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What 15-year-olds know
and what they can do
with what they know
P ro g ramme f o r I n t e r n a t io n a l St u d e nt As s es s m ent
Equipping young people with the skills to achieve their full potential,
participate in an increasingly interconnected global economy, and ultimately
convert better jobs into better lives is a central preoccupation of policy makers
around theworld. Skills empower people to meet the challenges of everyday life,
related to making decisions; solving problems; dealing with unexpected events,
such as job loss and family break-up. Beyond better outcomes for the individual,
skills also provide the vital glue for resilient communities and well-functioning
societies, by strengthening inclusiveness, tolerance, trust, ethics, responsibility,
environmental awareness, collaboration and effective democratic processes.
Over the past decade, the OECD Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA), has become the worlds premier yardstick for evaluating
thequality, equity and efficiency of school systems in providing young people
with these skills.
But the evidence base that PISA has produced goes well beyond statistical
benchmarking. By identifying the characteristics of high-performing education
systems, PISA allows governments and educators to identify effective policies
that they can then adapt to their local contexts.
This brochure highlights some of the PISA 2012 results that are especially relevant
to attain excellence in education and shows how skills can help improve personal
outcomes, reinforce the resilience of local communities, and ultimately
strengthen the social tissue of our economies.
Angel Gurra
OECD Secretary-General
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
What is PISA?
What is important for citizens to know and be able to do? That is the question that underlies the worlds global
metric for quality, equity and efficiency in school education known as the Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA). PISA assesses the extent to which 15-year-old students have acquired key knowledge and
skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. The assessment, which focuses on reading,
mathematics, science and problem-solving, does not just ascertain whether students can reproduce what they
have learned; it also examines how well they can extrapolate from what they have learned and apply that
knowledge in unfamiliar settings, both in and outside of school. This approach reflects the fact that modern
societies reward individuals not for what they know, but for what they can do with what they know.
PISA results reveal what is possible in education by showing what students in the highest-performing and most
rapidly improving education systems can do. The findings allow policy makers around the world to gauge the
knowledge and skills of students in their own countries in comparison with those in other countries, set policy
targets against measurable goals achieved by other education systems, and learn from policies and practices
applied elsewhere.
Participating students
s Around 510 000 students between the ages of 15 years 3 months and 16 years 2 months completed the
assessment in 2012, representing about 28 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 65 participating
countries and economies.
The assessment
s Paper-based tests were used, with assessments lasting two hours. In a range of countries and economies,
an additional 40 minutes were devoted to the computer-based assessment of mathematics, reading and
problem solving.
s Test items were a mixture of questions requiring students to construct their own responses and
multiple-choice items. The items were organised in groups based on a passage setting out a real-life
situation. A total of about 390 minutes of test items were covered, with different students taking different
combinations of test items.
s Students answered a background questionnaire, which took 30 minutes to complete, that sought
information about themselves, their homes and their school and learning experiences. School principals
were given a questionnaire, to complete in 30 minutes, that covered the school system and the learning
environment. In some countries and economies, optional questionnaires were distributed to parents, who
were asked to provide information on their perceptions of and involvement in their childs school, their
