When You See Master Math Mentor BC

AB/BC Calculus Exam Review Sheet
A. Precalculus Type problems

A1
When you see the words

Find the zeros of f ( x ) .
A2
Find the intersection of f ( x ) and g( x ) .

!
A3
Show that f ( x ) is even.

!
A4
Show that f ( x ) is odd.

!
A5
Find domain of f ( x ) .
!
A6
Find vertical asymptotes of f ( x ) .

!
This is what you think of doing
A7
If continuous function f ( x ) has

f ( a) < k and f (b)!> k , explain why
there must be a value c such that
a < c < b and f (c ) = k.
!
!
!
B. Limit Problems
!
B1
! you see the words

When
Find lim f ( x ) .
x "a
B2
!
Find lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) is a
B3
!
Show that f ( x ) is continuous.

!
B4
Find lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .

x "$#
! x "#
B5
!
Find horizontal asymptotes of f ( x ) .
x "a
piecewise function.
www.MasterMathMentor.com
-1-
Stu Schwartz

B6
f ( x)
lim
BC
Find x "0 g( x )
if lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0

x "0
x "0
B7 Find lim f ( x ) # g( x ) = 0( !)
x "0
BC
! Find lim f x # g x = $ # $
B8
( ) ( )
x "0
BC
!
B9 Find lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = 1# or 0 0 or # 0
x "0
BC
!
C.
! Derivatives, differentiability, and tangent lines
C1

Find the derivative of a function using
the derivative definition.
C2
Find the average rate of change of f on

[a, b].
C3
Find the instantaneous rate of change

of f at x = a.
C4
Given a chart of x and f ( x ) and

selected values of x between a and b,
approximate f "(c ) where c is a value
between a and b.
!
Find the equation of the tangent line to
f at ( x1, y1 ) .
!
C5
C6
!
C7
!
C8
C9
Find the equation of the normal line to

f at ( x1, y1 ) .
Find x-values of horizontal tangents to
f.
Find x-values of vertical tangents to f.
Approximate the value of f ( x1 + a) if

you know the function goes through
point ( x1, y1 ) .
!
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Stu Schwartz
C10
C11

Find the derivative of f ( g( x )) .
The line y = mx + b is tangent to the

graph of f ( x!) at ( x1, y1 ) .
C12
Find the derivative of the inverse to

! f ( x ) at x = a .
!
!
C13 Given a piecewise function, show it is
differentiable at x = a where the
!
!
function rule splits.
D. Applications of Derivatives
!
D1

Find critical values of f ( x ) .
D2
Find the interval(s) where f ( x ) is

!
increasing/decreasing.
D3
Find points of relative extrema of

!
f ( x) .
D4
Find inflection points of f ( x ) .
D5
Find the absolute maximum or

minimum of f !
( x ) on [a, b].
D6
Find range of f ( x ) on ("#,#) .
D7
!
Find range of f ( x ) on [a, b]
!
!
D8
Show that Rolles Theorem holds for

f ( x!
) on [a, b].
D9
Show that the Mean Value Theorem

holds for f ( x ) on [a, b].
D10
Given a graph of f "( x ) , determine

intervals where f ( x ) is
!
!
!
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Stu Schwartz
D11

Determine whether the linear
approximation for f ( x1 + a) over-
D12
estimates or under-estimates f ( x1 + a) .
Find intervals where the slope of f ( x )
is increasing.
!
D13
Find the minimum !

slope of f ( x ) on
!
[a, b].
E. Integral Calculus

E1
Approximate
" f ( x ) dx using left

a
Riemann sums with n rectangles.

E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
!
E7
Approximate " f ( x ) dx using right

a
!
b
Approximate " f ( x ) dx using midpoint

a
!
Riemann sums.
b
Approximate " f ( x ) dx using

a
!
trapezoidal summation.
a
Find " f ( x ) dx where a < b .

!b
x
Meaning of
"
!
a
f ( t ) dt .
Given
"
f ( x ) dx , find
" [ f ( x ) + k ] dx .
a
!
E8
Given the value of F ( a) where the
antiderivative of f is F, find F (b) .
!
!
E9
d x
Find
" f (t) dt .
!
dx a
!
g ( x)
E10
d
Find
" f (t) dt .
dx a
!
!
-4-
Stu Schwartz

E11
BC
E12
BC
!
"
Find
# f ( x ) dx .
0
Find
" f ( x ) # g( x ) dx
!
F. Applications of Integral Calculus
F1
F2

Find the area under the curve f ( x ) on
the interval [a, b].
Find the area between f ( x ) and g( x ) .

