Apperdix Ye BRIEF What is a ‘review’? Informing what is in a particular book, article, statement ete It can also include an opinion about the subject-matter, thus a criticism or a critique. It reveals the opinion and critical evaluation of the reviewer/writer. Why do a ‘review’? Evaluating and eventually separating the facts from the fiction. Facts are pieces of information, presented as having an objective reality and facts are used to understand our own selfs and the world that we live in, Facts (or information) interpreted judiciously become knowledge and knowledge is the foundation of wisdom. ‘How should the evaluation be done? Since you will be judging and forming an opinion to a piece of information that is usually written form, you need to make inferences from what you read, “.., there is much more to effectively reading a text than understanding and being able to recall literally what it means, but if you are unable to do this effectively you will not be able to undertake the interpretative activities of reorganization, inference and evaluation.” (Fairbaim & Winch, 1991) ‘Technique of reviewing (as suggested by Drewry): Choose the article, book, ete; Read the article, book, ete.; Make notes about it mentally or on paper; Analyse the medium in which the review is to be used; Mull over the contents as to arrive at an appropriate theme; Organize the notes into a suitable outline; Write the review. Reviewing another person’s work requires a lot of reading on the part of the reviewer as it is essential to understand the meaning that is being conveyed by the writer. Finding meaning in written texts will involve reading other works and the information will come from various sources and sometimes it is necessary to ignore some information — it is important to organize your thoughts thus note taking is crucial. Reading demands patience and is time consuming. ‘Mse construction ott mgmt Nornecam 8. OTimAd,© THE BOOK REVIEW OR ARTICLE CRITIQUE: GENERAL GUIDELINES: A review (or “critique") of a book or article is not primarily a summary. Rather, it analyse comments on and evaluates the work, As a course assiunment, it situates the work inthe light af specific issues and theoretical concems being discussed in the course. Your review should shine that you can recognize arguments and enyage in eritieal thinking abou the course coment. questions Hike these n mind as you read, make notes, and then write the review or critique 1. What is the specific topic of the book or article? What overall purpose does it seem to have? For what readership is it written? (Look in the preface, acknowledgements, reference list and index for clues about where and how the piece was originally published, and about the author's background and position, ) 2. Does the author state an explicit thesis? Does he or she noticeably have an axe to grind? What are the theoretical assumptions? Are they discussed explicitly? (Again, look for statements in the preface, ete, and follow them up in the rest of the work.) What exactly does the work contribute to the overall topic of your course? What general Problems and concepts in your discipline and course does it engage with? 4. What kinds of material does the work present (e.2. primary documents or secondary material, Personal observations. literary analysis. quantitalive data, biographical or historieal accounts)? 5: How is this material used to demonstrate and argue the thesis? (As well as indicating the overall argumentative structure of the work, your review could quote or summarize specific Passages to describe the author's presentation, including writing style and tone.) 6. Are there alternative ways of arguing from the sane material? Does the author show awareness of them? In what respects does the author agree or disagree with them? 7. What theoretical iss nd fopies for farther dise ion does the work raise! 8. What are your own reactions and considered opinions regarding the work? ® Browse in published scholarly book reviews to get a sense of the ways reviews function in intellectual discourse, Look at journals in your discipline or general publications such as {Invert of Toronto Quarterly, London Review of Books, or New York Review of Baoks (online a ‘), §, Some book reviews summarize the book's conten briefly and then evaluate it: others integrate these functions, commenting on the book and using summary only to give examples, Choose the method that seems most suitable according to your professors directions, © To keep your focus, remind yourself that your assignment is primarily (o discuss the book's treatment of its topic, not the topic itself. Your key sentences should therefore say "This book shows...the author argues" rather than "This happened... ths is the case." i 1D98 Bo: Mange Poser, nero Torta Connn of Wiig (v0 60 eer files vn eaboce shot ners weiner mala hapelovnraneng ingArppemati a t THE LITERATURE REVIEW: A FEW TIPS ON CONDUCTING IT What is » review of the literature? A literature review is an account of what hus been Published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked! to ‘write one as a separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography: the bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. AS a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by « guiding concept (e.2., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis) It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, ot a set of summavies see Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas: |. information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of uselill anicles and books 2. critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies, A literature review must do these things: a) be organized around and related directly (o the thesis or research question you ure developing, b) synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known ©) identify areas of controversy in the literature 4) formulate questions that need further research Ask yourself questions like these: [What is the spe fie thesis, problem, or research question that nly literature review helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting? Am | looking at issues af theory? methodology? policy? quantitative -scarch (c.g. on the effectiveness ofa new procedure)? ive resvarch (ey. studies J? 4. What is the scope of my titerature review? Whal types of publications am I using (ep. Joumals, books, government documents «popular media)? What discipline am { working, in (cy., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)? 4, How good was my informati n seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensute I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for he Kength of my paper?Rygerdin tf 5. Have | critically and «questions, comparing ivems fo each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just isting sed the literature | use? Do | Fallow through a set of eoneepl and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses? 7. Have | cited and discussed studies contr: clive? ry Lo my persp. 8. Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful? ‘Ask yourself questions like these about each book or article you include: Has the author formulated a problemyissue’? Isit clearly defined? Is its significance (scope, severity, relevance) clearly established? Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective? 1 2 3 4. Whats the author's research orientation (e.g, interpretive, critical scienec, eombinalion)? 5. Whats the author's theoretical framework (e.., psychological, developmental, feminist)? 6. What is the relationship between the theoretical and research perspectives? 7. Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problemlissue? Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with? oO 8. In aresearch study, how good are the basic components of the sturdy design (e.y., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conelusions data and analysis? lidly based upon the 9. Immaterial written for a popular readership, does the author use appeals to emotion, one-sided examples, or thetorically-charged language and fone? Is there an objective basis to the ‘oning, or it the author merely “proving” what he or she already believes? 10. How does the author structure the argument? Can you “deconstruct” the flow ofthe angument to See whether oF where it breaks down logically (c.g. in establishing cause-effect relationships)? 11, In what ways does this book or article contribute to our understanding of the problem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations? 12. Mow does this book or article relate to the specific thesis or question | am developing? Final Notes: + A Tieralure review is a pieue of discursive prose, not alist describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. I's usually « bad sign to see every paragraph beuinning with the name of a researcher, Instead, organize the literature review into sections that present themes or identify (ends, including relevant theory. You are not tying to lst al the material published, but to synthesize and evaluate it aeording tothe yuiding concept of your thesis o research question + Ifyou are writing an annotated bibliography, you may need to summarize each item briefly. but should sill follow through themes and concepts and do some eritical assessment of mate fa {se an overall introduction and conchision to state the scope of your coverage and to formulate the question, problem, or concept your chosen material illuminates. Usually you will have the Sption of grouping items into seetions~this helps you indicate comparisons and relationships You may be able to write a paragraph or so to introduce the focus of each section Pen ecg citi Diecor. Hevls Seences Wohin Ce nd agree. Lal F Omer of Weng Sper {erase atthe Unieraae of Tron Over hear les bse wniverat rian er enlale et Mtpthnnutoruntacdsriioe?