support for learning in the home, and their childs career expectations, particularly in mathematics. Countries
could choose two other optional questionnaires for students: one asked students about their familiarity with
and use of information and communication technologies, and the second sought information about their
education to date, including any interruptions in their schooling and whether and how they are preparing for
a future career.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
WHAT STUDENTS KNOW AND CAN DO: STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE
Mean score
inPISA 2012
Reading
Share
Share
oflowachievers oftopperformers
in mathematics in mathematics
(Level 5 or 6)
(Below Level 2)
Science
Annualised
change
in score points
Mean score
inPISA 2012
Annualised
change
in score points
Mean score
inPISA 2012
Annualised
change
in score points
OECD average
494
23.0
12.6
-0.3
496
0.3
501
0.5
Shanghai-China
Singapore
Hong Kong-China
Chinese Taipei
Korea
Macao-China
Japan
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Netherlands
Estonia
Finland
Canada
Poland
Belgium
Germany
Viet Nam
Austria
Australia
Ireland
Slovenia
Denmark
New Zealand
Czech Republic
France
United Kingdom
Iceland
Latvia
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Italy
Spain
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Lithuania
Sweden
Hungary
Croatia
Israel
Greece
Serbia
Turkey
Romania
Cyprus1, 2
Bulgaria
United Arab Emirates
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Chile
Malaysia
Mexico
Montenegro
Uruguay
Costa Rica
Albania
Brazil
Argentina
Tunisia
Jordan
Colombia
Qatar
Indonesia
Peru
613
573
561
560
554
538
536
535
531
523
521
519
518
518
515
514
511
506
504
501
501
500
500
499
495
494
493
491
490
489
487
485
484
482
482
481
479
478
477
471
466
453
449
448
445
440
439
434
432
427
423
421
413
410
409
407
394
391
388
388
386
376
376
375
368
3.8
8.3
8.5
12.8
9.1
10.8
11.1
14.1
12.4
14.8
10.5
12.3
13.8
14.4
19.0
17.7
14.2
18.7
19.7
16.9
20.1
16.8
22.6
21.0
22.4
21.8
21.5
19.9
24.3
22.3
24.9
24.7
23.6
24.0
27.5
25.8
26.0
27.1
28.1
29.9
33.5
35.7
38.9
42.0
40.8
42.0
43.8
46.3
45.2
49.7
51.5
51.8
54.7
56.6
55.8
59.9
60.7
67.1
66.5
67.7
68.6
73.8
69.6
75.7
74.6
55.4
40.0
33.7
37.2
30.9
24.3
23.7
24.8
21.4
19.3
14.6
15.3
16.4
16.7
19.5
17.5
13.3
14.3
14.8
10.7
13.7
10.0
15.0
12.9
12.9
11.8
11.2
8.0
11.2
9.4
10.6
9.9
8.0
7.8
11.0
8.8
8.1
8.0
9.3
7.0
9.4
3.9
4.6
5.9
3.2
3.7
4.1
3.5
0.9
2.6
1.6
1.3
0.6
1.0
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.3
2.0
0.3
0.6
4.2
3.8
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.6
-1.6
0.9
-2.8
-1.4
2.6
-1.6
1.4
m
0.0
-2.2
-0.6
-0.6
-1.8
-2.5
-2.5
-1.5
-0.3
-2.2
0.5
-0.3
-0.3
2.8
2.7
0.1
1.1
-1.4
0.3
-1.4
-3.3
-1.3
0.6
4.2
1.1
2.2
3.2
4.9
m
4.2
m
9.0
1.0
1.9
8.1
3.1
1.7
-1.4
-1.2
5.6
4.1
1.2
3.1
0.2
1.1
9.2
0.7
1.0
570
542
545
523
536
509
538
516
509
511
516
524
523
518
509
508
508
490
512
523
481
496
512
493
505
499
483
489
488
504
488
490
488
475
463
498
477
483
488
485
486
477
446
475
438
449
436
442
393
441
441
398
424
422
411
441
394
410
396
404
399
403
388
396
384
4.6
5.4
2.3
4.5
0.9
0.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
-0.1
2.4
-1.7
-0.9
2.8
0.1
1.8
m
-0.2
-1.4
-0.9
-2.2
0.1
-1.1
-0.5
0.0
0.7
-1.3
1.9
0.7
0.1
1.6
0.5
-0.3
1.1
-0.1
-0.3
1.1
-2.8
1.0
1.2
3.7
0.5
7.6
4.1
1.1
m
0.4
m
0.8
1.1
3.1
-7.8
1.1
5.0
-1.8
-1.0
4.1
1.2
-1.6
3.8
-0.3
3.0
12.0
2.3
5.2
580
551
555
523
538
521
547
525
515
522
541
545
525
526
505
524
528
506
521
522
514
498
516
508
499
514
478
502
491
495
489
494
496
486
471
497
496
485
494
491
470
467
445
463
439
438
446
448
425
444
445
420
415
410
416
429
397
405
406
398
409
399
384
382
373
1.8
3.3
2.1
-1.5
2.6
1.6
2.6
0.4
0.6
-0.5
1.5
-3.0
-1.5
4.6
-0.9
1.4
m
-0.8
-0.9
2.3
-0.8
0.4
-2.5
-1.0
0.6
-0.1
-2.0
2.0
0.9
1.3
2.5
3.0
1.3
1.0
-2.7
1.4
1.3
-3.1
-1.6
-0.3
2.8
-1.1
1.5
6.4
3.4
m
2.0
m
8.1
3.9
1.1
-1.4
0.9
-0.3
-2.1
-0.6
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.2
-2.1
1.8
5.4
-1.9
1.3
1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish
and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with
the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
The annualised change is the average annual change in PISA score points from a countrys/economys earliest participation in PISA to PISA 2012. It is calculated taking into
account all of a countrys/economys participation in PISA.
Note: Countries/economies in which the annualised change in performance is statistically significant are marked in bold.