!
F3
Find the line x = c that divides the area

! [a, b] into two equal
under f ( x ) on
areas.
F4
Find the volume when the area under
f ( x ) is rotated about the x-axis on the
!
interval [a, b].
F5
Find the volume when the area
between f ( x ) and g( x ) is rotated about
!
the x-axis.
F6
Given a base bounded by
f ( x ) and g( x ) on [a, b] the cross
!
sections of the solid perpendicular to
the x-axis are squares. Find the volume.
F7
Solve the differential equation
!
dy
= f ( x ) g( y ) .
dx
F8
Find the average value of f ( x ) on
[a, b].
! F9
F10
Find the average rate of change of

F "( x ) on [ t1,t 2 ] .!
y is increasing proportionally to y.
!
F11
Given
F12
Find
BC
!
dy
, draw a slope field.
dx
" ax
dx
+ bx + c
-5-
Stu Schwartz
F13
BC
F14
BC
! F15
BC

Use Eulers method to approximate
f (1.2) given a formula for
dy
, ( x 0 , y 0 ) and "x = 0.1
dx
Is the Eulers approximation an overor under-approximation?
A population P is increasing
logistically.
F16
BC
Find the carrying capacity of a

population growing logistically.
F17
BC
Find the value of P when a population

growing logistically is growing the
fastest.
Given continuous f ( x ) , find the arc
length on [a, b]
F18
BC
!
G. Particle Motion
and Rates of Change
G1
G2
G3
!
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8

Given the position function s( t ) of a
particle moving along a straight line,
find the velocity and acceleration.
Given the velocity function
v ( t ) and s(0) , find!s( t ) .
Given the acceleration function a( t ) of

a particle at rest and s(0) , find s( t ) .
!
Given the velocity function v ( t ) ,
determine if a particle!is speeding up or
! at t = k.
!
slowing down
Given the position function s( t ) , find
!
the average velocity on [ t1,t 2 ] .
Given the position function s( t ) , find
!
the instantaneous velocity
at t = k .
!
Given the velocity function v ( t ) on
!
acceleration
[t1,t 2 ] , find the minimum
!
of a particle.
Given the velocity function v ( t ) , find
!
the average velocity on [ t1,t 2 ] .
!
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Stu Schwartz
G9
G10
G11

determine the difference of position of
a particle on [ t1,t 2 ] .
!
determine the distance a particle travels
on [ t1,t 2 ] .
!
t2
! without a
Calculate " v ( t ) dt
t1
!
G12
G13
! G14
calculator.
Given the velocity function v ( t ) and
s 0 , find the greatest distance of the
!( )
particle from the starting position on
[0,t1 ] .
!
The volume of a solid is changing at
the rate of
b
The meaning of
# R"(t) dt .
a
G15
Given a water tank with g gallons

initially, filled at the rate of F ( t )
!
gallons/min
and emptied at the rate of
E ( t ) gallons/min on [ t1,t 2 ] a) The
amount of water in the tank at t = m
!
minutes. b) the rate the water amount is
changing at t = m minutes and c) the
time t when!the water in the tank is at a
minimum or maximum.
H. Parametric and Polar Equations - BC

H1
Given x = f ( t ), y = g( t ), find
dy
.
dx
H2
d2y
.
dx 2
!
H3
Given x = f ( t ), y = g( t ), find arc length
on [ t1,t 2 ] .
!
H4
Express a polar equation in the form of
! r = f (" ) in parametric form.
!
H5
Find the slope of the tangent line
to r = f (" ) .
-7-
Stu Schwartz

Find horizontal tangents to a polar
curve r = f (" ) .
H6
H7
Find the area bounded by the polar

curve r = f (" ) on ["1," 2 ] .
H9
Find the arc length of the polar curve

r = f (" ) on ["1," 2 ] .
!
!
!
I. Vectors and Vector-valued functions - BC
I1

Find the magnitude of vector v v1,v 2
I2
Find the dot product: u1,u2 " v1,v 2

!
I3
The position vector of a particle

! plane is
moving in the
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find a) the velocity
vector and b) the acceleration vector.
moving in the plane is
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find the speed of the
particle at time t.
Given the velocity vector
v ( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) and position at time t
= 0, find the position vector.
v ( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) , when does the
particle stop?
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find the distance the
particle travels from t1 to t 2 .
I4
!
I5
!
I6
!
I7
!
Find vertical tangents to a polar curve

r = f (" ) .
H8
!
!
-8-
Stu Schwartz
J. Taylor Polynomial Approximations - BC

J1
J2
J3
!
J4
J5
!
J6
J7

Find the nth degree Maclaurin
polynomial to f ( x ) .
Find the nth degree Taylor polynomial

to f ( x ) centered at
x = c.!
Use the first-degree Taylor polynomial
to f ( x ) centered at x = c to
approximate f ( k ) and determine
whether the approximation is greater
than or less than f ( k ) .
Given an nth degree Taylor polynomial
!
for f about x = c, find
f (c ), f "(c ), f ""(c ), ... , f ( n ) (c ) .
!
Given a Taylor polynomial centered at
c, determine if there is enough
information to determine if there is a
relative maximum or minimum at x =
c.
Given an nth degree Taylor polynomial
for f about x = c, find the Lagrange
error bound (remainder).
Given an nth degree Maclaurin
polynomial P for f, find the
f (k ) " P ( k ) .
K. Infinite Series - BC
K1

Given an , determine whether the
sequence an converges.
K2
Given an , determine whether the series

! a could converge.
n
!
K3 Determine whether a series converges.
!
!
K4
Find the sum of a geometric series.
K5
Find the interval of convergence of a

series.
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Stu Schwartz
K6
K7
!
K8

