1

Stockton University Bike Share Program Proposal

Jin Chen, Johanna Vo, Erin Pilkington, and Celenia Rivera
Stockton University
ENVL 4300
Spring 2015
Professor Tait Chirenje

Abstract
This proposal updates the current bike share program of Stockton University by implementing
lock and locate technology through the utilization of ten Lock8 electronic devices. The fleet of the
proposed bike share program will be consist of ten bikes, four bike racks will be designated for use by the
bike share program, and advertisement will be incorporated to raise awareness of the program. The
proposed Stockton Bike Share supports the theme of sustainability of the Stockton 2020 initiative by
offering alternative environmentally friendly transportation, by being accessible as well as free to the
whole Stockton community, and affordable for the University. The program will impact Stocktons
campus by reducing vehicle fuel consumption and carbon emissions, as well as raise environmental
awareness, and increase ease of transportation throughout campus. The initial implementation of our
proposed bike share program will cost $6,900 after five years the cost will rise up to $31,700 if our
projections of growth mirror the increase of other college campuses studied. These estimates include
annual costs, bikes, bikes racks and their displays, as well as Lock8 units. The proposed bike share
programs success will be analyzed and evaluated through surveys, GPS data, and research projects.

Table of Contents
Abstract2
Introduction..4
Stocktons Current Bike Share Program..4
Our Bike Share Program Proposal..............5
The Sustainability Theme related to Bike Shares...6
College-wide Impacts..8
Parking Issues at Stockton.....8
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission.....9
Raising Environmental Awareness and Encouraging Sustainable Ways of ..10
Health Benefits of Bicycling...10
College-wide Objectives.....11
Relevance to Sustainability Theme...11
Specific Things Needed to be Accomplished With Bike Share Program...11
How Stockton as a Whole will benefit..12
Budget.....12
Outcomes....13
Assessment of Bike Rental Program......14
References....18
Appendix I.....20
Appendix 2.......21

Introduction
The Stockton 2020 plan aims at maintaining four themes: learning, engagement, global
perspective, and sustainability (LEGS). Stockton Universitys campus is located within the Pinelands
National Reserve, which has been chosen by The United Nations Environmental Science and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) as an important biosphere to be preserved for the protection of cultural,
economic, and environmental services for future generations (Moscovici, 2015). Through the theme of
sustainability Stockton aims to engage in actions that support excellent environmental quality locally,
regionally, nationally, and globally (Kesselman, 2014.) We propose a rental bike share program on
campus that will support Stocktons sustainability theme through providing a sustainable, affordable, and
accessible alternative of transportation for students to travel around campus.
Bike share programs allow easy access to short distance public transportation. Individuals using
bike share programs can pick up and return bikes to designated stations within the bike shares service
area (USDOT, 2012). The first bike share program ever recorded took place in Amsterdam in the year
1964, the program consisted of the city painting several bikes white and dispersing them to the public,
unfortunately, due to the lack of technology to enforce user accountability, it was unsuccessful. (History,
n.d). In 1996 the first successful bike share program was established in England at Portsmouth University.
Portsmouth Universitys Bikeabout program used magnetic swipe technology to enforce user
accountability within their program. (History, n.d.). Once user accountability was obtained, many bike
share programs were established all over the world including in Paris, Munich, and in many cities of
North America (History, n.d.). From the success of Bikeabout, the number of bike share programs
increased to 120 programs by the year 2009 (History, n.d).

Stocktons Current Bike Share Program

The office of Residential life owns about 30 bicycles that are used in the current bike share
program (Pluchino, 2015). The program is free for students but students have to apply to be eligible and

are chosen through a lottery based system. The rental period for a bicycle through this program can be up
to one semester (Bike Share Program, n.d.). The long rental period is a tool used by residential life to
ensure user accountability due to the lack of tracking technology currently available. The long rental
period limits accessibility of the program due to high demand of students and small bike fleet size.
Demand increases during warm months and decreases during the cold months within the school year
(Pluchino, 2015). Our proposed bike share program aims to meet demands of the program and implement
geographical positioning systems and locking systems to improve the success of bike share program at
Stockton.

