kavSirze
migviTiTeben.
24. 24 CanarTSi mocemuli monacemebis wakiTxvis meore gza procentuli
Tanafardobis
(%R)
gamoTvlaa.
magaliTad,
24.
24
CanarTis
meore
striqonSi warmodgenil monacemebs SevxedoT. Tu 63-s 14-ze gavyofT

(%R=4.5),
SegviZlia
vTqvaT,
rom
saSualo
klasis
warmomadgenlebze
1206
oTxnaxevarjer meti muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli ar aris sajaro

biblioTekis wevri.
procentuli sxvaobis mniSvneloba 0-dan (ori fenomenis erTmaneTisgan

sruliad damoukideblobidan) 100 procentamde (sakvlevis mimarTulebiT
srul
kavSiramde)
icvleba.
is
Zalian
martivia
gamosaTvlelad
da
gasagebad. Tumca, sayuradReoboa, rom procentuli sxvaoba, rogorc aq

ganvsazRvreT, mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, rodesac cvladis
mxolod
ori
kategoria
gvaqvs,
romlis
procentebsac
vTvliT
da,
romelsac vadarebT. procentebis gamoTvla SPSS-Si Crosstab brZanebis

gamoyenebiT SegviZlia da es wignis winamdebare nawilis Tanmxleb vebsaxelmZRvaneloSic aris miTiTebuli.
am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT
wignis
Tanmxleb
veb
gverdze,
aseve,
ganxilulia fi koeficienti, tetraqronikuli korelaciis koeficienti r

SeWidulobis
(rt),
koeficienti
damoukidebeli
da
mniSvnelovnobis
parcialuri
kavSirebis
kriteriumebi
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 4. doc).
korelaciebis axsna
24.23 CanarTSi warmodgenili korelaciis ZiriTadi teqnikebidan sami
gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa
CvenTvis
da
swored
maTze
visaubrebT
winamdebare Tavis darCenil nawilSi. esenia pirsonis Sereuli momentis

korelaciis koeficienti, mravaljeradi korelacia da parcialuri, anu,
nawilobrivi korelacia.
zogadad, korelaciuri teqnikebi ori cvladis, anu, monacemTa ori
simravlis Sesaxeb sam kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas emsaxureba. pirveli
kiTxvaa: arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri or cvlads (monacemTa simravles)
Soris? Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxia diax, maSin Cndeba Semdegi ori kiTxva:
ra mimarTuleba aqvs am kavSirs? da ra sididisaa es kavSiri?
am
konteqstSi
kavSirSi
SeTanxmebulad/erTad
cvlis
ori
cvladis
tendencia
(an
monacemTa
moiazreba.
simravlis)
pirsonis
Sereuli
momentis korelaciis koeficientis, asociaciis erT-erTi yvelaze kargad
1207
cnobili sazomis, mniSvneloba _1.0-dan +1.0-mde icvleba da cvladebs

Soris kavSirs raodenobrivad gamosaxavs. koeficientis aRsaniSnad r
simbolo gamoiyeneba.
rodesac ori cvladi (an monacemTa simravle) erTi mimarTulebiT
icvleba, anu, erTis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad meores mniSvnelobac
izrdeba, an erTis Semcirebas meores kleba axlavs Tan, maSin vambobT,
rom dadebiTi (pozitiuri) kavSiri arsebobs. aseTi mimarTebis amsaxveli
korelaciebi
niSniT
aRiniSneba,
rac
kavSiris
dadebiT
bunebas
gamoxatavs. amrigad, koeficienti +1.0 migviTiTebs ori faqtors Soris

idealur,
srul
dadebiT
korelaciaze,
rogoric,
magaliTad,
wris
radiussa da diametrs Soris arsebobs, xolo koeficienti +0.8 maRal

dadebiT
korelaciaze,
rogoric
arsebobs,
magaliTad,
akademiur
miRwevasa da inteleqts Soris. sadac korelaciis koeficientis win

aranairi niSani ar weria, iq dadebiTi korelacia igulisxmeba.
uaryofiTi (negatiuri) korelacia, anu, kavSiri maSin gvaqvs, rodesac
erTi cvladis mniSvnelobis matebas meores mniSvnelobis kleba axlavs
Tan da, piriqiT, rodesac erTi cvladis mniSvnelobis klebasTan erTad,
meore imatebs. uaryofiTi korelaciebi _ niSniT aRiniSneba. amgvarad,
koeficienti
rogoric,
_1.0
idealur,
magaliTad,
raodenobasa
da
am
srul
bavSvis
testSi
uaryofiT
mier
testSi
miRebul
qulas
korelacias
daSvebuli
Soris
asaxavs,
Secdomebis
arsebobs,
xolo
koeficienti _0.30 _ sust uaryofiT korelacias, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

gakveTilebis gacdenasa da inteleqts Soris. koeficientis win mdgari
niSnebi sxvas arafers gamoxataven, Tu ara _ ori cvladis (an monacemTa
simravlis) kavSiris mimarTulebas.
zogadad
sidide
Tu vityviT, mkvlevars
ufro
metad
ainteresebs,
miRebuli korelaciis
vidre
mimarTuleba.
zoma, anu,
korelaciis
gamoTvlis procedurebi isea agebuli, rom or nebismier cvlads Soris

aranairi kavSiri
gamoisaxeba nuliT (anu, 0.00), rogorc, vTqvaT, sxeulis
wonasa da inteleqts Soris. es niSnavs, rom erTi cvladis mniSvneloba
1208
absoluturad ar ukavSirdeba meore cvladis mniSvnelobas. Tu erTi

cvladis mniSvneloba maRalia, meore SeiZleba aseve maRali an, piriqiT,
dabali iyos. idealuri korelaciebi +1.00 da _1.00 iSviaTad gvxvdeba da,
rogorc
vnaxavT,
socialur
kvlevaSi
korelaciis
koeficientebi
daaxloebiT +0.50-is toli an ufro naklebia. korelaciis koeficienti

SeiZleba
ganvixiloT,
rogorc
maCvenebeli
imisa,
Tu
ramdenad
aris
SesaZlebeli erTi mocemuli cvladiT meores winaswarmetyveleba: is

kovariaciis
indikatoria.
or
cvlads
Soris
mimarTeba
SegviZlia
vizualurad gamovsaxoT organzomilebian koordinatTa sistemaSi, sadac

TiTo
Sewyvilebuli dakvirveba
miRebuli
ewodeba
wertilebis
da
gazomil
erTi wertiliT aRiniSneba. am gziT
erTobliobas
wertilovani
maxasiaTeblebs
Soris
gabnevis
kavSiris
diagrama
xarisxis
grafikulad Sefasebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. CanarTSi 24. 25 magaliTis

saxiT warmodgenilia ganaTlebis sferos kvlevidan aRebuli zogierTi
wertilovani
gabnevis
diagrama
(ix.
9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 14. ppt).
1209
miuxedavad imisa, rom korelaciebi kvlevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba da

maTi
gamoTvla
da
interpretacia
sakmaod
martivia,
korelaciuri
analizis warmoebisas mkvlevarma oTxi momenti unda gaiTvaliswinos:
1210
ar dauSvaT, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs gulisxmobs

(Tundac, imitom, rom, magaliTad, didi xelebis qona, rogorc Cans,
korelirebs didi fexebis qonasTan, magram es ar niSnavs, rom individs
imitom aqvs didi fexebi, rom xelebic didi aqvs, anu, didi fexebis
qonis mizezi ar aris didi xelebis qona).
frTxilad unda viyoT, rom ar davuSvaT I gvaris Secdoma _ ar

davuWiroT
mxari
nulovan
hipoTezas,
rodesac
is
sinamdvileSi
marTalia.
frTxilad unda viyoT, rom ar davuSvaT II gvaris Secdoma _ mxari

davuWiroT nulovan hipoTezas, rodesac is sinamdvileSi ar aris
marTali.
statistikur mniSvnelovnobaze miTiTebas efeqtis zomis maCvenebelic

unda axldes Tan.
CanarTSi
24.
26
warmodgenilia
SPSS-Si
korelaciis
koeficientis
gamoTvlis tipuri formati.

CanarTi 24. 26
pirsonis Sereuli momentis korelaciis koeficienti
skolaSi
yuradRebas
aqceven
swavlasa da
swavlebas
ramdenad
dadebiTia
moswavleebis
swavlisadmi
damokidebuleba
skolaSi
yuradRebas
aqceven
swavlasa da
swavlebas
ramdenad
dadebiTia
moswavleebis
swavlisadmi
damokidebuleba
Pearson correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1.000
.
1000
0.060
0.058
1000
ganaTlebis
sferos muSakTa
mier swavlebis,
swavlisa da
saklaso
praqtikis
ganxilva
0.066*
0.036
1000
Pearson correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
0.060
0.058
1000
1.000
.
1000
0.585*
0.000
1000
1211

ganaTlebis
sferos muSakTa
mier swavlebis,
swavlisa da
saklaso
praqtikis
ganxilva
Pearson correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
0.066*
0.036
1000
0.585**
0.000
1000
1.000
.
1000
* korelacia mniSvnelovania 0.05 doneze (ormxrivi Semowmeba).

** korelacia mniSvnelovania 0.01 doneze (ormxrivi Semowmeba).
am
gamogonili
magaliTis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
1,000
SemTxvevaa
Sejamebuli, oTxi ram SegviZlia aRvniSnoT:
im ujrebis marcxniv da marjvniv mdebare ujrebSi, romlebSic ricxvi

1 weria, erTi da igive monacemebia warmodgenili, anu, sarkiseburadaa
asaxuli da
Tu Zalian bevri cvladis
korelacia gveqneba, unda
gadavwyvitoT, 1-is Semcveli ujrebis (idealuri korelacia, radgan aq

cvladi Tavis TavTan korelirebs) marjvniv mocemuli korelaciebi
ganvixiloT Tu marcxniv mocemuli.
yovel ujraSi, sadac ori gansxvavebuli cvladi korelirebs, sami

ricxvia mocemuli: zeda ricxvi korelaciis koeficientia, SuaTana _
mniSvnelovnobis done, xolo bolo _ SerCevis moculoba.
SPSS-Si varskvlaviT (* ) aRiniSneba statistikurad mniSvnelovani

korelaciebi.
yvela korelacia dadebiTia, radgan cxrilSi uaryofiTi koeficienti

arsadaa mocemuli.
es cxrili informacias gvawvdis korelaciis siZlieris (koeficientis
zomis), mimarTulebis (dadebiTi da uaryofiTi) da mniSvnelovnobis donis

Sesaxeb. korelaciis koeficienti SegviZlia efeqtis zomadac miviCnioT.
mniSvnelovnobis dones (rogorc zemoT iTqva), SPSS koeficientisa da
SerCevis moculobis safuZvelze, avtomaturad iTvlis, amitom, rac ufro
didia SerCevis moculoba, miT mcire korelaciis koeficientia sakmarisi,
rom kavSiri statistikurad mniSvnelovani iyos da, piriqiT, rac ufro
1212
mcire zomisaa SerCeva, miT maRali koeficientia saWiro, rom kavSiri

statistikurad mniSvnelovni iyos.
korelaciis
aRniSvnisas
aucielebelia
iTqvas,
Tu
romeli
kriteriumiT iqna igi gamoTvlili, ra mimarTuleba aqvs (dadebiTia Tu

uaryofiTi)
da
mniSvnelovnebis
ra
donezea
statistikurad
sando
(saWiroebisamebr). magaliTad, ase SegviZlia davweroT:

pirsonis
Sereuli
momentis
korelaciis
gamoyenebiT
dadginda
statistikurad mniSvnelovani korelacia skolaSi siarulsa da gamocdaze

moswavleebis mier naCveneb Sedegs Soris (r = 0.87, p = 0.035). moswavleebma,
romlebic yvelaze xSirad eswrebodnen mecadineobebs, ufro maRali Sefaseba
miiRes
gamocdaze,
xolo
vinc
yvelaze
naklebad
eswreboda
yvelaze
dabali.
garda amisa, SeiZleba zogjer, piriqiT, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna,

rom korelacia ar iqna dadgenili, magaliTad:
ar aRmoCnda statistikurad mniSvnelovani korelacia saSinao davalebis
momzadebisTvis daTmobil drosa da gamocdis Sedegs Soris (r = 0.37, p = 0.43).
korelaciis werilobiT gaformebis or magaliTSi mocemulia zusti

mniSvnelovnobis doneebi, romelsac SPSS avtomaturad iTvlis. naSromSi
mniSvnelovnobis
doneebis
(saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi)
miTiTebis
alternatiuli gzac arsebobs: p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p = 0.05; p = 0.01. Tu

statistikurad mniSvnelovani korelacia ver miviReT, maSin vwerT: p > 0.05
an p = NS.
arawrfivi damokidebuleba
aqamde ganxiluli korelaciebi wrfiv damokidebulebas uSvebda, anu,
rac ufro metia erTi Tviseba, miT metia (an naklebia) meore, iqneba es
dadebiTi
Tu
uaryofiTi
kavSiri.
wertilovani
gabnevis
diagramaze
SesaZlebelia wrfis (regresiis wrfe) gavleba. Tumca, wrfivi kavSiris

arsebobas yovelTvis ver davuSvebT. magaliTad, ganvixiloT stresis
SemTxveva:
mcireodenma
stresma
SeiZleba
gaaumjobesos
Sedegi
1213
(adrenalinis gamoyofas Seuwyos xeli), Tumca, Zalian Warbma stresma

SeiZleba
Sedegs,
Sedegis
gauareseba
dadebiTi
gamoiwvios.
korelacia
gvaqvs,
sanam
xolo
stresi
rodesac
aumjobesebs
is
Sedegis
gauaresebas iwyebs _ uaryofiTi. Sedegad viRebT ara wrfes (romelic

kavSiris wrfivobaze migviTiTebs), aramed _ mruds (romelic arawrfiv
damokidebulebas
asaxavs).
es
yvelaferi
grafikulad
SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT (CanarTi 24. 27). 24. 27 CanarTSi warmodgenil magaliTSi

daSvebulia, rom kunTuri Zalis gazomva erT skalazea SesaZlebeli.
grafikidan Cans, rom kunTuri Zala matulobs dabadebidan 50 wlis
asakamde
da
grafikis
Semdeg,
marcxena
korelacias
kunTebis
mxare
asaxavs,
modunebasTan
kunTur
marjvena
Zalasa
ki
erTad,
da
asaks
uaryofiTs,
isev
klebulobs.
Soris
anu,
dadebiT
arawrfivi
damokidebulebis SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme.
hopkinsi da misi kolegebi (1996: 92) arawrfivi damokidebulebis sxva

magaliTs gvTavazoben: oTaxis temperatura da komforti. temperaturis
odnav
momatebiT
SeiZleba
meti
komforti
SeviqmnaT
dadebiTi
korelacia, Tumca, kidev ufro momatebiT ukve diskomforti gveqmneba _

uaryofiTi korelacia. bevri korelaciuri statistikuri sidide uSvebs
wrfivi
damokidebulebis
arsebobas
(magaliTad,
pirsonis
Sereuli
momentis koeficienti). Tumca, korelaciuri statistikis gauazreblad an
1214
brmad
gamoyenebis
nacvlad,
umjobesia,
mkvlevari
dafiqrdes,
sinamdvileSi, mizanSewonilia Tu ara wrfivi kavSiris arsebobis daSveba

da
iqneb
ufro
SemTxvevaSi,
mas
marTebuli
ufro
rTuli
iyos
arawrifivi
statistika
damokidebuleba
dasWirdeba,
magaliTad,
(am
(eta)) (Cohen and Holliday 1996: 84; Glass and Hopkins 1996, nawili 8.7; Fowler et al.
2000: 81 89). aris kidev erTi gza: maTematikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia
arawrfivi
damokidebulebis
wrfiv
damokidebulebad
gardaqmna. arawrfivi damokidebulebis magaliTebia:
direqtoris zewola da maswavleblis muSaobis Sedegi;
maswavleblis zewola da moswvlis akademiuri moswreba;
saswavlo masalis sirTule da moswavlis akademiuri moswreba;
Tavdajerebuloba da warmateba;
asaki da kunTuri Zala;
asaki da fizikuri kontroli;
asaki da yuradRebis koncentracia;
asaki da sociabiluroba;
asaki da kognituri unarebi.

hopkinsi da misi kolegebi (1996) Tvlian, rom cvladi asaki xSirad
arawrfivad ukavSirdeba sxva cvladebs da aseve, miuTiTeben, rom cudad

agebulma
testma
SeiZleba
arawrfivi
damokidebulebis
STabeWdileba
Seqmnas, Tu testi Zalian martivia (Weris efeqti, rodesac moswavleTa

umravlesoba maRal qulas iRebs) an Zalian rTulia, Tumca, sinamdvileSi,
es arawrfivoba moCvenebiTia, radgan testis debulebebi arasakmarisad
rTulia an arasakmarisi diskriminaciulobiT xasiaTdebian (Hopkins et al.
1996: 92).
amrigad, korelaciuri kvlevis dagegmvisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT,
cvladebs Soris ra tipis damokidebulebis arsebobas vuSvebT _ wrfivis
Tu arawrfivis.
1215
korelaciis koeficientebi
korelaciis koeficienti or cvlads Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb gvawvdis
informacias; Tumca, arsebobs sxva sazomebi, romlebic iseTi kavSirebis
dazustebis saSualebas iZleva, romelSic orze meti cvladia CarTuli.
isini
mravaljeradi
korelaciis
da
parcialuri
korelaciis
sazomebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

mravaljeradi korelaciis sazomebi erTdroulad sam an met cvlads
Soris kavSiris xarisxze miuTiTeben. magaliTad, SesaZloa, danaSauls,
socialur klassa da dasvenebis saSualebebs Soris kavSiris siZlieris
codna
gvsurdes.
neiroticizms
an
Soris
SeiZleba
akademiur
kavSiris
moswrebas,
dadgeniT
inteleqtsa
viyoT
da
dainteresebuli.
mravaljeradi korelacia, anu, regresia, rogorc zogjer uwodeben, n

cvlads Soris kavSiris xarisxs gviCvenebs. is ara marto damoukidebeli
da
damokidebuli
cvladebis
korelacias,
aramed
damokidebuli
cvladebis urTierTkorelaciebsac ukavSirdeba.

parcialuri (anu, nawilobrivi) korelacia miznad isaxavs or cvlads
Soris
kavSiris
xarisxis
dadgenas
mesame
cvladis
gavlenis
gakontrolebis an nawilobriv CamoSorebis pirobebSi. gilfordi da

fraCeri (Guilford and Fruchter 1973) ori cvladis parcialur korelacias
ganmartaven, rogorc korelacias, romelic anulebs korelirebul or
cvladze mesame cvladis (an ramdenime cvladis) efeqts. maT magaliTis
saxiT moaqvT sxvadasxva asakis vaJebisgan Semdgari jgufis wevrebis
simaRlisa da wonis korelacia, sadac korelacia ufro maRali iqneba
wonasa da simaRles Soris, vidre jgufSi, romelic mxolod erTi asakis
vaJebisgan Sedgeba. amis mizezi naTelia: radgan pirvel jgufSi zogi vaJi
ufrosi iqneba da, Sesabamisad, ufro maRali da mZime wonis. maSasadame,
asaki is faqtoria, romelic simaRlesa da wonas Soris korelacias
zrdis. ra Tqva unda, asakis gakontrolebis
(mudmivad
SenarCunebis)
SemTxvevaSic ki, ganurCevlad asakisa, mainc dadebiTi da mniSvnelovani
1216
korelacia gveqneba, radgan mosalodnelia, rom ufro maRali vaJebi

woniT ufro mZimeebic iqnebian.
ganvixiloT
TamaSis
kalaTburTSi
gamocdilebas
miRweul
Soris
kavSiri.
warmatebasa
davuSvaT,
da
kalaTburTis
mesame
faqtoric
arsebobs. cnobilia, rom moTamaSeebis simaRle mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs

danarCen or faqtorze. parcialuri korelaciis teqnikebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi cvladis kavSiris gazomva da, amasTan, meoradi
cvladis zemoqmedebis gamoricxva.
korelaciuri
analizi
martivia
cdis
pirTa
erTi
da
igive
jgufisTvis ori an meti qulis mogrovebasa da korelaciis koeficientis

gamoTvlas gulisxmobs. am martiv dizainze bevri sasargeblo kvlevaa
agebuli.
Tumca,
is
kvlevebi,
sadac
ufro
rTul,
kompleqsur
urTierTobebs Seiswavlian, sakvlevi mimarTebebis ufro zusti suraTis

misaRebad mravaljerad da parcialur korelaciebs iyeneben.
da erTi bolo SeniSvna: aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom korelacia
kavSiris sazomia da aucileblobiT ar miuTiTebs cvladebs Soris mizezSedegobrvi kavSiris arsebobaze. korelacia mizezs ar gulisxmobs.
korelaciis koeficientis interpretacia

korelaciis
problema
koeficientis
dgeba.
amasTan
gamoTvlis
dakavSirebiT
Semdeg
xSirad
misi
ismis
interpretaciis
kiTxva,
Tu
ra
sididis unda iyos korelaciis koeficienti, rom mniSvnelobis mqoned

CavTvaloT. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis sami gza arsebobs: kavSiris
siZlieris,
kavSiris
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobisa
da
korelaciis
koeficientis kvadratis Seswavla.

korelaciis koeficientis ricxvobrivi mniSvnelobis sidide zustad
migviTiTebs sakvlev cvladebs Soris kavSiris siZliereze. dabali an
nulTan miaxloebuli mniSvnelobebi sust kavSirze miuTiTebs, xolo
TiTqmis +1-is an _1-is toli _ ufro Zlier kavSirebze. magaliTisTvis,
davuSvaT, xuTwliani samuSao gamocdilebis mqone maswavleblis klasSi
warmatebuloba
korelaciaSia
universitetis
damamTavrebel
jamur
1217
qulasTan
da
korelaciis
maswavleblis
klasSi
profesiuli
qulasTan
am
davaskvnaT,
rom
moTxovnilebis
miRwevis
korelaciis
ufro
sazomze
0.65-is
da
davuSvaT,
miRebuli
moTxovnilebis
koeficienti
Soris
axla
=+0.19.
sazomze
warmatebulobisa
qulebs
warmatebulobis
korelaciaSia
da
koeficienti
qula
miRebul
tolia.
SegviZlia
profesiuli
miRwevis
Zlieri
kavSiria,
vidre
warmatebulobasa da universitetis saboloo qulas Soris.

rodesac korelaciis koeficients SerCevidan viRebT da gvinda, rom is
mTliani populaciis Sesaxeb daskvnis gasakeTeblad gamoviyenoT, maSin
miRebuli korelaciis statistikur mniSvnelovnoba unda ganvixiloT.
korelaciis koeficientis mniSvnelovnobis done aCvenebs gansxvavebulia
Tu ara
nulisgan miRebuli korelacia, sandoobis
mocemul
doneze.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, statistikurad mniSvnelovani korelacia realurad

arsebul
kavSirze
migviTiTebs
korelaciis
statistikuri
SemTxvevaTa
raodenoba
da
ara
sruliad
mniSvnelovnobis
ganapirobebs,
dones
romlisTvisac
SemTxveviTze.
metwilad
da
im
romelze
dayrdnobiTac gamoiTvleba korelaciis koeficienti. amgvarad, rac ufro

metia
dabali
SemTxvevaTa
raodenoba,
mniSvnelobaa
korelaciis
sakmarisi,
koeficientis
rom
kavSiri
miT
ufro
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos sandoobis mocemul doneze.

kvlevebis
interpretacia,
romlebSic
miznad
isaxaven
kavSiris
Seswavlas, zogadad, maT statistikur mniSvnelovnobaze miTiTebiT xdeba,

xolo
kvlevebi,
korelaciis
ukanasknelSi
romelTa
koeficientis
koeficienti
umTavresi
siZlierezea
gacilebiT
mizani
winaswarmetyvelebaa,
damokidebuli.
maRali
unda
Aamitom,
iyos,
am
vidre
mimarTebebis Semswavlel kvlevebSi da amidenad, mniSvnelovnobis cnebas

iSviaTad exebian.
koeficientis
interpretaciisadmi
mesame
midgoma
korelaciis
koeficientis kvadratSi ayvanas (r2) warmoadgens. koeficientis kvadrati

gviCvenebs erTi cvladis dispersiis im wils, romelic meore cvladTan
1218
mis
wrfiv
kavSirs
SegviZlia
mivaweroT.
sxva
sityvebiT,
is
ori
cvladisTvis saerTo nawilis odenobaze migviTiTebs. Tu, magaliTad, A

da B cvladebs Soris korelacia 0.50-ia, maSin B cvladis qulebis
cvalebadobis
0.25
(0.502)
wili
SegviZlia
mivaweroT
cvladis
tendencias, wrfivad Seicvalos A cvladis qulebis cvlasTan erTad.

CanarTSi 24. 28 grafikuladaa mocemuli kiTxvisa da maTematikis qulebis
saerTo dispersia im SemTxvevisTvis, rodesac maT Soris korelaciis
koeficienti 0.65-is tolia.
wyaro: Fox 1969
korelaciis koeficientis interpretaciisas sami ram unda gvaxsovdes:

pirveli,
koeficienti
martivi
ricxvia
da
ar
unda
iqnes
interpretirebuli, rogorc procenti. korelacia, romelic 0.50-is tolia,

ar niSnavs cvladebs Soris 50 procentian kavSirs. aseve, 0.50-is toli
korelaciis koeficienti ar gviCvenebs orjer met korelacias, vidre
koeficienti 0.25. 0.50-is toli korelaciis koeficienti, sinamdvileSi
gviCvenebs,
rom
0.25-is
toli
koeficientis
mqone
korelaciasTan
SedarebiT, cvladebs Soris kidev ufro Zlieri kavSiria, vidre _ orjer

meti. faqtobrivad, rac ufro uaxlovdeba koeficientis mniSvneloba +1
an
_1-s,
koeficientis
absolutur
mniSvnelobebs
Soris
ufro
1219
mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre igive zomis gansxvaveba dabali korelaciebis

SemTxvevaSi.
meore,
korelacia,
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
aucileblobiT
ar
gulisxmobs or cvlads Soris mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs. maSasadame, ar

unda vifiqroT, rom erTi faqtori iwvevs meore faqtoris qulebis
swored amgvar da ara sxva mniSvnelobebs. yovelTvis arsebobs mesame
faqtori, romelic zemoqmedebs orive sakvlev cvladze. savaraudo mizezSedegobrivi
kavSirebi
Semdgomi
eqsperimentuli
kvleviT
unda
dadasturdes.
mesame,
korelaciis
koeficientis
interpretacia
aranairi
absoluturi
mniSvnelobiT.
populaciis
ar
unda
mocemuli
moxdes
SerCevis
korelaciis mniSvneloba aucileblobiT ar iqneba igive, rasac imave

populaciidan aRebul sxva SerCevaSi miviRebT. korelaciis mocemuli
koeficientis mniSvnelobaze bevri faqtori zemoqmedebs da SerCevebSi
miRebuli korelaciis Tu im populaciaze ganzogadeba gsurs, saidanac
aviReT es SerCevebi, maSin korelaciis mniSvnelovnoba unda SevamowmoT.
qvemoT
korelaciis
koeficientebis
interpretaciisTvis
zogad
miTiTebebs gTavazobT. es miTiTebebi borgiseul (1963) analizs efuZneba

da uSvebs, rom korelacia 100 an met cdis pirisTvisaa gamoTvlili.
korelaciis koeficienti 0.20 _ 0.35

korelaciebi, romlebic xvdeba 0.20 _ 0.35 SualedSi, cvladebs Soris
mxolod sust kavSirze migviTiTebs, Tumca, SeiZleba
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani iyos. korelaciis koeficienti 0.20 gviCvenebs, rom ori

sazomisTvis dispersiis mxolod 4 procentia ({0.200.20}100) saerTo. am
donis
korelaciebs
urTierTobebis,
SeiZleba
kavSirebis
SezRuduli
Semswavleli
mniSvneloba
kvlevebisTvis,
hqondeT
Tumca,
individualuri Tu jgufuri winaswarmetyvelebis kvlevebisTvis sruliad

umniSvnelo da usargebloa.
1220
am
diapazonSi
procentiani
korelaciebi
donis
miRma.
statistikurad
rodesac
mniSvnelovania
koeficienti
daaxloebiT
erT
0.40-is
tolia, SesaZlebelia uxeSi jgufuri winaswarmetyveleba. rogorc borgi

(1963)
aRniSnavs,
Tumca,
am
SualedSi
mxolod
korelaciebTan
mravaljeradi
kombinaciaSi.
kombinirebiT,
moxvedrili
zog
am
korelaciebi
regresiis
diapazonis
SemTxvevaSi,
gamosadegia,
gantolebaSi
ramdenime
sxva
korelaciis
SesaZlebelia
calkeuli
winaswarmetyveleba, romelic, Secdomis misaReb farglebSi, swori iqneba.

am
donis
calke,
damoukideblad
gamoyenebuli
korelaciebi
bevrs
arafers matebs individualur winaswarmetyvelebas, vinaidan isini sul

odnav
meti
sizustiT
winaswarmetyveleben,
vidre
varaudiT
an
SemTxveviTad SerCevis zogierTi proceduris gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

am SualedSi moxvedrili korelaciebi SesaZlebels xdian sakmarisad
zust
jgufur
winaswarmetyvlebas
diapazonis
zeda
zRvarTan
miaxloebuli korelaciebiT Zalian zustad SeiZleba winaswarmetyveleba:

Cveulebriv, SerCevis
farglebSi,
amocanis gadawyvetisas, Secdomis
sakmarisi
sizustiT
winaswarmetyveleben
Zalian mcire
warmatebuli
kandidatebis fardobiTi wilis Sesaxeb. korelaciebis am diapazonis

zeda zRvarTan miaxloebuli koeficientebis mixedviT gacilebiT meti
sizustiT SegviZlia individualuri winaswarmetyveleba, vidre SerCevis
aseTi procedurebis gamoyenebis gareSe SevZlebdiT.
0.85-ze meti korelaciis koeficienti

aseTi
miuTiTebs.
maRali
0.85-is
korelacia
toli
winaswarmetyvelebisTvis
or
cvlads
korelaciis
gamoyenebul
Soris
mWidro
koeficienti
sazomsa
(anu
kavSirze
gviCvenebs,
cvlads)
rom
da
nawinaswarmetyveleb meore sazoms (anu cvlads) dispersiis daaxloebiT

72 procenti saerTo aqvT. ganaTlebis sferoSi warmoebul kvlevebSi,
romelTa upirvelesi mizani winaswarmetyvelebaa, iSviaTad iReben aseT
1221
maRal
korelaciebs,
Tumca,
roca
mainc
iReben,
maT
rogorc
individualuri, ise _ jgufuri winaswarmetyvelebisTvis iyeneben.
regresiuli analizi
regresiuli
analizi
mkvlevars
saSualebas
aZlevs,
iwinaswarmetyvelos erTi cvladis konkretuli mniSvneloba, rodesac

viciT (an vuSvebT) meore cvladis (cvladebis) mniSvneloba (Cohen and
Holliday 1996:
88).
es
cvladebis
kavSiris
modelirebis
saSualebaa.
winamdebare TavSi martiv wrfiv regresiasa da mravaljerad regresias

ganvixilavT
(ix
Tavi
24,
faili SPSS Manual 24. 7).
martivi wrfivi regresia

martivi
wrfivi
regresiis
modeli
moicavs
erT
amxsnel
(damoukidebeli cvladi) da erT axsnil cvlads (damokidebuli cvladi)

magaliTad,
SeiZleba
mecadineobaze
daxarjuli
drois
(saaTebis)
gamocdaze miRebul Sefasebaze gavlenis naxva gvindodes, raTa SegveZlos

imis danaxva, Tu ramdenad gaumjobesdeba gamocdis niSani, Tu moswavle
mocemuli
drois (saaTebs) ganmavlobaSi
daTmobili
dro
(saaTebi)
damoukidebeli
imecadinebs. mecadineobisTvis
cvladia,
xolo
gamocdaze
miRweuli Sedegi _ damokidebuli. koordinatTa sistemaSi, tradiciulad,

rogorc 24. 29 CanarTSi mocemul magaliTSi, damoukidebeli cvladi
vertikalur RerZze aRiniSneba, damokidebuli ki _ horizontalurze.
CanarTSi
24.
29
warmodgenil
magaliTSi
Sejamebulia
50
moswavlis
SemTxveva mecadineobisTvis daTmobili droisa da gamocdaze miRebuli

niSnis mixedviT da am ori cvladis ganawilebis saCveneblad agebulia
wertilTa gabnevis diagrama (SPSS am moqmedebas or-sam Rilakze daWeriT
asrulebs). grafikze or cvlads Soris kavSiris saCveneblad saukeTesod
morgebuli wrfec gavlebulia (SPSS amasac iolad akeTebs). saukeTesod
morgebuli wrfe aris uaxloesi wrfe, romelic SeiZleba aigos qulebis
1222
dispersiis gaTvaliswinebiT da ise, rom monacemTa naxevari mis zemoT

aRmoCndes, naxevari ki _ mis qvemoT da yoveli wertilidan minimaluri
SesaZlebeli manZiliT iyos daSorebuli. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT,
rom zogi qula Zalian axlosaa wrfesTan, zogi _ Soris. arsebobs am
wrfis gantoleba, romliTac SesaZlebelia misi gamoTvla, Tumca axla aq
amaze ar SevCerdebiT.
grafikidan Cans, rom, zogadad, rac ufro metia mecadineobisTvis

daTmobili
dro,
miT
maRalia
miRwevis
done.
es
korelacias
hgavs.
saukeTesod morgebuli wrfe aq ara marto dadebiT kavSirs gamoxatavs,

aramed imasac, rom es kavSiri Zlieria (wrfis daxriloba sakmaod didia,
anu,
wrfe
sakmaod
gansxvavdeba,
cicaboa).
rom
is
Tumca,
erTi
regresia
cvladis
korelaciisgan
mniSvnelobis
imiT
zust
winaswarmetyvelebas iZleva, rodesac viciT meore cvladis mniSvneloba.

magaliTad,
SegviZlia
gamovicnoT
miRwevis
donis
maCenebeli,
Tu
moswavlem imecadina, vTqvaT, ori saaTi (43 qula 80-dan), oTxi saaTi (72
qula
80-dan),
cxadia,
dispersiis
gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe.
wertilTa
1223
gabnevis diagramis gagebis gasamartiveblad (magaliTad, SPSS-Si) masze,

magaliTad, badis damateba SegviZlia (CanarTi 24. 30).
wrfis farglebs gareT winaswarmetyveleba sariskoa. martivi regresia

mxolod
realuri
wrfis
farglebSi
moxvedrili
mniSvnelobebis
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba da ara _ am farglebis miRma. aseve, SegviZlia

davinaxoT, rom, marTalia SesaZlebelia saukeTesod morgebuli wrfis
ageba (SPSS amas avtomaturad akeTebs), monacemebis Sesatyvisi wertilebi
met-naklebad daSorebuli iqneba misgan, anu, zogi ufro axlos iqneba,
zogi _ ufro Sors. wrfesa da monacemebis aRmniSvnel wertilebs Soris
manZils
naSTi
ewodeba
da
nebismier
analizSi
es
manZilebic
unda
aRiniSnos (maTi gamoTvla statistikuri formuliT xdeba, Tumca, axla

amaze aq ar SevCerdebiT).
regresiis
gadakveTis
wrfisa
wertils
da
koordinatTa
TanakveTa
ewodeba.
sistemis
am
vertikaluri
Temas
mogvianebiT
RerZis
kidev
mivubrundebiT, Tumca axla vityviT, rom regresiis wrfe arasodes iwyeba

nulovani wertilidan igi vertikalur RerZze odnav zemodan iwyeba.
1224
faqtobrivad,
regresiis
wrfis
asagebad
yvela
saWiro
gamoTvla
avtomaturad keTdeba SPSS-Si.