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the mean mathematics score in PISA 2012.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Tables I.2.1a, I.2.1b, I.2.3a, I.2.3b, I.4.3a, I.4.3b, I.5.3a and I.5.3b.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
WHAT STUDENTS KNOW AND CAN DO: STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE
Comparison
country/economy
Shanghai-China
Singapore
Hong Kong-China
Chinese Taipei
Korea
Macao-China
Japan
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Netherlands
Estonia
Finland
Canada
Poland
Belgium
Germany
Viet Nam
Austria
Australia
Ireland
Slovenia
Denmark
New Zealand
CzechRepublic
France
UnitedKingdom
Iceland
Latvia
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Italy
Spain
RussianFederation
SlovakRepublic
UnitedStates
Lithuania
Sweden
Hungary
Croatia
Israel
Greece
Serbia
Turkey
Romania
Cyprus1, 2
Bulgaria
United Arab Emirates
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Chile
Malaysia
Mexico
Montenegro
Uruguay
Costa Rica
Albania
Brazil
Argentina
Tunisia
Jordan
Colombia
Qatar
Indonesia
Peru
Countries/economies whose mean score is NOT statistically significantly different from that comparison countrys/economys score
1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish
and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the
exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the mean mathematics score in PISA 2012.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Figure I.2.13.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Brazil
Tunisia
Mexico
Turkey
Portugal
Italy
Thailand
Poland
Germany
Russian
Greece Federation
Macao-China
Switzerland
Latvia
Indonesia
United States
Spain
Austria
Norway
-1
Hungary
Uruguay
Slovak Republic
-2
Liechtenstein
-3
New Zealand
Finland
Sweden
-4
350
Japan
Performance deteriorated
Luxembourg
Hong Kong-China
Korea
375
400
425
450
475
500
Performance improved
525
550
570
600
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
WHAT STUDENTS KNOW AND CAN DO: STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
10
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
613
573
561
560
554
538
536
535
531
531
524
523
523
523
521
519
518
518
518
517
517
516
515
514
514
511
511
509
509
506
506
506
505
504
504
503
503
501
501
501
500
500
500
500
499
499
498
496
496
495
495
495
494
493
493
493
493
492
491
491
490
489
489
489
489
488
487
487
All countries/
economies
Upper
Lower
rank
rank
1
1
2
2
3
5
3
5
3
5
6
8
6
9
6
9
7
9
14
10
10
11
14
15
16
10
17
13
13
17
17
11
19
17
22
17
21
18
19
24
23
19
19
25
25
19
26
23
23
29
31
25
29
25
27
26
32
31
33
26
36
WHAT STUDENTS KNOW AND CAN DO: STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE
Mathematics performance among PISA 2012 participants, at national and regional levels [Part 2/2]
Range of ranks
Mean
score
Italy
Spain
Perm Territory region (Russian Federation)
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Lithuania
Sweden
Puglia (Italy)
Tasmania (Australia)
Hungary
Abruzzo (Italy)
Balearic Islands (Spain)
Lazio (Italy)
Andalusia (Spain)
Croatia
Wales (United Kingdom)
Florida (United States)
Israel
Molise (Italy)
Basilicata (Italy)
Dubai (UAE)
Murcia (Spain)
Extremadura (Spain)
Sardegna (Italy)
Greece
Campania (Italy)
Northern territory (Australia)
Serbia
Turkey
Sicilia (Italy)
Romania
Cyprus1, 2
Sharjah (United Arab Emirates)
Bulgaria
Aguascalientes (Mexico)
Nuevo Len (Mexico)
Jalisco (Mexico)
Quertaro (Mexico)
United Arab Emirates
Kazakhstan
Calabria (Italy)
Colima (Mexico)
Chihuahua (Mexico)
Distrito Federal (Mexico)
Thailand
Durango (Mexico)
Chile
Morelos (Mexico)
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Malaysia
Coahuila (Mexico)
Ciudad Autnoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Mexico (Mexico)
Federal District (Brazil)
Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates)
Santa Catarina (Brazil)
Puebla (Mexico)
Baja California (Mexico)
Baja California Sur (Mexico)
485
484
484
482
482
481
479
478
478
478
477
476
475
475
472
471
468
467
466
466
466
464
462
461
458
453
453
452
449
448
447
445
440
439
439
437
436
435
434
434
432
430
429
428
428
427
424
423
421
421
421
418
418
417
416
416
415
415
415
414
All countries/
economies
Upper
Lower
rank
rank
30
35
31
36
31
31
31
34
35
39
39
39
40
40
35
40
38
41
40
41
42
44
42
42
45
46
43
45
47
47
45
49
47
47
49
50
49
52
50
52
50
52
Range of ranks
Mean
score
Esprito Santo (Brazil)
Nayarit (Mexico)
Mexico
San Luis Potos (Mexico)
Guanajuato (Mexico)
Tlaxcala (Mexico)
Tamaulipas (Mexico)
Sinaloa (Mexico)
Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
Quintana Roo (Mexico)
Yucatn (Mexico)
Montenegro
Uruguay
Zacatecas (Mexico)
Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil)
Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)
Costa Rica
Hidalgo (Mexico)
Manizales (Colombia)
So Paulo (Brazil)
Paran (Brazil)
Ajman (United Arab Emirates)
Minas Gerais (Brazil)
Veracruz (Mexico)
Umm Al Quwain (United Arab Emirates)
Campeche (Mexico)
Paraba (Brazil)
Albania
Medellin (Colombia)
Bogota (Colombia)
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Argentina
Tunisia
Jordan
Piau (Brazil)
Sergipe (Brazil)
Rondnia (Brazil)
Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil)
Gois (Brazil)
Cali (Colombia)
Tabasco (Mexico)
Cear (Brazil)
Colombia
Qatar
Indonesia
Bahia (Brazil)
Chiapas (Mexico)
Mato Grosso (Brazil)
Peru
Guerrero (Mexico)
Tocantins (Brazil)
Pernambuco (Brazil)
Roraima (Brazil)
Amap (Brazil)
Par (Brazil)
Acre (Brazil)
Amazonas (Brazil)
Maranho (Brazil)
Alagoas (Brazil)
414
414
413
412
412
411
411
411
411
411
410
410
409
408
408
407
407
406
404
404
403
403
403
402
398
396
395
394
393
393
391
389
388
388
386
385
384
382
380
379
379
378
378
376
376
375
373
373
370
368
367
366
363
362
360
360
359
356
343
342
All countries/
economies
Upper
Lower
rank
rank
53
54
54
53
56
56
54
56
57
59
57
60
57
57
59
61
61
62
62
62
62
64
64
65
64
65
Notes: OECD countries are shown in bold black. Partner countries are shown in bold blue. Participating economies and subnational entities that are not included in national
results are shown in bold blue italics. Regions are shown in black italics (OECD countries) or blue italics (partner countries).
