Welding dissimilar metals introduction Most welds differ in some respects from the parent materials which they join, at least in physical structure. In this publication a dissimilar metal joint is one in which the chemical composition of the weld is quite different from one or both of the parent materials, In perticular, the dissimilar metal joints considered are those that ‘occur in welding various Wiggin nickel alloys to stai less steels, low alloy steels and mild steel. Cert ‘combinations of stainless steols with low alloy steels, and mild steel are also considered. The number of possible combinations is formidable even when those that will probably never be encountered in practice are excluded. The number might suggest an equally large number of welding products with many permutations of characteristics to consider in selecting the right one for the job. This is, however, not the case because a small range of Wiggin welding products is available to cover most of the dissimilar metal combinations. This range consists of two flux-coated electrodes for metal-are welding —INCO-WELD ‘A’ welding elec- trode and INCONEL welding electrode 182, and two bare filler metals for inert-gas shielded-are processes — INCONEL filler metal 82 and INCONEL filler metal 92, INCO-WELD ‘A’ welding electrode and INCONEL filler metal $2 have been available for a number of years and have been used successfully for many dissimilar metal welding applications. INCONEL welding electrode 182 and INCONEL filler metal 82 ate more recent introductions and were first developed forthe welding of INCONEL alloy 600 to itself, to stainless steel and mild steel, and for the overlaying of deposits of the INCONEL alloy composition onto steel to nuclear energy standards with particular reference to radiographic quality. These two products can be used for the same applications as INCO-WELD ‘A’ wolding electrode and INCONEL filler metal 92, particularly where very high radiographic quality is desired. In addition, INCONEL filer metal 82 offers two advantages over INCONEL filler metal 92 —it has a much higher tolerance of silicon dilution and it does not age-harden. The first factor is important when casting alloys are being welded as these invariably have a high silicon content, and the second is important if the joint involves a steel which requires stress-relieving after welding.general considerations ‘There are so many factors to be considered when weld- ing dissimilar metals that it is not always possible to set down precise details. A primary consideration is the composition of the weld metal derived from the dilution. of the filler material with the parent metals. Dilution can be defined as the ratio of the volume of re-melted parent materials to thet of the final weld deposit. These are established in 2 macrograph prepared from the cross- section of a completed weld. Percentage dilution can be expressed in terms of the volume of parent material fused beyond the lines of initial preparation (see Fig. 1) Ina weld made without added filler material the dilution. will obviously be 100%. With filler material added the usual figure is around 20-30%, The resulting weld deposit must not be “short” at any temperature from “melting” down to “room”. If it is “short”, weld cracking will occur. For high-temperature service the stability of the weld metal structure is important; there must be no danger of it failing before ‘the parent material as a result of carbide precipitation or sigma phase formation. If the joint is to operate over a fluctuating