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    Una explicación del Nombre de Dios

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    Una explicación del Nombre de Dios

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    40 views11 pages

    Tetrgrama

    Uploaded by

    Enrique Guzmán
    Una explicación del Nombre de Dios

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    @ {JOURNAL oF MMLLCAL LITERATURE Inaers test kings undertake miltary and monary expedons Eph. Representa ofthe north parteiate both the worship ofthe [runic tmp, where they ate asxped as brother even when italy tan ts wean eoring svi in both noth and 30th On one trey mre ade ny of hom at Yee ae, pd iyo opis stionton al ea realy with Sdcan captives. Pos Your nt eet hat we probaly teatro Chenies wo ft mde Jrobonm responsible forthe schism between north and {out nor dee sg ta te wer as maered insistence pon thekegtinacy the Davi monarchy andthe Levit pstood, ate bas ‘xpreed most strongly in Abas dcoune (2 Cones 1). Buti Sha canta the tvttonetnded the noth by Hessih as ‘ewe not teen evoked, andthe eaanged bother wiletr, hy will te meet both by = moc God ted ther outern Kinsmen ‘That sucha mestage woul te elevan to the north andsouth alot any tine ding the pos ele periods unfrtnatey tre. To, thee may Sige tave ben iene psons win the communi reping fcrgners acon the art, Jonahand ith wosl soe But that the ‘Sie weer who showed such openness tard the noth could ao ave ‘rien sch pages ns Ean tad Neb38-01 nd ic scp “ironing tht das ponon toward her neighbor became more severe Jeary woul suo gps that Groner ought tobe dated ent Tater han ate ha hoe passages "Rody ren, “Slomns Apologia Cone, 852979 3031.0 7.512. dco dd of Coy Ee and Neh sad so bee esr amy an”) 0 Br, ‘et res: rere nr peo of Rea Few Par HSM I Mow Sita ra ‘THE TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT ‘GEORGE HOWARD ECENT clscoveris in Egypt andthe Judean Desert allow us tose first hand the use of Go's ame in pre-Christian times, These discoveries {significant for NT studies ia that they form a lerary analogy with the ‘arlest Christan documents and may explain how NT authors used he divine tame Inthe flowing pages we wil et forth theory that the divine name, Fr (and posibly abbreviations of i), was orginally written inthe NT ‘quotations of and allusions tothe OT and that inthe coure of time was replaced mainly with he surrogate. Tis removal ofthe Tetragram, in out view, created a confusion inthe minds of erty Gentle Christians about the ‘elationship between the“Lord God” and the "Lord Chit which flee inthe MS tradition of theNT text tse I tdertospporthitheory we will ‘esrb the eevan pre-Christian and pos-NT evidence for wse ofthe divine "ame in writen documents and explore it implications forthe NT. (1) Pre Christian Greek MSS ofthe OT.In 1936C. H, Roberts published fragments ofa papyrus MS inthe John Rylands Library, P. RyL. Gk. 438, ‘containing in Grek portions of Deuteronomy 23-28: He dated the MS tothe ‘middle ofthe second ceatury nc. Unfortunately, nose ofthe nomina sacraare ‘extant in the fragments. However, fr alacuna at Deut 2618, where the word ‘ripos appears inthe Christin codices ofthe UXX, Roberts conjectured, on ‘the bass of the numberof fetes required till out thee, that the word ‘nice originally stood writen out in fll, not abbreviated a, Pl Kable later sugested to him hat the word wipes didnot occur here but ater the Hebrew Teragram, 7. He based Bs reasoning on other pre-Christian ‘copies ofthe Greck Bible where the Tetragram i preserved. When he drew Roberts attention wo this, Roberts agreed with him ‘Another specinen of the pre-Christian Greek Bible iP. Fund 266, containing frgments of Genesis 7 and 38 and extensive portions of Deuteronomy 17-3. Ie dates the fist or second centry ac In 1948 W.G, snr ot Sr ao anos aay we ast tt (= pound ern mater and hgh of oseuee nate coe ‘Saline! on bat oe aneay dwn PP gjae! he Se ids Men (ate: ety Piles he Sepa” Sd peri (TU: Bei: Alani, 157280 SHC Yet dato B25 4c SWF Argh mtb lee eka he Most Payrin”BASOR 15m rey. 8 o JOURNAL OF mIBLICAL LITERATURE Wael pele agent of his MS coving Del 3:28-2273 a 950 Potogrpi f tagcns ofthe MS appar pint though na poe Tepodclon® tn ees unsapon ofthe ene MS as ruc by Frans Duna in Buse epyrlge t or soe feon i at vr ntl ua mp th ew cope ected one ras andar Tt sue year, ower, Banand pic iSaty ducnson of the par’ Te MS nsgnfcat nha ined of ‘hy tone win Cran cain of EXX wand fo te ne Son tir writes ie Toran Amis es wan te Gro la Greek were found tse rpm Pes onl teh ce ee sa aT en ag ata serene agrenarantva ats aneriineycimenery are acne is Brera ag, eet foe ei et inte oe es tran rit cocie ae Seredhstahan Cietate be poet ate ae eerily tala ena Wr ucts ita oC wa tn tear se pra eat tn stop Senate fasshant sacar tasers Meme oats eee . a Homer" ou ie Texto Braces MOA eM TT gird trae enh a an Cr: Ucn twins fatanoge 1966). Prefer 