1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish
and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the
exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Countries, economies and subnational entities are ranked in descending order of the mean mathematics score in PISA 2012.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Figure I.2.14.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
11
12
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
650
Shanghai-China
600
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
550
Hong Kong-China
Korea
Austria
Japan Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Macao-China
Slovenia
Poland
Estonia
Belgium Germany
Viet Nam Finland
Canada
Denmark
Australia
Ireland
France
Iceland
OECD average
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Latvia
Italy
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Luxembourg United States
Hungary
Russian Federation
Lithuania
Israel
Croatia
Turkey
Greece
United Arab Emirates
Serbia
Bulgaria
Romania
Kazakhstan
Malaysia
Chile
Thailand
Costa Rica
Mexico
Uruguay
Argentina
Montenegro
Jordan
Brazil
Qatar
Peru
Tunisia
Colombia
Indonesia
500
450
OECD average
400
350
300
30
25
20
15
Percentage of variation in performance explained by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status
Less
equity
Greater
equity
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
13
14
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Change between 2003 and 2012 in the strength of the impact of socio-economic status
on performance and annualised mathematics performance
Equity deteriorated
Equity improved
Brazil
4.0
Portugal
Poland
2.0
1.0
0.0
Italy
Uruguay
Ireland
Liechtenstein
Norway
Canada
Hungary
Belgium
Netherlands
Denmark
Australia
Czech Republic
France
Iceland
New Zealand
Finland
Sweden
-4.0
10
-10
Performance deteriorated
Luxembourg
Slovak Republic
-3.0
Turkey
Hong Kong-China
Germany
Greece
Russian Federation
Korea
Thailand
Indonesia
Macao-China
Switzerland
Japan
Latvia
United States
Austria
Spain
OECD average 2003
-1.0
-2.0
Mexico
Tunisia
3.0
Performance improved
5.0
-20
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
15
16
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Below
OECD average
Average
Above
OECD average
Average
Canada
Estonia
Finland
Hong Kong-China
Iceland
Italy
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Macao-China
Mexico
Montenegro
Norway
Qatar
Serbia
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Croatia
Japan
Korea
Liechtenstein
Netherlands
Sweden
Australia
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Greece
Indonesia
Malaysia
Spain
Tunisia
Turkey
United States
Viet Nam
Austria
Denmark
Germany
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Shanghai-China
Slovenia
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Israel
Singapore
Chile
Luxembourg
Peru
Portugal
Bulgaria
Uruguay
Belgium
France
Hungary
New Zealand
Slovak Republic
Chinese Taipei
weak
strong
large
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
17
Ready to Learn:
Students Engagement, Drive and Self-Beliefs
WHAT THE DATA TELL US
s Students whose parents have high expectations for them who expect them to earn a university degree and
work in a professional or managerial capacity later on tend to have more perseverance, greater intrinsic
motivation to learn mathematics, and more confidence in their own ability to solve mathematics problems
than students of similar socio-economic status and academic performance, but whose parents hold less
ambitious expectations for them.
s While four out of five students in OECD countries agree or strongly agree that they feel happy at school
or that they feel like they belong at school, not all students are equally likely to report a strong sense of
belonging: on average across OECD countries, for example, 78% of disadvantaged but 85% of advantaged
students agree or strongly agree with the statement I feel like I belong at school.
s Although the vast majority of students reported a strong sense of belonging, more than one in three students
in OECD countries reported that they had arrived late for school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test; and
more than one in four students reported that they had skipped a class or a day of school during the same
period.
s Lack of punctuality and truancy are negatively associated with student performance: on average across
OECD countries, arriving late for school is associated with a 27-point lower score in mathematics, while
skipping classes or days of school is associated with a 37-point lower score in mathematics the equivalent
of almost one full year of formal schooling.
s Students who are open to solving mathematics problems who feel that they can handle a lot of information,
are quick to understand things, seek explanations for things, can easily link facts together, and like to solve
complex problems score 31 points higher in mathematics, on average, than those who are less open to
problem solving. Among high achievers, the difference between the two groups of students is even greater
an average of 39 score points.
s Across most countries and economies, socio-economically disadvantaged students not only score lower
in mathematics, they also reported lower levels of engagement, drive, motivation and self-beliefs. Resilient
students, disadvantaged students who achieve at high levels, break this link; in fact, they share many of the
characteristics of advantaged high-achievers.
s Better teacher-student relations are strongly associated with greater student engagement with and at school.
s One way that a students negative self-belief can manifest itself is in anxiety towards mathematics. Some 30%
of students reported that they feel helpless when doing mathematics problems: 25% of boys, 35% of girls,
35%of disadvantaged students, and 24% of advantaged students reported feeling that way.
s PISA results show that even when girls perform as well as boys in mathematics, they tend to report less
perseverance, less openness to problem solving, less intrinsic and instrumental motivation to learn
mathematics, less self-belief in their ability to learn mathematics and more anxiety about mathematics than
boys, on average; they are also more likely than boys to attribute failure in mathematics to themselves rather
than to external factors.
