BloodTypeTestingLabreport

DateofLab:12/03/2015
KaminPattanapeerapong(Guide111)
PateepanSkulrattanacharoen(Book111)

Introduction

Thepurposeofthislabistofindoutthebloodtypeoftheexperimentedblood.
Bloodtypearedeterminedgeneticallybytheallelethatcodeforenzymethatcreate
antigenonthesurfaceofabloodcell.Thesetwoallelethatcodetheenzymearea
differentalleleofthesamegene.TheAallelearetheallelethatcodeforantigenA,
andBallelearetheallelethatcodeforantigenB.ThethirdtypeofthisallelecalledO,
codedanenzymewhichdoesnotfunction,thuscreatedabloodcellwithnosurface
antigenatall.Thecombinationofthesealleledeterminedthebloodtypeofan
individual.
Knowingthebloodtypeisreallyimportant,asitmaycausetheindividualtoface
fatalsituationwhentheygothroughabloodtransfusion.Antigenonthesurfaceofthe
bloodcellispresentforthebindingprocessofplasmaantibodies.Inaddition,an
individualwillnothavethesameplasmaantibodiesastheirantigen.Foranexample,an
individualwithantigenAwillnothaveplasmaantibodiesArepresented,butwillhave
theotherantibodiesorantibodiesB.
Thisisthereasonwhybloodtransfusionshouldbecarefullyprocessed.Ifan
individualreceivedabloodtypedifferedfromownbloodtype,thebodywillrecognize
thebloodasforeignandtriggeredanimmuneresponsewhichcausescoagulation.
Coagulationisactivatedwhenthebodyplasmaantibodiesbindtotheforeignreceived
bloodantigen,andcausesthebloodcelltogetclotted.However,thereisanexception
foranindividualwhohavereceivedbloodwithantigensOwhichcontainnoantigen,or
peoplewhoselfhaveantigenAB.Thisisbecause,thebloodtypeOwhichcontain
noantigencannotbebinedandcausescoagulation.Ontheotherhand,individualwith

bloodtypeABcontainnoantibodieswhichalsoisthecausesofcoagulation.Blood
typeOisknownastheuniversaldonorandthebloodtypeABisknownasthe
universalreceiver.

Purpose

Multiplealleletrait
Antigensandantibodies
HumanABObloodtype
Howantigenandantibodiesinteract

Material

1. 2MicroscopeSlide

2. LancetDevice

3. AntiA,B,AB

4. Ethanol

5. Markers

6. CottonBall

7. Lancets

8. 3Toothpicks

Method

1. Drawtwocircleonthebackofboththeslide(1cmdiameter).
2. LabeleachofthecircleC,A,B,ABrespectively(drawtheletterbackwardin
orderforthemtoappearproperlywhenturnedover).
3. Punctureyourfingerwithqualifiedlabteacher.
4. Droponedropofbloodoneachofthecircle(Becarefulnottoletthefingerorthe
droppingtouchtheslide).
5. Drop
a. 1dropofAntiAontheAcircle.
b. 1dropofAntiBontheBcircle.

c. 1dropofAntiABontheABcircle.
d. ForControldonotdropanything.
6. Usetoothpicktomixthebloodwiththeantibodies(Becarefulnottousethe
samesideofthetoothpickondifferentsampleoftheblood).
7. Waitfor10secondsandobservetheresult.

Result

Table1:Bloodcoagulationwitheachantigen.

State:Coagulation/Nocoagulation

Control

nocoagulation

AntiA

nocoagulation

AntiB

nocoagulation

AntiAB

nocoagulation

Picture1:Bloodsamplemixedwithantigens.