CanarTSi 24. 31 warmodgenilia SPSS-is gamoTvlebis tipuri Sedegi.
CanarTi 24. 31
regresiuli analizi: SPSS-Si warmoebuli gamoTvlis tipuri Sedegi
modelis Sejameba
modeli
I
R
R square
Adjusted R square
a
0.632
0.625
0.795
a. Predictors: (Constant), mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro (saaTebi)
SE of the estimate
9.200
cxrilSi mocemulia R kvadrati (R square), romelic gviCvenebs, Tu

damokidebuli
cvladis
dispersiis
ra
nawili
aixsneba
gamoTvlaSi
monawile damoukidebeli cvladiT. pirvel rigSi, yuradReba miaqcieT,

rom cxrilSi jer mocemulia R kvadrati, romelic 0.632-is tolia da
gviCvenebs,
rom
regresiis
gaTvaliswinebuli,
rac
modelSi
maRali
dispersiis
maCvenebelia.
63.2
procentia
morgebuli
R kvadrati
(Adjusted R square) ufro zustia da mis gamoyenebas girCevT, vinaidan masSi

avtomaturad
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
damoukidebeli
cvladebis
raodenoba. morgebuli R kvadratis mniSvneloba, Cveulebisamebr, ufro

mcirea
xolme,
vidre
kvadratis,
radgan
masSi
is
faqtic
gaTvaliswinebulia, rom Cven SerCevis monacemebis mixedviT vawarmoebT

gamoTvlebs da ara _ populaciis. am magaliTSi morgebuli R kvadratis
mniSvneloba 0.625-ia da, isev da isev, gviCvenebs, rom Cvens mier agebul
regresiis
modelSi
damoukidebeli
cvladi
damokidebuli
cvladis
dispersiis 62.5 procents xsnis, rac maRali maCvenebelia, ese igi, Cveni
regresiis modeli Zlieria. muijsi (2004: 165) Tvlis, rom morgebuli R
kvadratis
SemTxvevaSi,
ganisazRvreba:
< 0.1
susti
0.11_0.3
zomieri
0.31_0.5
saSualo
>0.5
Zlieri
Sesatyvisobis
sikarge
Semdegi
niSnulebiT
1225
meore,
amis
Semdeg
SPSS dispersiul
analizsac
akeTebs
(ANOVA)
(CanarTi 24. 32). SPSS imaze met informacias iZleva, vidre mkvlevars
sWirdeba. df-is (Tavisuflebis xarisxis) ganxilva zemoT SegiZliaT naxoT.
aq mxolod 24.32 CanarTSi mocemuli cxrilis bolo svets gavarCevT,
romelsac saxelad Sig. hqvia. es mniSvnelovnobis donea da, vinaidan
mniSvnelovnoba aq 0.000-ia, damoukidebeli (mecadineobisTvis daTmobili
dro) da damokidebuli (miRwevis done) cvladebis statistikurad Zalian
mniSvnelovani kavSiri gvaqvs (ufro mWidro, vidre 0.001) (CanarTi 24. 32).
CanarTi 24. 32
mniSvnelobis done regresiul analizSi
Model I
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of squares
6988.208
4062.292
11050.500
ANOVAb
df
1
48
49
Mean square
6988.208
84.631
F
82.573
Sig.
0.000a
a. Predictors: (Constant), mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro (saaTebi);

b. Dependent variable: miRwevis done.
vinaidan es mniSvneloba mniSvnelovan Sedegs Seicavs, igi migviTiTebs,

rom azri aqvs analizis gagrZelebas. amis Semdeg SPSS standartizebuli
da
arastandartizebuli
ixelmZRvaneloT
koeficientebis
standartizebuli
cxrils
gvaZlevs.
koeficientebiT,
girCevT,
sadac
beta
koeficientic gaTvaliswinebulia. beta () koeficienti damokidebuli

cvladis cvlilebis standartuli gadaxris erTeulis zomaa, romelic
Seesabameba
erTeuliT
damoukidebeli
cvlilebas.
24.
cvladis
33
erTi
CanarTSi
standartuli
mocemul
gadaxris
magaliTSi
beta
koeficienti 0.795-is tolia, rac gveubneba, rom damoukidebeli cvladis

(mecadineobisTvis daTmobili drois) standartuli gadaxris erTeuliT
yovel cvlilebas damokidebuli cvladis (miRwevis done) 0.795-iT (anu
79.5 procentiT) Secvla axlavs Tan, anu, damoukidebeli cvladis erTi
erTeuliT
Secvla
Secvlas
Seesabameba.
damokidebuli
es
cvladis
saukeTesod
sami-meoTxedi
morgebuli
wrfis
erTeuliT
cicabo
1226
daxrilobasac xsnis, Tumca es ar aris mTlad 45 gradusis toli: erTi

cvladis
yoveli
erTeuli
meore
cvladis
mxolod
79.5
procents
miRebuli
Sedegebi
Seesabameba (CanarTi 24. 33).

CanarTi
24.
33
imazec
migviTiTebs,
rom
statistikurad Zalze mniSvnelovania (Sig. sveti (0.000) 0.001-ze Zlier

mniSvnelovnobis dones gviCvenebs). sayuradReboa isic, rom 24. 33 CanarTis
cxrilSi aris striqoni Constant (konstanta, mudmiva). is vertikaluri
RerZisa da regresiis wrfis kveTis wertils, anu, TanakveTas gviCvenebs.
zogjer mudmiva (konstanta) gamoiricxeba xolme Semdgomi analizidan.
CanarTi 24. 33
beta koeficienti regresiul analizSi
Coefficientsa
arastandartizebuli
koeficientebi
B
SE
26.322
2.982
9.567
1.053
Model I
(Constant)
mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili dro
standartizebuli
koeficientebi
Beta
t
8.828
.795
9.087
Sig.
0.000
0.000
a. Dependent variable: miRwevis done
werilobiT
angariSSi
regresia
Semdegnairad
SegviZlia
warmovadginoT:
mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili
droisa
da
miRwevis
donis
wertilTa
gabnevis diagrama or cvlads Soris wrfiv dadebiT kavSirze miuTiTebs,

sadac
morgebuli
kvadrati
0.625.
cvladisTvis
mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili dro dadgenil iqna standartizebuli beta koeficienti 0.795,

romelic statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda (p < 0.001).
mravaljeradi regresia
wrfiv regresiaSi erT damokidebul cvladze erTi damoukidebeli
cvladis
gavlenis
gamoTvla
SegviZlia.
Tumca,
ufro
sasargeblo
iqneboda, rom erT damokidebul cvladze ori an meti damoukidebeli

cvladis gavlenis gamoTvla SegveZlos. mravaljeradi regresia or an
1227
met _ amxsnel anu damoukidebel cvladebsa da axsnil, anu, damokidebul

cvlads
Soris
kavSiris
prognozirebisa
da
am
mimarTebis
wonis
gansazRvris saSualebas gvaZlevs. wina magaliTidan viciT, rom beta

koeficienti () gviCvenebs, Tu standartuli gadaxris ramdeni erTeuliT
Seicvleba
damokidebuli
cvladi
TiToeuli
damoukidebeli
cvladis
erTi standartuli gadaxris erTeuliT yoveli cvlilebisas. gamocdaze

miRebuli
inteleqtis
niSani
SeiZleba
Sedegi
iyos,
mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili
ese
formula
igi,
aseTi
droisa
gveqneba
da
(ix.

gamocdaze miRebuli niSani = mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro + inteleqti
vTqvaT, SPSS-iT gamovTvaleT mecadineobisTvis daTmobili droisa da

inteleqtis koeficientebi da, Sesabamisad, miviReT 0.65 da 0.30. es ori
damoukidebeli cvladis fardobiTi wonebia. vTqvaT, gvinda gavarkvioT,
Tu ra niSani miiRo gamocdaze im moswavlem, romelsac inteleqtis
koeficienti 110 aqvs da kviraSi 30 saaTs mecadineobda. Cveni formula
Semdegnair saxes miiRebs:
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani = (0.65 30) + (0.30 110) = 19.5 + 33 = 52.5
Tu igive moswavle kviraSi 40 saaTs imecadinebs, maSin SegviZlia

viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom gamocdaze misi niSani iqneba:
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani = (0.65 40) + (0.30 110) = 26 + 33 = 59
amiT mkvlevars damokidebul cvladze, sxva damoukidebeli cvladebis

arsebobis
pirobebSi,
konkretuli
mocemuli
damoukidebeli
cvladis
nawinaswarmetyvelebi efeqtis zustad naxvis saSualeba eZleva. SPSS-Si

efeqtis zoma mudmivad gamoiTvleba da es gamoTvla analizSic SegviZlia
CavrToT, magaliTad, ase:
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani = mudmiva + mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro
+ inteleqti
1228
ganvixiloT SPSS-Si gamoTvlis magaliTi orze meti damoukidebeli

cvladiT. vTqvaT, gvinda vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad gaaumjobesebs gamocdaze
miRebul niSans mocemuli drois (saaTebis) daTmoba mecadineobisTvis
inteleqtisa
(magaliTad,
inteleqtis
koeficientis
IQ)
da
sagniT
dainteresebis donis codnis pirobebSi. wina magaliTidan viciT, rom beta

koeficienti () gviCvenebs, Tu standartuli gadaxris ramdeni erTeuliT
Seicvleba damokidebuli cvladi damoukidebeli cvladis standartuli
gadaxris erTeuliT yoveli cvlilebis Sesabamisad. gveqneba Semdegi
toloba:
gamocdaze miRweuli done = mudmiva + mecadineobisTvis daTmobili saaTebis
raodenoba + IQ + sagniT dainteresebis done.
mudmivas SPSS avtomaturad Tvlis. TiToeul damoukidebel cvlads _

mecadineobisTvis
dainteresebis
daTmobil
dones
dros
damokidebul
(saaTebi),
cvladTan,
IQ-sa
miRwevis
da
sagniT
donesTan,
mimarTebaSi Tavisi beta () koeficienti aqvs.

Tu SPSS-iT vTvliT mravaljerad regresias (50 moswavlis mogonili
monacemebiT), 24.34 CanarTSi mocemul Sedegebs miviRebT.
CanarTi 24. 34
mravaljeradi regresiis gamoTvlis Semajamebeli cxrili
modelis Sejameba
modeli
I
R
R square
Adjusted R square
SE of the estimate
0.977
0.975
2.032
0.988a
a. Predictors: (Constant), sagniT dainteresebis done, inteleqti, mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili dro (saaTebi)
morgebuli R kvadrati Zalian maRalia (0.975) da

damokidebuli
cvladis
dispersiis
97.5
procenti
miuTiTebs, rom
damoukidebeli
cvladebiT aixsneba (CanarTi 24. 34). analogiurad, dispersiuli analizic

statistikurad uaRresad mniSvnlovan Sedegs iZleva (0.000) da gviCvenebs,
rom damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis urTierTkavSiri Zalian
Zlieria (CanarTi 24. 35).
1229
CanarTi 24. 35
mniSvnelovnobis done mravaljerad regresiul analizSi
Model I
Sum of squares
7969.697
Regression
Residual
190.013
8159.620
ANOVAb
df
3
46
Mean square
2656.536
4.131
F
643.116
Sig.
0.000a
49
Total
c. Predictors: (Constant), sagniT dainteresebulobis done, inteleqti

mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro (saaTebi);
d. Dependent variable: miRwevis done.
samive damoukidebeli cvladis beta () koeficientebi mocemulia 24. 36

CanarTSi
warmodgenili
cxrilis
svetSi
standartizebuli
koeficientebi. mudiva 1.996-is tolia.

CanarTi 24. 36
beta koeficientebi mravaljerad regresiul analizSi
Coefficientsa
arastandartizebuli
koeficientebi
B
SE
21.304
10.675
Model I
(Constant)
mecadineobisTvis
daTmobili
dro
(saaTebi)
inteleqti
standartizebuli
koeficientebi
Beta
t
1.996
Sig.
0.052
9.637
1.863
0.920
5.173
0.000
_6.20E-02
0.133
_0.062
_0.466
0.644
0.116
0.135
0.131
0.858
0.395
sagniT
dainteresebulobis
done
a. Dependent variable: miRwevis done
unda
aRiniSnos,
koeficientebi
rom
aq
erTmaneTTan
sami
damoukidebeli
mimarTebaSia
cvladisTvis
gamoTvlili
da
beta
ara
damoukideblad. amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT:
damoukidebeli cvladi mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro (saaTebi)

yvelaze metad dadebiTad ukavSirdeba miRwevis dones ( = 0.920) da es
1230
kavSiri statistikurad mniSvnelovania (sveti Sig. gviCvenebs, rom

mniSvnelovnobis done 0.000-ia, rac 0.001-ze Zlieri maCvenebelia).
damoukidebeli cvladi inteleqti uaryofiTad moqmedebs miRwevis

doneze ( = _0.062), magram es statistikurad umniSvneloa (0.644-is
pirobebSi p > 0.05).
damoukidebeli cvladi sagniT dainteresebulobis done dadebiTad

moqmedebs
miRwevis
( =
doneze
0.131),
magram
es
statistikurad
umniSvneloa (0.395-is pirobebSi p > 0.05).
erTaderTi
damoukidebeli
cvladi,
romelic
moqmedebs
miRwevis
doneze mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro (saaTebi).

amrigad, Tu viciT, ramdeni saaTi dauTmo moswavlem mecadineobas, misi
IQ
da
sagniT
dainteresebulobis
done,
SegviZlia
gamocdaze
misi
mosalodneli Sedegis winaswarmetyveleba.

mravaljeradi regresia imiT aris sasargeblo, rom misi saSualebiT
ramdenime
cvladis
aReba
da
damokidebul
cvladze
gavlenaSi
maTi
fardobiTi wonebis gamoTvlaa SeiZleba. Tumca, sifrTxilec gvmarTebs:

cvladebi SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdnen da erTmaneTTan korelirebdnen
(mravaljeradi wrfivi damokidebulebis sakiTxi). magaliTad, gorardi
(2001) wers, rom:
siRaribe
da
eTnikuri
korelireben
erTmaneTTan,
cvalebadobis
orjer
wrfivi
warmomavloba,
ase
gamoyenebas
damokidebuleba
rom,
maTi
niSnavs.
davadgineT
rogorc,
Tu
erTad
Cans,
gamoyeneba
cvladebis
(magaliTad,
Tu
garkveulad
saerTo
mravaljeradi
cvladebs
Soris
korelaciis koeficientebi 0.80-ze maRalia), maSin an erT-erTi cvladi unda

amoviRoT gamoTvlebidan, an axali cvladi unda SevqmnaT, romelic am
mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebul or cvlads gaaerTianebs.
(Gorard 2001: 172)
SPSS,
faqtobrivad,
gamoTvlebidan, sadac
avtomaturad
amoaklebs
cvladebs
im
maT Soris Zlieri kovariaciaa (mravaljeradi
wrfivi damokidebulebaa).2
1231
mravaljeradi regresiis werilobiT gaformebisas (xSirad, SPSS-Si

miRebul) cxrilebTan erTad, magaliTis saxiT, Semdegi formulireba
gamoyenebul iqna mravaljeradi regresia. miRebuli Sedegebi TiToeul
cvladisTvis moicavs morgebul R kvadrats (0.975), dispersiul analizsa (p <
0.001) da standartizebul koeficients ( = 0.920, p < 0.001; = _0.062, p =
0.644; = 0.131, p = 0.395). SesamCnevia, rom, erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, miRwevis
doneze mecadineobisTvis daTmobili dro yvelaze met gavlenas axdens,
sagniT dainteresebulobis done mcired da statistikurad umniSvnelod
moqmedebs, xolo inteleqti _ uaryofiTad, magram, aseve, statistikurad
umniSvnelod.
regresiuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas maT safuZvlad mdebare daSvebebi

unda
gaviTvaliwinoT.
gorardi
(2001:
213)
am
daSvebebs
Semdegnairad
aRwers:
gazomva
SemTxveviT
SerCevaze
(ukidures
SemTxvevaSi,
albaTur
SerCevaze mainc) warmoebs;
yvela
gamoyenebuli
cvladis
mniSvnelobas
namdvili
ricxvi
unda
warmoadgendes (an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, damokidebul cvlads mainc);
aq ukiduresi qulebi ar arsebobs;
yvela cvladi Secdomis gareSea gazomili;
damokidebul
da
damoukidebel
cvladebs
(saTiTaod
da
erTad
aRebuls) Soris daaxloebiT wrfivi kavSiria;
damokidebuli cvladi daaxloebiT normaluradaa ganawilebuli (an,

ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Semdegi daSvebaa marTali);
damokidebuli cvladis naSTebi (gamoTvlil da realurad miRebul

qulebs Soris sxvaoba) daaxloebiT normaluradaa ganawilebuli;
TiToeuli cvladis dispersia ucvlelia sxva danarCeni cvladebis

mniSvnelobaTa
diapazonisTvis
daSvebaa marTali);
(an,
ukidures
SemTxvevaSi,
Semdegi
1232
damokidebuli cvladis naSTebi Tanabari da ucvleli dispersiiT

xariaTdeba damoukidebeli cvladebis yoveli mniSvnelobisTvis;
naSTebi ar korelireben damoukidebel cvladebTan;
damokidebuli
cvladis
naSTebis
saSualo
nulis
tolia
damoukidebeli cvladebis yoveli mniSvnelobisTvis (an daaxloebiT

wrfivad ukavSirdebian damokidebul cvlads);
arcerT
kavSiri
damoukidebel
sxva
cvlads
damoukidebel
ar
aqvs
cvladTan
sruli/idealuri
(ar
gvaqvs
wrfivi
idealuri
multikolinearoba. Aanu, mravaljeradi wrfivi damokidebuleba);
nebismieri ori SemTxvevisTvis naSTebs Soris korelacia nulis toli

unda iyos (TiToeuli SemTxveva damoukidebelia danarCenebisgan).
miuxedavad imisa, rom regresia da mravaljeradi regresia yvelaze
xSirad intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalis monacemebTan gamoiyeneba,

bolo dros SemuSavda procedurebi, romlebic rigis skalis monacemebze
regresiuli analizis warmoebis SesaZleblobas iZleva (SPSS Inc 2002). es
uaRresad mniSvnelovania reitingis skalebidan regresiis gamoTvlisTvis
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS Manual
24. 8).
palantis (Pallant 2001: 136) azriT, mravaljeradi regresiis gamoyenebisas
yuradReba unda mieqces SerCevis moculobas. igi ambobs, rom TiToeuli
damoukidebeli cvladisTvis 15 SemTxveva maincaa saWiro da SerCevis
minimaluri moculobis gansasazRvrad SesaZlebelia Semdegi formulis
gamoyeneba: SerCevis moculoba 50 + (8 damoukidebeli cvladebis
raodenoba), ese igi, aTi damoukidebeli cvladisTvis minimum 130 (anu 50 +
80) adamianisgan Semdgari SerCevaa saWiro.
jgufTa Soris gansxvavebis gazomva da saSualoebi

mkvlevrebs zogjer ainteresebT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan
ori an meti jgufi/qveSerCeva da pasuxoben, magaliTad, aseT kiTxvebs:
gogonebisa da vaJebis mier Sesrulebul davalebas Soris Tu arsebobs
1233
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba?;
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia
Tu
ara
Sereuli unarebis mqone moswavleebisgan Semdgari oTxi msgavsi klasis

testSi
miRebuli
qulebi,
romlebic
erTi
da
igive
programiT
swavloben?; mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli stresis done axasiaTebT Tu

ara A da B skolebis
meeqvse klasis moswavleebs? aseT kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad gansxvavebis gazomvaa saWiro. winamdebare qveTavSi

gansxvavebis sazomebs da gansxvavebis gamoTvlis gzebs warmogidgenT.
procesi nulovani hipoTezidan iwyveba, romelic amtkicebs, rom ar
arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba or jgufs Soris an
ar arsebobs statistikurad
Soris
da
Tu
nulovani
mnSvnelovani gansxvaveba
hipoTeza
ar
iqneba
oTx jgufs
mxardaWerili,
maSin
alternatiuli iqneba marTebuli, kerZod, is, rom or (an met) cvlads

Soris statistikurad sando gansxvaveba arsebobs.
vidre
gansxvavebis
gamoTvlas
SevudgebodeT,
manamde
unda
ganvsazRvroT:
ra
saxis
monacemebTan
vmuSaobT,
radgan
amazea
damokidebuli
gamosayenebeli statistikuri kriteriumis arCeva;
Sesadarebeli
jgufebis
raodenoba,
romelTa
Sorisac
vadgenT
ganxvavebis arseboba-ararsebobas. statistikuri kriteriumebi, rogorc

wesi, or jgufad iyofa: isini, romlebic zomaven or jgufs Soris
gansxvavebas da isini, romlebic orze met jgufs Soris gansxvavebas
zomaven;
erTmaneTze damokidebulia Tu damoukidebelia Sesadarebeli jgufebi.

damoukidebeli
magaliTad,
jgufebi
gamocdaze
sruliad
gasuli
ar
gogonebi
ukavSirdeba
da
vaJebi.
erTmaneTs,
damokidebuli
jgufebi SeiZleba iyos erTi da igive adamianTa nakrebis mier or an

met cvladze gacemuli pasuxi, an erTi da igive jgufi, romelic
erTsa da imave cvladze orjer, sxvadasxva dros pasuxobs (magaliTad,
pre-testi da post-testi).
1234
am
sakiTxebze
statistikuri
miRebuli
kriteriumis
gadawyvetilebebi
arCevanze
imoqmedeben.
gamosayenebeli
am
qveTavSi
jer
parametruli monacemebis or jgufs Soris gansxvavebas ganvixilavT,

Semdeg _ parametruli monacemebis sam an met jgufs Soris gansxvavebas.
amis Semdeg araparametruli monacemebis ganxilvas SemogTavazebT: jer
araparametruli
monacemebis
or
jgufs
Soris
gansxvavebis
sakiTxs
ganvixilavT da Semdeg _ araparametruli monacemebis sam an met jgufs

Soris gansxvavebis. wina magaliTebis msgavsad, sailustraciod SPSS-is
gamoTvlebs gamoviyenebT.
t kriteriumi
t kriteriumiT vadgenT, arsebobs Tu ara statistikurad mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba
monacemebi
ori
jgufis
normaluri
saSualos
ganawilebis
Soris,
mqone
rodesac
parametruli
SemTxveviTi
SerCevebidanaa
miRebuli. is SemTxveviTad gadanawilebuli ori jgufis Sesadareblad

gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, eqsperimentSi pre-testis da post-testis jgufebi
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 17. ppt).
t kriteriumis ori versia arsebobs: damoukidebeli SerCevebisTvis da
damokidebuli (anu Sewyvilebuli) SerCevebisTvis. pirveli uSvebs, rom
ori jgufi ar aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. meore uSvebs, rom es
erTi jgufia, romelic erTdroulad or sxvadasxva cvlads an orjer,
drois sxvadasxva momentSi erTsa da imave cvlads pasuxobs. jer pirvel
maTgans
ganvixilavT.
kriteriumi
uSvebs,
rom
erTi
cvladi
kategoriulia (magaliTad, mamakacebi da qalebi) da meore _ uwyveti

(magaliTad,
testSi
miRebuli
qulebi).
statistikis
gamosaTvleli
formulis safuZveli aseTia:

=
vTqvaT, gvainteresebs, statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia

Tu
ara
SemTxveviT
SerCeuli
skolebis
administraciis
warmomadgenlebis da maswavleblebis pasuxi SekiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad
1235
iReben moswavleebi daxmarebas, miTiTebasa da mxardaWeras. miRebuli

monacemebi Sefardebis skalas ekuTvnis, radgan monawileebma pasuxebi
aTquliani sistemiT unda Seafason: rac metia miniWebuli qula, miT metia
respodentis
azriT
momsaxureba.
cxriliTaa
saSualo
moswavlisTvis
t kriteriumi
damoukidebeli
warmodgenili.
qulas
gaweuli
pirvel
gvaZlevs:
rigSi,
8.37
zemoT
dasaxelebuli
SerCevebisTvis
is
ori
jgufis
administraciis
ori
SPSS-is
pasuxebis
warmomadgenlebis
jgufisTvis da 8.07 _ maswavleblebisTvis, ese igi, ori jgufis saSualo

gansxvavebulia. aris ki es gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovani, anu,
mxardaWerilia Tu ara nulovani hipoTeza (ar arsebobs statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba
administraciis
warmomadgenlebsa
da
maswavleblebs Soris)? msjelobas nulovani hipoTezidan viwyebT (ar

arsebobs statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba or jgufs Soris),
Semdeg
vadgenT
mniSvnelovnobis
nulovani
hipoTezis
SegviZlia
vTqvaT,
dones
mxardasaWerad
davuSvaT,
an
= 0.05.
(),
romelsac
ar
dasaWerad.
amis
Semdeg
gamoviyenebT
magaliTad,
is
monacemebi
gamoiTvleba, romelic 24. 37 CanarTSia mocemuli.

CanarTi 24. 37
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra t kriteriumisTvis
jgufis statistika
jgufi
ramdenad iReben
moswavleebi daxmarebas,
miTiTebasa da mxardaWeras
Mean
SD
SE mean
administraciis
warmomadgenlebi
347
8.37
2.085
0.112
maswavleblebi
653
8.07
2.462
0.096
t kriteriumis gamoTvlisas SPSS erTi SexedviT, bevr informacias

gvaZlevs,
romlis
didi
nawili
amJamad
gamousadegaria
CvenTvis.
aq
mxolod monacemebis im nawilze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas, romelic

yvelaze
mniSvnelovania
Cveni
miznebisTvis.
esaa
levenis
testi
da
mniSvnelovnobis done ormxrivi kriteriumisTvis (Sig. 2-tailed) (CanarTi 24.

38).
1236
levenis testigviCvenebs, Tu romeli striqoni (daSvebulia Tanabari

dispersia da ar aris daSvebuli Tanabari dispersia) unda gamoviyenoT.
SevxedoT svets Sig. levenis testSi (0.004). Tu albaTobis ricxviTi
mniSvneloba
statistikurad
mniSvnelovania
(rogorc
am
SemTxvevaSi
(0.004)), maSin dispersiebi ar aris Tanabari da amitom, meore striqonSi

warmodgenili monacemebi unda gamoviyenoT (ar aris daSvebuli Tanabari
dispersia). Tu albaTobis ricxviTi mniSvneloba ar aris statistikurad
mniSvnelovani (p > 0.05), maSin daSvebulia Tanabari dispersia da pirveli
striqonis monacemebs viyenebT (daSvebulia Tanabari dispersia). mas
Semdeg,
rac
gadavwyvetT,
Tu
romeli
striqonis
monacemebi
unda
gamoviyenoT, levenis tests Sesrulebuli aqvs Tavisi saqme da SegviZlia

cxrilis ganxilva ganvagrZoT. amjerad levenis testis Sesaxeb mxolod
imas vambobT, rom misi funqciaa, gansazRvros, mocemuli ori striqonidan
romeli striqonis monacemebi iqneba CvenTvis gamosadegi.
CanarTi 24. 38
dispersiis Tanabrobis levenis testi t kriteriumisTvis
dispersiebi
s
Tanabrobis
levenis
testi
ramdenad
iReben
moswavleeb
i
daxmarebas,
miTiTebasa
da
daSvebul
ia
Tanabari
dispersia
ar aris
daSvebul
i
F
8.344
Sig.
0.004
t
1.9
2
2.0
2
saSualoebis Tanabrobis t testi

gansxvavebis
95%-iani
ndobis
intervali
Sig.
(2Mean
SE
tailed differenc differenc LLowe Uppe
)
e
e
r
df
r
998
0.055
0.30
0.155
0.006
0.603
811.92
2
0.044
0.30
0.148
0.009
0.589
1237

mxardaWera
s.
mas
Tanabari
dispersia
Semdeg,
rac
gavarkvevT,
romeli
striqonis
monacemebs
unda
SevxedoT (Cven SemTxvevaSi, meore striqoni), gadavinacvlebT svetze Sig.

is
(2-tailed).
gviCvenebs,
warmomadgenlebsa
da
rom
or
jgufs
maswavleblebs
administraciis
Soris
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa, vinaidan mniSvnelovnobis done 0.044-ia (e. i. p

< 0.05). amrigad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom nulovani hipoTeza ar aris
mxardaWerili da ori jgufis saSualo statistikurad mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan (p = 0.044). aseve, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom skolis
administraciis warmomadgenelTa jgufis saSualo (8.37) statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
skolis
maRalia,
vidre
liderebs/administraciis
maswavleblebis
jgufis
warmomadgenlebs
(0.07),
anu,
maswavleblebisgan
gansxvavebiT, ufro metad miaCniaT, rom moswavleebs uweven daxmarebas,

miTiTebasa da mxardaWeras.
isev
24.
38
CanarTs
da
svets
Sig. (2-tailed)
SevxedoT.
erTnairi
dispersiis arseboba rom yofiliyo daSvebuli (anu levenis tests rom

pirveli striqonis monacemebze mieTiTebina), maSin ori jgufis saSualos
Soris ver vnaxavdiT statistikurad mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas (p = 0.055
anu p > 0.05). amrigad, zogjer mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, unda davuSvaT Tu
ara Tanabari dispersiis arseboba.
Cvens magaliTSi vnaxeT, rom ori jgufis saSualo statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTamneTisgan, anu, skolis administraciis
warmomadgenlebi da maswavleblebi erTnairad ar fiqroben imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor uweven moswavleebs daxmarebas, miTiTebasa da mxardaWeras;
pirvel jgufs, Cveulebisamebr, ufro liberaluri damokidebuleba aqvs,
vidre meores. kvlevis interesSi Sedis imis garkveva, Tu, magaliTad, ra
ganapirobebs
da
Camoyalibebaze.
ra
axdens
magaliTad,
gavlenas
amis
aseTi
mizezi
gansxvavebuli
SeiZleba
is
iyos,
xedvis
rom
administraciis warmomadgenlebi ufro vardisferi saTvaliT uyureben
1238
arsebul situacias, vidre maswavleblebi da maswavleblebi arian isini,

visac yoveldRiurad uwevT moswavleebTan muSaoba, ufro axlos arian
maTTan da ukeT ician maTi problemebis Sesaxeb, razec administraciis
warmomadgenlebi, SesaZloa, Tvals xuWavdnen.
t kriteriumis werilobiTi saxiT wardgena Semdegnairad SegviZlia:
cvladis
ramdenad
miTiTebasa
da
warmomadgenelTa
kargad
ramdenad
mxardaWeras
jgufis
saSualo
iReben
mixedviT,
moswavleebi
skolis
maCvenebeli
daxmarebas,
administraciis
(M = 8.37, SD = 2.085)
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad maRalia (t = 2.02, df = 811.992, ormxrivi Semowmeba,

p = 0.044) maswavlebelTa jgufis saSualoze (M = 8.07, SD = 2.462).
axla
meore
magaliTi
ganvixiloT.
amjerad
administraciis
warmomadgenlebi da maswavleblebi isev aTquliani sistemiT afaseben

debulebas skolaSi yuradReba eqceva swavlebasa da swavlas, anu,
Sedegad Sefardebis skalis monacemebs viRebT. pirveli jgufis saSualo
qulaa 5.53, meoris _ 5.46. statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Tu
ara es saSualoebi erTmaneTisgan? (CanarTebi 24. 39 da 24. 40)?
CanarTi 24. 39
t kriteriumi administraciis warmomadgenelTa da maswavlebelTa
jgufebisTvis
jgufis statistika
jgufi
skolaSi yuradReba eqceva
swavlebas da swavlas
Mean
SD
SE mean
administraciis
warmomadgenlebi
347
5.53
2.114
0.113
maswavleblebi
653
5.46
2.145
0.084
CanarTi 24. 40
administraciis warmomadgenelTa da maswavlebelTa jgufebis dispersiebis
Tanabrobis levenis testi
1239

dispersiebi
s
Tanabrobis
levenis
testi
skolaSi
yuradReb
a eqceva
swavleba
s da
swavlas
Tu
daSvebuli
a Tanabari
dispersia
ar aris
daSvebuli
Tanabari
dispersia
levenis
F
0.121
testis
Sig.
0.728
t
0.51
0
0.51
3
(Sig.)
saSualoebis Tanabrobis t testi

gansxvavebis
95%-iani
ndobis
intervali
Sig.
(2Mean
SE
tailed differenc differenc LLowe Uppe
)
e
e
r
df
r
998
0.610
0.07
0.142
_0.206 0.351
714.63
0
0.608
Sedegebs
0.07
ganvixilavT,
0.141
_0.205
vnaxavT,
0.350
rom
daSvebulia Tanabari dispersiebi (p = 0.728), e. i. pirveli striqonis

monacemebi gvainteresebs. svetSi Sig. (2-tailed) vnaxavT, rom p = 0.610, anu,
ori
jgufis
saSualo
ar
aris
erTmaneTisgan
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli, maSasadame, nulovani hipoTeza (ar aris

statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ori jgufis saSualos Soris)
mxardaWerilia. aman ar unda SegvaSfoTos. statistikuri mniSvnelovnobis
dadgena an ar dadgena erTnairad Rirebulia kvlevisTvis _ es mogebamogebis situaciaa.
am SemTxvevaSi miuxedavad imisa, rom skolaSi swavlas da swavlebas
arasakmarisi yuradReba eqceva SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom administraciis
warmomadgenlebsa da maswavleblebs erTnairi azri aqvT imis Taobaze,
rom skolaSi swavlebas da swavlas yuradReba eqceva, (saSualoebi 5.53 da
5. 46, Sesabamisad). is faqti, rom es ori jgufi erTnairad fiqrobs _
orive mxare erTnairad uyurebs erTsa da imave problemas _ Semdgomi
ganviTarebis dadebiT perspeqtivasa da erTobliv xedvaze migviTiTebs,
1240
anu,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
mdgomareoba
savalaloa,
mainc
aris
am
viTarebaSi pozitiuri elementi imis gamo, rom Tanxvdeba am ori mxaris

pozicia. kidev ufro mZime iqneboda situacia, maT mosazrebebs Soris
didi gansxvaveba rom yofiliyo.
t
kriteriumis
werilobiTi
saxiT
wardgenisas
Semdegi
formati
cvladis skolaSi yuradReba eqceva swavlebas da swavlas mixedviT,
administraciis warmomadgenelTa jgufis saSualo qula (M = 5.53, SD = 2.114)
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba (t = 5.53, df = 998, ormxrivi
Semowmeba, p = 0.610) maswavlebelTa saSualo qulisgan (M = 5.46, SD = 2.145).
kriteriumi
damoukidebeli
SerCevebisTvis
Zalian
gavrcelebuli
statistikuri sididea da Cven misi sworad gamoyenebis momxreni varT.