1 1
1
1+ + + ...+
2 3
n
x2 x3
xn
f ( x ) = 1+ x +
+
+ ...+
+ ...
2
3!
n!
f ( x) = x "
x3 x5 x7
+
" + ...
3! 5! 7!
f ( x ) = 1"
x2 x4 x6
+
" + ...
2! 4! 6!
K9
!
K10
f ( x ) = 1+ x + x 2 + x 3 + ...+ x n + ....
K11 Given a formula for the nth derivative

of f ( x ) . Write the first four terms and
the general term for the power series
for f ( x ) centered at x = c.
K12 Let S4 be the sum of the first 4 terms of
!
an alternating series for f ( x ) .
Approximate f ( x ) " S4 .
!
2
K13
!
Write a series for expressions like e x .
!
!
- 10 -
Stu Schwartz
AB/BC Calculus Exam Review Sheet Solutions

A. Precalculus Type problems
A1
A2
A3
! A4
A5

Find the zeros of f ( x ) .
Find the intersection of
f ( x ) and g( x ) .
! f x is even.
Show that
( )
Show that f ( x ) is odd.
!
Find domain of f ( x ) .
!
A6
Find vertical asymptotes of f ( x ) .

!
A7
If continuous function f ( x ) has

!
f ( a) < k and f (b) > k , explain why
there must be a value c such that
a < c < b and f (c ) = k.
!
!
!
B. Limit Problems
!
B1
! you see the words

When
Find lim f ( x ) .

Step 1: Find f ( a) . If you get a zero in the denominator,
Step 2: Factor numerator and denominator of f ( x ) . Do any
cancellations and go back to Step 1. If you still get a
zero in the denominator, the answer is either , -,
!
or does not exist. Check the signs of
equality.
lim# f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) for !
Find lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) is a
Determine if lim# f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) by plugging in a to
x "a
B2
x "a
x "a
piecewise function.
B3
!
Show that !
f ( x ) is continuous.
!
B4
x "#
x "a
x "a
f ( x ), x < a and f ( x ), x > a for equality. If they are not equal, the
! limit doesnt exist.
Show that 1) lim f ( x ) exists
!
x "a
2) f ( a) exists
3) lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
x "a
x "$#
Find horizontal asymptotes of f ( x ) .
x "#
lim f (!
x ) and lim f ( x )
x "#
x "$#
- 11 -
x "a
Express
! f ( x ) as a fraction. Determine location of the highest
power:
!
Denominator: lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 0
!
x "#
x "$#
Both
Num
and
Denom:
ratio
of the highest power coefficients
!
Numerator: lim f ( x ) = # (plug in large number)
! lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .

Find
B5

Set function equal to 0. Factor or use quadratic equation if
quadratic. Graph to find zeros on calculator.
Set the two functions equal to each other. Find intersection on
calculator.
Show that f ("x ) = f ( x ) . This shows that the graph of f is
symmetric to the y-axis.
Show that f ("x ) = " f ( x ) . This shows that the graph of f is
symmetric to the origin.
!
Assume domain is ("#,#) . Restrict domains: denominators "
0, square roots of only non-negative numbers, logarithm or
!
natural log of only positive numbers.
Express f ( x ) as a fraction, express numerator and!denominator
!
in factored form, and do any cancellations. Set denominator
equal to 0.
This is the Intermediate Value Theorem.
!
Stu Schwartz

B6
f ( x)
lim
BC
Find x "0 g( x )
if lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0

x "0
x "0
B7 Find lim f ( x ) # g( x ) = 0( !)
x "0
BC
! Find lim f ( x ) # g( x ) = $ # $ !
B8
x "0
BC
!
B9 Find lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = 1# or 0 0 or # 0
x "0
BC
!

Use LHopitals Rule:
f ( x)
f #( x )
= lim
x "0 g( x )
x "0 g#( x )
1
Express g( x ) = 1 and apply LHopitals rule.
lim
g( x)
Express f ( x ) " g( x ) with a common denominator and use

LHopitals rule.
Take the natural log of the expression and apply LHopitals
!
rule, remembering to take the resulting answer and raise e to
!that power.
C.
! Derivatives, differentiability, and tangent lines
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7

Find the derivative of a function
using the derivative definition.
Find the average rate of change of f
on [a, b].
Find the instantaneous rate of
!
change of f at x = a.
Given a chart of x and f ( x ) and
!
selected values of x between a and
b, approximate f "(c ) where c is a!
value between a and b.
!
Find the equation of the tangent
line to f at ( x1, y1 ) .
!
!
Find the equation of the normal
line to f at ( x1, y1 ) .
!
!