Discussion

Intheexperiment,wedropantibodiesA,B,andABoneachofthebloodsample
respectivelytofigureoutthetypeoftheexperimentingblood.Wealsoleaveoneofthe
bloodsampleuntouchasacontrolvariableoftheexperiment.
Ifanycoagulationoccurredonthesample,whichmeansthebloodclotand
precipitate,thetestingbloodresultisthecoagulationbloodantibodies.Thisisbecause
abloodtypeantigenwillclotiftheymetanantibodiesofthesametype.Thisalsomean
thatanindividualwillnothaveantibodiesofthesametypewithantigen,otherwisethey
willdiedfromcoagulationofblood.Thechartinfigure1.1,tellstheantibodiesan
individualwitheachantigenbloodtype.

Figure1.1

Thiscanbeuseasawaytofigureoutthebloodtypeofanunknownbloodtype
samples.Abloodtypehasaspecificantigenwhichrequiredaspecificantibodiesto
causescoagulationorprecipitate.ApictureinFigure1.2willhelpunderstandingthe
requiredmatchantigenandantibodies.

Figure1.2

Aswecansee,antibodiesAisrequiredtoinhibitsorbindtothesurfaceantigen
Aofabloodcell.Thisalsogoesthesameforeveryotherbloodtype,asthesametype
ofantibodiesisrequiredtoinhibitanantigen.However,thereisanexceptionfortwo
bloodtype,ABandO.PeoplewhohavebloodtypeABhavenoantibodiesintheir
plasma,thuscannottriggeranimmuneresponsetoinhibitsforeignblood.Thismean
thatpeoplewhohaveABbloodtypecanreceiveanybloodtypewithoutcausingthe
coagulationofblood.However,nootherbloodtypecanreceivetheirblood,astheir
bloodcellhaveboththeantigenAandB.Inlikemanner,peoplewhohavebloodtypeO
candonatedtheirbloodtypetoanyotherbloodtypeindividual.Thisisbecauseblood
typeOcellhavenoantigenontheirsurface,whichmeansnoantigencanbindtothe
bloodsurfacetocausescoagulation.
Guide(Gottested):MymotherhaveOtypeblood,andmyfatherhaveAtype
blood.IalsohaveOtypebloodaccordingtotheexperimentresult.Thepossibilityofmy
parentalleleisthattheyhaveatleastoneOalleleontheirgene.AccordingtoCollege
ofDuPage,thegenethatcodeforantigenonthebloodcellsurfacehaveanincomplete
dominancealleleorcodominance.ThismeanthatifIhadatleastoneotherallele,other
thanO,IwouldnothaveObloodtype.Thisgoesthesameformymothersosheshould
haveOOallele.However,myfatherwhohaveAtypebloodshouldbeabletogiveme
atleastoneOalleleinhisgene.ThismeanthatheshouldhaveanAOalleleonhis
gene.


Conclusion
Accordingtotheexperimentresult,wecanconcludedthat,thesampleblood
testedisanObloodtype.Because,fromtheexperimentresult,thereisnoclottingof
bloodappearonbothoftheslide.Thismeanthatthereisnoantigenintheblood,
therefore,noantibodiesworksontheblood.
Ifwelookatthepicture1intheresultpartofthereport,wecanseethatthereis
noprecipitationoccurredinthebloodafterwehaveusedthetoothpastetomixthe
bloodwiththeantibodies.
Fromtheexperiment,therewerefewerrorsthatIdidinthelab.FirstIwasnot
beingcarefulwiththeantibodies.BecauseofuncarefulnessIhavespilledthe
antibodiesoverthetablewhenIopenedthecap.Imayhavecausedthenextclassto
haveanunenoughresourcetodidthelabthenexttime,whichIwastrulyresponsible
for.Second,Ihaveaccidentallytouchedthepuncturedfingerwiththeslide.Thisis
becauseIwasinhurrytodropthebloodontheslideasIfeellikeitstartedtoclottedthe
puncturedhole.Thismightcausedsomeoneelseormetogetcontaminatedbythe
remainingbloodontheslide.

References

GeneticScienceLearningCenter(2014,June22)GenesandBloodType.
Learn.Genetics
.RetrievedMarch18,2015,from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/blood/

CollegeofDuPage.Dominance.RetrievedMarch18,2015,from
www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/dominance.html