temperature range the effects of differential expansion o contraction need to be considered. The mechanical properties of the weld are usually a com- promise between those expected of the parent materials but the deposited weld metal itself must have useful strength and ductility. The INCONEL alloy welding products and INCO-WELD ‘A’ will meet all these requirements. Chemical compo- sitions are given in Zable 1 and indicated in the Ni-Fe-Cr temary diagram (Fig. 2). It will be seen that the as-deposited weld metals from these products fall at the nickel end of the solid solution area and this solid solution is capable of accepting heavy dilution of iron and chromium without the danger of duplex structures being formed. In addition, elements such as Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, Co, C, Si, V, etc. are taken into solution, again with- ‘out the danger of separate phases being formed. Thus the diluted weld metal has excellent stability at all temperatures. The weld metal is extremely resistant to “hot shortness” and does not suffer from carbon migration effects. ‘The question of thermal expansion is important and it, will be seen in Fig. 3 that the Wiggin welding products under review havé coefficients of expansion inter- ‘mediate botwoen those of austenitic stainless steels and feritic steels. This helps to minimise thermal stresses between such materials with widely divergent co- efficients of thermal expansion. The Wiggin welding products are also inherently strong at room and elevated temperatures (see Tables 2, 3 and 4). 4 B40 per cent DILUTION = x 100 AEB +C4D Acre cent DILUTION ~2-228 x 100 bal ON RB figue | Two methods of estimating percentege dilution. figure 2 The NisFeCrtemary diagram at approximately 650°C INCO-WELD ‘A’ INCONEL 92 1D INCONEL 162 2 INCONEL 82. hy bf is cAfigure 3 Approximate mean coeficiets of thermal expansion Yor. some Wiggin welding products, some austentic stuiniese steels 2nd some ferttic steels Meen coefficient of thermal expansion x 108 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Temperature, °C table 1 Chemical compositions of Wiggin welding products for welding dissimilar metals Cype'euicre.2) yee enicre 9) Asti Bass. ils asnn-cah ‘aws AB Tiger AWS Abiiceay pe Entice) Ciyee ERIE) ype ENC 2) Gye Cuices 3) "AW.As:1 6s" ctype ean) INCO-WELD ‘A’ INCONEL welding ecvode | wouing secede a2 | q{NCONEL | INCONEL | (deposited weld metel) | (deposited weld metal) I Carbon 0.10 max. 0.10 max. 0.10 max. 0.10 max, | Silicon 0.75 max. 1.0 max, 0.35 max. 0.5 max. I Copper 0.5 max. 0.5 max, 0.50 max, 0.5 max. t Iron 6.0 - 12.0 6.0-10.0 10.0 max. 3.0 max. Manganese. 1.0- 35 5.0- 9.6 20- 275 25- 3.5 Chromium 13.0-17.0 13.0 -17.0 14.0 -17.0 18.0 - 22.0 Titania z 10 men 25-138 | 075 max Niobium 1.0- 3.0 1.0- 25 - 20- 3.0 Molybdenum O5- 25 - - = ‘Sulphur 0.02 max, 0.015 ma: 0.015 max. 0.015 max. Cobalt - 0.12 max. - 0.10 max. Nickel Balance Balance 67.00 min. 67.00 min. ae 3table2 ‘Minimum room temperature mechanical properties —_—__— 0.2% proof stress_| Max. stress__| Elongation A WELD MATERIALS tont/in*| kgfimm*| tontfin*| kgfimm*i| _%. INCO-WELD “A’ welding electrode, as deposited 18 28 38 60 30 INCONEL welding electrode 182, as deposited 20 a1 38 60 30 INCONEL filler metal 92, as deposited 18 28 36 57 30 ‘age-hardened* a 49 60 94 10 INCONEL filler metel 82, as deposited 18 28 36 57 30 * 800°C /2h/sir cool + 700°C/20h/air coo! + converted dete | | i table 3 | High-temperature tensile properties of some all-weld-metel deposits (Not Yo 8 USED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES) | { INCONEL welding electrode 182 INCONEL filler metal 82 | emma 0.2% proof stress: Tensile strength 0.2% proof stress. Tensile strength ' tontfin* | katimm* | tontfin® | katimmt | tontlin® | kofimm*t | tonffin® | koflmm*t | alse Room 2s | 39 42 66 255 | 40 425 | 67 | 200 2 35 39 6 2 35 40 63 . 