18
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Dif. in
mean index
Dif. in
mean index
30
25
29
34
48
30
28
30
29
21
32
41
37
26
31
27
25
32
42
35
29
34
42
35
33
41
29
30
27
33
31
23
32
24
25
30
35
35
28
20
17
29
15
18
14
12
15
9
9
26
12
22
5
20
20
0
11
13
15
14
6
10
7
17
Mean
index
Gender gap in
mathematics self-efficacy
among students of
equal performance in
mathematics
Change
in score
31
Score-point difference
per unit of the index of
mathematics self-efficacy
-33
-27
-67
-93
-118
-47
-88
-57
-24
-9
-38
-36
-29
-31
-73
-23
-48
-14
-40
-14
-42
-35
-77
-35
-32
-35
-47
-12
-49
-55
-32
-31
-35
-27
-45
-24
-42
-46
-65
-47
-4
-14
-23
10
-20
-46
-28
-24
-21
-30
-23
-10
-14
-22
-7
10
-4
-24
-13
-10
-5
-15
-17
-41
Mean
index
Mathematics
self-efficacy
Dif. in
mean index
Socio-economic disparities
in openness to problem
solving among students
of equal mathematics
performance
4
23
6
11
4
9
4
5
13
12
36
20
35
27
11
12
13
17
38
14
30
21
26
11
21
25
12
67
11
15
36
61
44
38
16
28
39
23
12
29
47
48
30
65
58
39
50
27
33
20
43
33
39
34
57
25
30
66
34
57
18
29
30
20
Change
in score
-37
613
573
561
560
554
538
536
535
531
523
521
519
518
518
515
514
511
506
504
501
501
500
500
499
495
494
493
491
490
489
487
485
484
482
482
481
479
478
477
471
466
453
449
448
445
439
434
432
427
423
421
413
410
409
407
394
391
388
388
386
376
376
375
368
Mathematics self-beliefs
Score-point difference
per unit of the index of
openness to problem
solving
25
Drive
Openness to problem
solving
Shanghai-China
Singapore
Hong Kong-China
Chinese Taipei
Korea
Macao-China
Japan
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Netherlands
Estonia
Finland
Canada
Poland
Belgium
Germany
Viet Nam
Austria
Australia
Ireland
Slovenia
Denmark
New Zealand
Czech Republic
France
United Kingdom
Iceland
Latvia
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Italy
Spain
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
United States
Lithuania
Sweden
Hungary
Croatia
Israel
Greece
Serbia
Turkey
Romania
Bulgaria
United Arab Emirates
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Chile
Malaysia
Mexico
Montenegro
Uruguay
Costa Rica
Albania
Brazil
Argentina
Tunisia
Jordan
Colombia
Qatar
Indonesia
Peru
Mean
score
494
Socio-economic disparities
in sense of belonging
among students of
equal performance in
mathematics
OECD average
Mean
mathematics
score
Percentage of students
who reported having
skipped classes or days
of school
Change
in score
49
Dif. in
mean index
53
58
50
64
58
50
53
60
55
44
49
49
47
56
46
53
66
48
55
48
43
50
56
54
51
54
41
49
44
47
60
53
47
47
59
50
48
49
54
50
45
40
38
45
33
26
33
22
27
33
40
28
25
33
19
1
27
19
27
20
14
23
17
23
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the mean mathematics score in PISA 2012.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Tables I.2.3a, III.2.2c, III.3.2d, III.4.1d, III.5.2a, III.7.1b, III.7.2a, III.7.2b and III.7.3a.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
19
Disagree:
I feel like an outsider
(or left out of things)
at school
20
40
60
80
100 %
Agree:
I make friends
easily at school
Macao-China 82%
Japan 79%
Korea 79%
Colombia 94%
Albania 94%
Spain 93%
Agree:
I feel like I belong
at school
Tunisia 66%
Macao-China 66%
France 47%
Disagree:
I feel awkward
and out of place
in my school
Liechtenstein 93%
Kazakhstan 92%
Austria 91%
Thailand 67%
Jordan 66%
Tunisia 64%
Uruguay 97%
Switzerland 94%
Ireland 94%
Agree:
Other students
seem to like me
Disagree:
I feel lonely
at school
Jordan 76%
Romania 73%
Qatar 72%
Indonesia 96%
Albania 94%
Peru 94%
Agree:
I feel happy
at school
Agree:
Things are ideal
in my school
Italy 32%
Japan 31%
Poland 30%
Kazakhstan 94%
Thailand 94%
Albania 94%
Agree:
I am satisfied
with my school
Japan 68%
Korea 65%
Macao-China 60%
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Table III.2.3a.
20
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Percentage of students
who reported being happy at school
Indonesia
Albania
Peru
Thailand
Colombia
Malaysia
Mexico
Costa Rica
Kazakhstan
Iceland
Israel
Singapore
Uruguay
Spain
Switzerland
Croatia
Norway
Liechtenstein
Chinese Taipei
Portugal
Hong Kong-China
Denmark
Viet Nam
Japan
Chile
Sweden
Brazil
Shanghai-China
Belgium
Jordan
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Turkey
Netherlands
Tunisia
Ireland
Macao-China
Montenegro
New Zealand
France
Serbia
Canada
Bulgaria
Hungary
Austria
OECD average
Luxembourg
Australia
United States
Germany
Slovenia
Lithuania
Romania
Argentina
Italy
Qatar
Greece
Russian Federation
Poland
Latvia
Finland
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Korea
20
40
60
80
100 %
I enjoy receiving
good <grades>
20
40
60
80
100
Percentage of students
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the percentage of students
who agreed or strongly agreed with the statement I feel happy at school.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Figure III.1.2.