Our Bike Share Program Proposal

Our proposed bike share program is free to all Stockton members and utilizes smart technology to
increase accessibility and meet demands to foster its success. Our proposed program will provide a tenbike fleet that will eventually be expanded through the success of the program. Atla (n.d.) suggests bike
share programs should have certain components including a distinguishable bike fleet normally equipped
with a tracking unit such as geographic positioning devices (GPS) or Radio Frequency Identification Tags
(RFID) as well as a bike lock. Our proposed bike share program will be using Lock8 an electronic bike
lock that offers the above components. The Lock8 is installed on the back wheel of the bicycle and comes
with a bike lock coil that is used to attach the bicycle to a bicycle rack (Security Feature, n,d.). The
device has several different security features: a thermometer, gyro accelerometer, and smart cable to
protect against ice spray, blow torches, sawing, hammering, grinding, and cutting (Security Features,
n.d.). If any attempts were made to steal or damage the Lock8 device an alarm will sound. For use on
Stockton campus police as well as residential life will be notified in these types of situations. The Lock8
contains batteries that are recharged through cycling, this reduces negative environmental impacts
energy.The Lock8 utilizes in place Wi-Fi systems as long as they are above 2G; therefore, the Lock8
would be able to use Stocktons current wireless internet for its GPS unit as well as for connecting to the
mobile devices (Security Features, n,d.).
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Students will be able to download an application on their iPhone and Android phones which will
allow them to see where the available bikes are located. Once at the bike they wish to rent they will be
able to unlock or lock the bike. The proposed bike share program would allow more flexibility for the
user by eliminating long term restrictions on the bike usage. Once the student is done using the bike,
another student can then use it from where is was dropped off, allowing more students to benefit from the
program. For the current program, students need to fill out a form and then have to wait over a week to
find out if they can use a bike, but using our proposed bike share program the students will be able to
register through their mobile devices. The utilization of mobile devices increases the accessibility to bikes
and reduces wait time and paper load.
The proposed bike share program will only be allowed to be used on Stocktons campus to limit
risk and to decrease liability for the University. This can be enforced through the Lock8; its GPS unit can
be used to track the bike locations (Security Features, n,d.). Also the GPS unit can track the usage and
routes providing data of the progress of the program. Different types of data could be collected such as
how many students are using the bicycles, how much the bikes are being used, what times they are being
used, and what areas are the bikes being used to travel to. The locations of the bikes can also be shared to
show which bike racks contain the most available bikes. The ease of finding a free bicycle will also be
increased by the creation of designated drop off and pick up areas for the bicycles. On the apartment side
of campus, two bike racks will be installed that are exclusively for the bike share program. The bike racks
will be located alongside the first and third shuttle stops to allow increased ease of accessibility. For the
academic side of campus, existing bike racks will be used to create designated drop off and pick up points
for the program, but these bike racks will not be exclusively for the program. A certain area will be
painted and will contain signs showing that the area is for program bikes (see Appendix I). The two bike
racks that will be used on the academic side include the large bike rack in front of the Arts and Science
building, and a smaller one located between the Main Campus Building and Campus Center.
For the project, Residential life would be the owner of the bikes, and the students would rent the
bikes from the University. The University will not charge the students for renting the bikes. The
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University would be responsible for the upfront cost of Lock8 units, annual costs (e.g. maintenance fees
and monthly subscriptions), advertising, and implementation of racks and designated areas. The proposed
bike program will use smart technology to better serve the high demand for bicycles during the warmer
months and will increase the ease of renting a bike during colder months. This makes it more likely for
potential users who are in a rush or who just want to be environmentally friendly to use the bike share
program.