SedarebiT
Sewyvilebuli
naklebad
gamoiyeneba
SerCevebisTvis,
anu,
kriteriumi
rodesac
damokidebuli
erTi
da
igive
anu
jgufi
erTdroulad or sxvadasxva cvladze an erTsa da imave cvladze drois

or
sxvadasxva
momentSi
iZleva
pasuxs.
am
SemTxvevaSi
ori
cvladi
Sewyvilebulia imiT, rom maT erTi jgufi afasebs (CanarTi 24. 41).
CanarTi 24. 41
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra damokidebuli SerCevebis t
kriteriumisTvis
wyvili I
damokidebuli SerCevebis statistika

Mean
N
skolaSi yuradReba eTmoba
5.48
1,000
swavlebas da swavlas
gakveTilebis momzadebis xarisxi
7.17
1,000
aq vnaxulobT, statistikurad
erTmaneTisgan
1,000
respodentis
mniSvnelovnad
mier
ori
SD
2.134
SE mean
0.067
1.226
0.039
gansxvavdeba
sxvadasxva
Tu ara
debulebis
skolaSi yuradReba eTmoba swavlebas da swavlas (saSualo = 5.48) da

gakveTilebis
momzadebis
xarisxi
(saSualo
miRebuli pasuxis saSualo (CanarTi 24. 42).
7.17)
SefasebiT
1241
am
cxrilis
ganxilvisas
pirdapir
bolo
svetze
(Sig. (2-tailed))
SegviZlia SevaCeroT yuradReba, sadac vnaxavT, rom p = 0.000, anu p < 0.001.
es Sedegi gveubneba, rom nulovani hipoTeza ar aris mxardaWerili da
ori saSualo statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
debulebebi
erTma
jgufma
Seafasa
(ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS Manual 24. 9).

or sidides Soris gansxvavebis Semowmebis sakiTxi wignis Tanmxleb
veb gverdzecaa ganxiluli (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780
_ Tavi 24, faili 24. 5. doc).
dispersiuli analizi
t kriteriumi respodentTa or jgufs Soris gansxvavebis Sesaswavlad
gamoiyeneba;
aseve
im
SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac
erTi
jgufis
mier
or
sxvadasxva Temaze erTdroulad gacemul pasuxebs an erT Temaze or

sxvadasxva dros gacemul pasuxebs vadarebT erTmaneTs. t kriteriumis
orive varianti SemTxveviT SerCevidan miRebul parametrul monacemebs
iyenebs
da
uSvebs,
rom
yoveli
calkeuli
monacemi
damoukidebelia
danarCenebisgan (ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 _ Tavi 24,

faili 24. 18. ppt).
Tumca,
ganaTlebis
sferoSi
warmoebul
kvlevaTa
umetesobaSi SeiZleba orze met jgufs Soris ganxvaveba gvainteresebdes,
1242
magaliTad, es SeiZleba iyos oTxi regionis an oTxi saxis skolis

sagamocdo Sedegebi. am SemTxvevaSi t kriteriumi ar gamogvadgeba da
amitom, dispersiul analizs unda mivmarToT. dispersiuli analizi igive
daSvebebs emyareba, romelsac t kriteriumi: SemTxveviTi SerCeva, qulebis
normaluri ganawileba
da
parametruli monacemebi. is
sami an meti
jgufis Sedarebisas SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. ramdenime saxis dispersiuli

analizi arsebobs. aq mxolod or yvelaze gavrcelebul da xSirad
gamoyenebad versias ganvixilavT: erTfaqtorian dispersiul analizs da
orfaqtorian dispersiul analizs. dispersiuli analizi, t kriteriumis
msgavsad, uSvebs, rom damoukidebeli cvladi (cvladebi) kategorialuria
(magaliTad, maswavleblebi, moswavleebi, mSoblebi, mmarTvelebi), xolo
damokidebuli cvladi _ uwyveti (magaliTad, testSi miRebuli qulebi).
erTfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi

vTqvaT, oTxi tipis skola gvaqvs: soflis dawyebiTi, soflis saSualo,
qalaqis dawyebiTi da qalaqis saSualo. davuSvaT, rom am oTxive tipis
skolaSi maTematikis erTi da igive standartizebuli testi Catarda da
miRebuli Sedegebi procentebis saxiT gamoisaxa (CanarTi 24. 43).
cxrilSi
gadaxrebi,
mocemulia
standartuli
TiToeuli
jgufis
saSualoebi,
Secdoma,
ndobis
intervalebi
standartuli
da
qulebis
minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi. am etapze mxolod saSualoebi

gvainteresebs:
soflis dawyebiTi
dawyebiTi
qalaqis saSualo
M= 59.85% soflis saSualo M= 60.44% qalaqis

M=50.64%
M=51.70%
CanarTi 24. 43
aRweriTi statistika dispersiuli analizisTvis
aRweriTi statistika
maTematikis standartizebuli qulebi (procentebiT)
saSualos 95%-
1243
soflis
soflis
qalaqis
qalaqis
jami
dawyebiTi
saSualo
dawyebiTi
saSualo
Mean
SD
SE
134
136
141
194
605
59.85
60.44
50.64
51.70
55.22
21.061
19.470
22.463
21.077
21.473
1.819
1.669
1.892
1.513
0.873
iani ndobis
intervali
Lower
Upper
bound
bound
56.25
63.45
57.14
63.74
46.90
54.38
48.72
54.69
53.51
56.94
Minimu
m
30
30
30
30
30
Maxim
um
100
100
100
100
100
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Tu ara es saSualoebi

erTmaneTisgan?
am
kiTxvaze
pasuxs
dispersiuli
analizi
mogvcems.
msjelobas nulovani hipoTeziT viwyebT (oTxi saSualo statistikurad

mniSvnelovnad
ar
gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan)
da
Semdeg
vadgenT
mniSvnelovnobis dones () nulovani hipoTezis mxardasaWerad an misTvis

mxaris ar dasaWerad. magaliTad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, vTqvaT, = 0.05.
SPSS-Si gamoTvlebis Sedegad 24. 44 CanarTSi mocemul cxrils miviRebT.
CanarTi 24. 44
SPSS-Si gamoTvlili erTfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizis Sedegebi
ANOVA
Sum of
squares
11943.119
266551.8
278494.9
jgufebs Soris
jgufebs Sida
jami
cxrili
gviCvnebs,
rom
sami
df
Mean square
Sig.
3
601
694
3981.040
443.514
8.976
0.000
Tavisuflebis
xarisxisTvis
(df)
statistika 8.976-is tolia. F statistika aris jgufebs Soris saSualos

kvadratisa
(dispersiisa)
da
jgufs
Sida
saSualos
kvadratis
(dispersiis) fardoba, anu:
dispersiuli
3981.040
=
= 8.976

443.514
analizis
Sedegebis
cxrilis
bolo
sveti
Sig.
gviCvenebs, rom saSualoebi statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
1244
erTmaneTisgan (p = 0.000). Tumca, es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom yvela saSualo

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba danarCenebisgan, aramed imas, rom mxolod
zogierTi maTgania gansxvavebuli. magaliTad, SesaZloa, statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan soflis dawyebiTi da
saSualo skolebis saSualoebi (Sesabamisad, 59.85 da 60.44 procenti) da
qalaqis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis saSualoebi (Sesabamisad, 50.64
da
51.70
procenti).
gansxvavdebodnen
qalaqis
Tumca,
SeiZleba
erTmaneTisgan
(dawyebiTi
da
soflis
saSualo)
statistikurad
(dawyebiTi
skolebi.
rogor
da
mniSvnelovnad
saSualo)
unda
da
gavarkvioT,
romeli jgufebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan?

amisaTvis
Tumca
aq
gagacnobT:
ramdenime
mxolod
tukis
sxvadasxva
erT,
yvelaze
namdvilad
kriteriumis
farTod
gamoyeneba
SegviZlia,
gamoyenebad
kriteriums
sxvaobis
kriteriumi,
mniSvnelovani
romelsac ubralod tukis kriteriumsac uwodeben (rogorc, magaliTad,

SPSS-Si). (kidev arsebobs, magaliTad, bonferonisa da Sefes kriteriumebi,
romlebic
ufro
gamoiyeneba).
mkacria,
tukis
vidre
kriteriumi
im
tukis
kriteriumi
qveSerCevebs
da
naklebad
ajgufebs,
romelTa
saSualoebi ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan statistikurad mniSvnelovnad

da maT statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli pirveli jgufisgan
mijnavs.
vnaxoT,
ras
niSnavs
es
oTxi
skolis
maTematikis
testis
Sedegebis magaliTze (CanarTi 24. 45).
CanarTi 24. 45
tukis kriteriumi
mravaljeradi Sedareba
damokidebuli cvladi: maTematikis standartizebuli qulebi (procenebiT)
95%-iani
1245

ndobis
intervali
(I)
skolebis
dajgufeba
soflis
dawyebiTi
(J) skolebis dajgufeba

soflis saSualo
qalaqis dawyebiTi
qalaqis saSualo
soflis dawyebiTi
qalaqis dawyebiTi
qalaqis saSualo
soflis dawyebiTi
soflis saSualo
qalaqis saSualo
soflis dawyebiTi
soflis saSualo
qalaqis dawyebiTi
soflis
saSualo
qalaqis
dawyebiTi
qalaqis
saSualo
*. saSualoTa
saSualoTa
Soris sxvaoba
(I _ J)
_0.59
9.21*
8.15*
0.59
9.80*
8.74*
_9.21*
_9.80*
_1.06
_8.15*
_8.74
1.06
SE
2.563
2.541
2.366
2.563
2.531
2.355
2.541
2.531
2.331
2.366
2.355
2.331
Sig.
0.996
0.002
0.003
0.996
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.968
0.003
0.001
0.968
Lower
bound
_7.19
2.67
2.06
_6.01
3.28
2.67
_15.76
_16.32
_7.07
_14.24
_14.81
_4.94
Upper
bound
6.01
15.76
14.24
7.19
16.32
14.81
_2.67
_3.28
4.94
_2.06
_2.67
7.07
Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania 0.05 doneze.
cxrilSi TiToeuli saxeobis skola Sedarebulia danarCen sams, maT

Soris
statistikurad
Sesamowmeblad.
mniSvnelovani
cxrilidan
Cans,
rom
gansxvavebis
soflis
dawyebiTi
arsebobis
skola
jer
soflis saSualo skolasTanaa Sedarebuli (marcxena svetis pirveli

striqonis
ujra
soflis
dawyebiTi)
da
maT
Soris
ar
aRmoCnda
statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba (Sig. = 0.996, e. i. p > 0.05). Semdeg

Sedarebulia soflis dawyebiTi skola da qalaqis dawyebiTi skola da
dadgenilia, rom maT Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
arsebobs (Sig. = 0.002, e. i. p < 0.05). da bolos, mocemulia soflis dawyebiTi
da qalaqis saSualo skolebis Sedareba, romelic, aseve, statistikurad
mniSvnelovan gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs (Sig. = 0.003, e. i. p < 0.05). marcxena
svetis Semdeg ujraSi mocemulia soflis saSualo skola, romelic jer
Sedarebulia
soflis
dawyebiT
skolas
da
misgan
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba (Sig. = 0.996, e. i. p > 0.05), Semdeg qalaqis

dawyebiT
skolasTan
da
maT
Soris
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebaa dadgenili (Sig. = 0.001, e. i. p < 0.05), bolos ki, qalaqis

saSualo
skolasTan
da
da
es
Sedareba
maT
Soris
statistikurad
mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas adgens (Sig. = 0.001, e. i. p < 0.05). analizi
1246
analogiurad grZeldeba qalaqis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebisTvis.

cxrilidan
Cans,
rom
ori
tipis
soflis
skola
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan da arc ori tipis qalaqis

skolas Sorisaa statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. samagierod,
erTmaneTisgan statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa soflisa da
qalaqis skolebs Soris. amgvarad, vxedavT, ra SemTxvevaSia nulovani
hipoTeza mxardaWerili da ra SemTxvevaSi _ ara.
faqtobrivad, SPSS-Si tukis kriteriumi amas Zalian naTlad da zustad
aCvenebs (CanarTi 24. 46).
CanarTi 24. 46
homogenuri jgufebi tukis kriteriumis mixedviT
Tukey HSDa,b
skolebis dajgufeba
soflis dawyebiTi
N
141
Subset for alpha = 0.05

1
2
50.64
soflis saSualo
194
51.70
qalaqis dawyebiTi
134
59.85
qalaqis saSualo
136
60.44
0.973
Sig.
0.995
mocemulia homogenuri jgufebis saSualoebi.

a. gamoyenebulia SerCevis harmoniuli saSualo, romlis moculoba = 147. 806.
b. jgufebis moculobebi araTanabaria. gamoyeneulia jgufis moculobebis
harmoniuli saSualo. I gvaris Secdomis doneebi garantirebuli ar aris.
aq
msgavsi
saSualoebis
mqone
ori
jgufia
gamoyofili
da
dajgufebulia is skolebi, romlebic statistikurad ar gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan: qalaqis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebi (sveti 1) da
soflis
dawyebiTi
saSualoebs
da
saSualo
SPSS avtomaturad
skolebi
mzardi
(sveti
2).
TanmimdevrobiT
am
jgufebis
alagebs
(anu,
svetis dasawyisSi yvelaze dabali saSualos mqone jgufia warmodgenili,

xolo
bolos
yvelaze
maRali
saSualos
mqone
jgufi).
amrigad,
SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom skolebs Soris gansxvavebas is ki ar qmnis, rom
1247
zogi maTgani dawyebiTi an saSualoa, aramed is, rom zogi soflisaa da

zogi
qalaqis,
ukavSirdeba
kriteriumi
jgufebs
da
anu,
ara
gvexmareba
Soris
gansxvaveba
skolis
imis
geografiul
moswavleTa
dadgenaSi,
gansxvaveba
da
Tu
adgilmdebareobas
asakobriv
zustad
msgavseba.
jgufs.
raSi
saSualoebis
tukis
gamoixateba
homogenur
jgufebad gaerTianebisas SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu romeli saSualoebi

hgvanan
erTmaneTs
da,
amasTanave,
ganxvavdebian
saSualoebis
sxva
jgufebisgan.
dispersiuli analiziT vadgenT, gansxvavdebian Tu ara statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad jgufebi erTmaneTisgan. tukis kriteriumi gviCvenebs, Tu
sad aris gansxvaveba. mizanSewonilia am ori kriteriumis erToblivad
gamoyeneba. cxadia, t kriteriumis msgavsad, aqac iseTive mniSvnelovania
jgufebs Soris gansxvavebis ver aRmoCena, rogorc _ aRmoCena. magaliTad,
Tu vnaxavT, rom oTxi jgufi (mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, moswavleebi da
skolis administraciis warmomadgenlebi) ar ganxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
garkveul
sakiTxTan
damokidebulebis
mixedviT,
vTqvaT,
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisTvis swavlebisTvis meti saaTebis daTmobis

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, maSin myari safuZveli gveqneba vifiqroT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi SeTavazeuli siaxlis _ sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis ufro
intersiuri swavlebis _ warmatebulad danergvis SesaZlebloba ufro
metia,
vidre
SemTxvevaSi
jgufebs
gveqneboda.
Soris
mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebis
aRmoCena
gansxvavebis
iseve
arsebobis
mniSvnelovani
SeiZleba iyos rogorc misi ar aRmoCena,

dispersiuli analizi da tukis kriteriumi werilobiTi saxiT ase
SegviZlia gavaformoT:
dispersiulma
analizma
soflisa
da
qalaqis
skolebs
Soris
statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba gamoavlina (F = 8.976, p < 0.001).

tukis kriteriumma aCvena, rom soflis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis
saSualoebi (Sesabamisad, 59.85 da 60.44) da qalaqis dawyebiTi da saSualo
skolis
saSualoebi
erTmaneTisgan
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
ar
1248
gansxvavdeba (Sesabamisad, 50.64 da 51.70). tukis kriteriumis gamoTvlam,

cvladis
maTematikis
standartizebuli
qulebi
mixedviT,
ori
homogenuri jgufi gamoavlina: (a) qalaqis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebi

da (b) soflis dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebi. es ori jgufi am cvladis
mixedviT
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebulia.
mkveTrad
soflisskolebis
da
statistikurad
saSualo
maCvenebeli
mniSvnelovnad
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad aRematemoda qalaqis skolebis saSualos.

(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili SPSS
Manual 24. 10).
orfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi

zemoT
ganxiluli
warmoadgens,
anu,
magaliTi
sam
an
erTfaqtoriani
met
jgufs
dispersiul
Soris
analizs
gansxvavebas
erTi
damoukidebeli cvladis mixedviT. aseTi SemTxvevebis garda, dispersiul

analizSi (ANOVA) erTze meti damoukidebeli cvladi SeiZleba iqnas
gaTvaliswinebuli. orfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi erT cvladze
ori
damoukidebeli
cvladis
(faqtoris)
efeqtis
Sesafaseblad
gamoiyeneba (Cohen and Holliday 1996: 277). ganvixiloT magaliTi, Tu rogor

moqmedebs moswavleTa asaki da sqesi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
gamocdaze
naCveneb
Sedegze.
orfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizi
mkvlevars ara marto TiToeuli damoukidebeli cvladis efeqtis naxvis

saSualebas aZlevs, aramed, ori cvladis urTierTqmedebis efeqtisac anu,
rogor
icvleba
asakobrivi
an
ra
jgufis
gavlenas
efeqtTan
ganicdis
erTiandeba.
sqesis
efeqti,
magaliTad,
rodesac
SesaZloa,
aRmovaCinoT, rom asaki gansxvaveulad moqmedebs gamocdis Sedegze imis

mixedviT, Tu romeli sqesisaa moswavle gogona Tu vaJi, anu saxeze gvaqvs
urTierqmedebis efeqti.
orfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizisTvis
mkvlevars
ori
damoukidebeli kategorialuri (saxeldebis skalis, magaliTad, sqesi,

asakobrivi jgufi) da erTi uwyveti damokidebuli cvladi sWirdeba
(magaliTad, gamocdaze miRweuli Sedegi). orfaqtoriani dispersiuli
1249
anlalizi
sami
efeqtis
gamoTvlis
SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs.
Cvens
magaliTSi es efeqtebia:
gamocdis SedegSi sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba;
gamocdis SedegSi asakobrivi jgufis mixedviT gansxvaveba;
gamocdis Sedegze sqesisa da asakobrivi jgufis urTierTqmedebis

efeqti, magaliTad, gansxvavebul Sedegebs aCveneben Tu ara gogonebi
da vaJebi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT?
amis sailustraciod SPSS-s gamoviyenebT. SPSS, pirvel rigSi, aRweriT
statistikas gvaZlevs, romelic 24. 47 CanarTSia warmodgenili.

CanarTi 24. 47
saSualo da standartuli gadaxra orfaqtorian dispersiul analizSi
aRweriTi statistika
damokidebuli cvladi: sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba
sqesi
mamakaci
qali
jami
asakobrivi
jgufi
15_20
21_25
26_45
46 da zemoT
jami
15_20
21_25
26_45
46 da zemoT
jami
15_20
21_25
26_45
46 da zemoT
jami
saSualo
71.92
63.33
70.95
64.69
66.99
70.33
68.82
69.59
61.66
67.43
70.98
66.99
70.00
62.99
67.26
standartuli
gadaxra (SD)
24.353
31.459
28.793
28.752
28.390
25.768
25.396
28.059
28.464
26.731
25.173
27.646
28.079
28.581
27.369
N
125
111
21
128
385
182
221
49
163
615
307
332
70
291
1000
aq mxolod saSualoebi da standartuli gadaxrebia warmodgenili.

amis
Semdeg
SPSS
Secdomis
dispersiebis
Tanabrobis
levenis
tests,
Tavisuflebis xarisxebsa da mniSvnelovnobis doneebs iTvlis (CanarTi

24. 48).
CanarTi 24. 48
1250

dispersiebis Tanabrobis levenis testi orfaqtorian dispersiul analizSi
Secdomis dispersiebis Tanabrobis levenis testi
damokidebuli cvladi: sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba
df1
df2
Sig
3.463
992
0.001
am testiT vadgenT, Tanabaria Tu ara saSualoebi sxvadasxva jgufSi.

unda vnaxoT, mniSvnelovnobis done 0.05-ze metia Tu ara. Cven 0.05-ze meti
mniSvnelovnobis
done,
anu,
statistikurad
aramniSvenlovani
Sedegi
gvWirdeba, rac nulovani hipoTezis mxardaWeras niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi

nulovani hipoTezaa is, rom jgufebs Soris ar arsebobs statistikurad
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba saSualoebisa da dispersiebis mixedviT (anu,
amiT mxars vuWerT ANOVA-s daSvebebs). Cvens magaliTSi es ase ar aris,
vinaidan
mniSvnelovnobis
done
0.001-ia,
rac
niSnavs,
rom
Semdgomi
analizi sifrTxiliT unda ganvaxorcieloT da gvaxsovdes, rom ar aris

daSvebuli Tanabari dispersiebi _ darRveulia dispersiuli analizis
erT-erTi daSveba. amis Semdeg SPSS mniSvnelovan informacias gvaZlevs
(CanarTi 24. 49).
CanarTi 24. 49
cdis pirTa Soris sqemis efeqtebi orfaqtorian dispersiul analizSi
cdis pirTa Soris sqemis efeqtebis Semowmeba
damokideuli cvladi: sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi
Partial
Eta
Type III sum
Mean
wyaro
of squares
square
df
F
Sig. squared
Noncent.
parameter
Observed
powera
1251

Sesworebuli
modeli
TanakveTa
sqesi
asakobrivi
jgufi
sqesi*asakobrivi
jgufi
Secdoma
jami
Sesworebuli
jami
13199.146b
1885.592
2.545
0.013
0.018
17.812
0.888
2687996.888
2.218
10124.306
1
1
3
2687996.9
2.218
3374.769
3627.42
0.003
4.554
0.000
0.956
0.004
0.785
0.000
0.014
3627.421
0.003
13.663
1.000
0.050
0.887
3089.630
1029.877
1.390
0.244
0.004
4.169
0.371
735093.254
5272200.000
748292.400
992
1000
999
741.021
cxrilSi sami damoukidebeli cvladia mocemuli (sqesi, asakobrivi

jgufi, sqesi*asakobrivi jgufi). sveti Sig. gviCvenebs, rom am sami
cvladisTvis mniSvnelovnobis doneebia: 0.956, 0.004 da 0.244. Sesabamisad,
vxedavT,
rom
sqesi
ar
moqmedebs
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis gamocdis Sedegze, asakobrivi jgufi ki _

moqmedebs
(p =
0.004).
aseve,
statistikurad
umniSvneloa
sqesisa
da
asakobrivi jgufis erToblivi gavlena gamocdis Sedegze, anu, gamocdis

Sedegze
zemoqmedeba
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
ar
gansxvavdeba
qalebisa da kacebis SemTxvevaSi (p = 0.244). SPSS efeqtis zomasac iTvlis

(parcialuri
eta
kvadrati).
mniSvnelovani
cvladisTvis,
asakobrivi
jgufisTvis is 0.014-s Seadgens, rac gviCvenebs, rom efeqtis zoma Zalian

mcirea
da
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom,
marTalia,
dadginda
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnoba, saSualoebis mniSvnelobebs Soris realuri gansxvaveba

mainc Zalian mcirea.
erTfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizis analogiurad, aqac SegviZlia
tukis
kriteriumis
jgufebSi
gamoyeneba
gasaerTianeblad.
qveSerCevebis
SPSS-Si
saSualoebis
qulebis
ori
homogenur
erTobliobis
grafikulad gamosaxvac SesaZlebelia, rac TvalsaCinod dagvanaxebs, Tu

ra gavlenas axdens sqesis faqtori oTx sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi
(anu,
monawile
(CanarTi 24. 50).
qalia
Tu
mamakaci)
gamocdaze
miRebul
Sefasebaze
1252
orfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizi
werilobiT
ase
SegviZlia
gavaformoT:
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis
gamocdis
Sedegze
sqesisa
da
asakobrivi
jgufis gavlenis dasadgenad orfaqtoriani dispersiuli analizi gamoviyeneT.

monawileebi oTx asakoriv jgufad daiyo: I jgufi _ 15_20 weli, II jgufi _ 21_25
weli, III jgufi _ 26_45 weli da IV jgufi _ 46 weli da meti. gamovlinda asakis
mixedviT statistikurad mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi gavlena (F = 4.554, p = 0.004),
Tumca, efeqtis zoma mcire aRmoCnda (parcialuri eta kvadrati = 0.014). ar
gamovlinda sqesisa (F = 0.003, p = 0.956) da cvladebis urTierTqmedebis efeqtis (F
= 1.390, p = 0.244) statistikurad mniSvnelovani gavlena.
man-uitnisa da uilkoqsonis kriteriumebi

t kriteriumis araparametruli ekvivalentia man-uitnis U kriteriumi
ori damoukidebeli SerCevisTvis (Mann-Whitney U test) da uilkoqsonis
kriteriumi
(Wilcoxon
test)
ori
damokidebuli
SerCevisTvis.
orive
maTganisTvis saWiroa erTi kategorialuri da minimum erTi rigis skalis

cvladi.
es
kriteriumebi
saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
vnaxoT,
magaliTad,
1253
gansxvavdebian Tu ara erTmaneTisgan qalebi da mamakacebi mocemuli

skalis reitingebis mixedviT.
man-uitnis kriteriumi rangebs emyareba da erTmaneTs adarebs, Tu
ramdenjer eniWeba erTi SerCevidan aRebul qulas ufro maRali rangi,
vidre meore SerCevidan aRebul qulas (Bryman and Cramer 1990: 129) da,
amgvarad,
daZleulia
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrilis
ujrebSi
dabali
sixSireebis problema, romelic xi-kvadratis SemTxvevaSi gvqonda (ix.

ganvixiloT
magaliTi.
vTqvaT,
xuTqulian
skalaze
(srulebiT
ar,
odnav, arc ise, sakmaod, Zalian) SevafaseT kursi da axla gvsurs,

vnaxoT, statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulad pasuxoben Tu ara
mamakacebi
da
qalebi
debulebas
(cvlads)
kursi
sakuTari
tempiT
mecadineobis saSualebas iZleva. msjelobas nulovani hipoTeziT viwyebT

(ar arsebobs statistikurad sando gansxvaveba or saSualos Soris) da
Semdeg
mniSvnelovnobis
dones
vadgenT
()
nulovani
hipoTezis
mxardasaWerad an misTvis mxaris ar dasaWerad. magaliTad, SegviZlia,

ganvacxadoT, davuSvaT, = 0.05. niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilma, SesaZloa
24. 51 CanarTSi warmodgenili suraTi mogvces.
CanarTi 24. 51
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili man-uitnis kriteriumisTvis
sqesi* kursma sakuTari tempiT mecadineobis saSualeba mogcaT niSanTa SeuRlebis
cxrili
kursma sakuTari tempiT mecadineobis saSualeba mogcaT.
sruliad
ar
veTanxmeb
ar
veTanxmeb
i
arc
veTanxmebi
, arc ar
veTanxmeb
i
sruliad
veTanxmeb
i
jami
1254
mamakac
i
raodenob
a
% sqesSi
1
2.0%
i
2
4.1%
veTanxmebi
16
32.7%
21
41.9%
9
18.4%
qali
raodenob
a
% sqesSi
4
2.8%
11
7.8%
61
43.3%
57
40.4%
8
5.7%
jami
raodenob
a
%
sqesSi
5
2.6%
13
6.8%
77
40.5%
78
41.1%
17
8.9%
arsebobs
49
100.0
%
141
100.0
%
190
100.0
%
Tu ara am or jgufs Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba? SPSS-Si gamoTvlis Sedegad, man-uitnis kriteriumi 24. 52 da

24. 53 CanarTebSi warmodgenil informacias gvawvdis.
CanarTi 24. 52
SPSS-Si rangirebis Sedegi man-uitnis U kriteriumisTvis
rangebi
sqesi
kursma sakuTari tempiT
saSualeba mogcaT.
mecadineobis
kaci
qali
jami
N
49
141
190
Mean rank
110.23
90.38
Sum of ranks
5402.50
12743.50
CanarTi 24. 53
SPSS-is gamoTvlebis Sedegi: man-uitnis U kriteriumis mniSvneloba da
testis statistikaa
kursma sakuTari tempiT mecadineobis saSualeba mogcaT.
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. sig. (2-tailed)
2732.500a
12743.500
_2.343
0.019
a. damajgufebeli cvladi: sqesi

man-uitnis kriteriumi iyenebs rangebs (rogorc CanarTSi 24. 52) da
gamosaTvleli formulis gamoyenebiT iRebs U mniSvnelobas, romelic
Cvens magaliTSi 2732.500-is tolia (SPSS amas avtomaturad akeTebs). 24. 53
CanarTSi mocemul cxrilSi mniSvnelovan informacias sveti Asimp. sig. (2-
1255
tailed) Seicavs _ or jgufs (mamakacebi da qalebi) Soris aRmoCenili

nebismieri
gansxvavebis
statistikuri
mniSvnelovnobis
dones.
aq
mniSvnelovnobis done (p = 0.019, e. i. p < 0.05) gviCvenebs, rom qalebisa da

mamakacebis
pasuxebi
erTmaneTisgan
da
statistikurad
nulovani
mniSvenlovnad
hipoTeza
ar
aris
ganxvavdeba
mxardaWerili.
kriteriumiT da tukis kriteriumiT swrafad SegviZlia vnaxoT, zustad

sad
aris
jgufebs
Soris
homogenuri
qvejgufebis
kriteriumi
ar
gansazRvris
cxrilTan
gansxvaveba
naxvis
gvaZlevs
saSualebas,
gviwevs
(Sesabamisad,
saSualebiT).
samwuxarod,
or
jgufs
Soris
amitom
amis
sanaxavad
dabruneba.
zemoT
saSualoebisa
motanil
man-uitnis
gansxvavebis
niSanTa
magaliTSi
da
zustad
SeuRlebis
Cans,
rom
mamakacebi ufro metad Tvlian, rom mocemulma kursma maT sakuTari

tempiT mecadineobis saSualeba misca, vidre qalebi.
man-uitnis kriteriumis werilobiT gaformeba Semdegnairad SegviZlia:
ori jgufis pasuxebs Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis
gamosavlenad man-uitnis kriteriumi iqna gamoyenebuli (U = 2732.500, p = 0.019)
da dadgenil iqna statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris. niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilma aCvena, rom mamakacebi ufro
metad Tvlian, rom kursma maT sakuTari tempiT mecadineobis saSualeba
misca, vidre qalebi.

Manual 24. 11).
ori damokidebuli SerCevisTvis (magaliTad, erTi jgufi pasuxobs
erTze met debulebas an erT debulebas drois or sxvadasxva momentSi)
uilkoqsonis
kriteriumi
gaanalizeba
zustad
gamoiyeneba
iseve
xdeba,
da
monacemebis
rogorc
warmodgena
man-uitnis
da
kriteriumis
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, CanarTebSi 24. 54 da 24. 55 warmodgenilia ori

cvladi
(kursi
swored
iseTi
iyo,
rogoric
unda
yofiliyo
da
leqtori kargad iyo momzadebuli), romlebsac erTi da igive jgufi

afasebs. cxrilSi mocemulia sixSireebi. statistikurad mniSvnelovnad
1256
gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan Sefaseba kursis am ori debulebis

mixedviT?
CanarTi 24. 54
pirveli cvladis sixSireebi da procentebi uilkoqsonis kriteriumSi
kursi zustad iseTi iyo, rogoric unda yofiliyo
sixSire
validuri
procenti
sruliad
ar
veTanxmebi
2
1.0
vinaidan
erTi
ar
veTanxmebi
14
7.3
jgufi
validuri
arc
veTanxmebi,
arc ar
veTanxmebi
65
34.0
afasebs
or
veTanxmebi
76
39.8
sruliad
veTanxmebi
34
17.8
cvlads,
SerCeva
jami
191
100.0
ar
aris
damoukidebeli, amitom uilkoqsonis kriteriumi unda gamoviyenoT. SPSSSi monacemebis analizis Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom jgufis or cvladze
pasuxebi
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulad erTmaneTisagan
(CanarTi 24.56 da 24.57).