3. W. “is averon tute” amor geben etre mee orient meee Cereae oi ae age ames iS Rete eetd patiaremecieen na sie ince 3032S Bock an rns Sone Recah oe tr ot Perens It nea tec Tea Lec Tet 18, OWARD: THE TETRAGKAW AND THE NEW TESTAMENT 6 te 1962 8 Lishte published nine fragments of « Greck scroll which he beliied to belong to Barthelemy’s MS." According to Listas noe ‘itt: they include: (1) Hos 28; (2) Amos 153) Joel 144) Jonah 0 £15) Nab 18, (6) Nab 28, 7) Zech 312: (@) uch 489. Oy ae voy [xr posibly represents textual vataiontothe Mit Imus not be considered a substitute forthe Tetragram, However useeero {hat ths MS mpresensalaterransitiona period in which ie Tetsoron tng tring replaced by Ou. The dae of these Iragment therfore, ey wend ‘evaluating in the light ofthis From the Qumran caves we now havea last ive fragments ofthe Greek 1957 P. W, Skehan discussed and partially publed three Grck fragments fom cave 4 (1) 4QUXXNusm (= Nun 330414) 0) AGL re ( Lev 262-16, and (3) 4QLXXLey (fragments of chaps 3-3), Stoke (ates 4QLXXNum and 4QLXXLe? othe fst cenuty ne snd COURT tothe it century a, Only in 4QLXXLe? dees the dvine name sore see thistwice inthe form of IAN not rips. Skehan say that “iNeed, ‘Heongy suggests that the usage in quewion goes back for some beskaen eon, {o he beginnings of the Septuagint rendering. and antedats nich donee os {hatin the Fund papyrus or the special serps inthe more tecent Hebe ‘manuscripts of Qumran and in ater Greek witness {Two oer fragments ofthe Greek Bible come rom Qumrancave7." They include parts of Exod 284-7 andthe Letter of Jeremiah 43-44 Both dere, 100 nc. The divine nme appeats in neither From these findings we can now say with almost absolute ceriinty that the divine mame, mm, was not rendered by nino nthe re Chrno Bible asso often hasbeen thought. Usaly the Tetragram war een ees ‘Aramaic orn paleo-Hebrew lers or wat transliterated into Gack ton [18 Quorn Mowat Tere om Ye Cn Snug 1956 (sup neha hoe se Foci cht 4 ty Win, “Te Tengnnmaan — “ 2ouRvA, OF BIBLICAL LTERATUR [Ata Inter time, about which we sll have more to say soon, surrogates ‘eplaed the Tetsngram. The frat surrogates as we wil Se, were Bede and (2) Hebrew and Aramaic Documents from the Judean Desert. In the ‘Quran Seo the divine name, 77,8 written ether in Arama characters ‘tit appear, for example, inthe great lasah scroll (IQlst) Fin paleo- Hebrew sript at appears, for example in te Habakkuk Commentary (lOpHab)™ The woed for God, "x, also appears occasionally in paleo. Hebrew seript inthe scroll! awellas occasionally nx, and EIR ‘This must igiy special sancti for thee words as well nthe minds of, various Qumran scribes "The normal procedure forthe Qumran scribe was to write the Tetragram frely while copying biical MSS. Buti biblical commentaries such a8 TOptiab, IQpzeph, ete, where there is'@ biblical quotation or lemma followed ty a commentary, the sribe wrote the Tetragram inthe quotation ‘only But inthe commentary he would write the word". Two examples from the Habakik Commentary wil lustate chi igaifieant point. WOpHab 109-7 (= Hab 213) Quoraion Behold i not om YHWH sev oye man wt ‘of hosts the people have eyo a Tnbored for fre. ees Commenary (109-13 “The interpretation of the sane matter. they wil Come into eve wo the judgments of ire those semen Who reviled and defied the chosen cra meer ner of God oe oot ma et A mr,“ einer Sal Te Gola Se tine Ream ee moet ue rts Secor ba 8) Sn yas it Srp ice te toe he me of. Tid nor a ey wot aca te Te rend ae acest aso een ee (coun Gara iy es) 2 nae Sera eh ‘crn te roman tts Te HP 900 0. Arran oC SSA es nt er et et ih ee C89 059 24 cata oe nie eT pee "RT teense in gn rn) serene oe i eX mys apc ea SAIS cee OWARD: THE TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TSTAMENT 67 1OpHab 11:10 ¢ Hab 2:16) Quotation ‘The cup of the right hand roy sen of YHWH wil surround you Freee Commentary (111219 Tes inerpetation.. and the cup bo... nee ofthe wrath of {God will Sparen confound him, an A similar avoidance ofthe Tetragram in on bilical material extends to the sectarian documents wed by the Qumran sect, sich asthe Community ‘Rule (1Q5) and the Damascus Rule (CD), The Damascus Rule has been Known for sometime since copies of it were found inthe Cairo enisa * A pin ofinerest int is tha wheal ou copies oft avodd the Tetrgram the {agments found at Qumran contain the ord °M twice writen in paleo. Hebrew script and once in ordinary sept Moreover, zens to place the word "rx onapar wih’ in sancti iat east one place “Swear nother bY the Aleph and Lamedh or by the Aleph and the Dalthr (CD 151), "he Community Rue there are two major points of interest: (1) Ins quotation of sa 403, fund at 14, the scribe subtited four dot (or the Tetragram. The passage reads: As itis written, Prepare sera ano we in the wilderes the way of. nts sake saight inthe desert, ay ee 2 path for our God” vere ae ‘The same quotation appears in 4 Tanhtmim (49776) with four dots agin representing Yow. The four dots ata subttete forthe divine name cur several mor tines in thes fragments” Dotsoceur aso in IQlet at 7 The wordsinMT.12 aes arr m7, were omited by the original rite and were later writen above the line with for dts used ase surtopae for the divine smamecioz A2E3. m1". In Qa 3:17 rw appears nthe text with ve ots below tad with = writen above it. Inv. IB mr appears i the text ith four dot below it and with ot written above i 426 re (which "ppearsin MT) isomitied, and ive dot are placed above the ext word ™(2) Foren C Rai PheZdoe aci (Ono: Caton, 18) Re, ‘Danaus (KT 167 en de Gra 15) Pegi le Ge amen ‘ny fond Slomn Zn. Ph Zadoe Pager he Merri he {aoe Gat Ctian he Rana te aor Lira Canteen GO SI Pinphar Dope Cote, cares ace a te tr Mi,“ "ase Marae. “Yar Reading inte ih Manip” AASOR 11492632 (9p 9301. F Sep pts ot hat tee QR and 312M A aS ae a JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE ‘The second point of interest inthe Community Rule it found at 813, where the writer introduces the quotation of sa 40:3, He usesthe elongated pronoun 967 to represent God. The ext reads: eee 2s Lmru wes sem anes na tern pe eo Sra Sere Se outa ea Srnec emer wroarvascce [Pronouns probably under theinonc ofthe uly writen phrase innitenteemenger etsy Pie oe eee teeta sami eae naan feacer epee a als esnaenan voacoru ovameataea oka Sommaremin te tte mourn sree eae caer ee Sea apear cites territyasttrento Soames cease Tee eet Sorichemectenars rane Senenemsetneeedater tear Comore Sat ons see eae Se sted ase as sears tana res Rage veg or ates "NST to, ee Quen (Ons: Wine gota 6) Bi ooecpoe meee BSE P wontepter Te Monat of Opie Mod at ae th omar $49, 202 040.3 49.495 23:090.3 1 Iehnti.S agin) 010.5 BD apne tae “orem UT Hew Tx of the kof fc ie: nai Yosh tre Safon Mase rane hc Epenn St ays wOPD:A Ge 4s Feradaon 1 Rainy. “Te Quan ee Ol ens Cog son on Walon” Ca ain Tae the Ben SiraSerll from Masada.” It dates toca. 10-75 8c. and thus es within approximately one century of ts orginal composition. It comic, Ssctions of chaps. 39-46 and so overlaps only wth MS Bof the Cave Cone fragments. According to Y, Yad, the Masada seoll conftens hat hee 8 from the Cato Genia, slong with ts marginal gloves, tasialy represents ‘he orignal Hebrew. ‘Acomparisonof the Masada coll with MS Bin regard othe divine name i fascinating, The Gena MS frequnily aes he Teuagram inthe form ofc triple Yoda (=); the Masada sro never uses the Teteagraty a, tet 16 and 4:5, where the uiple Yodh appears im MS B, the Masada rll wrase K.In42:1Sand 17 MS Busesor, where the Masada Srol bas "Fe od ‘43:10MS Bhasthe word, where the Masada rll as"7m. A mostcurous {nstaoe isa 42:17, where MS Breads = rive) andthe Masada sol ends [ROH Ths resembles the ear instance where the pronoun Wey 1 5138 possible abbreviation fr mse er, except that nth stance oe Pronomisal sux) appears to be a sarogate forthe Tevagrams Wis ot clear how one ought to interpret particulary 2-46 and 435, ‘acy seems likely that the orignal Ben Sir read °7M and that tis ‘mplaced in ner times withthe Tetragram, The most probable explanation {hat the late Geniza MS Bn these instances, epresems the orgie ext and {hat the Masada scroll represents am early tempt to replace the Teco with Jost when yw Fist was ead where the divine name curs inthe Hebrew Bible is ot known. In 1949 Millar Burrows suggested thatthe meres correction in 1Qtat of = with 7x and vice vers point othe conelenon thatthe Qumran MS “was written from dictation, thatthe reader probe ‘ead 77m wherever the Tetragram occurred in his copy, and hat te ee rote ther oF 37K whichever rt occurred tohimincachinstnes Tre otations above the line were doubles added later, followingeither hc sree ranother copy." If thsi the eas, we can date the onl pronousceneat of ‘PM. whenever 7 ooctrred in the et, to a least the ind centny ‘That the Tetragram was srropaed with Aramaie wre in pre occurs in MT whichare ‘eanlated in Qt. Inall i istances the targum reads OPW: Job 406, Soranaout ft ind ew pop aero and ore lee Yi The Bn Soe Sam Mas sree a eh waa Ste Tien Emme oe aa Dans tea ers neem iam atts eeeomnaeaersmcy Seeman asia ie Stn pein ren wh nado ad ot) Mn er Pg ‘g84.5 andr Wont (ata eth antag, rpna itne aek 0 JOURNAL oF SHRLICAL LeTRATURE 42:19 (evice), 10,1, The LX, in these instances, invariably reads rome Torn of wept, except for 429 (second Instance). where i lacks a correspondent tothe divine name. The word wa occurs twice ia IQigob (G4:10,12 [the former ia conjectore), where the MT reads = and the LXX. feadsa form of rarrorpdrao. The appearance of, wed ina non sulixal Stat, in Wf of iterestin regard othe Palestinian Aramaic back pound it Provides forthe abolute we of vor inthe NTs" ButW7s ever appears as ‘urrogate forthe Tetragram in he existing fragments af the targum In the Genesis Apocriphon(IQapGen) the cases slightly differen. In Gen 13s where the MT reads 777 (LXX raplv) 1QapGen (212) reads sesty me, "Lord ofthe ages. Thi oft by several other netances where the Terapram rendered differen. In Gen 13 -4and [51 the Tetragram of the MT (LXX dee | wupios) appears the paraphrase of 1QapGen ss¥04 (QE; 22:27) In Gen 152 the phrase 2 7H i the MT (LXX Béorora) appears inthe paraphrase of 1QapGen as PH “ (22:32, In Gen 1422 yew mr ofthe MT (LXX rv Grd ror Syuovow) ead simply as by IQapten (22:21. However in th instance 1QapGen may reflect an Ancient form ofthe text im which "7 did not occur wth Tp 8 In Gen 1:18, whee m7" appears in the MT (LXX sep), Ty occurs in the corresponding paaphrare of 1QapGen (3120) In Gen 194 where 7 927 lppeats inthe MT (LXX dat wopion), Tex curs nthe coresponding paraphrase of1QapCen (22:4), Thus in seven passages where the Tetragram Sppears in MT and where the text overaps mith the fragments of IQapCen, ‘im i represented by se once R-w thre times, 75S once, and by Ah UUndestood pronoun once. Inthe one remaining covrrence IQapGen my ot havea corresponding word. (8) Philo. Wien we come to Phil, the use of vot for the Tevagram it feequent This is tue both in regard tothe biblical quotations, whee most IMSS of Philo follow a basic Sepuaginal ex, ad in the exposition, where {he word nip eguary wed in reference tm God. The are aso many cramples where Philo ues the word ees However. some qualification necessary at this point since Pilohasbeen preserved only by Christians. I is quite possible thatthe Philonic MSS. toate tected yd Sats Some teeters Spies ie eerneese eerie Elsen ecatieategenne eno See Arf bce intro and wn). A ame he Goes dro hanaf Syssaeow se earene re meee Bbipnicemcaacseyren cent ease Tener tame neared erica eee scorns See ee MOWARD: THE THTRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT. 7 ndcvent change i ear to the divine those of tame along with those of the Crstian LAX. swe will pan oat Infant there eo roche noe that this the case, In 1980 W. P.M Walle tees eon ss Kt, pubes book in whch he cing his quotation as hey ao Hsdhy army pesca he Teen, nr serene ee 1% Phi exertion srations mayne he Besa pene as ‘hoe within the quotations Hower ito tecved fone netheniaa tke MS tadion sows Ia spite th howe hs eae tae ot bisealttion ant exporton st tmeseae hardy anyone ein eEsPerehy capac of wing einer ara surope forthe erro [is exostion’* 1 maybe then that our erat wie to ne ae ie edn nae nn tpn weer Pas (xe ering the post NT eras it suoary ol hedateaer es {far should be helpful roti “ {0 In Cian Grek MSS ote OT, he Sine sae normaly pears ot nthe form of rian, mt docsin tip Chet eas {02 LAX koown today. teri he form of Hee ae (ween in Arma of paloscbes kites) or a he ans (2) the Hebrew documents fom the Juiean Desert te Teagan sath ible so initiate ital paraphrase Occ. sppaes ‘nnor-bibal materi bat ths mtr and he moto le he ‘ar nthe Arama documents a glob and iQapGen he eevee bev appea Ite trgum itis trope by none Igupenn soa by we thetic, one and Pe one ee (3), The most common end wed for God Oe iba Hebrew lr re thre at oan tn cs rey mic et! eo ee a i ney ton “Te Aten Tu of Pe Qn Rac a ‘aie cs ae a were schd eerie Gnesi ae ie eect pam eee reece n JouRvAL OF HELICAL LiTERATURE documents from the Judean Desert it 3 (or Om). In the Qumran ‘ommentaris the Tetragram regularly appears inthe emme-quotation from Scripture: inthe following commentary oa the tet the word" i used as 8 secondary elerence 10 God, (4) There i some evidence from the Hebrew documents from the Judean Deer thatthe word 7x was pronounced where the Tetragram appeared in the biblical text. Thisis possibly demonstrated by the correctionsin 1Qh tn ‘comparison ofthe Ben Sra Sroll rom Masada with MS Brom the Cairo Geni it appears that "re was even used asa writen stogate for the Tetragram in copying nomic lerature thal orginally employed i (6) There are wo unsmal abbreviations or God's mame that appear inthe sero from the Judean Desert one isthe use of fou or fve dos the others the use ofthe Hebvew pronoun win 1QS &:13 inthe elongated form of ‘ssh or the masculine sufi. tis pssibethat the pronoun was wsed both ingelerenceto the Tetragram Ben itn 42:17 in the Masada oll and in MS _B from the Cairo Geniza) and as an abbreviation forthe phrase (6) Athough tis improbable that Philo varied fromthe custom of writing the Tetragram when quoting fom Scripture, is ikely that he used the word inwoe when making 4 secondary Telerence to the divine name in Bit ‘exposition Perhaps the most significant observation we can draw rom thirpaternof| variegated urage ofthe divine name tha the Tetragram™ was eld tobe very ‘Sacred. Ove couldlther weit ora surogatforit wthinnom ill matenal ‘Spending on ones indivi taste. But in copying the biblical ext tel the “etragram was caeflly guarded. This protection of the Teragram Was extended evento the Greek anslation ofthe iba! text hough for tome ‘acon not tothe Aramaie Targum, (4) Pou New: Testament Usage of God's