# Reviewing an Article vage 1 012 Porentie 5, Reviewing an Article for Dr. Bob Pettapiece “The following are clues about how to write and sometimes how to not write your article reviews ‘© The paper should summarize each article and critique them on the information they give you. + Critique means your substantiated opinion of the article, including one possible use in your classroom. Spelling, good grammar & neatness count. Use a spellchecker & grammar check if necessary. ‘Use italics to cite the name of the magazine or book in your text For writing, here are some general references which may be helpful Do not include a copy of the article with the review! Use 12 point type. : Indent at the start of a paragraph (Tab Key). Donot use the space bar to center or indent or line up # column. Periods ending a sentence have two spaces following them; commas (and all punctuation within a sentence) have a single space. + Format should be left justified (ragged right), not full justification. (Research says this is easier to read!) + All work should be double spaced, + Use a one inch (1”) margin on all four sides of your text. + Avoid abbreviations such as ete. + Do not use the word prove in social science research. + Staple the review together at top left comer only; no paper clips or covers. Since this is a review of one article, no page citations are necessary. Quote very sparingly. Quotation marks (“) are always the last character; not “, or “in a sentence ‘The only kind of teacher to start in caps is English (or other language) teacher. ‘The rest of us are lower case, like social studies teacher. + A cover sheet is not necessary. If you use one, put your article citation there. «Cite the source of the article at the top or at the end of your review. APA format for periodicals is Brett, M, (1996). Teactiing extended class periods. Social Education, 60, 77-79. Finding an Article: ‘You may find an article in the Purdy Library or you may want to look for an online article available at WSU. if so; go to the Library Home Page click on Online Journals use the E-Journal Finder List where it says Search for a specific ttle: type in the name of @ journal (for example, Social Education) browse for an article wane If you happen to find a good article online, here is how to cite an internet resource/web page- http //ted.coe. wayne edu/ele3600/reviewing htm 1/20/2006_/Reviewing an Article rage 2uie Appond'» 6 Author's Last Name, First. (Year) Title of Content.. Internet Date Found/Accessed. Available: th Gopher.micro.umn.edu! (the URL of a web page/resource must all appear on the same line) For example: Ross, Cherilyn. (1997) WSU Social Studies Web Site. Intemet. 23 October 1997. Available: http://ted.coe. wayne, edu/sse Note: You need include only the information you can find on the web site. Not all sites have all the information. http://ted.coe. wayne.edwele3600/reviewing html 1/20/2006O Construction Management and Economics (1995) 13, 524 Book review Human Resources Management in Construction D. Langford, M.R. Hancock, R, Fellows and A.V Gale, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1995 2 pp. ISBN 0582-09033-4. £16.99 Hungry for knowledge, I was eager to read this book; which is as far as T am aware, the first Human Resources Management (HRM) text to focus specific- ally on the construction industry. What might we expect to find in 2 book with this tile? Before opening it, I hypothesized that we might expect to see introductory chapters on human behaviour both of the individual (industrial psychology) and in groups (social psychology! sociology of work). I expected to see chapters on ‘motivation, leadership, legal aspects of employment covering resignation, dismissal, and contracts of employ- ‘ment, I thought we might find chapters on industrial relations, remuneration systems, welfare benefits and non-financial rewards for employees and finally some Giscussion of modern developments in industrial relations such as single-union agreements, the decline of twade-unions and the implications of European legis lation on workers rights and the ‘social chapter. All of this of course would be set firmly in the context of the construction industry. ‘The authors of the book state their aim clearly, ‘to fill aan important gap in the literature by applying general Principles of HRM specifically to the construction industry’, They seek to achieve this in ten chepters ivided into three sections, ‘These sections are: Contex- tual Factors, Managerial Issues, and Recent and Future Developments. In addition to the introduction, the contextual section contains chapters entitled ‘HRM in the context of construction’, ‘External issues affecting HRM in con- struction’ and ‘Organizational behaviour’. The external issues identified by the authors are demographic changes, technological change, new work patterns and Social values. Section 2, Managerial issues, contains three chapters covering industrial relations, interviewing for staff selection, and management development. The final section, ‘Recent and Future Developments’ (my emphasis ~and a brave claim on the part of the authors) 0146-5193 © 1995 E, & EN. Spon contains chapters covering systems theonys women in construction and ‘Directions" in HRM. There is @ lot of describing the ‘context’ and ‘scene setting’ in this book. Indeed there is a section called ‘setting the scene’ inthe final chapter = I wondered if we would ever getto the heart of che matter. Perhaps though that is an unrealistic expectation for « subject such as this. There is 2 well researched and written chapter on ‘Women in construction (the subject of the PRD of one of the authors). The chapter on interviewing for staff Selection is useful. Although it may sound mundane, practical guidance on matters such as this isan important aspect of HRM and that chapter will be useful to the many people in construction who find themselves involved in these aspects of HRM without previous