CanarTi 24. 55
meore cvladis sixSireebi da procentebi uilkoqsonis kriteriumSi
leqtori kargad iyo momzadeuli
sixSire
validuri
procenti
sruliad
ar
veTanxmebi
3
1.6
ar
veTanxmebi
5
2.6
validuri
arc
veTanxmebi,
arc ar
veTanxmebi
25
13.2
veTanxmebi
85
44.7
sruliad
veTanxmeb
i
72
37.9
jami
190
100.0
jami
191
uilkoqsonis kriteriumis gaformeba iseve xdeba, rogorc man-uitnis

kriteriumis.
man-uitnisa
statistikurad
da
uilkoqsonis
mniSvnelovani
kriteriumebisTvis
gansxvavebis
ver
or
jgufs
aRmoCena
Soris
iseTive
mniSvenlovani SeiZleba iyos, rogorc maT Soris aseTi gansxvavebis
1257
aRmoCena,
vinaidan
pirveli
nominaluri
maxasiaTeblebi
gansxvavebas
debulebebis
SemTxveva
ar
qmnian
SefasebaSi,
gvafiqrebinebs,
statistikurad
anu,
rom
SerCevis
mniSvnelovan
debulebis
Sefaseba
konsistenturia ganurCevlad SerCevis konkretuli maxasiaTelebisa.

CanarTi 24. 56
rangebi da rangebis jamebi uilkoqsonis kriteriumisTvis
rangebi
N
leqtori kargad iyo
momzadebuli _ kursi zustad
iseTi iyo, rogoric unda
yofiliyo
Negative ranks
Positive ranks
Ties
Total
Mean rank
50.30
5606
20a
89b
81c
190
Sum of ranks
1006.00
4989.00
a. leqtori kargad iyo momzadebuli < kursi zustad iseTi iyo, rogoric
unda yofiliyo;
b. leqtori kargad iyo momzadebuli > kursi zustad iseTi iyo, rogoric
unda yofiliyo;
c. kursi zustad iseTi iyo, rogoric unda yofiliyo = leqtori kargad iyo
momzadebuli
CanarTi 24. 57
mniSvnelovnobis done uilkoqsonis kriteriumisTvis
Z
Asymp. sig. (2-tailed)
kriteriumis statistikab
leqtori kargad iyo momzadebuli _ kursi zustad iseTi iyo,
rogoric unda yofiliyo
_6.383a
0.000
kruskal-uolisisa da fridmenis kriteriumebi

dispersiuli
uolisis
analizis
kriteriumi
sami
araparametruli
da
meti
ekvivalentebia
damoukidebeli
kruskal-
SerCevisTvis
da
fridmanis kriteriumi sami da meti damokidebuli SerCevisTvis. orive

kriteriumi erT kategorialur da erT rigis skalis cvlads iyenebs da
1258
saSualebas
gvaZlevs
reitingis
vnaxoT,
skalaze
gansxvavdeba
Tu
an
meti
sami
ara
erTmaneTisgan
jgufi
(ix.

es kriteriumebi TiTqmis iseve muSaobs, rogorc man-uitnis kriteriumi
_
rangebzea
swavlebis
dafuZnebuli.
gamocdilebis
ganvixiloT
wlebis
magaliTi:
raodenobis
maswavleblebi
mixedviT
gadaanawiles
jgufebSi da sTxoves, SeefasebinaT maT mier daswrebuli konkretuli

kursis erT-erTi aspeqti (saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli
gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT). erT-erTi miRebuli Sedegia niSanTa SeuRlebis
cxrili, romelic 24. 58 CanarTSia warmodgenili. gansxvavdebian Tu ara
erTmaneTisgan maswavleblebis jgufebi statistikurad mniSvnelovnad?
msjelobas nulovani hipoTeziT viwyebT (ar arsebobs statistikurad
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba
oTx
jgufs
Soris)
Semdeg
virCevT
mniSvnelovnobis dones () nulovani hipoTezis mxardasaWerad an misTvis

mxaris ar dasaWerad, magaliTad, vambobT, davuSvaT, = 0.05.
CanarTi 24. 58
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili kruskal-uolisis kriteriumisTvis
swavlebis wlebis raodenoba*saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli gamoyeneba
aerTianebdaT
saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli
gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT
1259

ar
veTanxmeb
i
swavlebis
wlebis
raodenoba
<16
16_18
19_21
>21
jami
raodenoba
%
swavlebis
wlebSi
raodenoba
%
swavlebis
wlebSi
raodenoba
%
swavlebis
wlebSi
raodenoba
%
swavlebis
wlebSi
raodenoba
%
swavlebis
wlebSi
6
6.9%
arc
veTanxmebi,
arc ar
veTanxmebi
veTanxmebi
sruliad
veTanxmebi
2
40.0%
3
60.0%
29
30.5%
52
54.7%
14
14.7%
95
100.0
%
40
46.0%
34
39.1%
7
8.0%
87
100.0
%
5
100.%
2
100%
6
3.2%
71
37.6%
91
48.1%
jami
2
100.0
%
21
11.1%
189
100.0
%
statistikurad mniSvnelovnad gansxvaveba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan oTxi

jgufis Sefasebebi? SPSS-Si kruskal-uolisis kriteriumis gamoTvlebi
gvaZlevs cxrilebs, romlebic warmodgenilia CanarTSi 24. 59 da 24. 60.
CanarTi 24. 59
rangebi kruskal-uolisis kriteriumisTvis
saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs
rangebi
swavlebis wlebis
N
raodenoba
5
<16
saSualo
rangi
90.60
1260

praqtikuli gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT
16_18
19_21
>21
jami
95
87
2
189
106.53
82.02
123.00
CanarTi 24. 60
mniSvnelovnobis done kruskal-uolisis kriteriumisTvis
xi-kvadrati
df
Asymp.sig.
kriteriumis statistikaa, b
saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT
11.595
3
0.009
a. kruskal-uolisis kriteriumi
b. damajgufebeli cvladi: swavlebis wlebis raodenoba
am cxrilebSi aRniSvnis Rirsi mniSvnelovani ricxvia 0.009 (Asymp.sig.)

_
mniSvnelovnobis
davaskvnaT,
rom
done.
nulovani
vinaidan
hipoTeza
is
0.05-ze
(ar
naklebia,
arsebobs
SegviZlia
statistikurad
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba oTx jgufs Soris) ar aris mxardaWerili da

Sedegebi imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu ramdeni wlis samuSao gamocdileba
aqvs
respodents.
man-uitnis
kriteriumis
msgavsad,
kruskal-uolisis
kriteriumi mxolod imas gveubneba, aris Tu ar aris statistikurad

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba da ara imas, Tu sad aris es gansxvaveba. imis
gasarkvevad, Tu zustad sadaa gansxvaveba, niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrili
unda gavarCioT. mocemul magaliTSi moyvanili cxrilidan Cans, rom
maswavleblebi, romelTac swavlebis 16_18 wliani gamocdileba aqvT,
yvelaze dadebiTad arian ganwyobilni kursis mocemuli aspeqtisadmi.
kruskal-uolisis
kriteriumi
werilobiT
Semdegnairad
SegviZlia
gavaformoT:
gamoyenebul iqnas kruskal-uolisis kriteriumi imis dasadgenad, aris Tu
ara raime statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba oTxi jgufis Sefasebas
Soris. dadgenil iqnas statistikurad mniSvenlovani gansxvaveba (2 = 11.595, p
1261

=
0.009)
oTx
jgufs
Soris,
romelic
swavlebis
gamocdilebis
wlebis
raodenobis mixedviT gamoiyofa. niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilma aCvena, rom is

maswavleblebi, romlebsac 16_18 wliani samuSao gamocdileba aqvT, yvelaze
dadebiTad afaseben cvlads saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli
gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT.

Manual 24. 11).
ori an meti damokidebuli SerCevisTvis (magaliTad, erTi jgufi sam
an met debulebas afasebs, an erTi jgufi drois sam sxvadasxva momentSi
afasebs erTsa da imave debulebas) fridmanis kriteriumi gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, 24. 61 _ 24. 63 CanarTebSi mocemulia sami cvladi (kursma
swavlis survili gagviRviZa, kursma gvibiZga, rom sakuTar swavlaze
Tavad agveRo pasuxismgebloba da saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT) da samives erTi da igive jgufi
afasebs.
cxrilebSi
statistikurad
mocemulia
mniSvnelovnad
sixSireebi.
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba
jgufis
mier
Tu
ara
sxvadasxva
debulebis Sefaseba?
CanarTi 24. 61
pirveli cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
kursma swavlis survili gagviRviZa
validuri
srulebiT
ar
Zalian
mcired
mcired
sakmaod
Zalian
jami
jami
1262

sixSire
validuri
procenti
1
0.5
13
6.9
64
33.9
79
41.8
32
16.9
189
100.0
91
1
CanarTi 24. 62
meore cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
kursma gvibiZga, rom sakuTar swavlaze Tavad agveRo pasuxismgebloba
validuri
sixSire
validuri
procenti
srulebiT
ar
1
0.5
Zalian
mcired
9
4.8
mcired
sakmaod
Zalian
jami
jami
64
33.9
85
45.0
30
15.9
189
100.0
191
CanarTi 24. 63
mesame cvladis sixSireebi fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs praqtikuli gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT
validuri
Zalian mcired
6
3.1
sixSire
validuri
procenti
fridmanis
mcired
71
37.2
kriteriumi saSualo
sakmaod
92
48.2
rangsa
Zalian
22
11.5
da
jami
191
100.0
mniSvenlovnobis
dones
gvaZlevs. CanarTebSi 24. 64 da 24. 65 SPSS-Si warmoebuli gamoTvlebis

Sedegebia mocemuli.
CanarTi 24. 64
ranJireba fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
saSualo rangebi
kursma swavlis survili gagviRviZa
1.98
kursma gvibiZga, rom sakuTar swavlaze
2.03
1263

Tavad agveRo pasuxismgebloba
saswavlo Temebsa da aqtivobebs
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aerTianebdaT
1.99
CanarTi 24. 65
mniSvnelovnobis done fridmanis kriteriumisTvis
kriteriumi statistikaa
187
N
xi-kvadrati
0.353
2
df
0.838
Asymp. sig.
a.fridmanis testi
cxrilebidan SegviZlia vnaxoT, rom erTi jgufis mier sami cvladis

Sefaseba
ar
aris
statistikurad
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebuli
erTmaneTisgan 0.838 (0.05-ze meti) mniSvnelovnobis doneze, anu, nulovani

hipoTeza
ar
aris
mxardaWerili.
fridmanis
kriteriumis
Sedegebi
werilobiT gaformebisas igive formati SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, rasac

kruskal-uolesis kriteriumisTvis viyenebdiT.
kruskal-uolesisa da fridmanis kriteriumebisTvis, man-uitnisa da
uilkoqsonis kriteriumebis analogiurad, jgufebs Soris statistikurad
mniSvenlovani gansxvavebis ararseboba iseve mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos,
rogorc arseboba, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
SerCevis
nominaluri
mocemul
Sefasebebze,
maxasiaTeblebi
anu,
Sefaseba
ar
zemoqmedeben
konsistenturia
jgufis
mier
da
aris
ar
damokideuli imaze, Tu konkretulad ra maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia jgufs.

konoveris k-SerCevis daxrilobis kriteriumi (Conover k-sample slippage
test) kruskal-uolisis kriteriumis alternativaa da misi ganxilva wignis
Tanmxleb veb gverdze SegiZliaT ixiloT (http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/
9780415368780 _ Tavi 24, faili 24. 6. doc).
1264
veb gverdze, aseve, naxavT mogonili monacemebis ramdenime fails SPSSSi samuSaod, maT Soris:
cvlilebis
SPSS-monacemebi
marTvis
Sesaxeb
ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, faili data file on change;
organizaciuli
SPSS-monacemebi
kulturis
Sesaxeb
ix.
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, faili organizational culture data

file ;
SPSS-monacemebi
cvladebis
faili
maTematikis
Sesaxeb
test
results
ix.
for
dokumenti)
qulebisa
da
masTan
dakavSirebuli
mathematics;
SegiZliaT
Tanmxlebi
9780415368780/,
kiTxvari
moiZioT
(vordis
misamarTze:
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, faili SPSS questionnaire on

mathematics;
vordis
yvela
dokumenti,
SPSS-failis
romelSic
CamonaTvali,
mocemulia
veb
SegiZliaT
gverdze
moiZioT
mocemuli
misamarTze:
http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, faili SPSS FILES ON THE

WEB SITE.
1265
25 mravalganzomilebiani gazomva da
faqtoruli analizi
Sesavali
rogori SezRudulic ar unda iyos Cveni codna astronomiaSi, bevri
Cvengani mainc axerxebs CrdiloeTis cis varskvlavTa usasrulobidan
varskvlavebis
garkveuli
dajgufebebis
gamorCevas
da
maTSi
kargad
nacnobi irmis naxtomis, orionisa da didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedebis

amocnobas. ramdenime Cvengani Tu SeZlebda samxreT naxevarsferos caze
Tanavarskvlavedebis
amocnobas,
romelTac
danaxvisTanave
cnoben
avstraliis mcxovrebni.
cxovrebis
Semadgeneli
gamartivebisken
rTuli
midrekileba
da
kompleqsuri
varskvlavebze
elementebis
dakvirvebiT
ar
Semoifargleba. TiToeuli Cvengani uamravi sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs

formebisa
da
tendenciebis
danaxvas
daukavSirebel movlenebSi, raTa ukeT
erTi
SexedviT
erTmaneTTan
gavarkvioT maTi mniSvneloba
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. arc ganaTlebis sferos mkvlevrebi arian

gamonaklisni.
adamianis moRvaweobis ama Tu im sferos kvlevisas, sakvlevi cvladebi
xSirad imaze rTuli aRmoCndeba xolme, vidre es kvlevis dawyebamde iyo
navaraudevi. amis kargi magaliTia swavlebis sxvadasxva stilisa da
moswavlis
akademiuri
miRwevis
gansxvaveba
progresul
da
urTierTmimarTebis
tradiciul,
formalur
kvleva.
da
zogadi
araformalur
qcevebs Soris sakmaod bundovania da uares SemTxvevaSi, araTanmimdevrul

da
saukeTeso
sinamdvileSi,
SemTxvevaSi
swavlebisa
da
ki,
aradamajerebel
swavlis
konteqstSi
Sedegebs
iseTi
iZleva.
epiTetebi,
rogoricaa araformaluri an formaluri, mravalganzomilebian cnebebs

ukavSirdebian anu
cnebebs, romlebic ramdenime cvladisgan
Sedgebian.
mravalganzomilebiani skalireba, Tavis mxriv, aseT cvladebs Soris
1266
arsebuli
riTac
msgavsebebis
am
Sesaxeb
msjelobebis
msjelobis
gaanalizebis
mravalganzomilebianobis
saSualebaa,
Sefaseba
xdeba
SesaZlebeli (Bennett and Bowers 1977). rac Seexeba swavlebis stilsa da

moswavlis
akademiuri
moswrebis
kvlevas,
arsebobs
mosazreba,
rom
saWiroa maswavleblis qcevis mravalganzomilebiani tipologiebis Seqmna.

miCneulia,
rom
aseTi
tipologia
mkvlevars
SesaZleblobas
miscems,
erTad daajgufos maswavleblebis msgavsi msjelobebi saklaso garemos

organizaciisa
da
marTvis
Sesaxeb
da
moswavleebis
motivirebis,
Sefasebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb.

aseTi msjelobebis dajgufebis uamravi da mravalferovani teqnika
arsebobs. yvela maTgans aerTianebs is, rom isini didi raodenobiT
sazomebs
Soris
arsebuli
ZiriTadi
cvladebis
bunebisa
da
maTi
raodenobis gansazRvris meTodebia. am ganmartebas kerlingeri (1970)

dajgufebis erT-erTi kargad cnobili teqnikis _ faqtoruli analizis
_ aRsawerad iyenebs. winamdebare Tavs elementaruli kavSiris analizis
ganxilviT
xolo
daviwyebT,
Semdeg
kompiuteris
romlis
warmogidgenT
gamoyenebiT
ganxorcieleba
faqtorul
gakeTdes.
da
xeliTac
analizs,
bolos,
SesaZlebelia,
rac
mokled
umjobesia
mimovixilavT
mravaldonian modelirebas da klasterul analizs, romelic adamianebis

an jgufebis organizebis meTodia da ara _ cvladebis.
elementaruli kavSiris analizi: magaliTi

elementaruli
pirovnuli
kavSiris
konstruqtebis
analizi
kavSiris
(McQuitty
Seswavlis
maswavleblis
1957)
erT-erTi
gzaa,
raSic
igulisxmeba Tavisi moswavleebis Sesaxeb maswavleblis mier gamoTqmuli

msjelobebis
mravalganzomilebianobis
Sefaseba.
is
cvladebis
simravleSi konkretuli cvladebis klasterebis identificirebasa da

gansazRvras cdilobs. faqtoruli analizis msgavsad, rogorc qvemoT
vnaxavT,
elementaruli
kavSiris
analiziT
urTierTdakavSirebul
jgufebs eZeben. am Ziebis mizans tipebis dadgena warmoadgens. makquiti

(1957) tips uwodebs adamianebis an sxva obieqtebis kategorias (Cvens
1267
magaliTSi,
pirovnul
konstruqtebs),
romelic
erTmaneTis
msgavs
da
damoukidebel wevrebs moicavs.

dawyebiTi
miseul
klasebis
xedvaze
maswavlebelma
saubrisas
Svidi
Tavisi
moswavleebis
gansxvavebuli
konstruqti
Sesaxeb
mogvca
(ixileT Tavi 20). man Semdegi Sesatyvis da araSesatyvis konstruqtebi

gamoyo: Wkviani (+), sociabiluri (+), kargi verbaluri unarebis mqone
(+), sanimuSo qcevis mqone (+), agresiuli (_), xmauriani (_), da uxeSi
(_).
amis Semdeg klasis Jurnalidan SemTxveviTi SerCevis wesiT SeirCa
oTxi vaJi da eqvsi gogona da maswavlebels sTxoves, rom isini rangebis
mixedviT
Seefasebina
TiToeul
konstruqtze,
sadac
pozicia
1-iT
aRiniSneboda is bavSvi, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameboda konkretul

mocemul konstruqts, xolo pozicia 10 _ mocemuli konstruqtisTvis
yvelaze naklebad Sesatyvis bavSvi.
maswavleblis mier ganxorcielebuli
ranJirebis Sedegebi mocemulia CanarTSi 25. 1. sayuradReboa, rom sam

konstruqtSi rangebis Tanamimdevroba Sebrunebulia, raTa SenarCunebuli
yofiliyo mimarTuleba Sesatyvisi = 1-dan araSesatyvisi = 10-mde.
CanarTi 25. 1
aTi bavSvis ranguli rigi Svidi konstruqtis mixedviT
(Sesatyvisi)
(araSesatyvisi)
Wkviani
1 hiTeri
2 riCardi
3 karolina
4 timi
5 patriki
6 Saroni
7 jenisi
8 jeini
9 aleqsi
10 kareni
(Sesatyvisi)
(araSesatyvisi)
sociabiluri
1 karolina
2 riCardi
3 Saroni
4 jeini
5 timi
6 jenisi
7 hiTeri
8 patriki
9 kareni
10 aleqsi
1268

agresiuli
(araSesatyvisi)
10 aleqsi
9 patriki
8 timi
7 kareni
6 riCardi
5 karolina
4 hiTeri
3 jeini
2 Saroni
1 jenisi
(Sesatyvisi)
(Sesatyvisi)
(araSesatyvisi)
10 aleqsi
9 patriki
8 kareni
7 timi
6 karolina
5 riCardi
4 hiTeri
3 jenisi
2 Saroni
1 jeini
(Sesatyvisi)
kargi verbaluri
unarebis mqone
1 riCardi
2 karolina
3 hiTeri
4 jenisi
5 patriki
6 timi
7 aleqsi
8 Saroni
9 jeini
10 kareni
(araSesatyvisi)
(araSesatyvisi)
(Sesatyvisi)
sanimuSo qcevis
mqone
(Sesatyvisi)
xmauriani
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
jenisi
jeini
Saroni
karolina
hiTeri
riCardi
timi
kareni
patriki
uxeSi
10 aleqsi
9 patriki
8 kareni
7 timi
6 riCardi
5 Saroni
4 jeini
3 jenisi
2 karolina
1 hiTeri
1269

10 aleqsi
(araSesatyvisi)
wyaro: Cohen 1977
CanarTSi 25.2 warmodgenilia CanarTSi 25. 1 mocemuli Svidi pirovnuli

konstruqtis reitingebs Soris korelacia (am SemTxvevaSi korelaciis
dasaTvlelad gamoyenebulia spirmenis ro).
CanarTi 25. 2
Svid pirovnul konstruqts Soris korelaciebi
(1)
Wkviani
sociabiluri
agresiuli
xmauriani
kargi verbaluri unarebis mqone
uxeSi
sanimuSo qcevis mqone (meaTedebis
aRmniSvnleni wertilebi amoSlilia)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
53
_10
_16
83
_52
13
(2)
(3)
53 _10
_50
_50
_59
91
44 _07
_56
79
61 _96
(4) (5)
(6)
(7)
83 _52
13
_16
_59
44 _56
61
91
_07
79 _96
_01
73 _93
_01
_43
12
73
_43
_81
_93
12 _81
wyaro: Cohen 1977
elementaruli
kavSiris
analizi
mkvlevars
msgavisi
cvladebis
dajgufebis saSualebas aZlevs.
elementaruli kavSiris analizis etapebi

1. 25. 2 CanarTSi mocemuli matricis TiToeul svetSi xazi gausviT
yvelaze Zlier, anu maRali korelaciis koeficients. yuradReba ar
miaqcioT uaryofiT niSnebs.
2. mTel matricaSi gamoyaviT yvelaze maRali korelaciis koeficienti.
ori cvladi, romelTa Sorisacaa es korelacia, I klasteris pirvel
or wevrs warmoadgenen.
1270
3. Semdeg gamoyaviT yvela cvladi, romelic I klasterSi gaerTianebul

or
cvlads
hgavs.
amisaTvis,
gadaaTvaliereT
meore
etapze
gamokveTili cvladebis Semcveli striqonebi da SearCieT nebismieri

xazgasmuli koeficienti. CanarTSi 25. 3 diagramis saxiTaa mocemuli,
Tu
rogor
ukavSirdeba
klasteris
axali
wevrebi
klasteris
Tavdapirvelad gamoyofil or wevrs.

4. axla gamoyaviT nebismieri cvladebi, romlebic yvelaze metad hgavs
mesame
etapze
gamokveTil
cvladebs.
es
procedura
imdenjer
gaimeoreT, vidre am klasterisTvis yvela cvlads ar amowuravT.

5. I klasterSi Semavali yvela cvladis gamoricxvis Semdeg imdenjer
gaimeoreT 2, 3 da 4 etapebi, vidre yvela cvladi klasterebSi ar
gaerTiandeba.
CanarTi 25. 3
Svid pirovnul konstruqts Soris mimarTebis struqturireba
I klasteri: cudad moqceva = agresiuli
II klasteri: xmauriani _ tlanqi/uxeSi _ arasociabiluri
kargi verbaluri unarebis mqone = Wkviani
= aRniSnulia reciprokuli mimarTeba cvladebs Soris
wyaro: Cohen 1977
faqtoruli analizi
faqtoruli analizi im cvladebis dajgufebis meTodia, romlebsac
raRac
aqvT
saerTo.
esaa
procesi,
romelic
mkvlevars
garkveuli
raodenobis cvladebis mcire raodenobis ZiriTad faqtorebamde dayvanis

saSualebas aZlevs, romlebiTac SeZlebisdagvarad bevri cvladi aixsneba.
is
cvladebs
Soris
maxasiaTeblebs
avlens.
urTierTmimarTebis
amgvarad,
struqturasa
faqtoruli
da
analizis
saerTo
gamoyenebiT
mkvlevars saSualeba eZleva gamoavlinos sxvadasxva cvladis safuZvlad

mdebare
cnebebi.
magaliTad,
erTi
cvladi
SeiZleba
santimetrebiT
zomavdes simaRles, meore _ diuimebiT. safuZvlad mdebare faqtori,
1271
romelic aerTianebs orive cvlads, simaRlea. es latenturi faqtoria,

romelzec ori cvladi miuTiTebs.
faqtoruli analizis ori ZiriTadi forma arsebobs: kvleviTi da
damadasturebeli.
pirveladi
pirveli
maTgani
komponentebis
dajgufebebis,
ZiriTadi
faqtoruli
analizis)
gamoyenebaze
damadasturebeli
faqtoruli
(kerZod,
manamde
ucnobi
cvladebis
tendenciebis,
SeswavlisTvis
analizis
klasterebisa
miuTiTebs.
analizi
da
amis
ufro
mkacria
jgufebis
sapirispirod,
da
dadgenili
faqtorebis nakrebis dajgufebebisa da mimarTebebis hipoTetur modelTan

Sesatyvisobas
amowmebs.
winamdebare
qveTavSi
faqtoruli
analizis
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad formas _ pirveladi komponentebis analizs

_ warmogidgenT. faqtoruli analizis da misi sxvadasxva variantis
Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTi informacia da sruli ganxilva SegiZliaT
statistikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi ixiloT.
am
qveTavSi
vinaidan
warmodgenil
ganaTlebis
analizSi
sferos
SPSS-is
mkvlevrebi
Sedegebs
pirveladi
gamoviyenebT,
komponentebis
analizisTvis ZiriTadad, swored SPSS-s iyeneben.

ganaTlebis
kvlevis
sferoSi
faqtoruli
analizis
magaliTisTvis
aviRoT Semdegi cvladebi:
moswavleebis demotivacia;
moswavleebis cudi koncentracia;
zedmeti zewola moswavleebze;
saswavlo programebis SemWidrovebis efeqti;
susti moswavleebis dasja;
zedmeti aqcenti damaxsovrebaze;
mxolod saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli masalis codnis Semowmeba.

es Svidi cvladi SeiZleba erT saerTo faqtorSi _ gamocdebis
uaryofiT efeqtSi _ gaerTiandes .
faqtoruli
analizi,
mravaljeradi
1272
korelaciebis
meSveobiT, erT an ramdenime saerTo faqtorSi ramdenime
cvladis dajgufebis meTods warmoadgens.

faqtoruli
warmogidgenT.
analizis
ufro
ganvixiloT
detalurad
cvladebi,
ganxilvisTvis
romlebic
skolis
magaliTs
efeqturobas
Seexeba:
skolis mmarTvelobis mier gansazRvruli mimarTulebis sicxade;
skolis mmarTvelebis unari, uzrunvelyon maswavleblebis motivacia

da STagoneba;
lideris stimuli da Tavdajerebuloba;
lideris mier konsultaciis gawevis unari da aqtivobebi;
lideris mier micemuli magaliTi;
lideris valdebulebebi;
lideris qcevis stilis mravalferovneba;
lideris mkafio komunikaciis da molodinebis zustad Camoyalibebis

unari;
TanamSromlebis mxridan liderisadmi pativiscemis gamovlena;
skolis mmarTveli gundisadmi TanamSromlebis ndoba;
mmarTveli jgufis gunduri muSaobis efeqturoba;
praqtikaze skolis xedvis gavlenis xarisxi;
maswavleblebis
mier
lideris
rolis
sakuTar
Tavze
aRebis
SesaZlebloba;
mmarTveli gundis kreatiuloba;
mmarTveli
gundis
mier
problemebis
amocnobis,
wamoWrisa
da
gadawyvetis unari;
monacemebis gamoyeneba dagegmvisa da skolis ganviTarebisTvis;
skolaSi profesiuli ganviTarebis dafaseba;
mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas
TanamSromlebTan
konsultireba;
inovaciisa da kreatiulobis waxaliseba da mxardaWera;
1273
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis miRebis da wvlilis

Setanis SesaZlebloba;
skolis TanamSromloba mSoblebTan;
adamianebis
kritikuli
moqmedeba
skolisa
da
misi
ganviTarebis
sasikeTod;
TanamSomlebis
mier
koordinatoris
rolis
sakuTar
Tavze
aReba
survilis Sesabamisad (moxaliseebi);
skolis TanamSromlebis gunduri muSaoba.

aq 24 gansxvavebuli cvladi gvaqvs. ismis kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara
faqtorebis
(latenturi
anu
faruli
cvladebis)
iseTi
jgufebi,
romlebic am CamonaTvalidan ramdenime cvlads moicaven, an romlis

indikatorebs an elementebs ramdenime cvladi warmoadgens? faqtoruli
analizi gviCvenebs asea es Tu ara. gTavazobT faqtoruli analizis
sametapian models, sadac erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavebT faqtorebsa da
cvladebs. faqtori ZiriTadi anu faruli niSania, romelSic cvladebis

jgufebi erTiandebian. cvladi erT-erTi elementia, romelic SeiZleba
ZiriTadi faqtoris Semadgeneli nawili iyos. Cvens magaliTSi 24 cvladi
da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, 5 faqtori gvaqvs.
I etapi
davuSvaT, ramdenime skolaSi SevagroveT 1,000 maswavleblis monacemebi
da gvsurs vnaxoT, Tu rogor jgufdeba am monacemebis mixedviT zemoT
CamoTvlili 24 cvladi (Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebi Sefardebis
skalas
skalaze
ganekuTvnebian,
qulis
romlebic
miniWebiT
iqna
TiToeuli
miRebuli.
aq
cvladisTvis
unda
10
qulian
Sesruldes
wesi,
romlis mixedviT, SerCeva cvladebze meti raodenobis cdis pirebisgan

unda Sedgebodes). braimenisa da krameris (Bryman and Cramer 1990: 255)
azriT, TiTo cvladze, sul mcire, xuTi cdis piri mainc unda modiodes
da jamSi, SerCevaSi 100 cdis pirze naklebi ar unda iyos. Cveni analizi
25. 4 CanarTSi mocemul SPSS-is gamoTvlebsa da Sedegebs efuZneba.
1274
CanarTi 25. 4
SPSS-is gamoTvlebis Tavdapirveli Sedegi pirveladi komponentebis
analizisTvis
mTliani dispersiis axsna
sawyisi mniSvneloba
kvadratSi ayvanili
datvirTvebis
gamoyvanili jamebi
komp
onen
ti
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
jami
dispe
rsiis
%
kumula
ciuri
%
jami
disper
siis %
kumulac
iuri %
9.343
1.424
1.339
1.220
1.085
0.918
0.826
0.723
0.685
0.658
0.623
0.562
0.532
0.512
0.493
0.466
0.437
0.396
0.376
0.364
0.307
0.271
0.232
0.207
38.930
5.931
5.580
5.085
4.520
3.825
3.443
3.013
2.855
2.743
2.596
2.342
2.216
2.132
2.055
1.942
1.822
1650
1.566
1.517
1.280
1.129
0.965
0.862
38.930
44.862
50.442
55.526
60.047
63.872
67.315
70.329
73.184
75.927
78.523
80.864
83.080
85.213
87.268
89.210
91.032
92.682
94.247
95.764
97.044
98.174
99.138
100.00
9.343
1.424
1.339
1.220
1.085
38.930
5.931
5.580
5.085
4.520
38.930
44.862
50.442
55.526
60.047
kvadratSi ayvanili
datvirTvebis brunviT
miRebuli jamebi
dispe
rsiis
%
kumulaci
uri %
16.820
11.706
11.578
11.386
8.556
16.820
28.527
40.105
51.491
60.047
jami
4.037
2.810
2.779
2.733
2.053
eqstraqciis meTodi: pirveladi komponentebis analizi
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
CanarTSi
25.
4,
erTi
SexedviT,
rTuli
monacemebia warmodgenili, maTi umravlesoba faqtobrivad, saerTod ar

unda gvaRelvebdes.
SPSS daxvewili korelaciuri analiziT avtomaturad
poulobs da gvaZlevs xuT faqtors; aseve, gvaZlevs monacemebs am 5

faqtoris
Sesaxeb
(cxrilis
pirveli
xuTi
striqoni
saxelwodebiT
komponenti). CanarTSi 25. 4 mocemulia 24 cvladi (marcxena svetSi
1275
komponenti)
da
maTi
Sesatyvisi
monacemebis
sami
nakrebi:
sakuTari
mniSvnelobebi, kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis gamoyvanili jamebi da

kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis brunviT miRebuli jamebi. sakuTari
mniSvnelobebi faqtorebs Soris dispersiis sazomia. Cven mxolod is
sakuTari mniSvnelobebi gvainteresebs, romlebic 1-ze metia. mkvlevrebs,
zogadad, ar ainteresebT 1-ze naklebi mniSvnelobebi, vinaidan isini erTi
cvladis
mier
informacias.
kaizeris
axsnil
dispersiaze
faqtobrivad,
normalizacia
SPSS,
naklebis
kaizeris
ewodeba)
Sesaxeb
kriteriumis
gamoyenebiT,
1-ze
gvawvdian
(SPSS-Si
met
mas
sawyis
mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad filtravs.

am
etapze
faqtorebis
identificirebisa
da
komentirebisTvis
kvadratebiani diagramis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia (SPSS-Si es Rilakze

erTi daWeriT keTdeba). kvadratebiani diagrama
zomis
klebis
mixedviT
dalagebul
faqtorebs.
saTiTaod gvaCvenebs
mkvlevrisTvis
am
diagramis is nawilia saintereso, sadac is gaTanabrebas iwyebs, radgan

Zalian
naTlad
miuTiTebs,
Tu
romeli
faqtorebiT
aixsneba
meti
dispersia da romliT _ naklebi. 25. 5 CanarTSi mocemuli kvadratebian

diagramaze
pirveli
SegviZlia
faqtoris
vnaxoT,
Semdeg,
rom
kidev
grafiki
mcirediT
mniSvnelovnad
swordeba
swordeba
Semdegi
oTxi
faqtorisTvis da nel-nela qvemoT eSveba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom pirveli

faqtori dispersiis didi nawilis axsnaSi mniSvnelovania.
1276
kvadratebiani diagramis gamoyenebisas monacemebis moxril mtevans

(pirveli
faqtoris
faqtorebi
Semdeg)
mniSvnelovnad
unda
SevxedoT
CavTvaloT,
da
manamde
danarCenebi
moxvedrili
ki_SedarebiT
umniSvnelod (Cattell 1966; Pallant 2001: 154). Tumca, es Zalian uxeSi dayofaa,
radgan
arsebobs
mniSvnelovnad
moxramde
miCnevis
arasrulfasovnad
da
moxvedrili
mis
Sefasebis
Semdeg
riski.
faqtorebis
moxvedrili
kvadratebiani
zedmetad
faqtorebis
diagrama
bevrs
verafers matebs 25. 4 CanarTSi mocemul cxrils, Tumca, saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT davinaxoT met-naklebad mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi,
anu
koncentracia
faqtorebi,
faqtorebi,
(grafikis
romlebic
romlebzec
gaTanabrebamde
SegviZlia
unda
movaxdinoT
moxvedrili
vugulebelyoT
yuradRebis
faqtorebi)
da
da
uyuradRebod
ayvanili
datvirTvebis
davtovoT.
Semdeg
ganvixiloT
sveti
kvadratSi
gamoyvanili jamebi. es sveti or mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis.
1277
pirveli, sveti dispersiis % miuTiTebs imaze, Tu dispersiis romeli

nawili
aixsneba
maCveneblebi
TiToeuli
axsnili
identificirebuli
dispersiis
faqtoriT
raodenobis
klebis
da
rom
mixedviTaa
dalagebuli. ase magaliTad, pirveli faqtori mTliani situaciis 38.930

procents _ Zalian did raodenobas _ xsnis, xolo meore faqtori _
mTliani
dispersiis
damoukidebelia
mxolod
5.931
danarCenebisgan.
procents.
TiToeuli
Sesabamisad,
TiToeuli
faqtori
faqtoris
dispersiac damoukidebelia sxva faqtorebisgan an maTiT aixsneba. isini

ar arian erTmaneTze damokidebuli. Tu gvecodineba, mTliani situaciis
dispersiis
ra
SefavasoT,
Tu
nawili
romel
aixsneba
TiToeuli
faqtorebs
aqvs
faqtoriT,
yvelaze
maRali
SegviZlia
da
dabali
amxsneli Zala, jamSi ki yvela 24 cvladis amxsneli Zala. garda amisa,

SPSS
gvaZlevs
idfentificirebuli
xuTi
faqtoris
amxsneli
Zalis
kumulaciur odenobas. sveti kumulaciuri % mianiSnebs, rom, saerTo

jamSi,
mTliani
suraTis
identificirebuli
(24
faqtoriT
cvladis)
aixsneba.
60.047
es
zomier
procenti
amxsnel
xuTi
Zalaze
miuTiTebs da mkvlevari aseTi SedegiT kmayofili unda iyos.