400 20 ais | 355 | 56 a 33 37s | 59 | | 500 19 20 33 62 208 | 32 265 | 675 i 600 18 28 30 41 195 | 31 33 82 | 700 16 25 245 | 39 137 | 295 | 28 44 i 800 2 19 18 24 145 | 23 185 | 29 | 900 ys | 12 as | 13 8 4 103 | 16 | 1000 4 6 8 8 55 9 6 95 | 1100 25 4 a4 49 3 47 35 55 | 6 ‘teonverted datetable 4 Some stress-rupture properties of all-weld-metal deposits (Not To € Ust0 Fon DESIGN PURPOSES) Stress to produce rupture in INCONEL filler metal 92 (as welded) INCONEL filler metal 92 2h/885°C/air-cool + Temperature 100 h 1000 A e tontfin® | kot{mm*+ | tontyin* |katimms| 540 0) 39.37 | 2063 | 3233 650 15.4 24.25 | 11.46 | 17.87 730 915 | 14.41 6.03 9.49 INCO-WELD ‘A’ welding electrode 815 49 772°) 277 436 870 313 | 4.93 17 2.68 925 183 | 2.88 0.94 148 980 1.16 1.83 0.61 0.80 540 24.1 3795 | 192 | 30.24 650 144 22.21 98 15.43 730 78 12.28 5a 8.03 INCONEL welding electrode 182 815 40 629 | 24 3.78 870 26 4.08 14 2.21 925 16 2.52 08 1.26 980 0.96 1.51 049 | 0.77 4n/1150°C/water-quench + 24h/848°C/air- cool + 10h/700°C/air-cool INCONEL filler metal 82 730 815 3870 926 980 815 5.36 8.46 2.68 925 W7 2.68 0.89 540 375 59.06 | 30.13 Heat-treated 650 17.41 | 27.42 | 11.16 730 11.83 | 18.63 67 10h/700°C/air-cool 815 536 | 844 | 312 10h/700°C/air-coot 540 9537 | 5647 | 2812 | 44.28 2672 | 9.93 ———} 40.79 | 21.43 26.65 | 11.83 18.47 6.47 8.08 3.125 545 1.88 3.31 142 1.89 0.56 Feonvented datadissimilar ombinatigns (zis ee Cast Austenitic heatvesisting | 25/20 Cr-Ni involving a ose electrodes | INCO-WELD‘A’| INCO-WELD ‘A’ 5 hi h-niekel allo S INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 Nickel 200 NICKEL 141 NICKEL 141 (69%. mr) filler inconeLez | NCONEL 82 metals NicKeL 61 Where high-nickel alloys are to be welded to iron-bese NICKEL 6t Se alloys certain basic principles must be observed, over ‘and above the general points already made. Feritic steel electrodes | INCO-weLD A’) INCO-WEL ‘weld deposits diluted by nickel are likely to become NIMONIC alloy 78 INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 martensitic and crack-sensitive, a feature that may be {eo% zon er further aggravated by the presence of chromium, filer INCONEL 82 metals INCONEL 82 Nickel-copper deposits cannot tolerate chromium above INCONEL ¢2 about 6%, at which stage they are very liable to surfer from hot-cracking. Heavy iron dilution can also produce electrodes | INco-weLoa’| INCO-WELD ‘A’ hot-cracking in certain nickel-copper deposits. The INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 usual 18/8 chromium-nickel stainless steel deposits PRR Mmin7 10% 07, ich minimises hot-cracking contain some ferrite which minimises hot-cracking but a inconer ez | INCONEL 62 cilution by nickel may lead to a fully austenitic con- metals INCONEL $2 dition which is hot-crack-sensitive. The 18/8 type of ‘weld deposit is also liable to become “hot short” if electrodes | weo-weip‘a'| inco-weLD« more than 3% copper is present. INCONEL 182. | INCONEL 182 “Those features do not occur where the INCONEL alloy MONEL alloy 09 welding products are used. Tabie 5 illustrates some of filer INCONEL #2 the many combinations possible with these materials. metals INCONEL 82 | iniconeL 92 Fall details on the welding products mentioned in