f ( x + h) # f ( x )
f ( x ) # f ( a)
Find lim
or lim
h"0
x
"
a
h
x #a
f (b) " f ( a)
Find
b"a
"
Find f ( a)
!
Straddle c, using a value of k c and a value of
f (k ) $ f ( h)
h c. f "(c ) #
k $h
Find slope m = f "( x i ) . Then use point slope equation:
y " y1 = m( x " x1 )
#1
Find slope m"=
. Then use point slope equation:
f $( x i )
!
y " y1 = m( x " x1 )
Write f "( x ) as a fraction. Set numerator of f "( x ) = 0 .
!
Write f "( x ) as a fraction. Set denominator of f "( x ) = 0 .
Find x-values of horizontal

tangents
to f.
!
C8
Find x-values of vertical tangents
!
to f.
! slope equation:
C9
Approximate the value of f ( x1 + a!
) Find slope m = f "( x i ) . Then use point
y " y1 = m( x " x1 ) . Evaluate this line for y at x = x1 + a . Note:
if you know the function goes
!
!
through point ( x1, y1 ) .
The closer a is to 0, the better the approximation will be. Also
note
! that using concavity, it can be determine if this value is an
!
over or under-approximation for f (!x1 + a) .
!
C10 Find the derivative of f ( g( x )) .
This is the chain rule. You are finding f "( g( x ))# g"( x ) .
!
C11 The line y = mx + b is tangent to
Two relationships are true:
1) The function f and!the line share the same slope at x1:
the graph of f ( x ) at ( x1, y1 ) .
m = f "( x1 )
!
!
2) The function f and the line share the same y-value at x1.
!
!
- 12 Stu Schwartz
!
!
!
!

C12 Find the derivative of the inverse to Follow this procedure:
1) Interchange x and y in f ( x ) .
f ( x ) at x = a .
2) Plug the x-value into this equation and solve for y (you
may need a calculator to solve graphically)
dy
!
3) Using the equation
in 1) find
implicitly.
!
!
dx
dy
4) Plug the y-value you found in 2) to
dx
C13 Given a piecewise function, show it First, be sure that f ( x ) is continuous at x = a . Then take the
is differentiable at x = a where the derivative of each piece and!show that lim f $( x ) = lim f $( x ) .
x "a #
x "a +
function rule splits.
!
!
!
D. Applications of Derivatives
!
!
D1
Find critical values of f ( x ) .
Find and express f "( x ) as a fraction. Set both numerator
and denominator equal to zero and solve.
D2
Find the interval(s) where f ( x ) is
Find critical values of f "( x ) . Make a sign chart to find sign
of f "( x ) in the intervals bounded by critical values.
!
!
Positive means increasing, negative means decreasing.
D3
Find points of relative extrema of
Make a sign chart of f "( x ) . At x = c where the derivative
!
!
f ( x) .
switches from negative to positive, there is a relative
!
minimum. When the derivative switches from positive to
negative, there is a relative maximum. To actually find the
! f (c ) . OR if f "(c ) = 0 , then if f ""(c ) > 0 ,
point, evaluate
!
there is a relative minimum at x = c. If f ""(c ) < 0 , there is a
relative maximum at x = c. (2nd Derivative test).
D4
Find inflection points of f ( x ) .
Find and express f ""( x ) as a fraction. Set both numerator
!
!
!
and denominator equal to zero and solve. Make a sign chart
!
of f ""( x ) . Inflection points occur when f ""( x ) witches from
positive to negative or negative to positive.
!
!
D5
Find the absolute maximum or
Use relative extrema techniques to find relative max/mins.
minimum of f ( x ) on [a, b].
Evaluate f at these values. Then examine f ( a) and f (b) .
!
!
The largest of these is the absolute maximum and the
smallest of these is the absolute minimum
D6
Find range of f ( x ) on ("#,#) .
!
Evaluate f at these values. Then!examine f ( a) and f (b) .
Then examine lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .
x "#
D7
Find!range of!f ( x ) on [a, b]
D8
Show that Rolles Theorem holds for

!
f ( x ) on [a, b].
!
x "$#

Evaluate f at these values. Then!examine f ( a) and f (b) .
Then examine f ( a) and f (b) .
!
Show that f is continuous and differentiable on [a, b]. If
f ( a) = f (b) , then find some c on [a, b] such that f "(c ) = 0.
!
!
!
- 13 -
Stu Schwartz
D9
Show that the Mean Value Theorem

holds for f ( x ) on [a, b].
Show that f is continuous and differentiable on [a, b]. If

f ( a) = f (b) , then find some c on [a, b] such that
f (b) # f ( a)
f "(c ) =
b#a
Make a sign chart of f "( x ) and determine the intervals
where f "( x ) is positive and negative.
D10 !
Given a graph of f "( x ) , determine
!
intervals where f ( x ) is
!
D11 Determine whether the linear
Find slope !
m = f "( x i ) . Then use point slope equation:
!
approximation for f ( x1 + a) over!
! y " y1 = m( x " x1 ) . Evaluate this line for y at x = x1 + a .
estimates or under-estimates f ( x1 + a) . If f ""( x ) > 0 , f is concave up at x and the linear
1
1
!
approximation
is an underestimation for f ( x1 + a) .
!
and the linear
f ""( x1 ) < 0 , f is concave down at x1 !
!
!
!
!
approximation is an overestimation
for f ( x1 + a) .
D12
Find intervals where the slope of f ( x )

is increasing.
!
D13
Find the minimum slope of f ( x ) on

!
[a, b].
Find the derivative of f "( x ) which

! is f ""( x ) . Find critical
! a sign chart of f ""( x ) looking for
values of f ""( x ) and make
positive intervals.
!
Find the derivative of f "( x ) which is f ""( x ) . Find critical
!
!
values of f ""( x ) and make a sign chart of f ""( x ) . Values of
!
!
x where f ""( x ) switches from negative to positive are
potential locations
for the minimum
slope. Evaluate f "( x )
!
!
at those values and also f "( a) and
!
! f "(b) and choose the
!least of these values.
!
!
E. Integral Calculus
E1
Approximate
" f ( x ) dx using left

a

#b " a&
A =%
([ f ( x 0 ) + f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ...+ f ( x n"1 )]
$ n '