Croatia 98%
Albania 98%
Portugal 98%
Viet Nam 86%
Norway 83%
Poland 82%
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
21
22
% 100
80
60
40
20
Hungary
Germany
Croatia
Italy
Korea
Macao-China
Portugal
Chile
Hong Kong-China
80
60
40
20
Germany
Belgium
(Flemish community)
Croatia
Italy
Hungary
Macao-China
Hong Kong-China
Chile
Mexico
0
Portugal
Mexico
Korea
Note: Only countries and economies with data from the optional parental questionnaire
are shown.
1. Managerial and professional occupations refer to ISCO-08 codes 1 and 2.
2. A university degree refers to ISCED levels 5A and 6.
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the percentage of students
whose parents reported having these expectations for their child.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Table III.6.1c.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
23
24
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Student
truancy
School
autonomy
Average index of school
responsibility for curriculum
and assessment
Assessment
and
accountability
policies
Inequity
in allocation
of material
resources
Time
resources
Material
resources
Financial
resources
Equity
Horizontal
stratification
(between
schools)
Mathematics
performance
Mathematics
performance
+
-
Vertical
stratification
+
-
Across all participating countries and economies (below the diagonal line)
Vertical
stratification
Horizontal
stratification
(between
schools)
Financial
resources
Material
resources
Time
resources
Inequity in
allocation
of material
resources
School
autonomy
Assessment
and
accountability
policies
Student
truancy
+
+
+
+
+
+
Notes: Equity refers to the strengh of the relationship between mathematics performance and students socio-economic status, and a positive relationship with equity indicates
greater equity. Correlations with mathematics performance and equity are partial correlation coefficients after accounting for per capita GDP.
1. Weighted average of upper and lower secondary school teachers salaries. The average is computed by weighting upper and lower secondary teachers salaries according to
the respective 15-year-old students enrolment (for countries and economies with valid information on both the upper and lower secondary levels).
2. A socio-economically disadvantaged school is one whose students mean socio-economic status is statistically significantly below the mean socio-economic status of the
country; and an advantaged school is one whose students mean socio-economic status is statistically significantly above the country mean.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Tables IV.1.1, IV.1.2, IV.1.3, IV.1.4, IV.1.5, IV.1.19 and IV.1.20.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
25
26
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Countries and economies with per capita GDP less than USD 20 000
Fitted line for these countries 1
650
Shanghai-China
600
Singapore
Korea
550
Macao-China
450
400
Japan
Netherlands
Finland
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia Denmark
Germany
Czech Republic
Ireland
France
Latvia
New
Zealand
Iceland
Norway
Italy
Slovenia
Portugal
Spain
Hungary
United States
Luxembourg United Kingdom
Slovak Republic
Lithuania
Israel
Croatia
Sweden
Greece
Thailand
Romania
Bulgaria
Uruguay
Estonia
500
Hong Kong-China
Poland
Chile
Indonesia
Argentina
350
Qatar
Peru
Malaysia
Montenegro
Jordan
Colombia
300
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
27
More
motivation
United States
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Peru
Australia
Kazakhstan
Colombia
Singapore
Shanghai-China
Mexico
Costa Rica
Denmark Canada
Viet Nam
Ireland Portugal
Albania
Brazil
United
Arab Emirates
Sweden
Israel
Uruguay
Chile
Norway
Estonia
Latvia
Malaysia
Tunisia
Liechtenstein
Russian
Thailand
Finland
Lithuania
Germany
Federation
Hong Kong-China
Netherlands
Argentina
Spain
Switzerland
Macao-China
Greece
Hungary
Czech Republic
Indonesia Luxembourg
Jordan
Croatia
Turkey
Qatar Japan
France
Bulgaria
Korea
Italy
Poland
Belgium
Chinese Taipei
Montenegro
Iceland
Slovenia
Serbia
Austria
Slovak Republic
Romania
Less
motivation
Less use
of grouping
and selection
More use
of grouping
and selection
Note: The horizontal axis is based on values on the composite index of horizontal differential between schools, which, in turn, is based on the number of educational tracks,
prevalence of vocational and pre-vocational programmes, early selection, academic selectivity, and school transfer rates; the vertical axis is based on values on the adjusted index
of instrumental motivation for mathematics.
1. A significant relationship (p < 0.10) is shown by the solid line.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Figure IV.2.9.
28
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
650
Shanghai-China
600
Chinese Taipei
550
Austria
Czech Republic
Germany
Lithuania
Netherlands
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Viet Nam
Korea
Singapore
Hong Kong-China
Estonia
Japan
Poland
Latvia
Finland
Macao-China Switzerland Belgium
Hungary
Canada
New Zealand
Slovak
Republic
France
Australia
Croatia
Iceland
Ireland
Serbia
Denmark SpainItaly Norway
Israel
Turkey
United
Kingdom
Romania
Thailand
Kazakhstan
United States
Sweden
Bulgaria
Greece
Mexico
Chile
Malaysia
Costa Rica
Uruguay
Jordan
Brazil
Montenegro
Luxembourg
Tunisia
Argentina
Indonesia
500
450
400
Peru
Qatar
350
300
1.5
0.5
-0.5
Less
equity
Greater
equity
Note: Equity in resource allocation refers to the difference in the index of quality of schools' educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools.