The Sustainability Theme related to Bike Shares

As discussed earlier, Stocktons 2020 plan is based on four themes one of them being sustainability.
Sustainability is the use of methods that find the middle ground between three aspects: economics, the
environment, and social justice (Moscovici, 2015). Although the proposed bike share program is more
expensive than the current one it is affordable as seen through the budgeted cost of the program. This shows
that the program is economically feasible and justifiable due to the increased levels in success expected to
come from the program. In addition the increased accessibility of the program will allow for equal use
opportunities to the staff and faculty. It will also give students another option of travel on campus when
parking is limited, which will decrease traffic congestion of the parking lots. This will lead to a decrease in
the carbon emissions produced by traffic on Stockton campus. All of the above impacts support the triple
bottom line of sustainability (Moscovici, 2015).
There are many objectives of the sustainability theme at Stockton University. One is to sustain the
integration of sustainability into programs as well as the schools of Stockton University. Another objective
of this theme is to provide a foundation for participation in actions that will reinforce volunteer activities,
community efforts, and research related to sustainability (Stockton Overview, n,d.). The program will
provide data as stated earlier about usage. This data can be used by different programs and schools to assess
the reduced carbon footprint of Stockton University. The implementation of the program can also provide
additional green jobs through the maintenance of the bicycles on Stocktons campus. Several successful
bike share programs have shown these impacts in Lyon, France, and Denver (USDOT, 2012).
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College-wide Impacts
The proposed bike rental program would help with reducing vehicle fuel consumption,
greenhouse gas emission, and parking issues on Stockton campus. Also, the program would help to raise
awareness of environment issues in Stockton community and communities outside of Stockton through
outreach programs. Every member of Stockton will have access to our bike rental program, which will
provide an alternative way of traveling on campus. Moreover, members of Stockton are encourage to use
the bikes, which will engage people in exercising.

Parking Issues at Stockton

Parking is an ongoing issue at Stockton due to increased number of students, and loss of parking
space due to campus expansion. Currently, parking lots available for commuters are Parking Lots
1,2,3,4,5, and 6; parking lot at Arts and Science building and North Lot. Generally, commuters,
professors, and staff members have to arrive early to campus to find a parking space close to the main
academic building. If not, it would be difficult to find a parking spot near campus center and many people
would have to park at North Lot and take shuttles or walk to the main campus. Parking space will
become more of an issue when the master plan of Stockton is going to be implemented in year 2017. One
of the expansions will be constructing another Unified Science Center (USC) on existing parking lots.
The new USC will be 59,843 squared-feet, and the building will be built on a decent portions of Parking
Lot 2, 3, and 4 (Campus Construction Map, 2014).
The proposed bike rental program will help with parking issues to a limited extent because only
10 bikes will be implemented for start-up. However, with availability of free bike usage for Stockton
members, especially students, people can help to reduce usage of Stockton shuttles and their vehicles.
Then, they would not have to worry about parking since there will be designated stations for bikes that
belong to the bike share program. Even though our proposal only have 10 bikes for the initial
implementation, if bike demand increased more bikes would be installed, and this would help with
parking issues substantially at Stockton.
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Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission

Greenhouse gases are a major contributor to global warming and climate change. According to
Environmental Protection Agency (2014), human activities are the main source of greenhouse gas
emission which contributed to climate change since the mid-20th century. Some of the well-known
greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and fluorinated gases (e.g. hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride), and most of the pollutants are coming from human activities
such as transportation, energy production, and manufactures. Most of the greenhouse gas emission
worldwide is carbon dioxide (accounts for 75%), and carbon dioxide comes mostly from sources that burn
fossil fuels (EPA, 2014). In the U.S., the average fuel consumption in 2012 was 394 gallons per person
and 584 gallons per licensed person (Gagnier, 2014). The reduction of fuel consumption is linked to
shorter driving distance and more fuel efficient vehicle economy (Gagnier, 2014).
Using bicycles is a sustainable and eco-friendly way of transportation, and riding bicycles will
not produce any greenhouse gas emission. Based on a bicycling and walking study done by Federal
Highway Administration (n.d.), bicycling alone estimated to help displace 60,000 miles of travelling by
automobiles when there is a high level of bicycling. In addition, Godelnik (2014) addressed in his article,
The Value of Bike Sharing: Looking Beyond Carbon Emissions, B-Cycle a currently used bike share
program that has negated about 22,326 metric tons of carbon dioxide. This amount of carbon dioxide
emission does not really represent a huge impact on the decrease of total emissions of carbon dioxide
from traffic. But the real environmental goal of bike share programs is not to directly negate the carbon
emissions but to increase the amount of public using bikes to decrease the amount of motor vehicles
needed (Godelnik, 2014). Even though there wont be much of help with greenhouse gas emission
reduction with the proposed program or decrease in motor vehicle use; but when bike demand increases it
will substantially help with vehicle fuel consumption and gas emission.

