Lamear Prdvisey Di ferential Equations jpex) © “Many 4 the puineplee wndaclacne the lnelraoni of the, notices “worlh are relations involving rakes at which things happen. ms and ho “Sn nathematiedl torma, the relations ace equation VOLS ore dorivaloes . Equations Contexminp deriviteies Qre. differential equadions - “Mang Systems in engineering are modeled with dfferential en, Me Appmpuete meHiod of Solvtly te model depends on Ty, pelasifectin, 4 Difeentit Cqustins: Ondvary ve Pahal * Delene yas a dependent verielate ard t as an independent ye yl) I'S an unknown funetein int. “he unlenoun finetern depends na Singh indepenclert vaurble ? aera appes in the Afferental gecko Also: » e _7e 2 Ake) ee) an seme derroliwes , yi, yi, oy yl) § duffevent notation mn 4 4 > fe tquaiinn ic an oedunory AufPenential gquecion, (bE). * hot be an unknown function Hat Aqpends m™ Srverel independent vtriables. Exanple? Ge (wt) > He derivatives are portal dopvatives anh the epeation is o nactiad differential equscttin (PDE). Olay) _ Deg) bt opie: The heat conduction equation of” iz (a i a physieaboomsunt) D2Linear Delanany Diff ereactil 69 uahons, cock. @ B. Ore erential Eguation +The order of a diff. 2g is dhe order of he highest dorwatine hat Appears in he egutltin.« Examples : IS*-order model: ae + doy = FH) [ean also write as’ ait aey= Fee] nd adel 42 AN order madieh A. a 4 tay = FG) Bi Rocder moclol : yt Qetytegy’= tt C. Linear vs. Nonlinear Fquations Definition of a linear function F Foc ang sot of Vedtors %,, X2)--» Bm anh Seale 4, 4---)%m, He owing equality holds + F(a,%, + Ree ana A FCG) + da fled + tbo lm) * The ODE Flog gry 0 is linear if fisa linear fumetion of Hee variables 4, ~', a (A similar Asfin ition appliia & PDEs) 2 The genacol eee a ae (0g + ay® gO 4. +a,ti4 2 9g “Note Heat Bo, Ay.) An are not funchims og pe tts TE Ye ay ace constant He linger ODE is time-invariant Tf any a; are funckions of bme, Q:2 a; (4, tron fe linear ODE is Himecyvaciant. + Pin equation {rat % ook of tym (1) is & nonlenear aguatonLeneme Oyen Differeatisl Exuatms, cont @® ole mathematriad cary ond mettods solving Lenane Laystions Ore high ly Asvecoped. For non linear kauateans, He Hoy is more complreattech and many of be techniques used, Ao Solve Unser sguatins cant be applied. “Forhamatale mang srqnificant problems lead t linear ODS oc can be appaximated by them. The prees of spprninacting a nenlinoer equation by @ Loven one is called Linaaciration . D. Homegancous us. Non homogeneous linear ODE's * A Linear oPé (s hoenogensons TF the Pllovreap condibzin is sabsfel: Tf (4) is a Solub'on, so is C4), whee @ is an arbitrary nonzero tonstant. Pr Lutter ODE Har Falk Hu's condition is inhemegensous. he equation of form (i) is Nornogenao us if 4lb=0. OtHberwise, it is enhemedencous. E. Prinei Si osebiinn «xf 4 and apy Oe Q soluhims of a homogencous linen ope, then Hu feinear combenation Gy, + Cage Is also a Solution for dny values of He eavsiants 0, and Cr: + Considec a nenhomonen cous. linger ODE, ythgeu, where Ww represents an input to a earthel system aud 4 represents the output . Suppore Hot When usu,, the output is Ga ark adit UUs, He cute js Get When = A Ut ay & Linear vombination of He 2 inpatr, the dutprt is " Yay tary, a Leiter combination He 2 corcesponduirg OutpugLevene Ordinacy Differential Fgushors cont @ his is shown in tHe Pollounig wag! 4 phys Us AU aru Assume that YAY, + Arye. Cooatee eguahin halt? 2 (a, 1%, Faay.) + k (ay, arg.) oe A Mit ary 2 aly, thy, -u,) + alyst hy) 4 = Suree we know Hat at they, =u, and — ua, GG) = and So tegen is true when w=a,ujparus ancl Yrays rary, Het is, He. System response 4 is a Lenser combination f He indurhust responses 4, and ee