training. There are also some unexpected chapters. One chapter and pare of another are devoted to describing aspects of systems ‘theory’. Why? On the other hand there js lite or nothing on industrial psychology or the sociology of workers in organizations, The new develop ments chapter fails to mention the large developments in European legislation or contrast European approsches to government intervention in employment conditions with say Asian or American approaches. ‘There are far too many non-seguturs, grammatical and Syntax errors, and lapses in style. The word etc, appears 40 often as to advertise the imprecision of thought ~ of Which this is 2 primary indicator. Did the authors achieve their sim? From the point of view of ezch individual author, writing a book with three co-authors is an extremely dificult task, Every reviewer has to accept chat the authors have a right to approach their projectin their own way. Thisis not 2 book I would have written and perhaps it should be praised for that alone. In fact, they have successfully bridged pact of the fap in the literaure, Itremains for future authors to add to this new literature and work towards completing the job. Is any task such as this ever actualy complete? This book is undoubtedly # useful step into the literature of HIRM for people who work in construction. JOHN RAFTERY Hong Kong Polytechnic University Appendiiy XeAppardie’ B Construction Management and Economics '1994) 12, 279-280 Book review ‘The Management of Projects Peter W.G. Morris, Telford, London, 1994 358+x pp. ISBN 0 7277 1693 X, £55.00 The Management of Projects will undoubtedly.become one of the classics of the project management litarature, ‘This, as the book demonstrates on every page, is a literature that Mortis knows intimately and in depth. He uses his great scholarship to provide the book with its central core. This is a history of the development of the subject and profession of project management as it has emerged over the last 50 years, Mortis has a historian's talent for capturing the mood of the time as he describes the enduring lessons from five decades of practice, Having carefully built up this picture of the key events, Morris then uses what is by any standards a fascinating history to explain and define a new model of project ‘management, Then, in the final chapter, he rolls the model forward to provide the basis for important views about che future of the profession of project manage- All three elements of the book: the history, the model and the predictions should receive wide attention. They cach tell us things that are new and the history in particular provides many perceptive insights into fami- liar stories. The central chaprers of the book provide ase histories of famous and infamous mejor projects ‘These are drawn mainly from the defence and aerospace (CCindustries although they do range more widely and ‘include some examples from the construction and other industries. Mortis’ early workand his most recent experience was in the UK, however he spent formative yearsin the USA and his views are largely shaped by the American experience of major projects, Thus, for example, he describes the 1960s Apollo project as the paradigm of modern project management. Ceftainly this was a successful project but given Morris’ focus on. major projects, itis not surprising that most of the examples of practice that he describes had disappointing outcomes. As Morris describes in some detail, project management has to date failed to deliver on its promises of quality, cost and time control, Morris’ thesis is that this has happened because projects have been viewed 100 narrowly. To emphasise this he uses the title The Management of Projets rather than Project Management for his book. This wide perspective is good news for Association of Project Managers because Mortis is the 0144-6193 1984 E &EN. Spon current Chsirman of the professional instirute, We should all hope that this book, especially the final chapter, is providing the Chairman's agenda, As Morris illustrates with numerous examples, pro- jcet management has been too much concemed with {echniques, He describes how and why this has hap- ened as he takes the reader through the history of the development, use and misuse of an apparently endless stream of new techniques, each replete witha forgettable name hidden behind a ser of initials. PERT, CPM, CISCSC, TPP, PPP, QC, PMS, DTC, LCC, WBS, OBS, etc., etc. have fascinated, particulerly American project managers, often to the detriment of the success of their projects. Mortis? new mode of project management corrects this weakness and provides project managers with a clear framework which will encourage the use of current best practice. I is significant and encouraging that the ew model reflects the main-stresm of general manage. ment theory, This suggest, given that the model deriver: from the literature describing project management practice, that the profession is travelling the same toad as management generally in developing more widely and robustly based strategies and methods. Morris’ new model has three main elements: the definition of the project, its environment, and the organization set up to undertake the project. The first deals with the important issue of the need to