Tumca,
jamebi
saTauriT
kvadratSi
warmodgenili
sami
dispersiis Tavdapirvel,
gvaZlevs.
es
uxeSi
ayvanili
sveti
xuTi
datvirTvebis
faqtoriT
gamoyvanili
axsnili
mTliani
uxeS da daumuSavebel procentul maCveneblebs
monacemebia,
vinaidan
am
SemTxvevaSi
faqtoruli
analizis sruli potenciali ar aris gamoyenebuli. cvladebis jgufebis

gamosavlenad SPSS faqtorebs Cveulebriv organzomilebian koordinatTa
sistemaze
gamosaxavs.
aseT
organzomilebian
diagramaze
zogierTi
faqtori da cvladi erTmaneTTan sakmaod axlos SeiZleba ganlagdes ise,

rom faqtorebs Soris gansxvaveba arc ise naTlad iyos warmodgenili.
Tumca,
Tu
faqtorebs
samganzomilebian
diagramaze
gamovsaxavT,
romelsac ara marto horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebi aqvs,

aramed _ diagramaze datanili wertilebis 90 gradusiT mobrunebiT
miRebuli siRrmec, maSin aseTi diagramis efeqti is iqneba, rom msgavsi
1278
cvladebi erTad dalageba da ufro srulad gaimijneba, e. i. fizikurad

moSorebulad
ganTavsdeba
maTgan
gansxvavebuli
cvladebisgan,
anu,
cvladebis (faqtorebis) TiToeuli jgufi ufro homogenuri gaxdeba da

cvladebis (faqtorebis) erTi jgufi meoresgan ufro naTlad gaimijneba.
brunvis es procesi erT jgufSi aerTianebs im cvladebs, romlebic
mWidrod
romelTac
ukavSirdebian
isini
ase
erTmaneTs
mWidrod
da
ar
maT
im
cvladebisgan
ukavSirdebian.
mijnavs,
informacia
zemoT
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb warmodgenilia CanarTSi 25. 6.
warmodgenili
meTodiT
ufro
mkafiod
imijneba
faqtorebi
erTmaneTisgan, vidre kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTebis gamoyvanili jamis

gamoyenebiT. aseT brunvas varimaqs brunva ewodeba, romelic faqtorebs
Soris dispersiis zrdis da amgvarad maTi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebaSi
gvexmareba. SPSS-Si am brunvas orTogonaluri hqvia, vinaidan faqtorebi
aranairad
ar
ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs
da
erTmaneTisgan
sruliad
damoukidebelia.
svetSi kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis brunviT miRebuli jamebi
ufro srulad aris warmoCenili faqtoruli analizis Zala imiT, rom
1279
organzomilebiani diagrama masze gamosaxuli cvladebis datrialebiT

gardaqmnilia
warmoaCens
samganzomilebian
cvladebis
diagramad
faqtorebad
da
es
ufro
dajgufebas
da
srulad
faqtorebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas. mkvlevrebs kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis

gamoyvanili jamebis nacvlad kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis brunviT
miRebuli
jamebis
gamoyenebas
vurCevdiT.
kvadratSi
ayvanili
datvirTvebis brunviT miRebuli jamebis SemTxvevaSi icvleba TiToeuli

faqtoriT axsnili dispersiis procentuli maCvenebeli, magram ucvleli
rCeba
jamuri
kumulaciuri
procenti
(60.047
procenti).
magaliTad,
cxrilidan Cans, rom brunvis ganxorcielebis Semdeg pirveli faqtori

kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis gamoyvanili jamebis dispersiis 38. 930
procents ki aRar xsnis, aramed mxolod 16. 820 procents, xolo Tu
faqtorebi
2,
da
kvadratSi
ayvanili
datvirTvebis
gamoyvanili
jamebis dispersiis mxolod 5 procents xsnidnen, brunvis Semdeg maT

mier axsnili dispersiis wili 11 procentze mets Seadgens. rac Seexeba
mexuTe faqtors, Tu is kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis gamoyvanili
jamebis dispersiis 4.520 procents xsnida, brunvis Semdeg es maCvenebeli
8. 556 procentamde gaizarda.
vimedovnebT, rom am etapze SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom:
faqtoruli analizi cvladebs homogenur da gancalkevebul jgufebSi

aerTianebs, romelTagan TiToeuli calke faqtors warmoadgens da
TiToeulis sakuTari mniSvneloba 1-ze metia.
SPSS-Si
ganxorcilebuli
situaciis
dispersiis
ra
faqtoruli
nawili
analizi
aixsneba
gviCvenebs,
TiToeuli
mTeli
calkeuli
faqtoriT da yvela faqtoriT erTad (kumulaciuri procenti).
kvadratSi
ayvanili
datvirTvebis
nacvlad umjobesia, upiratesoba
gamoyvanili
jamebis
gamoyenebis
kvadratSi ayvanili datvirTvebis
brunviT miRebuli jamebis Ggamoyenebas mivaniWoT.

axla SegviZlia meore etapze gadavideT.
1280
II etapi
meore etapi yvela relevanturi monacemis Semcveli matricis Sedgenas
gulisxmobs,
romelic
mkvlevars
saSualebas
miscems
daadginos,
Tu
romeli cvladi romel faqtors miekuTvneba (CanarTi 25. 7). SPSS-is

gamoTvlebis Sedegi, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod damabnevli da rTuli Cans,
magram girCevT, rom SeinarCunoT simSvide da nel-nela gadaaTvalieroT
monacemebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris rTuli. SPSS xSirad
mkvlevars gacilebiT met monacems aZlevs, vidre mas sWirdeba. 25. 7
CanarTSi mocemuli monacemebi, faqtobrivad, sakmaod gamartivebulia.
CanarTi 25. 7
datrialebuli komponentebis matrica pirveladi komponentebis analizSi
datrialebuli komponentebis matricaa

1
komponentebi
2
3
4
skolis mmarTvelobis mier

gansazRvruli mimarTulebis sicxade
0.559
0.133
7.552E02
0.248
0.212
skolis mmarTvelebis unari,

uzrunvelyon maswavleblebis
motivacia da STagoneba
0.743
0.142
0.176
9.058E02
0.160
lideris stimuli da
Tavdajerebuloba
0.758
2.151E
-02
0.122
2.796E02
0.222
lideris mier konsultaciis gawevis

unari
0.548
0.342
0.208
0.278
0.160
lideris mier micemuli magaliTi
0.572
0.239
0.126
0.319
0.209
lideris skolisadmi erTguleba da

Tavdadeba
0.513
0.290
0.252
0.329
0.137
lideris qcevis stilis

mravalferovneba
0.284
0.332
0.377
0.285
5.668E
-02
lideris mkafio komunikaciis da

molodinebis zustad Camoyalibebis
unari
0.449
0.246
0.303
0.351
0.205
TanamSromlebis mxridan liderisadmi

gamovlenili pativiscema
0.184
7.988E
-02
0.154
0.810
0.240
1281
skolis mmarTveli gundisadmi

TanamSromlebis ndoba
0.180
0.121
7.859E02
0.809
0.279
mmarTveli jgufis gunduri muSaobis

efeqturoba
0.385
0.445
0.249
0.443
8.104E
-02
praqtikaze skolis xedvis gavlenis

xarisxi
0.413
0.341
0.305
0.379
0.113
maswavleblebis mier lideris rolis

sakuTar Tavze aRebis SesaZlebloba
0.247
0.225
0.494
0.339
_2.66
E-02
mmarTveli gundis kreatuloba
0.212
7.188E
-02
0.822
_2.97E03
0.189
mmarTveli gundis mier problemebis

amocnobis, wamoWrisa da gadawyvetis
unari
0.459
0.351
0.262
0.361
_3.21E
-02
monacemebis gamoyeneba dagegmvisa da

skolis ganviTarebisTvis
0.690
0.167
0.188
5.158E02
_3.79
E-02
skolaSi profesiuli ganviTarebis

dafaseba
0.187
0.249
0.551
0.260
7.013E
-02
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas TanamSromlebTan
konsultireba
0.148
6.670
E-02
0.854
7.531E02
0.167
inovaciisa da kreatulobis
waxaliseba da mxardaWera
0.143
5.187E
-02
0.189
0.269
0.661
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

monawileobis miRebis da wvlilis
Setanis SesaZlebloba
0.165
0.150
0.172
0.264
0.642
skola TanamSromloba mSoblebTan
0.222
0.804
8.173E02
0.143
0.199
adamianebis kritikuli moqmedeba

skolisa da misi ganviTarebis
sasikeTod
0.206
0.778
8.998E02
0.181
2.635E
-02
TanamSomlebis mier koordinatoris

rolis sakuTar Tavze aReba survilis
Sesabamisad (moxaliseebi)
0.195
0.210
2.681E02
3.660E02
0.779
skolis TanamSromlebis gunduri

muSaoba
0.114
0.642
0.220
_3.41E02
0.277
eqstraqciis meTodi: pirveladi komponentebis analizi
1282

brunvis meTodi: varimaqsi kaizeris normalizaciiT
a.
brunva Tanxvdeba eqvs gameorebaSi.
25.7 CanarTSi mocemul matricaSi gvaqvs xuTi faqtoris Sesatyvisi

sveti (1_5), romelic SPSS-ma gamoavlina. marcxena svetSi Camowerilia 24
cvladis
dasaxelebeba,
romlebzedac
analizi
keTdeba.
SegviZlia
yuradReba ar mivaqcioT monacemebs, romlebic E asos (saCvenebeli

funqcia) Seicavs, radgan es imdenad mcire mniSvnelobebia, rom maTi
ugulebelyofa
SesaZlebelia.
SevxedoT
svets
(faqtori
1).
aq
mocemulia ricxvebi, romelTa diapazoni icvleba 0.114-dan cvladisTvis

skolis
TanamSromlebis
gunduri
muSaoba
0.758-mde
cvladisTvis
lideris stimuli da Tavdajerebuloba. axla mkvlevarma profesiuli

msjelobis safuZvelze unda gadawyvitos, sad gaavlos sademarkacio
xazi, anu zRurbli, romelic mocemul faqtorSi CarTul cvladebs
gamoacalkevebda. pirvel faqtorSi 24-ve cvladi ar Seva. am faqtorSi
mxolod maRali mniSvnelobis mqone (anu didi faqtoruli datvirTvebi,
anu
wonebi
wvlili)
mocemul
cvladebi
faqtorSi
TiToeuli
gaerTiandeba.
cvladis
gadawyvetileba
mier
imis
Setanili
Taobaze,
Tu
romeli cvladi unda Sevides pirvel faqtorSi, ar aris statistikis

saqme; es profesiuli msjelobis sagania. faqtoruli analizi xelovnebac
aris da mecnierebac.
mkvlevarma yvelaze meti ricxobrivi mniSvnelobis
(faqtoruli datvirTvis) mqone cvladebi unda moZebnos da mocemul

faqtorSi
marto
CarTos.
maRali
(homogenuri)
cvladebisgan.
visaubrebT.
SerCeuli
unda
da
iyos,
garkveuli
svetSi
cvladebis
aramed
sididiT
vxedavT
CamonaTvalSi
Svid
mocemuli
ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebi
erTmaneTTan
unda
sxva
miaxloebulic
gansxvavdebodnen
cvlads,
ara
romelzec
cvladebi
sxva
qvemoT
faqtorSi
gasaerTianeblad SerCeuli cvladebisgan (ix. qvemoT) garkveuli sididiT

gansxvavdebian
da aranair konceptualur kavSirSi ar imyofebian maTTan.
SerCeul cvalebs maRali da daaxloebiT msgavsi ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi

aqvT,
da
gansxvavdebian
sxva
cvladebisgan.
maTgan
yvelaze
dabali
1283
mniSvnelobaa 0.513, Sesabamisad, mkvlevars SeuZlia Tqvas, rom pirveli

faqtorisTvis es Svidi cvladi SeirCa da zRurbli 0.51 iyo (anu, zRvari,
romlis zemoT moxvedrili cvladebi Sevidnen pirvel faqtorSi). aseTi
zRurblis
qona
mniSvnelovan Zalas sZens
faqtors. amgvarad, gvaqvs
pirveli faqtori, romelic Svid cvlads moicavs.

axla
meore faqtoris
SemTxveva
ganvixiloT (sveti 2). aq oTxi
cvladia, romelTa mniSvnelobebi maRalia da erTmaneTTan miaxloebuli.

aseve
garkveuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT gansxvavdeba sxva cvladebisgan
(ix. magaliTi qvemoT). am oTxma

faqtori,
romlis
zRurbli
cvladma
0.445
SeiZleba Seadginos meore
iqneba.
erTi
SexedviT,
SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom mniSvneloba 0.445 dabalia, Tumca Tu gavixsenebT, rom

monacemebi
1,000
maswavleblisgan
gvaqvs
statisitkurad Zalze mniSvnelovani

mniSvnelovneba
koeficientisa
da
miRebuli,
es
jer
kidev
maCvenebelia, vinaidan statistikuri

SerCevis
moculobis
kombinacias
warmoadgens.
analizis
analogiuri
ganisazRvreba
zRurbli,
procesi
moiZebneba
xuTive
faqtorisTvis
homogenuri
da
maRali
meordeba,
ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebis mqone cvladebi, romlebic CamonaTvalSi mocemuli sxva

cvladebisgan gansxvavebian.
III etapi
am droisTvis ukve gansazRvruli gvaqvs xuTi faqtori. Tumca, verc
SPSS da verc nebismieri sxva kompiuteruli programa ver gvetyvis, Tu ra
unda davarqvaT TiToeul faqtors. es mkvlevris gasakeTebelia da is
faqtoris saxels misi aRwerilobis mixedviT arqmevs. es sakmaod rTuli
saqmea, radgan saxeli iseTi unda iyos, rom faqtorSi gaerTianebul
yvela cvlads exebodes da aRwerdes. qvemoT mocemulia yvela, xuTive
faqtoris
dasaxeleba.
TiToeul
cvlads
frCxilebSi
miwerili
faqtoruli wonebi.
faqtori 1: skolis mmarTveli gundis liderobis unarebi
aqvs
1284
zRurbli: 0.51
faqtorSi gaerTianebuli cvladebi:
lideris stimuli da Tavdajerebuloba (faqtoruli wona 0.758);
skolis
mmarTvelebis
uzrunvelyon
maswavleblebis
motivacia
da
STagoneba (faqtoruli wona 0.743);
monacemebis
gamoyeneba
dagegmvisa
da
skolis
ganviTarebisTvis
(faqtoruli wona 0.690);
lideris mier micemuli magaliTi (faqtoruli wona 0.572);
skolis
mmarTvelobis
mier
gansazRvruli
mimarTulebis
sizuste
lideris mier konsultaciis gawevis unari (faqtoruli wona 0.548);
lideris skolisadmi pasuxismgbloba (faqtoruli wona 0.513).
faqtori 2: mSoblisa da maswavleblis TanamSromloba skolis

ganviTarebisTvis
zRurbli: 0.44
skolis TanamSromloba mSoblebTan (faqtoruli wona 0.804);
adamianebis
kritikuli
moqmedeba
skolisa
da
misi
ganviTarebis
sasikeTod (faqtoruli wona 0.778);
skolis TanamSromlebis gunduri muSaoba (faqtoruli wona 0.642);
mmarTveli jgufis gunduri muSaobis efeqturoba (faqtoruli wona

0.445).
faqtori 3: TanamSromlebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kreatulobisa da

konsultaciebis meSveobiT.
zRurbli: 0.55
mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebis
konsultireba (faqtoruli wona 0.854);
miRebisas
TanamSromlebTan
1285
mmarTveli gundis kreatuloba (faqtoruli wona 0.822);
skolaSi profesiuli ganviTarebis dafaseba (faqtoruli wona 0.551).
faqtori 4: ufrosi mmarTveli gundis pativiscema da ndoba

zRurbli: 0.44
TanamSromlebis
mxridan
liderisadmi
pativiscemis
gamovlena
skolis
mmarTveli
gundisadmi
TanamSromlebis
ndoba
(faqtoruli
wona 0.809);
mmarTveli jgufis gunduri muSaobis efeqturoba (faqtoruli wona

0.443).
faqtori 5: TanamSromlebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gadawyvetilebis

miRebis procesSi monawileobiT
zRurbli: 0.64
TanamSomlebis
mier
koordinatoris
rolis
sakuTar
Tavze
aReba
survilis Sesabamisad (moxaliseebi) (faqtoruli wona 0.779);
inovaciurisa da kreatulobis waxaliseba da mxardaWera (faqtoruli

wona 0.661);
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis miRebis da wvlilis Setanis

SesaZlebloba (faqtoruli wona 0.642).
TiToeuli faqtori, Cveulebisamebr, minimum sam cvlads mainc unda
moicavdes. Tumca, es praqtikaSi gamocdili wesia da ara _ statistikuri

aucilebloba. miuxedavad
gaerTianebul
zogierT
imisa, rom ganxilul
cvlads
sxva
magaliTSi faqtorSi
cvladebTan
SedarebiT
naklebi
faqtoruli wona aqvs (magaliTad, meore faqtorSi Semavali cvladis

mmarTveli jgufis gunduri muSaobis efeqturoba faqtoruli wona 0.445ia) sxva cvladebTan maTi konceptualuri msgavseba statistikurad mainc
1286
Zalze
mniSvnelovania,
monawileobda
vinaidan
xolo
0.445
kvlevaSi
mainc
sul
1,000
statistikurad
maswavlebeli
mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia, amitom, am cvladis faqtorSi Setana mainc SesaZlebelia.

rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
faqtoruli
analizi
xelovnebacaa
da
mecnierebac.
Tu ufro meti sizuste da kriteriumis gamkacreba gvsurs, maSin ufro
maRali zRurbli unda aviRoT. zemoT ganxilul magaliTSi, pirveli
faqtorisTvis es SeiZleba iyos 0.74 da Sesabamisad, masSi mxolod ori
cvladi moxvdeba. meore faqtorisTvis zRurbli SeiZleba iyos 0.77 da
aqac
mxolod
ori
cvladi
gveqneba.
mesame
faqtorisTvis
zRurblis
mniSvnelobad SegviZlia 0.82 gvqondes da isev ori cvladisgan Semdgar

faqtors miviRebT. meoTxe faqtoris zRurbli SeiZleba 0.80 iyos da
masSic
ori
SeiZleba
cvladi
0.77
iyos,
gveqneba
rac
dabolos,
mxolod
erTi
mexuTe
faqtoris
cvladis
aRebis
zRurbli
saSualebas
mogvcems. gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobaze dawesdes

faqtoris zRurbli, monacemebis ganxilvisas warmoebuli profesiuli
msjelobis sagania.
faqtoruli
analizis
werilobiTi
saxiT
gaformebisas
unda
mivuTiTod zemoT warmodgenili monacemebi da mcire zomis komentari

unda davurToT Tan:
cvladebis
konceptualurad
msgavsi
da
mniSvnelovani
klasterebis
misaRebad ganxorcielda pirveladi komponentebis analizi varimaqs brunvisa

da kaizeris normalizaciis gamoyenebiT. aRebul iqna 1.00-is toli an 1.00-ze
meti sakuTari mniSvnelobebi. 24 sakvlevi cvladis orTogonalurma brunvam
mogvca xuTi faqtori, romliTac Sesabamisad aixsneba mTliani dispersiis
16.820, 11.706, 11.578, 11.386 da 8.556 procenti da mTliani dispersiis jamuri
60.047
procentia
mocemuli.
axsnili.
faqtorebis
faqtoruli
interpretaciis
wonebi
konkretul
maqsimizaciisTvis,
cxrilSia
faqtorebSi
mxolod is cvladebi gaerTianda, romelTa faqtoruli wonebi Semdegnairad

ganawilda: > 0.51 (faqtori 1), > 0.44 (faqtori 2), > 0.55 (faqtori 3), > 0.44
(faqtori 4) da > 0.64 (faqtori 5). faqtorebs, Sesabamisad, ewoda: skolis
1287
mmarTveli
gundis
TanamSromloba
liderobis
skolis
unarebi,
mSoblisa
ganviTarebisTvis,
da
maswavleblis
TanamSromlebis
ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba kreatulobisa da konsultaciebis meSveobiT, ufrosi mmarTveli

gundis
pativiscema
da
ndoba,
TanamSromlebis
ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobiT.
(ix. http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 25, faili SPSS Manual,

25. 1).
faqtoruli
analizis
Sedegebis
gaformebis
Semdeg
mkvlevari,
Catarebuli kvlevis gaTvliswinebiT, xsnis miRebul Sedegebs. faqtoruli

analizi
garkveul
daSvebebs
efuZneba,
romelTa
dacva
saWiroa
am
teqnikis sizustis uzrunvelsayofad. kerZod:
monacemebi intervalebis da Sefardebis skalebs unda ganekuTvnebodes;
SerCevis moculoba ar unda iyos 150 monawileze naklebi;1
TiToeuli
gvqondes
cvladisTvis,
(palanti
sul
Tvlis
mcire,
(2001:
153),
xuTi
rom
SeTxveva
TiTo
mainc
unda
cvladisTvis
10
SemTxvevaa saWiro);
cvladebs Soris wrfivi kavSiri unda iyos;
gancalkevebuli monacemebi unda gamoiricxos;
SesaZlebeli unda iyos monacemebis faqtorebad gaerTianeba. amisaTvis

zogierTi korelacia 0.3-is toli an 0.3-ze meti unda iyos, bartletis
testi
(SPSS-Si
es
gamoTvla
Rilakze
TiTis
erTi
dawkapunebiT
xorcieldeba) statistikurad mniSvnelovani unda iyos, sul mcire,

mniSvnelovnobis 0.05 doneze, xolo SerCevis adekvaturobis kaizermeier-olkinis sazomi 0.6 an 0.6-ze meti unda iyos.
faqtoruli analizi: magaliTi

rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT,
faqtoruli
analizi
didi
raodenobis
cvladebSi ZiriTadi tendenciebis gansazRvris saSualebas warmoadgens.

is
gansakuTrebiT
adekvaturia
iseT
kvlevaSi,
romelSic
mkvlevari
garkveuli raodenobis urTierTdakavSirebuli sazomebis Tanmimdevrul
1288
gamartivebas
isaxavs
sailustraciod
miznad
(Child
maswavlebelTa
faqtoruli
1970).
samsaxureobrivi
analizis
stresis
kvlevis
magaliTs SemogTavazebT (McCormick and Solman 1992).

miuxedavad daaxloebiT aTwliani uwyveti kvlevisa, samsaxureobrivi
stresis
cnebis
obieqturi
fiziologiisa
gazomvis
mizniT
da
qceviT
mainc
sferoebSi
sirTuleebs
gamoyeneba
ukavSirdeba,
rac
individualuri gansxvavebebis farTo speqtriT aris gamowveuli. iseTi

subieqturi
sazomebi,
rogoric
TviT-angariSis
kiTxvarebia,
TavianTi
bunebidan gamomdinare, respondentebis mier mowodebuli informaciis

garegani
validaciis
sakiTxs
ayenebs.
miuxedavad
am
ukanaskneli
sirTulisa, makkormiki da solmeni (McCormick and Solman 1992) problemis

Sesaswavlad
mainc
TviT-angariSis
meTods
irCeven
da
maswavleblis
mosazrebebs diqotomiuri saxiT agroveben, pirvel rigSi, maswavleblis

mier sakuTari Tavis xedvasa da
saqmianobaze
ganixileba,
zemomqmedis,
rogorc
meore garegani samyaros, rogorc mis
xedvas.
usiamovno
mkvlevrebis
da
mixedviT,
stresi
emocia,
romlis
arasasurveli
uaryofiTi efeqtic bevri adamianisTvis, SesaZloa sxvadasxva simwvavis

avadmyofobas ukavSirdebodes (McCormick and Solman 1992). isini TavianT
kvlevas Semdeg daSvebebze ageben:
samsaxureobrivi
stresi
samsaxurSi
miRebul
gamocdilebaze
arasasurveli da uaryofiTi reaqciaa;
samsaxureobriv stresze pasuxismgebloba adamianis pirovnul marcxs

SeiZleba mieweros.
atribuciis
Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT,
makkormiki
da
solmeni
(1992)
Tvlian, rom samsaxureobrivi stresis Seswavlisas ZiriTad elements

pasuxismgeblobis
cneba
warmoadgens.
isini
amtkiceben,
rom
pasuxismgeblobis cneba kargad ergeba atribuciis Teoriis principebs.

kerZod,
sakuTari
Tavis
sasargeblod
gakeTebul
mikerZoebul
atribucias.2 skolis organizaciuli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mkvlevrebma
wamoayenes
hipoTeza,
romlis
mixedviTac
maswavleblebi
1289
sakuTar
cnobad
stresze
pasuxismgeblobas
sferoebs
ZiriTadi
garegan,
ufro
daSorebul
daakisreben (McCormick and Solman 1992). swored
hipoTezis
Sesabamisad
SeirCa
kvlevaSi
damokidebuli
da
am
da
damoukidebeli cvladebi.
makkormikma
da
solmenma
(1992)
SeimuSaves
debuleba samsaxureobriv kmayofilebas ikvlevda;
kiTxvari,
romlis
debulebebi
32
sruliad
ar veTanxmebi-dan sruliad veTanxmebi-mde ganzomilebaze fasdeboda.

kiTxvaris
38
debuleba
samsaxureobrivi
stresis
SesaZlo
wyaroebs
Seexeboda. respondentebi TiToeul wyarosTan dakavSirebiT gancdili

stresis intensivobas aranairi stresi-dan mwvave stresamde skalaze
afasebdnen. kiTxvaris kidev erT nawilSi respondentebi aRniSnavdnen, Tu
ramdenad
ekisrebodaT
maT
mier
gancdil
samsaxureobriv
stresze
pasuxismgebloba konkretul dasaxelebul adamianebsa da institutebs.

kerZod,
TviTon,
moswavleebs,
zemdgom
xelmZRvanelebs,
ganaTlebis
departaments, mTavrobasa da sazogadoebas. dabolos, kvlevis monawile

maswavleblebs moeTxovebodaT lokus kontrolis 14 debulebiani skalis
Sevseba,
romliTac
maTi
internaloba/eqsternaloba
izomeboda.
internalebi momxdar movlenebs sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegad miiCneven,

xolo
eqsternalebi_
maTi
kontrolis
miRma
arsebuli
Zalebis
moqmedebis Sedegad. am sakmaod grZeli kiTxvaris debulebebis nawili

maswavleblis stresis adreuli kvlevebidan aiRes. Tumca, maTi umetesoba
samsaxureobriv stresze pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb daSvebebis safuZvelze
Camoyalibda, romlebic mkvlevrebma atribuciis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT
aages. Caildi (Child 1970) wers:
SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi faqtorul analizs win uZRvis garkveuli
daSvebebi, romelzec SesaZlebeli iqneba faqtoruli analizis warmoeba.
faqtobrivad,
romelic
Znelia
cariel
realurad
adgilze
ganxorielebadi
daiwyeboda....
analizis
modiT,
vnaxoT,
warmodgena,
ra
moxdeba
midgomasac ki unda hqondes garkveuli daSvebebi. swored aseTi Semowmebisa

da
hipoTezebis
SemuSavebiT
analizis ZiriTadi amocanebi.
yalibdeba,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi,
faqtoruli
1290

(Child 1970)
90-ze
meti
debulebisgan
Semdgari
kiTxvari
387-ma
maswavlebelma
Seavso. calkeuli korelaciuri matricebi Sedga kmayofilebis skalis 32

debulebas
Soris
/institutebis
korelaciisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobebis
da
sazomi
ganxorcielda
pirovnebebis
da
debulebisa
stresis
skalis 38 debulebis faqtoruli analizi.

makkormikisa da solmenis (1992) mier ganxorcielebuli procedurebi _
pirveladi komponentebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi brunva ganicada, zemoT
ganxilulis analogiuria. (faqtoruli analizis gasagebad warmodgenili
angariSisTvis ix. Child 1970; Kerlinger 1970.)
stresze pasuxismgebeli wyaroebis Sesaxeb 8 debulebis faqtoruli
analiziT mkvlevrebma sami faqtori gamoyves. CanarTSi 25. 8 es faqtorebi
da maTi faqtoruli wonebia naCvenebi. rogorc CanarTidan Cans, maTi
mniSvnelobebi,
korelaciis koeficientebis msgavsad, _1.0-dan +1.0-mde
icvleba da maT msgavsad interpretirdeba. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini

25. 8 CanarTSi mocemul, pirovnebis/institutis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb
debulebebsa da faqtorebs Soris korelaciaze miuTiTeben. magaliTad,
Tu pirvel faqtors, skolis struqturas, SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom
masSi sami debuleba Sedis da maTi wonebi klebis mixedviT Semdegnairad
nawildeba: ufrosebi (0.85), skolis organizacia (0.78) da TanamSromlebi
(0.77). avtorebis azriT, skolis struqtura, rogorc faqtori, advilad
gamosavleni
da
asaxsnelia.
maswavlebli-moswavlis
magram
ras
urTierTobebze,
vityviT
mesame
romelic
faqtorze,
studentebs,
sazogadoebasa da Tavad maswavlebels moicavs? makkormiki da solmeni

(1992) Semdegnair savaraudo interpretacias gvTavazoben:
am faqtorSi cvladis Tavad maswavlebeli CarTvis axsna arc ise iolia.
cxadia, rom gansxvaveba, erTi mxriv, cvlads Tavad maswavlebeli da, meore
mxriv, cvladebs moswavleebi da sazogadoeba isaa, rom maswavleblebis
mxolod 20 procenti Tvlis, rom Tavad arian umeteswilad an sruliad
pasuxismgebelni sakuTar samsaxureobriv stresze, xolo moswavleebsa da
1291

sazogadoebas Sesabamisad, 45 da 60 procenti miuTiTebs. samsaxureobriv
stresze pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi, romelsac maswavleblebi sakuTar Tavze
iReben, SesaZloa, maT mier moswavleebis qcevis kontrolSi maTive wvlilis
aRqmas ukavSirdebodes. es SeiZleba racionaluri axsna iyos, Tumca sakiTxi
Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs.
(McCormick and Solman 1992)
CanarTi 25. 8.
stresze pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli analizi
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli dajgufeba faqtoruli
wonebiTa da (damrgvalebuli) procentuli maCveneblebiT, maswavleblebis
mier or ukidures kategoriaze _ didi stresi da ukiduresi stresi _
gacemuli pasuxebisTvis.
wona
procenti
faqtori 1: skolis struqtura

ufrosebi
skolis organizacia
TanamSromlebi
0.85
0.78
0.77
29
31
13
faqtori 2: biurokratiuli avtoritetebi

ganaTlebis departamenti
mTavroba
0.89
0.88
70
66
0.85
0.60
0.50
45
60
20
faqtori 3: maswavlebeli_moswavle
moswavleebi
sazogadoeba
Tavad (maswavlebeli)
wyaro: McCormick and Solman 1992
CanarTSi
25.
mocemulia
samsaxureobrivi
stresis
Sesaxeb
38
debulebis analizis Sedegad miRebuli xuTi faqtori: moswavleebTan

dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi,
gareSe
(skolisTvis)
sakiTxebi,
drois
moTxovnebi, skolasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da piradi sakiTxebi.

vinaidan faqtorebisa da maTi wonebis dawvrilebiT ganxilva aq ar aris
saWiro,
Tqvens
yuradRebas
mxolod
zogierT
saintereso
Sedegze
SevaCerebT. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom magaliTad, meore faqtori- gareSe

(skolisTvis)
sakiTxebi,
25.
CanarTSi
warmodgenili
stresze
1292
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtorebis konsistenturia. sxva

sityvebiT, mTavrobasTan da ganaTlebis departamentTan dakavSirebuli
cvladebi erTsa da imave faqtorSi erTiandeba. mkvlevrebi sakiTxis
Semdgom damuSavebas cdiloben:
rodesac
maswavlebeli
samsaxureobriv
stresze
ganaTlebis departaments akisrebs, is am SemTxvevaSi

saxeliT
ar
moqmedebs.
warmomadgenelia.
farglebs
saubaria
am
Tumca,
konteqstSi
miRmaa,
romelsac
skolaze.
msgavsi
sinamdvileSi
ganaTlebis
maswavlebeli
argumenti
pasuxismgeblobas
departamentis wevris
is
am
organizaciis
departamenti
miakuTvnebs
sazogadoebis
im
sistemis
Tavs,
kerZod,
bundovani
cnebis
sasargeblodac SeiZleba movitanoT. mTavroba aSkarad calkeuli da am

sistemisgan damoukidebeli politikuri struqturaa.
CanarTi 25. 9
samsaxureobrivi stresis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli analizi
stresis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli dajgufeba faqtoruli wonebiTa da
(damrgvalebuli) procentuli maCveneblebiT, maswavleblebis mier or
ukidures kategoriaze _ didi stresi da ukiduresi stresi _ gacemuli
pasuxebisTvis.
wona
procenti
0.79
49
0.75
44
0.73
57
0.70
0.64
0.63
47
55
26
0.62
0.56
0.49
39
23
55
faqtori 1: moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli sfero
moswavleebis swavlisadmi arasaTanado

damokidebuleba
moswavleebis motivirebasTan dakavSirebuli
sirTuleebi
cudi yofaqcevis moswavleebis sakiTxis mogvarebis
saWiroeba
skolaSi araadekvaturi disciplina
rTul klasebSi disciplinis dacva
standartebis dawesebasa da dacvasTan dakavSirebuli
sirTuleebi
moswavleebis mxridan sityvieri Seuracxyofa
moswavleebis skolaSi siaruli saWiro aRWurvilobis
gareSe
bavSvebze sazogadoebis kontrolis gauareseba
faqtori 2: gareSe (skolisTvis) sfero
1293

mTavrobis saganmanaTleblo politika
ganaTlebis departamentis
urTierToba
daqvemdebarebaSi myof skolebTan
ganaTlebis departamentis mier wayenebuli
ararealuri moTxovnebi
mosazreba ganaTlebis sistemis gauaresebis Sesaxeb
maswavleblebis kritika mediaSi
sazogadoebaSi maswavleblebis upativcemuloba
departamentis politikis gatarebis aucilebloba
umweobis/ususurobis gancda
faqtori 3: drois moTxovnebi
Tavisufali drois ukmarisoba piradi saqmeebisTvis

samuSao drois ukmarisoba
dakisrebuli sxva pasuxismeblobebis gamo
moswavleebTan xarisxianad muSaobis problema
gakveTilisTvis mosamzadeblad da niSnebis dasawerad
sakmarisi drois uqonloba
saswavlo programis Warbi moTxovnebi
drois gamoyofil monakveTSi saswavlo programis
dafarvis problema
momTxovni samuSao
faqtori 4: skolis sfero
direqtoris mxridan mxardaWeris ararseboba

direqtoris mxridan dafasebis ararseboba
direqtoris mier gaweuli winaaRmdegoba moqnili
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
skolaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
monawileobis SesaZleblobis uqonloba
kolegebis mxardaWeris uqonloba
megobruli da wamaxalisebeli garemos uqonloba
maswavleblis mier skolaSi Seqmnili viTarebis
gakontrolebis uunaroba
faqtori 5: piradi sfero
piradi warumateblobebi
maswavleblobisTvis Seusabamobis gancda
iseTi sagnis swavlebis aucilebloba, romlisTvisac
maswavlebeli ar momzadebula
0.82
0.80
63
55
0.78
63
0.66
0.64
0.63
0.59
0.55
49
52
56
38
44
0.74
0.74
0.73
43
51
43
0.69
50
0.67
0.61
0.58
49
37
64
0.83
0.83
0.77
21
14
30
0.74
16
0.57
0.55
0.41
11
17
36
0.76
0.72
0.64
13
10
23
25. 9 CanarTSi warmodgenili meoTxe faqtori _ skolis sfero _

Sedgeba
debulebebisgan
skolis
direqtoris
da
kolegebis
mxridan
miRebuli mxardaWerisa da zogadad, skolaSi arsebuli keTilganwyobili
1294
atmosferos
Sesaxeb.
aq
gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa
is
faqti,
rom
maswavleblebi am debulebebis SemTxvevaSi stresis SedarebiT dabal

doneze miuTiTeben.
CanarTSi 25. 10 samsaxureobrivi kmayofilebis Sesaxeb 32 debulebis
faqtoruli
analizia
mocemuli.
aqac
xuTi
faqtori
gamoiyo:
zedamxedveloba, Semosavali, gareSe moTxovnebi, samsaxureobrivi

winsvla da skolis kultura. am SemTxvevaSic, wignis formati ar
gvaZlevs 25. 10 CanarTSi warmodgenili monacemebis srulad ganxilvis
saSualebas. Tumca, sayuradReboa pirveli faqtoris _ zedamxedveloba
_
aSkara
gansxvaveba
da
winaaRmdegobrioba.
zedamxedvelebisa da aRiarebis Sesaxeb debulebebze

zogadad,
aCvenebs,
rom
maswavleblebi
maswavlebelTa
gacemuli pasuxebi,
kmayofilni
arian
TavianTi
ufrosebiT, magram grZnoben, rom isini arasakmarisad aRiareben maT.