Name. A, Jewish Usage: By the beginning of the second century. (pls of minus afew Year) a terres ‘cepts ofthe Hebrew Bible emerged among the Jews * In Rabbini circles it victory over other text-ypex was complete leading to the die of rv fextual traditions excep inuoar as they were frozen i ancien versions Imaitained in sets such as tht of the Samaritans * Oreck versions of this Standard ext olowed in Jewish eles. The best own of these are those of ‘Aguila, Theodotion, and Symmachus, It we may depen with detailed background information on thee versions, sinc it readily avaiable ‘tbenere2 iis important for us to note thatthe practice of writing the FMC Chan “tne Connon ot he Quasi Dawe” 95. See ao S.Talmon, “agate Tat anoint he ee Lek Qe Mana Treat TS pay Sc, atin th OMT nck ny ped ew Yer Kis 9) 3K Sete, The Spann on Moe Sady (Orin Garenion te) 1 NOWARD: THE TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT. 73 Hebrew Tetragram in the Greek text wae continued by these Jewish In 1897 F. C. Bukit published some fragments of Aguila found a the underwriting of sme palimpsess scraps among the debris inthe old Ciro ‘Genin The fragments show cary thatthe Hebrew Tetragram (inthis in paleo tebrew script) was retained by Aquila About this same Ge Giovanni Cardinal Mercati discovered in the Ambrosian Library of Milas palimpsest containing parts of the Psalter to Orgen's Hexapa (acting the Hebrew column) 5 The interesting thing about these frapments fom the Hexapa is hat al ve columns, not jst the transliterated Hebrew coh ndthatof Aquila, contain the Tetragram writen in square Hebrew ers Paul Kahle sgasted, on the bss thatthe Tetragram appear i al ve olumas, netuding that ofthe LXOX, that Origen originaly wd Jewish tex for his UXX column aswell as Jewish ets forthe other columns, He argo this because he knew of no evidence of Chistian MSS using the Teragram ating in the time of Origen. > But according to Euscbis, Origen searched out ‘copies of ancient Greek versionsand reportedthat one wn founda eich 4 ac In view of his deste to acquire ancient copies Moet not seem tumreaonable to elev that he could have arched ou old Chistian cop ofthe LXX which dated to the fist century itl Ifo, would have been nieve yeaa eanare mse So eee Meaionery. A Sarva of te Terupammaton in Danek 100 #0 (9) 6 Sorin tne Sir noe nar area yos seas spreneana trae a sities as een Sacra genmacons ambtne henggemens ordinate oanm Staaewn names Seclowonncaemaeen da aos Se de tre ona Tes tanec a rae nS Tet soe ne spree dsutennat eat Songs ca areas antec ieee Yinersted omen mentee Retina tocahate aon mame sia Posible fr him to use a Christian copy (perhaps of early Jewish Cistian Brig of the LXX which contained the Tetragram.” In early rabbini bterature we have recorded debates about the proper means of preserving the Tetragram in copying MSS and what to doincasea ‘era errr involvesthe Tetragram.® Ara whoethere debates mphasize tbe Sanetity ofthe divine name and the precaution that ito be taken in order tmaintan its permanence. i we permit oursclesto extend the precautionary ‘devices of preserving the Tetragram in copying Hebrew MSS to Geek MSS ‘ofthe OT as well we will probably have touched upon a vital difeence nthe ‘Jewish mentality toward biblical text and that ofthe Gentile Christin, This wil became apparent in the next section 'B. Christian Usage: When we come to Criian copies ofthe LXX, weare immediately suck by the absence of the Tetragram and ts almost universal ‘replacement by wipe. Thi means that sometime betveen the begining of ‘the Crstian movement andthe ealest extant copies of he Cristian LXX2 ‘change had taken pace Just when the change ocurred isimpossble to date ‘with abeolutenes. Bu bythe ime we reach the Cristian codices ofthe LXX, the Terngram not to be found. Instead the wotds pion and oceasionaly ‘ed, stand orth divine name andareabbreviatod anand, Inaddsion these words thee area number of ether nomina sara (asthe ae called) in [abbreviated forms" Im all probability the Tetragram in the Christian LXX bepan to be surrogate withthe contracted words and test by the beginning fhe = Orgen mem tanta of Gt MSS shih eno ee pe en it (rtm Tergrmumton ne aba ies PL ah case capone rae Sinpetoee tess savored Pat ‘Drsenme edema Seater ter Career "Tht tet gent wich dnt bec he Chin spi LX sect mented dat et be pest may er XX bec ene {ep rbab my bce Joh of Cote ga (NF Oxy Sent ray concede al a. Tie met ning tpt he pr a ‘Tampa tee eco form dot Fob nen srr Z ths borat rrp at 92 (G24 tet Gee 2h a “Se eer ar TD rg rch deni ice sic” HOWARD: THE TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT 75. second century For our purposes the point tha s most important is that {hese same abbreviated words appear ao inthe eatist copies of the NT. “These abbreviations, as we willargueaeimportantfor understanding the ws of God's mame inthe New Testament. Tn 907 Ludwig Traube sggerted that the abbreviated nomina