define clearly the objectives, standards, technical base and general strategy of projects. The second main element Fevognizes the need to cake account of the envionment within which the project must be undertaken, Mortis believes that legislation requiring the praduction of Environmental Impact Assessments will be an impor tant factor in ensuring that intial project definitions are ‘more soundly based than before. Interestingly Morris anticipates that technologies will generally be more predictable than in the past; nevertheless he sensibly advocates keeping project modules small, tested, proto- typed and fully risk assessed. The third main element of the model deals with the motivation and organization of the project ream. TQM and partnering are rightly seen as important elements in providing well focused project teams. Morris also regards its crucial forthe suecess of any project that it is driven forward at the appropriate ace through its development eycle; schieh in well- ‘managed projects, consists ofa series of ll defined and distinct stages. Finally the model provides a cle 2280 framework for selecting the appropriate orgenization methods and techniques, ‘The chapter describing the model brings the reader up-to-date with Morris’ views about the best contem- porary projectmanagement practice, There are only two significant blind spots in Mortis’ otherwise masterly description of project management. They almost cer- tainly result from the strong American influence on Mortis" thinking, since both are more fully developed in the British, chan in the American literature. The first significant gap is to ignore important developments in project management in the construction industries, Projects such as the Broadgate development in London and the new Tokyo City Hall display a depth of quality and a breadth of vision in their project management that is truly world-class. Morris does not recognize that modern building projects on the scale of Broadgate and the Tokyo City Hall are every bit as challenging and difficult as the big defence and aerospace projects and generally are completed more successfully to tighter cost, and schedule targets. They also have to deal with much, broader objectives, including for example challenging aesthetic criteria, which would add a whole order of magnitude 10 the difficulties faced by engineers who design submarines and rockers. ‘The other surprise is the lack of an explicit theoretical basis for Morris’ analysis. He refers occasionally to general management theory, which self-evidently applies to project management, as it does wo any other sector of management, but the references are slight and generally old, Clearly there is an implicit and indeed a well developed theory running through Morris? think- ing, ‘The clarity and consistency chat is such a striking Feature of the book would otherwise have been impos- ible. Unfornunately Mosris? theory of project manage- ‘ment remains implicit, which is @ real disappointment, at least to this reviewer, ‘These gaps in no way detract from the final element of Kegandixe Book review the book which looks forward with reelistic optimism to ‘2more complex, more democratic, more technologically advanced and smaller world. Major projects will be smaller, more in the private sector, more environment ally friendly and will be managed more professionally. In secking to shift the emphasis from techniques to wider political, social and economic concerns and in emphasising the absolute need for projects to respect their environmental context, Morris accurately points the way forward for project managers, He is rightalso in regarding information technology as the decisive rech- nology in determining how project managers will meet the new challenges. General management theory and lessons from the construction industries will provide ‘more of the answers than Morris recognizes; and should form important elements of the work needed to create the rounded profession of project management that ‘Morris so clearly wants to help develop. ‘The final element of the book provides an agenda for the profession of project management that will take it into the 21st century. Morris recognizes the continuing need for functional specialists wiehin the profession of Project management co deal with costs, schedules, procurements, etc. However, he rightly argues that the need has never been more urgent for project managers who bring a wide breadth of understanding to their work. There will be ® growing need for projects ‘managers who can look beyond the internal processes of ” their projects 10 the organizational, technological and socio-economic contexts in which projects must managed. Creating @ framework within which such exceptional managers can develop and grow is @ fitting challenge for Morris during his Chairmanship of the Association of Project Managers. A good starting point Would be for all project managers to read this new classic project management book. JOHN BENNETT University of Reading ~~Abstracts Aa Appendix \O- - Abstracts fe “Abstracts ae often the least considered but most important part of any paper. Most readers of a journal will read most ofthe abstracts, but very few vill read the full pheoee Perhaps 95% of readers Will read only the abstract. The