CanarTi 25. 10
samsaxureobrivi kmayofilebis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli analizi
samsaxureobrivi kmayofilebis Sesaxeb debulebebis faqtoruli dajgufeba
faqtoruli wonebiTa da (damrgvalebuli) procentuli maCveneblebiT,
maswavleblebis mier or ukidures kategoriaze _ didi stresi da ukiduresi
stresi _ gacemuli pasuxebisTvis.

wona
procenti
0.83
0.80
0.78
0.78
70
52
68
66
0.68
0.66
0.51
62
39
21
0.80
0.78
0.78
0.66
0.56
10
8
19
6
24
faqtori 1: zedamxedveloba
Cemi uSualo ufrosi ar mimagrebs zurgs*

maRiarebs Cemi uSualo ufrosi*
Cems uSualo ufross ar surs Cemi mosmena*
Cemi uSualo ufrosi Tavs arakomfortulad
magrZnobinebs*
Cemi uSualo ufrosi yvelas erTnairad eqceva
Cemi ufrosebi ar afaseben, Cems nayofier muSaobas*
umniSvnelod maRiareben*
faqtori 2: Semosavali
Cemi Semosavali imaze naklebia, vidre vimsaxureb*

Cemi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad mixdian
swavlebiT miRebuli Semosavali adekvaturia
Cemi Semosavali Seesabameba swavlebisgan gansxvavebul,
sxva samuSaoTi miRebul Semosavals
1295

maswavleblis Semosavalze gaWirvebiT SeiZleba
cxovreba*
faqtori 3: gareSe moTxovnebi
maswavleblebi Zalian gadatvirTulebi arian*

maswavleblebisgan swavlebisgan gansxvavebuli Zalian
bevri amocanis Sesrulebas moelian*
adamianebi Zalian bevrs moiTxoven da moelian
maswavleblebisgan*
Zalian bevri cvlilebaa ganaTlebaSi*
me, rogorc TanamSromeli, kmayofili var ganaTlebis
departamentiT
adamianebs, romlebic ar muSaoben maswavleblad, ar
esmiT skolis realoba*
faqtori 4: samsaxureobrivi winsvla
swavleba profesiuli karieris ganviTarebis

saSualebas maZlevs
ar veli dawinaurebas Cemi poziciidan ufro maRal
poziciaze*
mTavroba ukeTesi ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnisken
iswrafvis
ganaTlebis departamenti zrunavs maswavleblebis
keTildReobaze
faqtori 5: skolis kultura
bednieri var, rom am konkretul skolaSi vmuSaob

Cems skolaSi kargi samuSao pirobebia
swavleba Zalian saintereso samuSaoa
0.72
0.66
0.56
4
4
0.53
0.44
10
12
0.34
0.76
37
0.67
0.54
16
22
0.52
0.77
0.64
0.60
73
46
78
CanarTi 25. 10 gviCvenebs, rom kvlevaSi monawile maswavlebelTa 21

procenti eTanxmeba an sruliad eTanxmeba im debulebas, romlis mixedviT
maTi aRiareba Zalian umniSvneloa, Tumca 52 procenti eTanxmeba an
sruliad eTanxmeba debulebas uSualo ufrosebis mier maTi aRiarebis
Sesaxeb. makkormiki da solmeni (1992) amas ase xsnian:
gansxvaveba, pirvel rigSi, miRebuli aRiarebis odenobiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
sxva
sityvebiT,
arasakmarisia.
ufrosebi
uSualo
meore
(uSualo
ufrosebi
interpretacia
ufrosebis
aRiareben,
magram
iyos,
es
aRiareba
rom
danarCeni
SeiZleba
is
garda)
arasakmarisad
aRiareben
maswavleblebis mier Sesrulebul samuSaos.
1296
aq naTlad Cans respondentis validaciis garkveuli formis SemTxveva

(ix. Tavebi me-6 da me-11).
samsaxureobrivi stresisa da samsaxureobrivi kmayofilebis ZiriTadi
struqturebis
identificirebis
kmayofilebas
Soris
mimarTeba
Semdeg
mkvlevrebma
gamoikvlies,
stressa
risTvisac
da
kanonikuri
korelaciuri analizis teqnika gamoiyenes. winamdebare wignis formati

ar iZleva am proceduris teqnikuri detalebis ganxilvis saSualebas.
dainteresebul
mkiTxvels
SeuZlia
mimarTos
livainis
(Levine 1984)
naSroms, romelic Tvlis, rom kanonikuri cvladebis interpretaciisadmi

yvelaze
misaRebi
midgoma
originaluri
da
kanonikuri
cvladebis
urTierTkorelaciebis Seswavlaa (Levine 1984). makkormikma da solmenma

swored es procedura gamoiyenes (1992).
25. 11 CanarTidan naTeli xdeba, rom pirvel kanonikur SemTxveviT
sididesTan
mWidro
korelaciis
mqone
faqtorebia:
stresi
moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (_0.82) da kmayofileba _ gareSe

moTxovnebi (0.72).
CanarTi 25. 11
korelaciebi stresisa (damokidebul) da kmayofilebis (damoukidebel)
faqtorebsa da kanonikur SemTxveviT sidideebs Soris
kanonikuri cvladebi
1
2
3
stresis faqtorebi
moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli sfero

gareSe (skolisTvis) sfero
dro
skolis sfero
piradi sakiTxebi
kmayofilebis sakiTxebi
zedamxedveloba
Semosavali
gareSe moTxovnebi
profesiuli kariera
skolis kultura
wyaro: adaptirebulia McCormick and Solman 1992
_0.82
_0.15
_0.43
_0.34
0.09
_0.47
_0.04
0.17
0.86
_0.05
0.05
0.80
_0.52
0.16
_0.25
0.23
0.45
0.72
0.48
0.06
_0.91
0.13
0.33
_0.04
_0.28
0.32
0.12
0.28
_0.71
_0.54
1297
mkvlevrebi
mocemuli
Sedegebis
Semdegnair
interpretacias
gvTavazoben:
am
Sedegebis
mixedviT
maswavleblebs
miaCniaT,
rom
aramaswavleblebi anu gareSe pirebi, maTgan Zalian bevrs moiTxoven

da moelian (gareSe moTxovnebi) da rom stresi moswavleebis cudi
damokidebulebebisa da qcevis Sedegia (moswavleebis sfero). erT-erTi
interpretaciis Sesabamisad
maswavleblebi, romlebic sakuTar Zlier
stress moswavleebis sferos miaweren, skolis garedan momdinare

moTxovnebis sferoSi kmayofilebis dabal dones aCveneben da piriqiT.
isic SesaZlebelia zogierT maswavlebls miaCndes, rom
erT-erT am
sferoSi wayenebuli maRali moTxovnebi maT sxvebis mier wayenebul

moTxovnebTan
gamklavebis
saSualebas
maswavleblisgan, romelic klasSi

aucileblobis
winaSe
dgas,
ar
aZlevdes.
cxadia,
moswavlis qcevasTan gamklavebis
naklebad
aris
mosalodneli
skolis
gareT myofi adamianebisa da saagentoebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba

da maTTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba.
faqtoruli analizis Sedegebi xSirad Tavsatexs uCens mkvlevrebs.
magaliTisTvis mesame kanonikuri cvladis datvirTvebi ganvixiloT. aq
vxedavT, rom is uaryofiTad korelirebs (_0.52) stresis faqtorTan
drois moTxovnebi. makkormikisa da solmenis (1992) azriT, SegviZlia
vivaraudoT,
rom
igive
mimarTulebis
korelacia
iqneba
gareSe
sakiTxebisTvis miweril stressa da kanonikur cvlads Soris, magram es

ase ar aris. maT Soris 0.80-is toli dadebiTi korelaciaa. isini Tvlian,
rom erT-erTi SesaZlo axsna isaa, rom drois moTxovnebiT gamowveuli
stresis zrda Tanxvdeba gare sferosaTvis stresis miweris Semcirebas,
vinaidan
droa
saWiro
gare
sferos
moTxovnebis
dasakmayogileblad.
Tumca, mkvlevrebi aRiareben, rom es axsna mxolod Semdgomi Seswavlis

Semdeg SeiZleba gaxdes misaRebi.
1298
makkormikisa
maswavleblebis
da
solmenis
iseTi
(1992)
biografiuli
kiTxvariT
monacemebi
kvlevaSi
Segrovda,
monawile
rogoricaa
sqesi, samuSao gamocdileba, staJi, skolis tipi da adgilmdebareoba,

skolaSi
dakavebuli
Tanamdeboba.
skalaze
aranairi
stresi
(1)
_ukiduresad mwvave stresi (5) Sefasebuli stresis Sesaxeb debulebebis

xelaxla Sefasebisa da faqtoruli qulebis saSualoebiT, mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT Seiswavlon, Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs aRqmul samsaxureobriv
stressa da monawileebis biografiul monacemebs Soris. samwuxarod,
winamdebare wignis formati ar gvaZlevs makkormikisa da solmenis (1992)
kvlevis
Sedegebis
mniSvnelovani
srulad
Sedegi
ganxilvis
warmodgenilia
saSualebas.
CanarTSi
25.
12.
zogierTi
skolasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi saSualo skolis maswavleblebi ufro met

stresze miuTiTeben, vidre maTi kolegebi, romlebic dawyebiT klasebTan
muSaoben.
es
arc ise moulodneli Sedegia, vinaidan dawyebiTi skolebi,
ufro pataraa, vidre saSualo da maswavleblebs meti SesaZlebloba aqvT,

rom mcire, Sekruli da keTilganwyobili jgufis wevrebi iyvnen. rac
Seexeba drois moTxovnebs, qalebi ufro met stress ganicdidnen, vidre
mamakacebi
da
es
Sedegebi
Tanxvdeba
sxva
kvlevis
Sedegebs.
pirad
sferoSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba gamovlinda skolis adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT: yvelaze naklebi samsaxureobrivi stresi soflad aRiniSneboda,
Semdeg
matulobda
mcire
zomis
warmodgenili did metropolisebSi.
qalaqebSi
da
yvelaze
metad
iyo
1299
amrigad, faqtoruli analizis teqnika idealurad ergeba makkormikisa

da solmenis (1992) kvlevis msgavs kvlevebs, romlebSic sakmaod bevri
monawilisgan
grZeli
damokidebul
da
kiTxvariT
damoukidebel
moipoveba
cvladebs
monacemebi
Soris
da
mkvlevrebi
mimarTebisa
da
mimarTebis ZiriTadi struqturebis kvleviT arian dainteresebulni.3
am
1300
aseTi winaswari, mosamzadebeli kvlevebi aucileblad imdenive kiTxvas

badeben, ramdensac pasuxoben.
mravalganzomilebiani skalirebis da klasteruli analizis

gamoyenebiT warmoebuli kvlevebis magaliTebi
forgasi
(Forgas
diasaxlisebisa
1976)
da
studentebis
tipuri
socialuri epizodebis aRqmas ikvlevda. mocemuli epizodebi Sesabamisi

jgufebidan dRiuris teqnikis gamoyenebiT Seikriba. ukanaskneli 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi momxdari da Cawerili TiToeuli socialuri epizodis
aRsawerad
cdis
pirebs
ori
zedsarTavi
saxelis
dasaxeleba
moeTxovebodaT. am gziT miRebuli 146 zedsarTavi saxelidan SeirCa 10

(Tavisi antonimebiTurT). maTi SerCevis kriteriumebi iyo gamokveTiloba,
gamoyenebis
mravalferovneba
da
erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebloba.
amis
Semdeg am aT zedsarTav saxels daemata ori spekulaciuri taqsonomia da

Sedegad
miiRes
12
erTganzomilebiani
skala,
romelic
epizodis
struqturebis aRwerisTvis iyo mowodebuli. es skalebi kvlevis meore

etapze
iqna
socialuri
gamoyenebuli:
epizodi
maTi
Seafasa.
mixedviT
TiToeulma
epizodebi
jgufma
Semdegnairad
25
SeirCa:
diasaxlisebisa da studentebis mier epizodebis wyvilis erTsa da imave

kategoriaSi
moTavsebis
raodenobis
safuZvelze
gamoTvlil
iqna
dakavSirebulobis indeqsi. Seikriba or jgufSi Semavali cdis pirebis

yvela
monacemi.
TiToeul
jgufSi
mxolod
pirveli
25
socialuri
situacia darCa. forgasis (1976) analizi 26 diasaxlisisa da 25 studentis

mier 25 epizodis 12 erTganzomilebian skalaze Sefasebas emyareba. 25. 13
CanarTSi
sami
socialuri
meti
skalis
epizodis
sicxadisTvis
epizodi
mocemuli.
mixedviT
studentebis
samganzomilebiani
25.
13
CanarTSi
gadanomrilia
da
Sesatyvisi
mier
gamosaxulebaa
mocemuli
Sefasebuli
warmodgenili.
zogierTi
Sinaarsebi
25
socialuri
diagramis
qvemoTaa
1301
sxva kvlevaSi forgasma (1978) universitetis departamentis socialuri

garemo Seiswavla, romelic pedagogebis, studentebisa da administraciis
TanamSromlebisgan Sedgeba da romlebic kvlevis dawyebamde sul mcire 6
Tvis manZilze urTierTobdnen erTmaneTTan departamentSi da mis gareT.
isini
sakuTar
aRiqvamdnen.
Soris
Tavs
forgass
mimarTeba
struqtura
da
intensiur
da
departamentis
ainteresebda.
konkretuli
es
SeWidul
socialur
socialuri
garemos
aspeqtebi
socialuri
iyo
epizodebis
erTeulad
or
jgufis
xedva.
aspeqts
aRqmuli
kvlevis
1302
monawileebs moeTxovebodaT jgufis wevrebis yoveli SesaZlo wyvilis

ranJireba skalaze 1 = Zalian msgavsi _ 9 = Zalian gansxvavebuli.
individualuri
gansxvavebebis
skalirebis
proceduriT Seiqmna jgufis struqturis optimaluri samganzomilebiani

konfiguracia,
romliTac
dispersiis
68
procenti
aixsneboda
da
romelSic jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTisgan sociabilurobis, kreatulobisa

da kompetenturobis mixedviT gansxvavdebodnen.
mTeli rigi socialuri epizodebis identificirebisTvis gamoyenebul
iqna
naxevrad
struqturirebuli
procedura,
romelSic
kvlevis
monawileebs urTierTqmedebis tipuri da damaxasiaTebeli situaciebis

CamoTvlas sTxovdnen. dadgenili epizodebis validacia, Tavis mxriv,
departamentSi mimdinare saqmianobebze kvlevis monawileTa dakvirvebiT
moxda. yvelaze xSiri socialuri epizodebi (anu epizodebi, romlebic
cxra an metma monawilem axsena) kvlevis meore etapze stimulad iqna
gamoyenebuli.
kvlevaSi
monawile
jgufis
wevrebis
mier
socialuri
epizodebis Sefasebis misaRebad gamoyenebul iqna forgasis (1976) mier

aRwerili da analogiuri gziT miRebuli bipolaruli skalebi.
forgasis
(1978)
mier
aRwerili
saintereso
Sedegi
is
iyo,
rom
formaluri statusis gansxvavebebi ar moqmedebda wevrebis mier jgufis

aRqmaze,
gansxvavebebis
erTianobas
miewera.
ararseboba
forgasis
departamentis
analizSi,
SeWidulobasa
romelic
jgufis
da
mier
socialuri epizodebis aRqmas Seexeboda, individualuri gansxvavebebis

skalirebis
proceduriT
Seiqmna
optimaluri
oTxganzomilebiani gadawyveta, romelmac dispersiis 62 procenti axsna;

jgufis
wevrebi
socialur
epizodebs
ganixilavdnen
SfoTvis,
CarTulobis, Sefasebis, socialur-emociur da amocanaze orientirebulis

TvalsazrisiT. CanarTi 25. 14 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor dainaxavda jgufis
saSualo
wevri
sxvadasxva
socialuri
epizodis
maxasiaTeblebs
im
ganzomilebebis mixedviT, romliTac, Cveulebriv jgufi afasebs xolme

maT.
1303
: Forgas 1978
da
bolos,
SevexebiT
klasifikaciis
sistemas,
romelic
metad
struqturirebuli saxiT Segrovili masalebis damuSavebisTvis Seiqmna.

piversisa da seqordis (Peevers and Secord 1973) kvleva, romelic bavSvebis
ganviTarebis
procesSi
mimdinare
cvlilebebs
Seexeba
da
romelSic
gamoyenebulia pirovnebis aRweriTi cnebebi, angariSis erT-erTi formis

raodenobrivi analizis teqnikis ilustracias warmoadgens.
individualuri intervius dros sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs Tavisi sami
megobris
da
erTi
moswondaT.
oTxive
interviuebi
Caiweres
iseTi
pirovnebis
aRwerili
da
aRwera
adamiani
transkriptebi
sTxoves,
romelic
respondentis
gaakeTes.
Seiqmna
sqesis
ar
iyo.
pirovnebis
cnebis kodirebis sistema, romlis kategoriebic warmodgenilia CanarTSi

25. 15. TiToeuli pirovnebis aRwera or debulebad gaiyo, TiToeuli
1304
debuleba calkeuli, dasrulebuli informaciisgan Sedgeboda. Semdeg

TiToeuli
debuleba
oTxi
ganzomilebis
mixedviT
gadakodirda.
kodirebis detaluri procedurisTvis ix. Peevers and Secord (1973).

CanarTi 25. 15
pirovnebis cnebis kodirebis sistema
ganzomileba
aRweriToba
aRweris done
1. aradiferencirebadi... (pirovneba ar aris
gamodiferencireuli Tavisi garemodan)
2. martivi diferencireba... (pirovneba
diferencirebulia martivi zogadi
TvalsazrisiT)
3. diferencirebuli... (pirovneba
diferencirebulia garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT)
4. dispoziciuri... (pirovneba diferencirebulia
niSnebiT)
piradi CarTuloba
CarTulobis xarisxi
1. egocentruli... (individi meore pirovnebas
sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli terminebiT
aRwers)
2. urTierTcentrirebuli...
(individi
meore
pirovnebas
am
ukanasknelTa
urTierTdamokidebulebis safuZvelze aRwers)
3. sxvaze orientirebuli... (ar Cans aRmweris
piradi CarTuloba)
SefasebiTi konsistenturoba
konsistenturobis odenoba
1. konsistenturi...
(is
rac
ar
moswons,
arasasurvelia da rac moswons _ sasurveli.
aranairi aRreva, magaliTad, rac ar moswons,
masSi araferi eguleba sasurveli da piriqiT)
2. arakonsistenturi...
(sasurvelobisa
da
arasasurvelobis garkveuli nazavi)
siRrme
siRrmis done
I done (moicavs
yvela aradiferencirebad da
martivad diferencirebul aRweras)
II done (moicavs diferencirebul da zogierT
dispoziciur aRweras)
III done (moicavs axsnis tipis diferencirebul da
dispoziciur aRwerebs)
wyaro: adaptirebulia Peevers and Secord 1973
aRweriTobis, piradi CarTulobisa da SefasebiTi konsistenturobis

Taobaze damkvirvebelTa Soris Tanxmobis Semowmebam, romlis drosac
1305
ori Semfasebeli damoukidebelad muSaobda 5_16

gogonas
transkriptebze,
sami
ganzomilebis
wlis
21
mixedviT
87,
vaJisa da
79
da
97
procentiani Tanxmoba gamoavlina.

piversma da seqordma (1973) aseve daadgines, ramdenad konsistenturni
iyvnen Tavad monawileebi adamianebis aRwerisas sxvadasxva Sexvedraze.
pirveli
intervius
Semdeg,
Tavdapirvel
CanawerebSi
warmoqmnili
problemebis garCevis mizeziT, bavSvebs isev Sexvdnen erTi kviris da

erTi Tvis Semdeg. kodirebis yvela ZiriTadi ganzomilebisTvis calcalke iqna gamoTvlili test-retest sandoobis indeqsi. miRebul iqna
korelaciis
koeficientebi
(eta)
mowonebuli
da
ar
mowonebuli
Tanatolebis aRmwer cnebebs Soris, romlebic cal-calke daiTvales

umcrosi
da
ufrosi
asakis
bavSvebisTvis.
sandoobis
koeficientebi
mocemulia CanarTSi 25. 16. seqordi da piversi (1974) askvnian, rom maTi
midgoma
nacnob-megobrebis
Sesaxeb mosazrebebis
siRrmiseuli kvleva-
Ziebis saintereso mimarTulebiT warmarTvis SesaZloblobas gvTavazobs.

Tavisufali
komentarebis
maTeuli
meTodi
ufro
metad
struqturirebuli intervius modificirebul variants warmoadgens da

interviuerisgan
moiTxovs,
rom
gamoikiTxos
da
moiZios
pasuxebi
kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqceva individi ase, an ratom aris iseTi, rogoric

aris. piversma da seqordma (1973) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi Semavali
ufrosi asakis bavSvebi mzad arian aseTi informaciis mosawodeblad.
hare (Harr 1977b) aRniSnavs, rom es midgoma bavSvebis megobrebisa da
mtrebis da am kategoriebis SeqmnasTan da SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli
ritualuri
qmedebebis
Sesaxeb
komentarebis
misaRebadac
SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT.
CanarTi 25. 16
Tanatolebis aRweris sandoobis koeficientebi
Tanatolebi, romlebic
Tanatolebi, romlebic
1306
moswonT
umcrosi
ufrosi
asakis cdis asakis cdis
pirebi
pirebi
ganzomileba
aRweriloba
piradi CarTuloba
siRrme
SefasebiTi
konsistenturoba
0.83
0.76
0.65
0.69
ar moswonT
umcrosi
ufrosi
asakis cdis asakis cdis
pirebi
pirebi
0.91
0.80
0.71
0.92
0.80
0.84
0.65
0.76
0.84
0.77
0.75
0.69
wyaro: Peevers and Secord 1973
mravalganzomilebiani monacemebi: cota ram pirobiTi niSnebis

Sesaxeb
25.
17
CanarTSi
warmodgenili
hipoTeturi
monacemebi
Seexeba
britaneli mamakaci da qali amomrCevlebis qcevas xmis micemis procesSi.

Semdeg
abzacSi
warmodgenili
sqema
axlos
dgas
uatlis
mier
SemoTavazebul aRwerasTan (Whiteley 1983):

CanarTi 25 17.
sqesi, saarCevno prioritetebi da socialuri klasi: samgvari klasifikaciis
cxrili
saSualo klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
80
30
100
20
mamakaci
qali
muSaTa klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
40
130
40
110
wyaro: adaptirebulia Whiteley 1983

striqonSi mocemuli cvladi (sqesi) aRiniSneba simboloTi i
svetSi mocemuli cvladi (saarCevno prioriteti) aRiniSneba simboloTi
j;
zeda fenis cvladi (socialuri klasi) aRniSneba simboloTi k.
CanarTSi
25.
17
nebismieri
ujraSi
mocemuli
ricxvi
SegviZlia
gamovsaxoT simboloTi nijk, rac aRniSnavs imas, rom esaa striqonis i

kategoriis, svetis j kategoriisa da zeda fenis k kategoriis qula,
sadac:
1307

i = 1 (mamakacebi), 2 (qalebi);
j = 1 (konservatorebi), 2 (leiboristebi);
k = 1 (saSualo klasi), 2 (muSaTa klasi).
maSasadame, aqedan gamomdinarebs, rom 25. 17 CanarTSi mocemuli cxrili

25. 18 warmodgenili cxrilis saxiTac SeiZleba warmovadginoT. amgvarad,
n121 = (mamakacebi, leiboristebi, saSualo klasi)
da
n212 = (qalebi, konservatorebi, muSaTa klasi).
CanarTi 25 18.
sqesi, saarCevno prioritetebi da socialuri klasi: pirobiTi niSnebiT
gamosaxuli samgvari klasifikacia
mamakaci
qali
25.
18
saSualo klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
n121
n111
n221
n211
CanarTSi
mocemuli
cxrilidan
muSaTa klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
n122
n112
n212
n222
sami
tipis
ganapira
jamebi
SegviZlia miviRoT:
1. mesame cvladisTvis ganapira jamis misaRebad ori cvladis dajameba:
n+ + k = sqesisa da saarCevno prioritetis dajameba da Sedegad socialuri
klasis miReba, magaliTad,
n111 + n121 + n211 + n221 = 230 (saSualo klasi)
n112 + n122 + n212 + n222 = 320 (muSaTa klasi)
n j + + = saarCevno prioritetisa da socialuri klasis dajameba sqesis
misaRebad.
2. erTi cvladis mniSvnelobebis dajameba da Sedegad meore da mesame

cvladis ganapira jamebis miReba. amgvarad,
n+11 = 180 (saSualo klasis konservatorebi)
n+21 = 50 (saSualo klasis leiboristebi)
1308

n+12 = 80 (muSaTa klasis konservatorebi)
n+22 = 240 (muSaTa klasis leiboristebi)
3. samive cvladis dajameba mTliani jamis misaRebad. amgvarad,

n+++ = 550 = N
xi-kvadratis gamoyeneba samgvari klasifikaciis cxrilebSi
uitli (1983) aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad iolia samgvari klasifikaciis

SemTxvevaSi 22 xi-kvadratis
gamoyeneba. albaToba
imisa, rom 25. 17
CanarTSi warmodgenili SerCevidan SemTxveviT arCeuli individi qali

iqneba, aseTia:
xolo
2++ =
albaToba
imisa,
2++ 270
=
= 0.49
+++ 550
rom
respondentis
saarCevno
prioriteti
leiboristebi aRmoCneba, iqneba:
rac
Seexeba
imis
+2+ =
+2+ 290
=
= 0.53
+++ 550
albaTobas,
rom
respondenti
muSaTa
klasis
warmomadgeneli aRmoCndeba, igi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Caiweros:

++2 =
++2 320
=
= 0.58
+++ 550
imis mosalodneli albaTobis gansazRvrisas, rom SerCeuli individi

aRmoCndeba
qali,
warmomadgeneli,
damoukidebelia
leiboristebis
vuSvebT,
(anu,
maT
rom
Soris
mxardamWeri
es
ar
da
cvladebi
arsebobs
muSaTa
klasis
statistikurad
urTierTkavSiri)
da
ubralod albaTobis Teoriidan aRebul gamravlebis wess gamoviyenebT:

222 = (2++)(+2+)(++2 ) = (0.49)(0.53)(0.58) = 0.15
es SeiZleba n222 ujraSi mosalodneli sixSiris terminebiT gamoisaxos,

rogorc:
(2++)(+2+ )(++2 ) = 550(0.49)(0.53)(0.58) = 82.8
analogiurad, n112 ujraSi mosalodneli sixSire iqneba:

(1++ )(+1+)(++2 ),
1309
sadac,
da
1++ =
da
+1+ =
1++ 280
=
= 0.51
+++ 550
+1+ 260
=
= 0.47
+++ 550
320
++2 = ++2 = 550 = 0.58.
amrigad,
+++
(1++)(+1+ )(++2 ) = 550(0.51)(0.47)(0.58) = 77.0
CanarTSi 25. 19 mocemulia mosalodneli sixSireebi 25.17 CanarTSi

warmodgenili monacemebisTvis.
CanarTi 25.19.
sqesis, saarCevno prioritetebisa da socialuri klasis mosalodneli
sixSireebi
saSualo klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
55.4
61.7
53.4
59.5
mamakaci
qali
muSaTa klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
77.0
85.9
74.3
82.8
rodesac
xelT
gvaqvs
realurad
miRebuli
da
mosalodneli
sixSireebi, xi-kvadrati Cveulebrivad gamoiTvleba:
uatli
(1983)
( )2
= 159.41
rom Tavisuflebis
2 =
aRniSnavs,
xarisxebi
niSanTa
SeuRlebis samganzomilebian cxrilSi ufro kompleqsuria, vidre 22

klasifikaciisas.
Tavisuflebas,
Tumca,
Tavisuflebis
xarisxi,
miuTiTebs
mkvlevris
ujrebSi Caweros ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi maSin rodesac
ganapira jamebi fiqsirebulia. am Tavisuflebis xarisxis gamosaTvlelad

jer ganapira jamebis Tavisuflebis xarisxebi unda gamoiTvalos.
1310
Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi TiToeuli cvladi (sqesi, saarCevno

prioriteti
da
socialuri
klasi)
or
kategorias
moicavs.
aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom TiToeuli maTganisTvis (2_1) Tavisuflebis xarisxi

gvaqvs, radgan TiToeulisTvis ganapira jamebi fiqsirebulia. vinaidan
yvela
ganapira
fiqsirebulia,
ikargeba.
jamis
saerTo
logikuria,
amitom
jamic
rom
niSanTa
kidev
(anu,
erTi
SeuRlebis
SerCevis
moculoba)
Tavisuflebis
cxrilSi
xarisxi
ujrebis
saerTo
raodenobas gamovaklebT am fiqsirebul ricxvebs da amgvarad, zogadad,

miviRebT:
Tavisuflebis xarisxi (df) = cxrilSi ujrebis raodenoba _ 1 (mocemuli NsTvis) _ Sesamowmebeli hipoTeziT gansazRvruli/fiqsirebuli ujrebis
raodenoba
amrigad, Tu r = striqonebs, c = svetebs da l = Sreebs, maSin:

df = rcl(r 1) (c 1) (l 1) 1 = rcl r c l +2
anu,
rodesac
sami
cvladis
Sesaxeb
hipoTezas vamowmebT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom df = rcl r c l +2.