sacra were Jewish origin, having developed within the ice of Hellenistic Junto ‘According to him the Tetagram was fest anlated Be; folowing the Hebrew custom of no vowels it appeared ass This soon was followed bythe alternate wurrogatexdpco written £8. These abbreviations gave fb the ‘ae tha the important thing was to write sacred Words with he istand ast eters, The rert was a series of abbreviated forms for other words such as moving, nario, oiparts, doar, Save, lopagh, and ‘lepovoad te ‘Traube arpued thatthe method of conracion had nothing todo with avi space and ado connection with cursive abbreviations found. ia ‘ocumentary papyt In 1999 AH. RE, Paap took up the issue agtin using the immense ‘anoint of new material, especialy papyrological, which had come to light fine raube = Heconcaded,againet Traub that the syeem ofcontracting, {Wenomina soca war of Jewish Cristian origin emanating from Alexandria omewhere around 4.0, 10, Thee Jewish Chistian, who held the Greck Bible tobe at sacred asthe Hebrew, consiered Bee tohavethesame value as the Teragram, which they knew alvays revived special treatment in read find tometines in writing, Thus they first employed the principle of ‘onsonantal writing for Oe tesulting in Os. AS Christianity spread, this principle was forgotten and was replaced with the notion thatthe weting of {he fist and lst etter ofa word cavied witht asaered meaning, Thi edo {the abbreviation of other sacred words. A stroke above the abbreviation was ‘ed to atract the cade’ attention and to avoid coafusin in continuous {rip Paap suggested that Dee wat 000 followed by ripus,"Iyote, and Xprorde. These words formed theirs group ofmomingsaer but were shorty Tallow by the others Im our judgment Paap's evidence, which he careflly documents, is tasialy snd But the evidonce dt not post unambiguously toa Jews (Chistian origin for the abbreviated forms ofthe momuna sacri the LXX. 1 ecting Rohe (The [Ln Tes Li spond Mach 161, 1 racing of none sae bp he fr 2 "Nome Sar Vrach er Gece er rhe rag (Mic: CM Beck, vw Tt nomn Sre int ie prof th it Foe Cems. Te Suet odSome dao theiogr ants tar ase Br 1939) Set Band oman ct app patra peta” Pep 13st) no fae no sbbeestinr pecan OT Ged re ‘Sinus teat ns ate Cream SS po, Henn, rar sant doen hat oat hacen ot Kner i arte rons, 6 {SOURNAL OF BBLLCAL LITERATURE From all hat we know, the Tetragram was the most sacred word inthe Hebrew religion Whe Hellenistic ews and Jewish Christians held the LXX {obeas valid asthe Hebrew text itisclear from the formers preservation of the Teragram within the Greek Scriptures that des wasnt generally eld be equal (0 ME nor was it eld to be suitable as a replacement for the ‘Tetraram within the writen text of the Bible, We know for afat hat Geeek- speaking Jews continued 10 write “rr within thei Greck Seritures Moreover, iis mos unliely that early conservative Grek speaking Jewish (Critians varied from this practice. Although inseconday references o God they probably zed the words ds and spurs, it would have been enemy ‘unasalforthem o have dismissed the Tetagram rom the bibl tet tel, tis much more key thatthe contracted sy and By go back to Gentle ‘Christians who lacked the support of tradition toretain the Tetragramin their copies ofthe Bible. If any Jewish Christians acrpted these forms as earty Surrogates frit they were probably liberal Grek-speaking Jewish Christians "under the inluence of tei Genie brothers. The contacted Torms off and ‘Bema havebeena compromise onthe part of the Gentiles, ow of deference to the Jewish Christians, o mark the sacredness ofthe divine name which stood behind these surrgaien*™ (1) The Teragram and the New Testament. We are now in position 10 trace the history ofthe Tetragram inthe Grek Bible asa whol, including both Testaments. As we have seen the normal practice was fo tobe writen inpaleo-Hebrew or Aramaic letters or tobe transliterated into Greek lees, in pre-Christian copice of the LXX. Jewish seribe never abandoned this ‘racie but continued to seit bothin ther copies ofthe LXX and in the later ‘versions of Aguila, Treodotion, and Symmachus. On the Christian side, conservative Jevish Christians probably continued to write the Tetragram in their copes of the LAX. Toward the end of the fist centry Gent marry oer tent genre Saar ce Ronee eaceen tas chee a ener See ence paso ecee ee depose Sly reps Seca peeeen amen Se earietenemeeee ee Tei go kaeroc nf han mae seat kee moet cipatommenente Sa a MOWARD: 1 TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT 77 ‘Chrinians, lacking 4 motive for retaining the Hebrew name for God bitte the words svnor an Br (ior being used more often th fe) forthe Tetragram Both were wrttenin abbreviated formin conscious fHfort to preserve the Saal nature of the divine pame.