need for abstracts to be terse often eatees difficulty and can taint What is otherwise a perfectly acceptable style of writing. Since deciding to improve the general Handards of abstracts in Construction Management and Economics, we have frora vs certain problems recur. We seek to deal with most of them here. Some are based uron accepted good practice in abstract writing, others are Simply a question of style or consistency, The following Suggestions should help to reduce the need for authors to re-write thelt absiawcs, {he abstract should not be a table of contents in prose, neither should it be an introduction, It should Beinformative, Tell the reader what the research was about, how it was undoridee what was discovered, but not how the paper is organized, The m: too many of them, then just exemplify them in the abstract, Te following guidelines have been extracted from recent criticisms of eal abstracts may help to overcome some of the most frequent problems: © Po.not commence with "this paper..." "this repo..." or similar, It is better to waite about the a ‘eacureh than about the paper. Similany, do not expiain the sections or pars te paper. © seid sentences that end in ..is deseribed",". is reported" "is nalyoed™ of Gp These are simply too vague to be informative Do not begin sentences with "itis suggested that...", "itis believed that." "tig felt that..." orinilas: In every case, the four words can be omitied without damaging the ac vie message, © Root vite in the fist person in any form. ‘Thus, nt only should you avoid", but also eerste anthor", "the writer and s0 on. Again, this is hecause the abetont she be about the research, not about the act of waiting. Finally, here is a spoof abstract which contains some of the worst Practices in abstract writing: This paper discusses research which was undertaken in the author's country. A theoretical Sramework is developed from a literature search and this is used as tho bug, Of an analytical model. Data were collected within this framework and analysed according to the Precepts laid down by ofetier researchers inthe teld The data is used fo demonstrate that contin cores can be drawn and these are discussed in the light of previous work. Conchslom nage and it is shown that these may be useful for practitioners. Cci communication : Arverdire we _ Putting Words to Paper Writingthe Academic Paper Students in higher education are expected to write good ‘academic. papers to attain high ‘grades. Researchers who want to disseminate their findings > write academic papers for journals. This article looks at the process of writing good papers anc Offers some tips to make writing a pleasure: and interpretations of your ow ‘Bécause'an ecademic paper coui- =. witht thé: ueewof diffiulr words. and ‘you Wau io’ pot. the fruit of ments ofthe quantity and quality of phages. Nod realli. "The researchers your work in writing so that your sources, oi must distinglish Uetween. ark: itingfor'a very ‘specific au findings can be shared with others. reliable and biased sources of ifor- -, dienée, a group’ of higtly educated Unless: your paper, is well researched mation: You have fo select:authéré-'” people: who: preferith teal Aimerial and writen, itwil be very difficult to tative souces and ayotd quéstionable,. writen ita omplex ale. Since they find a publisher statistics. As an ‘educated persoh, we . are used to this Stjle of Yeiting, chey ‘An acedemic peper has & do not simply bélieve in what we see” "do not find difficilt to'read focus. Don’t be too ambitious, the in print, we-shoulé weigh the facts narrower you make your subject, the . nd. decide Drafting your casier it will be to wnte your piper. which source is credible Academic Paper The paper should bave a clear thesis, Sometimes when we sead'joumal When, yo bveaccumuated ade ‘You must come up with a point of articles, we find that the style used'is. quate:infommation, You are ready 10 view and not merely echo the views difficult to read. Iris unlike the stplé - ‘waite the fstidinft” Good writers wil) of others. You must show that you we aré used to.in newspapers and alwas keeg'thé Speeific audience in hhave digested the views of other magazines. Some feel that the authors tint: Are: your iting for the teacher researchers and formed new opinions the academic style of alone: other ibterested parties, or for @ ropav's MANAGER + Oct-Nov 2005- ; Appendire | the general reader? When you lniow An academic paper Publication then make amendments to Xe: ‘whp your reader is, you will’be clear your manuscript to conform to the wabout.the words you should use and has a-clear focus, houbestyle, ‘he style of waiting, Ifthe reader is : i | Nowadays, most journals accept one, with experience in the féld then Don't be too soft copies of mannsexipts, You should you need not spend time explaining bitious, inchide an abstract about the contents jangoa words, ambitious, te of your.artile and'a short blurb about At this stage-of writing, you narrower you make yourself and your affiliations, The should consider the purpose thet will f abstract should be’ lest. thin 200 ‘govem the form of your paper. Decide your subject, the ‘words. In your covering E-mail, in- Which Kind of waiting will suit your ane form the editor that you are, sub- unpode: (0) iifomnative wating @o) CASIer it will be to” ene te manuscript for zeview and Snalytical writing (©) arguméntative write v6 possible publication..State that the waiting; or (2) speculative waiting, Your paper. ‘meterial-isotiginal ind unpublished. Ax’ informative: paper ties. to . ‘The editor will'acknowledge re- urlaa a subject in deta by giving, “When wating you all you wil. ceigt of your ‘manusctipt and send it Soa egeeaee gpa: eau pe- want t0: quot from prothineat re: "for peer review, This way me ho Seg Sequence oF events, look at searches to support your trguments.” one tonite ies mast, éepeniiing Bauses and effects, or explain'a sub- Soine inéapérienced wnitrs feel thar jects parts, the' more quotations they include in ir analytical writing, you break _ the paper, the better is their research, An informative paper * Yourtopes into parts and discuss how You ar the: bee jndge of how many 5 : \..4 those parts relate to ‘one another: Rea- -. quotes you should use good paper’ tries to explain a ders expect you to inention the ad- Je'aot merely acolletion of quo. ere : ‘antigen tnd sedvanges of ein tations, itshouldiaclude primary.daa SUbject in detail by points. of view and your inteypretation and ariginal information derived trom giv’... « Of the different views. surveys conducted by the retcarcher, 84VINg its background ‘To present an argumentative view . ot history: It can point; you should state your opinion’ Revising your Draft : clear, provide detailed upper infor- . When writing your draft, you resent a sequence of ion, c - ld ec ote! boners a aes Be pass am om the Sage you: eVeits, look’at causes Sone writers adopt thé wpe can check the aplling, pectuaion,.. ‘and, effects, or explain tive. style of writing to explore « _ anid grammar. Youmay want to.com fopic ‘without ‘necescarily taking a bine paragraphe that are ielated and a subject's parts. stand. At mes, the subject resists.” move paragraphs to stengihen your firm conchisions but s till important - arguments, E and involving. 7 ‘Study the length of the sentences. om how busy the tebiewéts are. When jn the Gating stage, don’t forgst There should be « good mix of tim the review fo leas, tee dann my popes nae Be Hance you take inthe pit, compound, end complex sentexee send yous lt of eigpested vote, (CRIES Zon Petona Persons refers to suctares Cheb the securay ofthe to be made Kyohdenotamee ae Dfthe way you represent yousel in words used including he adjectives sagem and yeftse toowaite; the Tein te ae aay wits prefer to" and adverb, Cesk your statistics, proces ens thes ind fouroron wn bein the background, as such, they . Have you spelt out the sbbrevitions~ not be published ban Poihee e nasPeton Pronoun, at ft mention? Check the text to If you revise Your stiamiseript ten theyhave to refer'to then- “ensure that i conforma to the style ° acconding io he suggestions, i wil be eclves they use"this weiter” instead. guider Proof read your paper more”. tent fore dereeh eien The re- Other waiters wanto give themselves " than ance, It is best proofed by some.’ ~ viewer colle betissatisied ‘with the & big role in the’ paper so they put ' one who-is not as familiar with the. work aay, sugdestfintherchanges, themselves a5 the siar of the show. project a8 the’ waiter, LG runw ro pace 26FG. 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ARivign Sunday January 20, 2008 2. relatonsmp with os heaneh ohn iba Layered masterpiece $. criegmn Review by AZMI SHAROM. 4 how tue voor famed, wes presentdd A new English translation of one of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s works reveals a story that is still as relevant today as it was when it was composed in the 1960s. AROK OF JAVA 5. Covtemy R he book. By Pramoedya Ananta Toer, translated by Max Lane Publisher: Horizon Books, 387 pages ISBN: 978-9810580452 6. vecommendaton . ‘THE life of Indonesian journalist and author Pramoedya Ananta Toer is nothing short of awe inspiring. Despite the harshest of treatments, first by colonial Dutch authorities and then by Indonesian dictator Suharto, he lived his life with his ideals intact. Even more impressive is that he was able to express those ideals in beautifizl works of literature created under unimaginably harsh conditions. Imprisoned with hundreds of other political prisoners on Buru Island in 1965 by Suharto, Pramoedya faced living conditions that can only be described as brutal. Though “imprisoned” is perhaps misleading term as there was no prison as such. They were simply dumped on an island from which there was no escape and were expected to survive on their own, Amidst this struggle to survive, with no access to any writing material, he was able to produce the famous Buru Quartet The Quartet comprises This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and House of Glass. Together, they tell the tale of Indonesia's nationalist awakening in the 20th century through the eyes of their main protagonist, Minke, a young man whose personal experiences reflect those of the emerging nation he was a part of. Pramoedya composed the tales in his mind and recited them to his fellow prisoners. Only upon his release 14 years later did they see print. They were then duly banned by the Suharto regime, supposedly for having communist messages