Cvens magaliTSi:
df = (2)(2)(2) 2 2 2 + 2 = 4
xi-kvadratis cxrilebSi vxedavT, rom rodesac Tavisuflebis xarisxi

4-is tolia, 2-is kritikuli mniSvneloba 9.49-s Seadgens, mniSvnelovnobis
0.05 doneze (anu, p = 0,05). Cvens mier miRebuli mniSvneloba bevrad
aRemateba 9.49-s, amitom uarvyofT nulovan hipoTezas da vaskvniT, rom
sqesi,
saarCevno
prioriteti
da
socialuri
klasi
mniSvnelovnad
ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.
sami cvladis urTierTdakavSirebulobis Sesaxeb nulovani hipoTezis
uaryofis
romeli
Semdeg
mkvlevris
cvladebis
gamo
amocanas
iqna
imis
uaryofili
dadgena
warmoadgens,
nulovani
hipoTeza.
Tu
Cven
ubralod ver davuSvebT, rom vinaidan xi-kvadratma mniSvnelovani Sedegi

mogvca,
amitom
sam
cvlads
Soris
mniSvnelovani
kavSiri
arsebobs.
magaliTad, SeiZleba ise iyos, rom mxolod ori cvladi ukavSirdebodes

erTmaneTs
da
mesame
maTgani
sruliad
damoukidebeli
iyos.
axla
1311
parcialuri (anu, nawilobrivi) damokidebulebis Semowmeba gvesaWiroeba.

uaitli (1983) aseTi Semowmebis sami SesaZlo variantis ilustrirebas 25.
17 CanarTSi mocemul monacemebze axdens. pirveli, sqesi damoukidebelia
socialuri klasisa da saarCevno prioritetisgan:
(1) pijk = (pi)(pjk)
meore, saarCevno prioriteti damoukidebelia sqesisa da socialuri
klasisgan:
(2) pijk = (pj)(pik)
mesame,
socialuri
klasi
damoukidebelia
sqesisa
da
saarCevno
prioritetisgan:
(3) pijk = (pk)(pij)
qvemoT
ganxiluli
mosalodneli
magaliTi
sixSireebi
gviCvenebs,
pirveli
Tu
rogor
hipoTezisTvis.
gamovTvaloT
Cven
SegviZlia
gansazRvroT albaToba imisa, rom SerCeuli individi iqneba, vTqvaT,

qali,
leboristi
da
muSaTa
klasis
warmomadgeneli,
Semdegnairi
hipoTezis daSvebiT:
222 = (2++ )(+22 ) =
222 =
(2++ ) (+22 )
() ()
(270) (240)
= 0.214
(550) (550)
222 = (2++ )(+22 ) = 550
(270) (240)
= 117.8
(550) (550)
anu, Tu davuSvebT, rom sqesi damoukidebelia socialuri klasisa da

saarCevno
raodenoba,
prioritetisgan,
romelic
maSin
muSaTa
iseTi
klasis
monawileebis
warmomadgeneli,
mosalodneli
leiboristebis
mxardamWeri qali aRmoCneba, 117.8 iqneba.

rodesac pirveli hipoTezis _ pijk = (pi)(pjk) _ Sesatyvisad, niSanTa
SeuRlebis cxrilis yvela ujrisTvis mosalodnel sixSireebs viTvliT,
25. 20 CanarTSi mocemul Sedegs viRebT:
2 =
( )2
= 5.71
1312
CanarTi 25. 20
mosalodneli sixSireebi, rodesac daSvebulia, rom sqesi damoukidebelia
socialuri klasisa da saarCevno prioritetisgan
saSualo klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
91.6
25.5
88.4
24.5
mamakaci
qali
muSaTa klasi
konservatori
leiboristi
40.7
122.2
39.3
117.8
Tavisuflebis xarisxi iqneba:

df = rcl (cl 1) (r 1) 1 = rcl cl r +1 = 8 4 2 +1 = 3
uaitli (1983) wers:
yuradReba
miaqcieT,
urTierTdakavSirebuli,
daSvebas,
rom,
Tu,
romlis
vTqvaT,
mixedviTac
gamoTvlilia
c
p+11,
da
isea
maSin
ukve
gansazRvrulia P+12, P+21 da P+22, ase rom, Tavisuflebis xarisxi 1-is tolia.
anu, am urTierTmimarTebis gamoTvlisas davkargeT (cl 1) Tavisuflebis
xarisxi.
(Whiteley 1983)
xi-kvadratis cxrilebSi vnaxulobT, rom 3-is toli Tavisuflebis

xarisxis pirobebSi mniSvnelovnobis 0.05 doneze (anu, p = 0.05) 2-is
ricxviTi mniSvneloba 7.81-s udris. Cvens mier miRebuli mniSvneloba am
ricxvze naklebia. maSasadame, viRebT nulovan hipoTezas da vaskvniT,
rom ar arsebobs kavSiri, erTi mxriv, sqessa da, meore mxriv, saarCevno
prioritetsa da socialur klass Soris.

axla davuSvaT, rom Cveni monacemebis 25. 17 CanarTSi mocemuli
samgvari
klasifikaciis
nacvlad
martivi
22
niSanTa
SeuRlebis
cxrili gamoviyeneT da nulovani hipoTezis Semowmeba movisurveT: ar
arsebobs kavSiri sqessa da saarCevno prioritets Soris. monacemebi

warmodgenilia CanarTSi 25. 21.
CanarTi 25. 21
1313

sqesi da saarCevno prioriteti: ori-orze klasifikacia
konservatori
120
140
mamakacebi
qalebi
leiboristi
160
130
daskvna
martivia:
Tu
monacemebi
amis
saSualebas
iZleva,
niSanTa
SeuRlebis cxrilebis analizisas mravalvariantuli midgoma unda iqnas

gamoyenebuli.
mravaldoniani modelireba
mravaldoniani modelireba (aseve, cnobilia, rogorc mravaldoniani
regresia)
statistikuri
SeuZlebelia
jgufebSi
skolaSi
meTodia,
romlis
moswavleebis
SemTxveviTad
mixedviT,
sakontrolo
gadanawileba,
an
da
praqtikulad
eqsperimentul
eqsperimentis
realurad
Catareba, romelic erTi jgufisTvis Carevis miwodebasa da sakontrolo

jgufis yolas moiTxovs (Keeves and Sellin 1997: 394).
Cveulebisamebr, skolaTa umetesobaSi moswavleebi garkveuli mizniT
konkretul jgufebad arian gaerTianebulni da moswavleTa TiToeul
jgufs Tavisi gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia, romelic mas sxva
jgufisgan gamoarCevs. mravaldoniani modelireba moiazrebs im faqts,
rom, marTalia, SesaZlebelia imis Cveneba, rom moswavleTa gansxvavebul
jgufebs Sorisac moiZebneba msgavsebebi, magram zogadad, analizisTvis
moswavleTa an monacemebis jgufebis garTianeba marTebuli ar aris.
mravaldoniani
modelebi
dakavSirebul
maxeebs
da
gaerTanebul
monacemebze
naklebad
moicaven
gaerTianebasTan
ekologiur Secdomas (Plewis 1997: 35), anu,

dayrdnobiT
calkeuli
moswavleebisa
da
qcevebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTebas.

monacemebi da cvladebi individualur da jgufur doneebze arseboben.
kevesi da selini (1997) Semdgom analizs, faqtobrivad, sam ZiriTad
doneze axorcieleben: yvela jgufis moswavleebs Soris, jgufebs Soris
da jgufebSi moswavleebs Soris. cxadia, SegviZlia, gavafarTovoT donis
1314
cneba
da
movicvaT
individi,
jgufi,
klasi,
skola,
adgilobrivi,
regionaluri, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso doneebi (Paterson and Goldstein

1991). es mravaldoniani regresiis da ierarqiuli wrfivi modelirebis
gamoyenebiT keTdeba. mravaldoniani modelebi mkvlevars aqamde upasuxod
darCenili kiTxvebis dasmis SesaZleblobas aZleven, magaliTad, skolebs,
maswavleblebsa da saswavlo programebs Soris da programebis SigniT
cvalebadobis Sesaxeb (Plewis 1997: 34_35), erTi sityviT, swavalebisa da
swavlis
Sesaxeb.4
procesebis
mravaldoniani
modelirebis
efeqturi
mimoxilvisTvis ix. Goldstein (1987), Fitz-Gibbon (1997) da Keeves and Sellin (1997).
mravaldoniani
asocirebuli
dispersiul
analizi
Tavs
statistikuri
analizsa
da
aridebs
eqsperimentul
kriteriumebis
kovariaciis
meTodebTan
gamoyenebas
analizs).
amis
(magaliTad,
nacvlad,
is
regresiul analizs da, kerZod, mravaldonian regresias iyenebs. plevisis

(1997: 28) mtkicebiT, regresiuli analizi uSvebs homoskedastirebulobas
(rodesac naSTebi erTnairadaa gafantuli), rom naSTebi erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebelia da naSTebi normaluradaa ganawilebuli.
mravaldoniani modelirebis mTliani mimarTuleba swrafad ganviTarda
gasuli
saukunis
90-iani
wlebis
dasawyisSi
da
safuZvlad
daedo
ganaTlebis damatebiTi Rirebulebis komponentis Seswavlis da sajaro

reitingebis
Sedegebis
mixedviT
skolebis
Sedarebis
mizniT
ganxorcielebul kvlevebs (Fitz-Gibbon 1991; 1997). Tumca, fic-giboni (1997:

42_4)
mniSvnelovan
empiriul
mtkicebulebas
iZleva
mravaldoniani
modelirebis zogierTi formis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dasayeneblad. igi

aCvenebs,
rom
miRebuli
naSTebis
analizi
ganaTlebis
damatebiTi
Rirebulebis ganzomilebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze iZleva paruxebs, romelic

mravaldoniani
modelirebiT
gansxvavdeba
(yvelaze
gamoTvlili
korelaciebis
gacemuli
dabali
71.
pasuxebisgan
korelaciis
4
procenti
umniSvnelod
koeficienti
ki
0.98-sa
da
0.93-ia
1-s
da
Soris
meryeobs). mniSvnelovani momenti aq isaa, rom miRebuli naSTebis analizi

gacilebiT
martivi
da
sworxazovani
teqnikaa,
vidre
mravaldoniani
1315
modelireba. misi naSromi pirdapir ganaTlebis damatebiTi Rirebulebis

komponentis
SefasebisTvis
rTuli
mravaldoniani
modelirebis
gamoyenebis saWiroebaze akeTebs aqcents. mis naSromSi (Fitz-Gibbon 1997: 5)

danamati
qula,
anu,
gansxvaveba
moswavlis
statistikurad
nawinaswarmetyveleb akademiur moswrebasa da realur moswrebas Soris,

miRebuli naSTebis analizis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoTvlili da
ara _ mravaldoniani modelirebiT. da mainc, mkvlevrebs dResdReobiT
mravaldoniani modelireba ufro izidavT.
Tu
Cveulebrivi
gansxvavebuli
regresiuli
skolebis
modelebi
gaTvaliswinebis
ar
iZlevian,
SesaZleblobas
magaliTad,
(Paterson and
Goldstein 1991), mravaldonian regresiaSi SesaZlebelia skolebs Soris

gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswineba da, faqtobrivad, sxva iseTi cvladebisac,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
socialur-ekonomikuri
statusi
(Willms 1992),
calkeuli da partniori skolebi (Daly 1996; Daly and Shuttleworth 1997),

adgilmdgebareoba (Garner and Raudenbush 1991), skolis sidide (Paterson 1991)
da swavlebis stili (Zuzovsky and Aitkin 1991). marTlac, plavisi (1991)
aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba mravaldoniani modelirebis longitudur
kvlevebSi gamoyeneba da paralelurad saganmanaTleblo progresisa da
saswavlo programis dafarvis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.
klasteruli analizi
Tu faqtoruli analizi da elementaruli kavSiris analizi mkvlevars
faqtorebisa da cvladebis dajgufebis saSualebas aZlevs, klasteruli
analizi adamianebis msgavsi da homogenuri qveSerCevebis dajgufebas
uzrunvelyofs.
magaliTad,
amis
SPSS-is
gakeTebis
saukeTeso
gamoyenebaa.
gza
SPSS-Si
programuli
Sedegebis,
paketebis,
jgufebisa
da
gadajgufebebis dendogramebi igeba manam, sanam yvela cvladi ar iqneba

moculi.
vTqvaT, gvaqvs 20 SemTxvevaze (adamianze) agebuli martivi klasteri.
davuSvaT,
qulebis
miekuTvneboda
misaRebad
cvlads
skolaSi
maT
upasuxes
saswavlo
debulebas,
procesisadmi
romelic
daTmobili
1316
yuradReba.
SegviZlia
vnaxoT,
rom
yvelaze
zogad
doneze
aq
ori
klasteri gvaqvs (I klasteri = pirovnebebi 19, 20, 2, 13, 15, 9, 11, 18, 14, 16, 1,
10, 12, 5, 17; II klasteri = pirovnebebi 7, 8, 4, 3, 6). Tu ufro mcire zomis
klasterebis miReba gvsurs, maSin sami jgufi unda gamovyoT: I klasteri
= pirovnebebi 19, 20, 2, 13, 15, 9, 11,18; II klasteri = pirovnebebi 14, 16, 1, 10,
12, 5, 17; III klasteri = pirovnebebi 7, 8, 4, 3, 6 (CanarTi 25. 22).
aseTi
analizis
adamianTa
gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovani
mkvlevars
dajgufebebis
post-faqtum
analizisas
idfentificirebis
saSualebas
aZlevs, anu, SerCevis dizainis etapze ki ar iqmneba kvlevis monawileTa

jgufebi
da
ganxiluli
qvejgufebi,
orjgufiani
aramed
monacemebis
klasteris
magaliTSi
Segrovebis
Semdeg.
aq
SegviZlia
kvlevis
im
monawileTa maxasiaTeblebi vikvlioT, romlebic I da II jgufSi arian

gaerTianeulni, xolo samjgufiani klasteris SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli
xdeba I, II da III jgufebSi moxvedrili monawileebis maxasiaTeblebis
Seswavla
cvladTan
yuradReba mimarTebaSi.
skolaSi
saswavlo
procesisadmi
daTmobili
1317
1318
26 statistikuri kriteriumis arCeva
mkvlevars bevr statistikur kriteriumze miuwvdeba xeli. is, Tu

romel maTgans gamoiyenebs igi, ramdenime faqtorzea damokidebuli. aseTi
faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos:
analizis
mizani
(magaliTad,
hipoTezis
Semowmeba,
monacemebis
korelaciis
aRwera
gamoTvla,
erTi
an
Seswavla,
an
ramdenime
damoukidebeli cvladis damokidebul cvladze gavlenis dadgena, or

am
met
jgufs
dajgufebebis
Soris
gansxvavebis
dadgena,
moZebna, efeqtis zomebis
monacemebis
ZiriTadi
miTiTeba);
xelT arsebuli monacemebis saxeoba (parametruli da araparametruli);
skala, romelsac miekuTvneba gamoyenebuli monacemebi (saxeldebis,

rigis, intervalebis, Sefardebis);
jgufebis raodenoba SerCevaSi;
kriteriumebTan dakavSirebuli daSvebebi;
SerCevebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia da damokidebuli.

mkvlevrebma,
kiTxvebi unda
romlebic
statistikis
gamoyenebas
apireben,
Semdeg
dasvan:
romeli statistikaa saWiro kvlevis kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad?
parametrulia monacemebi Tu araparametruli?
ramdeni jgufia (magaliTad, ori, sami Tu meti)?
jgufebi damoukidebelia erTmaneTisgan Tu damokidebuli?
ra saxis statistikuri kriteriumia saWiro (magaliTad, gansxvavebis

Semowmeba, korelacia, faqtoruli analizi, regresia)?
winamdebare
dakavSirebul
wignis
ramdenime
wina
TavebSi
sakiTxs.
is
ukve
SevexeT
sakiTxebi,
am
romlebic
TemasTan
ar
iqna
1319
ganxiluli wina TavebSi, Tqvens winaSe warmodgenil TavSia ganxiluli.

am TavSi SemogTavazebT statistikur analizs im sakiTxTan erTad, rac
bevri mkvlevrisTvis Ramis koSmars emsgavseba: gadawyvetilebis miReba
imis Taobaze, Tu romeli statistikuri kriteriumi unda iqnas kvlevaSi
gamoyenebuli. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas meti sicxadis uzrunvelsayofad
cxrilebsa
da
diagramebs
gamoviyenebT
(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780 _ Tavi 26, faili 26.1. doc).
ramdeni SerCeva?
gamosaTvleli
statistikuri
saxeoba,
kriteriumis
gamoyenebuli
monacemebis skalis (saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebis, Sefardebis) garda,

nawilobriv,
damokidebulia,
damoukideblobaze
pirvel
rigSi,
SerCevebis
erTmaneTisgan
da, meore, am SerCevebis raodenobaze. rac Seexeba
sakiTxs,
rogorc
SemTxvevaSi
pirvel
zogjer
da
ukve
vnaxeT
erTmaneTisgan
sxvadasxva
wina
TavebSi,
damoukidebeli
statistikuri
kriteriumi
jgufebis
gamoiyeneba.
jgufebi damoukidebeli iqneba, Tu maT aranairi kavSiri ar eqnebaT

erTmaneTTan,
magaliTad,
kriteriumis
gamoTvlisas
imis
sanaxavad,
ganxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan qalebisa da kacebis mier konkretul

debulebaze, vTqvaT, maTematikaSi akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb, gacemuli
pasuxebi. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT: xi-kvadrati (saxeldebis
skalis monacemebisTvis), man-uitnis U kriteriumi da kruskal-uolisis
kriteriumi (rigis skalis monacemebisTvis), t kriteriumi da dispersiuli
analizi (ANOVA) intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalis monacemebisTvis.
Tumca,
aris
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
jgufebi
SesaZloa
erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulebi iyvnen. magaliTad, SeiZleba gvsurdes, rom erTi da

igive jgufis akademiuri moswreba orjer, drois or sxvadasxva momentSi
SevamowmoT _ garkveul Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg, an SeiZleba, or
sxvadasxva
sakiTxTan,
vTqvaT,
maTematikasa
da
musikaSi
miRwevebTann
dakavSirebiT gvainteresebdes erTi da igive jgufis mosazreba. aseT

SemTxevaSi ori gansxvaveuli jgufi ki ar gvyavs, aramed _ erTi da igive
1320
jgufi or sxvadasxva situaciaSi da erTi da igive ori jgufi or

sxvadasxva cvladTan mimarTebaSi. aseT viTarebaSi sxva statistikuri
kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, uilkoqsonis kriteriumi, fridmanis
kriteriumi,
kriteriumi
kriteriumi.
modiT
damokidebuli
ganvixiloT
SerCevebisTvis
eqsperimentSi
xSirad
da
niSnis
gamoyenebuli
magaliTi (CanarTi 26.1).
wina TavebSi vTqviT, Tu romeli kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba

damoukidebeli SerCevebis SemTxvevaSi da romeli kriteriumi gamoiyeneba
damokidebuli SerCevis SenTxvevaSi.
rac Seexeba testSi SerCevebis raodenobas, arsebobs statistikuri
kriteriumebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia erTi (mxolod erTi jgufisTvis,
magaliTad, skolaSi mxolod erTi klasisTvis), ori (ori jgufisTvis,
magaliTad,
skolaSi
SerCevisTvis
moswavleebi
gogonebisa
(magaliTad,
da
erTi
administracia).
da
vaJebisTvis)
skolis
erTi
da
sami
maswavleblebi,
jgufisTvis
an
meti
mSoblebi,
gamoiyeneba
iseTi
kriteriumebi, rogoricaa binomialuri testi, erTi SerCevis xi-kvadrati

da kolmogorov-smirnovis kriteriumi. ori jgufisTvis SegviZlia iseTi
kriteriumebi
kriteriumi,
koeficientebi.
gamoviyenoT,
t
rogoricaa
kriteriumi,
sami
da
meti
spirmenisa
xi-kvadrati,
man-uitnis
da
pirsonis
korelaciis
SerCevisTvis
gamodgeba
xi-kvadrati,
1321
dispersiuli
analizi
da
tukis
testi.
zogierTi
dasaxelebuli
kriteriumi warmodgenilia CanarTSi 26. 2. mTavaria, mocemuli raodenobis

SerCevebisTvis
sworad
SerCeuli
statistikuri
kriteriumi
iqnas
gamoyenebuli.
statistikuri kriteriumebis gamoyeneba im skalebzecaa damokidebuli,

romelzec izomeba arsebuli monacemebi (saxeldebis, rigis, intervalebis,
Sefardebis)
da
Sesasrulebel
(magaliTad,
jgufebs
Soris
amocanazec,
gansxvavebis
anu,
dadgena,
analizis
mizanze
dakavSirebulobis
xarisxis gamovlena, erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis damokidebul

cvladze gavlenis gazomva da a. S.). wina TavebSi sxvadasxva skalaze
ganTavsebuli
monacemebi
da
sxvadasxva
miznisTvis
gamosadegi
1322
statistikuri
kriteriumebi
aRvwereT.
es
yvelaferi
Sejamebulia
CanarTSi 26. 3, sadac yvela ZiriTadi kriteriumia warmodgenili.

CanarTi 26. 3
statistikuri kriteriumebis tipebi monacemebis oTxi skalisTvis
saxeldebis skala
rigis skala
kavSiris sazomebi
tetraqoruli
korelacia
wertilebis
biseruli
korelacia
fi koeficienti
krameris V
gansxvavebis
sazomebi
xi-kvadrati
maknemari
qoqranis Q
binomialuri
testi
spirmenis ro
kendelis ranguli
korelacia
kendelis
parcialuri
ranguli
korelacia
man-uitnis U
kriteriumi
kruskal-uolisi
uilkoqsonis
Sesatyvisi
wyvilebi
fridmanis
orfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizi
kolmogorovsmirnovis testi
damoukidebel da
damokidebul
cvladebs Soris
wrfivi kavSiris
sazomebi
safuZvladmdebare
faqtorebis
identificireba,
monacemebis
reduqcia
rigis regresiuli
analizi
intervalebisa da
Sefardebis skala
pirsonis Sereuli
momentis
korelacia
t kriteriumi ori
damoukidebeli
SerCevisTvis
t kriteriumi ori
damokidebuli
SerCevisTvis
erTfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizi (ANOVA)
or - da
metfaqtoriani
dispersiuli
analizi (ANOVA)
tukis testi
Seferis testi
wrfivi regresia
mravaljeradi
regresia
faqtoruli
analizi
elementaruli
kavSirebis
analizi
gamoyenebuli
statistikuri
kriteriumis
tipi,
monacemebis
parametrulobisa da araparametrulobis mixedviTac icvleba. CanarTebSi

26.
da
26.
Sejamebulia
arsebuli
statistikuri
kriteriumebi
1323
parametruli da araparametruli monacemebis mixedviT da aseve, analizis

miznebis
mixedviT.
26.
CanarTSi
monacemebis
tipisa
da
miznebis
mixedviT yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli kriteriumebia mocemuli (Siegel

1956; Cohen and Holliday 1996; Hopkins et. al. 1996).
1324
1325
CanarTi 26. 5
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebisTvis gankuTvnili statistikuri kriteriumebi
monacemebis
tipi
adekvaturi statistikuri
kriteriumi
gasaTvaliswinebeli
momentebi/kiTxvebi/magaliTebi
saxeldebis
skala
moda (qula, romelic

SerCevis yvelaze bevrma
wevrma miiRo)
aris Tu ara kargad

gamokveTili lideri,
romelmac umaRlesi qula miiRo
mocemul kategoriaSi da
SedarebiT dabali qulebi sxva
kategoriebSi, Tu modaluri
qula mcirediT gansxvavdeba
sxva kategoriebSi miRebuli
qulebisgan?
sixSireebi
rigis skala
romelia yvelaze maRali da

dabali sixSireebi? Tanabradaa
Tu ara ganawilebuli
kategoriebis sixSireebi?
xi-kvadrati (statistikuri
kriteriumi, romelic
gviCvenebs statistikurad
mosalodnel da realurad
miRebul qulebs Soris
gansxvavebas)
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebi

SemTxveviT aris miRebuli, Tu
statistikurad mniSvnelovania,
anu ar aris ubralod
SemTxveviT gamowveuli?
moda
reitingis skalaze romeli

qula gvxvdeba yvelaze xSirad?
mediana (adamianTa jgufis

ranJirebisas SuaSi
moxvedrili individis
mier miRebuli qula. Tu
qulaTa luwi raodenoba
gvaqvs, maSin mediana iqneba
zeda naxevris bolo
qulasa da qveda naxevris
pirvel qulas Soris
mdebare qula, anu, maTi
saSualo ariTmetikuli)
romeli individi xvdeba qulaTa

CamonaTvalis SuaSi?
sixSireebi
axasiaTebs Tu ara pasuxebs

reitingis skalaze erTi an ori
kategoriis irgvliv dajgufebis
tendencia? gadaxrilia Tu ara
pasuxebi reitingis skalis erTerTi bolosken (magaliTad,
1326

sruliad veTanxmebi-sken)? aris
Tu ara SerCevaSi msgavsi tipis
pasuxebi? sixSireebi, zogadad,
maRalia Tu dabali (anu,
respondentebi mkveTrad
gamoxataven Tu ara pozicias
sakiTxisadmi)? SeimCneva Tu ara
reitingis skalis centrSi
pasuxebis Sejgufeba
(centraluri tendencia.
respondentebs ar surT, rom
ukiduresi poziciebi
daafiqsiron)?
xi-kvadrati
spirmenis ranguli
korelacia (statistikuri
sidide, romelic zomavs
rigis skalaze mocemul
or cvlads Soris
kavSiris siZlieres)
man-uitnis U kriteriumi
(or damoukidebel
SerCevas Soris nebismieri
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis
gasazomad mowodebuli
kriteriumi)
intervalebisa
da Sefardebis
kruskal-uolisis
dispersiuli analizi (sam
an met damoukidebel
SerCevas Soris
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis
gasazomad gankuTvnili
kriteriumi)
moda
saSualo
mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba Tu
ara saxeldebis skalis
cvladebis erTi jgufis
(magaliTad, sqesis) sixSireebi
rigis skalis cvladebis jgufs?
korelirebs Tu ara reitingis
erTi skalis Sedegebi sxva
reitingis skalis SedegebTan?
korelirebs Tu ara erTi
cvladis ranguli rigis
poziciebi meore cvladis
ranguli rigis poziciebTan?
aris Tu ara raime
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ori
damoukidebeli SerCevis
(magaliTad, qalebisa da
mamakacebis) mier reitingis
skalebze miRebul Sedegebs
Soris?
aris Tu ara raime
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sam an
met saxeldebis skalis cvladsa
(magaliTad, politikuri
partiebis wevrobasa) da
reitingis skalaze naCveneb
Sedegebs Soris.
ra aris jgufis saSualo qula?
1327

skala
sixSireebi
mediana
xi-kvadrati
standartuli gadaxra
(qulebis gafantulobis
sazomi)
z-qulebi (statistikuri
sidide, romelic
gansxvaveuli saSualoebis
da standartuli
gadaxrebis mqone
sxvadasxva skalebis
qulebs standartul
qulebad gardaqmnis, anu,
erT saerTo skalaze
aTavsebs, romelsac erTi
saSualo da standartuli
gadaxra aqvs. es sxvadasxva
qulis marTebulad
Sedarebis saSualebas
iZleva)
pirsonis Sereuli
momentis korelacia
(statistikuri kriteriumi,
romelic intervalebisa
da Sefardebis skalebis
or cvlads Soris
kavSiris siZlieres
zomavs)
t kriteriumi
(statistikuri sidide,
romelic zomavs erTi
SerCvevis or sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi, an ori
SerCevis or sxvadasxva
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
miRebul saSualoTa
aris Tu ara Tanabrad

ganawilebuli parametruli
testiT miRebuli qulebi ?
mWidrod grovdeba Tu ara
qulebi saSualos irgvliv?
farTodaa Tu ara gafantuli
qulebi saSualos irgvliv? aris
Tu ara qulebi Tanabrad
gafantuli? axdens Tu ara
erTi-ori ukiduresi qula)
araproporciul gavlenas
danarCen SemWidrovebul
qulebze?
ra mimarTeba arsebobs 20
qulian testSi moswavleebis
mier miRebul qulebsa da 50
qulian testSi miRebul qulebs
Soris?
arsebobs Tu ara korelacia

intervalebis skalis monacemTa
or nakrebs (magaliTad, or
sxvadasxva gamocdaze miRebul
qulebs) Soris?
gansxvavdebian Tu ara
erTmaneTisgan parametrul
testSi miRebuli saSulo qulis
mixedviT sakontrolo da
eqsperimentuli jgufebi?
arsebobs Tu ara raime
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba erTi
SerCevis pre-testsa da posttestSi miRebul saSualo
1328

Soris gansxvavebas)
qulebs Soris?
dispersiuli analizi
(statistikuri operacia,
romelic gviCvenebs Tu
ramdenad mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba ori an meti
saSualo erTmaneTisgan
aris Tu ara sami jgufis mier

miRebul saSualoebs Soris
gansxvaveba statistikurad
mniSvnelovani ?

statistikuri
kriteriumebi
garkveul
daSvebebs
efuZneba.
mniSvnelovania am daSvebebis codna da maTi marTebulad gamoyeneba.

zogierT farTod gamoyenebul kriteriums Semdegi saxis daSvebebi aqvs
(CanarTi 26.6).
statistikuri kriteriumis arCeva SemTxveviTad ki ar xdeba, aramed
dasaxuli miznidan gamomdinare.
CanarTi 26. 6
kriteriumi
daSvebebi
saSualo
monacemebi normaluradaa ganawilebuli, ar aris

ukiduresi qulebi.
cotaa iseTi mniSvneloba da qula romlebic daaxloebiT
erTnairi sixSiriT gvxvdeba.
bevria rigis skalis monacemi.
monacemebi kategoriulia (anu, saxeldebis skalazea
warmodgenili).
populacia SemTxveviTadaa SerCeuli.
kategoriebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia.
monacemebi wyvetilia (anu, ar gvaqvs aTwiladebi).
niSanTa SeuRlebis cxrilis ujrebis 80 procenti xuT an
met SemTxvevas moicavs.
ganawileba uwyvetia.
monacemebi saxeldebis skalazea warmodgenili
moda
mediana
xi-kvadrati
kolmogorovsmirnovi
t kriteriumi da
dispersiuli
analizi
populacia normaluradaa ganawilebuli.

SerCeva SemTxveviTadaa aRebuli populaciidan.
yoveli SemTxveva damoukidebelia danarCenebisgan.
Sesadarebeli jgufebi saxeldebis skalisaa, xolo
Sedareba intervalebisa da Sefardebis skalebis
monacemebis saSualebiT xdeba.
1329
uilkoqsonis testi
man-uitni da
kruskal-uolisi
Sesadarebeli monacemebi normaluradaa ganawilebuli

(gausis zarisebri formis ganawileba).
qulebis jgufebi daaxloebiT erTnairi dispersiiT
xasiaTdebian, an cnobilia standartuli gadaxris
kvadrati.
monacemebi ekuTvnis intervalebis an Sefardebis skalas.
monacemebi ekuTvnis rigis skalas.
SerCevebi urTierTdakavSirebulia.
Sesadarebeli jgufebi saxeldebisaa (nominaluria) da
erTmaneTs rigis skalis monacemebi unda Sedardes.
populaciebi, saidanac aRebulia Sesadarebeli SerCevebi,
normaluradaa ganawilebuli.
spirmenis ranguli
korelacia
pirsonis korelacia
regresia (martivi da
mravaljeradi)
faqtoruli analizi
SerCevebi SemTxveviTadaa aRebuli.