1. A significant relationship (p < 0.10) is shown by the solid line.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Figure IV.1.11.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
29
30
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
Mean score
in PISA 2012
OECD average
Singapore
Korea
Japan
Macao-China
Hong Kong-China
Shanghai-China
Chinese Taipei
Canada
Australia
Finland
England (United Kingdom)
Estonia
France
Netherlands
Italy
Czech Republic
Germany
United States
Belgium
Austria
Norway
Ireland
Denmark
Portugal
Sweden
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
Poland
Spain
Slovenia
Serbia
Croatia
Hungary
Turkey
Israel
Chile
Cyprus1,2
Brazil
Malaysia
United Arab Emirates
Montenegro
Uruguay
Bulgaria
Colombia
Share of
low achievers
(below
Level 2)
Share of top
performers
(Level 5 or 6)
Gender
difference
(boys - girls)
Mean
score
500
Score dif.
21.4
11.4
562
561
552
540
540
536
534
526
523
523
517
515
511
511
510
509
509
508
508
506
503
498
497
494
491
489
483
481
477
476
473
466
459
454
454
448
445
428
422
411
407
403
402
399
8.0
6.9
7.1
7.5
10.4
10.6
11.6
14.7
15.5
14.3
16.4
15.1
16.5
18.5
16.4
18.4
19.2
18.2
20.8
18.4
21.3
20.3
20.4
20.6
23.5
22.1
26.1
25.7
28.5
28.5
28.5
32.3
35.0
35.8
38.9
38.3
40.4
47.3
50.5
54.8
56.8
57.9
56.7
61.5
29.3
27.6
22.3
16.6
19.3
18.3
18.3
17.5
16.7
15.0
14.3
11.8
12.0
13.6
10.8
11.9
12.8
11.6
14.4
10.9
13.1
9.4
8.7
7.4
8.8
7.3
7.8
6.9
7.8
6.6
4.7
4.7
5.6
2.2
8.8
2.1
3.6
1.8
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.2
9
13
19
10
13
25
12
5
2
-6
6
5
5
5
18
8
7
3
8
12
-3
5
10
16
-4
8
22
0
2
-4
15
15
3
15
6
13
-9
22
8
-26
-6
11
-17
31
Relative
Performance
performance
in problem solving,
in problem
by process
solving,
compared
with students
around
Solution
Solution
the world
rate on tasks
rate on tasks
with similar
measuring
measuring
performance in acquisition
utilisation
mathematics, of knowledge of knowledge
reading and
science
Percent
Percent
Score dif.
correct
correct
-7
45.5
46.4
2
14
11
8
-16
-51
-9
0
7
-8
8
-15
5
-16
10
1
-12
10
-10
-5
1
-18
-11
-3
-1
-4
-5
-44
-20
-34
11
-22
-34
-14
-28
1
-12
7
-14
-43
-24
-27
-54
-7
62.0
62.8
59.1
58.3
57.7
56.9
56.9
52.6
52.3
50.2
49.6
46.8
49.6
48.2
49.5
45.0
47.5
46.5
47.0
45.7
47.7
44.6
44.2
41.6
45.2
40.4
40.5
41.3
40.0
37.8
37.7
35.2
35.2
32.8
38.7
30.9
33.6
28.0
29.1
28.4
25.6
24.8
23.7
21.8
55.4
54.5
56.3
51.3
51.1
49.8
50.1
52.1
51.5
51.0
49.1
49.5
49.4
49.7
48.0
46.9
49.5
47.1
47.5
47.4
48.1
45.5
48.1
45.7
44.6
43.8
43.2
43.7
42.3
42.3
40.7
40.5
37.6
36.0
37.0
35.2
34.8
32.0
29.3
29.0
30.0
27.9
26.7
27.7
Performance
in problem solving,
by nature of the problem
situation
Solution rate
on items
referring to
a static
problem
situation
Solution rate
on items
referring to
an interactive
problem
situation
Percent
correct
47.1
Percent
correct
43.8
59.8
58.9
58.7
57.0
56.1
56.7
56.3
52.7
52.8
52.1
49.5
49.7
50.3
50.4
49.5
46.2
49.4
46.6
48.3
48.3
49.4
44.4
47.9
44.0
47.7
43.8
44.2
44.1
42.3
42.9
40.3
39.3
38.2
35.8
39.7
34.9
37.0
29.8
30.1
29.9
30.3
27.5
28.4
26.3
57.5
57.7
55.9
51.7
52.2
50.3
50.1
50.5
49.9
47.7
47.9
45.6
47.6
46.5
46.8
44.4
46.3
45.9
45.4
43.0
44.5
44.6
42.3
42.0
41.6
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.8
36.7
36.8
35.6
33.9
32.7
35.6
31.8
31.4
29.1
27.4
27.1
25.1
24.8
22.3
23.7
1. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish
and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
2. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with
the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Countries and economies are ranked in descending order of the mean score in problem solving in PISA 2012.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Tables V.2.1, V.2.2, V.2.6, V.3.1, V.3.6 and V.4.7.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
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32
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Korea
Japan
Serbia
United States
Italy
England (United Kingdom)
Macao-China
Brazil
Australia
France
Singapore
Norway
Chile
Czech Republic
Canada
Sweden
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
Austria
Colombia
OECD average
Finland
Chinese Taipei
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Malaysia
Turkey
Estonia
Netherlands
Hong Kong-China
Ireland
Spain
Croatia
Montenegro
Uruguay
Israel
Slovenia
Hungary
United Arab Emirates
Poland
Shanghai-China
Bulgaria
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
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Stronger-than-expected performance
on interactive tasks and
on knowledge-acquisition tasks
Stronger-than-expected performance
on interactive tasks, weaker-than-expected
performance on knowledge-acquisition tasks
Ireland
Germany
United States
England (UK)
France Canada
Portugal
Italy
United Arab Emirates
Spain
Japan
Czech
Republic
Colombia
Australia
Belgium
Chile
Russian Federation
OECD average
Estonia
Malaysia
Israel
Poland
Uruguay
Norway
Hungary
Turkey Serbia
Austria