™ Soon the original Fanificnce ofthe abbreviated surrogates was los however, abd many ote Contracted words were added to the is When we come to the NT, there good reason to believe that imi satter evolved. Since the Tetrgram was til writen in the copies ofthe Grek Bible which made up the Sriptures ofthe ary church, Ws reasonable torbeieve thatthe NT writers, when quoting from Serptre preserved the ‘Tetragram within the biblical ext, On the analogy of pre-Chiaian Jewish practice we can imagine that the NT text incorporated the Tetragram sits OT quotations and tha the words suos and Orde were used when Secondary ‘elect to God were made inthe comment that were hated upon the ‘quotations The Tetragram in thee quotations would, of course, have ‘emained as lng asi contnged tobe weed nthe Christian copies of he LX. ‘But when K was removed from the Greek OT, i wae alto removed from the ftations of the OT inthe NT. Thus somewhere around the beginning othe Second century th we of strogates must have crowded ou the Tetragram in both Testaments Before ong the divine name was lost the Gentile church ‘logetber excep insofar art was reflected inthe contracted roropates or ‘cearioaly remembered by scholars. The original purpose af the surrogates temcher war soon forgotten and this in torn gave tae to 4 hort of tbbrevinted momina sacra which were connected with the Tetragram in m0 Saya all At the same line, however, ls posible that conservative Jewish Cristian, rch ays, the Ebiontes, preserved the Tetragram whesever it ‘nas found in both the Od and the New Tewaments” Their conservative Jewish heritage would have demanded “The removal of the Tetragram inthe NT ofthe Gentilechurch obviously aafeted the appearance of the NT text and no. doubt influenced the {heoloical outlook of second century Gentle Christianity, just how much we may neverknow. Bult we permit our mindseye to compare the orginal OT {quotations inthe NT with the way they appeared afer the Tetragram was removed, we canimagin tha the theological change was significant Inemany usages where thepertons of God and Christ were early dtinguishable te ‘emoval ofthe Tetagram must hive created considerable ambiguity For 1.1 nk nvodton te New Team Teal Cram (Gran Raps ‘Tras poy the bcgoun othe famous abi ems Sth 2 5:-The ‘Sie"Ta merce t ply tte rng of comme Jena Chest (ad peso * 20URAL OF BLICAL LeTIRATURE example itor tory comet he st entry church sa: er 16 pte nou (at 2244, Mask 13:36 Luke 2040), whe that ofthe second ‘htt tae etme neon opi wow. To the scond-cenry church oudoare viv 660s mpios (atk 13} must have meant one ting sine inmediaty floned te wore dex) rovear-yedtv poo0Xpro at Arte someting cs toe fntcetuy church which saw Crowne ry Sov son To the secondcentury church Suavxapevor dr xpi eavxoba {nt Cori proba weed fo Cha menoned in 30. Batti. ‘Savy church eaves te conyode probablyeeferred to God ‘peniond in. 29 Te teresting noth te onfison that emerge tom such pasags in the second century teeted n the MS tradition ofthe NTA Ite umbe of arnt nthe NT MS tation nol the words ob, mins, “rae ros and santana ‘rps orgival many ofthe arate hough of couse nota that {Zremoval ofthe Tern fom the OT qotations in the NT created a Confuom inthe minds of cir ao which person was ered the Siecusion sounding the quotation. Ones the cotion was cased the Shange in te dvie nme in he quotation, the same confusion spread 19 Sie par af the NT whee quotations were nt ivoted a al In eter Tord one the names of God and Chrst were confsed nthe vic of ects the names were geerly confused ehewbere “The folowing carpi israte thi seribal confusion ove the divine personages win the nen of quotations A. Rom 1016.17 Te Hoatas yep Nye, rip, le enloresoe 7 ceo dase, 17 pr torso dua co) But unos Kovor = agp Ere ave ae “The words: “Lord, who has believed our report” (9.19) are shown to bea genuine quotation (Ina 53:1) by the introductory formula; “For Isaiah ys.” BUM, Metzger, commenting onthe Greek NT of the United Bible Societies ‘SSnowaiasoe Sr Swoop ops trea Frodo of Rex Tetomen oly (ew Yor: Ste, 1]. the Tetra {Stetreostd nts eny Rone te ren NT ty cota SENLGMSLauy etme oo end Get on sth Tae ino et nt it couynroytttatams tr anctshne rip tamc tna Tn Te Get erg St Mr Loan: Maci. 196313134 Tale ayn Mar pyr eh my the we ein owARD: TE TETRAGRAM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT. 79 (Uns) accepts Xpso706 a originalin 17 because (a) itistronly atte yearly and diverse witneses: and (b) the expression ge xpos occurs ‘only herein the NT while ri cose more common (Luke 3:2 Joka 3; Eph 6:17; Heb 65: 11:3) The omision of the mime altogether in several “Wester witoetes he ascribes Io careless ‘Without doubting the judgment of the committee in regard to the textual Principles under which it worked, we now may have other itera by which © fnalyze the variants I we ausne thatthe original lemma employed the ‘Tetragram, the quotation would have appeared tothe irstcentry church: rv re dniorevoey Thro ssi. Hea Be argued from thirthat Oc inthe {ellowing comment isthe orignal reading. ot Xpiora since it corresponds