POWER

POWER ELECTRICS
ELECTRICS

INVERTERS
(DC-AC CONVERTERS)

Dr. Adel Gastli

Email: adel@gastli.net
http://adel.gastli.net

CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1. SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER
2. THREE-PHASE INVERTER

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER
T1

Half-Bridge

D1

Vs/2
Load

T2

D2

Vs/2

T1

T3
D1

Vs/2

D3

Full-Bridge
T4
Vs/2

Dr. Adel Gastli

Load
D4

T2
D2

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

T1

Half-Bridge
Rules of Triggering
i) KVL
ii) KCL

D1
i0

Vs/2
Load
v0

Vs/2

D2

T2

T1 & T2 cant be on at the same time

Satisfied by D1 & D2

Resistive Load
Vs
2
V 1 = 0 . 45 V s

v0

Vs/2
i0
Vs/(2R)

V 0 rms =

T/2

-Vs/2

2V s
v0 =
sin( n t ) Point of symmetry: A =0
n
n

1, 3 , 5

f(t)=f(t+T/2): Even harmonics =0

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

Purely (or highly) Inductive Load

v0

Vs/2
Imax
Imin
-Vs/2

T1
i0

T1ON

T/4

D1
i0

Vs/2

D2ON

T/2

3T/4
T
D1ON

T2ON

Vs/2

Load
v0

T2

D2

T2OFF

T1OFF

Vs
dio
=L
dt
2

Vs
di
=L o
dt
2

i0
Quadrant 2
[T/4, T/2]

Quadrant 1
[0, T/4]
v0

I max

V
= s
8 fL

I min

Dr. Adel Gastli

Vs
=
8 fL

Quadrant 3
[T/2, 3T/4]

Quadrant 4
[3T/4, T]

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

Definitions:
Vn rms of the n th harmonic
=
HF =
V1 rms of the fundamenta l

2
n

THD =

V1

DF =

Dr. Adel Gastli

Measure of closeness in shape

between a waveform and its
fundamental.

3, 5 , 7

Vn
2

3, 5 , 7 n
V1

Measure of effectiveness of
reducing unwanted harmonics
using a second order attenuation
factor 1/n2(second-order filter).
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

T1

Full-Bridge

D1

v0

D3

Load

i0
D2

T3

Vs
T4

D4

T2

Control Logic I: Inductive Load

T1T2 D3D4 T3T4 D1D2
T/4

T/2

3T/4

Same as half-bridge (Vsinstead of Vs/2)

V0 rms = Vs

I max =

v0

Vs
Imax

Vs
4 fL

Imin
-Vs

Dr. Adel Gastli

i0

T1T2

T/4

D3D4

T/2

T3T4

3T/4
D1D2

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

Control Logic II: Inductive Load

T1
T2
T3
T4
D1
D2
D3
D4

1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0

V0

Vs

-Vs

-Vs

Vs

i0should
reach zero
Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

v0

Vs
Imax

i0
T/3

T/6
Imin

T 1T 2

T1D3

T/2
D 3D 4

2T/3
T3T4

T 3D 1

5T/6

D1D2

-Vs

Note that during the periods [T/6 T/3] and [2T/3 5T/6] the
inductance current freewheels into the transistors and
diodes. Since there are no sufficient resistances to
discharge, in a short time, the magnetic energy stored in
the inductance, then the inductor current remains
constant.
Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

THREE-PHASE INVERTER
Three-phase Bridge Inverter
180o Conduction
120o Conduction

Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

(SPWM)
Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

10

Three-Phase Bridge Inverter

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

Vs
3
2V
vbn = s
3
V
vcn = s
3
van =

2Vs
3
V
vbn = s
3
Vs
vcn =
3
van =

11

Vs
3
V
vbn = s
3
2V
vcn = s
3
van =

2 3
modes

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

12

4Vs
n

n
t

cos
sin
+

6
6

n =1, 3, 5,K n

4Vs
n

vbc =
cos
sin n t
6
2

n =1, 3, 5,K n
vab =

i.e. Vs = 100V
VLm1 = 110.2V

4Vs
n
7

vca =
cos
sin n t

6
6

n =1, 3, 5,K n

Note that for n=3,9,15,21,...

Dr. Adel Gastli

vab=vbc=vca=0

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

13

Line-to-line rms voltage

2
vL =
2

2 / 3

0 V d (t )

1/ 2

2
s

2
=
Vs = 0.8165Vs
3

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

14

Line-to-line rms harmonic voltage

4Vs
4Vs
n

cos
vLn =
cos = 0.7797Vs
vL1 =
6
6
2n
2
Phase rms voltage

2Vs
vL
vp =
=
= 0.4714Vs
3
3
Dr. Adel Gastli

/ 3 2 / 3

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

15

Only two transistors remain on at any time.

Vs
2
V
vbn = s
2
vcn = 0
van =

Vs
2
vbn = 0
van =

vcn =

Vs
2

van = 0
Vs
2
V
vcn = s
2
vbn =

Note: The waveforms of line voltages are the same as the

waveforms of phase voltages with the only difference in the
amplitudes ( 3Vs/2 instead of Vs/2) and phase angle (+30o).
Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

16

2Vs
n

cos
sin
n
t

6
6
n

n =1, 3, 5,K

2Vs
n

cos
sin n t
vbn =
6
2

n =1, 3, 5,K n
van =

vcn =

2Vs
7
n

cos
sin
n
t

6
6
n

n =1, 3, 5,K

vab =

2 3Vs
n

cos
sin n t +
6
3

n =1, 3, 5,K n

vbc =

2 3Vs
n

cos
sin
n

6
3

n =1, 3, 5,K

vline = 3v ph

2 3Vs
n
vca =
cos
sin n(t )
n

6
n =1, 3, 5,K

Dr. Adel Gastli

i.e. Vs = 100V
V phm1 = 55.1V

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

17

Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

SPWM
fc
p=
2 fo

Number of
pulses per
half-cycle
1/ 2

m
Vo = Vs
m =1
p

vo (t ) =
Dr. Adel Gastli

n =1, 3, 5

sin nt
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

18

For the mth pulse:

bn ( m )
=

+
+ m + m

1 m m
= Vs cos(nt )d (t ) Vs cos(nt )d (t )
m

+ m

n
2Vs

sin m sin n m + m sin n + m + m

n
2
2
2

Bn = bn ( m )
m =1

n


2Vs

sin m sin n m + m sin n + m + m

2
2
2

m =1 n
p

Dr. Adel Gastli

DC-AC Conversion: Inverters

19