E2
E3
E4
E5
Approximate " f ( x ) dx using right

!
a
!
b

!
a
!
midpoint Riemann sums.
b

a
!
trapezoidal summation.
a
Typically done with a table of points. Be sure to use only

values that are given. If you are given 7 points, you can only
calculate 3 midpoint rectangles.
#b " a&
A =%
([ f ( x 0 ) + 2 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) + ...+ 2 f ( x n"1 ) + f ( x n )]
$ 2n '
This formula only works when the base of each trapezoid is
the same. If not, calculate the areas of individual trapezoids.
a
Find! " f ( x ) dx where a < b . !

b
!
!
#b " a&
A =%
([ f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + f ( x 3 ) + ...+ f ( x n )]
$ n '
"
b
f ( x ) dx = # " f ( x ) dx
a
- 14 -
Stu Schwartz

E6
Meaning of
" f (t) dt .
a
E7
Given

The accumulation function accumulated area under function
f starting at some constant a and ending at some variable x.
" f ( x ) dx , find
" [ f ( x ) + k ] dx = " f ( x ) dx + " k dx
" ![ f ( x ) + k ] dx .
a
E8 ! Given the value of F ( a) where

! the
antiderivative of f is F, find F (b) .
" f ( x ) dx = F (b) # F (a) so
Use the fact that
F (b) = F ( a) +
!
E9
E10
Find
d
dx
d
Find
dx
E11
!
BC
Find
E12
!
BC
Find
" f (t) dt .
a
g ( x)
"
" f ( x ) dx . Use the calculator to find the
definite!integral.
d x
" f (t) dt = f ( x ). The 2nd Fundamental Theorem.
dx a
d
dx
f ( t ) dt .
"
# f ( x ) dx .
" f ( x ) # g( x ) dx
g ( x)
" f (t) dt = f (g( x )) # g$( x ). The 2nd Fundamental Theorem .

a
"
# f ( x ) dx = lim # f ( x ) dx = lim F (h) % F (0) .

h $"
If u-substitution doesnt work, try integration by parts:

# u " dv = uv $ # v " du
!
!
F. Applications of Integral Calculus
!
When you see the words !
F1
Find the area under the curve f ( x ) on

the interval [a, b].
F2
Find the area between f ( x ) and g( x ) .
h $"

b
" f ( x ) dx
a
Find the intersections, a and b of f ( x ) and g( x ) . If

b
f ( x ) " g( x ) on [a,b] , then area A = # [ f ( x ) " g( x )] dx .

!
a
c
b
b
c
F3
Find the line!x = c that divides the area
!
f
x
dx
=
f
x
dx
or
f
x
dx
=
2
" () " ()
" ()
" f ( x ) dx
under f ( x ) on [a, b] into two equal
a
c
a
a
!
areas.
!
b
F4
Find the volume when the area under
2
V
=
"
f
x
dx
Disks:
Radius
=
:
f
x
(
)
(
)
[
]
#
f ( x ) is rotated about the x-axis on the
a
!
!
interval [a, b].
F5
Find the volume when the area
Washers: Outside radius = f ( x ) . Inside radius = g( x ) .
between f ( x ) and g( x ) is rotated about Establish
! the interval where f ( x ) " g( x ) and the values of
!
!
b
the x-axis.
2
2
a and b, where f ( x ) = g( x ) . V = " $ [ f ( x )] # [ g( x )] dx
!
!
a
!
!
- 15 -
!
Stu Schwartz