embedded in them. Embedded so deeply and subtly that the Indonesian Government was completely. unable to identify said elements... Rr The achievement of authoring the Bur Quartet, Pramoedya’s most WRU celedratca works, is an astounding one, but there is more. On Buru, he had written two other novels and a play that never became as well known as the Quarter. Taken together, this tetralogy is a literary expression of Indonesia's 1,000-year journey towards a political identity, But this review is concemed only with the first (in chronological order) work: Arok of Java. First published in Bahasa Indonesia as Arok Dedes in 1981, Arok of Java is the English version translated by Max Lane. Set in 13th century Java, this is Pramoedya’s telling of theThe Star Online: Layered masterpiece Page 2 of 3 legend/history of Arok, a young man who rebelled against the governor of his region, seized the throne and reinstated laws banning slavery. The bare bones plot appears very simple, but there are enough episodes of political machinations and intrigue to keep the story satisfyingly multifaceted, The plot is not the thing, though. It is the telling of the story that shows us Pramoedya’s genius, The richness of his descriptions of ancient Java is utterly compelling, One is drawm into the world end ite rituals and beliefs so completely that reading the book is akin to being there. This is largely due to his totaly unsentimental treatment of the subject matter and characters. They are people of the time, with no 20th century revisionism oftheir attitudes and thinking, and as such, we experience something refreshingly alien. The past, as they say, is a different country, and here it most certainly is that. In some passages, legendary supernatural exploits are included that although jarring to some considering the largely realistic narrative ~ adds to the sensation that we are peering into a world that is different and exciting. This is not to say that there is no relevance to the present day to be found. One of the reasons that Pramoedya wrote Arok was to illustrate that the 65 sophistication of politics in the distant past is no less complex than that of the present day. Indonesia’s political awakening is not something that was birthed in the 20th or even 19th century but whose roots can be found hundreds of years ago. Naturally, scholars of recent Indonesian history excitedly try to draw Parallels in the story of Arok and modem Indonesia, Is Arok representative of Suharto? He was, after all, a lieutenant of the governor who, basically, double-crossed his leader, Or perhaps he is more akin to Sukarno, who ‘worked with the Japanese and for Indonesian independence at the same time. ‘You can find parallels if you look for them and, indeed, if that is what you want to do, knock yourself out. And it is not limited to personalities. The Tonrshna2004phoi"taey Philosophical and religious divide of Arok’s world, where people ask Toer=ina 2004 photo Seow j : : : ‘oh andas an angyryesrg’ SUspiciously if a stranger is a worshipper of Vishnu or Siva or if he or she is Tredieiewirhe ese _-BUAdhist, has @ resonance in a world where political ideologies have replaced intact = Fle photos the gods. It would be folly, however, to just read and examine the book in this light. Itis a testament to Pramoedya’s skill that this tale is satisfying on many levels, For example, Arok’s straddling of the three Javanese Hindu castes, Sudra (labourer), Ksatria (warrior) and Brahmin (intellectual), is a powerful treatise on the need for holistic qualities in order to effect social change. It is not enough to intellectually argue for 200 years in grand conferences (as the Brahmins did), one has to have the skill of the warrior to make any change and the souf of the oppressed to ensure that justice is done. ‘Max Lanes translation here is excellent, Like his work on the Buru Quartet, Lane has managed to write in English but sound Indonesian. His sentences are structured so as to make the words sound like they come from the Nusantara, and his adherence to linguistic tics and specialised expressions add to this, Mention, too, must be made of Mohamad Yusof's paintings that grace the cover and the Pages of thisThe Star Online: Layered masterpiéce Page 3'of 3 book. They visually represent his perspective of Arok’s tale and they are detailed and beautiful with « primitive sensual power that captures the spirit of the tale and a sense of the time. It is a shame that the prints are so small and (at least for the ones in the body of the book) in poor black and white. Perhaps in future editions, they could be given the treatment they, and the reader, deserve, Pak Pram died in April 2006 and this region, indeed the world, has lost a great literary figure and an inspirational man, His works will continue to be read and appreciated for many years to come, As sad as it is that we will not have anything new. ‘coming from his kretek-stained fingers, there is some measure of comfort in knowing that there are still works to be translated, studied, examined, leamt from, and enjoyed. + Assoc Prof Dr Azmi Sharom teaches law at Universiti Malaya and writes the fortnightly ‘Brave New World’ column in The Star's Views pages. © 1995-2008 Star Publications (Malaysia) Bhd (Co No 10894-D)