this —t Table are given in our publication No. 3028 “Welding, etectrodes | co-weLp‘s'| INCo-weLD ‘A’ Brazing and Soldering Wiggin Nickel Alloys”. The INCONEL 182. | INCONEL 162 properties of some joints between high-nickel alloys INCOLOY alloy B00 and steels are given in Table 6. i INCONEL 82 metals | MCONELS | NconeL sa electrodes | INcO-weLDA’| INCO-WELO “A iconet 182 | INCONEL 182 INCOLOY alloy 825 (40%, 21% Ce Bl Fe) filler INCONEL 82 metels INCONEL 82} incowet 92 electrodes | \Nco-weLD‘A’| INCO-WELD ’ INCOLOY alloy DS SERS dat) INCONEL Tez | INCONEL 182 | filler metals | wwconet 82 | INCONEL 82between high-nickel atfoys and steels Austenitic | Austenitic | Chromium | | | | i oe ee | MR tow aly | tconeL §—MoneL | ncoLoy a5ni2 em | 18/8 CoN mat 111 as Migsest | ior 800 oly 400. ley $00 IRGONEL 182 | INCONEL 162” | INCONEL82'| INCO-WELO-K) eo-WL9 A, MeoweL ez | MONEE | cover sea | NICKEL 141 | NICKEL181- | NICKEL141 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | NICKEL 441 Fekete | INCONEL #2 | INCONEL 2 | INCONEL 82 NICKEL 61 NickELst | NICKELet nickeLer WCONEL 92 INCONEL@2 | INCONEL 92 | INCONEL82 | INCONEL82_NCoNeLe2 | MONEL80 | icone s2 } NICKEL61 | NICKEL 6t NICKEL 61 INCONEL 92 | INCONEL92 | INCONEL92 | NICKEL61 | wconeLo2 | — eee | a Sane INCO-WELD ‘A’ INCO-WELD ‘A! INCO-WELD ‘A’, INCO.WELD "| INCO-WELO'A) INCO-WELD A’) INCO-WELD‘R’ INCO-WELD INCONEL 182 | INCONEL182 | INCONEL 182. INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INGONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 INCONEL+¢2 i i i | | T i 7 INCOWEL 2 | INCONEL 82 | INCONEL82 _INCONEL@2 | INCONEL82 | INCONEL82 | INCONEL82 | INCONEL @2 INCONEL 82 | INCONEL 2 | INCONEL92 INCONELO2 | INCONEL 92 INCONEL 92. ‘INCONEL #2 | NCONEL 92 INCO-WELD “A INCO-WELD ‘A’) INCO-WELD ‘A’ INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 162_| INCONEL 182 InconeLa2 | incoNeLe2 | inconet 82 INCO-WELD'A| egneL 162 | INCOME 12 t j | ' INCO-WeLD "A" INCO-WELO A} INCO-WELD “A | inconet. 182 INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 82 | INCO-WELD A] INCO.WELO A} NCO.WELD INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 INCONEL 82 | INCONEL 82 | INCONEL 82 INCONEL 92 | INCONEL 2 | INCONEL92 INCO-WELD A’ INCO-WELD ‘A! INCO-WELD A’ INCONEL 182 | INCONEL182 | INCONEL 182 | ——— i t INCONEL 82 | INCONEL 62 J | INCONEL 182 INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 82 | INCONEL@2_—INCONEL 82 | INCONEL.82 | INCONEL 82 INCONEL 92 INCONEL92 INCONELS2 | INCONEL92 | INcONeL 92 INCO.WELB ’|INco-WeLD A! INCONEL 182 INCONEL 182 INCONEL 132 | INCONEL 182 INCO-WELD ‘A! i wnco-wevo «} IncoNeLie2 | INCONEL 182 INCONEL 82 | INCONEL@2 | INCONELG2 | INCONELE2 | INCONEL. 82 INCO-WELD “/ 7 z cone eee none aa) INCONEL 182 | MONEL 140 INCONEL 182 | Sete ie Lettie iconet oz | MONELS9 | coNeL 92 i aoe INCONEL 92 INCO-WELD A’, INCO.WELD A] INCO-WELD'A’ INCO.WELD ‘A’ NCO-WeLD “A INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 162 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | L Hee INCONEL 82 | INCONEL@2 | INCONEL82 | INCONELa2 i INGONEL 92 | INCONEL92 | INCONEL 92 | INCONEL ez | INCONEL 82 INCO-WELD ‘A'| InNCO-WELD “A" 1 1 INCO-WELO“A’) INCO-WELD‘A’ INCO-WELD “A | INCONEL 182 INCO-WELD ‘A’! INCO-WELD ‘A! INCO-WELD “A"| | wwoo.wero ™] inco.WeLo INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 182 | INCONEL 122 | INCONEL182 | INCONeEL 182 INCONEL 82 | INCONELS2 | INCONEL 82 8 'INCONEL@2 | INCONEL 82table 6 Mechanical properties of joints between high-nickel alloys and stainless steols welding dissimilar