Croatia
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Slovenia
Montenegro
Slovak Republic
Brazil
Bulgaria
Weaker-than-expected performance
on interactive tasks and
on knowledge-acquisition tasks
OECD average
Korea
Singapore
Hong Kong-China
Macao-China
Chinese Taipei
Shanghai-China
Weaker-than-expected performance
on interactive tasks, stronger-than-expected
performance on knowledge-acquisition tasks
Note: In interactive tasks, students must uncover some of the information required to solve the problem; static tasks have all the necessary information disclosed at the outset.
For each country/economy and for each set of tasks, expected performance is based on the countrys/economys overall performance in problem solving and on therelative
difficulty of tasks, as measured across OECD countries.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database; Tables V.3.1 and V.3.6.
34
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
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36
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
STUDENTS AND MONEY: FINANCIAL LITERACY SKILLS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
All countries/
economies
Upper
Lower
rank
rank
1
1
Shanghai-China
603
541
Estonia
529
Australia
526
New Zealand
520
Czech Republic
513
Poland
510
Veneto (Italy)
501
501
8
12
Latvia
501
OECD average-13
500
Bolzano (Italy)
500
Trento (Italy)
498
United States
492
Lombardia (Italy)
491
Russian Federation
486
14
France
486
14
Slovenia
485
14
Spain
484
10
15
481
Piemonte (Italy)
481
Croatia
480
11
16
Israel
476
11
17
476
Marche (Italy)
474
Umbria (Italy)
474
Toscana (Italy)
471
15
17
16
17
18
18
Slovak Republic
470
Liguria (Italy)
468
Italy
466
Puglia (Italy)
462
Lazio (Italy)
460
Molise (Italy)
453
Abruzzo (Italy)
449
Basilicata (Italy)
446
Sardegna (Italy)
446
Campania (Italy)
439
Sicilia (Italy)
429
Manizales (Colombia)
417
Calabria (Italy)
415
Medellin (Colombia)
414
Bogota (Colombia)
397
Cali (Colombia)
389
Colombia
379
372
Notes: OECD countries and subnational entities that are not included in national
results are shown in bold black. Partner countries and subnational entities that are not
included in national results are shown in bold blue. Regions are shown in black italics
(OECD countries) or blue italics (partner countries).
Countries, economies and subnational entities are ranked in descending order of
themean score in financial literacy.
Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database.
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
37
25
Students' performance in financial literacy
is higher than the performance of students
with similar scores in mathematics and reading
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
France
Italy
Slovenia
Israel
Colombia
Shanghai-China
Latvia
United States
OECD average-13
Croatia
Slovak Republic
Spain
Estonia
New Zealand
Russian Federation
-25
Australia
-20
Poland
-15
Czech Republic
38
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
STUDENTS AND MONEY: FINANCIAL LITERACY SKILLS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
10th
A
Shanghai-China
Flemish Community (Belgium)
Estonia
Australia
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Poland
OECD average-13
Latvia
France
Russian Federation
United States
Spain
Israel
Slovenia
Croatia
Slovak Republic
Italy
Colombia
225
A = Score-point difference between the lowestperforming 10% of students and the median score
90th
B = Score-point difference between the highestperforming 10% of students and the median score
114
94
141
110
102
101
129
125
166
139
117
108
112
97
132
115
101
95
146
123
125
101
126
130
119
103
165
129
120
112
108
105
146
119
122
142
275
325
102
125
375
425
475
525
575
625
675
725
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
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40
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
PISA 2012 RESULTS IN FOCUS: WHAT 15-YEAR-OLDS KNOW AND WHAT THEY CAN DO WITH WHAT THEY KNOW OECD 2014
41
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed
and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over
anyterritory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,
city or area.
Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island.
There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises
the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of
theUnitedNations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by
all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under
the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of
such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in
theWestBank under the terms of international law.
Photo credits:
Khoa vu/Flickr/Getty Images
Gettyimage/PhotoAlto/Spohn Matthieu
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Simon Jarratt/Corbis
Gettyimage/Mel Curtis
Gettyimage/Jacobs Stock Photography
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