2
F6
Given a base bounded by
Base = f ( x ) " g( x ). Area = base 2 = [ f ( x ) " g( x )] .
f ( x ) and g( x ) on [a, b] the cross
b
2
sections of the solid perpendicular to
Volume = # [ f ( x ) " g( x )] dx
a
the x-axis are squares. Find the volume.
! Separate the variables:
F7
Solve the differential equation
! x on one side, y on the other with the
!
dy
dx and dy in the numerators. Then integrate both sides,
= f ( x ) g( y ) .
remembering the +C, usually on the x-side.
dx
!
b
F8
Find the average value of f ( x ) on
" f ( x ) dx
[a, b].
Favg = a
b#a
!
t2
F9
Find the average!rate of change of
d
# F "( x ) dx F " t $ F " t
F "( x ) on [ t1,t 2 ] .
dt t1
( 2 ) ( 1)
=
!
t 2 $ t1
t 2 $ t1
dy
F10 y is increasing proportionally to y.
= ky which translates to y = Ce kt
!
!
dt
dy
dy
F11
Given
, draw a slope field. !
Use the given points and plug them into
, drawing little
dx
dx
lines with the calculated
slopes at the point.
!
!
2
dx
F12
Factor ax + bx + c into non-repeating factors to get
Find " 2
BC
dx
ax + bx + c
method to create
!
!
" (mx + n)( px + q) and use Heaviside
! partial fractions and integrate each fraction.
dy
F13
Use
Eulers
method
to
approximate
!
dy = ("x ), y new = y old + dy
BC
f (1.2) given a formula for
dx
!
dy
, ( x 0 , y 0 ) and "x = 0.1
dx
F14 Is the Eulers approximation an overdy
d2y
!
!
Look
at
sign
of
in the interval. This gives
and
BC or under-approximation?
dx
dx 2
increasing/decreasing and concavity information. Draw a
!
picture to ascertain the answer.
dP
F15 A population P is increasing
=!
kP (C " P ) .
BC logistically.
dt
dP
F16 Find the carrying capacity of a
= kP (C " P ) = 0 # C = P .
BC population growing logistically.
dt
F17 Find the value of P when a population
dP
d 2P
!
=
kP
C
"
P
#
Set
=0
(
)
BC growing logistically is growing the
dt
dt 2
fastest.
!
b
F18 Given continuous f ( x ) , find the arc
2
L
=
# 1+ [ f "( x )] dx
BC length on [a, b]
a
!
!
!
- 16 -
Stu Schwartz
G. Particle Motion and Rates of Change

G1
G2
G3
G4
!
G5
G6
G7
G8
!
G9
G10
G11

Given the position function s( t ) of
a particle moving along a straight
line, find the velocity and
acceleration.
Given the velocity!function
!
v ( t ) and s(0) , find s( t ) .
Given the acceleration function a( t )
of a particle at rest and s(0) , find
!
s( t ) .
!
Given the velocity function
v(t) ,
!
determine if a!particle is speeding
up or slowing down at
!
t = k.
Given the position!function s( t ) , !
find the average velocity on [ t1,t 2 ] .
v ( t ) = s"( t )
s( t ) =
a( t ) = v "( t ) = s""( t )
" v (t ) dt + C.
" a(t ) dt + C .
s( t ) = " v ( t ) dt + C .
v(t) =
Plug in s(0) to find C.
Plug in v (0) = 0 to find C1 .
Plug in s(0) to find C2 .
Find v ( k ) and a( k ) . If both have the same sign, the particle is

speeding up. If they have different signs, the particle is slowing
down.
s( t 2 ) " s( t1 )
t 2 " t1
Inst. vel. = s"( k ) .
Avg. vel. =
Given the position function s( t ) ,

find the instantaneous
! velocity at
t = k.
!
!
Given the velocity function v ( t ) on Find a( t ) and set a"( t ) = 0 . Set up a sign chart and find critical
!
!
values. Evaluate the acceleration at critical values and also
[t1,t 2 ] , find the minimum
t1 and t 2 to find the minimum.
acceleration of a particle.
t2
!
!
! " v ( t ) dt
find the average velocity on [ t1,t 2 ] .
t
Avg. vel. = 1
!
t 2 # t1
t2
Given the velocity!function v ( t ) ,
Displacement = " v ( t ) dt
!
determine the difference
of position
t1
of a particle on [ t1,t 2 ] .
!
t2
!
Distance = " v ( t ) dt
determine the distance a particle
t1
!
travels on [ t1,t 2 ] .
! t
2
Set v ( t ) = 0 and make a sign charge of v ( t ) = 0 on [ t1,t 2 ] . On
! without a
Calculate " v ( t ) dt
b
b
t1
v
t
>
0,
v
t
dt
=
intervals
[a,
b]
where
(
)
(
)
!
"
" v (t) dt
!
calculator.
a
a
b
a
!
!
!
On intervals [a, b] where v t < 0, v t dt = v t dt
()
G12
" ()
a
" ()
b
!
Given the velocity function v ( t ) and Generate a sign chart of v ( t ) to find turning points.
s(0) , find the greatest distance of
s( t ) = " v ( t ) dt +!C. Plug in s(0) to find C.
the particle from the starting
Evaluate s( t ) at all turning points and find which one gives the
position on [0,t1 ] .
maximum distance
!
! from s(0) .
!
!
- 17 -
Stu Schwartz
G13
G14

The volume of a solid is changing at
the rate of
b
The meaning of
# R"(t) dt .
a
G15
!
Given a water tank with g gallons
initially, filled at the rate of F ( t )
!
gallons/min and emptied at the rate
!
of E ( t ) gallons/min on [ t1,t 2 ] a)
The amount of water in the tank at t
!
= m minutes. b) the rate the water
amount is changing at t = m minutes
and c) the time!t when the water in
the tank is at a minimum or
maximum.
dV
= ...
dt
This gives the accumulated change of R( t ) on [a, b].
b
# R"(t) dt = R(b) $ R(a) or R(b) = R(a) +
# R"(t) dt
# [F (t ) " E (t)] dt
a) g +
b)
d
dt
# [F (t) " E (t )] dt = F (m) " E (m)