combinations of steels 10 For convenience the steels under consideration have bbeen grouped into thelr various types. As previously mentioned, several factors must be considered when ‘making dissimilar joints — formation of bitte structures, formation of "hot-short” structures, catbide prec tation, stability at high temperatures, carbon migration, ete, These are of vital importance in dissimilar steel Joints. Reference to the Schaeffler diagram (Fig. 4) will assist in the selection of stainless stoo! electrodes for dissimilar com For clarity, two typical examples are given in Fig. 5 (Page 12). To determine the nature of the weld deposit one must, know the composition of the undiluted weld metal, those of the two materials being welded, and the amount of dilution. ‘The undiluted weld metal is indicated in Fig. 5 by a single point but in’ practice this will vary with the electrode depending on losses of elements such as carbon and chromium. If point ‘A’ (representing the composition of 25/20 Ni-Cr weld metal) is joined to point ’B’ (representing mild steel), the line joining them indicates the dilution undergone by the weld metal as Joint materials Hardness survey across joint, HV Loft member re Right member Loft Right eee ees Fusion | wes | Fusion fe 129% Crsteel MoNELalloyaco | 154 | 157 | 167 | 285 | 151 | 145 | 145 | 124 | 124 129% Crsteel MONELalloy400 | 142 | 145 | 175 | 285 | 148 | 154 | 154 | 197 | 195 | 12% Crsteel INCONELelloy600 | 171 | 171 | 171 | 227 | 164 | 167 | 175 | 197 | 197 | 1296Crsteal INCONELatloysoo | 137 | 138 | 190 | 167 | 167 | 167 | 171 | 142 | 142 18/8stee! MONELalloy4oo | 148 | 151 | 178 | 157 | 164 | 164 | 164 | 140 | 127 18/10/1 Nbstes! | MONELalloy400 | 164 | 184 | 175 | 171 | 187 | 187 | 167 | 138 | 137 18/10/1 Nbstee!_ | MONELatloy400 | 167 | 167 | 179 | 193 | 179 | 160 | 138 | 142 | 137 18/10/1 Nbsteel | INCONELatloy00 | 160 | 160 | 179 | 171 | 171 | 160 | 175 | 167 | 167 18/10/1 Nbsteo!_| INCONELalloy600 | 148 | 167 | 175 | 171 | 167 | 164 | 167 | 145 | 146 18/10/1 Nbstes! } INCONELalloy600 | 184 | 157 | 183 | 171 | 157 | 160 | 167 | 137 | 138Tensile test results % elongation* Tensile strength Welding materiat 384 30.6 No failure 365 57.5 MONEL alloy 400 INCO-WELD ‘A’ wo | | nomi | 208 | o76 | wonetamyao0 | ineonerez | o1__| 253 | wotae | aos | ese | vecrme wncoweow | 37 33 No failure 40.2 63.3 12% Cr steel INCONEL 92 | 38 32, No failure 38.1 60.0 MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL 92 AT 37.3 No failure 38.4 60.5 MONEL alloy 400 INCO-WELD ‘A’ 36 30 No failure 40.5 63.8 INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL 92 40 38 No failure 424 668 18/10/1 Nb fusion line INCONEL 92 33.3 (25.2 No failure 425 66.9 INCONEL alloy 600 INCO-WELD ‘A’ it is mixed with progressively increasing amounts of Generally speaking, therefore, when joining the mild steel. The line has been divided into 10 parts each one of which corresponds to 10% dilution. The line A-B indicates that a 25/20 deposit may be diluted by nearly 50% of iron before martensite is introduced into the structure, In the second example, point ‘D' represents 2 5% chromium steel and point “E’ the 18/13 type of fully austentic steel welded with 2 20-9-3 electrode, the Lndiluted position of which is at point ‘C’. Itis assumed that the dilution derived from each of the two parent materials is equal, and a point ‘F’ is sited mid-way between ‘D’ and 'E’. In this case ‘C’ is joined to 'F’ to obtain the line of dilution which is divided into 10 divisions as before. Assuming 30% dilution it will be seen