Raising Environmental Awareness and Encouraging Sustainable Ways of Transportation

The bike share program will help to raise awareness of environmental issues, and encourage
people to use alternative and sustainable ways of transportation, such as bicycling. Stockton is known as
New Jerseys Green University. Engaging in a bike share program will have a campus-wide impact on
Stockton, and also regional impacts, too. This will be achieved through the general observation of
bystanders of individuals using the bike share program, in which bystanders will increase their interest in
bike share when seeing other people involved with the program. Also, different student clubs and
organizations at Stockton are involved with many things, and they could help to advertise the bike share
program and its purposes.
Bike share programs are well adopted by many colleges and universities in the United States and
in the world. Not only higher institutions have implemented the programs, cities like New York and
Portland have successful bike share programs used by the general public. By adopting bike share
programs, people can help with reducing gas emission and keep the environment clean and safe.
Moreover, there will be fewer pollutants in the air and it is beneficial to human health, too.

Health Benefits of Bicycling

Bicycling is a good exercise that can help to increase physical strength and endurance. Some
other benefits of bicycling include weight loss, lower blood pressure, and lower healthcare cost once the
health of people improves (MCBC, n.d.). Bicycling allows people to become more interactive with the
environment versus people driving in the car or riding the shuttle because people riding bikes are more
aware of their surroundings (MCBC, n.d.).

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College-wide Objectives
Relevance to Sustainability Theme
The proposed bike rental program is pertaining to the Sustainability theme within the 2020 LEGS
themes. To begin with, the bike rental program will be accessible to all Stockton members. Even though
there are a limited amount of bikes available, but as demand increases more bikes are likely to be added.
Using bikes as an alternative way of transportation is sustainable because no fuels are needed to ride the
bike, and the battery used in Lock8 is rechargeable. Maintenance done by Stockton Residential Life on
the bike would be repairs and pumping and replacement of tires. Assistance from Computer Services may
be needed with questions regarding database and/or GPS monitoring on the individual bike unit. Riding
bikes does not produce gas emissions, therefore riding bikes is beneficial to the environment. Also,
bicycling can help with reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission as less people will be
using cars or shuttles. Outreach programs will be established to educate people about how bicycling is
both beneficial to the environment but also to people. This will help to raise awareness on the whole
campus, but also can have impact on the local communities in which bike share program can be
established to a larger scale. Surveys, GPS data, and research studies will be used to evaluate the success
of bike rental program and see if there is a demand for more bikes for future development.

Specific Things Needed to be Accomplished With Bike Share Program

In order to make the bike share program feasible, designated bike racks and bike paths or trails
need to be available. There are existing bike racks available and we chose two for use in the bike share
program. There are paths such as light path and dark paths on Stockton campus for bike riding, and signs
can be made to ensure ensure that paths are shared by both bicyclists and walkers. The awareness of the
bike share program can be accomplished through advertising such as TV ads, newspapers, and
implementation of signs and designated areas. Moreover, outreach programs can be done through
volunteers from student clubs and organizations at Stockton. And, we can help to let local communities
know about Stocktons bike share program and the benefits of riding bikes.
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How Stockton as a Whole will benefit

Stockton as a whole will benefit through this bike share program. Firstly, there will be a reduction
on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission as fewer people are using less shuttles/cars. This will
help with reducing pollutants getting into air, soil, and water, while some people will face less trouble of
parking if they have bikes available. Moreover, this will help the Stockton community to be more
engaged in environmental awareness such as climate change. The program will also foster well-being of
the Stockton community through exercise. Many colleges, universities, and cities have successful bike
share program in place. Therefore, it is important for Stockton to be a part of group that engage in
different activities that benefit both the environment and human.