to the Jewish practice of using the Tetraram inthe quotation and the word {or“Godinthe comment. Xpioros Would havearien{eoma confusion nthe mind oflter scribes sto which personae elered, once hadeplaced the “Tetagram in the lemma, Tis confusion would have ben encouraged bythe fambiguty of pur i carly Christian times, ths the tll from Beod 10 Xpioro, serially speaking, would have been quite insignificant. The ‘onission of both od and Xpuorod in some Western witness, on the other ‘nin, may go back toa time before the Tetragram was removed. Some Gentle seve, toully bewildered by the Hebrew word, fae (o recognize ita the antecedent 0 the word 6s. By eliminating the word "God" inthe comment (God perhaps even the Tetragram fact inthe loom, hgh we have nO ‘rience for it the problem of anecedence was solved. B. Rom 1410-11 10 mderee-ydp rapnornesuee 1 Biuars 705 405 | Xpiorod 1M Yeypenras yap, [5 ty Neyer mis, drt uot xdbee wae 80, tai rave yhaaoa douodorfoeran 76 Bes Stems Nettrenvcon fuer” ‘Again we ae assured that v.11 (a combination of tea 4:18 and 45:23) ‘sa genuine quotation bette ofthe introductory formula. It corresponds lonely tothe wording of the LX. The Tetragram appears in ba 4-18 {ran var), and we can presume that it did inthe Greek copy ofthe text with which Pal was familar. The UBS committe acepis the eading of (106 asthe original text in . 10, Metge, speaking fr the commits, suggest that Xpiorod probably appeared as an influence from 2 Cor 5:10, ‘which speaks ofthe "judgment seat of Chis.” This perhaps offset, however, bythe fact that in Rom 36 Pal peaks of God judging the word. The concept ofthe judgment seat of God, therefore, les within the range of Pauline "4 Teal Commenies ont Gre New Tetome (Thi Eon) onde: ned thought inthe Roman eter. Moreoter, another explanation i possible if we {Sume thatthe Teragram stood in the original emma fv. Atan early time a confusion could have arisen over which person npr represented, ‘nce it ad replaced the Teragram. A sf rom the indefinite nips 1 Xmored, therefore, could have happened without problem. This means thal the judgment of the commie is probably right but fra diferent reason than istates ©. 1 c0r246 te yn Eve 059 eopiow & oomBiBdou avrér fate 8 vobe Xp.or08 | evolu Kou Here tno ite clear that we havea genuine quotation. However, ‘nip forms aye anodution, and since he fextcoreponds ough wih olathe LXX and the MT ofa 413 oe Rom 1:3), wecan be rately Sifcinviewingitasa ie quotation The Tetrgramappcas inthe MT andi, Therefore posible bere A Roberson and A Pmt preter the reading of Xmarotin Puts comment tease “Xpuoros would be ey to bealeed {conform wah the previous svoin" I however, the Trapram stood in the origin! Tenma, this explanation would be ivi The mos taely ‘planation forthe arnt isthat Pal oiginally wrote"For who bask thm a Hn btw ve he mind he Lords Rap a8 Spproprine word according to early prs fora secondary eens rw bat not "Cheat tater when the Tetagram of the lemma as ‘eplacad with pow i waite ouble forthe second pine to bechanged {Site me date Neuro DiI Per 3615 14 bv 8 BdBov adraiv yh GoBrbre pnb rapaxOire 5 miuow Be 1a Kpuordv | Oy drudoure een Pigancy ma ree Cet ‘The passage contains an allusion tothe LXX of Ie :1213 i spit oft lack oft moe formal itroduction than W" The best NT witnesses ead nacitet galactic sjdSthictteeevonmra maemaetonne ee Se ees Bee ami SPAT at Sb wm we Xporév the Textus Receprus with the later uncals KLP and many minwscues read Gods. The reading Xpuerds, though beter attested, ‘Probably secondary, if we suppose tat the Tetragsamstod in the orginal Station. In that ease the original text would have tead. rin" BY ror Geov ‘évudoare. The author would harly have writen Xproré since that would fave Sent Crist with Yooh, In 18 be tinguises the two when be says that Xeurds died inorder to bring nan Brand in. 22 he ay that (Christ is atthe righthand ros Bos. Once the Teragram had been placed with eipior, however, ths obstacle vanished and the way was Geated for Xoo ‘These examples support the theory thatthe removal of the Teragram from the NE quotations ofthe Grek OT created confusion inthe minds of cal series hich resulta insrbalaterations designed to clarify the text 1% permit ourselves to extend such examples to passages that are met) arsphrastic ofthe OT narrative, we wil find the same scribel contusion Sech an extensions not beyond the realm of probability. we have scen nthe serlls from the Judean desert thatthe Tetagram at times was tied in araphrasic biblical passages and in narrative that is Bb n character, 1 cor 109 1en8e ecresptianes av Xoworbe | poy | Oud, nas fives ara emtipaoan rtrd rv bear drahhvero. ior rat ens Fahes ‘The UBS commitee accep Xovords a the original reading but signs "Crjudgment toit Metzger explains the commite'sselecion asd tothe rites of Pt, the oldest Greek MS inthis case, and tothe redings Wide

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