that the deposit will comprise austenite with some ferrite and will not, therefore, be subject to any risk of hot-cracking, The point ‘F’ may, of course, be located at any position along the “D-E" line according to the relative dilution of the two parent materials expected with the particular welding conditions. austenitic steels to either the low alloy or mild steels, welding materials corresponding in composition with the austenitic steel can be used and provided dilution is kept to @ minimum, satisfactory results can be obtained. The electrodes used in such cases, however, need to be more highly alloyed than the 18/8 Ni-Cr type if the presence of martensite in the weld deposit is to be avoided. Nickel-base welding products are often used in this type of dissimilar welding with complete success. The weld deposits are not “short” at any temperature and there is no danger of carbide pre- cipitation or sigma phase formation which could lead to failure of the weld metal before the parent material in high-temperature service. The diluted weld metal has excellent stability at all temperatures. The Wiggin welding products reviewed in this publication are inherently strong at room and elevated temperatures, Table 7 shows some of the joints that are possible INCO-WELD ‘A’ welding electrode and indicates the mechanical properties available. "BNI + 30% C +05x% Mn Wicket Equivalent ‘Nickel Equivalent Nickel + 30x '% Carbon + 0.5 x % Bn. figure ‘Method of using the Schaeffer diagram to estimate the compo- sition of weld metal ina dissimilar mete joint, 2 2 2 5 ‘igre 4 Wetd-metslconsteaion according to Shaoter (etl Progress, 1849, 56, 680) Austenite Martensite MA | — ° ry ® 12 6 20 2 28 Chromium Equivalent = %Cr +% Mo +1.5x%SI 4.05 x% Nb Ba 8 0 Austenite 18.13 ter 4 Ferrite Austenite martensite ‘Rustonive ++ Martensto + Ferrite 5% Cr Stoel fis Steel os 8 am Me Chromium Equivalent % Chromium + %Mo + 1.5x%Si +0.8%% Nb figure 6 Bend specimen cut from a butt joint between mild steel and Stainless steel showing the high ducti and freedom from cracking obtainable in the INCO-WELD ‘A’ electrode deposited.figure 8 ‘Side bend test specimen cut from Tin (2.5 em) thick bute joint between INCONEL alloy 600 and carbon steel welded with INCONEL filer motal 82. The left member is carbon steel ‘figure 7 ‘Oteriyside bend text specimens cutfom an INCONEL fier metal £22 overay on din 10.20m) tick carbon stot. (Overly tot Block stress-relieved before sectioning and bending.) figure 9 Side bend test specimen from butt joint between INCOWEL alloy {600 and carbon steelweldedwith INCONEL welding electrode 182. The left member is carbon steel figure 10 figure 1 ‘Side bend testspecimenscut romINCONEL welding electrode 182 Cross-section of butt weld between 1 tin (3.2 em) thick INCONEL ‘veriay on din {10.2 ¢m) thick cerbon steel. (Overlay test block alloy 600 and carbonsteo! welded with INCONEL welding electrode et ess-relieved before sectioning and bending), 162, The left member is carbon steel, 8table? Mechanical properties of dissimilar steel joints welded with INCO-WELD ‘A’ electrode Joint materials Hardness survey across joint, HV Left eft member ~S|__Right member i ‘ision) —_|Fusio Right 2" | 1" | re” | line | Weld] line 4 with en 80° included angle and 7s" root face. The joint was assembled with a "root spacing and all welding was performed 2 125 amps, using 4)" dia. electrodes. No preheat was used. Imrpass temperature was not allowed to exceed 120°C, Unfused areas on the root side of the joint were ground out before ‘depositing the