Budget
The budget for the proposed bike share program will be provided through the Stockton 2020
Initiative, and be used for expenses of Lock8 units, subscriptions, maintenance, bike racks and
advertisement expenses. The proposal has broken the budget into two plans: a one-year plan and an
additional five-year plan in anticipation of the future success of initial implementation of the program.
The initial start-up of the bike share program will provide 10 bikes using Lock8 units. The expense for 10
Lock8 units will be around $4,450 (Willis 2015). Many bike racks are installed in different locations
around Stockton campus, and two will contain designated stations for bikes. Two bike racks will also be
installed during implementation of the program near the first and third bus stops near the Oak Pond Drive.
The implementation budget for, installment, advertising and designating the bike stations will be $1,500.
The annual costs associated with the first year including maintenance costs for the bikes and monthly
subscription to the Lock8 database ($900), (Pluchino, 2015 & Willis 2015).
If the program is a success, we hope to add 10 additional bike each year, resulting in 50 bikes by
2010. The total anticipated cost of the 50 devices equals $22,500, total annual costs equals $4,500, and

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total management of the bikes and their rack display equal $4,700. It is anticipated that the display cost
will be reduced in the later years due to existing infrastructure.

Table1: Bike Share Program Budget

2016

By 2020

Lock8 unit

$4,450 for 10 units

$22,500 for 50 units

Annual cost:
maintenance and monthly
subscription

$900

$4,500

Bike/Rack display

$1,500

$4,700

Total

$6,900

$31,700

Table 1: A total of $60,000 could be granted through Stocktons 2020 Initiatives if

proposal was approved. source of expense were gathered from (Willis, 2015 and and
Pluchino, 2015).
Outcomes

The outcomes of the project are vital, they not only determine the bike share programs demand
but also offer a gage on the sustainability of Stockton University as a whole. With the success of the
program, we anticipate a reduction in the use of the shuttles, resulting in a reduction of carbon emissions.
Additionally, there will be an increase in the awareness of not just the program, but also the idea behind
the program throughout campus. This awareness will also increase the interest and usage of the program.
After one year the College of Charlestons bike share was able to double their fleet of available bikes
from 8 to 16 because of the demand for it resulted in over 2,000 uses.(About, n.d.) This program will also
increase the health of the University. Studies have found that riding a bike can protect an individuals
health through decreasing the likeliness of cancer, some mental illness, overnutrition, and cardiac
problems (Cycling 2013). With the increases in health issues, including obesity, this program provides
and easy and free way for users to exercise.

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However, there are some concerns that may appear with this project. Due to starting with only 10
bikes, some students may run into an issue where there is not an available bike in their immediate area.
Additionally, there may be times when it may be unsafe to ride the bike, such as during icy conditions.
Many colleges that currently have a bike share program require their students to complete a biking safety
course before being approved (About, n.d.). Additionally students should sign an agreement which may
include regulations on where the bikes may be ridden or keeping it on campus property. While there is a
low risk of the bikes being stolen due to the safety features within the Lock8 device, it is still a
possibility.

Assessment of Bike Rental Program

It is necessary for the project to be evaluated and achieve plans in order to attain our Bikeshare
programs objectives. Developing methods that can illustrate strategies for assessing the programs
progress can effectively describe the scale of the program to which we can address to discontinue the
program or improve the plan and eventually support the demand. Our strategies for measuring the success
of our objectives will be evaluated through our recorded data, surveys and research studies.
The GPS feature will be one of the most important components to acquire data. It will provide
vital information, such as bike hot spots and distances traveled, which will allow us to gage the demand
for the bikes. Additionally, the GPS technology will allow users access to locate a bike close to their
location. The staff of Residential Life will supervise the computer program, which will allow auditing the
usage and demand and will help determine if an upgrade is needed on the project.

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Table 2: A schedule for measuring success from recorded data on GPS system
Objective/Audit Demand

Measures of Success

Evaluated Schedule

Consistent Bike Count

The ten bikes are used consistently

Every Week

Amount of different users

Not used by the same person. Varies

more than 10 individuals

Every Week

Seasonal Fluctuation of Use

During snow and rainy season,

lower than 10 bike are expected to
be used. At least 50% reduce.

Seasonally

Bike Hotspot

Clustering of bikes at stations

Monthly

Residential Life will also be responsible for maintaining the program budget. This will include
managing the annual costs, such as subscription fees, bike repairs, and additional components to meet
future demands. It is our goal to increase demand for our program so that can be sustained within our
budget ($60,000) through our sponsors from 2020 Initiatives.