0
c) set F ( m) " E ( m) = 0, solve for m, and evaluate

m
g+
# [F (t ) " E (t)] dt
at values of m and also the endpoints.
H. Parametric and Polar Equations - BC

!
H1
H2
dy
.
dx
d2y
.
dx 2
H3
Given x = f ( t ), y = g( t ), find arc

length on [ t1,t 2 ] .
! form
Express a polar equation in the
! of r = f (" ) in parametric form.
!
H5
Find the slope of the tangent line
!
to r = f (" ) .
!
!
H6
Find horizontal tangents to a polar
curve r = f (" ) .
!
H7
Find vertical tangents to a polar
!
curve r = f (" ) .
!
H8 ! Find the area bounded by the polar
curve r = f (" ) on ["1," 2 ] .
!
H9 ! Find the arc length of the polar
curve r = f (" ) on ["1," 2 ] .
!
!
!
H4

dy
dy
= dt
dx dx
dt
d " dy %
$ '
d y d " dy % dt # dx &
x = f ( t ), y = g( t ), find
= $ '=
dx
dx 2 dx # dx &
dt
2
2
t2
" dx % " dy %
L = ( $ ' + $ ' dt
# dt & # dt &
t1
2
x = r cos" = f (" ) cos"
x = r cos"
x = r cos"
Find where
x = r cos"
Find where
"
y = r sin " = f (" ) sin "
dy
dy
y = r sin " #
= d"
dx dx
d"
y = r sin "
r sin " = 0 when r cos" # 0
y = r sin "
r cos" = 0 when r sin " # 0
"
2
!1 2 2
1 2!
A = # r d" = # [ f (" )] d"
2 "1
2 "1
!" 2
!
"2
% dr ( 2
2
2
2
s = $ [ f (" )] + [ f #(" )] d" = $ r + ' * d"
& d" )
"1
"1
!
- 18 -
Stu Schwartz
I. Vectors and Vector-valued functions - BC

I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
!
I6
!
I7
!

Find the magnitude of vector
v v1,v 2 .
Find the dot product: u1,u2 " v1,v 2
!
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find a) the
!
!
velocity vector and b) the
acceleration vector.
The position vector of a particle!
!
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find the speed of
the particle at time t.
Given the velocity vector !
v ( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) and position at
time t = 0, find the position vector.
v ( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) , when does!the
!
particle stop?
!
r( t ) = x ( t ), y ( t ) . Find the distance
the particle travels from t1 to t 2 .

2
v = v1 + v 2
u1,u2 " v1,v 2 = u1v1 + u2v 2

a) v ( t ) = x "( t ), y "( t )
b) a( t ) = x ""( t ), y ""( t )
Speed = v ( t ) =
s( t ) =
[ x "(t )] + [ y "(t )]
- a scalar
" x (t ) dt + " y (t ) dt + C
Use s(0) to find C, remembering that it is a vector.
v ( t ) = 0 " x ( t ) = 0 AND !y ( t ) = 0
t2
Distance =
# [ x "(t)] + [ y "(t )]
dt
t1
! - BC
J. Taylor Polynomial Approximations
J1
J2
J3
When you see!the words

Find the nth degree Maclaurin
polynomial to f ( x ) .

f ""(0) 2
Pn ( x ) = f (0) + f "(0) x +
x +
2!
f """(0) 3
f ( n ) (0) n
x + ...+
x
3!
n!
2
Find!the nth degree Taylor
f ""(c )( x # c )
"
Pn ( x ) = f (c ) + f (c )( x # c ) +
+
polynomial to f ( x ) centered at
2!
x = c.
3
n
!
f """(c )( x # c )
f ( n ) (c )( x # c )
+ ...+
3!
n!
! first-degree Taylor
Use the
Write the first-degree TP and find f ( k ) . Use the signs of
polynomial to f ( x ) centered at
f "(c ) and f ""(c ) to determine increasing/decreasing and
x = c to approximate f ( k ) and
concavity and draw your line (1st degree TP) to determine
!
determine whether the
whether the line is under the curve (under-approximation) or
!
approximation is greater than or less over the curve (over-approximation).
!
!
than f ( k ) .
!
!
- 19 -
Stu Schwartz
J4

Given an nth degree Taylor
polynomial for f about x = c, find
f (c ), f "(c ), f ""(c ), ... , f ( n ) (c )
!
!
!
J5
J6
J7
Given a Taylor polynomial centered

!
at c, determine if there is enough
information to determine if there is
! at
a relative maximum or minimum
x = c.
Given an nth degree Taylor
polynomial for f about x = c, find
the Lagrange error bound
(remainder).
Given an nth degree Maclaurin
!
polynomial P for f, find the
f (k ) " P ( k ) .
K. Infinite Series - BC

f (c ) will be the constant term in your Taylor polynomial (TP)
f "(c ) will be the coefficient of the x term in the TP.
f ""(c )
will be the coefficient of the x 2 term in the TP.
2!
f ( n ) (c )
will be the coefficient of the x n term in the TP.
n!
!
If there is no first-degree x-term
in the TP, then the value of c
about which the function is centered is a critical value. Thus
! is the second derivative divided
the coefficient of the x 2 term
by 2! Using the second derivative test, we can tell whether
there is a relative maximum, minimum, or neither at x = c.
+1)
f ( n!
(z) x " c n +1 . The value of z is some number
Rn ( x ) =
(n + 1)!
st
between x and c. f ( n +1) ( z) represents the ( n + 1) derivative of

z. This usually is given to you.
This is looking for the Lagrange error the difference between
the value of the function at x = k and the value of the TP at
!
x = k. !
!
!