seal bead. All the joints were X-rayed and most were found to be free of porosity. Where porosity was present it was of a minor nature and ‘woll within the limitations permitted by existing codes, Mild steel 35% Ni,15%Cr,50%Feslloy [120 [124 |151 |167 |142 |142 |157 | 160 Mild eteot 25% Cr, 20% Nisteel 117 [117 [rae [ree |14s [175 [198 | 198 | 198 Mild steel 18%Cr,10%Ni,3%Mostee_ |120 |119 154 |179 [154 | 187 |179 | 151 a2 Mild steel 18% Cr 10%Ni,1%Nbsteel 117 |117 |140 |167 [148 | 167 | 193 | 167 | 160 | cae cioees ts af foc Mild steel 12% Crsteel 420 ]ito [14e [160 [148 [188 |154 [151 | 151 | Mild steel “croloy’(2496Cr,}%Mosteel) [190 [192 [151 |167 |140 | 266 [145 | 142 140 “Croloy (24% Cr Mosteol | 18%Cr,10%N1%Nbstee! [497 [140 |175 [24s [rae [164 [183 [164 | 187 | “Croloy’(24%Cr.4%Mosteel) | 18/8Cr-Nistee! 142 |142 |179 [248 [160 [103 | 188 | 140 | 137 | 12% Cr steol 5YNi,15%Cr,60%Fealloy [130 |198 |142 |1e3 |145 [145 ]161 | 145 va | 12% Cr steel 25% Cr, 20% Nisteel 145 |148 |160 |188 | 151 |188 | 193 | 188 193 | 42% Cr stool 19%, 10%6Ni, 1% Nbsteo! [132 [197 |148 [167 |15¢ ]175 [198 [171 [157 | 12% Cr stool 18/8 Cr-Nisteo! 198 |188 |128 |220 [157 [160 [175 [164 [138 12% Cr steel 12% Crateel 167 |179 |167 [241 [151 [209 ree [475 | 71 NOTE TO TABLE: Alles plates wore 3° x5" 12". Joint design was a single veeLongitudinal bend tests Tensile test results Per cent elongation™ Tensile strength Location of failure Foauge | 1" gauge | Remarks tonttin? | koffmm*> 353 29 No failure 284 447 Wild steot 34 28 No failure 312 491 Mild stect 367 28.6 No failure 31.0 488 Mitd steel 38 303 No failure a 490 Mild steel 38 20.4 No failure 324 506 Mild steel 42 2 No failure 30.0 472 Mild steo! 306 248 No faiture 306 482 Mild steet a 314 No failure 375 5941 “Croloy’ (2496 Cr, 4% Mo steel) 34 263 No failure 370 58.3 “Groloy’ (24% Cr, 4% Mo stool) 3a 253 No failure 362 870 35% Ni, 15% Cr, 50% Fe alloy 34 287 No failure 228 617 1256 Cr steel 34 28 No failure 324 506 12% Cr steel eas: 27 No failure 408 643 18/8 Cr-Ni steet “392 2 No feiure 356 5641 12% Cr steel * Elongation measured after guided bend plus free bend. Bead sequence and joint preparation for test pieces “converted data LEFT MEMBER Fusion Line " RIGHT MEMBER Fusion Line ve Location of alloys and hardness survey | | | | |other nickel-hase products for dissimilar metal welding ‘As montioned earlior, special electrodes and filler metals ‘are available for the welding of nickel and MONEL. alloy 400 to mild steel and for the application of nickel and nickel-copper overlays on steel. These are also used for welding the clad side of nickel-and MONEL alloy 400-clad steel. Details of chemical compositions aregiven in Table 8 and minimum mechanical properties are given in Table 9, In the case of MONEL filler metal 60 deposited by argon shielded techniques, if the steel is to be stress-relieved after welding, a buttering layer of nickel should be applied to the steel before welding. This does not apply if MONEL filler metal 60 is deposited in conjunction, with INCOFLUX 5 by the submerged arc process. INCONEL alloy 600-clad steel is welded with the INCONEL alloy welding products already reviewed. Carbon Silicon Copper Iron ‘Manganese Chromium Titanium Aluminium Niobium Sulphur Nickel specifications table 8 Chemical compositions of some nickel-base welding products MONEL welding | Nickel welding MONEL filler Nickel filler electrode 140" electrode 141° metal 60 metal 61 0.18 max. 0.10 max. 0.15 max. 0.15 max. 1.25 max 1.25 max. 1.5 max. 0.75 max. Balance 0.25 max. Balance 0.25 max. 