Table 3: A recording of financial costs each year since implementation of proposal

Budget

2015

2016-2019

By 2020

Annual cost, include maintenance and

monthly subscription

$900

Keep Record of Financial

Costs Each Year

$4,500

Bike/Rack display

$1,500

Keep Record of Financial

Costs Each Year

$4,700

Lock8 unit

$4,450 for
10 units

Keep Record of Financial

Costs Each Year

$22,500 for
50 units

Total

$6,900

Keep Record of Financial

Costs Each Year

$31,700

Our second method of assessment will use surveys to evaluate the personal outlook of students
and faculty on the progress of the program. Surveys will be sent to students and faculty on campus each

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semester. Based on the current survey, shown in Appendix 2, we have attained an ideal response from
students and faculty towards supporting our bike share program. However, for accuracy toward a standard
response, improvements are needed in the survey such as effectiveness of the questions and a
representative percentage (25%-50%) of total population. This will help to build a stronger updatedsurvey each semester, and we expect to receive a higher support of bike share program from survey data.
Collecting surveys, each semester, can be use to study the changes in students and faculty awareness,
health habits, motives, and level of their satisfaction to reach our goal. As a result, we can improve
strategies for more supporters and participants.

Table 4: Analysis from bike share proposal

Current Status

Expected Status by 2020

77 individuals responded to survey

500 individual responsive (6 times more after 5

years)

86% supported the proposal

11% was unsure
2% oppose

90% supporters of the 500 responders

2% unsure

62% would actually use it

17% would not use, mainly because 28% rather
walk and 10% rather use the shuttle

80% would actually use it

20% would not use

61% said they will probably use it once or more

than once a week
14% said they will probably use it once a month
or more than once a month
7% said they will probably go less than monthly

77% said they will probably use it once or more

than once a week
20% said they will probably use it once a month
or more than once a month
3% said they will probably go less than monthly

Awareness and Motives

Eventually survey will determine awareness,

health habits, motives, and level of satisfaction

Table 3: This table is based on the result of our current survey that is use as a base for expected status
for the year 2020.

Lastly, our strategy to assess our goal for sustainability measures is through individuals personal
studies. This can be done by interest groups such as, sustainability and environmental majors and faculty,
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related interns, Water Watch Club, and Stockton Action Volunteers for the Environment (SAVE). Our
proposal objectives, other than increasing demands, are sustainable results such as reducing carbon
emission, encouraging exercise, and eventually increasing available parking spaces, while decreasing
vehicle congestion. This strategy can also increase environmental awareness, as the public are more
involved.

Table 5: Sustainable goal through research studies

Objective

Studies

Measure of success

Reduce carbon emission

Calculate the reduction in

emissions, times the number
of bike trips by the gasoline
usage per average shuttled
student

Decreasing carbon emission

each year.

Encourage Exercise

Use available data to calculate

the amount of via calories
burn.

Increase calculated calories

burn in individuals and
increase demands of users and
regular usage.

Eventually Increase of
available parking spaces

To implement more bike

available for the future

No significant change for

initial proposal

Overall, there will be ongoing studies by students and faculty to ensure consistency and building
of demands as the project evolves from 10 bikes to 50 bikes in the next 5 years. Evaluations are made
through recording data from systems, surveys, and research studies through students and faculty. We
tackled important values such as economic, social, and environmental, which will support our proposal.
Our bike share proposal, if successful, has the potential to seek changes in students and faculty awareness,
health habits, motives, and interest, which can expand our program. As a result, we will be able to
recognize failure and success, in which we can discontinue the program or improve the plan and
eventually support the demand. We can establish success once our measures of success are completed and
reached.

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http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/page.cfm?siteID=172&pageID=1
Willis, Thomas(2015, 17 March) Marketing Manager, Lock8. Written communication.
Wolf Ride Bike Share - Sustainability - Stony Brook University. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2015, from
http://www.stonybrook.edu/sustainability/biking-at-stony-brook/wolf-ride-bike-share.shtml

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Appendix 1
Figure 1

Figure 1: This figure show the existing and future designated

areas for the proposed bike share rental program.

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Appendix 2
Figure 2

Figure 2: Over 80% of Stockton members, mostly students were in favor of the free Bike Share
Program on campus.
Figure 3

Figure 3: Over 50% of the participants would use the bike share program, while
some were not sure and would not use the program.

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Appendix 2 (Cont.)
Figure 4

Figure 4: This figure shows the frequency of participants would use bike share program. The majority
would use the bikes once a week, or twice/more a week.

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