K1 Given an , determine whether the
sequence an converges.
K2 Given an , determine whether the
! series an could converge.
!
K3 !
Determine whether a series
! converges.
!
!

an converges if lim an exists.
n "#
If lim an = 0 , the series could converge. If lim an $ 0 , the

n "#
n "#
series !
cannot converge. (nth term test).
Examine the nth term of the series. Assuming it passes the nth
term test, the most widely used series forms and their rule of
!
convergence are:
"
# ar
Geometric:
- converges if r < 1
n= 0
"
p-series:
#n
n=1
!
Alternating:
- converges if p > 1
!
n
"1
a
$ ( ) n - converges if 0 < an +1 < an
#
n=1
!
Ratio:
"
#a
n= 0
K4
K5
Find the sum of a geometric series.
"
!n
a
- converges if lim n +1 < 1
n "# a
! n
a
1$ r
n= 0
Find the interval of convergence of a ! If not given, you will
! have to generate the nth term formula.
series.
Use a test (usually the ratio test) to find the interval of
convergence and then check out the endpoints.
!
# ar
- 20 -
Stu Schwartz

1 1
1
K6
1+ + + ...+
2 3
n
K7
x2 x3
xn
f ( x ) = 1+ x +
+
+ ...+
+ ...
2
3!
n!
x3 x5 x7
! K8
f ( x) = x " +
" + ...
3! 5! 7!
!
x2 x4 x6
! K9
f ( x ) = 1" +
" + ...
2! 4! 6!
!
2
3
n
K10
f
x
=
1+
x
+
x
+
x
+
...+
x
+ ....
(
)
!
!
K11 Given a formula for the nth
!
derivative of f ( x ) . Write the first
!
four terms and the general term for
!
the power series for f ( x ) centered
at x = c.
!
K12 Let S4 be the sum of the first 4
terms of an alternating series for
!
f ( x ) . Approximate f ( x ) " S!
4 .
K13
Write a series for expressions like
!
2
ex .

The harmonic series divergent.
f ( x) = ex
f ( x ) = sin x
f ( x ) = cos x
f ( x) =
1
1" x
Convergent : ("1,1)
2
f ""(c )( x # c )
f ( x ) = f (c ) + f "(c )( x # c ) +
+
2!
3
n
f """(c )( x # c )
f ( n ) (c )( x # c )
+ ...+
+ ...
3!
n!
This is the error for the 4th term of an alternating

series which is simply the 5th tern. It will be positive
since you are looking for an absolute value.
Rather than go through generating a Taylor
polynomial, use the fact that if
2
f ( x ) = e x , then f ( x 2 ) = e x . So
x2 x3 x4
xn
+
+
+ ...+
+ ... and
2
3! 4!
n!
2
x4 x6 x8
x 2n
f ( x 2 ) = e x = 1+ x 2 +
+
+
+ ...+
+ ...
2
3! 4!
n!
f ( x ) = e x = 1+ x +
!
!
- 21 -
Stu Schwartz

When You See Master Math Mentor BC

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AB/BC Calculus Exam Review Sheet

A. Precalculus Type problems

When you see the words

Find the intersection of f ( x ) and g( x ) .

Show that f ( x ) is even.

Show that f ( x ) is odd.

Find vertical asymptotes of f ( x ) .

This is what you think of doing

If continuous function f ( x ) has

! you see the words

This is what you think of doing

Find lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) is a

Show that f ( x ) is continuous.

Find lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) .

Find horizontal asymptotes of f ( x ) .

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing

if lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0

When you see the words

Find the average rate of change of f on

Find the instantaneous rate of change

Given a chart of x and f ( x ) and

This is what you think of doing

Find the equation of the normal line to

Approximate the value of f ( x1 + a) if

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing

The line y = mx + b is tangent to the

Find the derivative of the inverse to

When you see the words

Find the interval(s) where f ( x ) is

Find points of relative extrema of

Find inflection points of f ( x ) .

Find the absolute maximum or

Find range of f ( x ) on ("#,#) .

This is what you think of doing

Show that Rolles Theorem holds for

Show that the Mean Value Theorem

Given a graph of f "( x ) , determine

When you see the words

Find the minimum !

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing

This is what you think of doing

" f ( x ) dx using left

Riemann sums with n rectangles.

Approximate " f ( x ) dx using right

Approximate " f ( x ) dx using midpoint

Approximate " f ( x ) dx using

Find " f ( x ) dx where a < b .

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing

Find the area between f ( x ) and g( x ) .

Find the line x = c that divides the area

Find the average rate of change of

When you see the words

Find the carrying capacity of a

Find the value of P when a population

This is what you think of doing

When you see the words

This is what you think of doing