2.5 max. 0.75 max. 25 max. 1.0 max. 2.5 max. 0.75 max, 30-40 1.0 max. 1.5 max. 10-40 15-30 20-35 0.75 may 1.0 max. 1.28 max. 4.5 max. 3.0 max. — = a 0.025 max. 0.02 max. 0.02 max. 0.01 max, 62.0—70.0 92.0 min. 620 — 69.0 98.0 min ASTM-B295 "ASTM-B296 ‘ASTM-B304 "ASTM-B304 (Type ENicu-1) | (Type ENi-t) (Class ERNiCu-7) | (Class ERNi-3) AWS-5.11 AWS-5.11 AWS-5.14 AWS-5.14 (Type ENiCu-1) | (Type ENi-1) (Class ERNiCu-7) | (Class ERNi-3) MiL-E-22200/3 | MIL-E-22200/3 | MIL-E-21562 MIL-E-21662 (Type MIL-4N70) | (Type MIL-4N11) | (Types MIL-RNGO | (Types MIL-RNG1 and MIL-EN6O) | and MIL-EN61) BS 2901 :1957_| BS 2901 : 1987 * Depasited weld metal table 9 Minirnum mechanical properties of some nickel-base welding products WELD METAL (0.2% proof stress Maximum stress FoMainn (es deposited) tontfin? | kaflmm*% | tontlin® | kaffmm*t - + MONEL welding electrode 140 13, 205 3 49 Nickel welding electrode 141 13, 205 27 425 MONEL filler metal 60 13 205 31 49 [__Nicket ler meta ot 16 26 27 425 ‘Feonverted datatable 10 Availability of nickel-base metel-arc electrodes Weight | Approx. | Approx. Electrode | Electrode | of — | numberof | length per | Current ELECTRODE diameter length | packet _| electrodes | packet range per packet D.C. in| mm | in | cm |b | kg t | om % «| 476/14 | 356|5 ]225] 36 a1 [1271 | 110-160 INCO-WELD ‘A’ # | 397/14 | 386/65 |225) 49 87 | 17.67 | 90-130 welding electrode + 31s]14 | 356] 5 |225] 71 83 | 2573 | 75-100 % | 238/12 |2905]5|225] 130 [130/403 | 40- 65 INCONEL, % [397/14 |356]5 |225| 46 54 | 16.74 | 100.125 welding electrode 182 | aa] 12 |305]5 |225| 81 a1 |2511 | 75. 95 & [238] 9 |229/4 |18 | 158 [18 | 3441 | 30. a5 6swa.| 498] 132 | 349|5 |225] 32 37 |11.47 | 140-190 MONEL Bswg. | 4.05 | 132 | 349 |5 |2.25 | 47 54 |1674 | 80-150 welding electrode 140 | 10sw.g. | 325 | 133 | 349} |225 | 71 75 |23.25 | 60- 95 12swg. | 264/114 |286|5 |225| 130 fits | 35.96 | 45- 6o w& [476/14 | 356 ]5 |225| 37 43 |13.33 | 170-210 Nickel # [397/14 | 3566/5 225} 50 68 |17.98 | 120-160 welding electrode 141 | 318 |14 |356|5 |225| 78 91 | 28.21 | 98-120 % [238/12 |305]6 [225] 155 |155 | 48.05 | o5- a5 il bilit Details are given in Table 70 of the available sizes of QVANADTTY eceae”Secroctsrcos tr tis ubieaton together with the recommended current ranges. All of the electrodes should be used with D.C. and should be ‘connected to the positive terminal, Ali coated electrodes are hygroscopic and if the packets are left open for any appreciable time the electrodes should be dried in an oven at about 100-120°C prior to use. Where electrodes have been stored under adverse conditions resulting in serious moisture pick up, they should be rebaked before use for 1-2 hours at 260°C. The use of damp electrodes will result in porosity in the weld metal, ‘The bare filler metals mentioned in this publication are available in 3it (0.9 m) straight lengths at 10, 12, 14 and 16 s.w.g. (3.25, 2.64, 2.03 and 1.63 mm diameter), and on spools at 0.03, 0.045 and 0.062 in (0.76, 1.14 and 1.58 mm) diameter. Each spool carries approxi- mately 20 Ib (9 kg) of wire. vHENRY WIGGIN AND COMPANY LIMITE Holmer Road, Hereford Telephone: Hereford 6461 Trunk dialing: OHE2 6461 Telex: 3510 and 3619 : UK Area Sales Offices Southern Area 20 Albert Embankment, London, $6.1 Telephone: Vietoia 9888 Tolex, 22621 Midland Area Wiggin Steet, Birmingham 16 Telephone: Edgbaston 4871 Telex: 33835 Northern Aros Woolwich House, 61 Moslay Strest, Manchester 2 Telephone: Central 5498. Telex: 66668 ‘Scottish Area 5 Perk Circus Place, Glasgow C3 Telophane: Douglas 8024