SerCevebi damoukidebelia erTmaneTisgan.
monacemebi rigis skalas ekuTvnis.
monacemebis intervalebis an Sefardebis skalas ekuTvnis.
regresiis teqnikis ZiriTadi daSvebebi:
monacemebi SemTxveviTi, anu, albaTuri SerCevidan miiReba.
monacemebi ekuTvnis intervalebis an Sefardebis skalas
(im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rigis regresia ar gamoiyeneba).
amoRebulia calke mdgomi, gancalkevebuli qulebi.
damoukidebel da damokidebul cvladebs Soris wrfivi
kavSiria.
damokidebuli cvladi normaluradaa ganawilebuli
(gausis zarisebri formis ganawileba).
damokidebuli cvladis naSTebi (gansxvavebebi gamoTvlil
da realurad miRebul qulebs Soris) daaxloebiT
normaluradaa ganawilebuli.
aRmofxvrilia Tanawrfivoba (rodesac erTi
damoukidebeli cvladi Zalian mWidrod korelirebs an
zustad Tanxvdeba meores).
monacemebi intervalebis an Sefardebis skalazea
warmodgenili.
monacemebi normaluradaa ganawilebuli.
amoRebulia calke mdgomi, gancalkevebuli qulebi.
SerCevis moculoba, sul mcire, 100-150 cdis piriT unda
ganisazRvrebodes.
TiTo cvladze, sul mcire, xuTi SemTxveva mainc unda
modiodes.
cvladebs Soris kavSiri wrfivi unda iyos.
SesaZlebeli unda iyos monacemebis faqtorebad dayofa
(faqtorizacia).
1330
SeniSvnebi
1 kvlevis buneba _ sferos gansazRvra
1. ganaTlebis
sferoSi
moqmedebisTvis
racionalurad
dayofil
da
mecnierulad mocemad codnaze eqskluziuri damokidebulebisTvis arc

rekomendaciis gaweva gvsurs da arc _ waxaliseba maSinac ki, es rom
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo. swavlebis sferoSi (iseve, rogorc cxovrebis
sxva sferoebSi) mdidari tradicia da kulturuli sibrZne arsebobs,
romlis uyuradRebod datoveba Cvenve gvavnebda. Tumca, Cven vambobT,
rom
mTlianad
am
ukanasknelze
rom
ganaTlebis
Segviyvana:
da
ukeTesad
garkveva
damokidebulebam
sferoSi
mecnierebisa
da
warsulSi
Semdgomi
kvlevis
CixSi
ganviTareba
mxardaWeras
da
unda
mimarTavdes.
2. mecnierebis
Sesaxeb
am
konkretuli
mosazrebis
sawinaaRmdego
klasikuri ganacxadi mocemulia wyaroSi Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of

Scientific Revolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. kunis
romelic
inteleqtualuri
dafiqsirebulia
sistematuri
aramed
es
mosazreba,
dagroveba,
gacilebiT
ostatobis
rom
rogorc
naklebad
nimuSad
mecniereba
amas
aris
ar
aRiarebuli,
aris
saxelmZRvaneloebSi
racionaluri
wignSi,
saqmianoba,
codnis
weren,
vidre
zogadad warmoudgeniaT adamianebs. sinamdvileSi, es aris mSvidobiani

interludiebis
seriebi,
romlebsac
inteleqtualurad
mZlavri
da
mkveTri revoluciebi wyvets . . . da TiToeuli revoluciis dros erTi

konceptualuri msoflmxedveloba meoreTi icvleba.
3. aq mocemuli diskusiebis uSualo mimoxilvisTvis ixileT Chalmers, A. F.
(1982) What Is This Thing Called Science? (second edition). Milton Keynes: Open
University Press.
1331
4. mecnieruli meTodis formulireba, romelic zemoT iyo mocemuli,

xangrZlivi kritikis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, e. g. miSleri (E. G. Mishler)
mas mecnierebis TxrobiT xats uwodebs, romelsac araferi aqvs
saerTo momuSave mecnierTa realur praqtikasTan, vinc aRmoCnda, rom
Semqmnelebi
miSleri
arian
(1990)
da
ara
Zalisxmevas
kompetenturoba
logikosebi.
ar
iSurebs,
damokidebulia
fenomenis
mimarT
wvrTnaze,
uwyvet
Semqmnelebis
xazi
interesis
gamoyenebul
specifikur
praqtikasa
da
gausvas
xsenebiT
imas,
rom
sferoSi
Semavali
meTodebSi
saswavlo
gamocdilebaze
dafuZnebul
konteqstualur codnaze da ara _ abstraqtul aRmoCenis logikasa

da formaluri wesebis gamoyenebaze (Misler 1990). miSleri amtkicebs,
rom
mecnierul
kvlevaze
dafuZnebuli
codna
umeteswilad
nagulisxmevi, sityvebiT gamouTqmadi da araaxsnadia; metic, mecnierebi

mas
cxovrebis
garkveul
formebSi
socializaciis
procesSi
iTviseben. monacemebis aRmoCena, Semowmeba da validacia kulturul da

lingvistur praqtikebSi xorcieldeba da eqsperimentatori mecnierebi
pragmatuli
gzebiT,
sakuTar
Secdomebze
da
warumateblobebze
swavliT, adgilobrivi konteqstebisTvis procedurebis morgebiT da

dagrovili gamocdilebis safuZvelze daskvnebis gakeTebiT miiweven
win. magaliTisTvis ixileT Mishler, E. G. (1990) Valisation in inquiry-guided
research: the role of examples in narrative studies. Harvard Educational Review, 60 (4), 415
42.
5. magaliTisTvis ixileT Rogers, C. R. (1969) Freedom to Learn. Columbus, OH:
Merrill, and also Rogers, C. R. and Stevens, B. (1967) Person to Person: The Problems of
Being Human. London: Souvenir.
6. socialuri
epizodebis
kvleva
damkvirveblis(ebis)/mkvlevris(ebis)
analizsa
da
axsnas
aqtorebisa
poziciidan
gulisxmobs.
es
da
mimdinare
sami
monawile
movlenis
ZiriTadi
saxis
urTierTdakavSirebul masalas gvaZlevs: sakuTari me-sa da sxvebis
1332
xatebs,
situaciebis
gansazRvrebebs
da
qmedebis
saTanadod
ganviTarebis wesebs. ixileT Harr, R. (1976) The constructive role on models. In L.

Collins (ed.) The Use of Models in the Social Science. London: Tavestock.
7. ganaTlebis
sferoSi
kvlevis
bunebis
da
Temis
istoriuli
perspeqtivis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisTvis, aseve, ixileT Verma,

G. K. and Beard, R. M. (1981) What is Educational Research? Aldershot: Gower.
2 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisa da socialuri kvlevis eTika
1. magaliTad,
socialuri
sociologiuri
kvlevis
asociacia
(1999);
asociacia
britaneTis
(2003);
ganaTlebis
amerikis
sferoSi
kvlevis asociacia (2000); amerikis fsiqologiuri asociacia (2002);

britaneTis sociologiuri asociacia (2002); britaneTis fsiqologiuri
sazogadoeba (2005). kvlevis sxva sferoebSi SesaZlebelia Sedarebadi
tendenciebis
naxva.
JurnalistikaSi
magaliTad,
ZiriTadi
eTikuri
medicinaSi,
sakiTxebis
biznesSi
da,
aseve,
da
am
sferoebisTvis saerTo eTikuri Temebis gasacnobad ixileT Serafini, A.

(ed.) (1989) Ethics and Social Concern. New York: Paragon House. wigni, aseve,
mocemulia eTikis ZiriTadi Teoriebi sokratedan r. m. herimde (R. M.
Hare).
2. US Dept of Health, Educatin and Welfare, Public Health Service and National Institute of
Health (1971) The Institutional Guide to D. H. E. W. Policy on Protecting Human Subjects.
DHEW Publication (NIH): 2 December, 72 102.
3. rac
Seexeba
mkvlevris
qcevis
Sefasebas,
erTaderTi
mimarTuleba
ganaTlebis sferoSi, sadac calsaxad da erTxmad SegviZlia terminis

eTikis
absolutis
gamoyeneba
da
sadac
Sesabamisi
Sefaseba
eWvgareSea, mkvlevrisa da monacemebis urTierTobaa. mkvlevarma ra

mizeziTac
ar
kategoriulad
unda
gamoiyenos
arasworia.
aq
borotad
ar
Tavisi
rCeba
monacemebi,
adgili
qceva
moraluri
1333
relativizmisTvis.
arsebobs
iseTi
am
SemTxvevaSi
ram,
rasac
misaRebia
aSkarad
mkafio
eTikuri
diqotomia:
qceva
hqvia,
Tu
maSin
monacemebis borotad gamoyeneba aSkarad araeTikuria. pirvel rigSi,

aman SeiZleba winaswar wamoyenebuli, xSirad sasurveli hipoTezis
mxardasaWerad monacemebis falsificirebis forma miiRos; meore, imave
miznis misaRwevad monacemebiT, xSirad statistikurad, manipulireba
(an gamoyenebuli teqnikebiT manipulireba, magaliTad, mimarTulebis
mimcemi
kiTxvebis
mizanmimarTuli
gamoyeneba);
mesame,
monacemebis
seleqciurad gamoyeneba, anu im nawilebis ignorireba an gamoricxva,

romelic ar ergeba mkvlevris hipoTezas; da meoTxe, monacemebis miRma
gasvla, sxva sityvebiT, iseTi daskvnebis gamotana, romlebsac ar
amyarebs miRebuli monacemebi (an monacemebis zeinterpretacia). iseTi
aramarTebuli
SeuZlebelia
qcevebic
ki,
miTiTebebiT
rogoric
am
magaliTebSia
gakontroldes:
aq
eTikuri
mocemuli,
akrZalvebi
naklebad gamodgeba, aRarafers vambobT maT Sesrulebaze. erTaderTi

pasuxi
(profesiuli
monitoringis
ararsebobis
pirobebSi)
mkvlevrisTvis aris moraluri kodeqsis qona, romelic, filosofos r.

s. petersis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, racionalurad aris miRebuli da
keTilgonierad gamoyenebuli da mudmivad am kodiT xelmZRvaneloba.
moraluri
kompetencia,
eqvemdebareba.
misi
sxva
Seswavlis
kompetenciebis
erT
gzas
msgavsad,
sakuTari
daswavlas
kodeqsisa
da
praqtikis Sesaxeb kiTxvis niSniani refleqsia warmoadgens, magaliTad,

saTanadod vupasuxe, sakmarisi iyo Cem mier gacemuli pasuxi, saTanado
auditorias, saTanado dros vupasuxe? rom SevajamoT zemoT Tqmuli,
eTikuri qceva damokidebulia eTikuri azrovnebis nakadze, romelic,
Tavis
mxriv,
safuZvlianad
gaazrebul
principebs
efuZneba.
mkiTxvelebma, visac monacemebis arasworad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb metis

gageba surT, unda waikiTxon Peter Medawar-is (1991) eleganturi da
saintereso ese Scientific fraud, romelic mocemuli krebulSi D. Pike (ed.)
The Treat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists. Oxford: Oxford University
1334
Press da, aseve, Broad, W. and Wade, N. (1983) Berrayers of Truth: Fraud and Deceit in
the Halls of Science. New York: Century.
1. aseve, ixileT uolfordi (2001: 38), didi britaneTis sajaro skolebSi
Sesvlis uflebis mopovebis ganxilva, pirveli kiTxva, romelic mas
dausves, iyo: erT-erTi Cvengani xar?.
2. uolfordi
(2001:
69)
komentars
akeTebs
maswavleblebis
Zalze
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, romelic maT didi britaneTis

damoukidebeli
skolebisadmi
aqvT.
maswavleblebi
fiqroben,
rom
mkvlevrebi veragulad moeqcnen maT da gaacures isini, radgan skolis

Sesaxeb mxolod vulgarul, sensaciur monacemebs miaqcies yuradReba
(magaliTad, Cxubebi, alkoholi, narkotikebi, azartuli TamaSebi da
homoseqsualizmi).
8 istoriuli da dokumenturi kvleva
1. amis
sapirispirod,
Tanamedrove
periodis
anu
XIX-XX
saukuneebis
istorikoss ufro xSirad uwevda orive etapis _ analizisa da weris _

dasawyisSi
Sejaxeba.
Warbi
aseTi
odenobis
masalidan
SerCevisTvis
ori
amorCevis
zogadi
problemasTan
kriteriumi
arsbobs:
mniSvnelovneba, romelic eniWeba monacemebs da xarisxi, romliTac

konkretuli
detali
SeiZleba
mTlianis
tipur
nawilad
iqnas
ganxiluli.
2. Tumca,
Tavad
istorikosebi,
Cveulebriv,
uars
amboben
TavianTi
naSromebis aseT pirdapir gamoyenebaze da iSviaTad akeTeben amas im

mosazrebiT, rom SeuZlebelia erTmaneTs gautoldes ori movlena, an
konteqstualuri
viTareba,
romelic
geografiulad
da
droSi
daSorebulia erTmaneTs. rogorc popularul gamoTqmaSia, istoria
1335
arasodes meordeba da amitom erTaderTi, rac istoriidan SegviZlia

viswavloT, isaa, rom Cven arafris swavla ar SegviZlia istoriidan.
3. Thomas, W. I. and Znaniecki, F. (1918) The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.
Chicago, IL: University of Chigaco Press. Tomasisa da znanieckis monumenturi
Sromis ufro sruli ganxilvisTvis ixileT Plummer, K, (1983) Documents of
Life: An Introduction to the Problems and Literature of a Humanistic Method. London: Allen
& Unwin, gansakuTrebiT Tavi 3, The Making of a Method. aseve, ixileT Madge,
J. (1963) The Origin of Scientific Sociology. London: Tavistock. Tomasisa
da
znanieCkis kritikisaTvis ixileT Riley, M. W. (1963) Sociological Research 1:A

Case Approach. New York: Harcourt, Brace &.
4. Siles, P., Maesor, L. and Woods, P. (1985) Teacher Careers. Lewes: Falmer. . aseve,
ixileT Smith, L. M. (1987) Kensington Revisited. Lewes: Farmer; Goodson, I. and
Walkner, R. (1988) Putting life into educational research. In R. R. Sherman and R. B. Webb
(eds) Qualitative Research in Education: Focus and Methods. Lewes: Falmer, Acker, S.
(1989) Theachers, Gender and Careers. Lewes: Blease, D. and Cohen, L. (1990) Coping
with Computers: An Ethnographic Study In Primary Classrooms. London: Paul Chapman;
Evetts, J. (1990) Woman in Primary Teaching. London: Unwin Hyman; Goodson, I. (1990)
The Making of Curriculum. Lewes: Falmer, Evetts, J. (1991) The experience of secondary
headship selection: continuity and change. Educational Studies, 17 (3), 285 94; Sikes, P.
and Troyna, B. (1991) True stories: a case study in the yse of life histories in teacher
education. Educational Review, 43 (1), 3 16; Winkley, D. (1995) Diplomats and
Detectives: LEA Advisers and Work. London: Robert Royce.
9 gamokiTxvebi, longituduri, kros-seqciuri da tendenciis kvlevebi
1. gamokiTxvis
ramdenime
magaliTi
arseboobs,
maT
Soris:
Millan, R.,
Gallagher, M. and Ellis, R. (1993) Surveying adolescent worries: development of the Things
I Worry About scale. Pastoral Care in Education, 11 (1), 43 57; Boulton, M. J. (1997)
Tearchers view on bullying: definitions, attitudes and abilities to cope. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 67, 223 33; Cline, T. and Ertubney, C. (1997) The impact of
1336
gender on primary teachers evaluations of childrens difficulties in school. British Journal of

Educational Psychology, 67, 447 56; Dosanjh, J. S. and Ghuman, P. A. S. (1997) Asian
parents and English education 20 years on: a study of two generations. Educational Studies,
23 (3), 45 72; Foskett, N. H. and Hesketh, A. J. (1997) Constructing choice in continuous
and parallel markers: institutional and school leavers responses to the new post-16
marketplace. Oxford Review of Education, 23 (3), 299 319; Gallagher, T., McEwen, A. and
Knop, D. (1997) Science education policy: a survey of the participation of sixth-form pupils
in science and the subjects over a 10-year period, 1985 95. Research Papers in Education,
12 (2), 121 42; Jules, V. and Kutnick, P. (1997) Student perceptions of a good teacher: the
gender perspective. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 497 511; Borg, M. G.
(1998) Secondary school teachers perceptions of pupils undesirable behaviours. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 67 79; Papasolomoutos, C. and Christie, T. (1998)
Using national surveys: a review of secondary analyses with special reference to schools.
Educational Research, 40 (3), 295 310; Tatar, M. (1998) Teachers as significant others:
gender differences in secondary pupils perceptions. British Journal of Educational
Psychology, 68, 255 68; Terry, A. A. (1998) Teachers as targets of bullying by their pupils:
a study to investigate incidence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 255 68;
Hall, K. and Nuttall, W. (1999) The relative importance of class size to infant teachers in
England. British Educational Research Journal, 25 (2), 245 58; Rigby, K. (1999) Peer
victimisatoin at schools and the health of secondaty school students. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 69, 95 104; Strand, S. (1999) Ethnic group, sex and economic
disadvantage: associations with pupils educational progress from Baseline to the end of Key
Stage 1. British Educational Research Journal, 25 (2), 179 202.
sxvadasxva saxis gamokiTxvis magaliTebi aseTia: fransis (Francis
1992)
WeSmariti
ganviTarebis
kohortis
paternebs
kvleva,
swavlobdnen
romelSic
_
54
patara
kiTxvis
bavSvs
uneris
2
wlis
ganmavlobaSi eqvsTviani intervalebiT akvirdebodnen; bletCfordis

(Blatchford 1992) kohortis, kros-seqciuri kvleva, romelSic 133-175 11
wlis
asakis
damokidebulebas
bavSvs
(ori
swavlobdnen;
SerCeva)
da
samuSaosadmi
farTomasStabiani
maT
kros-seqciuri
kvleva, romelic munsa da mis kolegebs (Munn et al. 1990) ekuTvnis da
1337
miznad isaxavda efeqturi disciplinis damcvelebis moswavleebiseuli

aRqmebis
Seswavlas
departamentis
543
bavSvisgan
Semdgar
SerCevaSi;
mTavrobis
(Department of Education and Science 1977) mier skolis
Senobebisadmi
wayenenebuli
tendenciis/winaswarmetyvelebis
kvleva,
moTxovnebis
romelSic
dadginda
mSeneblobisa da gaumjobesebis moTxovnebi, rac 1976 86 wlebSi

Sobadobaze
dayrdnobiT
moswavleebis
Sefasebuli
populaciis
safuZvelze moxerxda; belsonis (Belson 1975) gamokiTxva, romelSic 1,425

mozardi qurdi biWis qceva iqna Seswavlili; hananisa da niubais
(Hannan and Newby 1992) kvleva, romelSic 787 praqtikanti maswavlebeli
monawileobda (pasuxebis 46%-iani sixSiriT) da ainteresebdaT maTi
mosazrebebi
mTavrobis
SeTavazebaze
swavlebis
periodSi
skolaSi
gasatarebeli drois gazrdis Taobaze.

2. droSi ganmeorebadi da erTjeradi kvlevebis magaliTebia: Davies, J. and
Brember, I. (1997) Monitoring reading standards in year 6: a 7-year cross-sectional study,
British Educational Research Journal, 23 (5), 615 22; Preisler, G. M. and Ahstr m, M.
(1997) Sign language for hard of hearing children a hindrance or a benefit for their
development? European Journal of Psychology of Education, 23 (4), 465 77; Busato, V.
V., Prins, F. J., Elshant, J. J. and Hamaker, C. (1998) Learning styles: a cross-sectional and
longitudinal study in higher education., 427 41; Davenport, E. C. Jr, Davison, M. L.,
Huang, H., Ding, S., Kin, S-K. and Kwak, N. (1998) High school mathematics course-taking
by gender and ethnicity. American Educational Research Journal, 35 (3), 497 514; Davies,
J. and Brember, I. (1998) Standards in reading at key stage 1 a cross-sectional study.
Educational Research, 40 (2), 153 60; Marsh, H. W. and Yeung, A. S. (1998) Longitudinal
structural equation models of academic self-concept and achievement: gender differences in
the development of math and English constructs. American Educational Research Journal,
35 (4), 705 38; Noack, P. (1998) School achievement and adolescents interactions with the
fathers, mothers, and friends. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13 (4), 503
13; Galton, M., Hargreaves, L., Comber, C., Wall, D. and Pell, T. (1999) Changes in patterns
1338
in teacher interaction in primary classrooms. 1976 1996. British Educational Research

Journal, 25 (1), 23 37.
3. movlenis istoriis analizis Sesaxeb dawvirebiTi informaciisTvis da
uarebis intensiobisTvis ixileT Allison (1984); Plewis (1995); Hakim (1987);
Von eye (1990); Rose and Sullivan (1993).
1. SemTxvevis Seswavlis sxva magaliTebisTvis ixileT: Woods, P. (1993)
Managing marginality: teacher development through grounded life theory. British
Educational Research Journal, 19 (5), 447 88; Bates, I. and Dutson, J. (1995) A Bermuda
triangle? A case study of the disappearance of competence-based vocational training policy
in the context of practice. British Journal of Education and Work, 8 (2), 41 59; Jacklin, A.
and Lacey, C. (1997) Gender integration in the infant classroom: a case study. British
Educational Research Journal, 23 (5), 623 40.
1. TavebSi 12 da 13 viyenebT simboloebsa da gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic
gamoyenebulia naSromSi Campbell, D. T. and Stanley, J. C. (1963) Experimental and
Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research on Teaching. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
eseni srulad aris warmodgenili mecamete TavSi.
2.
logikuri Secdomebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisTvis ixileT

Cohen, M. R. and Nagel, E. (1961) An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. London:
Routledge & Hegan Paul. avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli post hoc, ergo propter
hoc Secdomis magaliTi uZilobas Seexeba, romelic SeiZleba mohyves
yavis dalevas, magram uZiloba ar gaCndes daleuli yavis gamo.
13 eqsperimenti, kvazi-eqsperimenti, erTi SemTxvevis kvleva da metaanalizi
1339
1. wamoiWra
hoTornis
efeqtis
gansazRvrebebisa
da
axsnebis
auTenturobis sakiTxi. ixileT Diaper, G. (1990) The Hawthorne effect: a fresh

examination. Educational Studies, 16 (3), 261 7.
2. eqsperimentuli kvlevis magaliTebi Semdeg SromebSi SegiZliaT naxoT:
Dugard, P. and Todman, J. (1995) Analysis of pre-test and post-test control group designs in
educational research. Educational Psychology, 15 (2), 181 98; Bryant, P., Devane, M.,
Ledward, A. and Nunes, T. (1997) Spelling with apostrophes and understanding possession.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 91 110; Hall, E., Hall, C. and Abaci, R.
(1997) The effects of human relations training on reported teacher stress, pupil control
ideology and locus of control. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 483 98;
Marcinkeiwicz, H. R. and Clariana, R. B. (1997) The performance effects of headings within
multi-choice tests. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 111 17; Tones, K.
(1997) Beyond the randomized controlled trial: a case for judicial review. Health
Education Research, 12 (2), i iv; Alfassi, M. (1998) Reading for meaning: the efficacy of
reciprocal teaching in fostering reading comprehension in high school students in remedial
reading classes. American Educational Research Journal, 35 (2), 309 22; Bijstra, J. O. and
Jackson, S. (1998) Social skills training with early adolescents: effects of social skills, wellbeing, self-esteem and coping. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13 (4), 569
83; Cline, T., Proto, A., Raval, P. D. and Paolo, T. (1998) The effects of brief exposure and
of classroom teaching on attitudes children express towards facial disfigurement in peers.
Educational Research, 40 (1), 55 68; Didierjean, A. and Cauzinille-Marmche, E. (1998)
Reasoning by analogy: is it schema-mediated or case-based? European Journal of
Psychology of Education, 13 (3), 385 98; Overett, S. and Donald, D. (1998) Paired reading:
effects of a parental involvement programme in a disadvantaged community in South Africa.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 347 56; Sainsbury, M., Whetton, C.,
Mason, K. and Schagen, I. (1998) Fallback in attainment on transfer at age 11: evidence from
summer literacy schools evaluation. Educational Research, 40 (1), 73 81; Littleton, K.,
Ashman, H., Light, P., Artis, J., Roberts, T. and Oosterwegel, A. (1999) Gender, task
contexts, and childrens performance on a computer-based task. European Journal of
Psychology of Education, 14 (1), 129 39;
1340
3. ganaTlebis
sferoSi
eqsperimentirebis
praqtikuli
sakiTxebis
dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisTvis ixileT Riechen and Boruch (1974); Bennett and

Lumstaine (1975); Evans (1978: Tavi 4).
4. ganaTlebis
sferoSi
meta-analizis
magaliTi
SegiZliaT
naxoT
naSromSi Severiens, S. and ten Dam, G. (1998) A multilevel meta-analysis of gender

differences in learning orientation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 595 618.
meta-analizi
farTod
gamoiyeneba.
Cochrane Collaboration,
faqtobrivad
pioneria am sferoSi da randomizebuli gakontrolebuli cdebis metaanalizze fokusirdeba (ixileT Maynand and Chalmer 1997).
15 kiTxvarebi
1. es midgomaa gamoyenebuli belbinis
(Belbin 1981) cnobil kvlevaSi,
romelic menejmentis gundSi pirovnebaTa tipebs swvlobda.

16 interviu
1. ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi intervius gamoyenebis magaliTebisTvis
ix. Ferris, J. and Gerber, R. (1996) Mature-age students feelings of enjoying learning in a
further education context. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 11 (1), 79 96;
Carroll, S. and Walford, G. (1997) Parents responses to the school quasi-market. Research
Papers in Education, 12 (1), 3_26; Collen, K. (1997) Headteacher appraisal: a view from the
inside. Research Papers in Education, 12 (2), 177 204; Cicognani, C. (1998) Parents
educational stylesand adolescent autonomy. European Journal of Psychology of Education,
13 (4), 485 502; Van Etten, S., Pressley, M., Freebern, G. and Echevarria, M. (1998) An
interview study of college freshmens beliefs about their academic motivation. European
Journal of Psychology of Education, 13 (1), 105 130; Robonson, P. and Smithers, A.
(1999) Should the sexes be separated for secondary education comparisons of single-sex
and co-educational schools. Research Papers in Education, 14 (1), 23 49.
17 angariSebi
1341
1. ganaTlebis sferoSi cnebebis rukebis magaliTebisTvis ix. Lawless, L.,

Smee, P. and O.shea, T. (1998) Using concept sorting and concept mapping in business and
public administration, and education: an overview. Educational Research, 40 (2), 219 235.
2. ganaTlebis sferoSi diskursis analizis sxva magaliTebisTvis ix.
Ramsden, C. and Reason, D. (1997) Conversation discourse analysis in library and
information services. Educational for Information, 15 (4), 283 295; Butzkamm, W. (1998)
Code-switching in a bilingual history lesson: the mother tongue in a conversational lubricant.
Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1 (2), 81 99; Mercer, N., Wegerif, R. and Dawes, L.
(1999) Childrens talk and the development of reasoning in the classroom. British
3. Cohen, L. (1993) Racism Awareness Materials in Initial Teacher Training.Report to the
Leverhulme Trust, 11 19 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4A 1 NR. umciresobebis
warmomadgeneli
bavSvevisadmi
TeTrkaniani
maswavleblebis
qcevis
bavSvebiseuli aRqmebis kvlevis nawils warmoadgenen video scenarebi.

ix. Neylor, P. (1995) Adolescents perceptions of teacher racism. Unpublished PhD
dissertation, Loughborough University of Technology.
18 dakvirveba
1. drois SerCevis magaliTisTvis ix. Childs, G. (1997) A concurrent validity study
of teachers rating for nominated problem children. British Journal of Educational
Psychology, 67, 457 474.
2. kritikuli SemTxvevebis magaliTisTvis ix. Tripp, D. (1994) Teachers lives,
critical incidents and professional practice. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education, 7 (1), 65 72.
3. dakvirvebis magaliTisTvis ix. Sideris, G. (1998) Direct classroom observation.
Research in Education, 59, 19 28.
20 pirovnuli konstruqtebi
1. ix. pirovnuli konstruqtebis Teoriis gamoyeneba maswavleblebisa da
maTi jgufebis kvlevaSi: Shapiro, B. l. (1990) A collaborative approach to help
novice science teachers reflect on changes in their constuction of the role of the science
1342
teacher. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 37 (2), 119 132; Corporal, A. H. (1991)
Repertory grid research into cognitions of prospective primary school teachers. Teaching and
Teacher Education, 36, 315 329; Lehber, R. and Franke, M. L. (1992) Applying personal
construct psychology to the study of teachers knowledge of fractions. Journal for Research
in Mathematical Education, 23 (3), 223 241; Shaw, E. L. (1992) The influence of methods
instruction on the beliefs of preservice elementary and secondary science teachers:
preliminary comparative analyses. School Science and Mathematics, 92, 14 22.
2. pirovnuli konstruqtebis ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi gamoyenebis
magaliTisTvis ix. Morris, P. (1983) Teachers perceptions of their pupils: a Hong
Kong case study. Research in Education, 29, 81 86; Derry, S. J. and Potts, M. K. (1998)
How tutors model students: a study of personal constructs in adaptive tutoring. American
21 roluri TamaSi
1. fsiqoTerapiaSi roluri TamaSis farTod gamoyenebis angariSebisTvis
ix. Holmes, P. and Karp, M. (1991) Psychodrama: Inspiration and Technique. London:
Routledge.
24 raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi
1. Bynner and Stribley (1979: 242) alfas mniSvnelobebis sasargeblo cxrils
gvTavazoben, romelSic mocemulia rii-is mniSvnelobebi 0.05-dan 0.80-mde
da debulebebis nomrebis mniSvnelobebi 2-dan 50-mde. SesaZlebelia
alfas mniSvnelobebis interpolacia. ix. Bynner, J. and Stribley, K. M. (eds.)
(1979) Social Research: Principles and Procedures. London: Londgman and the Open
University Press, Table 19. 1.
2. muijsi (Muijs 2004) miuTiTebs,
multikolinearoba,
Tu
rom
meniudan
SPSS-Si
SegviZlia
avirCevT
Statistics
davadginoT
da
Semdeg
collinearity diagnostics, Semdeg ki gamoTvlebis Sedegad miRebul cxrilSi

svets Tolerance unda SevxedoT. avtori miuTiTebs, rom ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba icvlebodes 0-dan 1-mde da rac ufro maRalia
mniSvneloba, miT naklebia Tanawrfivoba, xolo 0-Tan miaxloebuli
1343
mniSvneloba
gviCvenebs,
rom
cvladis
TiTqmis
mTeli
dispersia
modelSi sxva cvladebiT aixsneba.

25 mravalganzomilebiani gazomva da faqtoruli analizi
1. robsoni (1993) Tvlis, rom imdenad mcire SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli,
rogoric 100-ia.
2. sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod mikerZoeba warmatebaze pasuxismgeblobis
sakuTar
Tavze
aRebisken
da
warumateblobaze
pasuxismgeblobis
uaryofisken midrekilebas ukavSirdeba.

3. faqtoruli analizis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli kvlevis magaliTisTvis
ix. McEneaney, J. E. and Sheridan, E. M. (1996) A survey-based component for programme
assessment in undergraduate pre-service teacher education. Research in Education, 55, 49
61;Prosser, M. and Trigwell, K. (1997) Relations between perceptions of the teaching
environment and approached to teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 25
35; Vermunt, J. D. (1998) The regulation of constructive learning processes. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 149 171; Andrews, P. and Hatch, G. (1999) A new
look at secondary teachers conception of mathematics and its teaching. British Educational
Research Journal, 25 (2), 203 223; Valadines, N. (1999) Formal reasoning performance of
higher secondary school students: theoretical and educational implications. European
Journal of Psychology of Education, 14 (1), 109 117; klasteruli analizis
gamoyenebiT warmoebuli kvlevis magaliTisTvis ix. Seifert, T. L. (1997)
Academic goals and emotion: results of a structural equation model and a cluster analysis.
British
Journal
of
Educational
Psychology,
67,
323
338;
korelaciis
koeficientebis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli kvlevis magaliTisTvis ix.

Lamb, S., Bibby, P., Wood, D. and Leyden, G. (1997) Communication skills, educational
achievement and biographic characteristics of children with moderate learning difficulties.
European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12 (4), 401 414; Goossens, L., Marcoen, A.,
van Hees, S. and van de Woestlijne, O. (1998) Attachment style and loneliness in
adolescence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13 (4), 529 542; Okagaki, L.
and Fresch, P. A. (1998) Parenting and school achievement: a multiethnic perspective.
American Educational Research Journal, 35 (1), 123 44.
1344
4. ganaTlebis sferos kvlevaSi mravaldoniani modelirebis gamoyenebis

magaliTebiTvis ix. Fitz-Gibbon, C. T. (1991) Multilevel modeling in an indicator
systems; S. W. Taudenbush and J. D. Willns (eds) Schools, Classrooms and Pupils:
International Studies of Schooling from a Multilevel Perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press; Bell, J. F. (1996) Question choice in English literature examination. Oxford Review of
Education, 23 (4), 447 458; Hill, P. W. and Rowe, K. J. (1996) Multilevel modeling in
school effectiveness research. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 7 (1), 1 34;
Schagen, I. and Sainsbury, M. (1996) Multilevel analysis of the key stage I national
curriculum data in 1995. Oxford Review of Education, 22 (3), 265 272; Croxford, L. (1997)
Participation in science subjects: the effect of the Scottish curriculum framework. Research
Papers in Education, 12 (1), 69 89; Thomas, S., Sammons, P., Mortimore, P. and Smees,
R. (1997) Differential secondary school effectiveness: comparing the performance of
different pupil groups. British Educational Research Journal, 23 (4), 351 369; Kivulu, J.
M. and Rogers, W. T. (1998) A multilevel analysis of cultural experience and gender
influences on causal attributions to perceived performance in mathematics. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 68, 25 37; McNiece, R. and Jolliffe, F. (1998) An investigation
into regional differences in educational performance in the National Child Development
Study. Educational Research, 40 (1), 13 30; Mooij, T. (1998) Pupil=class determinants
of aggressive and victim behaviour in pupils. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68,
373 385; Musch, J. and Br der, A. (1999) Test anxiety versus academic skills: a
comparison of two alternative models for predicting performance in a statistics exam. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 105 116.
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Sesavali

kvlevis meTodebi ganaTlebaSi

ganaTlebaSi ganaxlebuli meeqvse gamocema dRes ganaTlebis sferoSi

nawilisgan Sedgeba: ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqsti, ganaTlebis kvlevis

informaciis Semcveli veb gverdis misamarTi, romelzec warmodgenilia

wvdebian da iyeneben kvlevas ganaTlebis sferoSi.

dafuZnebuli kvleva, interviuireba da gamokiTxvebi;

praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, kiTxvaris sqema da Catareba;

sruliad axali nawili, romelic xuTi axali Tavisgan Sedgeba da

resursze, romelic specialurad am wignisTvis aris Seqmnili.

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxavia rogorc profesionali mkvlevrebisTvis, ise

universitetSi, didi britaneTi (Loughborough University, UK).

britaneTi (Didsbury School of Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK).

lourens manions, brZen konsultantsa da karg megobars

wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:

grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:

ganaTlebis kvlevis konteqsti 40

pozitivizmisa da mecnieruli meTodis kritika

pozitivisturi socialuri mecnierebis alternativebi: naturalisturi

kritikuli Teoria da kurikulumis kvleva 100

kvleva, politika da strategiis dagegmva

ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevis dagegmva

2 ganaTlebis sferoSi kvlevisa da socialuri kvlevis eTika 145

informirebuli Tanxmoba 148

absolutisturi da relativisturi eTika

gamocdilebis xma 171

eTika da kvlevis meTodebi ganaTlebaSi

kvleva da regulacia: eTikuri kodeqsebi da recenzireba

pasuxismgebloba mkvlevarTa sazogadoebis winaSe 202

3 kvlevis dagegmva ganaTlebis sferoSi

kvlevis dagegmvis principebi

kvlevis dizaini da meTodologia

Sedegebis warmodgena da angariSi

kvlevis dagegmvis matrica

kvlevis dagegmvis marTva

dokumenturi monacemebi 249

eTika da sakuTrebis ufleba

raodenobrivi monacemebi 265

SerCevis Secdoma 267

martivi SemTxveviTi SerCeva

sistemuri SerCeva 277

araalbaTuri SerCevebi 283

zvavisebri SerCeva 289

SerCevis strategiis dagegmva 292

5 sensitiuri kvleva ganaTlebis sferoSi

ra aris sensitiuri kvleva?

eTikuri sakiTxebi sensitiur kvlevaSi

Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis kvleva

6 validoba da sandooba 329

validobis gansazRvreba 329

socialuri Sedegebis validoba

triangulaciis tipebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi

validobis miRweva 355

sandooba stabilobis saxiT

sandooba ekvivalentobis saxiT

sandooba Sinagani SeTanxmebis saxiT 363

sandooba Tvisebriv kvlevaSi

validoba da sandooba interviuebSi 368

garegani validobis safrTxeebi

validoba da sandooba kiTxvarebSi

validoba da sandooba dakvirvebebSi 388

validoba da sandooba cxovrebiseul istoriebSi 402

kvlevis saxeebi ganaTlebis sferoSi 405

bunebrivi kvleva-Ziebis elementebi